pragma solidity ^0.4.24;


/**
 * @title ERC20Basic
 * @dev Simpler version of ERC20 interface
 * See https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/179
 */
contract ERC20Basic {
    function totalSupply() public view returns (uint256);

    function balanceOf(address who) public view returns (uint256);

    function transfer(address to, uint256 value) public returns (bool);

    event Transfer(address indexed from, address indexed to, uint256 value);
}



/**
 * @title Ownable
 * @dev The Ownable contract has an owner address, and provides basic authorization control
 * functions, this simplifies the implementation of "user permissions".
 */
contract Ownable {
    address public owner;


    event OwnershipRenounced(address indexed previousOwner);
    event OwnershipTransferred(
        address indexed previousOwner,
        address indexed newOwner
    );


    /**
     * @dev The Ownable constructor sets the original `owner` of the contract to the sender
     * account.
     */
    constructor() public {
        owner = msg.sender;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Throws if called by any account other than the owner.
     */
    modifier onlyOwner() {
        require(msg.sender == owner);
        _;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Allows the current owner to relinquish control of the contract.
     * @notice Renouncing to ownership will leave the contract without an owner.
     * It will not be possible to call the functions with the `onlyOwner`
     * modifier anymore.
     */
    function renounceOwnership() public onlyOwner {
        emit OwnershipRenounced(owner);
        owner = address(0);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Allows the current owner to transfer control of the contract to a newOwner.
     * @param _newOwner The address to transfer ownership to.
     */
    function transferOwnership(address _newOwner) public onlyOwner {
        _transferOwnership(_newOwner);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Transfers control of the contract to a newOwner.
     * @param _newOwner The address to transfer ownership to.
     */
    function _transferOwnership(address _newOwner) internal {
        require(_newOwner != address(0));
        emit OwnershipTransferred(owner, _newOwner);
        owner = _newOwner;
    }
}













/**
 * @title SafeMath
 * @dev Math operations with safety checks that throw on error
 */
library SafeMath {

    /**
    * @dev Multiplies two numbers, throws on overflow.
    */
    function mul(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256 c) {
        // Gas optimization: this is cheaper than asserting 'a' not being zero, but the
        // benefit is lost if 'b' is also tested.
        // See: https://github.com/OpenZeppelin/openzeppelin-solidity/pull/522
        if (a == 0) {
            return 0;
        }

        c = a * b;
        assert(c / a == b);
        return c;
    }

    /**
    * @dev Integer division of two numbers, truncating the quotient.
    */
    function div(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        // assert(b > 0); // Solidity automatically throws when dividing by 0
        // uint256 c = a / b;
        // assert(a == b * c + a % b); // There is no case in which this doesn't hold
        return a / b;
    }

    /**
    * @dev Subtracts two numbers, throws on overflow (i.e. if subtrahend is greater than minuend).
    */
    function sub(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        assert(b <= a);
        return a - b;
    }

    /**
    * @dev Adds two numbers, throws on overflow.
    */
    function add(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256 c) {
        c = a + b;
        assert(c >= a);
        return c;
    }
}



/**
 * @title Basic token
 * @dev Basic version of StandardToken, with no allowances.
 */
contract BasicToken is ERC20Basic {
    using SafeMath for uint256;

    mapping(address => uint256) balances;

    uint256 totalSupply_;

    /**
    * @dev Total number of tokens in existence
    */
    function totalSupply() public view returns (uint256) {
        return totalSupply_;
    }

    /**
    * @dev Transfer token for a specified address
    * @param _to The address to transfer to.
    * @param _value The amount to be transferred.
    */
    function transfer(address _to, uint256 _value) public returns (bool) {
        require(_to != address(0));
        require(_value <= balances[msg.sender]);

        balances[msg.sender] = balances[msg.sender].sub(_value);
        balances[_to] = balances[_to].add(_value);
        emit Transfer(msg.sender, _to, _value);
        return true;
    }

    /**
    * @dev Gets the balance of the specified address.
    * @param _owner The address to query the the balance of.
    * @return An uint256 representing the amount owned by the passed address.
    */
    function balanceOf(address _owner) public view returns (uint256) {
        return balances[_owner];
    }

}


/**
 * @title ERC20 interface
 * @dev see https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/20
 */
contract ERC20 is ERC20Basic {
    function allowance(address owner, address spender)
    public view returns (uint256);

    function transferFrom(address from, address to, uint256 value)
    public returns (bool);

    function approve(address spender, uint256 value) public returns (bool);

    event Approval(
        address indexed owner,
        address indexed spender,
        uint256 value
    );
}

/**
 * @title Standard ERC20 token
 *
 * @dev Implementation of the basic standard token.
 * https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/20
 * Based on code by FirstBlood: https://github.com/Firstbloodio/token/blob/master/smart_contract/FirstBloodToken.sol
 */
contract StandardToken is ERC20, BasicToken {

    mapping(address => mapping(address => uint256)) internal allowed;


    /**
     * @dev Transfer tokens from one address to another
     * @param _from address The address which you want to send tokens from
     * @param _to address The address which you want to transfer to
     * @param _value uint256 the amount of tokens to be transferred
     */
    function transferFrom(
        address _from,
        address _to,
        uint256 _value
    )
    public
    returns (bool)
    {
        require(_to != address(0));
        require(_value <= balances[_from]);
        require(_value <= allowed[_from][msg.sender]);

        balances[_from] = balances[_from].sub(_value);
        balances[_to] = balances[_to].add(_value);
        allowed[_from][msg.sender] = allowed[_from][msg.sender].sub(_value);
        emit Transfer(_from, _to, _value);
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Approve the passed address to spend the specified amount of tokens on behalf of msg.sender.
     * Beware that changing an allowance with this method brings the risk that someone may use both the old
     * and the new allowance by unfortunate transaction ordering. One possible solution to mitigate this
     * race condition is to first reduce the spender's allowance to 0 and set the desired value afterwards:
     * https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/20#issuecomment-263524729
     * @param _spender The address which will spend the funds.
     * @param _value The amount of tokens to be spent.
     */
    function approve(address _spender, uint256 _value) public returns (bool) {
        allowed[msg.sender][_spender] = _value;
        emit Approval(msg.sender, _spender, _value);
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Function to check the amount of tokens that an owner allowed to a spender.
     * @param _owner address The address which owns the funds.
     * @param _spender address The address which will spend the funds.
     * @return A uint256 specifying the amount of tokens still available for the spender.
     */
    function allowance(
        address _owner,
        address _spender
    )
    public
    view
    returns (uint256)
    {
        return allowed[_owner][_spender];
    }

    /**
     * @dev Increase the amount of tokens that an owner allowed to a spender.
     * approve should be called when allowed[_spender] == 0. To increment
     * allowed value is better to use this function to avoid 2 calls (and wait until
     * the first transaction is mined)
     * From MonolithDAO Token.sol
     * @param _spender The address which will spend the funds.
     * @param _addedValue The amount of tokens to increase the allowance by.
     */
    function increaseApproval(
        address _spender,
        uint256 _addedValue
    )
    public
    returns (bool)
    {
        allowed[msg.sender][_spender] = (
        allowed[msg.sender][_spender].add(_addedValue));
        emit Approval(msg.sender, _spender, allowed[msg.sender][_spender]);
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Decrease the amount of tokens that an owner allowed to a spender.
     * approve should be called when allowed[_spender] == 0. To decrement
     * allowed value is better to use this function to avoid 2 calls (and wait until
     * the first transaction is mined)
     * From MonolithDAO Token.sol
     * @param _spender The address which will spend the funds.
     * @param _subtractedValue The amount of tokens to decrease the allowance by.
     */
    function decreaseApproval(
        address _spender,
        uint256 _subtractedValue
    )
    public
    returns (bool)
    {
        uint256 oldValue = allowed[msg.sender][_spender];
        if (_subtractedValue > oldValue) {
            allowed[msg.sender][_spender] = 0;
        } else {
            allowed[msg.sender][_spender] = oldValue.sub(_subtractedValue);
        }
        emit Approval(msg.sender, _spender, allowed[msg.sender][_spender]);
        return true;
    }

}







/**
 * @title Pausable
 * @dev Base contract which allows children to implement an emergency stop mechanism.
 */
contract Pausable is Ownable {
    event Pause();
    event Unpause();

    bool public paused = false;


    /**
     * @dev Modifier to make a function callable only when the contract is not paused.
     */
    modifier whenNotPaused() {
        require(!paused);
        _;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Modifier to make a function callable only when the contract is paused.
     */
    modifier whenPaused() {
        require(paused);
        _;
    }

    /**
     * @dev called by the owner to pause, triggers stopped state
     */
    function pause() onlyOwner whenNotPaused public {
        paused = true;
        emit Pause();
    }

    /**
     * @dev called by the owner to unpause, returns to normal state
     */
    function unpause() onlyOwner whenPaused public {
        paused = false;
        emit Unpause();
    }
}



/**
 * @title Pausable token
 * @dev StandardToken modified with pausable transfers.
 **/
contract PausableToken is StandardToken, Pausable {

    function transfer(
        address _to,
        uint256 _value
    )
    public
    whenNotPaused
    returns (bool)
    {
        return super.transfer(_to, _value);
    }

    function transferFrom(
        address _from,
        address _to,
        uint256 _value
    )
    public
    whenNotPaused
    returns (bool)
    {
        return super.transferFrom(_from, _to, _value);
    }

    function approve(
        address _spender,
        uint256 _value
    )
    public
    whenNotPaused
    returns (bool)
    {
        return super.approve(_spender, _value);
    }

    function increaseApproval(
        address _spender,
        uint _addedValue
    )
    public
    whenNotPaused
    returns (bool success)
    {
        return super.increaseApproval(_spender, _addedValue);
    }

    function decreaseApproval(
        address _spender,
        uint _subtractedValue
    )
    public
    whenNotPaused
    returns (bool success)
    {
        return super.decreaseApproval(_spender, _subtractedValue);
    }
}



/**
 * @title DetailedERC20 token
 * @dev The decimals are only for visualization purposes.
 * All the operations are done using the smallest and indivisible token unit,
 * just as on Ethereum all the operations are done in wei.
 */
contract DetailedERC20 is ERC20 {
    string public name;
    string public symbol;
    uint8 public decimals;

    constructor(string _name, string _symbol, uint8 _decimals) public {
        name = _name;
        symbol = _symbol;
        decimals = _decimals;
    }
}


contract GemstoneChain is PausableToken, DetailedERC20
{
    constructor() DetailedERC20("Gemstone Chain", "GESC", 18) public
    {
        totalSupply_ = 2000000000 * 10 ** 18;
        balances[msg.sender] = totalSupply();
    }
}