// File: contracts/SingleStaking.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// Reference: copied from https://github.com/sushiswap/sushiswap/blob/canary/contracts/MasterChefV2.sol
// Reference: https://github.com/sushiswap/sushiswap/blob/canary/contracts/MiniChefV2.sol

pragma solidity >=0.8.4;

import "@openzeppelin/contracts/access/Ownable.sol";
import "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/utils/SafeERC20.sol";
import "@openzeppelin/contracts/utils/Multicall.sol";
import "./interfaces/IRewarder.sol";
import "./libraries/SafeMath.sol";
import "./libraries/SignedSafeMath.sol";

// @notice Staking contract to reward Tokens for stakers
contract SingleStaking is Ownable, Multicall {
    using SafeMath for uint256;
    using SafeMath128 for uint128;
    using SafeERC20 for IERC20;
    using SignedSafeMath for int256;

    /// @notice Info of each stakers.
    /// `amount` LP token amount the user has provided.
    /// `rewardDebt` The amount of Token entitled to the user.
    struct UserInfo {
        uint256 amount;
        int256 rewardDebt;
    }

    // The amount of RewardToken entitled to a user but is pending to be distributed is:
    //
    //   pending reward = (user.amount * pool.accRewardPerShare) - user.rewardDebt
    //
    // Whenever a user deposits or withdraws LP tokens to a pool. Here's what happens:
    //   1. The pool's `accRewardPerShare` (and `lastRewardBlock`) gets updated.
    //   2. User receives the pending reward sent to his/her address.
    //   3. User's `amount` gets updated.
    //   4. User's `rewardDebt` gets updated.

    /// @notice Info of each Staking pool.
    /// `allocPoint` The amount of allocation points assigned to the pool.
    /// Also known as the amount of Token to distribute per block.
    struct PoolInfo {
        uint128 accRewardPerShare;
        uint64 lastRewardBlock;
        uint64 allocPoint;
    }

    /// @notice Address of Reward Token contract.
    IERC20 public immutable rewardToken;

    /// @notice Info of each Staking pool.
    PoolInfo[] public poolInfo;
    /// @notice Address of the LP token for each Staking pool.
    IERC20[] public lpToken;
    /// @notice Address of each `IRewarder` contract in Staking.
    IRewarder[] public rewarder;
    
    // @notice reward owner address which owns reward tokens
    address public rewardOwner;

    /// @notice Info of each user that stakes LP tokens.
    mapping(uint256 => mapping(address => UserInfo)) public userInfo;
    /// @dev Total allocation points. Must be the sum of all allocation points in all pools.
    uint256 public totalAllocPoint;

    uint256 public blockReward;
    uint256 private constant ACC_PRECISION = 1e12;

    event Deposit(address indexed user, uint256 indexed pid, uint256 amount, address indexed to);
    event Withdraw(address indexed user, uint256 indexed pid, uint256 amount, address indexed to);
    event EmergencyWithdraw(address indexed user, uint256 indexed pid, uint256 amount, address indexed to);
    event Harvest(address indexed user, uint256 indexed pid, uint256 amount);
    event LogPoolAddition(uint256 indexed pid, uint256 allocPoint, IERC20 indexed lpToken, IRewarder indexed rewarder);
    event LogSetPool(uint256 indexed pid, uint256 allocPoint, IRewarder indexed rewarder, bool overwrite);
    event LogUpdatePool(uint256 indexed pid, uint64 lastRewardBlock, uint256 lpSupply, uint256 accRewardPerShare);
    event LogInit();
    event LogBlockReward(uint256 blockReward);

    /// @param _rewardToken The reward token contract address.
    /// @param _blockReward Initial Token Reward per block.
    constructor(IERC20 _rewardToken, address _rewardOwner, uint256 _blockReward) public {
        rewardToken = _rewardToken;
        blockReward = _blockReward;
        rewardOwner = _rewardOwner;
    }

    /// @notice Sets the reward owner.
    function setRewardOwner(address _rewardOwner) public onlyOwner {
        rewardOwner = _rewardOwner;
    }

    /// @notice set block reward.
    function setBlockReward(uint256 _blockReward) public onlyOwner {
        massUpdatePools();
        blockReward = _blockReward;
        emit LogBlockReward(_blockReward);
    }

    /// @notice Returns the number of Staking pools.
    function poolLength() public view returns (uint256 pools) {
        pools = poolInfo.length;
    }

    function checkPoolDuplicate(IERC20 _lpToken) public {
        uint256 length = lpToken.length;
        for (uint256 pid = 0; pid < length; ++pid) {
            require(lpToken[pid] != _lpToken, "Staking: existing pool");
        }
    }

    /// @notice Add a new LP to the pool. Can only be called by the owner.
    /// DO NOT add the same LP token more than once. Rewards will be messed up if you do.
    /// @param allocPoint AP of the new pool.
    /// @param _lpToken Address of the LP ERC-20 token.
    /// @param _rewarder Address of the rewarder delegate.
    function add(
        uint256 allocPoint,
        IERC20 _lpToken,
        IRewarder _rewarder
    ) public onlyOwner {
        checkPoolDuplicate(_lpToken);

        uint256 lastRewardBlock = block.number;
        totalAllocPoint = totalAllocPoint.add(allocPoint);
        lpToken.push(_lpToken);
        rewarder.push(_rewarder);

        poolInfo.push(
            PoolInfo({ allocPoint: allocPoint.to64(), lastRewardBlock: lastRewardBlock.to64(), accRewardPerShare: 0 })
        );
        emit LogPoolAddition(lpToken.length.sub(1), allocPoint, _lpToken, _rewarder);
    }

    /// @notice Update the given pool's Reward token allocation point and `IRewarder` contract. Can only be called by the owner.
    /// @param _pid The index of the pool. See `poolInfo`.
    /// @param _allocPoint New AP of the pool.
    /// @param _rewarder Address of the rewarder delegate.
    /// @param overwrite True if _rewarder should be `set`. Otherwise `_rewarder` is ignored.
    function set(
        uint256 _pid,
        uint256 _allocPoint,
        IRewarder _rewarder,
        bool overwrite
    ) public onlyOwner {
        massUpdatePools();
        totalAllocPoint = totalAllocPoint.sub(poolInfo[_pid].allocPoint).add(_allocPoint);
        poolInfo[_pid].allocPoint = _allocPoint.to64();
        if (overwrite) {
            rewarder[_pid] = _rewarder;
        }
        emit LogSetPool(_pid, _allocPoint, overwrite ? _rewarder : rewarder[_pid], overwrite);
    }

    /// @notice View function to see pending Rewards on frontend.
    /// @param _pid The index of the pool. See `poolInfo`.
    /// @param _user Address of user.
    /// @return pending Token reward for a given user.
    function pendingRewards(uint256 _pid, address _user) external view returns (uint256 pending) {
        PoolInfo memory pool = poolInfo[_pid];
        UserInfo storage user = userInfo[_pid][_user];
        uint256 accRewardPerShare = pool.accRewardPerShare;
        uint256 lpSupply = lpToken[_pid].balanceOf(address(this));
        if (block.number > pool.lastRewardBlock && lpSupply != 0) {
            uint256 blocks = block.number.sub(pool.lastRewardBlock);
            uint256 rewards = blocks.mul(blockReward).mul(pool.allocPoint) / totalAllocPoint;
            accRewardPerShare = accRewardPerShare.add(rewards.mul(ACC_PRECISION) / lpSupply);
        }
        pending = int256(user.amount.mul(accRewardPerShare) / ACC_PRECISION).sub(user.rewardDebt).toUInt256();
    }

    /// @notice Update reward variables for all pools. Be careful of gas spending!
    function massUpdatePools() public {
        uint256 length = poolInfo.length;
        for (uint256 pid = 0; pid < length; ++pid) {
            updatePool(pid);
        }
    }

    /// @notice Update reward variables of the given pool.
    /// @param pid The index of the pool. See `poolInfo`.
    /// @return pool Returns the pool that was updated.
    function updatePool(uint256 pid) public returns (PoolInfo memory pool) {
        pool = poolInfo[pid];
        if (block.number > pool.lastRewardBlock) {
            uint256 lpSupply = lpToken[pid].balanceOf(address(this));
            if (lpSupply > 0) {
                uint256 blocks = block.number.sub(pool.lastRewardBlock);
                uint256 rewards = blocks.mul(blockReward).mul(pool.allocPoint) / totalAllocPoint;
                pool.accRewardPerShare = pool.accRewardPerShare.add((rewards.mul(ACC_PRECISION) / lpSupply).to128());
            }
            pool.lastRewardBlock = block.number.to64();
            poolInfo[pid] = pool;
            emit LogUpdatePool(pid, pool.lastRewardBlock, lpSupply, pool.accRewardPerShare);
        }
    }

    /// @notice Deposit LP tokens to Staking contract for Reward token allocation.
    /// @param pid The index of the pool. See `poolInfo`.
    /// @param amount LP token amount to deposit.
    /// @param to The receiver of `amount` deposit benefit.
    function deposit(
        uint256 pid,
        uint256 amount,
        address to
    ) public {
        PoolInfo memory pool = updatePool(pid);
        UserInfo storage user = userInfo[pid][to];

        // Effects
        user.amount = user.amount.add(amount);
        user.rewardDebt = user.rewardDebt.add(int256(amount.mul(pool.accRewardPerShare) / ACC_PRECISION));

        // Interactions
        IRewarder _rewarder = rewarder[pid];
        if (address(_rewarder) != address(0)) {
            _rewarder.onTokenReward(pid, to, to, 0, user.amount);
        }

        lpToken[pid].safeTransferFrom(msg.sender, address(this), amount);

        emit Deposit(msg.sender, pid, amount, to);
    }

    /// @notice Withdraw LP tokens from Staking contract.
    /// @param pid The index of the pool. See `poolInfo`.
    /// @param amount LP token amount to withdraw.
    /// @param to Receiver of the LP tokens.
    function withdraw(
        uint256 pid,
        uint256 amount,
        address to
    ) public {
        PoolInfo memory pool = updatePool(pid);
        UserInfo storage user = userInfo[pid][msg.sender];

        // Effects
        user.rewardDebt = user.rewardDebt.sub(int256(amount.mul(pool.accRewardPerShare) / ACC_PRECISION));
        user.amount = user.amount.sub(amount);

        // Interactions
        IRewarder _rewarder = rewarder[pid];
        if (address(_rewarder) != address(0)) {
            _rewarder.onTokenReward(pid, msg.sender, to, 0, user.amount);
        }

        lpToken[pid].safeTransfer(to, amount);

        emit Withdraw(msg.sender, pid, amount, to);
    }

    /// @notice Harvest proceeds for transaction sender to `to`.
    /// @param pid The index of the pool. See `poolInfo`.
    /// @param to Receiver of Token rewards.
    function harvest(uint256 pid, address to) public {
        PoolInfo memory pool = updatePool(pid);
        UserInfo storage user = userInfo[pid][msg.sender];
        int256 accumulatedRewards = int256(user.amount.mul(pool.accRewardPerShare) / ACC_PRECISION);
        uint256 _pendingRewards = accumulatedRewards.sub(user.rewardDebt).toUInt256();

        // Effects
        user.rewardDebt = accumulatedRewards;

        // Interactions
        if (_pendingRewards != 0) {
            rewardToken.safeTransferFrom(rewardOwner, to, _pendingRewards);
        }

        IRewarder _rewarder = rewarder[pid];
        if (address(_rewarder) != address(0)) {
            _rewarder.onTokenReward(pid, msg.sender, to, _pendingRewards, user.amount);
        }

        emit Harvest(msg.sender, pid, _pendingRewards);
    }

    /// @notice Withdraw LP tokens from Staking contract and harvest proceeds for transaction sender to `to`.
    /// @param pid The index of the pool. See `poolInfo`.
    /// @param amount LP token amount to withdraw.
    /// @param to Receiver of the LP tokens and Token rewards.
    function withdrawAndHarvest(
        uint256 pid,
        uint256 amount,
        address to
    ) public {
        PoolInfo memory pool = updatePool(pid);
        UserInfo storage user = userInfo[pid][msg.sender];
        int256 accumulatedRewards = int256(user.amount.mul(pool.accRewardPerShare) / ACC_PRECISION);
        uint256 _pendingRewards = accumulatedRewards.sub(user.rewardDebt).toUInt256();

        // Effects
        user.rewardDebt = accumulatedRewards.sub(int256(amount.mul(pool.accRewardPerShare) / ACC_PRECISION));
        user.amount = user.amount.sub(amount);

        // Interactions
        rewardToken.safeTransferFrom(rewardOwner, to, _pendingRewards);

        IRewarder _rewarder = rewarder[pid];
        if (address(_rewarder) != address(0)) {
            _rewarder.onTokenReward(pid, msg.sender, to, _pendingRewards, user.amount);
        }

        lpToken[pid].safeTransfer(to, amount);

        emit Withdraw(msg.sender, pid, amount, to);
        emit Harvest(msg.sender, pid, _pendingRewards);
    }

    /// @notice Withdraw without caring about rewards. EMERGENCY ONLY.
    /// @param pid The index of the pool. See `poolInfo`.
    /// @param to Receiver of the LP tokens.
    function emergencyWithdraw(uint256 pid, address to) public {
        UserInfo storage user = userInfo[pid][msg.sender];
        uint256 amount = user.amount;
        user.amount = 0;
        user.rewardDebt = 0;

        IRewarder _rewarder = rewarder[pid];
        if (address(_rewarder) != address(0)) {
            _rewarder.onTokenReward(pid, msg.sender, to, 0, 0);
        }

        // Note: transfer can fail or succeed if `amount` is zero.
        lpToken[pid].safeTransfer(to, amount);
        emit EmergencyWithdraw(msg.sender, pid, amount, to);
    }
}

// File: @openzeppelin/contracts/access/Ownable.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

import "../utils/Context.sol";

/**
 * @dev Contract module which provides a basic access control mechanism, where
 * there is an account (an owner) that can be granted exclusive access to
 * specific functions.
 *
 * By default, the owner account will be the one that deploys the contract. This
 * can later be changed with {transferOwnership}.
 *
 * This module is used through inheritance. It will make available the modifier
 * `onlyOwner`, which can be applied to your functions to restrict their use to
 * the owner.
 */
abstract contract Ownable is Context {
    address private _owner;

    event OwnershipTransferred(address indexed previousOwner, address indexed newOwner);

    /**
     * @dev Initializes the contract setting the deployer as the initial owner.
     */
    constructor() {
        _setOwner(_msgSender());
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the address of the current owner.
     */
    function owner() public view virtual returns (address) {
        return _owner;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Throws if called by any account other than the owner.
     */
    modifier onlyOwner() {
        require(owner() == _msgSender(), "Ownable: caller is not the owner");
        _;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Leaves the contract without owner. It will not be possible to call
     * `onlyOwner` functions anymore. Can only be called by the current owner.
     *
     * NOTE: Renouncing ownership will leave the contract without an owner,
     * thereby removing any functionality that is only available to the owner.
     */
    function renounceOwnership() public virtual onlyOwner {
        _setOwner(address(0));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Transfers ownership of the contract to a new account (`newOwner`).
     * Can only be called by the current owner.
     */
    function transferOwnership(address newOwner) public virtual onlyOwner {
        require(newOwner != address(0), "Ownable: new owner is the zero address");
        _setOwner(newOwner);
    }

    function _setOwner(address newOwner) private {
        address oldOwner = _owner;
        _owner = newOwner;
        emit OwnershipTransferred(oldOwner, newOwner);
    }
}

// File: @openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/utils/SafeERC20.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

import "../IERC20.sol";
import "../../../utils/Address.sol";

/**
 * @title SafeERC20
 * @dev Wrappers around ERC20 operations that throw on failure (when the token
 * contract returns false). Tokens that return no value (and instead revert or
 * throw on failure) are also supported, non-reverting calls are assumed to be
 * successful.
 * To use this library you can add a `using SafeERC20 for IERC20;` statement to your contract,
 * which allows you to call the safe operations as `token.safeTransfer(...)`, etc.
 */
library SafeERC20 {
    using Address for address;

    function safeTransfer(
        IERC20 token,
        address to,
        uint256 value
    ) internal {
        _callOptionalReturn(token, abi.encodeWithSelector(token.transfer.selector, to, value));
    }

    function safeTransferFrom(
        IERC20 token,
        address from,
        address to,
        uint256 value
    ) internal {
        _callOptionalReturn(token, abi.encodeWithSelector(token.transferFrom.selector, from, to, value));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Deprecated. This function has issues similar to the ones found in
     * {IERC20-approve}, and its usage is discouraged.
     *
     * Whenever possible, use {safeIncreaseAllowance} and
     * {safeDecreaseAllowance} instead.
     */
    function safeApprove(
        IERC20 token,
        address spender,
        uint256 value
    ) internal {
        // safeApprove should only be called when setting an initial allowance,
        // or when resetting it to zero. To increase and decrease it, use
        // 'safeIncreaseAllowance' and 'safeDecreaseAllowance'
        require(
            (value == 0) || (token.allowance(address(this), spender) == 0),
            "SafeERC20: approve from non-zero to non-zero allowance"
        );
        _callOptionalReturn(token, abi.encodeWithSelector(token.approve.selector, spender, value));
    }

    function safeIncreaseAllowance(
        IERC20 token,
        address spender,
        uint256 value
    ) internal {
        uint256 newAllowance = token.allowance(address(this), spender) + value;
        _callOptionalReturn(token, abi.encodeWithSelector(token.approve.selector, spender, newAllowance));
    }

    function safeDecreaseAllowance(
        IERC20 token,
        address spender,
        uint256 value
    ) internal {
        unchecked {
            uint256 oldAllowance = token.allowance(address(this), spender);
            require(oldAllowance >= value, "SafeERC20: decreased allowance below zero");
            uint256 newAllowance = oldAllowance - value;
            _callOptionalReturn(token, abi.encodeWithSelector(token.approve.selector, spender, newAllowance));
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Imitates a Solidity high-level call (i.e. a regular function call to a contract), relaxing the requirement
     * on the return value: the return value is optional (but if data is returned, it must not be false).
     * @param token The token targeted by the call.
     * @param data The call data (encoded using abi.encode or one of its variants).
     */
    function _callOptionalReturn(IERC20 token, bytes memory data) private {
        // We need to perform a low level call here, to bypass Solidity's return data size checking mechanism, since
        // we're implementing it ourselves. We use {Address.functionCall} to perform this call, which verifies that
        // the target address contains contract code and also asserts for success in the low-level call.

        bytes memory returndata = address(token).functionCall(data, "SafeERC20: low-level call failed");
        if (returndata.length > 0) {
            // Return data is optional
            require(abi.decode(returndata, (bool)), "SafeERC20: ERC20 operation did not succeed");
        }
    }
}

// File: @openzeppelin/contracts/utils/Multicall.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

import "./Address.sol";

/**
 * @dev Provides a function to batch together multiple calls in a single external call.
 *
 * _Available since v4.1._
 */
abstract contract Multicall {
    /**
     * @dev Receives and executes a batch of function calls on this contract.
     */
    function multicall(bytes[] calldata data) external returns (bytes[] memory results) {
        results = new bytes[](data.length);
        for (uint256 i = 0; i < data.length; i++) {
            results[i] = Address.functionDelegateCall(address(this), data[i]);
        }
        return results;
    }
}

// File: contracts/interfaces/IRewarder.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT

pragma solidity >=0.8.4;

import "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/IERC20.sol";

interface IRewarder {
    function onTokenReward(uint256 pid, address user, address recipient, uint256 tokenAmount, uint256 newLpAmount) external;
    function pendingTokens(uint256 pid, address user, uint256 tokenAmount) external view returns (IERC20[] memory, uint256[] memory);
}

// File: contracts/libraries/SafeMath.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity >=0.8.4;

/// reference: https://github.com/boringcrypto/BoringSolidity/blob/master/contracts/libraries/BoringMath.sol
/// changelog: renamed "BoringMath" => "SafeMath"
/// @notice A library for performing overflow-/underflow-safe math,
/// updated with awesomeness from of DappHub (https://github.com/dapphub/ds-math).
library SafeMath {
    function add(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256 c) {
        require((c = a + b) >= b, "SafeMath: Add Overflow");
    }

    function sub(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256 c) {
        require((c = a - b) <= a, "SafeMath: Underflow");
    }

    function mul(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256 c) {
        require(b == 0 || (c = a * b) / b == a, "SafeMath: Mul Overflow");
    }

    function to128(uint256 a) internal pure returns (uint128 c) {
        require(a <= type(uint128).max, "SafeMath: uint128 Overflow");
        c = uint128(a);
    }

    function to64(uint256 a) internal pure returns (uint64 c) {
        require(a <= type(uint64).max, "SafeMath: uint64 Overflow");
        c = uint64(a);
    }

    function to32(uint256 a) internal pure returns (uint32 c) {
        require(a <= type(uint32).max, "SafeMath: uint32 Overflow");
        c = uint32(a);
    }
}

/// @notice A library for performing overflow-/underflow-safe addition and subtraction on uint128.
library SafeMath128 {
    function add(uint128 a, uint128 b) internal pure returns (uint128 c) {
        require((c = a + b) >= b, "SafeMath: Add Overflow");
    }

    function sub(uint128 a, uint128 b) internal pure returns (uint128 c) {
        require((c = a - b) <= a, "SafeMath: Underflow");
    }
}

/// @notice A library for performing overflow-/underflow-safe addition and subtraction on uint64.
library SafeMath64 {
    function add(uint64 a, uint64 b) internal pure returns (uint64 c) {
        require((c = a + b) >= b, "SafeMath: Add Overflow");
    }

    function sub(uint64 a, uint64 b) internal pure returns (uint64 c) {
        require((c = a - b) <= a, "SafeMath: Underflow");
    }
}

/// @notice A library for performing overflow-/underflow-safe addition and subtraction on uint32.
library SafeMath32 {
    function add(uint32 a, uint32 b) internal pure returns (uint32 c) {
        require((c = a + b) >= b, "SafeMath: Add Overflow");
    }

    function sub(uint32 a, uint32 b) internal pure returns (uint32 c) {
        require((c = a - b) <= a, "SafeMath: Underflow");
    }
}

// File: contracts/libraries/SignedSafeMath.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT

pragma solidity >=0.8.4;

library SignedSafeMath {
    int256 constant private _INT256_MIN = -2**255;

    /**
     * @dev Returns the multiplication of two signed integers, reverting on
     * overflow.
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `*` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - Multiplication cannot overflow.
     */
    function mul(int256 a, int256 b) internal pure returns (int256) {
        // Gas optimization: this is cheaper than requiring 'a' not being zero, but the
        // benefit is lost if 'b' is also tested.
        // See: https://github.com/OpenZeppelin/openzeppelin-contracts/pull/522
        if (a == 0) {
            return 0;
        }

        require(!(a == -1 && b == _INT256_MIN), "SignedSafeMath: multiplication overflow");

        int256 c = a * b;
        require(c / a == b, "SignedSafeMath: multiplication overflow");

        return c;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the integer division of two signed integers. Reverts on
     * division by zero. The result is rounded towards zero.
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `/` operator. Note: this function uses a
     * `revert` opcode (which leaves remaining gas untouched) while Solidity
     * uses an invalid opcode to revert (consuming all remaining gas).
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - The divisor cannot be zero.
     */
    function div(int256 a, int256 b) internal pure returns (int256) {
        require(b != 0, "SignedSafeMath: division by zero");
        require(!(b == -1 && a == _INT256_MIN), "SignedSafeMath: division overflow");

        int256 c = a / b;

        return c;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the subtraction of two signed integers, reverting on
     * overflow.
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `-` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - Subtraction cannot overflow.
     */
    function sub(int256 a, int256 b) internal pure returns (int256) {
        int256 c = a - b;
        require((b >= 0 && c <= a) || (b < 0 && c > a), "SignedSafeMath: subtraction overflow");

        return c;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the addition of two signed integers, reverting on
     * overflow.
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `+` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - Addition cannot overflow.
     */
    function add(int256 a, int256 b) internal pure returns (int256) {
        int256 c = a + b;
        require((b >= 0 && c >= a) || (b < 0 && c < a), "SignedSafeMath: addition overflow");

        return c;
    }

    function toUInt256(int256 a) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        require(a >= 0, "Integer < 0");
        return uint256(a);
    }
}
// File: @openzeppelin/contracts/utils/Context.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

/**
 * @dev Provides information about the current execution context, including the
 * sender of the transaction and its data. While these are generally available
 * via msg.sender and msg.data, they should not be accessed in such a direct
 * manner, since when dealing with meta-transactions the account sending and
 * paying for execution may not be the actual sender (as far as an application
 * is concerned).
 *
 * This contract is only required for intermediate, library-like contracts.
 */
abstract contract Context {
    function _msgSender() internal view virtual returns (address) {
        return msg.sender;
    }

    function _msgData() internal view virtual returns (bytes calldata) {
        return msg.data;
    }
}

// File: @openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/IERC20.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

/**
 * @dev Interface of the ERC20 standard as defined in the EIP.
 */
interface IERC20 {
    /**
     * @dev Returns the amount of tokens in existence.
     */
    function totalSupply() external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the amount of tokens owned by `account`.
     */
    function balanceOf(address account) external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @dev Moves `amount` tokens from the caller's account to `recipient`.
     *
     * Returns a boolean value indicating whether the operation succeeded.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event.
     */
    function transfer(address recipient, uint256 amount) external returns (bool);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the remaining number of tokens that `spender` will be
     * allowed to spend on behalf of `owner` through {transferFrom}. This is
     * zero by default.
     *
     * This value changes when {approve} or {transferFrom} are called.
     */
    function allowance(address owner, address spender) external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @dev Sets `amount` as the allowance of `spender` over the caller's tokens.
     *
     * Returns a boolean value indicating whether the operation succeeded.
     *
     * IMPORTANT: Beware that changing an allowance with this method brings the risk
     * that someone may use both the old and the new allowance by unfortunate
     * transaction ordering. One possible solution to mitigate this race
     * condition is to first reduce the spender's allowance to 0 and set the
     * desired value afterwards:
     * https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/20#issuecomment-263524729
     *
     * Emits an {Approval} event.
     */
    function approve(address spender, uint256 amount) external returns (bool);

    /**
     * @dev Moves `amount` tokens from `sender` to `recipient` using the
     * allowance mechanism. `amount` is then deducted from the caller's
     * allowance.
     *
     * Returns a boolean value indicating whether the operation succeeded.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event.
     */
    function transferFrom(
        address sender,
        address recipient,
        uint256 amount
    ) external returns (bool);

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when `value` tokens are moved from one account (`from`) to
     * another (`to`).
     *
     * Note that `value` may be zero.
     */
    event Transfer(address indexed from, address indexed to, uint256 value);

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when the allowance of a `spender` for an `owner` is set by
     * a call to {approve}. `value` is the new allowance.
     */
    event Approval(address indexed owner, address indexed spender, uint256 value);
}

// File: @openzeppelin/contracts/utils/Address.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

/**
 * @dev Collection of functions related to the address type
 */
library Address {
    /**
     * @dev Returns true if `account` is a contract.
     *
     * [IMPORTANT]
     * ====
     * It is unsafe to assume that an address for which this function returns
     * false is an externally-owned account (EOA) and not a contract.
     *
     * Among others, `isContract` will return false for the following
     * types of addresses:
     *
     *  - an externally-owned account
     *  - a contract in construction
     *  - an address where a contract will be created
     *  - an address where a contract lived, but was destroyed
     * ====
     */
    function isContract(address account) internal view returns (bool) {
        // This method relies on extcodesize, which returns 0 for contracts in
        // construction, since the code is only stored at the end of the
        // constructor execution.

        uint256 size;
        assembly {
            size := extcodesize(account)
        }
        return size > 0;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Replacement for Solidity's `transfer`: sends `amount` wei to
     * `recipient`, forwarding all available gas and reverting on errors.
     *
     * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1884[EIP1884] increases the gas cost
     * of certain opcodes, possibly making contracts go over the 2300 gas limit
     * imposed by `transfer`, making them unable to receive funds via
     * `transfer`. {sendValue} removes this limitation.
     *
     * https://diligence.consensys.net/posts/2019/09/stop-using-soliditys-transfer-now/[Learn more].
     *
     * IMPORTANT: because control is transferred to `recipient`, care must be
     * taken to not create reentrancy vulnerabilities. Consider using
     * {ReentrancyGuard} or the
     * https://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/v0.5.11/security-considerations.html#use-the-checks-effects-interactions-pattern[checks-effects-interactions pattern].
     */
    function sendValue(address payable recipient, uint256 amount) internal {
        require(address(this).balance >= amount, "Address: insufficient balance");

        (bool success, ) = recipient.call{value: amount}("");
        require(success, "Address: unable to send value, recipient may have reverted");
    }

    /**
     * @dev Performs a Solidity function call using a low level `call`. A
     * plain `call` is an unsafe replacement for a function call: use this
     * function instead.
     *
     * If `target` reverts with a revert reason, it is bubbled up by this
     * function (like regular Solidity function calls).
     *
     * Returns the raw returned data. To convert to the expected return value,
     * use https://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/latest/units-and-global-variables.html?highlight=abi.decode#abi-encoding-and-decoding-functions[`abi.decode`].
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `target` must be a contract.
     * - calling `target` with `data` must not revert.
     *
     * _Available since v3.1._
     */
    function functionCall(address target, bytes memory data) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        return functionCall(target, data, "Address: low-level call failed");
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-}[`functionCall`], but with
     * `errorMessage` as a fallback revert reason when `target` reverts.
     *
     * _Available since v3.1._
     */
    function functionCall(
        address target,
        bytes memory data,
        string memory errorMessage
    ) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        return functionCallWithValue(target, data, 0, errorMessage);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-}[`functionCall`],
     * but also transferring `value` wei to `target`.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - the calling contract must have an ETH balance of at least `value`.
     * - the called Solidity function must be `payable`.
     *
     * _Available since v3.1._
     */
    function functionCallWithValue(
        address target,
        bytes memory data,
        uint256 value
    ) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        return functionCallWithValue(target, data, value, "Address: low-level call with value failed");
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCallWithValue-address-bytes-uint256-}[`functionCallWithValue`], but
     * with `errorMessage` as a fallback revert reason when `target` reverts.
     *
     * _Available since v3.1._
     */
    function functionCallWithValue(
        address target,
        bytes memory data,
        uint256 value,
        string memory errorMessage
    ) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        require(address(this).balance >= value, "Address: insufficient balance for call");
        require(isContract(target), "Address: call to non-contract");

        (bool success, bytes memory returndata) = target.call{value: value}(data);
        return verifyCallResult(success, returndata, errorMessage);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-}[`functionCall`],
     * but performing a static call.
     *
     * _Available since v3.3._
     */
    function functionStaticCall(address target, bytes memory data) internal view returns (bytes memory) {
        return functionStaticCall(target, data, "Address: low-level static call failed");
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-string-}[`functionCall`],
     * but performing a static call.
     *
     * _Available since v3.3._
     */
    function functionStaticCall(
        address target,
        bytes memory data,
        string memory errorMessage
    ) internal view returns (bytes memory) {
        require(isContract(target), "Address: static call to non-contract");

        (bool success, bytes memory returndata) = target.staticcall(data);
        return verifyCallResult(success, returndata, errorMessage);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-}[`functionCall`],
     * but performing a delegate call.
     *
     * _Available since v3.4._
     */
    function functionDelegateCall(address target, bytes memory data) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        return functionDelegateCall(target, data, "Address: low-level delegate call failed");
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-string-}[`functionCall`],
     * but performing a delegate call.
     *
     * _Available since v3.4._
     */
    function functionDelegateCall(
        address target,
        bytes memory data,
        string memory errorMessage
    ) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        require(isContract(target), "Address: delegate call to non-contract");

        (bool success, bytes memory returndata) = target.delegatecall(data);
        return verifyCallResult(success, returndata, errorMessage);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Tool to verifies that a low level call was successful, and revert if it wasn't, either by bubbling the
     * revert reason using the provided one.
     *
     * _Available since v4.3._
     */
    function verifyCallResult(
        bool success,
        bytes memory returndata,
        string memory errorMessage
    ) internal pure returns (bytes memory) {
        if (success) {
            return returndata;
        } else {
            // Look for revert reason and bubble it up if present
            if (returndata.length > 0) {
                // The easiest way to bubble the revert reason is using memory via assembly

                assembly {
                    let returndata_size := mload(returndata)
                    revert(add(32, returndata), returndata_size)
                }
            } else {
                revert(errorMessage);
            }
        }
    }
}