WASTE MANAGEMENT
❖Waste management (orwaste disposal ) includes the activities and actions required to
manage waste from its inception to its final disposal. This includes the collection, transport,
treatment and disposal of waste, together with monitoring and regulation of the waste management
process.
•The term ‘ Waste Management ’ collectively means the management of waste from its inception to
the final stage of disposal. Thus, as one single unit, it encompasses right from the collection,
disposal, recycling, to which the processes of monitoring and regulation, respectively belong to,
along with the legal frameworks that enable the occurrence of waste management.
•“Waste management orwaste disposal are all the activities and actions required to manage
waste from its inception to its final disposal. This includes amongst other things collection,
transport, treatment and disposal of waste together with monitoring and regulation. It also
encompasses the legal and regulatory framework that relates to waste management
encompassing guidance on recycling.”


WASTE MANAGEMENT
•Waste can be solid, liquid, or gas and each type has different methods of disposal and
management. Waste management deals with all types of waste, including industrial, biological
and household. In some cases, waste can pose a threat to human health. Waste is produced
by human activity, for example, the extraction and processing of raw materials. Waste
management is intended to reduce adverse effects of waste on human health ,
theenvironment oraesthetics
•Waste management practices are not uniform among countries ( developed anddeveloping
nations ); regions ( urban andrural areas ), and residential andindustrial sectors can all take
different approaches


PRINCIPLES OF WASTE MANAGEMENT
❖Waste hierarchy: refers to the "3 Rs" Reduce ,Reuse andRecycle , which classifies waste management
strategies according to their desirability in terms of waste minimisation . It is represented as a pyramid
because the basic premise is that policies should promote measures to prevent the generation of waste.
The next step or preferred action is to seek alternative uses for the waste that has been generated i.e. by
re-use. The next is recycling which includes composting. Following this step is material recovery and waste -
to-energy . The final action is disposal, in landfills or through incineration without energy recovery . This last
step is the final resort for waste which has not been prevented, diverted or recovered. The waste hierarchy
represents the progression of a product or material through the sequential stages of the pyramid of waste
management. The hierarchy represents the latter parts of the life -cycle for each product.
❖Life-cycle of a produc t: The life -cycle begins with design, then proceeds through manufacture,
distribution, and primary use and then follows through the waste hierarchy's stages of reduce, reuse and
recycle. Each stage in the life -cycle offers opportunities for policy intervention, to rethink the need for the
product, to redesign to minimize waste potential, to extend its use. Product life -cycle analysis is a way to
optimize the use of the world's limited resources by avoiding the unnecessary generation of waste


PRINCIPLES OF WASTE MANAGEMENT
❖Resource efficiency:
Resource efficiency reflects the understanding that global economic growth and
development can not be sustained at current production and consumption patterns.
Globally, humanity extracts more resources to produce goods than the planet can
replenish. Resource efficiency is the reduction of the environmental impact from the
production and consumption of these goods, from final raw material extraction to the last
use and disposal.
❖Polluter -pays principle :
Thepolluter -pays principle mandates that the polluting party pays for the impact on the
environment. With respect to waste management, this generally refers to the requirement
for a waste generator to pay for appropriate disposal of the unrecoverable material.


WASTE SEGREGATION
•This is the separation of wet waste and dry waste. The purpose is to recycle dry waste easily and to use wet
waste as compost. When segregating waste, the amount of waste that gets landfilled reduces considerably,
resulting in lower levels of air and water pollution. It is important to remember that waste segregation should be
based on the type of waste and the most appropriate treatment and disposal. This also makes it easier to apply
different processes to the waste, like composting, recycling and incineration. It is important to practice waste
management and segregation as a community. The process of waste segregation should be explained to the
community.
•Segregated waste is also often cheaper to dispose of because it does not require as much manual sorting as
mixed waste. There are a number of important reasons why waste segregation is important such as legal
obligations, cost savings and protection of human health and the environment
•Recommended colour coding of containers
✓Yellow -for infectious waste
✓Brown -for chemical and pharmaceutical waste
✓Black -for general waste


DISPOSAL METHODS
❖Landfill: A landfill is a site for the disposal
ofwaste materials by burial. Landfill is the
oldest form of waste treatment , although the
burial of the waste is modern; historically,
refuse was simply left in piles or thrown into
pits. Landfills must be open and available to
users every day. While the majority of its
customers are municipalities, commercial
and construction companies, residents are
also allowed to use the landfill in most
cases.❖Incineration: I ncineration is a disposal method in which
solid organic wastes are subjected to combustion so as
to convert them into residue and gaseous products. This
method is useful for disposal of both municipal solid
waste and solid residue from waste water treatment.
This process reduces the volumes of solid waste by 80
to 95 percent.
•Incineration is carried out both on a small scale by
individuals and on a large scale by industry. It is used to
dispose of solid, liquid and gaseous waste. It is
recognized as a practical method of disposing of
certain hazardous waste materials (such as
biological medical waste ). Incineration is a controversial
method of waste disposal, due to issues such as
emission of gaseous pollutants .


DISPOSAL METHOD
 S
❖Recycling: is aresource recovery practice that refers to the collection and reuse of
waste materials such as empty beverage containers. This process involves breaking
down and reusing materials that would otherwise be gotten rid of as trash.
•The materials from which the items are made can be made into new products. Materials
for recycling may be collected separately from general waste using dedicated bins and
collection vehicles, a procedure called kerbside collection .
❖Recovery: Recoverable materials that are organic in nature, such as plant material , food
scraps, and paper products, can be recovered through composting and digestion
processes to decompose the organic matter. The resulting organic material is then
recycled as mulch orcompost for agricultural or landscaping purposes.


DISPOSAL METHODS
❖Plasma gasification: is an extreme thermal process
using plasma which converts organic matter into
asyngas (synthesis gas) which is primarily made up
ofhydrogen andcarbon monoxide .
•Aplasma torch powered by an electric arc is used to
ionize gas and catalyze organic matter into syngas ,
withslag remaining as a byproduct . It is used commercially
as a form of waste treatment and has been tested for the
gasification of refuse -derived fuel ,biomass ,industrial
waste ,hazardous waste , and solid hydrocarbons , such
ascoal,oil sands ,petcoke andoil shale .❖Compostin g: Compost isorganic
matter that has been decomposed in a
process called composting. This
process recycles various organic
materials otherwise regarded as waste
products and produces a soil
conditioner (thecompost ).
•Compost is rich in nutrients. It is used, for
example ingardens ,landscaping ,
horticulture ,urban agriculture andorganic
farming . The compost itself is beneficial for
the land in many ways, including as a soil
conditioner, a fertilizer , addition of
vitalhumus orhumic acids , and as a
natural pesticide for soil. Compost is
useful for erosion control, land and stream
reclamation, wetland construction, and as
landfill cover.
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Composting
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DISPOSAL METHODS
❖Waste -to-energy ( WtE): is the process of
generating energy in the form
ofelectricity and/or heat from the primary
treatment of waste , or the processing of
waste into a fuel source. WtE is a form
ofenergy recovery .
•Most WtE processes generate electricity
and/or heat directly through combustion, or
produce a combustible fuel commodity,
such as methane ,methanol ,ethanol .
orsynthetic fuels .❖Waste Minimisation: Waste minimisation is a set of
processes and practices intended to reduce the
amount of waste produced. By reducing or eliminating
the generation of harmful and persistent wastes, waste
minimisation supports efforts to promote a more
sustainable society.
•Waste Minimization is a waste management approach
that focuses on reducing the amount and toxicity of
hazardous waste generated. In addition to hazardous
wastes regulated under The Resource Conservation
and Recovery (RCRA), EPA encourages the
minimization of all wastes.


WHY IS WASTE MANAGEMENT IMPORTANT?
•Its Protects the environment
•Recycling helps you to get money
•Reduces all types of waste
•Saves the earth and conserves energy