// File: src/invoke/Issuance.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0
pragma solidity =0.8.18;

import {VerifiableAddressArray} from "src/lib/VArray.sol";
import {IIndexToken} from "src/interfaces/IIndexToken.sol";
import {TokenInfo} from "src/Common.sol";
import {IVault} from "src/interfaces/IVault.sol";
import {SCALAR, fmul, fdiv} from "src/lib/FixedPoint.sol";
import {IERC20} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/IERC20.sol";
import {SafeERC20} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/utils/SafeERC20.sol";
import {IIssuance} from "src/interfaces/IIssuance.sol";

contract Issuance is IIssuance {
    using VerifiableAddressArray for VerifiableAddressArray.VerifiableArray;
    using SafeERC20 for IERC20;

    IVault public immutable vault;

    uint256 public reentrancyLock = 1;

    modifier invariantCheck() {
        _;
        vault.invariantCheck();
    }

    modifier reentrancyGuard() {
        if (reentrancyLock > 1) revert IssuanceReentrant();
        reentrancyLock = 2;
        _;
        reentrancyLock = 1;
    }

    constructor(address _vault) {
        vault = IVault(_vault);
    }

    /// @notice Issue index tokens
    /// @param amount The amount of index tokens to issue
    /// @dev requires approval of underlying tokens
    /// @dev reentrancy guard in case callback in tokens
    function issue(uint256 amount) external invariantCheck reentrancyGuard {
        TokenInfo[] memory tokens = vault.virtualUnits();

        if (tokens.length == 0) revert IssuanceNoTokens();

        for (uint256 i; i < tokens.length; ) {
            uint256 underlyingAmount = fmul(tokens[i].units + 1, amount) + 1;

            IERC20(tokens[i].token).safeTransferFrom(
                msg.sender,
                address(vault),
                underlyingAmount
            );

            unchecked {
                ++i;
            }
        }

        vault.invokeMint(msg.sender, amount);
    }

    /// @notice Redeem index tokens
    /// @param amount The amount of index tokens to redeem
    /// @dev reentrancy guard in case callback in tokens
    function redeem(uint256 amount) external invariantCheck reentrancyGuard {
        TokenInfo[] memory tokens = vault.virtualUnits();

        if (tokens.length == 0) revert IssuanceNoTokens();

        IVault.InvokeERC20Args[] memory args = new IVault.InvokeERC20Args[](
            tokens.length
        );

        for (uint256 i; i < tokens.length; ) {
            uint256 underlyingAmount = fmul(tokens[i].units, amount);

            args[i] = IVault.InvokeERC20Args({
                token: tokens[i].token,
                to: msg.sender,
                amount: underlyingAmount
            });

            unchecked {
                ++i;
            }
        }

        vault.invokeBurn(msg.sender, amount);

        vault.invokeERC20s(args);
    }
}

// File: src/lib/VArray.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0
pragma solidity =0.8.18;

/// O(1) insertion / deletion to an array
/// can also check inclusion
library VerifiableAddressArray {
    struct VerifiableArray {
        address[] elements;
        mapping(address => uint256) indexOf;
        // use an additional SSTORE to save a SLOAD at user runtime
        mapping(address => bool) included;
    }

    function size(VerifiableArray storage arr) internal view returns (uint256) {
        return arr.elements.length;
    }

    function add(VerifiableArray storage arr, address element) internal {
        if (includes(arr, element)) {
            revert("VerifiableArray: element already exists");
        } else {
            arr.included[element] = true;
            arr.indexOf[element] = arr.elements.length;
            arr.elements.push(element);
        }
    }

    function remove(VerifiableArray storage arr, address element) internal {
        if (!includes(arr, element)) {
            revert("VerifiableArray: element not found");
        }

        uint256 _size = size(arr);

        if (_size == 1) {
            delete arr.included[element];
            delete arr.indexOf[element];
            arr.elements.pop();
            return;
        }

        uint index = arr.indexOf[element];
        address lastElement = arr.elements[_size - 1];

        arr.indexOf[lastElement] = index;

        delete arr.included[element];
        delete arr.indexOf[element];

        arr.elements[index] = lastElement;
        arr.elements.pop();
    }

    function includes(
        VerifiableArray storage arr,
        address element
    ) internal view returns (bool) {
        return arr.included[element];
    }

    function toStorageArray(
        VerifiableArray storage arr
    ) internal view returns (address[] storage) {
        return arr.elements;
    }

    function toMemoryArray(
        VerifiableArray storage arr
    ) internal view returns (address[] memory) {
        address[] storage stor = toStorageArray(arr);
        uint256 len = stor.length;

        address[] memory mem = new address[](len);

        for (uint256 i; i < len; i++) {
            mem[i] = stor[i];
        }

        return mem;
    }
}

// File: src/interfaces/IIndexToken.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0
pragma solidity =0.8.18;

import {IERC20Upgradeable} from "@openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/interfaces/IERC20Upgradeable.sol";

interface IIndexToken is IERC20Upgradeable {
    event MinterSet(address indexed minter);

    ///=============================================================================================
    /// Initializer
    ///=============================================================================================

    function initialize(address _minter) external;

    ///=============================================================================================
    /// State
    ///=============================================================================================

    function minter() external view returns (address);

    ///=============================================================================================
    /// Mint Logic
    ///=============================================================================================

    /// @notice External mint function
    /// @dev Mint function can only be called externally by the controller
    /// @param to address
    /// @param amount uint256
    function mint(address to, uint256 amount) external;

    /// @notice External burn function
    /// @dev burn function can only be called externally by the controller
    /// @param from address
    /// @param amount uint256
    function burn(address from, uint256 amount) external;
}

// File: src/Common.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0
pragma solidity =0.8.18;

struct TokenInfo {
    address token;
    uint256 units;
}

// File: src/interfaces/IVault.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0
pragma solidity =0.8.18;

import {TokenInfo} from "src/Common.sol";
import {IIndexToken} from "src/interfaces/IIndexToken.sol";

interface IVault {
    error AMKTVaultOnlyInvokers();
    error AMKTVaultOnly(address who);
    error AMKTVaultInflationRateTooLarge();
    error AMKTVaultFeeTooEarly();
    error AMKTVaultFeeTooSmall();
    error AMKTVaultEmergency();
    error VaultInvariant();
    error VaultZeroCheck();

    event VaultIssuanceSet(address issuance);
    event VaultRebalancerSet(address rebalancer);
    event VaultFeeRecipientSet(address feeRecipient);
    event VaultEmergencyResponderSet(address emergencyResponder);
    event VaultInflationRateSet(uint256 inflationRate);
    event VaultEmergencySet(bool emergency);
    event VaultFeeMinted(address indexed to, uint256 amount);

    struct InvokeERC20Args {
        address token;
        address to;
        uint256 amount;
    }

    struct SetNominalArgs {
        address token;
        uint256 virtualUnits;
    }

    function issuance() external view returns (address);

    function rebalancer() external view returns (address);

    function tryInflation() external;

    function inflationRate() external view returns (uint256);

    function feeRecipient() external view returns (address);

    function lastKnownTimestamp() external view returns (uint256);

    function invokeERC20s(InvokeERC20Args[] calldata args) external;

    function invokeSetNominals(SetNominalArgs[] calldata args) external;

    function virtualUnits(address token) external view returns (uint256);

    function virtualUnits() external view returns (TokenInfo[] memory);

    function invariantCheck() external view;

    function isUnderlying(address target) external view returns (bool);

    function underlying() external view returns (address[] memory);

    function underlyingLength() external view returns (uint256);

    function invokeMint(address to, uint256 amount) external;

    function invokeBurn(address from, uint256 amount) external;

    function indexToken() external view returns (IIndexToken);
}

// File: src/lib/FixedPoint.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0
pragma solidity =0.8.18;

uint256 constant SCALAR = 1e18;

function fmul(uint256 a, uint256 b) pure returns (uint256 ret) {
    ret = (a * b) / SCALAR;
}

function fdiv(uint256 a, uint256 b) pure returns (uint256 ret) {
    ret = (a * SCALAR) / b;
}

function finv(uint256 a) pure returns (uint256 ret) {
    ret = fdiv(SCALAR, a);
}

// File: lib/openzeppelin-contracts/contracts/token/ERC20/IERC20.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.6.0) (token/ERC20/IERC20.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

/**
 * @dev Interface of the ERC20 standard as defined in the EIP.
 */
interface IERC20 {
    /**
     * @dev Emitted when `value` tokens are moved from one account (`from`) to
     * another (`to`).
     *
     * Note that `value` may be zero.
     */
    event Transfer(address indexed from, address indexed to, uint256 value);

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when the allowance of a `spender` for an `owner` is set by
     * a call to {approve}. `value` is the new allowance.
     */
    event Approval(address indexed owner, address indexed spender, uint256 value);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the amount of tokens in existence.
     */
    function totalSupply() external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the amount of tokens owned by `account`.
     */
    function balanceOf(address account) external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @dev Moves `amount` tokens from the caller's account to `to`.
     *
     * Returns a boolean value indicating whether the operation succeeded.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event.
     */
    function transfer(address to, uint256 amount) external returns (bool);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the remaining number of tokens that `spender` will be
     * allowed to spend on behalf of `owner` through {transferFrom}. This is
     * zero by default.
     *
     * This value changes when {approve} or {transferFrom} are called.
     */
    function allowance(address owner, address spender) external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @dev Sets `amount` as the allowance of `spender` over the caller's tokens.
     *
     * Returns a boolean value indicating whether the operation succeeded.
     *
     * IMPORTANT: Beware that changing an allowance with this method brings the risk
     * that someone may use both the old and the new allowance by unfortunate
     * transaction ordering. One possible solution to mitigate this race
     * condition is to first reduce the spender's allowance to 0 and set the
     * desired value afterwards:
     * https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/20#issuecomment-263524729
     *
     * Emits an {Approval} event.
     */
    function approve(address spender, uint256 amount) external returns (bool);

    /**
     * @dev Moves `amount` tokens from `from` to `to` using the
     * allowance mechanism. `amount` is then deducted from the caller's
     * allowance.
     *
     * Returns a boolean value indicating whether the operation succeeded.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event.
     */
    function transferFrom(
        address from,
        address to,
        uint256 amount
    ) external returns (bool);
}

// File: lib/openzeppelin-contracts/contracts/token/ERC20/utils/SafeERC20.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.8.0) (token/ERC20/utils/SafeERC20.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

import "../IERC20.sol";
import "../extensions/draft-IERC20Permit.sol";
import "../../../utils/Address.sol";

/**
 * @title SafeERC20
 * @dev Wrappers around ERC20 operations that throw on failure (when the token
 * contract returns false). Tokens that return no value (and instead revert or
 * throw on failure) are also supported, non-reverting calls are assumed to be
 * successful.
 * To use this library you can add a `using SafeERC20 for IERC20;` statement to your contract,
 * which allows you to call the safe operations as `token.safeTransfer(...)`, etc.
 */
library SafeERC20 {
    using Address for address;

    function safeTransfer(
        IERC20 token,
        address to,
        uint256 value
    ) internal {
        _callOptionalReturn(token, abi.encodeWithSelector(token.transfer.selector, to, value));
    }

    function safeTransferFrom(
        IERC20 token,
        address from,
        address to,
        uint256 value
    ) internal {
        _callOptionalReturn(token, abi.encodeWithSelector(token.transferFrom.selector, from, to, value));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Deprecated. This function has issues similar to the ones found in
     * {IERC20-approve}, and its usage is discouraged.
     *
     * Whenever possible, use {safeIncreaseAllowance} and
     * {safeDecreaseAllowance} instead.
     */
    function safeApprove(
        IERC20 token,
        address spender,
        uint256 value
    ) internal {
        // safeApprove should only be called when setting an initial allowance,
        // or when resetting it to zero. To increase and decrease it, use
        // 'safeIncreaseAllowance' and 'safeDecreaseAllowance'
        require(
            (value == 0) || (token.allowance(address(this), spender) == 0),
            "SafeERC20: approve from non-zero to non-zero allowance"
        );
        _callOptionalReturn(token, abi.encodeWithSelector(token.approve.selector, spender, value));
    }

    function safeIncreaseAllowance(
        IERC20 token,
        address spender,
        uint256 value
    ) internal {
        uint256 newAllowance = token.allowance(address(this), spender) + value;
        _callOptionalReturn(token, abi.encodeWithSelector(token.approve.selector, spender, newAllowance));
    }

    function safeDecreaseAllowance(
        IERC20 token,
        address spender,
        uint256 value
    ) internal {
        unchecked {
            uint256 oldAllowance = token.allowance(address(this), spender);
            require(oldAllowance >= value, "SafeERC20: decreased allowance below zero");
            uint256 newAllowance = oldAllowance - value;
            _callOptionalReturn(token, abi.encodeWithSelector(token.approve.selector, spender, newAllowance));
        }
    }

    function safePermit(
        IERC20Permit token,
        address owner,
        address spender,
        uint256 value,
        uint256 deadline,
        uint8 v,
        bytes32 r,
        bytes32 s
    ) internal {
        uint256 nonceBefore = token.nonces(owner);
        token.permit(owner, spender, value, deadline, v, r, s);
        uint256 nonceAfter = token.nonces(owner);
        require(nonceAfter == nonceBefore + 1, "SafeERC20: permit did not succeed");
    }

    /**
     * @dev Imitates a Solidity high-level call (i.e. a regular function call to a contract), relaxing the requirement
     * on the return value: the return value is optional (but if data is returned, it must not be false).
     * @param token The token targeted by the call.
     * @param data The call data (encoded using abi.encode or one of its variants).
     */
    function _callOptionalReturn(IERC20 token, bytes memory data) private {
        // We need to perform a low level call here, to bypass Solidity's return data size checking mechanism, since
        // we're implementing it ourselves. We use {Address-functionCall} to perform this call, which verifies that
        // the target address contains contract code and also asserts for success in the low-level call.

        bytes memory returndata = address(token).functionCall(data, "SafeERC20: low-level call failed");
        if (returndata.length > 0) {
            // Return data is optional
            require(abi.decode(returndata, (bool)), "SafeERC20: ERC20 operation did not succeed");
        }
    }
}

// File: src/interfaces/IIssuance.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0
pragma solidity =0.8.18;

import {TokenInfo} from "src/Common.sol";

interface IIssuance {
    error IssuanceReentrant();
    error IssuanceNoTokens();

    function issue(uint256 amount) external;

    function redeem(uint256 amount) external;
}

// File: lib/openzeppelin-contracts-upgradeable/contracts/interfaces/IERC20Upgradeable.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts v4.4.1 (interfaces/IERC20.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

import "../token/ERC20/IERC20Upgradeable.sol";

// File: lib/openzeppelin-contracts/contracts/token/ERC20/extensions/draft-IERC20Permit.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts v4.4.1 (token/ERC20/extensions/draft-IERC20Permit.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

/**
 * @dev Interface of the ERC20 Permit extension allowing approvals to be made via signatures, as defined in
 * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2612[EIP-2612].
 *
 * Adds the {permit} method, which can be used to change an account's ERC20 allowance (see {IERC20-allowance}) by
 * presenting a message signed by the account. By not relying on {IERC20-approve}, the token holder account doesn't
 * need to send a transaction, and thus is not required to hold Ether at all.
 */
interface IERC20Permit {
    /**
     * @dev Sets `value` as the allowance of `spender` over ``owner``'s tokens,
     * given ``owner``'s signed approval.
     *
     * IMPORTANT: The same issues {IERC20-approve} has related to transaction
     * ordering also apply here.
     *
     * Emits an {Approval} event.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `spender` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `deadline` must be a timestamp in the future.
     * - `v`, `r` and `s` must be a valid `secp256k1` signature from `owner`
     * over the EIP712-formatted function arguments.
     * - the signature must use ``owner``'s current nonce (see {nonces}).
     *
     * For more information on the signature format, see the
     * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2612#specification[relevant EIP
     * section].
     */
    function permit(
        address owner,
        address spender,
        uint256 value,
        uint256 deadline,
        uint8 v,
        bytes32 r,
        bytes32 s
    ) external;

    /**
     * @dev Returns the current nonce for `owner`. This value must be
     * included whenever a signature is generated for {permit}.
     *
     * Every successful call to {permit} increases ``owner``'s nonce by one. This
     * prevents a signature from being used multiple times.
     */
    function nonces(address owner) external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the domain separator used in the encoding of the signature for {permit}, as defined by {EIP712}.
     */
    // solhint-disable-next-line func-name-mixedcase
    function DOMAIN_SEPARATOR() external view returns (bytes32);
}

// File: lib/openzeppelin-contracts/contracts/utils/Address.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.8.0) (utils/Address.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.1;

/**
 * @dev Collection of functions related to the address type
 */
library Address {
    /**
     * @dev Returns true if `account` is a contract.
     *
     * [IMPORTANT]
     * ====
     * It is unsafe to assume that an address for which this function returns
     * false is an externally-owned account (EOA) and not a contract.
     *
     * Among others, `isContract` will return false for the following
     * types of addresses:
     *
     *  - an externally-owned account
     *  - a contract in construction
     *  - an address where a contract will be created
     *  - an address where a contract lived, but was destroyed
     * ====
     *
     * [IMPORTANT]
     * ====
     * You shouldn't rely on `isContract` to protect against flash loan attacks!
     *
     * Preventing calls from contracts is highly discouraged. It breaks composability, breaks support for smart wallets
     * like Gnosis Safe, and does not provide security since it can be circumvented by calling from a contract
     * constructor.
     * ====
     */
    function isContract(address account) internal view returns (bool) {
        // This method relies on extcodesize/address.code.length, which returns 0
        // for contracts in construction, since the code is only stored at the end
        // of the constructor execution.

        return account.code.length > 0;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Replacement for Solidity's `transfer`: sends `amount` wei to
     * `recipient`, forwarding all available gas and reverting on errors.
     *
     * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1884[EIP1884] increases the gas cost
     * of certain opcodes, possibly making contracts go over the 2300 gas limit
     * imposed by `transfer`, making them unable to receive funds via
     * `transfer`. {sendValue} removes this limitation.
     *
     * https://diligence.consensys.net/posts/2019/09/stop-using-soliditys-transfer-now/[Learn more].
     *
     * IMPORTANT: because control is transferred to `recipient`, care must be
     * taken to not create reentrancy vulnerabilities. Consider using
     * {ReentrancyGuard} or the
     * https://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/v0.5.11/security-considerations.html#use-the-checks-effects-interactions-pattern[checks-effects-interactions pattern].
     */
    function sendValue(address payable recipient, uint256 amount) internal {
        require(address(this).balance >= amount, "Address: insufficient balance");

        (bool success, ) = recipient.call{value: amount}("");
        require(success, "Address: unable to send value, recipient may have reverted");
    }

    /**
     * @dev Performs a Solidity function call using a low level `call`. A
     * plain `call` is an unsafe replacement for a function call: use this
     * function instead.
     *
     * If `target` reverts with a revert reason, it is bubbled up by this
     * function (like regular Solidity function calls).
     *
     * Returns the raw returned data. To convert to the expected return value,
     * use https://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/latest/units-and-global-variables.html?highlight=abi.decode#abi-encoding-and-decoding-functions[`abi.decode`].
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `target` must be a contract.
     * - calling `target` with `data` must not revert.
     *
     * _Available since v3.1._
     */
    function functionCall(address target, bytes memory data) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        return functionCallWithValue(target, data, 0, "Address: low-level call failed");
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-}[`functionCall`], but with
     * `errorMessage` as a fallback revert reason when `target` reverts.
     *
     * _Available since v3.1._
     */
    function functionCall(
        address target,
        bytes memory data,
        string memory errorMessage
    ) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        return functionCallWithValue(target, data, 0, errorMessage);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-}[`functionCall`],
     * but also transferring `value` wei to `target`.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - the calling contract must have an ETH balance of at least `value`.
     * - the called Solidity function must be `payable`.
     *
     * _Available since v3.1._
     */
    function functionCallWithValue(
        address target,
        bytes memory data,
        uint256 value
    ) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        return functionCallWithValue(target, data, value, "Address: low-level call with value failed");
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCallWithValue-address-bytes-uint256-}[`functionCallWithValue`], but
     * with `errorMessage` as a fallback revert reason when `target` reverts.
     *
     * _Available since v3.1._
     */
    function functionCallWithValue(
        address target,
        bytes memory data,
        uint256 value,
        string memory errorMessage
    ) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        require(address(this).balance >= value, "Address: insufficient balance for call");
        (bool success, bytes memory returndata) = target.call{value: value}(data);
        return verifyCallResultFromTarget(target, success, returndata, errorMessage);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-}[`functionCall`],
     * but performing a static call.
     *
     * _Available since v3.3._
     */
    function functionStaticCall(address target, bytes memory data) internal view returns (bytes memory) {
        return functionStaticCall(target, data, "Address: low-level static call failed");
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-string-}[`functionCall`],
     * but performing a static call.
     *
     * _Available since v3.3._
     */
    function functionStaticCall(
        address target,
        bytes memory data,
        string memory errorMessage
    ) internal view returns (bytes memory) {
        (bool success, bytes memory returndata) = target.staticcall(data);
        return verifyCallResultFromTarget(target, success, returndata, errorMessage);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-}[`functionCall`],
     * but performing a delegate call.
     *
     * _Available since v3.4._
     */
    function functionDelegateCall(address target, bytes memory data) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        return functionDelegateCall(target, data, "Address: low-level delegate call failed");
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-string-}[`functionCall`],
     * but performing a delegate call.
     *
     * _Available since v3.4._
     */
    function functionDelegateCall(
        address target,
        bytes memory data,
        string memory errorMessage
    ) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        (bool success, bytes memory returndata) = target.delegatecall(data);
        return verifyCallResultFromTarget(target, success, returndata, errorMessage);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Tool to verify that a low level call to smart-contract was successful, and revert (either by bubbling
     * the revert reason or using the provided one) in case of unsuccessful call or if target was not a contract.
     *
     * _Available since v4.8._
     */
    function verifyCallResultFromTarget(
        address target,
        bool success,
        bytes memory returndata,
        string memory errorMessage
    ) internal view returns (bytes memory) {
        if (success) {
            if (returndata.length == 0) {
                // only check isContract if the call was successful and the return data is empty
                // otherwise we already know that it was a contract
                require(isContract(target), "Address: call to non-contract");
            }
            return returndata;
        } else {
            _revert(returndata, errorMessage);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Tool to verify that a low level call was successful, and revert if it wasn't, either by bubbling the
     * revert reason or using the provided one.
     *
     * _Available since v4.3._
     */
    function verifyCallResult(
        bool success,
        bytes memory returndata,
        string memory errorMessage
    ) internal pure returns (bytes memory) {
        if (success) {
            return returndata;
        } else {
            _revert(returndata, errorMessage);
        }
    }

    function _revert(bytes memory returndata, string memory errorMessage) private pure {
        // Look for revert reason and bubble it up if present
        if (returndata.length > 0) {
            // The easiest way to bubble the revert reason is using memory via assembly
            /// @solidity memory-safe-assembly
            assembly {
                let returndata_size := mload(returndata)
                revert(add(32, returndata), returndata_size)
            }
        } else {
            revert(errorMessage);
        }
    }
}

// File: lib/openzeppelin-contracts-upgradeable/contracts/token/ERC20/IERC20Upgradeable.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.6.0) (token/ERC20/IERC20.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

/**
 * @dev Interface of the ERC20 standard as defined in the EIP.
 */
interface IERC20Upgradeable {
    /**
     * @dev Emitted when `value` tokens are moved from one account (`from`) to
     * another (`to`).
     *
     * Note that `value` may be zero.
     */
    event Transfer(address indexed from, address indexed to, uint256 value);

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when the allowance of a `spender` for an `owner` is set by
     * a call to {approve}. `value` is the new allowance.
     */
    event Approval(address indexed owner, address indexed spender, uint256 value);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the amount of tokens in existence.
     */
    function totalSupply() external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the amount of tokens owned by `account`.
     */
    function balanceOf(address account) external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @dev Moves `amount` tokens from the caller's account to `to`.
     *
     * Returns a boolean value indicating whether the operation succeeded.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event.
     */
    function transfer(address to, uint256 amount) external returns (bool);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the remaining number of tokens that `spender` will be
     * allowed to spend on behalf of `owner` through {transferFrom}. This is
     * zero by default.
     *
     * This value changes when {approve} or {transferFrom} are called.
     */
    function allowance(address owner, address spender) external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @dev Sets `amount` as the allowance of `spender` over the caller's tokens.
     *
     * Returns a boolean value indicating whether the operation succeeded.
     *
     * IMPORTANT: Beware that changing an allowance with this method brings the risk
     * that someone may use both the old and the new allowance by unfortunate
     * transaction ordering. One possible solution to mitigate this race
     * condition is to first reduce the spender's allowance to 0 and set the
     * desired value afterwards:
     * https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/20#issuecomment-263524729
     *
     * Emits an {Approval} event.
     */
    function approve(address spender, uint256 amount) external returns (bool);

    /**
     * @dev Moves `amount` tokens from `from` to `to` using the
     * allowance mechanism. `amount` is then deducted from the caller's
     * allowance.
     *
     * Returns a boolean value indicating whether the operation succeeded.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event.
     */
    function transferFrom(
        address from,
        address to,
        uint256 amount
    ) external returns (bool);
}