diff --git "a/data.jsonl" "b/data.jsonl" deleted file mode 100644--- "a/data.jsonl" +++ /dev/null @@ -1,253 +0,0 @@ -{"page_content": "Let\u2019s reduce waste by half!\nAcceptable Ways to \nseparate and dispose \nof garbage and recyclablesNew\nMeguru-kun\nI\u2019m named after the basic concept \nof recycling \u2013 \u201cCirculate and return\u201d \n(\u201cmeguru \u201d in Japanese).\nKogomi-chan (Bioplastic version)\nI\u2019m named Kogomi (small garbage) \nas a reminder to \u201cReduce waste as if you are losing weight. \u201dVersion for preservation\nKyoto City is the first government \nordinance city that produces paid plastic bags for \nhousehold garbage disposal, 10% of which is made from \nbiomass plastics derived from inedible parts of sugar \ncorns and other materials. These bags have \nalready come into use!Kyoto City aims to reduce the annual amount of garbage to 390,000 tons (FY 2020), less than \nhalf than the amount in the peak period.\nNow that the pace of reduction has been \nslowing, we ask for your cooperation in further \ndecreasing the amount of waste!\nEnvironmental Policy Bureau\nIssued in March 2019", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Acceptable-Ways-to-separate-and-dispose-of-garbage-and-recyclables.pdf", "page": 0}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "01 Rules of\n discarding garbageRead this first\nCommon rules on \ngarbage collected \nregularly in Kyoto City\nUse this yellow bag for combustible \ngarbage!Use this transparent bag for cans, glass bottles, PET bottles, plastic containers and packages!\nLeave garbage and recyclables at \nthe designated pickup point in your \ncommunity by 8:00 a.m. on collection \ndays. Do not put them out on the previous night.\n If you put garbage out on the previous night, cats or \ncrows may break open bags, and scatter the garbage.\n Regarding cans, glass bottles, PET bottles, plastic \ncontainers and packages, small metal objects and \nspray cans, leave them at a designated point marked \nby a \u201cRecyclables pickup point\u201d sign.The weight of one bag should not \nbe more than can be lifted with one hand, and \nyou should discard about two bags at most per collection.\n If you dispose of too much garbage at one time, it may \ncreate an obstruction to passage or make it \nimpossible for all garbage to be collected that \nday. Please cooperate with the planned disposal.Kyoto City has introduced its own designated paid plastic bags. There are two types of designated bags: one for \ncombustible garbage and one for recyclables.\nHousehold garbage is classified into various types from the standpoint of recycling. Separate and \ndispose of each type of garbage in the correct manner.\nYou cannot dispose of commercial waste from shops, offices or accommodation facilities as household garbage. Contact a \ndisposal contractor licensed by Kyoto City or take such waste to the Incineration Plant of Kyoto City by yourself. P20\nFor the aged or disabled who have difficulty in disposing of garbage\nAs a part of livelihood support, we implement \u201cHeartful collection, \u201d visiting homes to collect garbage from the door. For \nmore information, please contact a Ward Beautification Office, or a Counter for Ecological Activities in a Ward Office or Ward \nBranch Office. Refer to the back cover for contact information. Garbage bags including unsuitable items will not be collected \nand will be marked with a \u201cNon-acceptable\u201d sticker.\nPlease tie each bag tightly \nbefore putting it out.Rules you should follow when disposing of garbageRule 1: Use Kyoto City\u2019s designated plastic bags for household garbage\nRule 2: Thoroughly separate types of garbage before discarding\nRule 3: Do not dispose of commercial wasteDO NOT put recyclable \npaper into combustible \ngarbage.\n\u25a0 Quick search for garbage classification and collection points for recyclables. \u25a0\u3000Check here too!\nKogomi Net: Kyoto City website for comprehensive information on \ngarbage reduction, classification, and recycling\nhttp://kyoto-kogomi.netWaste reduction by half \ncampaign, Kyoto City\nKogomi App.\nGarbage discarded using bags other than the designated ones will not be collected, and will be marked with a \n\u201cNon-acceptable\u201d sticker.\nFor small metal objects and spray cans, use transparent bags through which the contents can be seen. Do not use city-\ndesignated paid bags.\n Apartment buildings for which private contractors collect garbage may have different rules from those of Kyoto City. \nPlease confirm arrangements with the administrator of your apartment building. P13, P14", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Acceptable-Ways-to-separate-and-dispose-of-garbage-and-recyclables.pdf", "page": 1}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "02\nCans, bottles, PET bottles/ Plastic \ncontainers and packagesSmall metal objects and spray cans/ Combustible garbageOther ways that recyclables are \ncollectedWhat is NOT \ncollected in Kyoto \nCity Practice of lifestyle \nthat doesn\u2019t create \ngarbageOther efforts Where recyclables goHow to dispose of \noversized garbage/ Carrying in garbage to Incineration Plants Recyclable paperFor residents of apartments from which private contractors collect garbage Cans, bottles, PET bottles/ Plastic \ncontainers and packages\n03\n07\n09\n11\n13\n15\n17\n19\n21\n23Small metal objects and spray \ncans/ Combustible garbageOther ways that recyclables are \ncollectedWhat is NOT \ncollected in Kyoto \nCityPractice of lifestyle \nthat doesn\u2019t create \ngarbageOther efforts Where recyclables goFor residents of \napartments from which private contractors collect garbageHow to dispose of oversized garbage/ Carrying in garbage to Incineration Plants\nRecyclable paperHow to separate and dispose of garbage and recyclables that are collected regularly .....03\nWays to dispose of recyclables other than regular collection .............................................. 09\nPractice of lifestyle that doesn\u2019t create garbage ............................................................................ 23\nGarbage classification dictionary You can search for information on how to separate and dispose of garbage by item, in alphabetical order. .....26Other efforts ................................................................................................................................................................... 21Rules you should know concerning disposal of garbage ......................................................... 17How to separate and dispose of garbage and recyclables for residents \nin apartment buildings where private contractors collect garbage ............................................................. 13\nWhere recyclables go ............................................................................................................................................. 15Cans, glass bottles and PET bottles ........................................................................ 03\nCans and glass bottles for foods and beverages, PET bottles for beverages, alcohol and soy sauce, etc.\nPlastic containers and packages .............................................................................. 05\nTrays, bottles, bags, cups, caps, cushioning materials, etc.\nSmall metal objects and spray cans ...................................................................... 07\nMetal objects about 30 cm or less in length, such as pots and kettles, etc.; spray cans\nCombustible garbage ................................................................................................... ......08\nRaw garbage, plastics other than containers and packages, non-recyclable paper, glass, etc.\nRecyclable paper ................................................................................................... ................ 09\nNewspaper, cardboard, food and drink cartons, miscellaneous paper waste \n(paper bags, wrapping paper, paper boxes, envelopes, postcards, fliers, brochures, etc.)\nOther ways that recyclables are collected ........................................................ 11\nCommunity collection services, Market collection services, Recyclables collection facilities, and Mobile collection services\nHow to dispose of oversized garbage .................................................................................... 17\nOversized garbage such as chests of drawers, tables, and bicycles\nCarrying in garbage to Incineration Plants .......................................................................... 18\nHow to carry in garbage to the Incineration Plant of Kyoto City\nWhat is NOT collected in Kyoto City ........................................................................................ 19\nFour types of home appliances (televisions, air conditioners, refrigerators/freezers, and clothes washers/dryers), \npersonal computers, commercial waste, etc.\nCollection of dead animals such as dogs and cats, collection of human \nexcrement, beautification activities, scattered garbage, etc. ....................................... 21\nEfforts by private businesses .................................................................................................... 22\nCollection of personal computers and other small home appliances via parcel delivery services, recycling of trimmed tree branches, etc.", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Acceptable-Ways-to-separate-and-dispose-of-garbage-and-recyclables.pdf", "page": 2}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "03How to separate and dispose of garbage and \nrecyclables that are collected regularly\nRegarding garbage and recyclables that Kyoto City collects regularly on a weekly (or monthly) basis, \ntheir types and acceptable ways to separate and discard are described below.\nSuitable way to discard\n1 Empty cans or bottles and rinse inside.\n2 Discard without crushing.\n Crushed cans or PET bottles cannot be sorted out by machines when recycling. Discard them as they are without crushing or breaking.\n3 Do not put foreign matter inside these items!\n Do not discard with foreign matter such as cigarette butts or nails left inside.\n4 Remove caps and labels from glass bottles and PET bottles.\n Dispose of plastic labels as in \u201cPlastic containers and packages.\u201d Regarding caps, dispose of metal ones as \u201cCombustible garbage\u201d and plastic ones as \u201cPlastic containers and packages.\u201dCans and glass bottles for foods and beverages, PET bottles for beverages, \nalcohol and soy sauce, etc.\n\u3000* Put cans, bottles and PET bottles together in the same bag.Cans, glass bottles and PET bottles\nBottles Cans PET bottles\nPlastic capPlastic \ncontainers and \npackages\nLabelMetal cap Combustible \ngarbage\nRinse the \ninsides.\nRemove labels.\u306e\n\u308aRecyclables\nCollected\nonce a week\nUse the designated \ntransparent garbage \nbag for recyclables.", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Acceptable-Ways-to-separate-and-dispose-of-garbage-and-recyclables.pdf", "page": 3}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "0407\n09\n11\n13\n15\n17\n19\n21\n23Cans, bottles, PET bottles/ Plastic \ncontainers and packagesSmall metal objects and spray cans/ Combustible garbageOther ways that recyclables are \ncollectedWhat is NOT \ncollected in Kyoto \nCity Practice of lifestyle \nthat doesn\u2019t create \ngarbageOther efforts Where recyclables goHow to dispose of \noversized garbage/ Carrying in garbage to Incineration Plants Recyclable paperFor residents of apartments from which private contractors collect garbage03Cans, bottles, PET bottles/ Plastic \ncontainers and packagesThe items below are collected as different recyclables or garbage. Check for recycle marks before \nseparating.\nUnauthorized removal of cans, bottles and PET bottles, as well \nas oversized garbage that are discarded as household garbage, \nis prohibited by a Kyoto Municipal Ordinance.Cans other than food and beverage cans\n(Excluding cans for paints and machine oils. \nCans about 30 cm or less in length.)To Small metal objects and spray cans \nP07\n* Ittokan, or 18-liter square can is classifi ed\nas Oversized garbage.\nSpray cans and cassette gas cylinders \n(emptied)\n* Remove plastic caps and nozzles. Discard removed \ncaps and nozzles as Plastic containers and packages.Discard as \nSmall metal objects and spray cans, \nwithout making holes. P07Bottles for cosmetics\nTo Cans, bottles, and PET bottlesCans for foods (sweets, snacks, etc.) \nand beveragesPlastic containers for sauce, \nmayonnaise, salad oil, \nedible oil, kitchen detergent, \nshampoo, etc.To Plastic containers and packages \n P05Reusable bottles\nAmong reusable bottles, beer bottles and 1.8-liter bottles \n(issho-bin in Japanese) with one of the following symbols\nTo Collection at city-designated facilities\n P12\nBottles that contained agricultural \nchemicals or powerful medicine, \nbroken bottles To Combustible garbage P08\nWrap broken items with thick paper, etc., and \nplace them in the center of a garbage bag. Light bulbs (including broken ones)\n* Unbroken fl uorescent lamps are collected \nat city-designated facilities. LED bulbs are \ndiscarded as combustibles. P12\nCans for paints and machine oils \n(emptied)To Combustible garbage P08\n* Ittokan, or 18-liter square can is classifi ed\nas Oversized garbage.\nTableware made of heat-resistance \nglass; cooking utensils, etc.To Combustible garbage P08Points for separation Check marks before separating", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Acceptable-Ways-to-separate-and-dispose-of-garbage-and-recyclables.pdf", "page": 4}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "05Trays, bottles, bags, cups, caps, cushioning materials (such as Styrofoam), etc.Plastic containers \nand packages\nNEWS \nBecause workers remove foreign matter by hand, home medical \nequipment such as injectors and knives contained in garbage bags have caused injuries. \nWe ask for your cooperation in discarding waste in an appropriate \nmanner.1 Use a different bag from the one for cans, glass bottles and PET \nbottles!\n Although the same designated bag for recyclables is to be used, be sure to separate \nplastic containers and packages from cans, bottles and PET bottles, and use different bags for them.\n2 Empty the contents and remove stains before discarding.\n When the stain is stubborn and unremovable, discard as combustible garbage.\n3 Do not put foreign matter inside waste items!\n Injection needles, edged tools, lighters or spray cans may cause accidents. Do not put them inside.\n4 Try to use tray collection services at stores.\n Concerning food trays for meat and seafood, please cooperate with the collection system at supermarkets where purchased, if possible.\nForeign matter disposed of in \u201cPlastic containers and \npackages\u201dTrays\nTubes Containers Packages for \nrefillsLabels on bottles, etc.BagsBottles\nCupsCaps\nCushioning materials \n(such as Styrofoam)\nPlastic containers and packages indicate items that contain commercial goods and become \nunnecessary after these goods are taken out. Plastic containers and packages bear a mark.\n( Items with no mark or plastic products are classified as Combustible garbage. P08 )\nRecyclables\nCollected\nonce a week\nUse the designated \ntransparent garbage \nbag for recyclables.\nSuitable way to discard\nWorkers may be injured while sorting garbage \ndue to hazardous objects contained in it!Refill\nShampooDetergent\nRefill", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Acceptable-Ways-to-separate-and-dispose-of-garbage-and-recyclables.pdf", "page": 5}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "0603\n07\n09\n11\n13\n15\n17\n19\n21\n23Cans, bottles, PET bottles/ Plastic \ncontainers and packagesSmall metal objects and spray cans/ Combustible garbageOther ways that recyclables are \ncollectedWhat is NOT \ncollected in Kyoto \nCity Practice of lifestyle \nthat doesn\u2019t create \ngarbageOther efforts Where recyclables goHow to dispose of \noversized garbage/ Carrying in garbage to Incineration Plants Recyclable paperFor residents of apartments from which private contractors collect garbage03Cans, bottles, PET bottles/ Plastic \ncontainers and packagesDoes the plastic item bear themark?Yes\nNoPlastic containers and packages\nCombustible garbage\u2192\n\u2192\nItems that can be confused with plastic containers and packages\nItems made of materials other than plastic\nDisposable aluminum containers for nabeyaki-\nudon (noodle stew), etc.\nProducts themselves\nPlastic hangers, plastic chopping \nboard, plastic toothbrushes, plastic brushes, plastic toys (excluding battery-powered toys), etc.\nItems that do not become unnecessary when \ntheir contents are removed\n* You can take cases for CDs and DVDs with their \ncontents left inside to city-designated collection \nfacilities as memory media. P12\nEspecially confusing items\nCleaning bags\nNot classified as plastic containers and packages, \nas they are not product packages.\nPacking strings, banding bands\nNot classified as plastic containers and packages, as they are not part of the packing product itself.\nStraws provided with packaged beverages\nNot classified as plastic containers and packages, as they are attached to products.To Combustible garbage P08\n\u3000Take special care in separating the following items. \u3000\nLightersDisposable lighters: To Collection services at city-designated \nfacilities. P12\nOther type of lighters: Empty the contents and discard them as \nCombustible garbage. P08\nSpray cansDo not make holes in spray cans: To Small metal objects and \nspray cans. P07\nPlastic caps and nozzles: To Plastic containers and packages. P05 \n* If contents are left in spray cans, empty them in an outdoor place where \nthere is no fire. Do not make holes in spray cans.\nMedical \nequipmentItems with needles such as \ninjectors or injection needles.Make sure to return them to medical institutions or drug \nstores where they were provided.\nPlastic items such as bags, tubes and \ncathetersTo Combustible garbage P08\nEdged tools such as knives, \nbox-cutters and scissorsTo Collection services at city-designated facilities. P12\n* If it is difficult to take them to the city-designated facilities, \nwrap them up in thick paper to prevent danger, put them in \nthe center of the garbage bag, and discard as combustible \ngarbage .\nBatteries and electric appliances can possibly ignite or explode in waste processing machines at facilities. Accidents have \noccurred that could have led to fire from fumes or ignition. Please bring batteries and small electric appliances to city-\ndesignated recyclable collection facilities.Points for separation", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Acceptable-Ways-to-separate-and-dispose-of-garbage-and-recyclables.pdf", "page": 6}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "07Suitable way to discard\nPoints for separationMetal objects about 30 cm or less in length such as pots and kettlesSmall metal objects \nand spray cansNo need to use Kyoto \nCity\u2019s designated paid \nplastic bags. \n1 Be sure to empty the contents. Do not make holes in spray cans!\n Unemptied spray cans and cassette gas cylinders may cause a fire. Making holes in them for degassing may \nincur the risk of explosion.\n\u3000\u3000* For safe disposal of unemptied items, see the website of the Aerosol Industry Association of Japan http://www.aiaj.or.jp/ (in Japanese).\n Remove plastic caps and nozzles and discard them as Plastic containers and packages.\n2 Remove grease!\n3 Make sure of location of pickup points.\n Wastes are collected by type. When \u201cCans, glass bottles and PET bottles,\u201d \u201cPlastic containers and packages\u201d and \u201cSmall \nmetal objects and spray cans\u201d are collected on the same day, leave them at a little distance from each other.\nObjects that may cause problems in collection or disposal.\nBatteries, cassette gas cylinders, fire \nextinguishers, etc.Consult dealers or manufacturers.\nMedical equipment such as injectors or injection needles Make sure to return them to the medical institutions or \ndrug stores where they were provided.\nEdged tools such as knives, \nbox-cutters and scissorsTo Collection services at city-designated facilities P12\n * If it is difficult to take them to the city-designated \nfacilities, wrap them up in thick paper to prevent danger, put them in the center of the garbage bag, and discard as combustible garbage.\nHeavy objects such as iron dumbbells\nTo Oversized garbage P17Large objects such as stoves or steel-made \nshelves (more than 30 cm in length)KettlesPots Frying pans\n* About 30 cm or less in diameter \nexcluding the handle partLadles\nSpray cans Cassette gas cylinders\nItems below cannot be collected as small metal objects and spray cans.Cans other than food and beverage cans\n(Excluding cans for paints and machine oils. Cans about 30 cm or less in length.)\nSmall metal objects and spray cans\nEnameled cooking utensils (about 30 cm or less in length)\nCans for foods and beverages To Cans, glass bottles and PET bottles. P03\nHangers* In the case of hangers provided by a cleaner, confirm if they \nare returnable. If not, discard them as Combustible garbage. \nP08\nGlass lid for a pot, etc. To Combustible garbage . P08Collected \nonce a month\nUse a transparent bag and \nlabel it \u201cMetal\u201d or write \n\u201cMetal\u201d on the bag.", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Acceptable-Ways-to-separate-and-dispose-of-garbage-and-recyclables.pdf", "page": 7}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "0803\n09\n11\n13\n15\n17\n19\n21\n23Cans, bottles, PET bottles/ Plastic \ncontainers and packagesSmall metal objects and spray cans/ Combustible garbageOther ways that recyclables are \ncollectedWhat is NOT \ncollected in Kyoto \nCity Practice of lifestyle \nthat doesn\u2019t create \ngarbageOther efforts Where recyclables goHow to dispose of \noversized garbage/ Carrying in garbage to Incineration Plants Recyclable paperFor residents of apartments from which private contractors collect garbage07Small metal objects and spray \ncans/ Combustible garbage\nNEWS \u3000Fire in a garbage truck!\nThis fire was caused \nby an explosion in a garbage truck due to \nunemptied lighters and \ncassette gas cylinders mixed in with garbage!\n\u25cf Fully use up lighters and \ncassette gas cylinders \nbefore discarding them.\n\u25cf Soak in water any item that may cause a fire before discarding it.\n\u25cf Dispose of cassette gas cylinders with \u201cSmall metal \nobjects and spray cans.\u201dSuitable way to discardRaw garbage, plastics other than containers and packages, \nnon-recyclable paper, glass, etc.Combustible \ngarbageSeparate recyclables, and what \nremains will be combustible garbage.\n2 Drain any excess liquid from raw garbage \nbefore discarding!\n About 80 percent of raw garbage is liquid. Drain any \nexcess liquid from raw garbage before putting it in a trash box or a garbage bag.\n3 Double-bagging is prohibited in principle!\n Do not double-bag garbage unless it is necessary (e.g., disposing of dirty items such as raw garbage and diapers).\n4 Wrap glass in thick paper!\n Glass can be hazardous when garbage is collected. Wrap it up in thick paper and put it in the center of a garbage bag.\n5 Use water to soak anything that may cause \na fire!\n Soak matches or cigarette butts in water before \ndiscarding. Regarding lighters, fully use up their fuel and soak them in water before discarding.\n* It is not acceptable to break down oversized garbage to discard it as combustible garbage.1 Separate and reduce combustible garbage!\nThere are many items in combustible garbage that can be recycled.Change how and where you dispose of them, and be economical as well as friendly to the environment.\nUse bird net\nIn order to prevent crows or wind from scattering garbage, the city makes bird nets available for \nits designated garbage pickup points (approximately every five households or more) at no charge. For more information, please contact a Counter for Ecological Activities in a Ward Office or Ward Branch Office, or a Ward \nBeautification Office. Refer to the back cover for contact information.Paper is recyclable. \nPlease separate \nproperly! P09Raw garbage\nGlassNon-recyclable \npaper\nPlastics other than \ncontainers and packages\nBe sure to check whether \nor not items are recyclable \nbefore discarding.\nNEWS \u3000An accident while collecting garbage!\nA sanitary worker\u2019s hand was injured by an unwrapped \nedge tool disposed of in a garbage bag.\n\u25cf In the case of hazardous objects such as scissors, \nknives, and broken dishes/bowls/ceramics, use collection \nservices at the city-designated facilities whenever \npossible. P12 When that is difficult, wrap them up in \nthick paper, put them in the center of a garbage bag, and \ndiscard them as combustible garbage.Collected\ntwice a week\nUse the designated \nyellow garbage bag for \ncombustibles .\nPaper P09\nPaper accounts for about \n30 percent of combustible garbage. Please recycle properly.18 recyclable items such as cartons, \ndry batteries, reusable bottles, \nfluorescent lights, and waste \ncooking oil for tempura , etc. P12\nThese recyclables are collected at city-\ndesignated facilities.Used clothing P11\nTake outgrown clothes to flea markets or recycling companies.Combustible \ngarbage", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Acceptable-Ways-to-separate-and-dispose-of-garbage-and-recyclables.pdf", "page": 8}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "09 Recyclable paper\nSeparate recyclable paper and put in a paper bag by type.\n Non-recyclable paper\nDispose of the paper items below as combustible garbage, \nas they may have harmful effects on recycled products. P08Recyclable paper\nWaterproof paper\nPress-sealed \npostcardsThermal paper,\nlight-sensitive paper\n(photo paper, fax paper, etc.)\nCarbon paper, \npressure sensitive \ncopying paperCoated paper\nPaper with aromaInk-jet printing \npaper for photos\nPaper hard to dissolve \nin water\n(Kleenex, paper towels, etc.)Paper bonded with \nitems other than \npaper\nThermosensitive \nfoamed sheet\n(Braille paper)Paper with \nadhesives such\nas tape\nPaper stained with \nfood or oilFliers, brochures\nMemo pads, \ncopy paper, \nshredded paperPaper boxes Magazines\nPaper \nbagsEnvelopes, post \ncards\nBacking paper, \ndrawing paperWrapping \npaper\nPaper cores Calendars\n Delete personal information whenever possible.\n Remove materials other than paper, such as plastic and cloth.About 30 percent of combustible garbage discarded from \nhouseholds is paper, and miscellaneous paper waste accounts for nearly half of it, 46% (about 32K tons per year)!\nAmong which, miscellaneous paper waste accounts for 38% \n(about 22K tons per year in FY2017)! By working on recycling, it is possible to reduce Combustible garbage even further!\nSome paper items are not suitable for recycling. Be sure to confi rm whether items are recyclable or not before discarding.Ways to dispose of recyclables other than regular \ncollection\nThe key to waste reduction is separation and recycling. Items that can be recycled are introduced below.\n\nMiscellaneous paper waste\nRecyclable paper other than the three types shown on the left!Non-\nrecyclables\n57%Recyclables\n43%FY2017\nBreakdown of Combustible garbage \n(about 190Kt)\nHousehold garbage \nother than paper \nwaste\n69%Used paper 5%\nMiscellaneous paper waste \n38% (about 22Kt)Paper 31%\nUse community \ncollection services or waste paper collectors\nUse community \ncollection services or used paper collectors\nUse collection services \nat supermarketsNewspaper\nCardboard\nCartons\nYou can also bring them to recyclables \ncollection facilities. P12\n", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Acceptable-Ways-to-separate-and-dispose-of-garbage-and-recyclables.pdf", "page": 9}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "1003\n07\n11\n13\n15\n17\n19\n21\n23Cans, bottles, PET bottles/ Plastic \ncontainers and packagesSmall metal objects and spray cans/ Combustible garbageOther ways that recyclables are \ncollectedWhat is NOT \ncollected in Kyoto \nCity Practice of lifestyle \nthat doesn\u2019t create \ngarbageOther efforts Where recyclables goHow to dispose of \noversized garbage/ Carrying in garbage to Incineration Plants Recyclable paperFor residents of apartments from which private contractors collect garbage09\nRecyclable paper\n1 Use your local community collection services.\nYou can use \u201ccommunity collection services\u201d P11 led by a \nneighborhood association or a group of neighbors. Please contact your \nlocal community (neighborhood associations, management associations, \netc.) for collection dates and locations.\n2 Use waste paper collectors.\nWaste paper collectors, identifi ed by a sticker confi rming that they \ncollect miscellaneous paper waste (collectors supporting recycling), go around the city collecting waste paper. If a collector without such a \nsticker comes to collect waste paper, consult with them.\ncollectors supporting recycling Search\nIf it is diffi cult to use the above collection services\u2026\n3 Discard at the same pickup points on the same day as \u201cSmall metal objects \nand spray cans\u201d are collected.\nIt is possible to leave miscellaneous paper waste at the same pickup \npoints on the same day as \u201csmall metal objects and spray cans\u201d \nP07 are collected. When \u201csmall metal objects and spray cans\u201d and \nother recyclables are collected on the same day, leave them at a little distance from each other. (We appreciate your understanding and cooperation.)*Please note that collection may be later than other garbage.* Put paper waste in a transparent bag or similar container so it does \nnot scatter, especially when it rains. (The weight of the bag should not exceed the limit that can be managed by one hand.\n* In addition to 1 - 3 above, you can take such items to the city-designated recyclable collection facilities. P12\nrecyclables collection map SearchSeparate miscellaneous paper waste, put it in a paper bag, and discard.\n* If you have no paper bags, you can tie the miscellaneous paper waste \nwith string or put it in a colorless or white translucent bag.\nFor more information about miscellaneous paper waste, please contact a Counter for Ecological Activities in a Ward Offi ce or Ward \nBranch Offi ce, a Ward Beautifi cation Offi ce or the City Beautifi cation Section (Refer to the back cover for contact information).Small paper items are also \nmiscellaneous paper waste. Make sure they do not scatter.Flatten large items such as paper boxes to make them less bulky.\nMake positive efforts to \nseparate miscellaneous \npaper waste!How to dispose of \u201cmiscellaneous paper waste\u201d\nDispose of miscellaneous paper waste as shown below\nTruck used in separating and \nrecycling waste paper\nWe collect \nmiscellaneous \npaper waste too", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Acceptable-Ways-to-separate-and-dispose-of-garbage-and-recyclables.pdf", "page": 10}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "11Collection of used clothingOther ways that recyclables are \ncollected\nKyoto City collects recyclables at various locations in various ways and recycles them.\nFor the collection sites, dates and items of Community collection services, Market collection \nservices, and Recyclable collection facilities introduced here, see the recyclables collection map.\u3000\nrecyclables collection map Search\nIf you do not have Internet access, please contact a Counter for Ecological Activities in a Ward Office or Ward Branch Office.\n*Some items cannot be collected, depending on the collecting group.\nUsed clothing Used fabric Towels Yukata (cotton ki-\nmono for summer)\nSkirts Children\u2019s clothing Socks JeansCollection items differ depending on groups. \nCheck out the recyclables collection map.\nCollected used clothes are reused as \nsecondhand clothing or recycled into industrial \nwaste (rag for wiping machines) and felt.In order to support voluntary efforts by citizens toward waste reduction and \nrecycling activities, Kyoto City aids communities that collect recyclables as a group \n(e.g., neighborhood associations, condominiums, etc.).\n\u25cf\tIf you would like to newly start a community collection service, please contact a \nCounter for Ecological Activities in a Ward Office or Ward Branch Office.\n* If you are an owner or a management company of a condominium, please contact the City Beautification Section.\nSome groups collect recyclables at parking lots of commercial facilities, etc. so that anyone \ncan feel free to carry them in.\n Types of non-acceptable used clothing\nDirty clothing, wet clothing, carpets, mattresses, sneakers, slippers, toilet seat covers, electric blankets, cloth scraps, stockings, cloth used for pets, curtains, \nfuton (bedding), etc.\n*Collection items may differ, depending on collection companies.\nRecyclables\nRecycled productsCommunity collection services\nMarket collection services\nCollection at city-\ndesignated facilities\nRecyclables collection facilities, \nMobile collection services\nCommunity collection services\nMarket collection services\n Acceptable clothingNewspaper, \nCardboardUsed clothing Miscellaneous \npaper wasteCans Glass bottles\n*One-way bottles only\n(Bottles that are not \nmade for reuse)Other items including \nPET bottles and small \nmetal objects\nSome used clothing cannot be collected. Separate properly before carrying in.Items for Community collection services and Market collection services\uff08 \uff09Collecting\nrecyclablesXX Supermarket", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Acceptable-Ways-to-separate-and-dispose-of-garbage-and-recyclables.pdf", "page": 11}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "1203\n07\n09\n13\n15\n17\n19\n21\n23Cans, bottles, PET bottles/ Plastic \ncontainers and packagesSmall metal objects and spray cans/ Combustible garbageOther ways that recyclables are \ncollectedWhat is NOT \ncollected in Kyoto \nCity Practice of lifestyle \nthat doesn\u2019t create \ngarbageOther efforts Where recyclables goHow to dispose of \noversized garbage/ Carrying in garbage to Incineration Plants Recyclable paperFor residents of apartments from which private contractors collect garbage11Other ways that \nrecyclables are \ncollected1 Newspaper, \ncardboard2 Miscellaneous paper waste\n (paper boxes, \nwrapping paper, etc.)3 Cartons 4 Waste cooking oil for \ntempura5 Used clothing\n (used clothes, \ncloth, etc.)6 Dry batteries\n7 Button batteries8 Rechargeable batteries\n (small secondary batteries)9 Fluorescent lights 10 Mercury thermometers, mercury\n \nsphygmomanometers11 Small home appliances\n (Smaller than H: 30cm \nx W: 40cm x D: 40cm)12 Memory media\n (CDs, videotapes, \netc.)\n13 Ink cartridges 14 Reusable bottles\n (Issho-bin or sake \nbottles of 1.8 liters, and beer bottles)15 Edged tools\n (knives, scissors, \netc.)16 Disposable lighters 17 Ceramics 18 Trimmed tree branches\n (Trimmed tree branch, fallen leaves)\nThese recyclables are collected at the sites below.Collection at city-designated facilities (18 items)\n* 11 Home appliances that are larger than H:30 cm x W:40 cm x D:40 cm are classified as Oversized garbage (excluding four types of home \nappliances [televisions, air conditioners, refrigerators/freezers, and clothes washers/dryers ]; personal computers; and kerosene stoves).\n* 18 Trimmed tree branches are collected once a month at a Recyclables pickup point as a recycling model project. Please confirm the \ndetails on the Kyoto City website.* 9 LED lights are not collected at city-designated facilities. Wrap them up in thick paper to discard them as Combustible garbage.* Collect once a month as a \nrecycling model project.\n*Mobile collection services*Mobile collection services* LED lights are \ncombustibles.* Insulate batteries by sealing battery terminals with tapes or in other appropriate ways.*Insulate battery terminals.\n\u25cf Mobile collection services (Collect 1\uff5e18 above and \u201charmful or hazardous wastes (*)\u201d)\nWe go to accessible places such as schools and parks, and collect recyclables \nevery year, and harmful or hazardous waste such as petroleum every other \nyear based on previous school districts. For collection dates and locations, \nplease see fliers circulated in your area. You can find this information in the Citizen\u2019s Newspaper (Ward version) or on Internet, depending on the scale.\nmobile collection services Search\nShould you have any questions, please contact a Counter for Ecological Activities in a Ward Office or Ward Branch Office.(*) \u201cHarmful or hazardous wastes\u201d are the following four items:\n1 Petroleum, 2 Medical and pharmaceutical products, \nagrochemicals 3 Chemicals, coating materials, wax, paint, 4 DetergentKamigyo Recycle Station\nAddress: 100 Kainokami-cho, Aburanokoji-Higashiiru, Nakadachiuri-dori, \nKamigyo-ku, Kyoto City\nBusiness hours: 9:00 a.m.\u20135:00 p.m. (on weekdays, Saturdays, Sundays and holidays)\n \n*Closed for year-end and New Year holidays\nContact: City Beautification Section Tel. 075-213-4960Nakadachiuri-\ndoriHorikawa-doriShimochojamachi-dori\nAburanokoji-dori\nKamigyo \nRecycle Station\nNishinotoin-doriShinmachi \nElementary \nSchoolKyoto Brighton Hotel\nKyoto Gyoen Shinmachi-doriKyoto Prefectural \nOfficeHorikawa-\nNakadachiuri\u25cf Recyclables collection facilities (Collect 1 - 16 above. *Some items cannot be collected, \ndepending on collection facilities.)\nRecyclables are collected at Counters for Ecological Activities in Ward Offices or Ward Branch Offices, Ward Beautification Offices, Kamigyo Recycle Station, and cooperating stores in Kyoto City. Collection items and dates differ, depending on collection facilities. Ask a Counter for Ecological Activities in a Ward Office or Ward Branch Office or refer to the recyclables \ncollection map in advance. \nrecyclables collection map Search", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Acceptable-Ways-to-separate-and-dispose-of-garbage-and-recyclables.pdf", "page": 12}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "13Why aren\u2019t the city-designated paid bags used when private contractors collect garbage?\nThe cost of city-designated paid bags includes the charge for disposing of garbage, which is already included in collection charges \nby private contractors. Using city-designated paid bags means the city gets paid twice for disposal. Therefore, residents of apartment buildings from which private contractors collect garbage should use colorless or white transparent bags instead of city-designated paid bags.Some apartment buildings in Kyoto City need daily or night-time garbage collection. For such \napartment buildings, private contractors collect garbage for the city. In this case, use colorless or white translucent bags instead of the city-designated paid bags.\nEven when waste collection is conducted by private contractors, garbage should be sorted out by \ntype in accordance with the Kyoto City rules on garbage separation.\nBe sure to separate \u201cRecyclable paper,\u201d \u201cCans, glass bottles and PET bottles,\u201d \u201cPlastic \ncontainers and packages,\u201d and \u201cSmall metal objects and spray cans.\u201d\nEven when garbage collection is conducted by private contractors, make sure to separate the recyclable items \nmentioned above from other Combustible garbage before disposal. Usable bags\nUse strong colorless or white translucent bags. \n\u201cTranslucent\u201d here means that newspaper sheets \nplaced in the bag should be legible from the outside. \nYou can use commercially available bags sold at supermarkets as long as they are transparent. Unusable bags\nDo not use bags colored black or blue, or cardboard boxes. You cannot use the designated paid garbage \nbag for combustibles (yellow bag), either.\n About Caution sticker\nIf the rules are not followed (e.g. garbage is not put into a transparent bag or not separated \nadequately, or oversized garbage is mixed in), collection contractors put a caution sticker on the \ngarbage bag and leave it at the collection site.How to dispose of garbage, for residents \nof apartment buildings from which private \ncontractors collect garbage.\nDo not use the city-\ndesignated paid bags.If you live in an apartment building, etc., from \nwhich private contractors collect garbage, use \ncolorless or white translucent bags \nfor garbage disposal.", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Acceptable-Ways-to-separate-and-dispose-of-garbage-and-recyclables.pdf", "page": 13}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "1403\n07\n09\n11\n15\n17\n19\n21\n23Cans, bottles, PET bottles/ Plastic \ncontainers and packagesSmall metal objects and spray cans/ Combustible garbageOther ways that recyclables are \ncollectedWhat is NOT \ncollected in Kyoto \nCity Practice of lifestyle \nthat doesn\u2019t create \ngarbageOther efforts Where recyclables goHow to dispose of \noversized garbage/ Carrying in garbage to Incineration Plants Recyclable paperFor residents of apartments from which private contractors collect garbage\n13For residents of apartments from which private contractors collect garbage\nDetailed rules including collection dates and places differ depending on apartment buildings. \nPlease contact the management company of your apartment building for details.\nFor the basic separation rules, please contact the Waste Reduction Promotion Section. TEL 075-213-4930Raw garbage, plastics other than containers and packages, \nnon-recyclable paper, broken glass, etc.1 Drain any excess liquid from raw garbage before discarding.\n2 Do not double-bag garbage unless it is necessary (e.g. disposing of \ndirty items such as diapers).\n3 Hazardous objects such as glass or edged tools can be dangerous when collected. Wrap them up in thick paper and put them in the center of the garbage bag.\n4 Use water to soak any item that may cause a fire. P08How to separate and dispose of garbage\nWays to separate and discard garbage differ among apartment buildings. For example, some buildings entrust only Combustible \ngarbage collection to private contractors. Be sure to ask the management company of your apartment building for the rules on how to discard garbage. Recyclables other than those listed below are also collected at community collection services. We ask \nfor your cooperation in waste separation and collection to promote the recycling of limited resources. \nP11, P12\nBe sure to separate \u201cRecyclable paper,\u201d \u201cCans, glass bottles and PET bottles,\u201d \u201cPlastic \ncontainers and packages,\u201d and \u201cSmall metal objects and spray cans\u201d!\nSeparate recyclables, and what remains will be combustible garbage.\nSeparate thoroughly before discarding.Recyclable paper\nNewspaper, cardboard, food and drink cartons, \nmiscellaneous paper waste (fliers, brochures, magazines, \npaper boxes, envelopes, wrapping paper, paper bags, etc.)Separate recyclable paper, put it in a paper bag by type, and discard in \neither way below.\n\u25cfUse community collection services.\n\u25cfUse waste paper collection traders. P10\n\u25cfCarry in to the city-designated collection facilities. P12\nCans, glass bottles and PET bottles\nCans for foods and beverages, glass bottles for \nfoods and beverages, PET bottles for beverages and \nsoy sauce, etc.1 Remove caps and labels from PET bottles!\n Discard removed plastic caps and labels as \u201cPlastic containers and \npackages.\u201d\n2 Empty cans or bottles and rinse inside.\n3 Do not put foreign matter such as cigarette butts or nails inside.\n4 Separate caps from bottles. P03\n Discard metal caps as \u201cCombustible garbage\u201d and plastic caps as \u201cPlastic \ncontainers and packages.\u201d\nPlastic containers and packages\nTrays, bottles, bags, cups, \ncaps, cushioning materials, \netc.1 Wipe or rinse stains.\n2 If a stain is stubborn and unremovable, discard the item as \nCombustible garbage.\n3 Do not put foreign matter inside items. P05\nSmall metal objects and spray cans\nMetal objects about 30 cm or \nless in length such as pots and \nkettles, etc.1 Empty spray cans. Do not make holes in them.\n2 Remove grease. P07\nFurniture such as tables and chests of \ndrawersFollow the rules of your apartment building, etc. for the disposal of oversized garbage.\nAsk Kyoto City Large Trash Collection Center. P17\nCarry into Incineration Plants. P18Recyclables\nCombustible garbage\nOversized garbage\nOther ways to \ndiscard", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Acceptable-Ways-to-separate-and-dispose-of-garbage-and-recyclables.pdf", "page": 14}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "15Recycled and Reused! Recycling process flow Types of recyclables\nCans, glass bottles and \nPET bottles(Aluminum cans)\nAluminum cans, car parts, etc.\n(Steel cans)\nSteel cans, ferrous materials, etc.\n(Glass bottles)\nGlass bottles, roadbed materials, \netc.\n(PET bottles) \nShirts, egg cases, etc.\nPlastic \u201ccontainers\u201d and \n\u201cpackages\u201d\nPlastic fences, benches, etc.\nSmall metal objects \nand spray cansReinforcing steel, \nsteel frames, etc.\nNewspaper, cardboard, \nmiscellaneous paper waste\n(paper boxes, wrapping paper, etc.)Recycled paper, cardboard, etc.\nCartons\nToilet paper, Kleenex, etc.\nWaste cooking oil for tempura\nBiodiesel fuel (used for garbage \ntrucks and city buses)\nUsed clothing\nSecondhand clothing \n(exported abroad), etc.\nDry batteries, button \nbatteriesIron products, manganese, \nzinc, mercury, etc.Where recyclables go\nRecyclables collected by regular collection services or at city-designated facilities are properly processed \nand recycled in various forms and reused.\nCollect \nregularly\nCollect \nregularly\nCollect \nregularly\nCollect\nCollect\nCollectCollect\nCollectSort at Recycle \nCenter\nRemove foreign \nmatter and press-\npack at intermediate \nprocess facilities\nSeparate aluminum \nand iron at the South \nIncineration Plant\nRecycling plants\nRecycling plantsPaper \nmanufacturers\nPaper \nmanufacturers\nHand over to textile \nwholesalers or exporters\nHand over to waste \n(industrial rag) manufacturersProcess at Kyoto Municipal \nWaste Edible Oil Fuel Production Facility\nSort and process at \nrecycling companiesHand over or sell to \nrecycling companies\nHand over \nto recycling \ncompanies\nSell to recycling \ncompanies", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Acceptable-Ways-to-separate-and-dispose-of-garbage-and-recyclables.pdf", "page": 15}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "1603\n07\n09\n11\n13\n17\n19\n21\n23Cans, bottles, PET bottles/ Plastic \ncontainers and packagesSmall metal objects and spray cans/ Combustible garbageOther ways that recyclables are \ncollectedWhat is NOT \ncollected in Kyoto \nCity Practice of lifestyle \nthat doesn\u2019t create \ngarbageOther efforts Where recyclables goHow to dispose of \noversized garbage/ Carrying in garbage to Incineration Plants Recyclable paperFor residents of apartments from which private contractors collect garbage\n15\nWhere recyclables goRechargeable batteries\nRechargeable batteries (nickel-\ncadmium batteries, etc.), stainless \nproducts, magnets, etc.\nFluorescent lights, mercury \nthermometers and mercury \nsphygmomanometersGlass, aluminum, mercury, etc.\nSmall home appliances\nGold, silver, copper, \nrare metal, etc.\nMemory media\n(CDs, videotapes, etc.) Plastic parts recycled for use \nas chemical fuel or \nindustrial boiler fuel\nInk cartridges\nReuse (cartridges), \nreprocessed resin materials, etc.\nReusable bottles\nReuse ( Issho-bin or sake bottles \nof 1.8 liters, and beer bottles)\nEdged tools\nIron, stainless products, etc.\nCeramics\nAggregates, \nroadbed materials, etc.\nTrimmed tree branches\n(Branches and leaves; \nfallen leaves)Compost fuel chips\n(Reference) Combustible \ngarbageRecycled and Reused! Recycling process flow Types of recyclables\nIncineration energy is used \nto supply (sell) electricity.Collect \nregularlyAfter incineration of Combustible garbage \nat Incineration Plants, the ash is used as landfill at Ecoland Otowa-no-Mori.*\n* Some is used for landfill at Osaka Bay Broad Area \nDisposal Station.Collect\nCollect\nCollect\nCollect\nCollect\nCollect\nCollect\nCollect\nCollectSort and process at \nrecycling companies\nSort and process at \nrecycling companies\nSort and process at \nrecycling companies\nShred at recycling \ncompanies\nHome appliance manufacturersSorting workplaces\nSort and wash at Kyoto Glass Bottle Wholesaler Cooperative\nSort and process at \nrecycling companies\nShred at recycling \ncompanies\nShred at recycling \ncompanies", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Acceptable-Ways-to-separate-and-dispose-of-garbage-and-recyclables.pdf", "page": 16}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "17How to dispose of oversized garbage\nIt is possible to dispose of furniture and home appliances (excluding four types \nof home appliances - televisions, air conditioners, refrigerators/freezers, clothes \nwashers/dryers - and personal computers), which are not collected regularly, by \napplying for collection at Kyoto City Large Trash Collection Center.*You can take them to Incineration Plants directly. \n Right pageRules you should know concerning disposal of garbage\nThe ways to dispose of oversized garbage, carrying in garbage to Incineration Plants, and non-collectible items \nare explained below. \nFees range from 400 yen to 3,200 yen \ndepending on the item or size.\n1 Apply for collection at Kyoto City Large Trash Collection Center.\n0120-100-530 (Toll free)\nFrom cell phones:\nTEL 0570-000-247 (Chargeable call)\n* Users of flat-rate mobile phones/IP phones, toll free telephones or \nother discount communication services: Contact: Tel: 075-330-6100.\nBusiness hours: 8:30 a.m.\u20134:30 p.m. every day (excl. year-end and New Year holidays)\n2 Confirm the collection date, fee, receipt number, and \npickup point.\nProvide your address, name, phone number, type of garbage item to be \ndiscarded, quantity, size, and weight. After asking about these, we will inform you of the collection date, fee, receipt number, and pickup point.\n3 Purchase oversize garbage collection fee tickets (stickers).\nPurchase stickers for the fee (400 yen per sticker) at your nearest convenience store or Counters for Ecological Activities in Ward Offices or Ward Branch Offices.\n4 Discard garbage.\nWrite the collection date and receipt number or your name on the \noversize garbage collection fee tickets (stickers), attach them in easily \nvisible positions on respective items, and leave the garbage at the \ndesignated pickup point by 8:00 a.m. on the collection day.\n*If you request a private contractor to collect garbage, select a general \nwaste disposal contractor licensed by the city. In this case, you need \nto pay the contractor for the collection service (you do not need to \npurchase oversize garbage collection fee tickets). P20\n It is not permitted to entrust garbage disposal to an unauthorized collection agent.Chests of drawers Beds Bicycles Futon Clothes cases\nFlow of discarding oversized garbageExamples of collection items\n Open on weekends and national holidays.\n You can ask just about fees.\n For inquiries about Oversized garbage \ncollection, please contact the Center for Clean Life Environment (Tel: 075-691-9376).\n Some items cannot be collected.\n Items designated by Home Appliance \nRecycling Act P19\n Hazardous objects P20\n Waste from business activities P20\n Pickup points are on streets that are accessible by a garbage truck.\n Collection dates differ, depending on the area.\n It takes about a week from application to collection.\n Keep the release paper of oversize garbage collection fee tickets (stickers) at hand until the garbage is collected.\n Leave the garbage at the designated pickup point (street). Be careful to ensure that it does not cause any obstruction.\n You do not need to witness the collection; however, Kyoto City may call you for confirmation.", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Acceptable-Ways-to-separate-and-dispose-of-garbage-and-recyclables.pdf", "page": 17}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "1803\n07\n09\n11\n13\n15\n19\n21\n23Cans, bottles, PET bottles/ Plastic \ncontainers and packagesSmall metal objects and spray cans/ Combustible garbageOther ways that recyclables are \ncollectedWhat is NOT \ncollected in Kyoto \nCity Practice of lifestyle \nthat doesn\u2019t create \ngarbageOther efforts Where recyclables goHow to dispose of \noversized garbage/ Carrying in garbage to Incineration Plants Recyclable paperFor residents of apartments from which private contractors collect garbage\n17How to dispose of oversized garbage/ Carrying in garbage to Incineration PlantsCarrying in garbage\nto Incineration Plants\nThe following two Incineration Plants accept oversized garbage:\nYou need the \u201cApplication form for carrying in waste\u201d (mark sensing sheet) prepared for respective Incineration Plants. As a \nrule, obtain an application form from one of the following places in advance, fill in the blanks with a pencil, and drive to the Incineration Plant. (If you cannot obtain the application form in advance, you can receive it at the Incineration Plant on the day \nthat you carry in the garbage.) You will be required to show your driver\u2019s license.* Incineration Plants accept garbage brought \nby the applicant on the application form only.\nPlease ask an Incineration Plant for details.Recyclable paper\n P09Newspaper, cardboard, cartons, miscellaneous paper waste (fliers, brochures, magazines, paper \nboxes, envelopes, post cards, wrapping paper, etc.)\nHazardous objects that might explode \nP20Containers of petroleum (gasoline, kerosene, thinner, etc.), batteries, combustible powder (aluminum, plastic), propane cylinders, cassette gas cylinders, chemicals, spray cans, fireworks, matches, lighters\nItems designated by Home Appliance Recycling Act \n P19Televisions (CRT-based, liquid-crystal, plasma display panel), refrigerators/freezers, air conditioners (including outdoor units), washers, clothes dryers, personal computers\nUnbreakable objectsTires, motorbikes, car parts, oil drums, pianos, electrical wires/copper wires, chains, wire ropes, motors and machine tools, safes, iron agglomerates, oil heaters, dehumidifiers, and bowling balls\nIndustrial waste \n P20Waste from industrial activities such as cinders, sludge, waste oil, waste acid, waste alkali, waste plastic, scrap \nmetal, glass waste, concrete waste, ceramic waste, debris, paper waste, wood waste, and waste textiles\n(Regarding paper waste, wood waste, and waste textiles, industrial waste means waste from limited businesses such as specific manufacturers or constructors.)\n* We ask for appropriate disposal handled by authorized private contractors.See the back cover for Incineration Plant location maps.\u25cf North East Incineration Plant\n1339 Ichihara-cho, Shizuichi, Sakyo-ku TEL 075-741-1003\u25cf South Incineration Plant\n29 Hatsutanda, Yokooji, Fushimi-ku TEL 075-611-5362\nWaste reception hours and disposal fees\nBefore carrying in garbage\nItems with limits\nExamples of items that are NOT acceptedWhere to carry in\nCommon to both Incineration Plants\nWhere to obtain \napplication formsIncineration Plants, Facility Management Section, Ward Beautification Offices, Counters for \nEcological Activities in Ward Offices or Ward Branch Offices, and some Sub Branch Offices. *Refer to \nthe back cover for contact information.Oversized garbage (hard objects)Type Limit\nBicycle Up to 5 per day\nLaundry pole 3m or less in length\nSpring mattress Up to 3 per day\nSignboard (wooden panel) 2m x 2m or smaller\nFurniture 0.8m x 1.5m x 2m or smaller\nSoft garbageTypeQuantity limit per day\nSouth North East\nFuton 10/day 10/day\nTatami (one tatami mat = 1 jo) 6/day 12/day\nCarpet 5/day 10/day\nUrethane mat 5/day\nPicnic blanket 5/dayQty. to carry in Waste disposal fees (/100 kg)\nUp to 100kg 1,000 yen\n101kg to 600kg 1,500 yen /100kg\n601kg \uff5e 2,000 yen /100kgReception \nhoursMonday-Friday (Second and fourth Saturdays of the month)\n9:00 a.m. - Noon, 1:00 p.m. \u2013 4:30 p.m.\n*Open on national holidays\nHolidays Sundays, First, third and fifth Saturdays of the month", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Acceptable-Ways-to-separate-and-dispose-of-garbage-and-recyclables.pdf", "page": 18}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "19Items designated by the Home Appliance Recycling ActWhat is NOT collected in Kyoto City\nSome items are not collected in Kyoto City from the standpoint of recycling requirements, danger in handling \nor harmfulness of items. Dispose of the following items properly as shown below.\nFour types of home appliances\nPersonal computersTelevisions, air conditioners, refrigerators/freezers, and clothes washers/dryers cannot be disposed of as oversized garbage. \nYou cannot take these items directly to Incineration Plants, either.\nTelevisions\nLaptop \ncomputersDesktop \ncomputersAir conditioners \n(including outdoor units)Refrigerators/freezers Clothes washers/dryers\nDesignated collection sites\nShimazaki-Unso Co., Ltd. 57-4 Yokooji Rokutanhata, Fushimi-ku TEL 075-604-6055\nNippon Express Co., Ltd. Kyoto Branch Rakunan Logistics Center 57-63 Kamitoba Shirogamae-cho, Minami-ku TEL 075-681-9571\nMiyama Unyu KK 43 Kisshoin Ishihara Donoshiro-cho, Minami-ku TEL 075-693-7757\nContact a manufacturer or the Electric Appliance Recycling Ticket Center for detailed information including recycling fees.\nElectric Appliance Recycling Ticket Center 0120-319-640 Purchase \u201cElectric Appliance Recycling Ticket\u201d at a post office\n*Confirm the fee with the manufacturer in advance\n*Ticket fee = Recycling fee\nApply for the collection of personal computers directly at the reception desk of each \nmanufacturer.\n* If you have a PC main body and a display monitor made by different manufacturers, you \nneed to apply to the respective manufacturers.* When you request a pickup from an electric appliance store, a transportation fee (which differs depending on the store) to the designated collection site is required in addition to a recycling fee.\nContact for the introduction of respective manufacturers\u2019 reception desks or the collection of PCs which are \nhomebuilt or whose manufacturers no longer exist due to withdrawing from the business:\nPC3R Promotion Association TEL 03-5282-7685 URL: http://www.pc3r.jpTake the product to the designated collection site\nTake the home appliance to discard together with the \n\u201cElectric Appliance Recycling Ticket\u201d\u25a0 When requesting a pickup from \u201cthe store where you bought the product,\u201d \u201cthe store where \nyou are buying a new one\u201d or \u201ca nearby electric appliance store\u201d*\n\u25a0 When carrying in an item directly to collection facilities designated by a home appliance \nmanufacturerHow to recycle properly\nYES \u3000NO \nRemember the store where you \nbought the product\nIf you do not remember which store you bought the product from, or the store is far away and pickup is difficult, \nrequest a pickup from a nearby electric appliance store.The store is still openRequest a pickup from the \nstore that you bought it fromRequest a pickup from the store where you buy a new one Buying a new one\nContact a Counter for Ecological Activities or a Ward Beautification Office for information on electric appliance stores that can pick up the above items.\n* Kyoto City has a contract with Renet Japan, a private recycling operator. If you apply for their pick-up service via the Internet for small electric appliances, they will \ncome to your home on a designated date and time for collection. (For inquiries and application: Renet Japan https://www.renet.jp/ (in Japanese))YES\nNO", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Acceptable-Ways-to-separate-and-dispose-of-garbage-and-recyclables.pdf", "page": 19}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "2003\n07\n09\n11\n13\n15\n17\n21\n23Cans, bottles, PET bottles/ Plastic \ncontainers and packagesSmall metal objects and spray cans/ Combustible garbageOther ways that recyclables are \ncollectedWhat is NOT \ncollected in Kyoto \nCity Practice of lifestyle \nthat doesn\u2019t create \ngarbageOther efforts Where recyclables goHow to dispose of \noversized garbage/ Carrying in garbage to Incineration Plants Recyclable paperFor residents of apartments from which private contractors collect garbage\n19What is NOT \ncollected in Kyoto \nCityCommercial waste\nOther non-acceptable garbage\nItem Where to consult/ How to discard\nRechargeable batteries (small secondary batteries) Return them to a collection box at stores or use collection services at \ncity-designated facilities. Button batteries\nCar batteries (including motorcycle batteries)Consult a dealer.Chemicals such as powerful medicine or poison\nAgricultural chemicals (for gardening, etc.)Consult a manufacturer or a dealer.\n*Some items are accepted by mobile collection services. P12\nInjectors, injection needlesReturn them to the medical institution or pharmacy where they were \nprovided.\nItem Where to consult/ How to discard\nPetroleum Consult a dealer.\n*Some items are accepted by mobile collection services. P12 Coating materials, solvents\nGas cylinders Consult a manufacturer or a dealer.\nFire extinguishersThe Japan Fire Extinguisher Manufacturers\u2019 Association disposes of fire \nextinguishers in cooperation with local dealers (specified agents). Please contact \nthe Fire Extinguisher Recycling Promotion Center for details.\nFire Extinguisher Recycling Promotion Center TEL 03-5829-6773\nURL: http://www.ferpc.jp/ fire extinguisher recycling promotion center Search\nItem Where to consult/ How to discard\nMotor vehicles\nConsult a dealer. Tires\nLarge-sized motors\nPianos Consult a manufacturer or a dealer.\nMotorbikes, motorized bicyclesConsult a dealer, car maintenance shop, or the following:\nMotorcycle Recycling Call Center TEL 050-3000-0727\nBusiness hours: 9:30 a.m. \u2013 5:00 p.m. (excl. weekends, national holidays, and year-end \nand New Year holidays)You cannot take the following items to the city\u2019s \nIncineration Plants, either.\nFire extinguishers are also collected via Yu-Pack (Japan Post\u2019s domestic parcel delivery service). In-advance application is required. \nPlease contact the call center for exclusive use of Yu-Pack. 0120-822-306 *This service is not available to corporations. Objects that may pose a risk in collection or disposal\n Objects that are significantly large in volume or weight Objects including harmful materialsRequesting disposal from an unauthorized contractor\u2026\nMay lead to illegal dumping. This breaches the Waste Disposal and Public Cleansing Act, and fines or imprisonment may \nbe imposed. Take proper measures such as confirming the scope of business described on the license when concluding a \ncontract for waste disposal.Contact information about general waste disposal: Kyoto Industrial Waste Association\n TEL 075-691-5516\nContact information about industrial waste disposal: Kyoto Industrial Waste Association (public corporation)\n TEL 075-694-3402You cannot dispose of commercial waste from shopping malls, offices or accommodation facilities as household garbage.\nCommercial waste is classified into two types: general waste and industrial waste . \uff08 P18 \uff09 We ask for appropriate \ndisposal of these wastes through relevant disposal contractors, etc.\nRegarding how to dispose of commercial waste, see \u201cGuidebook for Proper Waste Management\u201d posted on the Kyoto City \nwebsite Kyoto Kogomi Net for business operators. (http://kyoto-kogomi.net/business/)", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Acceptable-Ways-to-separate-and-dispose-of-garbage-and-recyclables.pdf", "page": 20}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "21Collection of dead animals such as dogs and cats\n\u25cb When your pet dies, we will come and collect it for the fee of 4,730 yen per body. \n(* In accordance with the revised consumption tax rate to be enacted from Oct. 1, 2019, the fee is to be 4,810 yen per body.)\n\u25cb If a body of a stray dog, stray cat or wild animal is left on a street, we will pick it up free of charge. Please contact \nthe Kyoto City Dead Animal Collection Center. If it is after business hours and the body obstructs passage, please contact the civil engineering office that manages the street.\nCollection of human excrement\nIf regular collection of human excrement is necessary, you need to register (apply) in advance. After the registration, \nif there is a change in the number of people in the household, or if the collection of human excrement becomes \nunnecessary due to moving out or switching to a flush toilet, you need to change or delete the registration \ninformation. Please contact the Center for Clean Life Environment.\nGarbage from beautification activities and scattered garbage\nFor voluntary cleanup activities in public places, we provide or lend cleaning equipment and collect garbage based on application.Other efforts\nIn addition to recycling and disposing of garbage, Kyoto City makes various efforts.\nPrivate companies also take positive actions for recycling. Some of them are introduced below.\n1 Apply for collection at the Kyoto City Dead Animal Collection \nCenter\n 0120-100-921 (Toll free)\nFrom cell phones: TEL 0570-000-614 (Chargeable call)\n* Users of flat-rate mobile phones/IP phones, toll free telephones or other discount communication \nservices: Contact: Tel: 075-330-6850\nBusiness hours: Monday-Friday (incl. national holidays) 8:30 a.m. \u2013 4:30 p.m. \nSaturday and Sunday 8:30 a.m. \u2013 11:30 a.m. (excl. year-end and New Year holidays)\n2 Confirm the type of animal, your address, name and phone \nnumber, and pickup point.\nCows, horses, chickens, pigs, sheep, and ducks raised as livestock cannot be collected. \n*Please consult us if any of these animals are kept as pets.\n3 We collect the body after receiving the request.\nIt is impossible to pick it up inside private properties. Please take it to the public road.Put the body in a plastic bag and then in a cardboard box.\n*Put only the body in the box. Remove collars or other accessories.\n4 Payment notice will be delivered from the Center for Clean Life Environment later.When carrying in dead animals\nCenter for Clean Life \nEnvironment\nTEL 075-691-9376\nReception hours: \nMonday-Friday (incl. national holidays)\n8:00 a.m. \u2013 4:45 p.m. \n(excl. year-end and New Year holidays)\nHow to apply: Submit an application form with a document describing the contents of the beautification activity and the garbage \ncollection site about 10 days in advance.Where to apply: Counters for Ecological Activities in Ward Offices or Ward Branch Offices, Ward Beautification Offices or City \nBeautification Section\n *Refer to the back cover for contact information.\n *Cleaning equipment (garbage bags for volunteer activities, cotton work gloves, metal tongs, etc.) will be provided or lent.\n For the disposal of garbage in parks or rivers, please contact respective administrators.Contact information about registration, cancellation, and \ncollection chargesCenter for Clean Life Environment (in charge of accounts)\nTEL 075-691-4437\nBusiness hours: Monday-Friday (incl. national holidays) 8:00 a.m. \u2013 4:45 p.m.Contact information about collectionCenter for Clean Life Environment (in charge of living environment)\nTEL 075-681-5361\nBusiness hours: Monday-Friday (incl. national holidays) 8:00 a.m. \u2013 4:45 p.m.", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Acceptable-Ways-to-separate-and-dispose-of-garbage-and-recyclables.pdf", "page": 21}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "2203\n07\n09\n11\n13\n15\n17\n19\n23Cans, bottles, PET bottles/ Plastic \ncontainers and packagesSmall metal objects and spray cans/ Combustible garbageOther ways that recyclables are \ncollectedWhat is NOT \ncollected in Kyoto \nCity Practice of lifestyle \nthat doesn\u2019t create \ngarbageOther efforts Where recyclables goHow to dispose of \noversized garbage/ Carrying in garbage to Incineration Plants Recyclable paperFor residents of apartments from which private contractors collect garbage\n21\nOther effortsKyoto City\u2019s designated plastic bags for household garbage\nKyoto City has introduced its own designated paid plastic bags. There are two types of \ndesignated bags: one for combustible garbage and one for recyclables. They are available at supermarkets and convenience stores.Private businesses also make efforts to collect recyclables\nCollection of personal computers and small home appliances via parcel delivery service\nIn order to secure a new route in the collection and recycling of small home appliances, we \ncollect such items via parcel delivery service in collaboration with Renet Japan Inc., a private \nrecycling operator.Please access our website or contact the Waste Reduction Promotion Section for details.\nKyoto city small home appliances Search \nWaste Reduction Promotion Section TEL 075-213-4930\nRecycling of trimmed tree branches and clippings\nTrimmed tree branches and clippings are recycled by private companies (charged). Processed at recycling facilities, they are recycled into compost, soil improvement materials, cushioning materials, wooden boards, fuel chips, etc.For details, see the \u201cTrimmed Tree Branches and Clippings Recycling Book,\u201d access our website, or contact the Waste Reduction Promotion Section.\ntrimmed tree branches and clippings recycling Search \nWaste Reduction Promotion Section TEL 075-213-4930\nPromotion of waste \nreduction and recycling\n\u25cf\tReduction of Food loss and paper \nwaste\n\u25cf\tAid community collection services\n\u25cf\tInstall recyclables collection facilities, etc.\n(JPY660.4 million yen \nBudget for FY2018 )Promotion of city \nbeautification\n\u25cf\tLend bird nets\n\u25cf\tMake available surveillance cameras to discourage illegal dumping\n(JPY17.0 million \nBudget for FY2018 )Countermeasures against \nglobal warming\n\u25cf\tPromote the use of renewable energy such as solar power systems\n(JPY520.1 million \nBudget for FY2018 )\nSavings for the Kyoto Citizen Environmental Fund (JPY70 million Budget for FY2018 )\nAccumulated funds are to be utilized in the renewable energy field, using cutting-edge technology in the medium and long term.How the revenue from designated bags is used\nRevenue from Kyoto City\u2019s designated paid bags is utilized in three business fields that are good for the ecology and \nfamiliar to citizens.\nFliers and brochures utilizing the \nrevenue from designated paid \nbags are marked like this.CapacityType 45\u2113 30\u2113 20\u2113 10\u2113 5\u2113\nCombustible garbage\n(Previously labeled as \u201cHousehold \ngarbage\u201d)\nSold as a set of 10 bagsPer set 450 yen 300 yen 200 yen 100 yen 50 yen\nPer bag 45 yen 30 yen 20 yen 10 yen 5 yen\nRecyclables\nSold as a set of 5 bagsPer set 110 yen 75 yen 50 yen 25 yen\nPer bag 22 yen 15 yen 10 yen 5 yen\nThis project utilizes \nrevenue from \ndesignated paid \nbags for household \ngarbage.\nThis project utilizes revenue from designated paid bags for household garbage.", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Acceptable-Ways-to-separate-and-dispose-of-garbage-and-recyclables.pdf", "page": 22}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "23Practice of lifestyle that avoids creating garbage\nIn order to reduce waste, each citizen is required to practice an approach to creating as little garbage as possible \non a routine basis from the standpoint of reducing and reusing as well as recycling.\nFor shopping\nCheck the refrigerator and \nfreezer before shopping\nCheck the refrigerator and freezer \nbefore shopping. You can do it easily \nwith just a little ingenuity, such as \nposting receipts on the door and striking out what you have used.\nSelect loose and unwrapped products!\nBuying one loose item rather than a \npack may create less garbage and \nsave you money, even if it is a little \nexpensive for the unit price. Also try to select unwrapped items when you buy fruits or vegetables.Write a shopping memo in \nadvance\nPrepare a memo of what you need \nto buy for the day. Or you could take \na photo with your cell phone. You \ncan reduce wasteful purchasing at a supermarket.\nPlan and buy just the right \namount\nBuy just the right amount of foodstuffs so that you can use or eat them \nup without producing waste. If you \nbuy more sale items than you can consume, you are \njust wasting your \nmoney.\nTry to buy refills!\nIn the case of commodities such as \ndish detergent and shampoo, buying \nrefillable products instead of buying \nmain containers every time saves you money and creates less garbage.Use a reusable shopping bag\nBring a reusable shopping bag when \nyou go shopping at a supermarket. By \nusing it repeatedly, you can reduce \nthe use of checkout bags.\nTry to buy discount items\nIn an effort to reduce Food loss, retailers give a discount to items \nwhose best-before-date or use-by-\ndate is approaching. Support their effort by using these discounted or \nshort-dated food if you have a plan to \nconsume them right away.\nSay no to disposable goods\nTry to say no to disposable goods \nsuch as throwaway chopsticks or \nspoons at the checkout counter of \nsupermarkets or convenience stores, unless you need them.What is the difference \nbetween the \u201cbest-before \ndate\u201d and \u201cuse-by date\u201d?\nThe best-before date indicates\nThe period during which food items \nmaintain their quality.\nFood can be eaten after the best-\nbefore date if there is no abnormality in color or smell.\nThe use-by date indicates\nThe period during which food items should be consumed.\nPerishable food displays a use-by \ndate. Do not eat foodstuffs that have passed their use-by-date.\n* Both dates guarantee the taste and safety \nof food products that are unopened and \nkept stored as instructed.Checkout bag Reusable shopping bag\nRefill\nShampooDetergent\nRefillCurry roux", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Acceptable-Ways-to-separate-and-dispose-of-garbage-and-recyclables.pdf", "page": 23}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "2403\n07\n09\n11\n13\n15\n17\n19\n21Cans, bottles, PET bottles/ Plastic \ncontainers and packagesSmall metal objects and spray cans/ Combustible garbageOther ways that recyclables are \ncollectedWhat is NOT \ncollected in Kyoto \nCity Practice of lifestyle \nthat doesn\u2019t create \ngarbageOther efforts Where recyclables goHow to dispose of \noversized garbage/ Carrying in garbage to Incineration Plants Recyclable paperFor residents of apartments from which private contractors collect garbage\n23Practice of lifestyle \nthat doesn\u2019t create \ngarbageFor cooking\nPrecut and stock ingredients for \nconvenience!\nCut and store ingredients that require \npreparation in advance so that they \ncan be readily used for cooking.Make use of dried food!\nDried food is convenient and eco-\nfriendly as it is suitable for long-term \npreservation and needs no refrigeration. \nIn the case of an emergency, it will serve as survival food.\n Do not buy too much. Use up what you bought.\n\u2460 Do not forget to check the refrigerator before leaving home.\n\u2461 Plan your menu, and put only what you use in a shopping basket.\n\u2462 Store vegetables and fruits properly. Repack leftover fish or meat into smaller \npackages and freeze them!\n\u2463 Tidy up the refrigerator and frequently check what\u2019s in it. This is also effective in saving energy and money.\n Mottainai! (What a waste!) Eat up \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\teverything anyway.\n\u2460 Enjoy your meal and eat up what is on your plate whenever possible.\n\u2461 Refrigerate or freeze leftovers. Remember to eat them.\n\u2462 Try arranging leftovers into different menus.\n\u2463 \u201cPast the best-before date\u201d does NOT mean \u201cMust throw away\u201d!\n Drain excess liquid to slim down raw garbage.\n\u2460 Watery, heavy, stinky, and hard to burn! Cut down on excess liquid anyway.\u2461 First, don\u2019t wet garbage. Then squeeze out excess liquid. And dry!Practice of approach to reducing raw garbage\nThe keywords to reduce household raw garbage are the three \u201c KIRI\u201ds \u2013\nTry the three KIRIs first!Try to reduce Food loss!\nFood waste accounts for \nabout 40% of household \nraw garbage in Kyoto City.\n(Combustible household garbage by type in 2017)\nCombustible \ngarbage \ncompositionRaw garbage\n41.4%\nPaper waste\n31.2%\n36.9% of raw garbage \nis Food lossOthers\n19.7%\nPlastics\n7.7%\nMenu\nTidy up the refrigerator \n& check what\u2019s in it.\nLeftoversFrozen \ningredients\nLeftover \nvegetablesIngredients a \nlittle past the \nbest-before date\nSqueeze!\nDry!\nKyoto Raw Garbage Reduction\nInformation Center\n*The contents are subject to change.3-KIRI information is also \nposted on the website!Kyoto reduction sukkiri Search\nhttp://www.sukkiri-kyoto.com\nMain contents:\n\u2022\tShopping\ttechnique\tat\tgrocery\tstores\u2022\tTechnique\tto\ttidy\tup\tthe\trefrigerator\t&\tfreezer\u2022\tDrain\tany\texcess\tliquid\tfrom\traw\tgarbage\tto\t\nreduce the amount of garbage.\u2022\tTips\tfor\tpreserving\tingredients\tand\tcooking\u2022\tHome-made\tseasonings\tand\tcooking\twith\t\nleftovers\n\u2022\tCharacter\tpageDried bonito flakes", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Acceptable-Ways-to-separate-and-dispose-of-garbage-and-recyclables.pdf", "page": 24}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "25Eat everything! Thirty-Ten (30-10) Movement\nFood loss, or food still good enough to eat but that is thrown away, is said to amount to 6 million or more tons annually \nnationwide. Join the \u201cThirty-Ten (30-10) Movement\u201d to realize \u201cno leftovers\u201d when holding a dinner or a banquet at a restaurant.\n1 Enjoy the meal without leaving the table for 30 minutes after the toast.\n2 Return to your table 10 minutes before the closing of the party and enjoy the \nmeal again.\n* Join in this movement if your physical condition or circumstances allow. \nWhen a party is coming to an end, confirm with the restaurant whether you can take leftovers \n(if any) home. If it is permitted, bring them on your own responsibility.(BSCBHF\u00014FQBSBUJPO \u00014UBUJPO(BSCBH\nF\u00014FQB\nSBUJPO\u00014UBUJ\nPOInitiatives to reduce waste at events\nSeparate and dispose of recyclables\nPlease separate garbage into cans, \nPET bottles, combustibles, etc. and \ndispose of them according to the rules \nof respective events.Say no to checkout bags\nRefuse offered checkout bags at events unless you need one. Use a \nreusable shopping bag to bring home \nwhat you buy.Use reusable dishes\nWe recommend using reusable dishes (dishes you can wash and \nuse repeatedly) whenever possible \ndepending on the types of events. Make sure to return them after use.\nQuality goods last a long time.\nThe Japanese term mottainai represents a sense of regret over \nwaste. With this mottainai in mind, \ntry using quality products for a long \ntime. Make use of LED lights or rechargeable batteries.Share equipment and daily \ncommodities!\nUtilize rental services when \nnecessary. Share goods to promote \nthe effective use of things that we \nhave at hand.Use repair, reuse and auction \nservices!\nTry using things \u201cmoppen (once again)\u201d through repair or remaking. \nThings that are not being used but are \ntoo good to throw away are suitable for giving to flea market sales or \nauctions.\nWebsite on repair shops/second hand shops in Kyoto CityFrom small efforts in daily lifeFor outings and events\nBring your own bottle!\nBring your own bottle filled with your favorite drink such as coffee or tea so that \nyou can drink it whenever you want.\nIn Kyoto City, many tea or coffee shops encourage customers to bring their own \nbottle. Some of them provide discount services for those bringing their own \nbottle (\u201cmy bottle\u201d). Why not get a benefit from their service?\nShops that promote \u201cmy bottle\u201d in Kyoto City SearchTry to reduce the consumption \nof PET bottles!\nThe annual consumption of \nPET bottles for soft drinks is about 22.7 billion bottles! (FY2016)\nThis means that about 180 \nPET bottles are used per person every year.\nKyoto City, Moppen Search", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Acceptable-Ways-to-separate-and-dispose-of-garbage-and-recyclables.pdf", "page": 25}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "26A\nKB\nLC\nMD\nNE\nOF\nPG\nRH\nSI\nT\nVJ\nU\nWGarbage classification dictionary\nItem Classification Point for disposal Related page\nA\nadhesive (container) 8\naerosol canIf gas is left inside, empty it outdoors \nwhere there is no fire. Do not make holes \nin an aerosol can. Dispose of its plastic \ncap as \"Plastic.\"7\nagrochemicalsConsult with a dealer. Mobile collection service is also available (up to 1 liter x 2 \ncontainers depending on the type). 12, 20\nair cleanerUse \"Facilities\" for ones that are H:30 \ncm x W:40 cm x D:40 cm or smaller in \nsize. Discard larger ones as \"Oversized.\"12, 17\nair conditioner Including outdoor units 19\nair mattress 17\nalbumTie some albums in a bundle about 30 \ncm in height. Small quantity can be \ndiscarded as \"Combustible.\"8, 17\naluminum cup and \nplateDispose of soft plates made of paper or \naluminum as \"Combustible.\"7\naluminum pot For instant nabeyaki-udon, etc. 8\namplifierUse \u201cFacilities\u201d for ones that are H:30 cm \nx W:40 cm x D:40 cm or smaller in size. \nDiscard larger ones as \u201cOversized.\u201d12, 17\nantennaTie some antenna parts in a small bundle before discarding.17\naquarium 17\nashDiscard up to two bags per disposal as \"Combustible.\" (The weight should \nnot be more than can be lifted with one \nhand.) Dispose of others as \"Oversized.\"8, 17\nashtrayDispose of metal ones 30 cm or less in length as \"Metal\" and others as \n\"Combustible.\" In the case of glass or \nceramic ones, wrap them up in thick paper and put them in the center of a \ngarbage bag to prevent danger. 7, 8\nastronomical telescope 17\naudio media playerRemove batteries before discarding. Use \n\"Facilities\" for ones that are H:30 cm x \nW:40 cm x D:40 cm or smaller in size. \nDiscard larger ones as \"Oversized.\"12, 17\naudio rack 17\nB\nbaby buggy, baby chair, \nbaby bath, baby crib17\nbackpack 8\nbagDiscard up to two bags per disposal \nas \"Combustible.\" (The weight should \nnot be more than can be lifted with one \nhand.) Dispose of others as \"Oversized.\"8, 17\nball 8\nballpoint pen 8\nbamboo blindDispose of ones that can be put in a bag and lifted with one hand as \n\u201cCombustible.\u201d Discard others as \n\u201cOversized.\u201d8, 17\nbaran (leaf-shaped \ngarnish for sushi, lunch \nboxes, etc.)8\nbar-bell 17\nbarricade 17Item Classification Point for disposal Related page\nbat 17\nbath matDiscard ones that are light enough to be lifted with one hand as \"Combustible.\" \nDispose of others as \"Oversized.\" 8, 17\nbath/shower chairIf it is light enough to be lifted with one \nhand and its garbage bag can be tied \nclosed, discard it as \"Combustible.\" \nDispose of others as \u201cOversized.\"8, 17\nbathtub cover 17\nbatterySee \"dry battery,\" \"button battery\" and \"rechargeable battery.\"12\nbattery (for cars, \nmotorcycles), generatorConsult with a dealer. 20\nbattery charger 12\nbeach umbrella 17\nbed 17\nbelt 8\nbench (for home use) 17\nbicycleBatteries for electric bicycles are not \naccepted. Consult with a dealer, etc.17\nbirdcageDispose of metal ones 30 cm or less in length as \"Metal\" and others as \n\"Oversized.\" 7, 17\nblanketDispose of ones with heavy or \nunremovable stains as \"Combustible.\"12\nblanket made of \ntowelingDispose of ones with heavy or unremovable stains as \"Combustible.\"12\nblenderRemove batteries before discarding. Use \"Facilities\" for ones that are H:30 cm x \nW:40 cm x D:40 cm or smaller in size. \nDiscard larger ones as \"Oversized.\"12, 17\nblind 17\nblue tarpaulinDispose of ones that can be put in a bag and lifted with one hand \nas \u201cCombustible\u201d and others as \n\u201cOversized.\u201d8, 17\nBlu-ray DiscCases with discs inside are also accepted. Do not take cases only to \ncollection facilities. (Discard them as \n\"Combustible.\")12\nBlu-ray player/recorderUse \"Facilities\" for ones that are H:30 cm x W:40 cm x D:40 cm or smaller in \nsize. Discard larger ones as \"Oversized.\" 12, 17\nboiler Consult with a dealer. 20\nbook See pages 9-12 for how to discard. 9-12\nbottle (not for reuse)Broken bottles should be wrapped in \nthick paper to prevent danger, put in the \ncenter of a garbage bag and discarded \nas \"Combustible.\"3\nbottle (reusable bottle)Rinse inside. Broken bottles should be wrapped in thick paper to prevent \ndanger, put in the center of a garbage \nbag and discarded as \"Combustible.\"12\nbottle lidDispose of plastic ones as \"Plastic\" and others as \"Combustible.\"5, 8\nbowl (kitchen utensil)Dispose of metal ones as \"Metal\" and others as \"Combustible.\"7, 8\nbowling ballNot accepted at the city\u2019s Incineration Plants. Apply for collection at Kyoto City \nLarge Trash Collection Center. 17\n Combustible garbage\n Cans, glass bottles and PET bottles\n Plastic containers and packages\n Small metal objects and spray cans\n Oversized garbage* Collection services at city-designated facilities \n Recyclable paper other than newspaper, cardboard and cartons\n Not collected in Kyoto City\n Should be recycled under the Recycling Act\n Dealers have their own collecting routes\n*It is not acceptable to break down or disassemble oversized garbage and discard it as combustibles. We appreciate your understanding and cooperation in the smooth operation of garbage collection and disposal.\n*Collection services at are available (free of charge) for \u201csmall home appliances\u201d that are H:30 cm x W:40 cm x D:40 cm or smaller in size.Classification mark listP12\nP9 - 12\nP19(Some items cannot be collected, depending on collection \nfacilities. Refer to the recyclables collection map.)", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Acceptable-Ways-to-separate-and-dispose-of-garbage-and-recyclables.pdf", "page": 26}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "27 Combustible garbage\n Cans, glass bottles and PET bottles\n Plastic containers and packages\n Small metal objects and spray cans\n Oversized garbage* Collection services at city-designated facilities \n Recyclable paper other than newspaper, cardboard and cartons\n Not collected in Kyoto City\n Should be recycled under the Recycling Act\n Dealers have their own collecting routes\n*It is not acceptable to break down or disassemble oversized garbage and discard it as combustibles. We appreciate your understanding and cooperation in the smooth operation of garbage collection and disposal.\n*Collection services at are available (free of charge) for \u201csmall home appliances\u201d that are H:30 cm x W:40 cm x D:40 cm or smaller in size.Classification mark list\nP12\nP9 - 12\nP19(Some items cannot be collected, depending on collection \nfacilities. Refer to the recyclables collection map.)Item Classification Point for disposal Related page\nbox-cutterWrap it up in thick paper to prevent \ndanger and take it to city-designated \ncollection facilities. (When discarding \nit as \"Combustible,\" wrap it up in thick paper and put it in the center of a \ngarbage bag to prevent danger.)12\nbranches and leavesBundle branches that are 50 cm or less \nin length and 10 cm or less in diameter. \nA mobile collection service is available \nfor items of 20 kg or less in weight. A recycling collection service as a model \nproject is available for up to two bags \nor two bundles per disposal (The weight should not exceed the limit that can be \nmanaged by one hand.) Discard others \nas \u201cOversized\u201d and small amounts as \u201cCombustible.\u201d8, 12, 17\nbread machine 17\nbrick 17\nbroadcasting satellite \ntuner12\nbrochure See pages 9-12 for how to discard. 9-12\nbroomIf it is light enough to be lifted with one hand and its garbage bag can be tied \nclosed, discard it as \"Combustible.\" \nDispose of others as \"Oversized.\"8, 17\nbrush (for writing or \npainting)8\nbucketDispose of metal ones 30 cm or less in \nlength as \u201cMetal\u201d and larger ones as \n\u201cOversized.\u201d Discard non-metal ones \nthat can be put in a bag and lifted with \none hand as \u201cCombustible\u201d and other \nitems as \u201cOversized.\u201d7, 8, 17\nBuddhist articlesDispose of metal ones 30 cm or less in length as \u201cMetal\u201d and larger ones as \n\u201cOversized.\u201d Discard non-metal ones \nthat can be put in a bag and lifted with one hand as \u201cCombustible\u201d and other \nitems as \u201cOversized.\u201d7, 8, 17\nbutton batteryUse collection services of electric \nappliance stores, etc. or \u201cFacilities.\u201d \nInsulate the terminals with adhesive tape.12\nC\ncable 12\ncameraRemove batteries before discarding. \nDispose of disposable cameras as \n\"Combustible.\"12\ncan (for food and \nbeverage)Rinse inside. Dispose of ittokan (18-liter \noil cans) as \"Oversized.\"3\ncan (for food and \nbeverages; excluding those for paints and machine oils) About 30 cm or less in length. Discard \nittokan (18-liter oil cans) as \u201cOversized.\u201d7\ncan (for paints and \nmachine oils)Dispose of ittokan (18-liter oil cans) as \"Oversized.\"8\ncan openerWrap it up in thick paper to prevent danger and take it to city-designated \ncollection facilities. (When discarding \nit as \"Combustible,\" wrap it up in thick paper and put it in the center of a \ngarbage bag to prevent danger.)12\ncandle 8\ncapDispose of plastic ones as \u201cPlastic\u201d and \nmetal or paper ones as \u201cCombustible.\u201d5, 8\ncar Consult with a dealer. 20\ncar part (muffler, \nbumper, etc.)Consult with a dealer. 20\ncardboard See pages 9-12 for how to discard. 9-12\ncarpetAn electric carpet is also classified as \u201cOversized.\u201d17\ncartonDispose of ones lined with aluminum foil (cartons for alcohol, etc.) as \n\"Combustible.\" 9-12Item Classification Point for disposal Related page\ncarving knifeWrap it up in thick paper to prevent \ndanger and take it to city-designated \ncollection facilities. (When discarding \nit as \"Combustible,\" wrap it up in thick paper and put it in the center of a \ngarbage bag to prevent danger.)12\ncassette gas cylinderIf gas is left inside, empty it outdoors \nwhere there is no fire. Do not make holes \nin cylinders.7\ncast-iron pan (for \nhousehold use)Dispose of ones 30 cm or less in length \nas \"Metal\" and others as \"Oversized.\"7, 17\ncatalog See pages 9-12 for how to discard. 9-12\nCDCases with CDs inside are also accepted. Do not take cases only to \ncollection facilities. (Discard them as \n\"Combustible.\")12\nCD radio-cassette \nplayerRemove batteries before discarding. Use \"Facilities\" for ones that are H:30 cm x \nW:40 cm x D:40 cm or smaller in size. \nDiscard larger ones as \"Oversized.\"12, 17\ncell phone, PHS \n(personal handyphone \nsystem)Remove batteries before discarding. 12\nceramic, potUse \"Facilities\" for ceramic tableware (accepted by mobile collection services \nonly). In the case of others, discard up to \ntwo bags per disposal as \"Combustible.\" (The weight should not be more than \ncan be lifted with one hand.) Dispose of \nothers as \"Oversized.\"8, 12, 17\nchain (metal)Dispose of ones that can be put in a bag and lifted with one hand as \n\u201cMetal.\u201d Consult with a dealer regarding \nother items. (*Discard plastic as \n\u201cCombustible.\u201d)7, 20\nchair 17\ncharcoalDiscard up to two bags per disposal \nas \"Combustible.\" (The weight should \nnot be more than can be lifted with \none hand. Use water to soak it before discarding.) Dispose of others as \n\"Oversized.\"8, 17\ncheckout bag 5\nchemical agentConsult with a dealer. Mobile collection \nservice is also available (depending on \nthe type).12, 20\nchest 17\nchest of drawers 17\nchinaUse \"Facilities\" for ceramic tableware \n(accepted by mobile collection services \nonly). In the case of others, discard up to \ntwo bags per disposal as \"Combustible.\" (The weight should not be more than \ncan be lifted with one hand.) Dispose of \nothers as \"Oversized.\"8, 12, 17\nchiselWrap it up in thick paper to prevent danger and take it to city-designated \ncollection facilities. (When discarding \nit as \"Combustible,\" wrap it up in thick paper and put it in the center of a \ngarbage bag to prevent danger.)12\ncigarette butt, ashPut out fire completely, and wet and \ndiscard it as \"Combustible.\"8\nclay (papier-mache, \netc.)Discard up to two bags per disposal \nas \"Combustible.\" (The weight should \nnot be more than can be lifted with one \nhand.) Dispose of others as \"Oversized.\"8, 17\ncleaning agentConsult with a dealer. Mobile collection service is also available (depending on \nthe type). 12, 20\ncleaning bag 8\nclear file folder 8\ncling film (used in \nhouseholds)Cling film bought as a product and used \nin a household.8", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Acceptable-Ways-to-separate-and-dispose-of-garbage-and-recyclables.pdf", "page": 27}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "28A\nKB\nLC\nMD\nNE\nOF\nPG\nRH\nSI\nT\nVJ\nU\nWItem Classification Point for disposal Related page\ncling film (wrapping \nproducts, etc.)Rinse off dirt. Dispose of ones with \nunremovable dirt as \"Combustible.\"5\nclock (powered by \nelectricity or battery)Remove batteries before discarding. 12\nclothesDispose of ones with heavy or \nunremovable stains as \"Combustible.\"12\nclothes case (clothes \nbox)Dispose of plastic ones as \u201cOversized\u201d and paper ones as \u201cPaper.\u201d9-12, 17\nclothes dryer 19\nclothespinDispose of metal ones as \u201cMetal\u201d and others as \u201cCombustible.\u201d7, 8\ncoating material (paint, \netc.)Consult with a dealer. Mobile collection \nservice is also available.12, 20\ncoffee makerUse \"Facilities\" for ones that are H:30 cm x W:40 cm x D:40 cm or smaller in \nsize. Discard larger ones as \"Oversized.\" 12, 17\ncold air machine (cold \nair fan)Use \"Facilities\" for ones that are H:30 \ncm x W:40 cm x D:40 cm or smaller in \nsize. Discard larger ones as \"Oversized.\"12, 17\n\"color box\" (simple do-\nit-yourself cupboard \nmade of colored \nplywood)17\nconcrete block 17\ncontact lens 8\ncontainer of medicineRinse inside. Dispose of bottles as \n\"Cans\" and plastic ones as \"Plastic.\"3, 5\ncooking utensilDispose of metal ones such as pots, kettles and frying pans that are 30 cm or \nless in length as \"Metal\" and others as \n\"Oversized.\"7, 17\ncool box 17\ncord Dispose of drum types as \"Oversized.\" 12\ncorkscrewWrap it up in thick paper to prevent danger and take it to city-designated \ncollection facilities. (When discarding \nit as \"Combustible,\" wrap it up in thick paper and put it in the center of a \ngarbage bag to prevent danger.)12\ncotton 8\ncotton swab 8\ncrayon 8\ncupboard 17\ncurtainDiscard up to two bags per disposal as \n\"Combustible.\" Dispose of others as \n\"Oversized.\"8, 17\ncurtain rail 17\ncushionDiscard up to two bags per disposal \nas \"Combustible.\" (The weight should \nnot be more than can be lifted with one \nhand.) Dispose of others as \"Oversized.\"8, 17\ncushioning material \n(AirCap)Wrapping for articles on the market. In the case of ones not made of plastic, \ndispose of them as \"Combustible.\" 5\ncutting boardDiscard ones that are light enough to be \nlifted with one hand as \"Combustible.\" \nDispose of others as \"Oversized.\"8, 17\ncylinderConsult with a dealer or a manufacturer. \nRefer to \"cassette gas cylinder\" for \ncassette gas cylinders.20\nD\ndehumidifierRemove batteries before discarding.\nUse \u201cFacilities\u201d for ones that are H:30 cm \nx W:40 cm x D:40 cm or smaller in size. \nDiscard larger ones as \u201cOversized.\u201d *Not accepted at the city\u2019s Incineration Plants. \nApply for collection at Kyoto City Large \nTrash Collection Center.12, 17\ndehumidifying agent Drain any excess liquid before discarding. 8\ndeodorantDispose of its plastic outer package and packaging film as \"Plastic.\"8\ndesiccant Do not open its bag. 8\ndesk lampRemove batteries before discarding. Use \"Facilities\" for ones that are H:30 cm x \nW:40 cm x D:40 cm or smaller in size. \nDiscard larger ones as \"Oversized.\"12, 17\ndesk, table 17\ndetergent measuring \nspoon8\ndigital camera Remove batteries before discarding. 12Item Classification Point for disposal Related page\ndishUse \"Facilities\" for ceramic ones (accepted by mobile collection services \nonly). Dispose of metal ones as \"Metal\" \nand others as \"Combustible.\"7, 8, 12\ndish dryer 17\ndisplayRecycle computer displays as described in page 19. Use \u201cFacilities\u201d for ones that \nare H:30 cm x W:40 cm x D:40 cm or \nsmaller in size. Discard larger ones as \u201cOversized.\u201d12, 17, 19\ndisposable chopsticksDiscard their plastic outer package as \"Plastic.\"8\ndisposable diaperFlush excrement down the toilet and put the diaper in a paper bag, etc. before \ndiscarding. 8\ndivider (in candy box, \netc.)Dispose of paper ones as \"Paper.\" 5\ndollDiscard up to two bags per disposal \nas \"Combustible.\" (The weight should \nnot be more than can be lifted with one \nhand.) Dispose of others as \"Oversized.\"8, 17\ndoll caseOnes with dolls inside can also be collected.17\ndolly (carrier) 17\ndoor, window, screen, \netc.Waste materials from residential construction are not accepted.17\ndresserAn extra charge is required for a dresser chair. 17\ndrum set (instrument) 17\ndry batteryIncluding alkaline batteries and manganese batteries.12\ndryer 12\ndryer (dish dryer, etc.) Follow \"Act\" for clothes dryers (page 19). 17\nduckboards 17\ndumbbell 17\ndustcloth 8\ndustpanDispose of metal ones 30 cm or less in length as \u201cMetal\u201d and others that are \nlight enough to be lifted with one hand \nas \u201cCombustible.\u201d Discard others as \u201cOversized.\u201d7, 8, 17\nDVDCases with DVDs inside are also accepted. Do not take cases only to collection \nfacilities. (Discard them as \"Combustible.\") 12\nDVD playerRemove batteries before discarding. Use \n\"Facilities\" for ones that are H:30 cm x \nW:40 cm x D:40 cm or smaller in size. \nDiscard larger ones as \"Oversized.\"12, 17\nE\nearthen potDispose of ones that can be put in a bag and lifted with one hand as \u201cCombustible.\u201d \nDiscard others as \u201cOversized.\u201d 8, 17\nedged tool (scissors, \nknife, etc.)Wrap it up in thick paper to prevent \ndanger and take it to city-designated \ncollection facilities. (When discarding \nit as \"Combustible,\" wrap it up in thick paper and put it in the center of a \ngarbage bag to prevent danger.)12\nelectric bulbWrap it up in thick paper, etc. and put it \nin the center of a garbage bag to prevent \ndanger. Use \u201cFacilities\u201d for bulb-type \nfluorescent lights. (*Discard LED bulbs as \u201cCombustible.\u201d)8\nelectric chain saw 17\nelectric fanRemove batteries before discarding. Use \"Facilities\" for ones that are H:30 cm x \nW:40 cm x D:40 cm or smaller in size. \nDiscard larger ones as \"Oversized.\"12, 17\nelectric potUse \"Facilities\" for ones that are H:30 cm x W:40 cm x D:40 cm or smaller in \nsize. Discard larger ones as \"Oversized.\" 12, 17\nelectric shaver Remove batteries before discarding. 12\nelectric toothbrush \n(main body)Use \u201cFacilities\u201d for the main body \nafter removing batteries when \npossible. (*Discard the brush part as \n\u201cCombustible.\u201d)12\nelectromagnetic cookerUse \"Facilities\" for ones that are H:30 cm x W:40 cm x D:40 cm or smaller in \nsize. Discard larger ones as \"Oversized.\" 12, 17\nelectronic dictionary \n(electronic diary, \ncalculator)Remove batteries before discarding. 12", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Acceptable-Ways-to-separate-and-dispose-of-garbage-and-recyclables.pdf", "page": 28}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "29 Combustible garbage\n Cans, glass bottles and PET bottles\n Plastic containers and packages\n Small metal objects and spray cans\n Oversized garbage* Collection services at city-designated facilities \n Recyclable paper other than newspaper, cardboard and cartons\n Not collected in Kyoto City\n Should be recycled under the Recycling Act\n Dealers have their own collecting routes\n*It is not acceptable to break down or disassemble oversized garbage and discard it as combustibles. We appreciate your understanding and cooperation in the smooth operation of garbage collection and disposal.\n*Collection services at are available (free of charge) for \u201csmall home appliances\u201d that are H:30 cm x W:40 cm x D:40 cm or smaller in size.Classification mark list\nP12\nP9 - 12\nP19(Some items cannot be collected, depending on collection \nfacilities. Refer to the recyclables collection map.)Item Classification Point for disposal Related page\nelectronic organ, \nelectronic pianoOnes with piano wires are not accepted. \nConsult with a dealer depending on the \nweight.17\nempty can of coating \nmaterial (paint, etc.)Discard up to two bags per disposal \nas \"Combustible.\" (The weight should \nnot be more than can be lifted with one \nhand.) Dispose of others as \"Oversized.\"8, 17\nenameled pan 7\nengine oilWhen replacing oil at home, consult with a gas station or a dealer for pickup. \nMobile collection service is also available \n(up to 20 liters).12, 20\nenvelope See pages 9-12 for how to discard. 9-12\nextension cord 12\nF\nfabricDispose of ones with heavy or unremovable stains as \"Combustible.\"12\nfacsimile equipment \n(fax machine)Use \"Facilities\" for ones that are H:30 cm x W:40 cm x D:40 cm or smaller in \nsize. Discard larger ones as \"Oversized.\" 12, 17\nfallen leavesA mobile collection service is available \nfor items of 20 kg or less in weight (after \nremoving soil). A recycling collection \nservice as a model project is available for up to two bags per disposal. (The weight \nshould not exceed the limit that can be \nmanaged by one hand.) Discard other items as \u201cOversized\u201d and small amounts \nas \u201cCombustible.\u201d8, 17\nfalse teeth 8\nfan heaterRemove batteries before discarding. Use \u201cFacilities\u201d for ones that are H:30 cm x \nW:40 cm x D:40 cm or smaller in size (excluding petroleum/kerosene stoves). \nDiscard others as \u201cOversized.\u201d12, 17\nfilm (for photography) 8\nfire extinguisherConsult with the Fire Extinguisher \nRecycling Promotion Center.20\nfirework Wet it before discarding. 8\nfirst-aid box 8\nfishing rodDiscard up to two bags per disposal as \u201cCombustible.\u201d (The weight should not \nexceed the limit that can be managed \nby one hand.) Discard others as \u201cOversized.\u201d8, 17\nflashlight Remove batteries before discarding. 12\nflier See pages 9-12 for how to discard. 9-12\nflipperDispose of metal ones 30 cm or less in length as \"Metal\" and others as \n\"Combustible.\" 7, 8\nfloor cushionDiscard up to two bags per disposal \nas \"Combustible.\" (The weight should \nnot be more than can be lifted with one \nhand.) Dispose of others as \"Oversized.\"8, 17\nfloppy diskCases with disks inside are also accepted. Do not take cases only to \ncollection facilities. (Discard them as \n\"Combustible.\")12\nflower standDiscard up to two bags per disposal as \"Combustible.\" (The weight should \nnot be more than can be lifted with one \nhand.) Dispose of others as \"Oversized.\"8, 17\nfluorescent lightBroken items should be wrapped in thick paper, etc., and put in the center \nof a garbage bag to prevent danger and \ndiscarded as \u201cCombustible.\u201d (*Discard LED items also as \u201cCombustible.\u201d)12\nforkWrap it up in thick paper and put it in the center of a garbage bag to prevent \ndanger. 8\nframe 18\nfrying pan 7\nfurniture (chest of \ndrawers, etc.)17Item Classification Point for disposal Related page\nfusuma (paper sliding-\nscreen)17\nfutonDispose of ones for children that can be \nput in a bag and lifted with one hand \nas \u201cCombustible.\u201d (Up to two bags per \ndisposal.) Discard others as \u201cOversized.\u201d17\nfuton dryerUse \"Facilities\" for ones that are H:30 cm x W:40 cm x D:40 cm or smaller in \nsize. Discard larger ones as \"Oversized.\" 12, 17\nG\ngalvanized sheet iron \n(corrugated sheet)17\ngame machineRemove batteries before discarding. Use \n\"Facilities\" for ones that are H:30 cm x \nW:40 cm x D:40 cm or smaller in size. \nDiscard larger ones as \"Oversized.\"12, 17\ngame softwareSeparate it into a memory medium and a small home appliance.12\ngas cooking stove 17\ngas cylinderConsult with a dealer or a manufacturer. Refer to \"cassette gas cylinder\" for ones \nfor portable gas stoves. 20\ngas range 17\ngasolineConsult with a dealer. Mobile collection \nservice is also available (up to 4 liters).12, 20\nglass plate, glass \nproductDiscard up to two bags per disposal as \"Combustible.\" (The weight should \nnot be more than can be lifted with one \nhand. Wrap it up in thick paper and put it in the center of a garbage bag to \nprevent danger.) Dispose of others as \n\"Oversized.\"7, 8, 12\nglass, drinking cupUse \"Facilities\" for ceramic ones (accepted by mobile collection services \nonly). Dispose of metal ones as \"Metal\" \nand others as \"Combustible.\"8, 17\nglasses 8\nglasses case 8\nglobeDiscard ones that are light enough to be lifted with one hand as \"Combustible.\" \nDispose of others as \"Oversized.\" 8, 17\nglove 8\nglove (made of fabric)Dispose of leather items or items \nwith heavy or unremovable stains as \n\u201cCombustible.\u201d12\nglow lamp (glow \nstarter)8\nglue stick Dispose of its cap as \"Plastic.\" 8\ngo board 17\ngolf ball 8\ngolf club/bag 17\ngrassDiscard up to two bags per disposal \nas \"Combustible.\" (The weight should \nnot be more than can be lifted with one \nhand.) Dispose of others as \"Oversized.\"8, 17\ngrater 7\nguitar 17\ngummed tape 8\nH\nhair brush, comb 8\nhairpin 8\nhangerIn the case of ones provided by a cleaner, confirm if they are returnable.8\nhard disk drive \n(external)Use \u201cFacilities\u201d for ones that are H:30 cm x W:40 cm x D:40 cm or smaller in \nsize. Discard larger ones as \u201cOversized.\u201d \n(Delete data)12, 17\nhatDispose of ones with heavy or unremovable stains as \"Combustible.\"12\nheadphones 12", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Acceptable-Ways-to-separate-and-dispose-of-garbage-and-recyclables.pdf", "page": 29}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "30A\nKB\nLC\nMD\nNE\nOF\nPG\nRH\nSI\nT\nVJ\nU\nWItem Classification Point for disposal Related page\nhealth equipment \n(powered by electricity \nor battery)Remove batteries before discarding. Use \n\"Facilities\" for ones that are H:30 cm x \nW:40 cm x D:40 cm or smaller in size. \nDiscard larger ones as \"Oversized.\"12, 17\nhelmet 17\nhibachi (brazier) 17\nhole puncher 7\nhoseDiscard up to two bags per disposal as \"Combustible.\" (The weight should \nnot be more than can be lifted with one \nhand.) Dispose of others as \"Oversized.\"8, 17\nhose reel 17\nhot plateUse \"Facilities\" for ones that are H:30 cm x W:40 cm x D:40 cm or smaller in \nsize. Discard larger ones as \"Oversized.\" 12, 17\nhumidifierRemove batteries before discarding. Use \n\"Facilities\" for ones that are H:30 cm x \nW:40 cm x D:40 cm or smaller in size. \nDiscard larger ones as \"Oversized.\"12, 17\nI\nIC recorder Remove batteries before discarding. 12\nice pickWrap it up in thick paper to prevent danger and take it to city-designated \ncollection facilities. (When discarding \nit as \"Combustible,\" wrap it up in thick paper and put it in the center of a \ngarbage bag to prevent danger.)12\nice shaverUse \u201cFacilities\u201d for electric ones that \nare H:30 cm x W:40 cm x D:40 cm or \nsmaller in size. Discard larger ones as \n\u201cOversized.\u201d12, 17\ninfant safety seat 17\ninflatorDispose of manual ones as \u201cOversized.\u201dUse \u201cFacilities\u201d for electric ones that \nare H:30 cm x W:40 cm x D:40 cm or \nsmaller in size. Discard larger ones as \u201cOversized.\u201d17\ninflator for bicyclesDispose of manual ones as \u201cOversized.\u201d Use \u201cFacilities\u201d for electrical items that \nare H:30 cm x W:40 cm x D:40 cm or \nsmaller in size. Discard larger ones as \u201cOversized.\u201d17\ninjection needleBe sure to return it to a medical institution where it was provided.20\nink cartridge 12\nink stone 8\ninsect cageDiscard ones that are light enough to be lifted with one hand as \"Combustible.\" \nDispose of others as \"Oversized.\" 8, 17\niron (for clothes) 12\niron dumbbell 17\nironing board 17\nissho-bin (1.8-liter \nglass bottle)Rinse inside. Broken bottles should \nbe wrapped in thick paper to prevent \ndanger, put in the center of a garbage \nbag and discarded as \"Combustible.\"12\nitto-kan (18-liter oil \ncan)Empty it before discarding. 17\nJ\njuicer, blenderRemove batteries before discarding. Use \"Facilities\" for ones that are H:30 cm x \nW:40 cm x D:40 cm or smaller in size. \nDiscard larger ones as \"Oversized.\"12, 17\nK\nkaraoke machine 17\nKeisoudo \n(diatomaceous earth) \nproductsDiscard up to two bags per disposal as \u201cCombustible.\u201d (The weight should not \nexceed the limit that can be managed \nby one hand.) Discard others as \u201cOversized.\u201d8, 17\nkeroseneConsult with a dealer. Mobile collection service is also available (up to 20 liters).12, 20\nkettle 7\nkeyboard (for personal \ncomputers)Recycle ones with personal computers as in page 19. Use \"Facilities\" for others.12, 19\nkeyboard (musical \ninstrument)Use \u201cFacilities\u201d for ones that are H:30 cm \nx W:40 cm x D:40 cm or smaller in size. \nDiscard larger ones as \u201cOversized.\u201d12, 17\nkeysDiscard as \u201cCombustible\u201d for security \nreasons.8\nkimonoDispose of ones with heavy or unremovable stains as \u201cCombustible.\u201d12Item Classification Point for disposal Related page\nkitchen range 17\nKleenex (tissue) 8\nknifeWrap it up in thick paper to prevent danger and take it to city-designated \ncollection facilities. (When discarding \nit as \"Combustible,\" wrap it up in thick paper and put it in the center of a \ngarbage bag to prevent danger.)12\nKnife (razor, box-cutter, \netc.)Wrap it up in thick paper to prevent \ndanger and take it to city-designated \ncollection facilities. (When discarding \nit as \"Combustible,\" wrap it up in thick paper and put it in the center of a \ngarbage bag to prevent danger.)12\nkotatsu 17\nL\nladder 17\nladleDispose of metal ones 30 cm or less \nin length as \u201cMetal\u201d and others as \n\u201cCombustible.\u201d7, 8\nLAN cableDispose of metal ones 30 cm or less \nin length as \u201cMetal\u201d and others as \n\u201cCombustible.\u201d12\nlaptop computer 19\nlaserdiscCases with discs inside are also \naccepted. Do not take cases only to \ncollection facilities. (Discard them as \n\"Combustible.\")12\nlaserdisc playerUse \"Facilities\" for ones that are H:30 cm x W:40 cm x D:40 cm or smaller in \nsize. Discard larger ones as \"Oversized.\" 12, 17\nlaundry pole, clothes-\ndrying platform17\nlawn mower (for \nhousehold use)17\nLD playerUse \"Facilities\" for ones that are H:30 \ncm x W:40 cm x D:40 cm or smaller in \nsize. Discard larger ones as \"Oversized.\"12, 17\nleather productDiscard up to two bags per disposal as \n\u201cCombustible.\u201d (The weight should not \nexceed the limit that can be managed \nby one hand.) Dispose of others as \u201cOversized.\u201d8\nLEDWrap it up in thick paper, etc., and put it in the center of a garbage bag to prevent \ndanger. 8\nlidDispose of plastic ones as \"Plastic\" and \nothers as \"Combustible.\"5, 8\nlight oilConsult with a dealer. Mobile collection service is also available (up to 20 liters).12, 20\nlighter (disposable) 12\nlighter (not disposable) Empty it before discarding. 8\nlighting equipmentRemove batteries before discarding. Use \"Facilities\" for ones that are H:30 cm x \nW:40 cm x D:40 cm or smaller in size. \nDiscard larger ones as \"Oversized.\"12, 17\nlipstick 8\nlithium-ion batteries \n(rechargeable)Insulate the terminals before discarding. 12\nlocker 17\nloupeWrap it up in thick paper and put it in the center of a garbage bag to prevent \ndanger. 8\nLP gas cylinder Consult with a dealer or a manufacturer. 20\nM\nmagazine See pages 9-12 for how to discard. 9-12\nMagic Marker 8\nmagnet 8\nmagnifying glassWrap it up in thick paper and put it in \nthe center of a garbage bag to prevent \ndanger.8\nmailboxDispose of metal ones 30 cm or less \nin length as \"Metal\" and others as \n\"Oversized.\"7, 17\nmassage chair 17\nmat, mattress 17\nmatch Soak it in water before discarding. 8\nMD player Remove batteries before discarding. 12\nmeasure 8\nmeasuring tape 8", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Acceptable-Ways-to-separate-and-dispose-of-garbage-and-recyclables.pdf", "page": 30}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "31 Combustible garbage\n Cans, glass bottles and PET bottles\n Plastic containers and packages\n Small metal objects and spray cans\n Oversized garbage* Collection services at city-designated facilities \n Recyclable paper other than newspaper, cardboard and cartons\n Not collected in Kyoto City\n Should be recycled under the Recycling Act\n Dealers have their own collecting routes\n*It is not acceptable to break down or disassemble oversized garbage and discard it as combustibles. We appreciate your understanding and cooperation in the smooth operation of garbage collection and disposal.\n*Collection services at are available (free of charge) for \u201csmall home appliances\u201d that are H:30 cm x W:40 cm x D:40 cm or smaller in size.Classification mark list\nP12\nP9 - 12\nP19(Some items cannot be collected, depending on collection \nfacilities. Refer to the recyclables collection map.)Item Classification Point for disposal Related page\nmedical equipment \n(needleless)Dispose of plastic bags, tubes and \ncatheters used for home medical care as \n\u201cCombustible.\u201d8\nmedical equipment \n(with needle)Be sure to return equipment with needles \nsuch as injectors used for home medical \ncare to the medical institution, etc. where \nthey were provided.20\nmechanical pencil 8\nmedicine (redundant \nand no longer \nnecessary)8\nmetal net (plate-like \nitem)Dispose of simply-designed metal ones 30 cm or less in length as \"Metal\" and \nothers as \"Oversized.\" 7, 17\nmetal plate (oil guard, \netc.)Dispose of simply-designed metal ones \n30 cm or less in length as \"Metal\" and \nothers as \"Oversized.\"7, 17\nmicrowave ovenUse \"Facilities\" for ones that are H:30 \ncm x W:40 cm x D:40 cm or smaller in \nsize. Discard larger ones as \"Oversized.\"12, 17\nmilk bottle Return it to a dealer.\nmirrorDiscard ones that are light enough to be \nlifted with one hand as \"Combustible.\" \nWrap them up in thick paper and put \nthem in the center of a garbage bag to prevent danger. Dispose of others as \n\"Oversized.\"8, 17\nMO/MD/LD diskCases with disks inside are also \naccepted. Do not take cases only to \ncollection facilities. (Discard them as \n\"Combustible.\")12\nmoisture absorbentDrain any excess liquid before \ndiscarding.8\nmop 17\nmortarStone mortars are not accepted. Consult \nwith a dealer.17\nmotorbikeConsult with a dealer or the Motorcycle Recycling Call Center.20\nmotorcycleConsult with a dealer or the Motorcycle Recycling Call Center.20\nmotorized bicycleConsult with a dealer or the Motorcycle Recycling Call Center.20\nmouseRecycle ones with personal computers as in page 19. Use \"Facilities\" for others.12, 19\nmusic boxDiscard ones that are light enough to be lifted with one hand as \"Combustible.\" \nDispose of others as \"Oversized.\" 8, 17\nN\nnailWrap it up in thick paper and put it in \nthe center of a garbage bag to prevent \ndanger.8\nneedleWrap it up in thick paper and put it in \nthe center of a garbage bag to prevent \ndanger.8\nnet (for onions, \noranges, etc.)6\nnet (for the kitchen \nsink, etc.)Drain any excess liquid before \ndiscarding.8\nnewspaper See pages 9-12 for how to discard. 9-12\nnickel-cadmium \nbattery (rechargeable)Insulate the terminals before discarding. 12\nnickel hydrogen battery \n(rechargeable)Insulate the terminals before discarding. 12\nnotebook See pages 9-12 for how to discard. 9-12\nnursing bottle 8\nO\noil (edible)Limited to plant-derived oil. Concerning \nanimal fat such as lard, absorb it into \npaper and discard as \u201cCombustible.\u201d12\noil (for cars, etc.)Consult with a gas station or a dealer. \nMobile collection service is also available \n(up to 20 liters).12, 20Item Classification Point for disposal Related page\noil (for machinery)Consult with a dealer. Mobile collection \nservice is also available (up to 20 liters).12, 20\noil can (machine oil)Empty it before discarding. Discard itto-kan (18-liter oil can) as \"Oversized.\"8\noil guard (used around \nstoves)Dispose of aluminum foil ones as \"Combustible,\" simply-designed metal \nones 30 cm or less in length as \"Metal,\" \nand others as \"Oversized.\"7, 8, 17\noil heaterNot accepted at the city\u2019s Incineration Plants. Apply for collection at Kyoto City \nLarge Trash Collection Center. 17\noil strainerDispose of metal ones 30 cm or less \nin length as \"Metal\" and others as \n\"Combustible.\"7, 8\norgan 17\nouter film of bento \n(lunch) container5\nP\npachinko (pinball) \nmachine for household \nuse17\npadlock 7\npaintMobile collection service is also \navailable.8, 12\npanel heater 17\npaper bag See pages 9-12 for how to discard. 9-12\npartition 17\npen caseDispose of metal ones 30 cm or less in length as \u201cMetal\u201d and others as \n\"Combustible.\" 7, 8\npencil sharpener \n(electric)Remove batteries from battery-operated \nitems before discarding.12\npersonal computerIncluding standard accessories attached to the main body.19\npersonal computer \ndesk (rack)17\nPET bottle Remove caps and labels. 3\nPET bottle cap/label 5\npet house 17\npet toilet sheet 8\npetroleumConsult with a dealer. Mobile collection service is also available (gasoline: up to \n4 liters, others: up to 20 liters). 12, 20\nphotograph 8\npiano Consult with a dealer or a vendor. 20\npickle barrel 17\npicnic blanketDiscard ones that are light enough to be \nlifted with one hand as \"Combustible.\" \nDispose of others as \"Oversized.\"8, 17\npiece of paper, paper \ncore, empty paper box See pages 9-12 for how to discard. 9-12\npillowDispose of ones that can be put in a \ndesignated bag as \"Combustible\" (the \nbag should be tied closed). Discard \nothers as \"Oversized.\"8, 17\npinholder (for flower \narrangement)Wrap it up in thick paper to prevent danger and take it to city-designated \ncollection facilities. (When discarding \nit as \"Combustible,\" wrap it up in thick paper and put it in the center of a \ngarbage bag to prevent danger.)12\npipe 17\npipe hanger 17\npipe-framed bed 17\nplant, plant potDiscard up to two bags per disposal \nas \"Combustible.\" (The weight should \nnot be more than can be lifted with one \nhand.) Dispose of others as \"Oversized.\"8, 17", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Acceptable-Ways-to-separate-and-dispose-of-garbage-and-recyclables.pdf", "page": 31}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "32A\nKB\nLC\nMD\nNE\nOF\nPG\nRH\nSI\nT\nVJ\nU\nWItem Classification Point for disposal Related page\nplanterDiscard up to two bags per disposal \nas \"Combustible.\" (The weight should \nnot be more than can be lifted with one \nhand.) Dispose of others as \"Oversized.\"8, 17\nplastic bagDispose of plastic bags wrapping products as \"Plastic\" and others as \"Combustible.\"5, 8\nplastic bag, tube, \ncatheter for home \nmedical care* Be sure to return equipment with needles such as injectors to the medical \ninstitution, etc. where they were provided. 8\nplastic container for \nkeroseneEmpty it before discarding. 17\nplastic model 8\nplastic packaging filmRinse off dirt. Dispose of ones with \nunremovable dirt as \"Combustible.\"5\nplastic sheet laid under \nwriting paper8\npocket planner Remove parts other than paper. 9-12\npocket warmerDispose of the main body as \u201cCombustible\u201d and its outer package as \u201cPlastic.\u201d Discard \nrechargeable ones as \u201cFacilities.\u201d 8\npolyethylene tank 17\npool (wading pool for \nhousehold use)17\nportable cooking stove 17\nportable gas stoveUse \u201cFacilities\u201d for battery-powered \nitems that are H:30 cm x W:40 cm x \nD:40 cm or smaller in size after removing \nbatteries and cassette gas cylinders. Discard others as \u201cOversized.\u201d12\nportable liquid crystal \ndisplay TV/radioRemove batteries before discarding. 12\nportable player (MD, \nCD, etc.)Remove batteries before discarding. 12\nportable toilet 17\npostcard See pages 9-12 for how to discard. 9-12\nposter See pages 9-12 for how to discard. 9-12\npotDispose of metal ones 30 cm or less in length as \"Metal\" and others as \n\"Oversized.\" 7, 17\npottyDispose of ones that can be put in a bag \nand lifted with one hand as \u201cCombustible.\u201d \n(Ceramic ones should be wrapped up in \nthick paper, etc. and put them in the center of a garbage bag to prevent danger.) \nDiscard larger ones as \u201cOversized.\u201d8, 17\npower cord, power \nstripBundle cords up to prevent them from \ntangling.12\npower-assisted bicycle Its batteries are not accepted. 17\npressure cookerDispose of ones 30 cm or less in length including handles as \"Metal\" and others \nas \"Oversized.\" 7, 17\nprinterRemove ink cartridges and use \n\u201cFacilities\u201d for ones that are H:30 cm x \nW:40 cm x D:40 cm or smaller in size. \nDiscard larger ones as \u201cOversized.\u201d12, 17\npushcart 17\nPVC tarpaulinDiscard up to two bags per disposal as \"Combustible.\" (The weight should \nnot be more than can be lifted with one \nhand.) Dispose of others as \"Oversized.\"8, 17\nR\nrack 17\nracket (for tennis, \nbadminton, etc.)Discard up to two bags per disposal \nas \"Combustible.\" (The weight should \nnot be more than can be lifted with one \nhand.) Dispose of others as \"Oversized.\"8, 17\nradio, radio-cassette \nplayerRemove batteries before discarding. Use \n\"Facilities\" for ones that are H:30 cm x \nW:40 cm x D:40 cm or smaller in size. \nDiscard larger ones as \"Oversized.\"12, 17\nraincoat 8\nrandoseru \n(schoolchild's satchel)8\nraw garbage (scraps)Drain any excess liquid completely before discarding.8\nrazorWrap it up in thick paper, etc. to prevent danger and take it to city-designated \ncollection facilities. (When discarding \nit as \u201cCombustible,\u201d wrap it up in thick paper, etc. and put it in the center of a \ngarbage bag to prevent danger.) Use \n\u201cFacilities\u201d for electric razors after removing batteries.12Item Classification Point for disposal Related page\nrear-projection \ntelevision17\nrechargeable batteryCollection at \u201cFacilities\u201d is also available for the disposal of small rechargeable \nbatteries (nickel-cadmium, nickel \nhydrogen, and lithium-ion batteries). Insulate the terminals before discarding.12\nrecord 12\nrefillable containerRinse the insides. Dispose of ones with a \u201c\u30d7\u30e9\u201dmark as \u201cPlastic\u201d and others as \n\u201cCombustible.\u201d 5, 8\nrefrigerant 8\nrefrigerator/freezer 19\nremote control Remove batteries before discarding. 12\nrice bin 17\nrice cookerRemove batteries before discarding. Use \"Facilities\" for ones that are H:30 cm x \nW:40 cm x D:40 cm or smaller in size. \nDiscard larger ones as \"Oversized.\"12, 17\nrice scoopDispose of metal ones as \u201cMetal\u201d and others as \u201cCombustible.\u201d8\nrice-cake maker (for \nhousehold use)Remove batteries before discarding. Use \n\"Facilities\" for ones that are H:30 cm x \nW:40 cm x D:40 cm or smaller in size. \nDiscard larger ones as \"Oversized.\"12, 17\nride-on and play \nequipment for children \n(tricycle, bicycle, swing, \netc.)17\nrodDispose of metal ones 30 cm or less in length as \"Metal\" and others that are \nlight enough to be lifted with one hand \nas \"Combustible.\" Discard others as \n\"Oversized.\"7, 8, 17\nroller skate, roller blade 17\nrope 8\nrubber band 8\nrubber product (rubber \nglove, rubber boot, etc.)8\nrug 17\nrulerDispose of metal ones 30 cm or less \nin length as \u201cMetal\u201d and others as \n\u201cCombustible.\u201d8\nrush mat 17\nS\nsafe (fireproof safe)Consult with a dealer depending on the \nweight. Empty it before discarding.* Not \naccepted at the city\u2019s Incineration Plants. \nApply for collection at Kyoto City Large Trash Collection Center.17\nsandDiscard up to two bags per disposal as \"Combustible.\" (The weight should \nnot be more than can be lifted with one \nhand.) Dispose of others as \"Oversized.\"8, 17\nsandal 8\nsandpaper 8\nsanitary item 8\nsawWrap it up in thick paper to prevent danger and take it to city-designated \ncollection facilities. (When discarding \nit as \"Combustible,\" wrap it up in thick paper and put it in the center of a \ngarbage bag to prevent danger.) Dispose \nof electric chain saws as \"Oversized.\"12\nscannerRemove batteries before discarding. Use \"Facilities\" for ones that are H:30 cm x \nW:40 cm x D:40 cm or smaller in size. \nDiscard larger ones as \"Oversized.\"12, 17\nscissorsWrap them up in thick paper to prevent danger and take them to city-designated \ncollection facilities. (When discarding \nthem as \"Combustible,\" wrap them up in thick paper and put them in the center of \na garbage bag to prevent danger.)12\nscreen door 17\nscrewWrap it up in thick paper and put it in \nthe center of a garbage bag to prevent \ndanger.8\nscrub brush 8\nsewing machineUse \"Facilities\" for ones that are H:30 \ncm x W:40 cm x D:40 cm or smaller in \nsize. Discard larger ones as \"Oversized.\"12, 17", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Acceptable-Ways-to-separate-and-dispose-of-garbage-and-recyclables.pdf", "page": 32}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "33 Combustible garbage\n Cans, glass bottles and PET bottles\n Plastic containers and packages\n Small metal objects and spray cans\n Oversized garbage* Collection services at city-designated facilities \n Recyclable paper other than newspaper, cardboard and cartons\n Not collected in Kyoto City\n Should be recycled under the Recycling Act\n Dealers have their own collecting routes\n*It is not acceptable to break down or disassemble oversized garbage and discard it as combustibles. We appreciate your understanding and cooperation in the smooth operation of garbage collection and disposal.\n*Collection services at are available (free of charge) for \u201csmall home appliances\u201d that are H:30 cm x W:40 cm x D:40 cm or smaller in size.Classification mark list\nP12\nP9 - 12\nP19(Some items cannot be collected, depending on collection \nfacilities. Refer to the recyclables collection map.)Item Classification Point for disposal Related page\nsheetDispose of dirty ones as \"Combustible.\" \nDiscard up to two bags per disposal \nas \"Combustible.\" (The weight should \nnot be more than can be lifted with one hand.) Dispose of others as \"Oversized.\"12\nshelf (bookshelf, \ncupboard, etc.)17\nshichirin (small \nportable stove for \ncooking with charcoal)17\nshoe, bootDiscard up to two bags per disposal as \"Combustible.\" (The weight should \nnot be more than can be lifted with one \nhand.) Dispose of others as \"Oversized.\"8, 17\nshogi board 17\nshoji (paper sliding \ndoor)17\nshovelDispose of metal ones 30 cm or less in length as \"Metal\" and others that are \nlight enough to be lifted with one hand \nas \"Combustible.\" Discard others as \"Oversized.\"7, 8, 17\nsickleWrap it up in thick paper, etc. to prevent danger and take it to city-designated \ncollection facilities. (When discarding \nit as \u201cCombustible,\u201d wrap it up in thick paper, etc. and put it in the center of a \ngarbage bag to prevent danger.)12\nsideboard 17\nskateboard 17\nskewerBamboo, plastic and metal items are all \u201cCombustible.\u201d Wrap them up in thick \npaper, etc. and put them in the center of a garbage bag to prevent danger. 8\nski gear 17\nslipper 8\nsmartphone Some types are collected by carriers. 12\nsneaker 8\nsnowboard 17\nsockDispose of ones with heavy or unremovable stains as \"Combustible.\"12\nsofa 17\nsoilDiscard up to two bags per disposal as \"Combustible.\" (The weight should \nnot be more than can be lifted with one \nhand.) Dispose of others as \"Oversized.\"8, 17\nspatulaDispose of metal ones as \"Metal\" and others as \"Combustible.\"7, 8\nspeakerRemove batteries before discarding. Use \"Facilities\" for ones that are H:30 cm x \nW:40 cm x D:40 cm or smaller in size. \nDiscard larger ones as \"Oversized.\"12, 17\nsphygmomanometerDigital or mercury sphygmomanometers. Dispose of others as \"Combustible.\"12\nsponge 8\nspoonDispose of metal ones as \u201cMetal\u201d and others as \u201cCombustible.\u201d7, 8\nspray canIf gas is left inside, empty it outdoors where there is no fire. Do not make a \nhole in a spray can. Dispose of its plastic \ncap as \"Plastic.\"7\nstand (TV stand, \ntelephone stand, stand \nfor offered flowers, \netc.) 17\nstaplerDispose of the main body and staples as \n\u201cCombustible.\u201d8\nstepladder 17\nstorage caseDispose of plastic ones that can be put in a bag and lifted with one hand as \n\u201cCombustible.\u201d Discard larger ones as \n\u201cOversized\u201d and paper ones as \u201cPaper.\u201d8, 9-12, \n17Item Classification Point for disposal Related page\nstorage shed, chest 17\nstoveDispose of petroleum/kerosene stoves as \u201cOversized.\u201d Use \u201cFacilities\u201d for electric \nitems that are H:30 cm x W:40 cm x D:40 \ncm or smaller in size. Discard larger ones as \u201cOversized.\u201d12, 17\nstrainerDispose of metal ones 30 cm or less in length as \u201cMetal\u201d and others as \n\u201cCombustible.\u201d Discard larger ones \nas \u201cOversized\u201d and plastic items as \u201cCombustible.\u201d7, 8, 17\nstrawDiscard its plastic outer package as \"Plastic.\"8\nstring (packing string) 8\nstuffed toyDiscard up to two bags per disposal as \"Combustible.\" (The weight should \nnot be more than can be lifted with one \nhand.) Dispose of others as \"Oversized.\"8, 17\nStyrofoamDispose of product containers and cushioning materials as \"Plastic\" and \nothers as \"Combustible.\" 5, 8\nsuit locker (made of \nnylon or fabric)17\nsuitcase Empty it before discarding. 17\nswimming tube 8\nswing (for household \nuse)17\nT\ntablet computerRefer to page 19 for ones with a PC \nrecycling mark. Use \"Facilities\" for \nothers.12, 19\ntable-tennis table 17\ntablewareUse \"Facilities\" for ceramic ones \n(accepted by mobile collection services \nonly). Dispose of metal ones as \"Metal\" \nand others as \"Combustible.\"7, 8, 12\ntape recorder Remove batteries before discarding. 12\ntatami 17\ntea cup/bowlUse \"Facilities\" for ceramic ones (accepted by mobile collection services \nonly). In the case of others, discard up to \ntwo bags per disposal as \u201cCombustible.\" (The weight should not be more than \ncan be lifted with one hand.) Dispose of \nothers as \"Oversized.\"8, 12, 17\nteapotUse \"Facilities\" for ceramic ones (accepted by mobile collection \nservices only). Dispose of others as \n\"Combustible.\"8, 12\ntelephone directory See pages 9-12 if you failed to return it. 9-12\ntelephone set (including \nfax machine)Remove batteries before discarding. Use \n\"Facilities\" for ones that are H:30 cm x \nW:40 cm x D:40 cm or smaller in size. \nDiscard larger ones as \"Oversized.\"12, 17\ntelescope 17\ntelevision 19\ntent 17\ntextbook See pages 9-12 for how to discard. 9-12\nthermal paper (receipt, \netc.)Discard as \u201cCombustible\u201d as they are unrecyclable.8\nthermometerDigital or mercury thermometers. Dispose of others as \"Combustible.\"12\nthermosDispose of ones 30 cm or less in length as \"Metal\" and others as \"Oversized.\"7, 17\nthinnerConsult with a dealer. Mobile collection service is also available.12, 19\nthumbtackDispose of both metal and plastic ones as \u201cCombustible.\u201d Wrap them up in thick \npaper, etc., and put them in the center of \na garbage bag to prevent danger.8\ntile 17", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Acceptable-Ways-to-separate-and-dispose-of-garbage-and-recyclables.pdf", "page": 33}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "34A\nKB\nLC\nMD\nNE\nOF\nPG\nRH\nSI\nT\nVJ\nU\nWItem Classification Point for disposal Related page\ntimberDispose of ones that can be put in \na bag and lifted with one hand as \n\u201cCombustible.\u201d (*Up to two bags per \ndisposal.) Discard others as \u201cOversized.\u201d8, 17\ntire Consult with a dealer. 20\ntoasterRemove batteries before discarding. Use \"Facilities\" for ones that are H:30 cm x \nW:40 cm x D:40 cm or smaller in size. \nDiscard larger ones as \"Oversized.\"12, 17\ntoaster ovenUse \"Facilities\" for ones that are H:30 cm x W:40 cm x D:40 cm or smaller in \nsize. Discard larger ones as \"Oversized.\" 12, 17\ntoilet seat 17\ntoothbrush (excluding \nelectric items)8\ntowelDispose of ones with heavy or \nunremovable stains as \"Combustible.\"12\ntoxic substance \n(powerful drug)Consult with a dealer. 20\ntoy (powered by \nelectricity or battery)Remove batteries before discarding.Use \u201cFacilities\u201d for ones that are H:30 cm \nx W:40 cm x D:40 cm or smaller in size. \nDiscard larger ones as \u201cOversized.\u201d12, 17\ntrash boxDispose of metal ones 30 cm or less in length as \u201cMetal.\u201d Discard plastic \nones that can be put in a bag as \n\u201cCombustible.\u201d (The bag should be tied closed.) Discard others as \u201cOversized.\u201d7, 8, 17\ntray (for food) 5\ntricycle 17\ntrimmed tree branchBundle branches that are 50 cm or less in length and 10 cm or less in diameter. \nPut fallen leaves in a translucent bag. \nA mobile collection service is available for waste of 20 kg or less in weight. A \nrecycling collection service as a model \nproject is available for up to two bags or two bundles per disposal (The weight \nshould not exceed the limit that can be \nmanaged by one hand.) Discard other items as \u201cOversized\u201d and small amounts \nas \u201cCombustible.\u201d8, 12, 17\ntrouser press 17\ntrumpet 17\ntrunk 17\ntube (container)Rinse the insides. Discard as \n\u201cCombustible\u201d if stains cannot be \nremoved.\nDispose of ones used for home medical care as \u201cCombustible.\u201d * Be sure to \nreturn equipment with needles such as \ninjectors to the medical institution, etc. where they were provided.5, 8\ntube of shoe polishSince stains cannot be removed, discard it as \"Combustible.\" 8\nTupperware 8\nU\numbrellaDiscard up to two umbrellas per bag as \"Combustible.\" Dispose of others \nas \"Oversized\" (up to 20 umbrellas per \ndisposal).8, 17\numbrella stand 17\nunderwearDispose of ones with heavy or unremovable stains as \"Combustible.\"8, 12\nunicycle 17\nUSB memory stick 12\nused clothingDispose of ones with heavy or unremovable stains as \u201cCombustible.\u201d12\nused tea leaves 8\nV\nvacuum cleanerRemove batteries before discarding when possible. Use \u201cFacilities\u201d for items \nwhose main body is H:30 cm x W:40 cm \nx D:40 cm or smaller in size. Discard larger ones as \u201cOversized.\u201d12, 17\nvaseDispose of ones including ceramics that are light enough to be lifted with \none hand as \u201cCombustible.\u201d Wrap them \nup in thick paper, etc. and put them in the center of a garbage bag to prevent \ndanger. Discard others as \u201cOversized.\u201d8, 17Item Classification Point for disposal Related page\nventilating fanUse \"Facilities\" for ones that are H:30 \ncm x W:40 cm x D:40 cm or smaller in \nsize. Discard larger ones as \"Oversized.\"12, 17\nvideo camera Remove batteries before discarding. 12\nvideo tapeCases with tapes inside are also \naccepted. Do not take cases only to \ncollection facilities. (Discard them as \n\"Combustible.\")12\nvideocassette recorderUse \"Facilities\" for ones that are H:30 cm x W:40 cm x D:40 cm or smaller in \nsize. Discard larger ones as \"Oversized.\" 12, 17\nW\nwagon (for kitchen) 17\nwalking stickDispose of ones that can be put in \na bag and lifted with one hand as \n\u201cCombustible.\u201d Discard others as \n\u201cOversized.\u201d8, 17\nwallpaperDiscard up to two bags per disposal as \"Combustible.\" (The weight should \nnot be more than can be lifted with one \nhand.) Dispose of others as \"Oversized.\"8, 17\nwashclothDispose of ones with heavy or unremovable stains as \"Combustible.\"12\nwashing machine 19\nwaste cooking oil for \ndeep-fryingLimited to plant-derived oil. Concerning animal fat such as lard, absorb it into \npaper and discard as \"Combustible.\" 12\nwaste oil (machine oil)Consult with a dealer. Mobile collection \nservice is also available (up to 20 liters).12, 20\nwater bottleDispose of metal ones 30 cm or less in length as \"Metal\" and others as \n\"Combustible.\" 7, 8\nwater heaterUse \u201cFacilities\u201d for portable electric ones \n(electric kettles) that are H:30 cm x W:40 \ncm x D:40 cm or smaller in size. Discard \nlarger ones as \u201cOversized.\u201d12, 17\nwater potRefer to \"electric pot\" for electric types. If it is light enough to be lifted with one \nhand and its garbage bag can be tied \nclosed, discard it as \"Combustible.\" Dispose of others as \"Oversized.\"8, 17\nwater purifier 17\nwatering canDispose of metal ones 30 cm or less in length as \u201cMetal\u201d and larger ones as \n\u201cOversized.\u201d Discard plastic ones as \n\u201cCombustible.\u201d7, 8, 17\nwater-purifying \ncartridgeDrain any excess liquid before discarding.8\nwaxConsult with a dealer. Mobile collection service is also available.12, 20\nweight scale (bathroom \nscale)Remove batteries before discarding. Use \"Facilities\" for ones that are H:30 cm x \nW:40 cm x D:40 cm or smaller in size. \nDiscard larger ones as \"Oversized.\"12, 17\nwheel Consult with a dealer. 20\nwhetstone 8\nwine cellar 19\nwireWrap it up in thick paper, etc. and put it in the center of a garbage bag to prevent \ndanger. 8\nwireless equipmentRemove batteries before discarding. Use \n\"Facilities\" for ones that are H:30 cm x \nW:40 cm x D:40 cm or smaller in size. \nDiscard larger ones as \"Oversized.\"12, 17\nwood panel 17\nwooden itemsDispose of ones that can be put in a bag and lifted with one hand as \n\u201cCombustible.\u201d (Up to two bags per \ndisposal.) Discard others as \u201cOversized.\u201d8, 17\nwooden sword 17\nword processorUse \"Facilities\" for ones that are H:30 cm x W:40 cm x D:40 cm or smaller in \nsize. Discard larger ones as \"Oversized.\" 12, 17\nwrapping paper See pages 9-12 for how to discard. 9-12\nwristwatchRemove batteries before discarding \nwhen possible.12", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Acceptable-Ways-to-separate-and-dispose-of-garbage-and-recyclables.pdf", "page": 34}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Contact information for inquiries regarding carrying in garbage\nNorth East Incineration Plant TEL. 075-741-1003\nSouth Incineration Plant TEL. 075-611-5362\nNorth East Incineration Plant\nAdd: 1339 Shizuichi-Ichihara-cho, Sakyo-kuSouth Incineration Plant\nAdd: 29 Yokooji-Hattanda, Fushimi-ku\nReception hoursMonday\u2013Friday; and also on the second and the fourth \nSaturdays of the month9:00 a.m. - Noon, 1:00 p.m. \u2013 4:30 p.m.*Open on national holidays\nHolidays Sundays, First, third and fi fth Saturdays of the monthContact information for inquiries regarding oversized garbage\nApplication Toll free 0120-100-530\nApplication from cell phones Chargeable callTEL. 0570-000-247\nInquiries about oversized garbage other than the above\nCenter for Clean Life EnvironmentTEL. 075-691-9376\nContact information for inquiries regarding dead animals \nsuch as dogs and cats (including wild animals)\nApplication Toll free 0120-100-921\nApplication from cell phones Chargeable callTEL. 0570-000-614\nInquiries about dead animals other than the above\nCenter for Clean Life EnvironmentTEL. 075-691-9376\nRelated sections of the Environmental Policy Bureau\nWaste Reduction Promotion Section TEL. 075-213-4930\nCity Beautifi cation Section TEL. 075-213-4960\nFacility Management Section TEL. 075-212-9820Contact information\nHigashiyama Counter for Ecological Activities\n(2nd fl oor of Higashiyama Ward Offi ce) TEL. 075-366-0182\nShimogyo Counter for Ecological Activities\n(1st fl oor of Shimogyo Ward Offi ce) TEL. 075-366-0186\nMinami Counter for Ecological Activities\n(1st fl oor of Minami Ward Offi ce) TEL. 075-366-0188Sakyo Counter for Ecological Activities\n(2nd fl oor of Sakyo Ward Offi ce) TEL. 075-366-0821\nYamashina Counter for Ecological Activities\n(1st fl oor of Yamashina Ward Offi ce) TEL. 075-366-0184\nDaigo Counter for Ecological Activities\n(2nd fl oor of Daigo Ward Branch Offi ce) TEL. 075-366-0311\nFushimi Counter for Ecological Activities\n(1st fl oor of Fushimi Ward Offi ce) TEL. 075-366-0196\nFukakusa Counter for Ecological Activities\n(1st fl oor of Fukakusa Ward Branch Offi ce) TEL. 075-366-0198\n*For inquiries about garbage collection and transport, contact a relevant Beautifi cation Offi ce.Nishikyo Counter for Ecological Activities\n(2nd fl oor of Nishikyo Ward Offi ce) TEL. 075-366-0192\nRakusai Counter for Ecological Activities\n(2nd fl oor of Rakusai Ward Branch Offi ce) TEL. 075-366-0194Nakagyo Counter for Ecological \nActivities\n(1st fl oor of Nakagyo Ward Offi ce) TEL. 075-366-0180\n*In charge of the entire area of Nakagyo Ward\nUkyo Counter for Ecological Activities\n(1st fl oor of Ukyo Ward Offi ce) TEL. 075-366-0190Kita Counter for Ecological Activities\n(2nd fl oor of Kita Ward Offi ce) TEL. 075-366-0155\nKamigyo Counter for Ecological Activities\n(1st fl oor of Kamigyo Ward Offi ce) TEL. 075-366-0776\nUkyo Ward\nKita Ward\nKamigyo\nWard\nNakagyo \nWardSakyo WardNorth East \nIncineration Plant\nSouth Incineration PlantYamashina \nWard\nFushimi WardHigashiyama \nWardShimogyo\nWardNishikyo \nWard\nMinami WardCenter for Clean Life Environment\n62-1 Nishikujo-Morimoto-cho, Minami-ku\n\u30fb Collection of oversized garbage, and dead animals \nsuch as dogs and cats\n\u3000TEL075-691-9376\u30fb Collection of human excrement, etc.\n\u3000(Register, etc. ) \u3000TEL075-691-4437\n\u3000(Collection ) TEL075-681-5361North Ward Beautifi cation Offi ce\n(In charge of Kita Ward and Kamigyo Ward)\n17-3 Kamigamo-Maeda-cho, Kita-ku TEL. 075-724-8881\nWest Ward Beautifi cation Offi ce\n(In charge of Ukyo Ward and the area on the west side of Horikawa-\ndori in Nakagyo Ward)\n57-1 Saiin-Nishikaigawa-cho, Ukyo-ku TEL. 075-882-5787\nFushimi Ward Beautifi cation Offi ce\n(In charge of Fushimi Ward) *Excluding Daigo area\n447 Yokooji-Senryomatsu-cho, Fushimi-ku\nTEL. 075-601-7161Nishikyo Ward Beautifi cation Offi ce\n(In charge of Nishikyo Ward)\n37 Katagihara-Hakaridani-cho, Nishikyo-ku \nTEL. 075-391-5983Yamashina Ward \nBeautifi cation Offi ce\n(In charge of Yamashina Ward and Daigo area of Fushimi Ward)\n3 Ono-Yumiden-cho, Yamashina-ku TEL. 075-573-2457East Ward Beautifi cation Offi ce\n(In charge of Sakyo Ward and the area on the east side of \nHorikawa-dori in Nakagyo Ward)\n34-3 Takano-Nishibiraki-cho, Sakyo-ku TEL. 075-722-4345\nSouth Ward Beautifi cation Offi ce\n(In charge of Minami Ward, Higashiyama Ward and Shimogyo Ward)\n50 Nishikujo-Morimoto-cho, Minami-ku TEL. 075-681-0456\nNorth East Incineration \nPlant\nIchihara Bypass\nKyoto HirogawaraMiyama RouteShikurobashiIchihara\nEizan Railway,Kurama Line\nKamo-kaido \nRoadKamo River\nKurama-kaido RoadKyoto Seika \nUniversitySoto-Kanjo-sen Loop Line\nKatsura River\nKyoto Moriguchi RouteYokooji\nSports Park\nKyoto Race CourseYokoojiOtesuji-dori\nChushojima\nKeihan RailwayUji RiverRoute 1South Incineration Plant\nKyoto City Printed Matter No.303168 issued by the Waste Reduction \nPromotion Section, the Environmental Policy Bureau in March 2019The above contact information is as of March 2019 and is subject to change.\nIf you cannot get through, please contact Kyoto Itsudemo Call.\nKyoto Itsudemo Call TEL. 075-661-3755 FAX. 075-661-5855 8:00 a.m. \u2013 9:00 p.m. (Open seven days a week year-round)Kyoto City waste reduction, separation and recycling general information site\nKyoto Kogomi Net http://kyoto-kogomi.net kogomi net Search\nWaste reduction by half \ncampaign, Kyoto City\nKogomi App.\nThis project utilizes \nrevenue from \ndesignated paid \nbags for household \ngarbage.", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Acceptable-Ways-to-separate-and-dispose-of-garbage-and-recyclables.pdf", "page": 35}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Advice on\nApril 2020Recycling and \nresource recovery \ninfrastructure", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 0}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Infrastructure Victoria is an independent \nadvisory body with three functions:\n\\ preparing a 30-year infrastructure strategy \nfor Victoria, which is refreshed every three \nto five years\n\\ providing written advice to government \non specific infrastructure matters\n\\ publishing original research on infrastructure-\nrelated issues.\nInfrastructure Victoria also supports the \ndevelopment of sectoral infrastructure plans \nby government departments and agencies.\nThe aim of Infrastructure Victoria is to take a \nlong-term, evidence-based view of infrastructure \nplanning and raise the level of community \ndebate about infrastructure provision.\nInfrastructure Victoria does not directly \noversee or fund infrastructure projects.\nAboriginal acknowledgment \nInfrastructure Victoria acknowledges the \ntraditional owners of country in Victoria \nand pays respect to their elders past and \npresent, as well as elders of other Aboriginal \ncommunities. We recognise that the state\u2019s \ninfrastructure is built on land that has been \nmanaged by Aboriginal people for millennia.About us", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 1}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Contents\nExecutive summary 04\nRecycling and resource \nrecovery \u2013 by the numbers 06\nT erms of reference 08\nRecycling and resource \nrecovery infrastructure outcomes 10\nRecommendations 13\nWhat we found 42\nImproved waste avoidance, recycling \nand resource recovery are key in a \ncircular economy 44\n Waste generation in Victoria, \nnow and into the future 45\nThere are six key materials \nfor the sector to manage 47\nPlastics 50\nGlass 52\nOrganics 54\nPaper and cardboard 56\nTyres 58\nE-waste 60\n Residual waste 62\nMore resources, less waste 64\nRecycling can create more jobs than disposal 65Infrastructure is unevenly spread 67\nWaste transport 68\nFuture infrastructure provision 68\nNot investing can be expensive 70\nSupplements to infrastructure investment 72\n Market failures are stopping the \nsector from performing at its best 75\nSorting MSW 76\nProcurement of waste services 78\nFunding of waste processing services 79\n Governance and policy settings \nin the sector are not quite right 80\nThe role of local governments \nand the WRRGs 82\nData collection and reporting 83\nThe end markets for materials vary greatly 84\nMarkets are important 85\nMarket development approaches 86\nWhat we heard from \nour stakeholders 87\nMethodology 91\nAppendix A\nResource recovery infrastructure \nforecast investment \u2013 2039 94\nAppendix B\nDefined terms 100\nSources 102\nList of figures 103\n03", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 2}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Executive \nsummary\nVictoria\u2019s recycling and resource \nrecovery sector is under increasing \npressure. The amount of waste \nbeing generated is growing while \nour resource recovery rates have \nstagnated. Simultaneously, changes \nin international markets, combined \nwith weak end markets in Victoria, \nhave led to large amounts of recyclables \nbeing stockpiled or sent to landfill. \nIn April 2019, the Victorian Government \nasked Infrastructure Victoria to help address \nthese issues and provide advice on the \ninfrastructure required, and the role for \ngovernment, to improve recycling and \nresource recovery in Victoria. \nOur advice builds on the considerable \nwork underway across the Victorian \nGovernment and supports the state\u2019s \nmove to a circular economy, where we \nall minimise waste and make the most \nof resources. Shifting to a more circular \neconomy will grow the economy, \nincrease jobs and reduce impacts \non the environment.\nIn this report, we have identified Victoria\u2019s \nspecific infrastructure needs in the sector. \nWe have also developed the most \ncomprehensive and up-to-date data \nof current and projected waste generation \nin Victoria and infrastructure capacity and \ncapability. The data and methodology \ndeveloped for this report can support \ninfrastructure investment and network \nmanagement across Victoria.We make 13 recommendations to the \nGovernment on infrastructure, supporting \nactions and governance, all of which have \nbeen tested against a set of outcomes \ndeveloped with stakeholder input. Our work \nshows there is not one single approach \nto achieve these outcomes. All levels of \ngovernment, business and households \nwill need to work together if we are to \nrealise the huge opportunity before us. \nWe estimate about $1.21 billion worth \nof resources was recovered in Victoria \nin 2018/19. While highly dependent on \ncommodity prices, this figure demonstrates \nthe potential that higher rates of resource \nrecovery could deliver to the state every \nyear, particularly if these materials are \nprocessed and used in Victoria.\nVictorians are passionate about recycling \nbut some have lost confidence in the \nsystem, with around a quarter of people \nwe polled thinking the contents of their \nrecycling bins ends up in landfill. However, \nthe community also has a high level of \nwillingness to help improve recycling \noutcomes, with 92% of people saying they \nare willing to change the way they sort their \nrubbish. This indicates a strong desire from \nthe community to do the right thing and an \nopportunity to rebuild trust in the system. \nThe Victorian Government is already \nworking hard to address these challenges. \nIt has provided funding of $135 million since \n2015 for waste and resource recovery \ninitiatives. The recently released Recycling Victoria: A new economy provides \nthe overarching policy framework and \nlong-term focus the sector needs if it \nis to meet Victoria\u2019s growing recycling \nand resource recovery needs. \nOur advice focuses on six priority materials: \n\\ plastics\n\\ paper and cardboard \n\\ glass \n\\ organics \n\\ tyres \n\\ e-waste. \nThis is because some materials we \ndispose of and recover are more \nproblematic, or present greater \nopportunities than others. Our evidence \nshows that improving recycling of these \nsix materials has the potential to deliver \nthe greatest benefit to Victoria. \nThe infrastructure we have identified in this \nreport supports improved resource recovery \nfor priority materials and enables more to \nbe reprocessed and re-used in Victoria. \nWe have identified 87 potential new or \nupgraded facilities \u2013 52 in regional Victoria \n\u2013 to ensure Victoria has the capacity and \ncapability to meet our needs, now and into \nthe future. While this will require significant \ninitial investment from both government \nand business, it should be viewed in the \ncontext of value that can be captured \nfrom increasing resource recovery on \nan ongoing basis. \n04\nAdvice on recycling and resource recovery Infrastructure Victoria", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 3}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Expanded infrastructure is just part of \nthe solution. High-performing jurisdictions, \nlike Wales, Germany, South Korea and \nSouth Australia, have used a mix of policy, \nregulatory and financial interventions. \nThese include targets, taxes, incentives \nand investments over the long term to \nachieve their current high levels of resource \nrecovery. This is a clear lesson for Victoria \nabout what can be achieved with the \nright mix of policies. \nImproving the quality of the materials going \ninto the recycling and resource recovery \nsystem is another key focus as it impacts \nthe quality of the materials produced, \nand the cost of processing these materials. \nAt the same time, it is important to ensure \nthat there is enough demand for these \nresources to meet supply. \nMaking it easier for Victorians to recycle \ncorrectly is one of the keys to cleaner \nmaterials streams. \nWe recommend a clear and consistent \napproach to kerbside collections across \nthe state, supported by greater separation \nof materials \u2013 including organics, glass, \npaper and cardboard. This should be \naccompanied by an ongoing behaviour \nchange campaign to ensure Victorians \nunderstand what they need to do and are \nassured that their efforts are not wasted.\nThe Victorian Government can play \nan active role in stimulating demand \nand supporting markets for recovered \nresources. Research and development funding to identify and test new uses \nfor recovered materials can create new \nmarkets. As Recycling Victoria recognises, \nGovernment can demonstrate its \ncommitment to greater recycling and \nresource recovery by buying products \nmade from recovered materials. \nThe Victorian Government can further \ndemonstrate its leadership in the recycling \nand resource recovery sector by reviewing \nand updating its own governance \narrangements. Implementation of \nRecycling Victoria will be an opportunity \nto provide greater clarity of the roles \nand responsibilities of different agencies. \nThis can make it easier for other players \nto navigate the sector and empower \nlocal governments in their delivery of \nwaste services. Also, a clearer position \non the role of waste-to-energy, to reduce \nthe amount of waste going to landfill as \nthe state transitions toward a more circular \neconomy, could encourage greater \ninvestment in this technology. These \nefforts can be further supported by \nimproving the collection and sharing \nof quality performance data to support \nongoing policy development and measure \nprogress. Consistent with other high \nperformers around the world, we support \nthe introduction of targets to drive \nperformance. \nFunding for these initiatives will come \nfrom both Government and the private \nsector. The Victorian Government has \ncommitted $300 million to deliver the Recycling Victoria policy. The Victorian \nGovernment has several additional \nfunding streams available to support the \nnecessary transition through annual budget \nallocations, the Sustainability Fund and \nother economic development programs.\nThe Australian Government also has \na role to play by supporting transitional \ninfrastructure investments and through \nencouraging producers to take greater \nresponsibility for the products they create \nwhen they reach their end-of-life. Extended \nProducer Responsibility schemes are in \nuse internationally and are particularly \neffective in managing hard-to-recycle \nproducts and reducing problematic \nmaterials.\nOur advice represents 12 months of \nevidence gathering and development, \nas well as significant stakeholder and \ncommunity engagement. With the \nright settings in place, investment in \ninfrastructure for collections, processing \nand energy recovery, we can not only \nmeet the growing need for resource \nrecovery but also support our long-term \ntransition to a circular economy and better \noutcomes for all Victorians. We have identified 87 potential new or \nupgraded facilities \u2013 52 in regional Victoria \n\u2013 to ensure Victoria has the capacity and \ncapability to meet our needs, now and \ninto the future.\n05\nIntroduction Infrastructure Victoria", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 4}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Recycling and \nresource recovery\nby the numbers02.\n06Advice on recycling and resource recovery Infrastructure Victoria", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 5}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "69%\nApproximately $1 billion \ninvestment required by 2039\nOver 5,000 jobs could be created by \n2039 if 90% recovery rate is achieved87 new or upgraded facilities, \n52 in regional Victoria\nAround 1.46 million tonnes of organic \nwaste will be generated in 2039. \nThe food organics/garden organics \nrecovery rate is currently 20% \u2013 \nalmost all of this is recoverable 69% current recovery ratePlastics Paper and \ncardboardGlass Organics Tyres E-waste\n3.1 million tonnes of processing \ncapacity required3.1 million \ntonnesTotal annual value of potential \nresource recovery in 2018/19 \n\u2013 $1.2 billion$1.2 \nbillion$\n93% 89%\n93% of Victorian households feel it is \nimportant to reduce non-recovered \nwaste, and 89% are open to changing \nhow their household sorts waste\n$1 billion\n5,000+ \njobsx 87\nfacilitiesNowSix priority materials\nIn the future\n07Recycling and resource recovery \u2013 by the numbers Infrastructure Victoria", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 6}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "T erms of \nreference\nIn April 2019 the Special Minister of State \nrequested Infrastructure Victoria provide \nadvice on the infrastructure required and \nthe role of government to improve the \nperformance of Victoria\u2019s recycling and \nresource recovery sector.03.\n08Infrastructure Victoria Advice on recycling and resource recovery", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 7}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "The Government requested advice \non the infrastructure required and the \nrole of Government to:\n\\ Develop Victoria\u2019s reprocessing sector \nfor recycled material, particularly those \nthat currently rely heavily on overseas \nmarkets, such as plastics. \n\\ Enable the use of products containing \nrecycled materials in a variety \nof Victorian industries, such as \nmanufacturing, construction \nand agriculture.\n\\ Support a waste-to-energy sector \nthat prioritises the extraction of recyclable \nmaterial and recovers energy only \nfrom residual waste.\n\\ Support high levels of resource recovery \nfor organics, particularly food organics.\nInfrastructure Victoria was asked to \nundertake comprehensive engagement with \nindustry, the community, government, local \ngovernment and other key stakeholders, \ndraw on international comparisons and \nresearch, and develop its own modelling \nand analysis to inform the advice.The advice was requested \nin two parts:\n01.\nAn interim report, within six months \nof the request, setting out key early \nfindings, significant risks or opportunities, \nand the proposed strategic direction \nof the final advice. The interim report \nwas published in October 2019.\n02.\nA final report, supported by evidence and \nanalysis, detailing potential infrastructure \nrequirements for the recycling and resource \nrecovery sector. The final advice will also \nconsider the regulatory, policy and market \nsettings that underpin the recycling and \nresource recovery sector and identify \npotential timing of infrastructure delivery.\nThe full terms of reference are on \nour website.\nA note on methodology\nTo inform our advice, we commissioned \nand undertook detailed technical analysis \nacross a range of subject matter areas. \nA summary of our approach to this \nwork can be found in Section 8 of this \nreport. All the analysis can be found \nin the full set of reports available at \ninfrastructurevictoria.com.au \n09Terms of reference Infrastructure Victoria", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 8}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "In recent years, the lack of an overarching policy framework and \nshared objectives for the Victorian recycling and resource recovery \nsector has been a barrier. \nHowever, considerable work is \nunderway across the Victorian \nGovernment to improve recycling \nand resource recovery and \nincrease resilience. \nIn our Evidence Base Report, we \nproposed outcomes for the sector. \nWe asked for feedback so we could \nrefine these outcomes and develop \nour final advice to government. Based on feedback from stakeholders, \nwe have developed outcomes that \nreflect the principles of a circular \neconomy, emphasise the waste \nhierarchy and meet the requirements \noutlined in the terms of reference \nfor this advice. Figure 1 illustrates \nthese proposed outcomes.\nThe recommendations in this report represent the key actions \nwe think are necessary to achieve these outcomes.04.\nRecycling and resource \nrecovery infrastructure \noutcomes\nInfrastructure Victoria Advice on recycling and resource recovery\n10", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 9}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Figure 1: Recycling \nand resource recovery \ninfrastructure outcomes\nWaste management \nhierarchy applied \nwithin a circular\neconomyInnovation and \nmarkets for materialsResource recovery and recycling \ninfrastructure is connected, \neffective, ef\ufb01cient, planned, \nprotected and safe\nWaste generation \nis declining and \nmaterials streams \nare cleanStrong demand \nfor recycled \nand reusable \nproductsGovernments \nand agencies \nhave clear \nroles and are \nappropriately \nfundedVictoria has \nsuf\ufb01cient \nstrategically \nlocated \nrecovery and \nrecycling \ninfrastructure\nEffective policy \nand regulation, \nproactive \nlicensing and \ncomplianceHigh quality \npublic data, \ntargets and \nprogress \nreportingBusiness, \ngovernment, \ncommunity \nand academia \ncollaborate \nto maximise \nresource reuse\nProduct standards and \nspeci\ufb01cations enable \nrecycling and inspire \nproduct con\ufb01denceResponsibility and costs \nfor waste, recovery and \nrecycling are distributed \nappropriately Reuse, recovery \nand recycling \nrates are \nincreasingSuccess looks likeSuccess looks like\nSuccess looks likeSuccess looks like\nRecycling and resource recovery infrastructure outcomes\n11Infrastructure Victoria", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 10}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Summary of \nrecommendations\nImprove infrastructure capacity \nand capability for recovering and \nreprocessing priority materials\nIncrease the diversion of organic \nwaste from landfills\nProvide clarity to the waste-to-energy sector \n& establish regulatory settings to achieve \ndesired waste-to-energy outcomes\nReview funding mechanisms to increase \ninfrastructure capacity and capability\nProvide ongoing statewide and locally \ntailored behaviour change programs\nReduce contamination \nin materials streams\nIntroduce waste \nminimisation initiatives\nRemove barriers and strengthen \nmarkets for priority materials\nEnsure that producers and consumers \ninvolved in making and using products \nshare the responsibility for their fate \nProvide greater clarity of roles and \nresponsibilities of Victorian Government bodies \ninvolved in recycling and resource recovery \nImprove the quality and use of \ndata to support resource recovery\nUse targets to \ndrive performance\nStrengthen the status of and \nprocesses around the Victorian \nRecycling Infrastructure Plan (VRIP)RecommendationSupports \na circular \neconomySupports \nreprocessing \nin VictoriaSupports waste-to-\nenergy within the \nwaste hierarchySupports \nrecovery of \norganics\n12\nAdvice on recycling and resource recovery Infrastructure Victoria", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 11}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Recommendations\nInfrastructure Victoria makes the following \nrecommendations to the Victorian Government:05.\n13", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 12}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "The amount of waste Victorians generate is forecast to grow. \nVictoria needs investment to increase resource recovery and \nrecycling infrastructure capacity. \nThis investment also needs to address \nthe capability to meet market demand, \ninternational import restrictions, and \na range of Victorian and Australian \nGovernment policies, such as the \nCouncil of Australian Governments \n(COAG) waste export ban. Bans will \ncause significant infrastructure capacity \nand capability shortfalls for paper \nand cardboard in 2024, followed by \na shortfall for plastics in 2025 unless \nfurther investment is made.\nSimilarly, Victoria\u2019s capacity and \ncapability to manage recovered \norganics and e-waste will be exceeded \nby 2025 and 2030 respectively, as \na result of policies such as the National \nWaste Policy and Victoria\u2019s e-waste \nlandfill ban, introduced in 2019. Appendix A includes a summary \nof additional infrastructure capacity \nand capability requirements by 2039, \nand indicative costs.\nWhile much of the recovery and \nreprocessing infrastructure in Victoria \nis owned, operated and funded \nby the private sector, the Victorian \nGovernment has a role to play in \nfacilitating investment, leveraging \nexisting investment and providing \ndirect funding to the sector where \nthe market fails to do so.\nThe data used to inform these \nrecommendations are based on \nmodelling that provides projections \nto inform Victorian Government \ndecision making. The projections \nshould be considered approximations \nrather than precise predictions.Improve infrastructure capacity \nand capability for recovering and \nreprocessing priority materialsRecommendation 01\nContext\n14Infrastructure Victoria Advice on recycling and resource recovery", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 13}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Key infrastructure requirements \nfor each priority material are \noutlined below.\nPaper and cardboard\n\\ 600,000 tonnes of additional paper \nsorting and pulping infrastructure from \n2024.\n\\ Additional capacity and capability to \nmanufacture paper and cardboard \npackaging products, such as tissue, \npaper towels and egg cartons.\n\\ Improved mechanical sorting of mixed \npaper and cardboard at Materials \nRecovery Facilities (MRFs) to recover \ndifferent paper grades, enhancing \naccess to paper reprocessing markets.\nPlastics\n\\ 288,600 tonnes of total capacity \nand capability to produce plastic \nflakes and pellets by polymer in \nmetropolitan Melbourne and regional \nVictoria from 2025.\n\\ Transition from recovering mixed \nplastics bales to recovering plastics \nseparated by polymer using improved \noptical sorting. This will enable MRF \noperators to sell to export markets \nor domestic reprocessors.\n\\ Upgrade Victorian resins manufacturing \ninfrastructure to incorporate recycled \nplastics into new plastic products. Glass\n\\ Additional glass beneficiation (removing \ncontaminants, sorting by colour and \nmaintaining a minimum piece size) \ncapacity and capability in metropolitan \nMelbourne to achieve higher value glass \nuse where possible (e.g. for recycled \nglass containers instead of glass sand).\n\\ Glass sand reprocessing in regional \nareas to enable more use of recycled \nglass sand in regional road construction.\nOrganics\n\\ Additional dedicated organics recovery \ntransfer stations in the outer northern \nand western growth corridors (in line \nwith the Statewide Waste and Resource \nRecovery Infrastructure Plan\u2019s hubs \nof state importance) to aggregate \nand consolidate increasing amounts \nof food and garden organics (FOGO) \nfrom metropolitan Melbourne.\n\\ Additional capacity of 130,000 tonnes \nby 2025 and 555,000 tonnes by 2039, \nthrough a combination of:\n\u2013 Open windrow composting capacity \nin regional Victoria, particularly Barwon \nSouth West and Grampians Central \nWest by 2025.\n\u2013 In-vessel composting capacity \nin metropolitan Melbourne and \nthroughout regional Victoria.Recommendation\n\u2013 Anaerobic digestion capacity in \nMetropolitan Melbourne to process \nmetropolitan food organics, and in \nregional Victoria, co-located with \nexisting wastewater treatment plants \nand food production hubs that generate \nsignificant volumes of food waste.\n\\ Hardstand infrastructure in regional \nagricultural areas to encourage \nmaturation and tailored blending of \ncompost for specific applications.\nE-waste\n\\ 4,300 tonnes of mechanical \nreprocessing infrastructure capability \nto enable high-value e-waste materials \nto be recovered across metropolitan \nMelbourne and regional Victoria by 2030.\n\\ Support ongoing research into \nnew technologies to manage hard \nto recover and hazardous e-waste. \nEmerging techniques to consider \ninclude improved mechanical and \noptical, thermal, chemical, nano \nand biological processing.\n\\ Consider improvements to the existing \ne-waste disposal network focussed \nat resource recovery centres, with \nincreased drop-off points where \nelectronic goods are purchased. \nThis may require appropriate cost- \nsharing in line with product stewardship \napproaches and compliance with \nwaste handling requirements.Priority materials are paper \nand cardboard, plastics, \nglass, organics, e-waste \nand tyres.\n15\nInfrastructure VictoriaRecommendation 01", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 14}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "\\ Continue to collaborate with the \nAustralian Government to develop \na product stewardship approach \nfor end-of-life solar photovoltaic panels, \nvehicle and household batteries.\nTyres\n\\ Investigate opportunities to use \npassenger vehicle tyres in the production \nof crumb rubber for road construction.\n\\ Increase fibre separation infrastructure \nin metropolitan Melbourne to assist the \ndomestic reuse of passenger tyres or as \na contingency for international market \nconstriction. Separated fibre will need \nto go to waste-to-energy solutions, such \nas process engineered fuel, or require \nadditional support to develop a \nmarket for it. Other materials\n\\ Develop MRF (Materials Recovery \nFacility) input and output quality \nstandards that complement Victorian \nand local government efforts to reform \nkerbside recycling.\n\\ Assess the viability of establishing \nsmall to medium-sized MRF infrastructure \nin regional Victoria for better recovery \nof recyclables starting with Grampians \nCentral West and Barwon South West \nWaste and Resource Recovery Group \n(WRRG) regions.\n\\ Optimise Victoria\u2019s extensive Resource \nRecovery Centre and Transfer Station \nnetwork to improve regional resource \nrecovery and, where necessary, \nconsolidate sites for better resourcing \nand more efficient transport.Key findings\n\\ There is an immediate need to plan \nfor investment in paper and cardboard \nreprocessing infrastructure in Victoria \nto comply with the COAG Waste \nExport Ban. \n\\ To make up a large proportion of the \nshortfall, and to continue Australian \nexports, investment in large-scale \npaper sorting and pulping facilities \nis required in Victoria. Alternative \nprocessing will also need to increase \nor be developed. Alternate processing \ncan include:\n\u2013 moulded fibre production \n\u2013 insulation\n\u2013 kitty litter\n\u2013 composting.\n\\ Victoria does not have the capability \nto sort mixed plastics at MRFs. With \nno market outlet for mixed plastics, \nthis material is either being stockpiled \nor landfilled. This prevents Victoria \nfrom maximising existing industry \nreprocessing capacity.\n\\ Victoria has an estimated glass \nprocessing capacity of around \n494,200 tonnes. This is enough \nto meet requirements of the COAG \nban and Victorian policies. \n16\nAdvice on recycling and resource recovery Infrastructure Victoria", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 15}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "\\ While we expect there will be enough \ncapacity to process the amount of \nglass generated in future, there may \nbe opportunities in regional areas \nfor processing glass into glass sand, \naggregates and other products. There \nis also an opportunity to increase the \npercentage of recycled glass currently \nused in glass packaging production \nin Melbourne.\n\\ Without further investment in organics \nprocessing capacity, increasing \ncollection of FOGO will lead to a \nshortfall in Victorian infrastructure \ncapacity and capability to reprocess \nthese materials. \n\\ Melbourne\u2019s processing capacity \nfor organics is significantly less than \nwhat is recovered; Melbourne relies \non regional and interstate processing. \nAccess to suitable sites that can meet \nregulatory requirements is likely to \nrestrict opportunities to add processing \ncapacity in Melbourne. There is \nan immediate need to invest in \nVictoria\u2019s organics consolidation \nand reprocessing infrastructure to \nmeet current and future generation \nand recovery rates. A more practical \nsolution is to aggregate and consolidate \norganic material, with initial processing that reduces weight and volume \nfollowed by transport to regional areas \nfor additional processing and use.\n\\ E-waste generation is increasing \nin Victoria due to rapid product \ninnovation, the falling cost of new \nproducts, and consumer desire \nto upgrade. Following the 2019 \nintroduction of a Victorian e-waste \nlandfill ban, there are now pathways \nfor collection, with waste facilities in \nVictoria providing a separate bin for \ne-waste and other disposal points at \nvarious council and private facilities. \nDrop-off facilities at retail sites have \nproved successful for other e-waste \ncollections, such as Mobile Muster \nfor mobile phones.\n\\ There are some emerging e-waste \nproducts of concern, specifically solar \nphotovoltaic panels and batteries \nfor solar systems and electric vehicles. \nGrowing amounts of these will reach \nthe end of their useful life in coming \nyears. There is a lack of proven \ntechnological reprocessing solutions \nthat can be deployed at scale. \nInfrastructure Victoria raised this issue \nin its Advice on Automated and Zero \nEmissions Vehicles Infrastructure in \n2018 (Recommendation 15).\\ There is sufficient tyre reprocessing \ncapacity to meet the requirements \nof the COAG export ban and Victorian \npolicies. There are no immediate \ninvestment opportunities in regional \nareas, with the largest output \u2013 \nshredded tyres \u2013 almost entirely \nexported overseas. However, there \nis an opportunity to increase the use \nof recovered passenger vehicle tyres, \nalong with their commodity value, \nby improving Victoria\u2019s infrastructure \ncapability. This provides important \ncontingency planning for these \nmaterials if market conditions change.\n\\ Victoria relies on a relatively small \nnumber of MRFs for Municipal Solid \nWaste (MSW) processing, which \nmakes the sector less resilient and \ncreates problems if one player exits \nthe industry. In addition, the location \nof resource recovery and reprocessing \ninfrastructure is determined by \nthe private sector, so it does not \nnecessarily minimise transport costs \nfor local government. Market dynamics \ncan also affect the way infrastructure \nis used \u2013 where it may be to one \nplayer\u2019s advantage to slow production \nin certain circumstances.\n17\nInfrastructure VictoriaRecommendation 01", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 16}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Organic material is one of the largest waste streams in Victoria, estimated \nto make up around 35% of household garbage bins. There is also a large \namount of organic waste from the commercial and industrial sector but the \ndata in this sector is not comprehensive. Given that almost all of this material \ncan be recycled in some way, this represents a significant opportunity.\nBeyond the infrastructure capacity \nand capability recommendations already \nidentified for organics, Infrastructure \nVictoria also recommends that the \nVictorian Government:\n\\ Support Victorian councils to increase \nFOGO kerbside collection services \nfor greater recovery of food waste \nand reduced contamination in the \norganic material stream, as mentioned \nin the Recycling Victoria policy. \n\\ Complement FOGO collection services \nwith community behaviour change \nprograms to ensure organics collections \nare well-promoted and utilised. These \nprograms should prioritise food waste \nreduction and align with the Love \nFood Hate Waste campaign (see \nRecommendation 5).\n\\ Increase Commercial and Industrial \n(C&I) food organics recovery rates, \nstarting with hospitality and food \nmanufacturing businesses.\\ Conduct targeted organics research, \ndevelopment and demonstration activities \nto promote recovered organics as \nan alternative to soil conditioners \nin agricultural production.\n\\ Develop product standards and \nagricultural industry guidance to \nsupport the use of recycled organics \nproducts in agriculture and provide \ninformation to increase confidence \nin their use.\n\\ Investigate the merits of a Hazard \nAnalysis and Critical Control Point \n(HACCP) regulatory framework for \nanerobic digestion.\n\\ Collaborate with the Australian \nGovernment to clarify the application \nof the Australian Carbon Credit Unit \n(ACCU) system to waste-to-energy \nsystems, including anaerobic digestion.\n\\ Consider landfill bans or other incentives \nif landfill diversion rates plateau.\nIncrease the diversion \nof organic waste from landfillsRecommendation 02\nContext\nRecommendation\n18\nAdvice on recycling and resource recovery Infrastructure Victoria\n18", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 17}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Key findings\n\\ There is a significant opportunity \nfor Victoria to divert organic \nwaste from landfill, recover these \nvaluable resources and improve the \nenvironment. Victoria\u2019s recovery rate \nfor organics (42.3%) is significantly \nlower than other material streams \n(69% on average).\n\\ Food waste makes up 19% of \nlandfill, and produces methane as \nit breaks down, which has a global \nwarming potency around 25 times \nthat of carbon dioxide.1 Emissions \nfrom the waste sector account for \n2% of Victoria\u2019s total emissions.\n\\ Twenty-seven of Victoria\u2019s local \ngovernments offer FOGO collection \nand a further 31 only offer a garden \norganics collection. This leaves \n21 local governments offering \nno organics collection of any \nkind \u2013 two of which are metropolitan \nand 19 are regional.\n\\ The performance of FOGO systems \ncan differ greatly. The 2018 National \nWaste Report says that well-\npromoted, carefully designed \nsystems can capture about 70% \nof food waste. In some local \ngovernment areas less than 4% \nof the population participate.\n\\ A full rollout of FOGO is estimated \nto cost $10-$60 per household \ninitially, depending on whether a kitchen caddy and/or a kerbside \nbin is provided. This will depend \non the residential setting (house \nor apartment and size of garden). \nOngoing collection and processing \ncosts range from $8 to $50 per \nhousehold.\n\\ Only around one-third of food waste \ngenerated in Victoria is estimated \nto come from households, with \nthe remainder coming from the \nC&I sector. There is limited detailed \ndata around food waste generation \nand recovery from the C&I sector in \nVictoria, making it difficult to develop \nspecific responses for this sector.\n\\ Sustainability Victoria (SV) estimates \nthat for the 447,000 tonnes of \norganics recovered in 2017/18, \naround 103,00 tonnes of CO2 \nequivalent emissions are avoided. \nThis implies that for a 10% increase \nin FOGO recovery rate, the \nenvironmental benefit would be an \nadditional 10,000 tonnes of CO2 \ncould be avoided.\n\\ Clean organic material streams can \nlead to more recovered organics \nused on the land, which has \nsignificant benefits to soil health, \nstrengthening the market for these \nmaterials. Behaviour change can \nsupport cleaner streams and further \nstrengthen the market.\\ There is a high demand for some \nrecycled organics, such as timber \nand mulch, for use in urban areas. \nThis includes residential and \ncommercial landscaping. There \nis less demand for recovered \nfood organics. Providing greater \ninformation about the quality and \npotential uses of recycled organics \ncan increase demand.\n\\ A combination of transportation \ncosts and gate fees can limit \nrecycled organics use in agriculture \ndue to distance from the supply \n(metropolitan Melbourne).\n\\ C&I food waste is generally \nmore suitable than household \nwaste for use as an anaerobic \ndigestion feedstock.\n\\ Widespread adoption of anaerobic \ndigestion in the European Union (EU) \nis supported by HACCP regulatory \nframeworks, product certification \nand guidelines for safe use. These \nmeasures in combination ensure \ndigestate is safe for agricultural use \nand streamline the requirements \nthat apply to waste suppliers and \ndigestate users. HACCP is widely \nused for food production in Australia.\n\\ There is uncertainty around \nthe application of carbon credits \nto anaerobic digestion, particularly \nfor some proponents.\n1 Sustainability Victoria (2018) Guide to Biological Recovery of Organics 19\nInfrastructure VictoriaRecommendation 02\n19", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 18}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "There is a role for waste-to-energy \nto deal with residual (non-\nrecoverable or non-recyclable) \nwaste in Victoria. In the waste \nhierarchy, energy recovery is a \nbetter outcome than disposal to \nlandfill. Evidence suggests policy \nuncertainty is stifling private sector \ninvestment in waste-to-energy \ninfrastructure. The Government\u2019s \nRecycling Victoria policy has \ncommitted to development of \na waste-to-energy framework. \nClear policy is necessary to ensure \ndesired outcomes and mitigate \nagainst risks, such as demand \nfor feedstock creating perverse \nincentives to generate more waste, \nand undermining improvements \nto reuse and recycling options.Develop a waste-to-energy policy that reflects the waste hierarchy and \nsupports, rather than hinders, a transition toward a circular economy. \nA Victorian waste-to-energy policy should contain the following: \n\\ Information on how waste-to-energy\u2019s \nrole in Victoria supports and facilitates \nthe waste hierarchy. \n\\ A government commitment to build \nsocial licence for residual waste-to-energy \nand a requirement that projects involve \nextensive community consultation, and \nprovide ongoing and comprehensive \ninformation to the community. \n\\ Measures that prevent harm to human \nhealth and the environment, in line with \nexisting Environment Protection Authority \n(EPA) requirements and overseas \ntechnical and regulatory experience \nfrom places such as the EU. Existing \nEPA standards for emissions, noise, \ndust and odour will apply, but EU \nstandards and best practice methods \nshould also be considered for product \ndesign, emission control, and ongoing \nand continuous monitoring. \n\\ Requirements that energy recovery meet \nminimum energy efficiency thresholds, \nconsistent with international practice. \n\\ Ways to avoid overcommitting to waste \ntonnages. Long-term secure feedstock \ncontracts are necessary for waste-to-\nenergy projects to be financially viable, \nwhich risks creating perverse incentives \nto increase waste. \\ Encouragement for strategic site \nlocations, including co-location with \nindustry that can either provide feedstock \nfor, or use the residual energy and heat \nfrom, waste-to-energy infrastructure. \nPrioritise development either within \nstrategic hubs identified by the Victorian \nRecycling Infrastructure Plan (VRIP) \nor co-locate facilities with industry. \n\\ Standards for residual products \nto facilitate market development. \nWaste-to-energy processes generate \nresidual materials which, unless used \nelsewhere, will go to landfill. Reusing \nthese products, where possible, is \npreferable. For example, fly and bottom \nash can be used for building and road \nconstruction. \n\\ Measures to ensure landfill levies do not \nmake waste-to-energy uncompetitive \nwith landfill. Provide clarity to the waste-to-energy \nsector and establish regulatory settings to \nachieve desired waste-to-energy outcomesRecommendation 03\nContext Recommendation\n20\nAdvice on recycling and resource recovery Infrastructure Victoria20", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 19}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Key findings\n\\ Waste-to-energy is a preferable \nalternative to landfill if there are \nno other viable recovery options. \nVictoria should still prioritise waste \nreduction, reuse and recycling. \nA future waste-to-energy policy \nshould not encourage waste that \ncould have feasibly been recycled, \nreused or avoided to become \nfeedstock. Waste-to-energy solutions \nhigher on the waste hierarchy (for \nexample, anaerobic digestion of \norganic materials \u2013 see \nRecommendation 2) are higher \npriority.\n\\ For waste-to-energy facilities to be \ncompetitive, the landfill levy needs \nto be set to an appropriate level.2 \nGovernment has a role to play in \nensuring that regulations and market \nprices support options that are higher \non the waste hierarchy. The private \nsector is responsible for making \nfinancially viable business models \nfor waste-to-energy facilities, but \ngovernment can support the pursuit \nof waste-to-energy by removing \nbarriers to entry.\\ Facilities should account for the \nchanging generation and composition \nof residual waste.\n\\ The amount of energy generated \nfrom waste-to-energy should not be \noverstated. The Clean Energy Finance \nCorporation estimates that energy \nfrom waste could meet up to 2% \nof Australia\u2019s electricity needs.3 \n\\ Waste-to-energy by-products may \ncontain contaminants that make \nthem unsuitable for recycling in some \ncases \u2013 particularly if facilities are used \nto manage hazardous wastes. Landfill \nplanning should include the potential \nneed to manage these materials.\n\\ The Queensland Government found \nthat pre-sorting residual waste to \nextract recoverable materials prior \nto energy recovery imposes additional \ncosts for energy recovery facilities \nand recovers lower quality recyclable \nmaterials.4 \\ The amount of residual waste in the \nfuture is uncertain. Our modelling and \nanalysis suggests that by 2038/39, \nVictoria will generate 650,000 tonnes \nper year of residual waste from the six \npriority materials alone, assuming a \n90% recovery rate. The business-as-\nusual forecast is for up to 5.7 million \ntonnes per year of residual waste. \nNot all of this residual waste will \nbe suitable for waste-to-energy.\n\\ The need for waste-to-energy \nto manage residual waste will be \nhighly dependent on efforts to reduce \nwaste and recycle materials, as well \nas the planned landfill capacity. The \nRecycling Victoria policy\u2019s stated \ncapacity cap of one million tonnes \nper year for waste-to-energy should \nbe regularly reviewed to manage these \nuncertainties. If combined efforts to \nreduce waste generation and recycle \nmaterial are not highly successful then \nthere is a risk that significant amounts \nof residual waste above the one \nmillion tonne waste-to-energy cap \nwill be consigned to landfill.\n2 Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning (2017) \nTurning waste into energy, Join the discussion 3 Clean Energy Finance Corporation (2016) Energy from \nwaste in Australia: a state-by-state update 4 Office of Resource Recovery, Department of Environment and \nScience (2019) Energy from Waste Policy \u2013 Discussion paper \nfor consultation 21\nInfrastructure Victoria Recommendation 03", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 20}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Typically, grants of up to \n$500,000 have been given by \nSustainability Victoria to increase \nthe quantity of recycled products \nsold, increase resource recovery, \ndivert waste from landfill, fund \ninfrastructure projects, develop \nnew markets, and fund research \nand development. Through \nthe new Recycling Victoria \nInfrastructure Fund, grants of \nup to $8 million are now available \nfor some materials. In addition, \nother arms of government may \nprovide grants and other \ninvestment assistance. \nAlthough grants can have some \ncompetitive elements, they are essentially \na negotiation between government and \nindustry. In negotiations, a well-informed \nsupplier will often benefit over a less-\ninformed buyer. Firms and organisations \nknow their costs of production and \nGovernments often do not. The Victorian Government and \nresponsible agencies should review \nthe effectiveness of existing funding \nmechanisms such as grants, tenders and \ncollaborative procurement and trial the \nuse of auctions to secure reprocessing \ninfrastructure capacity, as identified in \nRecommendation 1, in the following way:\n\\ A field pilot to test implementation \nand cost-effectiveness of auctions. \n\\ Separate auctions for each waste \nprocessing class because the cost \nof additional waste processing will \nvary for different types of waste \n(i.e. glass, plastics etc.). \n\\ An auction in which bidders submit \nbids as in a tender. However, rather \nthan submitting one proposal, each \nbidder would be allowed to submit a \nbid schedule to indicate the quantity \nof additional waste processing effort \nthey would offer over a range of prices. \n\\ An assessment of the effectiveness \nof the field pilot compared to other \nfunding approaches.Review funding mechanisms \nto increase infrastructure \ncapacity and capabilityRecommendation 04\nContext Recommendation\n22\nAdvice on recycling and resource recovery Infrastructure Victoria22", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 21}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Key findings\n\\ Grants may not always lead to the \nbest outcomes or value for money for \ngovernment. In recent years, resource \nrecovery grants have been capped at \na maximum of $500,000 which may \nnot be enough to achieve significant \nincreases in resource recovery and \nrecycling rates.\n\\ There is significant potential to increase \nthe coordination across government of \nvarious investment initiatives to improve \nresource recovery.\n\\ Auctions can reveal information needed \nto efficiently allocate resources by \nharnessing competition between \ncompetitors as a means of identifying \nwho wins and at what price. Well-\ndesigned auctions have been shown to \nachieve a given outcome at lower price \ncompared with a grant mechanism. \n\\ Auctions are an alternative approach \nused successfully in Victoria to achieve \ngovernment objectives related to \ninfrastructure and efficiently allocate \nresources, including for the allocation \nof aquaculture sites in Victoria and \nto allocate mobile phone spectrum. \\ The Victorian Government (and other \ngovernments throughout Australia and \naround the world) already use a range \nof other financial support approaches \nto deliver policy outcomes, such as \nrebates, subsidies and low-interest \nloans which could also be applied \nto resource recovery.\n\\ An auction creates a competitive \nenvironment in which the supply \nschedule is expanded by asking \nbidders to nominate the amount \nof additional effort they would be \nwilling to supply at different prices. \nCompetition forces bidders to seek \ncompensation only for the difference \nbetween the cost of supplying \nadditional effort and returns for selling \nthe waste material processed.5\n5 Centre for Market Design (2019) Opportunities to improve infrastructure \ninvestment in the Victorian waste economy, report for Infrastructure Victoria\n23\nInfrastructure Victoria Recommendation 04\n23", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 22}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Overall, people are willing \nto change the way they sort \ntheir waste. Our community \nresearch shows that nearly 90% \nof Victorians are open to it. \nThe Victorian Government should harness \nthis willingness and partner with local \ngovernment and industry to make it easier \nfor households to minimise and better \nsort their waste. Greater separation of \nwaste in homes and businesses can \nreduce contamination and improve the \nquality of recycling. Promoting behaviour \nchange is critical to achieving this. The Victorian Government should \nensure its investment in household \nand business behaviour change \nprograms is consistent and ongoing. \nThe key objectives of the Recycling \nVictoria policy\u2019s behaviour change \nprograms should include:\n\\ waste minimisation\n\\ contamination reduction\n\\ buying more recycled, reusable, and \nrecyclable or compostable products.\nAt a minimum, a behaviour change \nprogram should be designed using \nthe following principles:\n\\ Centrally managed and funded.\n\\ Consistent messaging across Victoria, \nwith nuance for local areas as needed. \n\\ Persistent and ongoing, evolving as \nperformance improves.\n\\ Tailored to meet the needs of specific \naudiences e.g. culturally and linguistically \ndistinct or diverse communities, residents \nof multi-unit developments, hospitality \nbusinesses etc.\\ Considers the role of both positive \nand punitive incentives and other \ninterventions over the medium to \nlong term. \n\\ Prioritises specific actions and solutions \nfor households that build on existing \ngood intentions and understanding.\n\\ Monitored and evaluated.\n\\ Integrated with relevant initiatives \nlike the APCO targets and Australasian \nRecycling Label. \n\\ Draws from consumer behaviour \nresearch.\n\\ Supported by easy-to-use source-\nseparation infrastructure at the point \nof disposal (see Recommendation 6). Provide ongoing statewide \nand locally tailored behaviour \nchange programsRecommendation 05\nContext Recommendation\n24\nAdvice on recycling and resource recovery Infrastructure Victoria24", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 23}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Key findings\n\\ Victorians already understand \nthe need to recycle, so behaviour \nchange efforts should harness the \nenthusiasm and goodwill of the \ncommunity to do even better. \nWe surveyed 1,000 Victorians \nto understand their attitudes and \nperceptions about how they sort \ntheir waste at home, and their \nwillingness to change their behaviour. \nWe found that most Victorians feel \nit is important to reduce landfill \nwaste (93%), and they consistently \nrecycle when provided with a \nkerbside recycling bin (85%). \n\\ There is significant room for \nimprovement in individual recycling \npractices. We looked at why this is \nand discussed what the community \nwould like to see and hear to help \nthem recycle more effectively. Key \npoints include simplicity (separate \nbins for different materials), \nconsistency and a strong \nunderstanding of the benefits.6 \\ There is limited coordination \nand sharing of materials between \nSustainability Victoria, the Metropolitan \nWaste and Resource Recovery Group \nand local governments, which all \nprovide waste education.7 We have \nheard from industry stakeholders \nthat there is also limited information \nsharing between industry and \ngovernment.\n\\ Waste education in Victoria does not \noften prioritise waste avoidance but \nusually focuses on what to do with \nwaste after it is generated. Avoidance \neducation is generally only provided \nin short bursts and under-funded \nrelative to other government \ncampaigns, limiting its reach, impact \nand ability to effectively change \nbehaviour.8 \n\\ Behaviour change programs will \nbe most effective in changing \nrecycling outcomes where correct \nrecycling is already as simple, easy and consistent as possible. \nEliminating or reducing barriers to \nbetter recycling behaviour is key \nto behaviour change. Programs \nneed to be supported by a more \nconsistent approach across Victoria.\n\\ Examples of successful programs \ninclude the TAC Towards Zero and \nthe Target 155 campaigns. Both \nhave a long-term focus, consistent \nmessaging and ongoing funding. \nWhile it is difficult to determine the \ncontribution of the Towards Zero \ncampaign to changes in Victoria\u2019s \nroad toll as opposed to changes \nin technology, the number of lives \nlost on Victorian roads has declined \nsignificantly since the campaign \nbegan, even as the number of drivers \non Victorian roads has increased. \n6 Quantum Market Research (2019) Kerbside Collection Deep \nDive, report for Infrastructure Victoria7 Victorian Auditor-General\u2019s Office (2019) Recovering and \nReprocessing Resources from Waste8 ibid.\n25\nInfrastructure Victoria Recommendation 05\n25", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 24}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Contamination occurs when an \nitem is disposed of in the wrong \nbin. Contamination reduces the \nvalue of recyclable materials \nbecause either additional sorting \nis needed to remove unwanted \nmaterials, which can be costly, \nor the processor needs to dispose \nof these materials to landfill, \nwhich is also costly. \nThis lowers the market value of materials \nwhich lowers the incentive to invest in \nreprocessing and recycling infrastructure. \nIn some cases, these costs make recycling \nmore expensive than using virgin materials. \nAn important element in reducing \ncontamination is improving source \nseparation and consistency in the way \nwaste is collected \u2013 particularly for \nhousehold waste. Not all councils accept \nthe same materials in recycling collections, \ndue to differences in what processors \nwill accept. At the same time, bin lids \ndiffer in colour and meaning across \nlocal government areas. \nThese differences can lead to confusion \nfor households and contamination of \nmaterial streams, and create a barrier \nto efficiently and effectively educating \nthe community on what they can recycle. To reduce contamination of \nmaterials streams, Infrastructure \nVictoria recommends that the \nVictorian Government:\n\\ Require and support all local \ngovernments to standardise bins \nfor household collections, consistent \nwith the Government\u2019s commitment \nin the Recycling Victoria policy to \nstandardise bins and kerbside services.\n\\ Advocate for and support the review \nof the Australian Standard for mobile \nwaste containers AS4123.7. \n\\ Establish a minimum service standard \nfor local government waste services \nto promote greater consistency \nin collections across Victoria.\n\\ Promote greater source separation \nof MSW by encouraging and supporting \nthe rollout of separate kerbside bins \nfor glass, or paper and cardboard. \n\\ Drive greater consistency in the materials \ncollected within each service (e.g. FOGO \nand commingled) across Victoria.\n\\ Evaluate existing models to design \nthe best Container Deposit Scheme \nfor Victoria. Reduce contamination \nin material streamsRecommendation 06\nContext Recommendation\n26\nInfrastructure Victoria Advice on recycling and resource recovery\n26", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 25}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Key findings\n\\ Infrastructure Victoria\u2019s community \npolling suggests that 25% of all \nrespondents who have commingled \nkerbside collection are unsure of \nwhich bin things should go in.9\n\\ Countries that have high rates of \nresource recovery from MSW tend \nto have a more consistent approach \nto sorting and collection. Currently, \napproaches differ across Victoria\u2019s \n79 local councils.\n\\ Standardising bins is estimated to \ncost between $22-$60 per household \ndepending on whether the entire bin \nis replaced, or just the lid.\n\\ A consistent approach to collections \nis estimated to cost between \n$35-$60 per household for an \nadditional bin and $3 per collection.\n\\ In 2017/18, contamination rates in \nVictorian MSW ranged from 3% \nto 27%, with an average of 10.4% \nacross all local government areas10 \ndepending on the effort put into \neducation and enforcement \nalong with the socio-economic \ncharacteristics of the area. \\ There is limited detailed data on \ncontamination rates in the C&I \nsector in Victoria making it difficult \nto develop specific responses for \nthis sector.\n\\ Container Deposit Schemes are \nin place across Australia. Results \nin each state or country vary \ndepending on the exact model \nused. Our consultation indicates \nthat Queensland (active scheme) \nand Western Australia (scheme \nin design phase) are leading \nexamples to investigate further.\n\\ One of the key benefits of CDS is \nthat they can reduce contamination. \nCleaner materials streams can \nincrease the potential for their re-use. \n\\ The introduction of a CDS was \ncommonly identified by stakeholders \nwho provided feedback on our \nEvidence Base Report as an initiative \nthat could improve Victoria\u2019s waste \nand resource recovery system.\n\\ 92% of people we polled favoured \nthe introduction of a CDS. \\ The Victorian Parliamentary Budget \nOffice (PBO) costed a CDS for the \nVictorian Parliamentary Inquiry into \nrecycling and waste management \nand found that a CDS would deliver \na financial benefit to Victoria of \n$244.5 million from 2019-20 to \n2022-23. This reflects an increase \nin government revenue of $253.5 \nmillion due to uncollected deposits \nfrom containers not being returned, \npartially offset by an increase in \noperating expenses of $9.0 million \nto manage the scheme. \n\\ Commingling of glass with paper \n and cardboard leads to lower \nrecyclability of these materials \nfrom household collections. This \nis because the glass gets broken \nand becomes embedded in the \npaper and cardboard. Separating \nthese materials is therefore key to \nimproved recycling. Depending on \nthe proximity of paper or glass \nreprocessing, it may be more \nappropriate to prioritise one or \nthe other in some regional areas.\n9 Quantum Market Research (2019) Waste Advice Research, \nreport for Infrastructure Victoria10 Sustainability Victoria (2019) Victorian Local Government \nAnnual Waste Services Report 2017-18An important element in reducing contamination is \nimproving source separation and consistency in the \nway waste is collected.\n27\nInfrastructure Victoria Recommendation 06\n27", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 26}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "In line with the waste hierarchy, \nwaste minimisation or avoidance \nis the best way to manage waste. \nMinimising waste will not only ease \npressure on Victoria\u2019s recycling and \nresource recovery infrastructure, it \nwill also reduce pressure on Victoria\u2019s \nfinite natural resources and reduce the \nenvironmental and human health impacts \nof waste, such as polluted waterways. \nWaste minimisation is also one of the key \nobjectives of the Recycling Victoria policy.The Victorian Government should:\n\\ Provide support and funding to household \nfood waste minimisation initiatives (such \nas Sustainability Victoria\u2019s Love Food, Hate \nWaste), to target avoidable MSW food \nwaste which currently accounts for \na third of Victoria\u2019s household garbage \nstream by weight. Ensure that the \nstatewide municipal recycling behaviour \nchange campaign emphasises the \nimportance of waste avoidance \n(see Recommendation 5).\n\\ Consider levies or bans on specific \nmaterials that are difficult to recycle \nor contribute to environmental problems, \nif viable alternatives exist.\n\\ Work with the Australian Government \nand industry to evaluate EU regulations \nunderlying the Waste, Electrical and \nElectronic Equipment Directive (WEEE) \nfor potential adoption. These regulations \ninclude longer warranties for the products, \nrequiring spare parts to be guaranteed, \nand mandating manufacturer repair to \nsupport the development of repair culture.Introduce waste \nminimisation initiativesRecommendation 07\nContext Recommendation\nMinimising waste will not only \nease pressure on Victoria\u2019s \nrecycling and resource \nrecovery infrastructure, it \nwill also reduce pressure \non Victoria\u2019s finite natural \nresources and reduce the \nenvironmental and human \nhealth impacts of waste.\n28\nInfrastructure Victoria Advice on recycling and resource recovery\n28", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 27}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Key findings\n\\ The amount of waste we generate \nhas been growing. This is due partly \nto population growth and partly to \nchanges in our economy and society, \nsuch as increased consumption \nand packaging.\n\\ The most cost-effective way to manage \nwaste is to create less in the first place. \nThe waste hierarchy calls for waste \navoidance and minimisation, including \nbetter product and packaging design, \nand reusing or repairing products and \nitems. Avoiding and reducing waste \nwill reduce pollution, greenhouse gas \nemissions, and the pressure on our \nwaste management infrastructure.\n\\ Reducing waste reduces sorting \ncosts and contamination.\n\\ Levies or bans on single-use plastic \nstraws and cutlery, along with non-\nrecyclable coffee cups may help \ncombat Victoria\u2019s litter problem and \npromote behavioural change. That \nsaid, poorly designed levies or bans \non some materials, such as single- \nuse plastics can lead to unintended \nconsequences. Some industries rely \non single-use plastics for medical \nor research purposes. \\ Food waste accounts for a third \nof Victoria\u2019s MSW garbage stream \nby weight. Nearly two-thirds of this \nis avoidable food waste (such as \nbakery items, meals, dairy, eggs, \nfresh vegetables and fresh fruit). \nVictorians estimate that they waste \naround $39 worth of food and drink \na week \u2013 $2000 a year. Across \nVictoria, this adds up to about $4 \nbillion a year.\n\\ E-waste \u2013 end-of-life electronic \nproducts with a plug or battery \u2013 \nis a fast-growing waste stream. E-waste \nis a complex mixture of materials and \ncomponents that, because of their \nhazardous content, can cause major \nenvironmental and health problems if \nnot properly managed. While there are \nalready Australian product stewardship \nschemes for televisions, computers \nand mobile phones, many electronic \nproducts do not have such \narrangements. An EU directive created \ncollection schemes where consumers \nreturn their e-waste free of charge. \nThese schemes aim to increase \ne-waste recycling and/or re-use. Most \nelectronics brands with an Australian \npresence are also operating in the EU \nand therefore are required to comply \nwith these requirements in Europe.\n29\nInfrastructure Victoria Recommendation 07\n29", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 28}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Over the last decade, there has \nbeen a significant focus in Victoria \non establishing infrastructure \nto collect, sort and, to an extent, \nreprocess recovered resources. \nHowever, this supply of recyclable \nmaterials has not always been \nmatched by significant, ongoing \ndemand for recycled products. \nWith the lack of demand, stockpiling \nhas occurred, the commercial viability \nof some operators has been challenged, \nwaste sector operators have at times failed \nto comply with regulatory requirements, \nand there have been multiple waste material \nfires throughout Victoria.\nTo address this supply and demand \nimbalance, further market development \nis required to identify opportunities that \ncan use significant and reliable volumes \nof recycled materials. The Victorian \nGovernment has indicated in Recycling \nVictoria \u2013 a new economy that it will play \na significant role here. Infrastructure Victoria recommends the Victorian Government use multiple \napproaches to develop end markets for recycled materials. The actions identified \nhere should be applied first to priority materials: glass, organics, plastics, paper \nand card, e-waste and tyres.\n\\ Support research and development \nin the use of recycled materials and \nproducts and conduct targeted research \nand demonstration activities for each \npriority material. This will overcome \nproduct-specific market challenges, \nsuch as the application of organic \nmaterials to land and the use of \nrecycled plastic in packaging.\n\\ Build on research, development \nand demonstration working groups \nwith representatives from government, \nthe recycling industry, end market \nindustries and researchers to accelerate \nthe use of recycled materials.\n\\ Build on recent efforts to update \nstandards and specifications more \nquickly to enable greater use of recycled \nmaterials and products in Victoria. \n\\ Transition to performance-based \nspecifications in Victoria to ensure \nrecycled materials are fit-for-purpose, \nparticularly for use in construction and \nagriculture. This would prescribe the \ndesired outcomes, allowing industry \nto decide which materials (including \nrecycled products) it will use to comply. \\ Develop and provide recycled product \ninformation and guidance to increase \nconfidence in the use of recycled \nproducts, such as the use of recovered \norganics in agriculture or plastics in \npackaging manufacturing. This may \ninclude approaches such as eco-labelling, \nenvironmental product declarations, \nstandards, product specifications and \nsafety data sheets.\n\\ Update the Sustainable Procurement \nObjectives in the Victorian Government\u2019s \nSocial Procurement Framework to include \nmore explicit requirements about the use \nof recycled content. Prioritise sustainable \noutcomes in evaluating procurement \nproposals. The Victorian Government\u2019s \nrecently announced \u2018Recycled First\u2019 \nprogram for major construction projects \nis an example.\n\\ Collaborate with the Australian \nGovernment to investigate the \ncosts and benefits of taxes, levies \nand other incentives to increase \nthe competitiveness of recycled \nmaterials relative to virgin materials.Remove barriers and strengthen \nmarkets for priority materialsRecommendation 08\nContext Recommendation\n30\nAdvice on recycling and resource recovery Infrastructure Victoria\n30", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 29}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Key findings\n\\ Research and development with \nindustry has been effective in the roads \nand rail sectors, with the approval \nof several Victorian specifications \npermitting the use of recycled \nmaterials. This approach could be \napplied to plastics manufacturing, \npackaging, agriculture, and paper and \ncardboard manufacturing.\n\\ Performance-based specifications \nare less prescriptive when it comes \nto how materials are made, and \nthe processing required to meet \ninfrastructure performance criteria \nand encourage innovation.\n\\ Where the Victorian Government \nis not responsible for authorising \nstandards and specifications, it can \nplay a key role by resourcing and \nfacilitating working groups to increase \nthe use of recycled materials across \na range of industry sectors.\n\\ Recycled materials have sometimes \nbeen seen as lower quality than virgin \nmaterials. Research and development \nactivities are crucial to identifying the potential of recycled materials \nas either direct substitutes for virgin \nmaterials or where there are new \nuses and benefits associated with \nusing them. \n\\ The Government supports research \nand development through funding \nfacilitated by Sustainability Victoria. \nThis can be scaled up and down, \nbut an increase will be required to \nmove forward on all priority materials.\n\\ The UK Government recently \nimplemented a tax on the production \nand import of non-recyclable plastic \npackaging from 2022. The tax was \na response to high levels of plastic \npackaging waste, which predominantly \ncame from new plastics.11 It is difficult \nfor the Victorian Government to \nimpose a similar tax as Victoria is \njust one part of a larger market and \nproducts can flow across state \nborders relatively easily. \n11 AlphaBeta (2019) Recycling and resource recovery infrastructure in Victoria: International and Australian comparisons, \nreport for Infrastructure Victoria31\nInfrastructure VictoriaRecommendation 08\n31", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 30}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "In many instances, producers of \ngoods and services do not face the \ncost of waste created by packaging \nor the end-of-life fates of products. \nBy not considering these costs, producers \nmay over-invest in packaging to attract \nbuyers\u2019 attention or manufacture goods \nthat cannot be easily repaired. Further, \nconsumers do not face all the costs of \ntheir consumption, or their sorting and \ndisposal choices. To provide an incentive for consumers and producers to consider the cost \nof disposing of or recycling materials, the Victorian Government should:\n\\ Work with the Australian Government \nto update the Product Stewardship \nAct 2011 Product List, which has not \nbeen updated since 2017-18.\n\\ Collaborate with the Australian \nGovernment and the electronics \nindustry to increase the scope of \ne-waste product stewardship covering \na wider range of e-waste types, where \njustified based on the material value \nand environmental risks they present.\\ Work with the Australian Government \nand industry groups to further develop \nproduct stewardship schemes under \nthe Product Stewardship Act 2011, \nassessing the merits of voluntary, \nco-regulatory or mandatory schemes.\n\\ Work with the Australian Government \nand industry groups to consider the \nkey elements of successful international \nproduct stewardship schemes and \ntheir suitability in Australia. Key \nelements include:\n\u2013 levies and deposit refunds\n\u2013 take-back requirements\n\u2013 advance disposal or recycling fees\n\u2013 product labelling requirements\n\u2013 product design and repair requirements\n\u2013 recycled content targets\n\u2013 resource recovery rate targets.\n\\ Work with the Australian Government \nto fast-track and prioritise the \ndevelopment of a national product \nstewardship approach for photovoltaic \nsystems in the short-term. \n\\ Work with the Battery Stewardship \nCouncil to include electric vehicle \nbatteries, addressing the risks set out \nwin Infrastructure Victoria\u2019s Advice on \nAutomated and Zero Emissions Vehicles \nInfrastructure (Recommendation 15).Ensure that producers and consumers \ninvolved in making and using products \nshare the responsibility for their fate Recommendation 09\nContext Recommendation\n32\nAdvice on recycling and resource recovery Infrastructure Victoria\n32", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 31}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Key findings\n\\ Product stewardship (PS) and \nextended producer responsibility \n(EPR) measures can facilitate the \nshared responsibility of manufacturers, \nretailers and consumers for the impact \nof products on the environment, public \nsafety and human health. They aim \nto ensure that everyone involved in \nthe creation and use of a product \nshares the burden of what happens \nto it at the end of its useful life.\n\\ Consumers and producers are not \nexposed to the full cost of the waste \nthey generate. This is a \u2018negative \nexternality\u2019 that can be addressed \nthrough EPR or PS.\n\\ The most successful international \nexamples of PS are underpinned by \nmandatory approaches.12 There are \ncurrently no mandatory Australian \nschemes.\\ Multiple stakeholders raised the need \nfor mandatory PS for \u2018difficult to \nrecycle materials\u2019, such as packaging \nmade from multiple materials.\n\\ The Product Stewardship Act 2011 \nis administered by the Australian \nGovernment to provide a framework \nfor reducing the environmental and \nother impacts of products. It is \ncurrently only applied to a limited \nnumber of products. Of the several \nvoluntary schemes, participation \nand effectiveness vary widely.\n12 AlphaBeta (2019) Recycling and resource recovery infrastructure in Victoria: International and Australian comparisons, \nreport for Infrastructure Victoria\n33\nInfrastructure VictoriaRecommendation 09\n33", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 32}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "There is confusion about the \nresponsibilities of different \ngovernment bodies involved \nin the waste and resource recovery \nsector. This is well documented \nby the Victorian Auditor-General\u2019s \nOffice and was raised with us \nby stakeholders. \nVAGO found that the lack of an overarching \nwaste policy and gaps in statewide \nguidance resulted in ad hoc and reactive \nresponses from agencies instead of \nstrategic responses, and an inability to \nplan for sufficient infrastructure. \nIn November 2019, the Victorian \nParliament\u2019s Environment and Planning \nCommittee Inquiry into Recycling and \nWaste Management also recommended \na review of governance arrangements \nto ensure clear roles, responsibilities and \naccountabilities for various organisations. \nInfrastructure Victoria supports this \nrecommendation. \nThe Victorian Government has indicated \nin the Recycling Victoria policy that it \nwill create a new body, which will provide \nan opportunity to clarify roles and \nresponsibilities.Infrastructure Victoria recommends \nthat the Victorian Government:\n\\ Eliminate overlap in roles and \nresponsibilities of the Department of \nEnvironment, Land, Water and Planning \n(DELWP), Sustainability Victoria (SV) \nand the Waste and Resource Recovery \nGroups (WRRGs). For waste, key areas \nto distinctly allocate are policy, strategy, \nbehaviour change, waste collection, waste \nprocessing, infrastructure planning and \ncontingency planning. \n\\ Specify the waste management \nservices roles and responsibilities \nof local governments in legislation.\n\\ The roles and responsibilities of local \ngovernment should include minimum \nservice standards, implemented through \nsubordinate instruments. Minimum service \nstandards could include bin lid colours \nand the specific materials accepted. \n\\ Provide financial support for local \ngovernments to transition to minimum \nstandards, where necessary.\n\\ Consider changes to the way waste \nand material processing services are \nprocured to address market power \nimbalances between local governments \nand service providers. This could include \nmandating participation in collective \nprocurement processes or having these \nprocesses handled by a statewide \nor regional authority.Provide greater clarity of roles \nand responsibilities for Victorian \nGovernment bodies involved in \nrecycling and resource recoveryRecommendation 10\nContext Recommendation\n34\nInfrastructure Victoria Advice on recycling and resource recovery\n34", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 33}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Key findings\n\\ Clarity in roles and responsibilities is \ncritical for effective and coordinated \nplanning and implementation of \nthe state\u2019s waste programs and \nactivities. Greater clarity can improve \ntransparency, making it easier \nto monitor performance and \ntrack progress.13\n\\ DELWP , SV and the metropolitan \nWRRG are not clearly or publicly \nreporting on the progress of \nindividual actions, overall objectives \nand outcomes of their strategies \nin a way that enables industry and \ncommunity to track their progress. \n\\ Differences in service provision \nbetween local government areas \nlimits the ability to have consistent \nstatewide education14 and can create \nconfusion for households, leading to \ncontamination of material streams.\\ Local governments play a crucial \nrole in the waste and resource \nrecovery sector, particularly in waste \ncollection. However, their collection \nroles and responsibilities are not \nenshrined in legislation.15 Defining \nthese roles and responsibilities in \nlegislation is an opportunity to set \nminimum standards for waste \ncollection. \n\\ The market for MSW recovery \nand reprocessing services in Victoria \nis dominated by a few large players. \nVictoria\u2019s approach to procuring \ncollection and recovery services \nhas, in part, contributed to this \nproblem by creating consolidation \nin the market as businesses bid \nfor larger and larger numbers of \ncouncil contracts to achieve \neconomies of scale. \\ Local governments, individually, \nare at a disadvantage when \nnegotiating waste processing \nservices.\n\\ Improved governance arrangements, \nsuch as mandatory collective \nprocurement or the creation \nof a suitable authority, have the \npotential to counterbalance growing \nmarket power issues in Victoria\u2019s \nwaste sector.\n\\ In the face of recent major \ndisruptions to the sector, responsible \nagencies worked together to \nminimise the amount of recyclable \nmaterials that went to landfill. \nHaving a clear lead agency and \ndecision-making powers for this \nwork would have streamlined \nprocesses.\n13 Victorian Auditor General\u2019s Office (2019) Recovering and \nReprocessing Resources from Waste14 ibid. 15 Infrastructure Victoria (2019) Legislative and \nregulatory reviewLocal governments play a crucial role in \nthe waste and resource recovery sector, \nparticularly in waste collection. \n35\nInfrastructure Victoria Recommendation 10\n35", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 34}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "The Victorian Government\u2019s \nplanning and policy decisions \nneed to be informed by reliable \ndata on recycling and resource \nrecovery. Gaps in data create \nissues for policy and strategy \nimplementation, particularly \nin monitoring progress \ntowards targets (refer to \nRecommendation 12). \nThe responsibility for data collection is \ncurrently shared by SV, the EPA, local \ngovernments and the WRRGs. SV has \nresponsibility for coordinating reporting \nof this data. There is significant scope \nto improve the quality and coverage \nof data currently published by SV. \nIn Recycling Victoria: A new economy, \nthe Victorian Government has committed \nto modernising Victoria\u2019s waste data. Data \non the state of Victoria\u2019s recycling sector \nreports 69% of materials are currently \nrecovered for recycling. However, this \ndata does not include information on \nwhether the recovered material is recycled, \nillegally dumped or has some other fate. The Victorian Government can implement \nits commitment to modernising Victoria\u2019s \nwaste data by:\n\\ Introducing new data reporting \nrequirements in regulatory and \ncontractual conditions for recycling \nand resource recovery operators. \n\\ Providing clearer guidance to local \ngovernments and recycling and resource \nrecovery operators on how to report \ndata in a standardised, consistent way. \n\\ Introducing new controls and quality \nassurance to verify and validate data. \n\\ Implementing enhanced data analysis \nto evaluate the data gathered through \nthe above recommendations. This \nshould include monitoring for perverse \noutcomes, identifying risks to performance \n(by sector and material) and identifying \nopportunities to realise circular economy \noutcomes (e.g. where waste from one \nbusiness can be used for production \nin another business). \n\\ Regularly reporting performance data \nto improve transparency in the sector.\n\\ Ensuring Victorian data quality \nstandards align with other Australian \njurisdictions.Improve the quality \nand use of data to support \nresource recoveryRecommendation 11\nContext Recommendation\n36\nAdvice on recycling and resource recovery Infrastructure Victoria36", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 35}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Key findings\n\\ Introducing new data reporting \nrequirements and providing guidance \non how to report data would \nimprove the coverage and quality \nof information on the fate of \nrecovered materials and help \novercome issues with data quality.\n\\ A 2011 report by VAGO on \nMSW management found that \ndeficiencies in data quality had \nreduced the reliability of performance \ndata, and that complete, timely, \naccurate data is necessary to \neffectively report on performance.16 \n\\ Data is often collected through \nvoluntary surveys of local \ngovernments and waste recovery \nand reprocessing operators, so \nis incomplete and not necessarily \naccurate.\n\\ There is scope to impose \ndata requirements on operating \nlicenses within the waste and \nresource recovery sector through \namendments to the Environment \nProtection Act 1970. Licencing \nconditions should require regular, \nperiodic reporting of material \nflows data at all resource \nrecovery facilities.17 \\ There is scope to improve data \nprovision and reporting in waste \nprocessing contracts. This can \nsupport improved outcomes for \nmaterials as well as contingency \nplanning for sector disruption.\n\\ Data reporting and governance \nrequirements should be specified \nwhere legislation is used to define \nthe scope of different government \nentities, including local \ngovernments.18 \n\\ Timely data publishing can improve \ntransparency and accountability \naround the performance of the sector \nand inform education and behaviour \nchange campaigns. It can also assist \nto predict disruption to or emerging \ngaps in the system. Victoria\u2019s \n2017-18 data was published in \nSeptember 2019.\n\\ Data governance and system \nimprovements should meet \nthe following objectives:\n\u2013 establish a framework for \nmonitoring progress towards \nthe circular economy, including \nthe identification of indicators \nand metrics\u2013 introduce a new waste and \nresource recovery data system to \nenable better waste management \nand circular economy monitoring\n\u2013 expand waste and recycling \nmarket intelligence reporting\n\u2013 improve the usefulness and \naccessibility of Victorian waste \ndata to local governments, \nindustry and the community.\n\\ Clear governance for a data \nimprovement program is required \nfor efficient delivery. Costs are \nuncertain but may be in the \nrange of $20 million over three \nto five years.\n16 Victorian Auditor General\u2019s Report, Municipal Solid \nWaste Management17 AlphaBeta (2019) Recycling and resource recovery \ninfrastructure in Victoria: International and Australian \ncomparisons, report for Infrastructure Victoria 18 Refer to Recommendation 10 which recommends \ntheir role should be defined in legislation\n 37\nInfrastructure Victoria Recommendation 11\n37", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 36}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "In the high-performing \ninternational and Australian \njurisdictions we examined, \nclear long-term vision and \nambitious quantitative targets \nwere common. \nThese included overall system performance \nas well as waste reduction. In some \njurisdictions, targets were statutory with \nnon-compliance penalties. To be effective, \ntargets require rigorous data collection (see \nRecommendation 11) as well as necessary \nfunding and detailed sector planning. We \nsupport the targets that have been formally \nadopted in the Victorian Government\u2019s \ncircular economy policy \u2013 Recycling Victoria: \nA new economy.To leverage the adopted targets, \nInfrastructure Victoria recommends:\n\\ In the longer-term, investigate more \nambitious and complex targets (e.g. \nbased on carbon emission reduction) \nand penalties for non-compliance.\n\\ Consider the use of existing legislative \nand regulatory tools to improve \nperformance in specific areas such as:\n\u2013 The application of planning and \nbuilding permit conditions to establish \nperformance standards for waste \nreduction and resource recovery \nduring both construction and \nongoing operations. \n\u2013 The application of food business \nlicence conditions to establish \nperformance standards for food \nwaste reduction and organics recovery.\n\u2013 The application of EPA operating \nlicence conditions to establish \nperformance standards in the \nindustrial sector.Use targets to \ndrive performanceRecommendation 12\nContext Recommendation\n38\nAdvice on recycling and resource recovery Infrastructure Victoria38", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 37}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Key findings\n\\ Our analysis of places around the \nworld with high-performing recycling \nand resource recovery sectors shows \nthat they have taken a long-term \napproach to targets, revisiting and \nincreasing these as performance \nimproves.19\n\\ In other countries, targets are also \nprogressing from simple weight \nor volume-based targets to more \nsophisticated carbon emission \nreduction or material-specific targets. \nThese address perverse outcomes \nand focus effort where the greatest \nenvironmental outcomes can \nbe achieved.\n\\ Legislative and regulatory tools \noutlined above could be used \nto implement the Government\u2019s \nproposed new requirement for \nbusiness to sort commonly \nrecyclable materials and organic \nwastes from unrecoverable wastes.\\ Waste management services for \nmulti-unit developments are not fully \nintegrated with the MSW system. \nIn many cases, waste management \nservices are provided directly by \ncommercial operators on behalf of the \nbody corporate, rather than by local \ngovernments. Sustainability Victoria has \ndeveloped the Guide to Better Practice \nfor Waste Management and Recycling \nin Multi-unit Developments to improve \nwaste management practices \nand increase recycling in multi-unit \ndevelopments. This guidance has \nnow been incorporated into the \nVictorian Planning Provisions.\n\\ In the City of Melbourne, there are \nhigh concentrations of high-rise \nresidential buildings, restaurants \nand cafes. City of Melbourne residents \nrecycle only 25% of their waste, \nwhich is low compared to the \nVictorian average of 45%.20 This \nreflects the higher barriers and \nlower rates of recycling in multi- \nunit developments generally.21 22\n19 AlphaBeta (2019) Recycling and resource recovery infrastructure \nin Victoria: International and Australian comparisons, report for \nInfrastructure Victoria\n20 City of Melbourne (2019) Waste and Resource \nRecovery Strategy 203021 Quantum Market Research (2019) Kerbside Collection \nDeep Dive, report for Infrastructure Victoria\n22 Quantum Market Research (2019) Waste Advice Research, \nreport for Infrastructure Victoria\n 39\nInfrastructure Victoria Recommendation 12\n39", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 38}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "The Victorian Recycling \nInfrastructure Plan (VRIP), \nformerly known as the Statewide \nWaste and Resource Recovery \nInfrastructure Plan (SWRRIP) \nhas provided a long-term vision \nand roadmap to guide planning \nfor waste and resource recovery \ninfrastructure across the state. \nHowever, the private sector primarily \nprovides waste management, resource \nrecovery and recycling infrastructure, \nwith limited matching of strategic \nconsiderations (like waste generation \ntrends, land use planning or minimisation \nof costs to households and businesses) \nto the type and location of infrastructure. \nThe objectives of the Plan are therefore \ndifficult to realise. The Victorian Government should use existing planning mechanisms to improve \nrecycling and resource recovery performance by:\n\\ Strengthening the status of the \nVRIP to ensure cohesion of waste \nmanagement and planning decisions \nacross multiple levels of government. \nFurther amendment of the Victorian \nPlanning Provisions could achieve this.\n\\ Proactively encouraging the appropriate \nlocation of waste and resource recovery \noperations. \n\\ Establishing and strengthening \nstandardised land use buffers around \nwaste management sites, considering \nthe implications of local government \narea boundaries. This would provide \ngreater certainty to the market in \ndeveloping these sites.\\ Developing and maintaining spatial \ndata on waste generation and flows, \nas well as resource recovery and \nreprocessing infrastructure capacity \nand capability.\n\\ Facilitating the appropriate location \nof waste and resource recovery through \nthe formal development of an inter-\nagency working group of responsible \nVictorian resource recovery agencies, \neconomic development agencies, \nand local governments\n\\ Undertaking active and transparent \ncontingency planning to provide \ngreater network resilience.\n\\ Including provision for waste-to-energy \nand landfill capacity in the VRIP , to \noptimise the management of residual \nwaste in both business-as-usual (BAU) \nconditions and disruption.Strengthen the status of, and \nprocesses around, Victoria\u2019s \nRecycling Infrastructure PlanRecommendation 13:\nContext Recommendation\n40\nAdvice on recycling and resource recovery Infrastructure Victoria40", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 39}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Key findings\n\\ For resource recovery and \nreprocessing to be cost-effective \nand for recycled products to be \nattractive to markets on a price \nbasis, the location of particular \nindustries is important. If they \nare continually pushed further out \nof the metropolitan area as land \nvalue increases and sensitive uses \nencroach upon them, performance \nwill decrease due to a lack of \nsuitable facilities. We found \nmultiple instances where waste \nmanagement and reprocessing \nsites are at risk from the lack of \nalignment between waste planning \nand land use planning decisions. \nFor example, a major construction \nand demolition (C&D) recycler in \nthe south eastern suburbs is likely \nto lose their current site in the \nmedium term. With no other \nsuitable sites nearby, 100,000 \ntonnes of processing capacity \nmay be lost. \n\\ We have also heard from multiple \nstakeholders that government \nagencies often appeal land use planning decisions at VCAT based \non their presence in the SWRRIP . \nAlthough these cases are generally \nwon for the cause of waste \nmanagement, going to the tribunal \nis funded by taxpayers and causes \ndelay. The Metropolitan Waste \nand Resource Recovery Group \n(MWRRG) is working to identify \nand protect waste management \nhubs of state significance through \ncollaborative processes with local \ngovernment and other agencies. \nHowever, the current approach and \nresourcing limits the completion \nof the protection plans to two sites \n(or hubs) per year.\n\\ Currently there is limited \ncommunication and collaboration \nacross government levels and \nportfolios to facilitate strategic \ninvestment in the Victorian waste \nand resource recovery industry. \nFor the best outcomes, regulators \nneed to understand the compliance \nstatus of industry operators and \nnon-regulatory agencies. They also \nneed to understand the business operations of the waste sector \nindustry operators to ensure waste \nand resource recovery programs \nare aligned with market conditions. \nImproved coordination across \ngovernment could improve the \nsector. The interagency working \ngroup for the Combustible Waste \nRecyclable Materials (CWRM) \ntaskforce has been effective in \nbringing together responsible \nregulating agencies, aligning efforts \nand improving communication and \ncollaboration. This could serve \nas a model for future efforts.\n\\ Waste-to-energy and landfills \nwill likely both play a role in \nmanaging waste in the future. \nThe VRIP needs to reflect this point, \nwhile ensuring that Victoria does \nnot over-invest in capacity.\n\\ The VRIP\u2019s objectives need \nto integrate with a range of \ngovernment planning policies \nand plans, including land use \nplanning, economic development, \nand resources strategies.\n41\nInfrastructure VictoriaRecommendation 13", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 40}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Victoria\u2019s recycling resource recovery \nsystem is under pressure. \nSince 2015, the Victorian Government \nhas invested more than $135 million \nin supporting the recycling and resource \nrecovery sector in Victoria, to ensure \ncontinuity of service to Victorians \nand to minimise the likelihood of \notherwise recoverable material being \nsent to landfill.23 06.\nWhat \nwe found\n42\nAdvice on recycling and resource recovery Infrastructure VictoriaInfrastructure Victoria Advice on recycling and resource recovery\n42", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 41}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Some recyclable material is still being \nlandfilled and some Victorians have \nbecome sceptical about the fate of their \nrecycling. In developing our advice, we \npolled community members and found \nthat a quarter of Victorians we surveyed \nbelieve their recycling goes to landfill.24\nIn the past 18 months, Victoria has seen \nrecyclable material being sent to landfill \nafter a major materials recovery operator \nclosed. In Victoria, particularly metropolitan \nMelbourne, the recovery and processing \nsector is concentrated, so there is limited \ncompetition. Market concentration also \nmeans there is little incentive for operators \nto improve and limited redundancy in the \nsector. This leaves Victoria vulnerable to \ncommercial or global shifts. \nResponding to these challenges requires \na combination of short and long-term \ninitiatives. Victoria\u2019s recycling and resource \nrecovery sector needs to respond to the \nimmediate challenges facing the sector \nand deal with upcoming changes in national \npolicy. At the same time, all Victorians need \nto take a different approach to waste. \nLong-term, waste reduction and avoidance \nwill assist to ensure the circumstances \nof the past 18 months are not repeated.\n23 Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning \n(2020) Recycling Victoria: A new economy24 Quantum Market Research (2019) Waste Advice \nResearch, report for Infrastructure VictoriaChina National Sword Policy\nLike many countries around the world, \nVictoria has relied on international \nmarkets to accept some recovered \nmaterial. In 2016/17, a significant \namount of Victoria\u2019s waste exports \u2013 \nnearly all plastic exports and 75% of \npaper and card \u2013 went to China. The \nintroduction of the China National \nSword policy placed strict limits on \nthe level of contamination China \nwould accept in recovered materials.\nBefore China National Sword, many \nMaterial Recovery Facilities (MRFs) \nwere paying Victorian councils for \nrecyclables, which subsidised the \ncost of collecting Municipal Solid \nWaste (MSW). MRFs then sold these \nmaterials to China. After China \nNational Sword, the global price for \nmaterials, particularly paper, card and plastics, plummeted. Victorian \noperators scrambled to find new \nexport destinations for these \nmaterials. This was repeated \non a global scale, with developed \neconomies looking to redirect \ncollected recyclables to other \nwaste markets throughout Asia.\nChina National Sword shone a \nspotlight on the fact that a number of \nVictoria\u2019s major MRF operators were \noperating as recovery businesses, \nnot actual recyclers. Their practice \nof collecting and storing materials \nto take advantage of economies of \nscale for recovery led to stockpiles of \ncombustible materials. These posed \nsignificant fire risks to the Victorian \ncommunity as the market for \nthe materials dried up.Victoria\u2019s recycling and \nresource recovery sector \nneeds to respond to the \nimmediate challenges \nfacing the sector and \ndeal with upcoming \nchanges in national policy.\n43\nWhat we found Infrastructure Victoria", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 42}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Waste is a growing by-product of \nmodern life. A growing population \nand increasing consumption mean \nthe amount of waste is growing in \nline with our demand for products \nand services. Unless Victorians change \ntheir approach to waste, the need \nfor recycling and resource recovery \ninfrastructure will also continue to \ngrow to deal with ever-increasing \nquantities of material.\nRecycling, re-use and recovery all lead \nto positive outcomes and are better \nthan simply disposing of waste to landfill. \nThe waste hierarchy shows the best ways \nto deal with waste, avoidance being the \nmost preferable. Managing waste in line \nwith the waste hierarchy is legislated \nin Victoria through the Environment \nProtection Act 1970 (the EP Act). \nAvoidance is at the top of the waste \nhierarchy. Re-using, recycling, recovering \nenergy and disposing of waste all incur \neconomic and environmental costs. As \nthe scale of these tasks grows, so will \nthe costs. The most cost-effective way \nto manage waste is to create less in \nthe first place.\nA policy approach that prioritises \ntransitioning to a circular economy can \nsupport a long-term focus on avoidance, \nre-use and recycling. A circular economy \naims to reduce the environmental impacts \nof production and consumption, along with \nmore productive use of natural resources.25 Improved waste avoidance, recycling and \nresource recovery are key in a circular economy\nIn February 2020 the Victorian \nGovernment released Recycling \nVictoria: A new economy, which outlines \nits vision for how materials are used \nand managed, and provides long-term \ndirection for the sector. While investment in resource recovery \ninfrastructure is essential for the immediate \nand medium-term stability of the sector, \na circular economy could reduce the \nsignificant, growing pressure on the \nsector by reducing the material it needs \nto manage. Figure 2: Preferred waste outcomes\nDisposalContainmentTreatmentRecovery of energyRecyclingReuseAvoidanceMost preferable\nLeast preferable\n44\nAdvice on recycling and resource recovery Infrastructure VictoriaInfrastructure Victoria What we found", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 43}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "25 Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning \n(2019) A circular economy for Victoria \u2013 Creating more \nvalue and less waste\n26 Blue Environment (2019) Victorian waste flows \nprojections, report for Infrastructure Victoria Victoria\u2019s recycling and resource \nrecovery sector manages increasingly \nlarge amounts of waste from \nthree sectors:\n\\ Municipal Solid Waste (MSW). MSW is \nwaste managed by local governments. \nMost MSW comes from kerbside bin \ncollection services (predominantly from \nhouseholds, along with some small \nbusinesses). MSW tends to be separated \ninto three streams: garbage, commingled \nrecycling and food and garden organics. \nIn 2018, about 3 million tonnes of MSW \nwas generated in Victoria, which is \naround 21% of the total waste stream.26\n\\ Commercial and Industrial waste (C&I). \nC&I is waste generated by business \nand industry. About 4.8 million tonnes \nof C&I waste was estimated to be \ngenerated in Victoria in 2018, which is \naround 33% of the total waste stream.\n\\ Construction and Demolition Waste \n(C&D). C&D waste comes from \nconstruction and demolition and can be \ncollected as mixed or segregated \nstreams. C&D is the largest part of the \nwaste stream, making up an estimated \n46% of total waste generated in Victoria \nin 2018 \u2013 about 6.6 million tonnes.\nAcross all three sectors, a total \nof 14.4 million tonnes of material is \nestimated to have entered the waste \npathway in 2018. This poses a significant task for \nthe Victorian recycling and resource \nrecovery system. Without changes to \nthe way products are designed, consumed \nand disposed of, this task is only going \nto get bigger as our population and \neconomy grows.\nUnless Victorians change how they think \nabout waste, the resource recovery sector \nwill need to significantly expand its capacity \nto deal with different materials, especially if \nVictoria is to improve its recovery rate and \nreduce the amount of material going to \nlandfill. In 2018, an estimated 10 million \ntonnes of material was recovered and 4.4 \nmillion tonnes went to landfill \u2013 a recovery \nrate of about 69%. If Victoria simply \nmaintains the status quo in terms of \nresource recovery, the sector will need \nto be able to process over 12.5 million \ntonnes of material by 2038/39. \nThe past 18 months have shown that the \nstatus quo is unsustainable. More of the \nmaterials recovered for recycling are being \nstockpiled or disposed of in landfill due to \nlack of an end market, which means the \n69% of resources that are recovered \nare not all being recycled. We have an \nopportunity to truly recycle these materials \nfor other uses. However, Victoria\u2019s recycling \nand resource recovery system lacks the \ncapacity and capability required to process \nrecovered materials to a standard that \nmeans they can be re-used locally or \nexported for re-use overseas.\nA circular economy could also improve the \nquality of recyclable material collected and \nincrease demand for recovered materials.\nIn this advice, we consider some of the \nchallenges facing the recycling and \nresource recovery sector in Victoria, \nfocusing on boosting resource recovery \nrates and promoting use of recycled \nmaterial. However, many of the solutions \nproposed will be costly to sustain in the \nlong-term, unless Victorians change their \nattitudes to waste. Reducing the amount \nof waste Victorians generate will not only \nhelp to manage these costs, but also \nreduce pressure on finite natural resources \nand lessen the environmental impacts \nof production and consumption.Waste generation in Victoria, now and into the future\nRe-using, recycling, \nrecovering energy and \ndisposing of waste all incur \neconomic and environmental \ncosts. The most cost-\neffective way to manage \nwaste is to create less in \nthe first place.\n45\nWhat we found Infrastructure Victoria", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 44}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "7,000,000\n6,000,000\n5,000,000\n4,000,000\n3,000,000\n2,000,000\n0Waste generated (tonnes)\nConstruction &\nDemolitionCommercial &\nIndustrialMunicipal\nSolid Waste1,000,000Figure 3: Recovery of household and commercial \nwaste is low, and is an opportunity\nLandfilled Recovered Source: Blue Environment\nEach type of material (i.e. paper and \ncardboard, organics, glass, plastics) will \nrequire particular processing with different \ninfrastructure to meet our growing needs, \nand each will have different end markets. \nTherefore, it is important to understand the \nprojected growth for each material stream.\nPriority materials are plastics, glass, \norganics, paper and cardboard, tyres and \ne-waste. The following section looks at \neach of these materials in more detail. We \nhave identified opportunities to improve the \nrecycling and resource recovery rates for \nthese materials through a mixture of policy \nand infrastructure responses. These include improving infrastructure \ncapacity and capability for processing, \ndeveloping end markets, or reducing \nthe amount of these materials entering \nthe recycling and resource recovery \nsystem altogether.\nEach type of material \n(i.e. paper and cardboard, \norganics, glass, plastics) will \nrequire particular processing \nwith different infrastructure \nto meet our growing needs.\n 46\nAdvice on recycling and resource recovery Infrastructure Victoria", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 45}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "There are six priority materials \nfor the sector to manage\nWhile Victoria\u2019s overall recovery rate \nis relatively high, the recovery rate for \neach material varies significantly. This \ndepends on how easy the material is \nto recover, its quality, and how strong \nend markets are for that material. \nMetals, for example, have a high recovery \nrate (around 91%). Metals are relatively \nsimple to recover and process and have \na relatively high value in end markets. \nPlastics, on the other hand, have a low \nrecovery rate (around 23%) due to the \ncomplexity and cost of recovering and \nprocessing them, and weak end markets.\nFor Victoria to increase its overall recovery \nrate, we need enough capacity and \ncapability to process increasing amounts \nof a range of materials. At the same time, \nthe way we process these materials needs \nto change if Victoria is to meet the policy \nobjectives announced by the Council of \nAustralian Governments (COAG) in March \n2020, which progressively bans export \nwaste from 1 July 2020. We also need to \nchange to meet the increasingly high import \nstandards from international markets. \nThe COAG export ban will require a \nstep-change in recycling and resource \nrecovery in Victoria. The ban will be \nintroduced in phases over the next \ntwo years, starting with the export of \nunprocessed glass, which will be banned \nby July 2020, followed by mixed waste \nplastics by July 2021, all whole tyres in \nDecember 2021 (except bus, truck and \naviation tyres for re-treading), and mixed paper and cardboard, by 1 July 2024. \nValue-added materials can still be exported \nunder the proposed ban. These include:\n\\ Plastic: clean plastics sorted to a \nsingle resin type and processed ready \nfor further use (e.g. flakes and pellets).\n\\ Paper: paper pulp and \nsingle stream bales.\n\\ Glass: cullet ready for further use.\n\\ Tyres: crumb rubber, powder \nand granules, shredded tyres \nfor tyre-derived fuel or bus, truck and \naviation tyres for re-treading.\nVictoria has relied heavily on export \nmarkets for recovered materials. \nMetals have a high recovery \nrate because they are \nrelatively simple to recover \nand process and have a \nhigh value. Plastics, on the \nother hand, have a low \nrecovery rate due to the \ncomplexity and cost of \nrecovering and processing \nthem, and weak markets.With the introduction of the ban, Victoria will \nneed to ensure materials can be processed \nto meet the export standards, and develop \nlocal markets for recovered materials. \nIn our advice, we are focusing on \norganics, e-waste and the four materials \ncovered by the proposed export ban. \nThese materials either: \n\\ align with specific elements of the \nterms of reference for this advice \n\\ make up a high volume of material \nentering the recycling and resource \nrecovery stream \n\\ have low recovery rates \n\\ represent a high environmental impact \n\\ have a combination of these factors. \nFigure 4 shows a range of materials \nassessed against these criteria. Materials \nincluding masonry, metals and textiles \ndo not meet as many of the criteria and \nhave been excluded from in-depth analysis. \nThe proposed export ban reinforces \nthe need to improve Victoria\u2019s recycling \nof these materials. \n47\nWhat we found Infrastructure Victoria", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 46}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Data from Blue Environment * based on SV/RMIT 2013 method, considers CO2, \nenergy & water saved only \n** red means export markets at risk from export ban *** estimate of economic opportunity considering likelihood \nthat export market will decline and/or local supply will increase, \npotential for value-added local or export uses, commodity \nvalue uplift likely from changes to sorting and collection \nSource: Brock Baker Environmental ConsultingOur analysis of the current infrastructure capacity for these priority materials \nidentifies 430 facilities across Victoria. Figure 5 summarises these facilities.\nFigure 5: Resource recovery infrastructure comes in many different forms\nInfrastructure type Paper & \ncardboardPlastics Glass Tyres Organics E-waste Multiple\nProcessing Infrastructure\nReprocessing Facility 9 32 6 3 19 4 - \nRecovery Infrastructure\nSpecific Materials Recovery Centre 7 - 1 5 5 24 - \nMaterials Recovery Facility - - - - - - 13 \nResource Recovery Centre 1 - - - - - 265 \nBulk Haul Consolidation Centre - - - - - - 1 \nDrop-off Centre - - - - - 6 15 \nOther - - - - - - 14 Figure 4: Some materials are more problematic than others\nOrganics Plastics Glass Paper & \ncardboardE-Waste Masonry Metals Tyres Textiles\nTonnes of material generated 2,522,497 593,983 349,313 2,024,337 84,662 6,633,503 1,610,570 64,164 192,894\nTonnes of materials \nrecovered1,096,433 138,981 267,846 1,500,784 67,147 5,576,791 1,473,986 57,916 168\nRecovery rate 43% 23% 77% 74% 79% 84% 92% 90% 0%\nProportion of waste \ngenerated that is exported*2% 7% 3% 32% 1% 0% 31% 62% 0%\nIndicator of \nenvironmental hazardMethane Litter, micro \nplastics in \nwasterways, \nfoodStockpile \nsafetyFire risks Hazardous Inert Leaching Fire risks Not \nsignificant\nNet environmental \nbenefit of recycling**High Medium High High Not \nassessedNot \nassessedHigh Not \nassessedNot \nassessed\nOpportunity to increase \nvalue adding in Vic***High High High High Medium Low Low Medium Low\n48\nAdvice on recycling and resource recovery Infrastructure Victoria", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 47}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Priority material2025 \n(COAG ban & 70% RR)2030 \n(80% RR)2039 \n(90% RR)\nPaper \nand cardboard\nPlastic\nOrganics\nE-waste \nGlass\nTyresIn addition to the COAG export ban, \nwe have assessed the impact of other \npolicy changes already announced by \nthe Australian and Victorian Governments \nthat focus on improving recycling and \nresource recovery, specifically the National \nWaste Policy Action Plan targets. We have \nmodelled the impact of these targets in \nour analysis and, where relevant, discussed \ntheir potential impact on the infrastructure \nand market development that will \nbe needed.\nHere we assess the projected generation \nand processing capacity for each priority \nmaterial to show the potential infrastructure \nrequired for each to meet the COAG waste \nban requirements and particular recovery \nrates (%RR). The data used in this section \nare based on future projections, and should \nbe considered approximate only. Figure 6 \nsummarises our analysis, with further \ndetails below.National Packaging Targets and \nthe National Waste Policy Action Plan\nThe Australian Government and other \nstate and territory governments have \nadopted targets initially proposed by \nthe Australian Packaging Covenant \nOrganisation (APCO) to greatly improve \nthe management of packaging waste \nby 2025. The four targets for 2025 are:\n\\ 100% reusable, recyclable or \ncompostable packaging\n\\ 70% of plastic being recycled \nor composted\n\\ 30% of average recycled content \nincluded in packaging\n\\ phasing out problematic and \nunnecessary single-use plastics.In 2018, the Australian Government \nreleased the National Waste Policy: \nLess waste, more resources. The \npolicy was agreed on by Australia\u2019s \nEnvironment Ministers and the \nPresident of the Australian Local \nGovernment Association in \nDecember 2018. \nThe National Waste Policy Action \nPlan presents targets and actions \nfor its implementation. The Action \nPlan established a target of 80% \naverage resource recovery from all \nwaste steams following the waste \nhierarchy and a 50% reduction \nin food waste by 2030. The plan \nis intended to complement and \nsupport the implementation of \nthe national packaging targets.\nFigure 6: Reprocessing \ncapacity varies by material\n49\nWhat we found Infrastructure Victoria", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 48}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Seven different categories of plastics \nare recovered in Victoria. End-of-life \nplastics are forecast to increase from \n586,300 tonnes in 2018 to more than \n735,000 tonnes in 2039.27 \nAround 130,000 tonnes of plastic were \nrecovered in 2018, or 23%. Over half \nof the plastic recovered comes from MSW. \nThe majority is commercial and industrial \npackaging material. \nRecyclability varies depending on plastic \ntype. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and \nhigh-density polyethylene (HDPE) tend \nto have higher recovery rates than other \ntypes of plastic. Recovery rates also vary \nacross sectors. Recovery rates of MSW \nplastics were estimated at around 32% \nin 2018, with C&I and C&D at 18% and \n10% respectively. \nVictoria has the capacity to manage \nend-of-life plastics at current recovery rates \nuntil 2022, but the challenges go beyond \ncapacity. Victoria, like many jurisdictions, \nrelies heavily on export markets for plastics, \nwith around 63% of recovered plastics \nexported for processing offshore. The \nCOAG Waste Export Ban will stop mixed \nand unprocessed plastics from being \nexported. \nThe COAG Waste Export Ban requires \nthat from July 2021, the export of mixed \nplastics that are not of a single type \n(i.e. they require further sorting, cleaning, \nand reprocessing before they can \nbe remanufactured) will be banned. Plastics\nFigure 7: End-of-life plastic generation is expected to grow in Victoria \nFigure 8: Plastics processing shortfall is expected by 2025Source: Brock Baker Environmental Consulting\n27 Brock Baker Environmental Consulting (2020) Waste and Resource Recovery Infrastructure \nData and Spatial Analysis, report for Infrastructure Victoria, and Infrastructure Victoria analysis800,000\n700,000\n600,000\n500,000\n300,000400,000\n200,000\n0Tonnes\n2018 2022 2025 2039 2030100,000\nPriority material2025 (COAG ban and \n70% recovery rate)2030 (80% \nrecovery rate)2039 (90% \nrecovery rate)\nGeneration 641,100 676,700 735,300 \nCurrent processing \ninfrastructure capacity160,050 160,050 160,050 \nProjected recovery required \nto meet policy settings448,700 541,300 661,800 \nExcess or shortfall \nin capacity -288,650 -381,250 -501,750 \n50\nAdvice on recycling and resource recovery Infrastructure Victoria", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 49}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "By June 2022, this will extend to single-\nresin plastics that have not been re-\nprocessed (e.g. cleaned and baled \nPET bottles). From July 2022, only clean \nplastics sorted into a single resin type \nand processed for further use (e.g. flakes \nand pellets) will meet the new export \nrequirements. National recovery targets \nof 70% for plastics by 2025 and 80% \noverall recovery by 2030 further complicate \nthis, as shown in Figure 8.\nVictoria has limited infrastructure to sort \nor process plastics so they can be used \nlocally or exported. Victoria\u2019s collections \nsystems and MRF sorting infrastructure \ncannot sort plastics adequately by type \n(plastics codes 1 to 7) or process these \ninto value-added flakes and pellets for \nuse as plastics feedstocks.\nThere is an immediate need to plan \nfor investment in plastics reprocessing \ninfrastructure in Victoria. Investment \nwill also be necessary to meet the APCO \nand National Waste Policy target recovery \nrates of 70% and 80% in Melbourne and \nregional Victoria, respectively. Current \nplastic processing facility capacities range \nanywhere from 100 to 15,000 tonnes. \nMost regions generate enough plastic \nwaste to support new infrastructure, \nas long as there is a market for the \nrecovered material.There is also a gap in capacity to sort \nmixed plastics from MRFs, with no \nmarket for recovered material. This \nmeans material is either being stockpiled \nor landfilled. Because resource recovery \nrates for plastics are very low, at 23%, \nsignificant change in people\u2019s recycling \nbehaviour is also necessary to complement \nany infrastructure upgrades.\n51\nWhat we found Infrastructure Victoria", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 50}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "The amount of end-of-life packaging \nglass is forecast to increase from \n344,000 tonnes in 2018 to more than \n442,000 tonnes in 2039.28 \nAbout 264,000 tonnes of glass were \nrecovered in 2018, around 77%. Of this, \nMSW recovery rates were 87%. This glass \nwas made up of packaging glass such as \njars, bottles and other containers. C&I and \nC&D make up very little of the material \nstream \u2014 2% and 0% respectively. Glass \nrecovered from C&I is mostly packaging \nglass. There is limited data on other glass \ntypes generated by C&I, and no data on \nglass recovery from C&D. \nThere are two main markets for recovered \npackaging glass:\n\\ recycling into new glass packaging, \nsuch as bottles and jars\n\\ recycling into glass sands, aggregates \nand other uses, such as abrasives, \nbeads and rendering.\nThe capacity and capability of \ninfrastructure to meet these markets \nvaries. In Victoria, two beneficiation \nplants recover glass cullet from packaging \nglass as feedstock for glass manufacturing, \nand there is only one manufacturer \nof glass packaging. This reliance on \na single manufacturer is a potential \nrisk for future glass reprocessing.Glass\nFigure 9: End-of-life glass generation will grow by 2039\nFigure 10: Glass processing is sufficientSource: Brock Baker Environmental Consulting\nSource: Brock Baker Environmental Consulting (2020) Waste and Resource Recovery Infrastructure \nData and Spatial Analysis, report for Infrastructure Victoria, and Infrastructure Victoria analysis500,000\n300,000400,000\n200,000\n0Tonnes\n2018 2022 2025 2039 2030100,000\nPriority material2025 (COAG ban and \n70% recovery rate)2030 (80% \nrecovery rate)2039 (90% \nrecovery rate)\nGeneration 382,000 404,900 442,600 \nCurrent processing \ninfrastructure capacity494,200 494,200 494,200 \nProjected recovery required \nto meet policy settings267,400 323,900 398,400 \nExcess or shortfall \nin capacity 226,800 170,300 95,800 \n28 Brock Baker Environmental Consulting (2020) Waste and \nResource Recovery Infrastructure Data and Spatial Analysis, \nreport for Infrastructure Victoria52\nAdvice on recycling and resource recovery Infrastructure Victoria", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 51}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "However, recovering glass for use as \nglass sand is growing in Victoria. There \nhas been significant new investment in \nresource recovery in this area, supported \nby changes to construction specifications, \nwhich have increased how much recycled \nglass sand can be used in road and rail \nconstruction. Victoria\u2019s infrastructure \nconstruction pipeline provides a significant \nmarket for these materials.\nAs Figure 10 shows, across these two \nuses, there is expected to be enough \ninfrastructure capacity to manage end- \nof-life glass generation and recovery \nrates over the next 20 years.\nUsing materials at their highest value for \nas long as possible is key in a circular \neconomy.29 Turning recycled glass into \nglass sand rather than back into glass \npackaging can be seen as \u2018downcycling\u2019. \nHowever, with limited domestic demand \nfor glass production, glass sand will be \nparticularly important in resource recovery \nend markets. Glass sand is also one of the \nonly end-uses for glass fines \u2013 small glass fragments that are difficult to recover \nwith existing MRF and glass beneficiation \ninfrastructure. \nGlass sand will play a vital role as virgin \nsand becomes scarce due to growing \ndemand for infrastructure. Scarcity \nof virgin sand is leading to significant \nincreases in cost, and in many metropolitan \nuses, recycled glass sand is very cost \ncompetitive. Using glass sand will also \nreduce the need to quarry for virgin \nsand. This will support a circular economy \nin which already extracted natural resources \ncontinue to cycle through the economy. \nThe capacity for packaging glass and \nglass sand reprocessing only exists in \nmetropolitan Melbourne. There may be \nopportunities to invest in small-scale \nglass crushing infrastructure in regional \nareas, allowing these facilities to process \nlocally collected glass packaging into \nglass sand for use in local roads. \nThis would require the collection and \naggregation of glass in regional hubs.\nTurning recycled glass into glass sand rather than back into glass \npackaging can be seen as \u2018downcycling\u2019. However, with limited \ndomestic glass production, glass sand will be particularly important \nas a market for recycled glass.\n29 Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning (2019) A circular economy for Victoria \u2013 Creating more value and less waste53What we found Infrastructure Victoria", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 52}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Organics include food organics (FO), \ngarden organics (GO), mixed food \nand garden organics (FOGO), timber \nand biosolids. \nOrganic material is one of the largest \nwaste streams in Victoria, estimated \nto make up around 35% of household \ngarbage bins.30 Given almost all this \nmaterial can be recovered in some way, \nthis represents a significant opportunity \nto improve resource recovery. \nIn 2018, the overall resource recovery \nrate for organics in Victoria was 43%. \nThe amount of organic waste generated \nin Victoria is forecast to increase from \n2,489,200 tonnes in 2018 to more \nthan 3,128,400 tonnes in 2039.\nOrganics recovery from MSW was 29% \nin 2018. This was mainly garden and timber \nwaste. Some food waste is recovered from \nMSW, but less than garden and timber \nwaste. One reason for this could be the \nrelatively small proportion of councils \noffering FOGO collection. C&I sector \nresource recovery rates were 58%, made \nup of garden, timber and food wastes, \nwhile recovery rates in C&D were around \n91%, which mainly came from recovered \ntimber construction materials.31 \nOne of the biggest opportunities \nto improve resource recovery is by \nincreasing household food waste \nrecovery. Organics\nFigure 11: More organic waste is expected over time\nFigure 12: Organics processing shortfall is expected by 2025Source: Brock Baker Environmental Consulting1,500,0002,500,0003,500,000\n3,000,000\n1,000,000\n1,000,000\n0Tonnes\n2018 2022 2025 2039 2030500,000\nPriority material2025 (COAG ban and \n70% recovery rate)2030 (80% \nrecovery rate)2039 (90% \nrecovery rate)\nGeneration 1,277,700 1,348,900 1,466,400 \nCurrent processing \ninfrastructure capacity 764,800 764,800 764,800 \nProjected recovery required \nto meet policy settings 894,400 1,079,100 1,319,800 \nExcess or shortfall \nin capacity -129,600 -314,300 -555,000 \nSource: Brock Baker Environmental Consulting (2020) Waste and Resource Recovery Infrastructure \nData and Spatial Analysis, report for Infrastructure Victoria, and Infrastructure Victoria analysis54\nAdvice on recycling and resource recovery Infrastructure Victoria", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 53}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Currently, a significant proportion of \nhousehold food waste enters landfill in \nVictoria because there is no separate \ncollection service, leading to an MSW \nrecovery rate for food of 10.6%.32 However, \nmore local governments are introducing \nkerbside FOGO collection, which is \nexpected to increase FOGO recovery over \ntime. Based on current FOGO recovery \nrates, our analysis suggests there is enough \ncapacity to recover FOGO from households \nand businesses through to 2022. Beyond \n2022, we expect there to be a shortfall, \nparticularly if more local governments \nintroduce kerbside FOGO collection.\nMetropolitan Melbourne will need more \ncapacity to manage current and future \norganics recovery. Given the challenges in \nprocessing organics material \u2013 particularly \nthe infrastructure and buffer zones required \n\u2013 the opportunities for significant new \nreprocessing in Melbourne will likely be \nlimited and small-scale. A more practical \nsolution is to aggregate and consolidate \norganic material, with initial processing \nthat reduces weight and volume followed \nby transport to regional areas for additional \nprocessing and use. Regional Victoria \nwill also need more capacity to manage \nits organic waste.Given the challenges \nin processing organics \u2013 \nparticularly the \ninfrastructure and buffer \nzones required \u2013 the \nopportunities for significant \nnew reprocessing will \nbe in regional Victoria.\n30 Sustainability Victoria (2014) Victorian Statewide Garbage \nBin Audit 2013\n31 Brock Baker Environmental Consulting (2020) Waste and \nResource Recovery Infrastructure Data and Spatial Analysis, \nreport for Infrastructure Victoria\n32 ibid. 55\nWhat we found Infrastructure Victoria", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 54}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Paper and cardboard includes \nmixed paper and cardboard, office \npaper, and newspapers and magazines. \nEnd-of-life paper and cardboard is \nforecast to increase from 1,997,800 \ntonnes in 2018 to more than 2,491,500 \ntonnes in 2039.33 (see Figure 13)\nThe overall recovery rate for paper and \ncardboard in Victoria was 74% in 2018. \nThe vast majority of recovered paper \nand cardboard in Victoria comes from the \nC&I sector, with a resource recovery rate \nof 81%. Paper and cardboard collected \ndirectly from businesses is a single type \n(a clean stream) making it easier to process \nand more valuable. Paper and cardboard \nfrom MSW, however, is mostly commingled \nand has a recovery rate of around 35%.34 \nC&D only accounts for a small amount \nof recovered paper and cardboard. \nThere is currently enough capacity to \nmanage end-of-life paper and cardboard \nin Victoria. However, once the COAG export \nban comes into effect, there is expected \nto be a reprocessing shortfall from 2024 \nonward. The COAG Waste Export Ban \nrequires that by July 2024, all mixed paper \nand cardboard be banned from export. \nPaper will need to be pulped or sorted by \npaper type in order to be exported.Paper and cardboard\nFigure 13: End-of-life paper and cardboard volumes are expected to \nincrease\nFigure 14: Paper and cardboard processing shortfall is immediateSource: Brock Baker Environmental Consulting1,500,0002,500,000\n2,000,000\n1,000,000\n0Tonnes\n2018 2022 2025 2039 2030500,000\nPriority material2025 (COAG ban and \n70% recovery rate)2030 (80% \nrecovery rate)2039 (90% \nrecovery rate)\nGeneration 2,178,400 2,296,300 2,491,600 \nCurrent processing \ninfrastructure capacity1,116,105 1,116,105 1,116,105\nProjected recovery required \nto meet policy settings 1,524,900 1,837,000 2,242,400 \nExcess or shortfall \nin capacity -408,795 -720,895 -1,126,295There is an immediate need to plan for future \ninvestment in paper and cardboard reprocessing \ninfrastructure in Victoria, particularly to meet the \nCOAG Waste Export Ban.\nSource: Brock Baker Environmental Consulting (2020) Waste and Resource Recovery Infrastructure \nData and Spatial Analysis, report for Infrastructure Victoria, and Infrastructure Victoria analysis56\nAdvice on recycling and resource recovery Infrastructure Victoria", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 55}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "There is an immediate need to plan for \nfuture investment in paper and cardboard \nreprocessing infrastructure in Victoria.\nMost paper and cardboard reprocessing \nin Victoria is located in metropolitan \nMelbourne with one notable paper mill, \nAustralian Paper, in regional Victoria. \nTo meet the COAG Waste Export Ban, \nVictoria will need to invest in more paper \npulping or more paper type separation at \nMRFs.\n33 Brock Baker Environmental Consulting\n34 There are several conflicting data sources in the public \ndomain for paper and cardboard and it is suspected \nthat the MSW recovery rate for paper and cardboard \nmay actually be around 50%.\n57\nWhat we found Infrastructure Victoria", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 56}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Tyres are a composite product made \nfrom natural and synthetic rubber, \nsteel, carbon, fibre and bonding agents. \nTyres are shredded to separate the \nmaterials, most of which have markets \nfor recovery. The amount of end-of- \nlife tyres is forecast to increase from \n91,700 tonnes in 2018 to more than \n113,000 tonnes in 2039.35\nIn 2018, the overall resource recovery \nrate for tyres in Victoria was 87%. Of this, \nMSW recovery rates were 100%. This is \nbecause only a small proportion of tyres \nare managed through the MSW sector. \nThese are usually tyres that are disposed \nof at Resource Recovery Centres and \nTransfer Stations, or collected through \nthe clean-up of tyres dumped on local \ngovernment land. Whole tyres are banned \nfrom landfill in Victoria, but shredded \ntyres can be disposed of in landfill. \nThe vast majority of tyres in Victoria are \nmanaged through the C&I sector with a \nresource recovery rate of 83%. This is \nbecause end-of-life tyres are removed at \nand collected by tyre retailers when new \ntyres are fitted. A contractor then removes \ntyres from these premises for processing \nor export. Data indicates that there are \nsome tyres entering landfill. C&D does not \ncontribute to generating end-of-life tyres.Tyres\nFigure 15: End-of-life tyres are expected to increase by 2039\nFigure 16: Tyre processing capacity is sufficientSource: Brock Baker Environmental Consulting\n35 Brock Baker Environmental Consulting (2020) Waste and \nResource Recovery Infrastructure Data and Spatial Analysis, \nreport for Infrastructure Victoria80,000120,000\n100,000\n60,000\n0Tonnes\n2018 2022 2025 2039 203040,000\n20,000\nPriority material2025 (COAG ban and \n70% recovery rate)2030 (80% \nrecovery rate)2039 (90% \nrecovery rate)\nGeneration 99,700 104,900 113,600 \nCurrent processing \ninfrastructure capacity 112,500 112,500 112,500 \nProjected recovery required \nto meet policy settings 69,800 83,900 102,200 \nExcess or shortfall \nin capacity 42,700 28,600 10,300 \nSource: Brock Baker Environmental Consulting (2020) Waste and Resource Recovery Infrastructure \nData and Spatial Analysis, report for Infrastructure Victoria, and Infrastructure Victoria analysis58\nAdvice on recycling and resource recovery Infrastructure Victoria", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 57}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "There are three main pathways for \nrecovered end-of-life tyres:\n\\ baling of tyres for export as Tyre \nDerived Fuel or as casings for \nre-tread/seconds markets\n\\ shredding of tyres for export \nas Tyre Derived Fuel\n\\ further reprocessing into feedstocks \nsuch as crumb rubber, granules \nor powder.\nVictorian infrastructure capacity and \ncapability are different for each of these \nrecycling pathways. The COAG Waste \nExport Ban requires that by December \n2021, all whole tyres, including baled \ntyres, will be banned from export, except \nfor bus, truck and aviation tyres for \nre-treading. Tyres will need to be shredded \nfor use as tyre derived fuel, or further \nprocessed into crumb rubber, granules \nor powder. \nFigure 16 shows there is enough \nmechanical infrastructure in Victoria to \nshred or crumb tyres to meet a range \nof product requirements. There is no \nimmediate need for future investment in \ntyre reprocessing infrastructure in Victoria.\nAll major tyre reprocessing in Victoria \nis located in metropolitan Melbourne. \nGiven the high level of investment \nmechanical reprocessing of tyres \nrequires to create shred or crumb \nrubber, it is likely that future investments \nwill continue to be in Melbourne. There have been several attempts at \nregional reprocessing through pyrolysis \n(thermal treatment), but so far none \nhave been successful. In fact, proposed \npyrolysis facilities have resulted in notable \nstockpiles such as those at Stawell and \nNumurkah, both of which have recently \nbeen cleaned up by the EPA and \nrespective local governments, at \na cost to Victorian taxpayers.\nGiven the high level of \ninvestment mechanical \nreprocessing of tyres \nrequires to create \nshred or crumb rubber, \nit is likely that future \ninvestments will continue \nto be in Melbourne. \n59\nWhat we found Infrastructure Victoria", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 58}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "E-waste covers a wide range of \nelectronic items \u2013 anything with a \nbattery or a plug \u2013 including televisions, \ncomputers, mobile phones, kitchen \nappliances and whitegoods. These items \ncan contain both valuable and \nhazardous materials. E-waste is forecast \nto increase from 83,400 tonnes in 2018 \nto more than 106,500 tonnes in 2039.36\nIn 2018, the overall resource recovery \nrate for e-waste in Victoria was 79%. \nSince then, an e-waste landfill ban was \nintroduced in July 2019. As a result, we \nexpect a drop in reported e-waste disposal \nto landfill. As e-waste is such a broad \ncategory it is important to note that \napproximately one third of e-waste in \nVictoria is made up of large household \nappliances, i.e. whitegoods that are \npredominantly metals. \nThese materials are largely managed \nby metals recyclers, not dedicated \ne-waste recyclers. As Figure 18 shows, \nbased on the best available data, there \nis enough reprocessing capacity to \nmanage e-waste containing hazardous \nmaterials in the short-term, with a small \nshortfall from 2030 onward.\nHowever, waste projections suggest \nincreasing tonnages of hazardous items \nthat are yet to reach their end of useful \nlife, such as solar photovoltaic panels \n(PVs), entering the waste stream in future.E-waste\nFigure 17: E-waste is projected to grow\nFigure 18: E-waste processing shortfall is expected by 2030Source: Brock Baker Environmental Consulting\n36 Brock Baker Environmental Consulting (2020) Waste \nand Resource Recovery Infrastructure Data and Spatial \nAnalysis, report for Infrastructure Victoria80,000120,000\n100,000\n60,000\n0Tonnes\n2018 2022 2025 2039 203040,000\n20,000\nPriority material2025 (COAG ban and \n70% recovery rate)2030 (80% \nrecovery rate)2039 (90% \nrecovery rate)\nGeneration 63,400 67,100 73,200 \nCurrent processing \ninfrastructure capacity 49,400 49,400 49,400 \nProjected recovery required \nto meet policy settings 44,400 53,700 58,500 \nExcess or shortfall \nin capacity 5,000 -4,300 -9,100 \nSource: Brock Baker Environmental Consulting (2020) Waste and Resource Recovery Infrastructure \nData and Spatial Analysis, report for Infrastructure Victoria, and Infrastructure Victoria analysis60\nAdvice on recycling and resource recovery Infrastructure Victoria", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 59}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "E-waste: The waste of the future, today\nFuture e-waste is likely to look \nvery different from current forecasts \ndue largely to two technologies \u2013 \none existing and one emerging \u2013 \nsolar PVs and electric vehicles. \nCurrently, low volumes of PV system \ncomponents enter Australia\u2019s waste \nstream, with minimal impact. However, \nsolar PVs are an emerging e-waste \nstream. Industry and government are \nconcerned that there will be insufficient \noptions to safely dispose of end-of-life \nPV system components across \nAustralia, as well as a lack of \nestablished reprocessors and recyclers \ncapable of recovering valuable and \nhazardous resources.\nAs PV equipment reaches the \nend of its useful life span, the level \nof recovery, recycling, re-use and \nsafe disposal becomes important \nto the environmental benefits of PVs. End-of-life management is also \nimportant to protect the environment \nand human health from the uncontrolled \nrelease of hazardous materials. \nPV panels and system components \nhave an estimated average life span \nof approximately 25 years and are \nexpected to enter Australia\u2019s waste \nstream in significant volumes from \naround 2023, due to the recent boom \nin solar installations since 2010. In \nVictoria alone, it is estimated that by \n2035 there will be 22,000 tonnes \nof PV panel waste requiring disposal. \nIn addition, automated and zero \nemissions vehicles are emerging \ntechnologies that could also produce \nsignificant volumes of e-waste. \nIn our Advice on automated and \nzero emissions vehicles infrastructure, \nwe found that if the entire vehicle fleet transitioned to battery electric vehicles, \nthe volume of lithium battery waste and \nother e-waste generated would exceed \ncurrent projections and infrastructure \nplans. We recommended the Victorian \nGovernment make changes to the \nStatewide Waste and Resource \nRecovery Infrastructure Plan to \nincorporate the impacts of automated \nand zero emissions vehicles.\nWithout proper planning, e-waste \ncould greatly exceed the capacity \nof waste infrastructure, leading to \nincreased illegal dumping, stockpiling \nor illegal exporting \u2013 issues that are \nalready a concern for e-waste.\nFinally, there is also the potential \nto develop local industry to handle \nand reprocess e-waste in a more \neconomically and environmentally \nviable manner.\n61\nWhat we found Infrastructure Victoria", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 60}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Residual waste is material that is unable to be recovered for alternative \nuses or has otherwise reached its end-of-life. Currently almost all residual \nmaterial is disposed to landfill. \nDisposal is the least preferable outcome \non the waste hierarchy, as all remaining \nvalue of these materials is lost. There will \nalways be a role for landfill in broader \nwaste management systems and it plays \na particularly important role in contingency \nplanning (as shown in the last 18 months). \nHowever, there is an alternative to landfill \nfor some residual materials that allows for \nsome of the energy embedded in these \nmaterials to be recovered through \nwaste-to-energy processes. \nThere are a number of residual waste-to-\nenergy infrastructure projects currently \nproposed for Victoria. These have the \npotential to further reduce Victoria\u2019s \nreliance on landfill when combined \nwith waste avoidance and improved \nresource recovery.\nIf Victoria continues its current, business-\nas-usual trajectory, the amount of \nresidual waste going to landfill is \nprojected to increase from 4.4 million \ntonnes in 2017/18 to 5.7 million tonnes \nin 2037/38.37 Alongside developing \nwaste-to-energy projects, Australian and \nVictorian Governments could reduce this \nby taking steps to reduce the amount of \nmaterials going to landfill. This could \ninclude banning organic material from \nlandfill or mandating the use of re-usable, \nrecyclable or compostable packaging.The amount of residual waste in the \nfuture is highly uncertain. We estimate \nthat the combined impact of the two \npolicy interventions above could reduce \nthe amount of material going to landfill \nin 2038/39 by around 700,000 tonnes \neach year, with a projected 5 million \ntonnes of residual material going to \nlandfill. Our analysis suggests that by \n2038/39, Victoria will generate 650,000 \ntonnes per year of residual waste from \nthe six priority materials alone, assuming \na 90% recovery rate. Not all of this \nresidual waste will be suitable for \nwaste-to-energy.\nThe need for waste-to-energy to manage \nresidual waste will be highly dependent \non efforts to reduce waste and recycle \nmaterials, as well as the planned landfill \ncapacity. The Recycling Victoria policy\u2019s \nstated capacity cap of one million tonnes \nper year for waste-to-energy should be \nregularly reviewed to manage these \nuncertainties. If combined efforts to \nreduce waste generation and recycle \nmaterial are not highly successful then \nthere is a risk that significant amounts \nof residual waste will remain above the \none million tonne waste-to-energy cap \nand be consigned to landfill.Residual waste\n37 Blue Environment (2019) Victorian Waste flows projections, report for Infrastructure Victoria\n62\nAdvice on recycling and resource recovery Infrastructure Victoria", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 61}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Landfills, waste-to-energy, and the circular economy\nUsing materials for as long as \npossible is key to a circular \neconomy. When those materials \nno longer have a useful role to play, \nit is often still possible to extract \nenergy as an alternative to disposal. \nThe waste hierarchy shows that \nrecovery of energy is better than \ndisposal or containment of waste, \nbecause this recovers some value, \nreduces greenhouse gas emissions \nfrom organic waste and lessens the \nlong-term environmental impacts \nof landfills. \nAs a result, waste-to-energy is a \npragmatic approach to managing \nresidual waste, but is less desirable \nthan waste reduction, re-use and \nrecycling. There are some risks \nassociated with waste-to-energy \ninfrastructure while also transitioning \nto a circular economy. \nWaste avoidance and increased recycling \nand resource recovery can reduce the \namount of feedstock for waste-to-energy \ninfrastructure, particularly thermal \nwaste-to-energy plants. Conversely, \nover-investment in waste-to-energy \ninfrastructure could discourage transition \nto a circular economy. The two most common forms of \nwaste-to-energy technologies are \nthermal and biological. Thermal \ntechnologies use heat to release \nenergy from waste, for example \nthrough incineration and capture \nof energy. Biological processes use \nmicroorganisms that feed on organic \nwaste to produce heat, energy, \nbiogas and \u2018digestate\u2019. The most \ncommon biological process is \nanaerobic digestion.\nBoth biological and thermal waste-to-\nenergy facilities could stop some residual \nwaste going to landfill \u2013 particularly \norganic material \u2013 and recover some \nenergy from the material. The solid \nresidues that remain could be further \nreused and recycled. For example, \ndigestate from anaerobic digestion \nprocesses could be transformed into \nsoil conditioner, while some of the \nbottom ash from thermal processes \ncould be used in construction.\nLandfills will remain part of Victoria\u2019s \nwaste management system. \nLandfills can assist in residual \nwaste management and sector \ncontingency planning. They may \nalso be the best option in regional \nareas where there is not enough \nwaste to support an economically \nviable waste-to-energy facility. Further, there are some materials for \nwhich containment or landfill is \nthe safest and best option. \nHowever, Victoria\u2019s reliance on landfill \nis expected to decline in the long term \nas new and better ways to avoid waste \nand recover materials for reuse are \ndeveloped. Waste-to-energy can \nsupport this by creating ways to \nreduce the need for new landfills and \nkeeping existing airspace capacity \nfor unrecoverable materials into the \nfuture. This aligns with Victorian \nGovernment\u2019s planning documents, \nsuch as the SWRRIP , which aims to \nminimise the amount of waste going \nto landfill. \nThe Metropolitan Waste and Resource \nRecovery Implementation Plan, for \nexample, does not plan for new \nlandfills in the metropolitan area.\nVictoria\u2019s circular economy policy \u2013 \nRecycling Victoria: A new economy \u2013 \nlimits the amount of material that can \nbe processed at thermal waste-to-\nenergy facilities in Victoria. Limiting \nthe amount of material that can be \naccepted by these facilities may \nmean that material that could viably \nbe used for recovery of energy will \ninstead go to landfill.\n63\nWhat we found Infrastructure Victoria", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 62}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "If potentially recoverable resources \nare not recovered, this is a missed \neconomic opportunity. \nFigure 19 shows that based on the amount \nof waste recovered in Victoria and current \ncommodity prices, the value of materials is \n$1.21 billion. Metals makes up the largest \nshare, worth $889 million, or 73% of the \nmarket. Paper and cardboard and masonry \nhave the next largest market shares, at 8% \nand 7%, respectively. However, the value of \na number of materials (such as plastics and \npaper) has fallen significantly since the \ncollapse of export markets. We have found that prices for some \nrecovered materials are higher in South \nAustralia. For example, glass prices \nare higher due to the cleaner stream \nof glass recovered from CDS. This \nshows that there is potential for Victoria \nto increase the value of its recovered \nresources from improved resource \nrecovery. \nTo estimate the potential increase in \nmarket value from higher commodity \nvalues, we applied South Australian \ncommodity prices to the amount of \nresources recovered in Victoria and found \nthat they would be worth up to $2 billion. More resources, \nless waste\nFigure 19: Estimated value of recovered materials in 2019 \u2013 \nVictorian prices / South Australian prices*\nSource: Blue Environment (2019) and Infrastructure Victoria analysis\n*Based on December 2019 commodity prices in Victoria and 2016/17 commodity prices in South Australia1.52.5\n2.0\n1.0\n0.0Commodity values ($ Billions)\n2019 VIC prices 2019 SA prices0.5\nE-Waste\nGlass\nMasonry\nMetals\nOrganics\nOther wastes\nPaper and cardboard\nPlastics\nRubber\n64\nAdvice on recycling and resource recovery Infrastructure Victoria", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 63}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Increasing the amount of value \ngenerated by the sector is also likely to \nlead to more jobs. Resource recovery \nactivities are higher-value and more \nproductive than disposal, creating new \nopportunities for employment and \nindustry growth. Victoria will be well-\nplaced to realise these opportunities, \nbut it will require ongoing evaluation \nof infrastructure and policy settings.\nEvidence suggests that for every 10,000 \ntonnes of waste recycled, 9.2 jobs are \ngenerated compared to 2.8 jobs for \nlandfill.38 Using this approach, we estimate \nthe number of jobs in the sector could grow \nto around 13,200 by 2039 if the current \nrecovery rate of 69% is maintained. \nHowever, if Victoria increased its recovery \nrate to 90%, the number of people working \nin the sector could grow to over 15,600 \nby 2039 (Figure 20), an additional 2,400 \njobs more than \u2018business-as-usual\u2019 and \nover 5,000 more than today. Recycling can create more jobs than disposal\nFigure 20: The Victorian recycling industry has the potential to \ngenerate up to 5,000 new jobs by 2039\nSource: Infrastructure Victoria Analysis, Access Economics, Blue Environment17,000\n16,000\n15,000\n14,000\n13,000\n12,000\n11,000\n10,000\n9,000\n8,000Estimated number of recycling jobs in Victoria\n2018\n2019\n2020\n2021\n2022\n2023\n2024\n2025\n2026\n2027\n2028\n2029\n2030\n2031\n2032\n2033\n2034\n2035\n2036\n2037\n2038\n2039\n203015,639\n13,184\n10,61912,597\n38 Access Economics (2009) Employment in waste management and recycling, \nreport for the Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the ArtsResource recovery and recycling are higher value \nand more productive than disposal, creating new \nopportunities for employment and industry growth.\nWhat we found Infrastructure Victoria\n65", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 64}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Figure 21: Reprocessing infrastructure is highly concentrated around Melbourne\n< 5 \n5 to 10\n10 to 25\n25 to 50\n50 to 100\n100 to 250\n250 to 500\n500 to 1000\n1000 to 2500\n2500 to 5000\n5000+Population/Sq Km\nMORWELLMANSFIELD\nGEELONG\nPORTLAND\nWARRNAMBOOLWANGARATTA\nBENDIGO\nBALLARAT\u2022BENALLA\n\u2022HORSHAM\n\u2022 HAMILTON\n\u2022 MOUNT GAMBIER\u2022 ARARATSHEPPARTON\nBAIRNSDALEMELBOURNEMELTON \u2022 \n\u2022 CAMPERDOWNPAKENHAMMILDURA\nSUNBURYRecovery Infrastructure Capability\nBaling \nManual separation and sorting\nMechanical separation and sorting\nOther\nShredding\nStillages / skip bins / cages\nProcessing Infrastructure Capability\nAnaerobic Digestion\nBlast furnace\nCompaction\nComposting\nCrushing / grinding / washing\nExtrusion/injection moulding\nFlaking\nGranulating / crumbing\nHazardous processing \nOther\nPaper and pulp\nShredding\nUnknown\nInfrastructure Status\n \nRecovery Infrastructure\nProcessing Infrastructure \nInset: Metro Melbourne\nECHUCAWODONGASWAN HILL0 50 100 150\nkilometres\n66Infrastructure Victoria Advice on recycling and resource recovery", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 65}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Infrastructure is unevenly spread\n39 Brock Baker Environmental Consulting (2020) Waste and \nResource Recovery Infrastructure Data and Spatial Analysis, \nreport for Infrastructure VictoriaIn identifying challenges and \nopportunities for Victoria\u2019s regional \nand rural areas we sought feedback \nfrom stakeholders from local regional \ncouncils and industry. \nOur consultation identified high \ntransportation costs as a barrier \nto improving recycling and resource \nrecovery. In many cases, it is more \neconomical to use landfill. Several \nsubmissions identified a need for more \nrecovery infrastructure in regional areas.\nOur analysis shows there are some \ninconsistencies in infrastructure provision \nacross the state. As Figure 21 shows, \nthe majority of processing infrastructure \u2013 \nmarked in red \u2013 is clustered around \nmetropolitan Melbourne, while recovery \ninfrastructure \u2013 marked in blue \u2013 is spread \nmore evenly across the state. \nMany of the recovery infrastructure sites \nmarked in blue are small, local resource \nrecovery centres. These often serve as \npoints of aggregation for materials, with \nlimited actual recovery occurring. Materials \nwill often be transported to another facility \nfor processing. Figure 21 also shows \nthat there is a specific need for MRF \ninfrastructure in the Grampians Central \nWest and Barwon South West WRRG \nregions, as both these regions lack any \nmechanical separation and sorting \ninfrastructure.39\nThis means material generated in regional \nareas often flows to the metropolitan area \nfor processing. Some materials are easier to \nprocess in the metropolitan area. Due to the \namount of material generated in Melbourne, \nmetropolitan facilities tend to be bigger \nthan regional ones. With size often comes \nefficiency, meaning it is cheaper and more \nefficient to transport some materials to the \nmetropolitan area for processing. Figure 22: Most processing occurs in Melbourne; except for organics\nE-waste\nGlassOrganics\nPaper & \ncardboardPlastics TyresMelbourne generation\nMelbourne processing\nOverseas processingRegional generation\nKeyRegional and \ninterstate processingOn the other hand, some materials \nrequire more space for processing, \nsuch as organics. \nFigure 22 illustrates the flow of materials \nin Victoria, with each arrow representing \na different material type, and the thickness of each arrow representing the volume of \nthe material. It shows, for example, that \nmore organic material flows to regional \nareas for processing than is processed \nin the metropolitan area, and that all glass \ngenerated in regional areas is processed \nin Melbourne. \nWhat we found Infrastructure Victoria\n67", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 66}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Moving materials is not necessarily a \nbad thing, depending on the material. \nHigh-volume or heavy materials such as \nmasonry and aggregates, or glass, cost \nmore to transport due to their weight. \nOrganic materials may not necessarily \nbe more expensive to transport, but \noften don\u2019t have as much value as a \nreprocessed material such as compost, \nmaking them less economical to transport. \nIn these instances, investment in regional \nrecovery and processing facilities could \nlower transport costs, improve recovery \nrates and support end markets for these \nmaterials. Local recovery and reprocessing \ncan create jobs in regional areas.\nRegional and rural areas are more likely \nto have nearby markets for reprocessed \norganic products, such as soil conditioner \nand compost, and facilities to process \nthese materials due to the space available \nfor buffer zones. However, this needs to \nbe weighed against cost of transport and \nthe ability to aggregate enough waste \nfor a viable market. Overall, transporting waste is not \nnecessarily problematic, as long as it is \noptimised. As the private sector is largely \nresponsible for providing this infrastructure, \nthe geographic spread of facilities is \nnot optimised to reduce transport costs. \nMinimising transport costs will be important \nin improving recycling and resource \nrecovery rates by helping recovered \nmaterials become cost competitive with \nvirgin materials. Currently there are dozens \nof resource recovery centres across \nVictoria, of varying capacity and capability, \nthat aggregate materials from their local \nareas for transport and further recovery. \nRationalising our resource recovery \ncentre network and focusing on fewer \ncentres that are more strategically \nlocated and better resourced could \nreduce the costs of transporting materials. \nThis could encourage more aggregation \nof materials, resulting in fewer trips \nand better economies of scale in \nwaste transport. To identify potential locations for \nnew recycling and resource recovery \ninfrastructure, we considered current \nand predicted waste generation and \nreprocessing capacity by material \ntype, proximity to end markets, existing \nresource recovery hubs of statewide \nsignificance, the statewide and regional \nresource recovery infrastructure plans \nand stated government priorities to \nsupport regional economies in transition \n(for example, the Latrobe Valley). \nUsing this methodology, we are proposing \n87 new or upgraded facilities, many of \nwhich are in regional areas. Shown in \nFigure 23, these facilities can address \nidentified infrastructure gaps, minimise \ntransport costs, capitalise on existing \nresource recovery and recycling hubs \nand maximise the likely economic viability \nof facilities.Waste \ntransportFuture infrastructure \nprovision\nTransporting waste is not necessarily problematic, if it is optimised. \nAs recovery and recycling infrastructure is largely provided by \nthe private sector, the geographic spread of infrastructure is not \noptimised to reduce transport costs to households and businesses.\n68\nAdvice on recycling and resource recovery Infrastructure Victoria", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 67}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Figure 23: Indicative location of required recovery and reprocessing infrastructure\n< 5 \n5 to 10\n10 to 25\n25 to 50\n50 to 100\n100 to 250\n250 to 500\n500 to 1000\n1000 to 2500\n2500 to 5000\n5000+Population/Sq Km\nMORWELLMANSFIELD\nGEELONG\nPORTLAND\nWARRNAMBOOLECHUCAWODONGA\nWANGARATTA\nBENDIGO\nBALLARAT\u2022BENALLA\n\u2022HORSHAM\n\u2022 HAMILTON\n\u2022 MOUNT GAMBIER\u2022 ARARATSHEPPARTON\nBAIRNSDALEMELBOURNEMELTON \u2022 \n\u2022 CAMPERDOWNPAKENHAMSWAN HILLMILDURA\nSUNBURYMaterial type\n \nE-waste \nGlass\nMixed\nOrganics\nPaper\nPlastics\nTyres\nInfrastructure Status\n \nExisting\nRequired \nInset: Metro Melbourne0 50 100 150\nkilometres\n69\nWhat we found Infrastructure Victoria", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 68}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Not investing \ncan be expensive\nA number of the recommendations \nwe make may require spending by the \nVictorian Government, both in upfront \ncapital expenditure and also ongoing \noperational expenditure. When the \nVictorian Government decides whether \nto make particular investments it helps \nto consider both the cost of investment \nand the potential costs to Victoria if \nno investment occurs. \nWe have already seen what can occur \nwith a weakened market for recyclables \nand without sufficient infrastructure to \nprocess recycling. VAGO noted in its 2019 \nreport that without clear state-level plans \nfor how to manage recyclables in this new \nenvironment, stockpiles will likely continue \nto grow and pose unnecessary risks, and \nwaste to landfills will continue to rise.40 \nWe have broken down the potential \ncosts to Victoria of not increasing \nrecycling and resource recovery into \nfour categories, representing other \n(often unplanned) investments and \nforegone revenue from poor recycling \nand resource recovery outcomes. These are: \n\\ Emergency and incident response costs\n\\ Enforcement and regulatory costs \n\\ Environmental impact and \nrestoration costs \n\\ Economic impact and \nbusiness disruption \nEmergency and incident \nresponse costs\nWaste material mismanagement has \nseen an increase in stockpile fires, waste \nabandonment and illegal dumping. These \ncan all be costly. Based on events of the \npast few years, the EPA estimates that it \ncosts Victoria around $193 million per year \nto respond to avoidable waste management \nissues. This estimate is made up of $105 \nmillion per year to respond to waste \nstockpile fires, $58 million per year in annual \nclean-up costs of abandoned waste sites, \nand $30 million per year in clean-up costs \nand lost landfill levy revenue from illegal \ndumping.41 As an example, the Victorian Government recently invested $30 million \nto clean up a stockpile in Lara where the \noperator has gone into liquidation, which \nis a job that may take several years.\nStockpile fires also incur significant costs for \nother agencies. The Ecotec Somerton fire in \n2015 cost the CFA alone $2.3 million to \nrespond to. Further costs for other agencies \nresponding to that fire included $242,000 \nfor VicRoads\u2019 emergency response, \n$295,145 for Melbourne Water impact \nmanagement costs, $30,000 for Hume \nCity Council, and $1 million for DELWP .42 \nEnforcement and regulatory costs\nAs well as the costs of responding to \nspecific incidents, there are also ongoing \nenforcement and regulatory costs, which \ncan increase over time if the scale and \nfrequency of poor waste management \npractices increase when issues arise in \nthe sector. The 2019/20 Victorian Budget \nallowed for $204.3 million in statutory \nactivities and environment protection \nfrom DELWP .43 \n70\nAdvice on recycling and resource recovery Infrastructure Victoria", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 69}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Environmental impact \nand restoration costs\nWaste stockpile fires cause immediate and \nlong-term environmental damage to the site \nand surrounding areas. For the 2017 \nCoolaroo fire alone, DELWP has estimated \nthat approximately $6 million was spent on \nthe management and clean-up of the site. \nThis amount does not include the ongoing \nmanagement costs and clean-up costs \nborne by several agencies, particularly the \nEPA but also Melbourne Water, Yarra Valley \nWater and Hume City Council.44 Economic impact \nand business disruption\nWhen dangerous incidents happen, the \ncosts to the state can go beyond the cost \nof the immediate response. There can also \nbe an economic impact on surrounding \ncommunities if businesses are disrupted. \nThe impact on the local community and \nbusinesses of the 2017 Coolaroo fire was \nquantified in a recent class action, where \nover 200 residents of Coolaroo succeeded \nin a claim against the operator of the \nCoolaroo site, who was ordered to pay \n$1.2 million.45 DELWP separately estimated \nthat the cost of this fire in business \ndisruptions alone amounted to $200,000.46\n40 Victorian Auditor-General\u2019s Office (2019), Recovering \nand Reprocessing Resources from Waste \n41 Deloitte (2019) Regulatory Impact Statement: Proposed \nenvironment protection regulations, report for the \nDepartment of Environment, Land, Water and Planning \nand the Environment Protection Authority \n42 Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning \n(2018) Management and storage of combustible recyclable \nand waste material, Policy Impact Assessment\n43 Department of Treasury and Finance (2019) Victorian \nBudget 19/20 \u2013 Budget Paper No. 344 Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning \n(2018) Management and storage of combustible recyclable \nand waste material, Policy Impact Assessment \n45 7 News (2019) Class action win for residents affected by \nCoolaroo recycling plant fire. Available at https://7news.\ncom.au/news/court-justice/class-action-win-for-residents-\naffected-by-coolaroo-recycling-plant-fire-c-378097, \naccessed on 7 October 2019 \n46 Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning \n(2018) Management and storage of combustible recyclable \nand waste material, Policy Impact Assessment \nWithout clear state-level plans to manage \nrecyclables in this new environment, \nmaterials will likely go to stockpiles, which \npose unnecessary risks, or to landfill.\n71What we found Infrastructure Victoria", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 70}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Supplements to \ninfrastructure investment\nThe Victorian Government can \nwork with other governments and \nstakeholders to reduce the amount \nof material coming into the recycling \nand resource recovery system. There \nare multiple approaches the Victorian \nGovernment can take to either reduce \nthe amount of material entering the \nsystem or increase recyclability \nof materials.\nProduct stewardship\nProduct stewardship, or extended \nproducer responsibility (EPR), is the shared \nresponsibility of manufacturers, retailers \nand consumers to manage the full lifecycle \nimpacts of products. \nProduct stewardship schemes aim to \nensure that everyone involved in making \nand using a product shares the burden \nof what happens to it. This addresses \none of the market failures associated \nwith waste, in which neither businesses \nwho create the products that lead to waste \nor households who consume and dispose \nof products as waste are exposed to \nthe costs of managing those materials \nonce they have been disposed of. \nIf businesses and households are \nexposed to those costs, they are more \nlikely to minimise waste and improve \nhow it is disposed of. In addition, making \nproducers responsible for the disposal of \nproducts may encourage them to make \nproducts easier to re-use or recycle.The Australian Government has \nestablished a framework for product \nstewardship through the Product \nStewardship Act 2011 , a commitment \noriginally made in the 2009 National \nWaste Policy. \nThe National Waste Policy was updated in \n2018, encouraging the design of products \nmade to last, the use of recoverable \nmaterials and minimising waste. The \nlegislation allows for mandatory, voluntary, \nor co-regulatory schemes. In the eight \nyears since this Act was introduced, no \nmandatory schemes have been established. \nInstead, existing product stewardship \nschemes tend to be voluntary, industry-led \nschemes, such as those in place for tyres, \npackaging products and mobile phones.47 \nProduct stewardship in Victoria is even \nless formalised and lacks legislation. \nHowever, Sustainability Victoria has \nundertaken product stewardship \npartnerships for computers, batteries, \npaint and compact fluorescent lights.48 \nLike the Australian Government\u2019s approach, \nnone of these schemes are mandatory and \nwere effectively delivered as pilot programs. \nWe looked at approaches to product \nstewardship around the world and found \nthat national, mandatory schemes are \nmost effective. Mandatory schemes \ntend to be easier to enforce. Mandatory \nschemes also enable government to apply \nmore stringent product standards. For \nexample, under a mandatory scheme, 47 Parliament of Victoria Legislative Council Environment and \nPlanning Committee (2019) Inquiry into recycling and waste \nmanagement \u2013 final report\n48 ibid.\n49 AlphaBeta (2019) Recycling and resource recovery \ninfrastructure in Victoria: International and Australian \ncomparisons, report for Infrastructure Victoriathe government could introduce product \nstandards to exclude materials from the \nsystem that are hard to recycle. Countries \nthat perform well, such as the Netherlands, \nGermany and Switzerland have mandatory \nschemes that focus on problematic \nmaterials, like electrical equipment \nand packaging.49\nAround the world, \nmandatory product \nstewardship schemes \nare the most effective.\n72\nAdvice on recycling and resource recovery Infrastructure Victoria", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 71}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Container Deposit Scheme in Victoria\nA common example of a product \nstewardship scheme is a container \ndeposit scheme (CDS). \nA CDS allows consumers to take \ncontainers to collection points \n(sometimes in the form of a reverse \nvending machine) and deposit them \nin exchange for a refund. CDSs have \noperated in Australia for some time. \nSouth Australia has had a scheme \nsince 1977 and, over time, other \nAustralian jurisdictions have followed \nsuit. Victoria has recently announced \nan intention to implement one \nby 2022/23.\nOne of the key benefits of CDSs is \nthat they can reduce contamination. \nThis is because the different materials \nare separated at the source and are \nnot commingled \u2013 particularly glass \nand plastics. \nCleaner material streams can \nincrease their potential for re-use. \nA CDS can improve the chances \nthat glass containers will be \nremanufactured into new bottles. \nWith plastics, a CDS allows for \nseparation and remanufacturing \nof food-grade plastics \u2013 a product \nwith a strong end market. The introduction of a CDS was \ncommonly identified by stakeholders \nwho provided feedback on our \nEvidence Base Report as an initiative \nthat could improve Victoria\u2019s waste and \nresource recovery system. We heard \nfrom businesses, local councils and \nindividuals who advocated for the \nintroduction of a CDS in Victoria. \nWe separately undertook polling \nof Victorians on a range of issues, \nincluding a CDS. In total, 92% of \npeople we polled favoured the \nintroduction of a CDS. \nThe Victorian Parliamentary Budget \nOffice (PBO) recently costed a CDS \nfor the Victorian Parliamentary Inquiry \ninto recycling and waste management. \nThe PBO costed a model where the \ncost of the scheme is borne by drinks \nsuppliers and the refund for each \ncontainer was fixed at 10 cents. \nThe PBO found that a CDS would \nprovide Victoria with $244.5 million \nfrom 2019-20 to 2022-23. This is a \n$253.5 million increase in government \nrevenue due to uncollected deposits \nfrom containers not being returned, \npartially offset by an increase in \noperating expenses of $9 million \nto manage the scheme. Along with financial benefits, \na CDS can:\n\\ act as an \u2018anchor\u2019 in a broader \nnetwork of recycling infrastructure\n\\ reduce litter\n\\ improve community engagement \nin recycling as consumers benefit \nwhen they return containers \n\\ increase the value of recovered \nmaterial while reducing collection, \ntransport, processing and \nlandfill costs \n\\ create employment \n\\ increase resource recovery. \nA CDS has merit in Victoria as part \nof a suite of reforms to collection and \nprocessing to secure cleaner materials \nstreams and improve resource recovery \nrates. This has been recognised in \nthe Recycling Victoria policy, which \ncommits to the introduction of a CDS.\nFurther work is needed to identify the \nbest CDS model for Victoria, but we \nconsider the approaches taken in \nWestern Australia and Queensland \nto be good examples. In the longer \nterm, a nationally consistent approach \nto CDS should be considered.\n73\nWhat we found Infrastructure Victoria", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 72}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Financial incentives\nBusinesses that manufacture products that \nare later disposed of by households do not \noften face the cost of disposal. In the \nabsence of costs that would change their \nbehaviour, this can lead to excessive and \nunnecessary waste. This market failure can \nbe addressed by putting a price on waste \nthrough taxes or levies on virgin materials \nto encourage greater use of recycled \ncontent, or on specific products to \ndisincentivise their production altogether.\nThe UK Government recently implemented \na plastic packaging tax on the production \nand import of non-recyclable plastic \npackaging that will come into effect in \n2022. This will incentivise the use of \nmore recycled plastics and reduce plastic \nwaste. The tax was a response to high \nlevels of plastic packaging waste, which \npredominantly came from new plastics.50 \nIt is difficult for the Victorian Government \nto unilaterally impose a similar tax, mostly \nbecause Victoria is just one part of a larger \nmarket and products can flow across state \nborders relatively easily, limiting the impact \nof a state-based tax. However, the Victorian \nGovernment can work with the Australian \nGovernment to investigate the potential \ncosts and benefits of taxes or levies on \nspecific materials, such as plastics or \nvirgin materials.Product bans\nThe most definitive legislative tool the \nVictorian Government could use to reduce \nresidual waste is a ban on certain materials. \nSingle-use plastics, such as plastic bags, \nstraws and disposable food packaging, are \ncommonly identified due to their high profile \nin discussions around waste and the \nvisibility of their environmental impact.\nIn November 2019, the Victorian \nGovernment banned the provision \nof single-use plastic bags through \namendments to the Environment Protection \nAct 1970, with penalties for businesses. \nA similar approach could be used for other \nmaterials. For example, the European \nUnion issued a directive in June 2019 \non the impact of certain plastic products \non the environment. This included a ban \non single-use plastic products such as \ncotton bud sticks, cutlery, plates, straws, \nbeverage stirrers, balloon sticks, and \npolystyrene food and beverage containers. \nThe Member States have until 2021 to \ntranspose these bans into national law. \nThe Victorian Parliamentary Inquiry into \nrecycling and waste management identified \ndifficulties with this approach. Certain \nindustries rely on single use plastics \nfor medical or research purposes. \nAlthough this problem could be addressed \nthrough exemptions or other ban \n50 AlphaBeta (2019) Recycling and resource recovery \ninfrastructure in Victoria: International and Australian \ncomparisons, report for Infrastructure Victoria51 Parliament of Victoria Legislative Council Environment and \nPlanning Committee (2019) Inquiry into recycling and waste \nmanagement \u2013 final reportdesign considerations, it could be highly \nproblematic to impose a ban on some \nitems.51 There are alternatives to banning \nspecific materials without creating \nunintended difficulties, such as product \nstewardship schemes or minimum \nrecycled content requirements.\nIn November 2019, the \nVictorian Government \nbanned the provision of \nsingle-use plastic bags \nthrough amendments to \nthe Environment Protection \nAct 1970, with penalties \nfor businesses. A similar \napproach could be used \nfor other materials. \n74\nAdvice on recycling and resource recovery Infrastructure Victoria", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 73}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "52 Centre for Market Design (2019) Opportunities to improve \ninfrastructure investment in the Victorian waste economy, \nreport for Infrastructure Victoria53 Opportunities to improve infrastructure investment in the \nVictorian waste economy, report for Infrastructure VictoriaMarket failures are stopping \nthe sector from performing \nat its best\nSeveral challenges make the Victorian \nrecycling and resource recovery sector \nless efficient. In our Evidence Base \nReport, we described the sector as a \ndecentralised system in which sorting, \ncollecting, processing, reusing and \ndisposing of waste is done by private \nindividuals or businesses. This means \nit is difficult for government to achieve \npublic policy objectives because the \nmotivations of these businesses do \nnot necessarily align with the objectives \nof the Victorian Government. Market \ndesign approaches can help with this.52 \nAt the same time, the market for recovery \nand reprocessing services in Victoria is \ndominated by a few large players. This is \nespecially true of MSW recovery. Victoria \nrelies on a relatively small number of MRF \noperators \u2013 a problem known as \u2018thin \nmarkets\u2019 \u2013 which makes the sector less \nresilient and created problems if one player \nexits the industry. Victoria\u2019s approach to \nprocuring collection and recovery services \nhas, in part, contributed to this thin market \nproblem. It has led to consolidation in the \nmarket as businesses bid for larger and \nlarger numbers of local government \ncontracts to achieve economies of scale. This has led to a significant power \nimbalance between firms and the local \ncouncils seeking to procure their services.53 \nMarket dynamics can also impact on the \nfull utilisation of all infrastructure where it \nmay be to one player\u2019s advantage to slow \nthroughput in certain circumstances.\nThese market failures contribute to \npoor recycling and resource recovery \noutcomes. In Victoria\u2019s decentralised \nwaste management sector, where market \nfailures exist across the waste lifecycle, \nsingle and centralised solutions are unlikely \nto be effective. A combination of policies \nis most likely to succeed in addressing \nthese failures.\n75\nWhat we found Infrastructure Victoria", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 74}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "MSW is made up of a wide range \nof materials and is mostly generated \nby households. Although a large \nproportion of the waste generated \ncould be reused, processed or \nrecycled, only around 39% of \nMSW was recovered in 2018 with \nthe remaining amount sent to landfill.54 \nThere are a number of reasons MSW has \na lower recovery rate than C&I and C&D \nstreams. One of the biggest causes is the \ndiversity of the waste stream. Households \nconsume a varied range of products, \nwhich flow through to the waste they \ngenerate. In some cases, the materials \nare not suitable for recovery, and rightly \nbecome residual waste. However, audits \nof landfill bins in Victoria have found that \na large proportion of material in these \nbins could be recovered.55 \nContamination of materials in recycling \nbins also presents challenges for \nprocessors and can have an impact on \ntheir recyclability. These are both problems \nthat could be addressed by better source \nseparation and improved sorting. \nSorting is the first step in waste recovery. \nHouseholds (and businesses) need to \ninvest time and effort to separate residual \nwaste and segregate the remaining items \ninto relatively clean streams suitable for \nrecycling. Failures at this \u2018front-end\u2019 of \nthe system can reverberate through the \nwhole system. Contamination of one bin can flow through \nthe system and affect the recyclability of \na larger amount of material. \nCountries that have high rates of resource \nrecovery from MSW tend to have a more \nconsistent approach to sorting and \ncollection. Currently, sorting and collection \ndiffers across Victoria\u2019s 79 local councils. \nNot all councils accept the same materials \nin recycling due to differences in what \nsome processors will accept. For \nexample, some councils have contracts \nthat allow them to separate soft plastics \nfor recycling, but others consider soft \nplastics a contaminant. There are also \nmultiple approaches to organics \ncollection, including combining food \nand garden organics \u2013 19 councils allow \nresidents to put food scraps in their green \nwaste bin \u2013 and some councils \ndo not separate organics at all. \nAdded to these issues, bin lid colours and \nmeanings differ across local government \nareas. As Figure 24 shows, nine councils \nwere fully compliant with the Australian \nStandard for Mobile Waste Containers \nas at December 2016. Sorting MSW\nVictorians on their \nbest behaviour\nVictorians feel strongly about recycling. \nIn June 2019, we undertook a \ncommunity survey to understand \nVictorians\u2019 views on recycling and their \nwillingness to change. 89% of people \nwe surveyed were open to changing \nthe way they sort and dispose of their \nwaste. A big reason for this is that \nVictorians feel strongly about the \nenvironment, and these feelings are a \nstrong driver of how they recycle.\nHowever, the way household \ncollections currently work throws up \nbarriers to good recycling. Differences \nin bins across councils and sporadic \nand inconsistent messaging is leading \nto uncertainty about what can and \ncannot be recycled. This doubt can \nlead people to put their recyclables in \ntheir landfill bin, to be safe, or to throw \neverything into their recycling bin to \nlet the system take care of it.\nWe also ran focus groups to \nunderstand what would work for \nVictorians, and identified three critical \nfactors that would support improved \nsorting practice:\n54 Blue Environment (2019) Victorian Waste Flows, \nreport for Infrastructure Victoria\n55 Sustainability Victoria (2014) Victorian \nStatewide Garbage Bin Audit 2013\n76\nAdvice on recycling and resource recovery Infrastructure Victoria", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 75}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Colours of garbage bin lids Colours of organics bin lids Colours of recycling bin lids \\ Frictionless \u2013 simple to use and \nunderstand\n\\ Clear environmental benefits \u2013 \na compelling reason, such as \nreducing material going to landfill\n\\ Consistently functional \u2013 the right bin \ncapacity and collections approach\nThese findings are promising about the \npotential success of future efforts by the \nVictorian Government to affect change in \nhouseholds\u2019 behaviour and provide an \ninsight of what needs to be done. We \nknow that Victorians want to recycle, and \nare open to ways to do it better, so they \ndo not need much convincing to change. \nWhat they do need, and what the \nVictorian Government can provide, \nis the means to do it (easy-to-use, \nmore consistent infrastructure at home), \ninformation on how to do it (clear and \nconsistent messaging, with local nuance \nif needed), and confidence that their \nefforts are not wasted. Figure 24: Bin lid colours \nare inconsistent across Melbourne\nOverall: \n\\ 9 councils are fully compliant \nwith bin lid colour \n\\ 12 councils are compliant with \nrecycling and organics bin lid \ncolours \n\\ 1 council has compliant garbage \nand recycling bin lids \n\\ 9 councils have systems \nthat do not complyColours of garbage bin lids Colours of organics bin lids Colours of recycling bin lids\nColours of garbage bin lids Colours of organics bin lids Colours of recycling bin lids\nSource: Sustainability Victoria (2019): Victorian Local Government Annual Waste Services Report 2017-18\n77What we found Infrastructure Victoria", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 76}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "These differences can lead to confusion \nfor households, contamination of material \nstreams, and make it difficult to educate the \ncommunity about what they can recycle. \nIn 2017/18, contamination rates in \nVictorian MSW ranged between 3% and \n27%, with an average of 10.4% across \nall local government areas.56 Minimising \ncontamination in MSW, which has the \nlowest recovery rate of the three waste \nstreams, will contribute to improved \nresource recovery in Victoria. \nConsistency in sorting and collection can \nalso make it easier for local governments \nto provide information on how to recycle. \nOur polling of Victorians found that a \nquarter of respondents did not know \nwhich bins things should go in, which \nwas a barrier to sorting recyclable waste.57 \nThis suggests that providing more information to households about which \nmaterials can be recycled and how to \nrecycle them can reduce contamination. \nBetter source separation can also lead to \nimproved resource recovery by providing \ncleaner materials streams. At a minimum, \nour analysis suggests that either glass, or \npaper and cardboard, need to be collected \nseparately from commingled recyclables. \nGlass is a key contaminant of other \ncommingled recyclables, particularly \npaper and cardboard. Separating \nthe collection of these materials could \nreduce contamination. This should be \nsupplemented by a separate FOGO \ncollection, which could reduce the \namount of organic material going into \nthe residual garbage bin and to landfill. \nIn 2017/18, contamination rates in \nVictorian household waste ranged between \n3% and 27%, with an average of 10% \nacross all local government areas.\n56 Sustainability Victoria (2019) Victorian Local Government \nAnnual Waste Services Report 2017\u20131857 Quantum Market Research (2019) Kerbside Collection \nDeep Dive, report for Infrastructure VictoriaProcurement of \nwaste services\nUnlike commercial business waste \nservices, which are contracted, \nhousehold waste collection and sorting \nservices are procured by local councils. \nWhile households could collect and \ntransport wastes themselves, there are \nobvious cost advantages to coordinating \nwaste collection and transport. \nTo benefit, households cooperate through \ntheir regular collection service and local \ncouncils procure these services from the \nprivate sector. \nA simple tender process is used to price \nand allocate these contracts. Households \npay a flat rate for this service as a \ncomponent of council rates. To build \non economies of scale, some councils \nhave investigated pooling demand for \nwaste collection services across council \nboundaries.58 While this can lead to \nshort-term cost savings it can also \nlead to consolidation in the number of \ncollections services, reducing competition \nand driving up costs. \nTo correct this, a new auction approach \ncould be used known as descending \nsimultaneous package smart auctions.59 60 \nThese auctions are used by governments \nand businesses for a range of procurement \nand allocation problems (e.g. allocation of \naquaculture sites in Victoria, and mobile \nphone frequencies) and can harness \ncompetition to minimise costs and allocate \ncontracts efficiently. \n78\nAdvice on recycling and resource recovery Infrastructure Victoria", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 77}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "61 Stoneham et al (2002) Auctions for Conservation Contracts: An Empirical Examination of Victoria\u2019s \nBush Tender Trial, Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource EconomicsFunding of waste \nprocessing services\nIn waste collection, this type of auction \nminimises costs through a decentralised \nprocess in which service providers can \nput together combinations of collection \nzones through competitive bidding. \nThis approach can reduce costs to \nhouseholds by mitigating the market \npower of service providers.\n58 Positive network externalities arise because additional \nparticipants to a network reduce the cost of providing \nservices to all participants. \n59 Plott, Charles R. and Lee, Hsing-Yang and Maron, Travis \n(2014). The Continuous Combinatorial Auction Architecture. \nAmerican Economic Review, 104 (5). pp. 452-456. ISSN \n0002-8282\n60 Crampton, P . (2001). Handbook of Telecommunications \nEconomics, Martin Cave, Sumit Majumdar, and Ingo \nVogelsang, eds., Amsterdam: Elsevier Science B.V. Although markets generally allocate \nresources efficiently, governments can \nfurther increase investment in recycling \nand resource recovery. \nThe Victorian Government actively \nensures the recycling and resource \nrecovery sector is meeting community \nneeds and government objectives. \nGrants are widely used to encourage \nindustry initiatives to align with the \nGovernment\u2019s strategic objectives. \nAlthough grants can have some competitive \nelements, they are essentially a form \nof bi-lateral negotiation between \ngovernment and industry. In bi-lateral \nnegotiations, a well-informed supplier \nwill often benefit over a less informed buyer. \nFirms and organisations know their costs \nof production, and governments often \ndo not. As a result, grants may not always \nlead to the best outcomes or value. \nResource recovery grants have historically \nbeen capped at a maximum of $500,000.\nThe Centre for Market Design at the \nUniversity of Melbourne identified auctions \nas an alternative approach that could \nachieve these goals. Auctions can reveal \ninformation needed to efficiently allocate \nresources. They do this by harnessing \ncompetition between competitors to \nidentify who wins and at what price. \nWell-designed auctions have been \nshown to achieve a given outcome \nat lower prices than grants.61 In addition, the Victorian Government and \nother governments throughout Australia \nand around the world already use a range \nof other financial support approaches to \ncreate policy outcomes. Approaches such \nas rebates, subsidies or low-interest loans \ncould also improve resource recovery in \nVictoria by encouraging more competition \nor new technologies in the market for \nresource recovery and processing services. \nOne example is the Clean Energy Finance \nCorporation (CEFC) model. \nThe CEFC invests in clean energy \nprojects in several sectors including \nenergy, agriculture, manufacturing, property, \nas well as waste. In 2019, the CEFC \nestablished the Australian Recycling \nInvestment Fund to fund recycling projects \nthat use clean energy technologies.\nGrants may not \nalways lead to the \nbest outcomes \nor value.\n79\nWhat we found Infrastructure Victoria", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 78}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Governance and policy settings \nin the sector are not quite right\nAll three tiers of government (Australian, \nVictorian and local) have important \nbut different roles in recycling and \nresource recovery. These roles are not \nalways clearly defined in legislation or \nelsewhere, and often overlap. Significant \ngaps in legislation and regulation \ncan lead to missed opportunities.62 \nIn Victoria, government waste and resource \nrecovery portfolio agencies work together \nto manage, plan and deliver services for \nVictoria. These agencies collaborate to \nreduce waste to landfill by working with \nlocal councils, industry and the Australian \nGovernment to increase the recovery \nof resources where possible. \nThe relevant Victorian Government \nagencies are the Department of \nEnvironment, Land, Water and Planning \n(DELWP), Environment Protection Authority \nVictoria (EPA), Sustainability Victoria (SV) \nand seven Waste and Resource Recovery \nGroups (WRRGs). In addition to these \nagencies, local government and private \nsector operators deliver recycling services \nto households and businesses. EPA, SV \nand the WRRGs receive most of their \nfunding from the Municipal and Industrial \nLandfill Levy.\nVictoria\u2019s current recycling and resource \nrecovery system governance does not \ndeliver on the Victorian Government\u2019s \nwaste and recycling objectives. \nThere is a significant opportunity to \nclarify policy direction and regulatory \napplication and enforcement. The future of the Landfill Levy\nEstablished under section 70 of the \nEnvironment Protection Act 1970, one \nof the key purposes of the Landfill Levy \nis to provide an incentive to minimise \nwaste, encourage greater re-use and \nrecycling and promote investment in \nalternatives to landfill. Given that the \namount of waste generated in Victoria \nis increasing, and is forecast to continue \nto do so, the landfill levy alone is not \nproviding enough of an incentive to \nmeet these objectives. \nAs we identified in our Evidence \nBase Report, this is likely because \nthe cost of the landfill levy is not felt \nby manufacturers, or directly by \nhouseholds. This suggests that the \nlandfill levy should be considered \njust one of a suite of policies the \nGovernment can use, including \nregulatory interventions like product \nstewardship schemes, setting targets, \nsupporting market development \nand investing in infrastructure. \nThis aligns with what we have observed \nin high-performing jurisdictions around \nthe world, where a landfill levy or tax is \nonly part of a broader policy framework \napplied across the waste lifecycle.The Landfill Levy can also contribute \nto poor outcomes. The impact of the \nlevy on landfill gate fees can lead to \nwaste stockpiling or illegal dumping. \nAlso, inconsistencies in landfill levies \nacross state borders can encourage \ncross-border waste flows to places \nwhere costs are lower. \nRecognising this challenge, the National \nWaste Policy Action Plan made Victoria \nresponsible for investigating how to \nharmonise waste levies across Australia \nto encourage best practice waste \nmanagement. This work is ongoing and \nthere have been recent announcements \nof a Victorian levy increase as part of \nthe Recycling Victoria package.\nThere is an opportunity to consider \nVictoria\u2019s Landfill Levy in the broader \ncontext of the Victorian Government\u2019s \npolicy objectives for the recycling and \nresource recovery sector. For example, \nincreases to the Landfill Levy could \nmake alternatives to landfill more cost \ncompetitive, including energy recovery \nthrough waste-to-energy. Given energy \nrecovery is preferable to disposal, \nsetting the right price is consistent with \nexisting Victorian Government policy \n80\nAdvice on recycling and resource recovery Infrastructure Victoria", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 79}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "This could ensure that current \ngovernance structures do not slow \ndevelopment. Harmonising Victoria\u2019s \npolicy and strategy to improve recycling \nand resource recovery with applicable \nlegislation and regulation could benefit the \nstate significantly.63 In addition, a recent \nVAGO report and feedback from a range \nof stakeholders shows confusion in the \nroles and responsibilities of government \nagencies. This may prevent the sector \nfunctioning efficiently.64 \nIn 2019, VAGO also found that in the \nabsence of a statewide waste policy, \nVictorian agencies involved in waste \nmanagement lack clarity on their priorities \nand how best to use resources. In its \nreport, VAGO found that existing waste \nand resource recovery strategies and \nplans, developed by DELWP , SV and \nthe WRRGs, have a range of objectives \nand actions that do not provide clear \nand coherent guidance in place of \na statewide policy. \nWithout an overarching policy, there are \nno targets for agencies in the Victorian \nGovernment to aim for or measure \nagainst. Adding to this is the lack of \ncertainty and stability of funding for \nrecycling and resource recovery. This \npresents a barrier to understanding \nwhether Victorian Government agencies \nhave enough resources to perform \ntheir roles and responsibilities.65In looking at jurisdictions with high-\nperforming recycling and resource \nrecovery systems, we found that an \noverarching policy framework for waste, \nrecycling and resource recovery, \nsupported by specific targets for \nrecycling, is the foundation.66 Targets \ncan be used to incentivise performance. \nIt is also important to ensure that they \nhave net benefits and do not place \nadditional burdens on households \nor businesses. \n62 Victorian Auditor General\u2019s Office (2019) Recovering \nand Reprocessing Resources from Waste\n63 Infrastructure Victoria (2019) Legislative and \nregulatory review\n64 Centre for Market Design (2019) Opportunities to \nimprove infrastructure investment in the Victorian waste \neconomy, report for Infrastructure Victoria\n65 Victorian Auditor General\u2019s Office (2019) Recovering \nand Reprocessing Resources from Waste\n66 AlphaBeta (2019) Recycling and resource recovery \ninfrastructure in Victoria: International and Australian \ncomparisons, report for Infrastructure Victoriaand can help transition toward a circular \neconomy. In the longer term, the Landfill \nLevy could continue to be assessed as the \nimpact of other policies begin to be felt. Any \nfuture changes to the levy rate should \nconsider the potential disruption that may \nbe caused by a sudden increase such as \ndisruption to existing commercial \narrangements, increased illegal dumping or \nstockpiling. A phased approach to Landfill \nLevy changes could minimise this risk.\nThere is also potential to put the Landfill \nLevy to greater use. Unspent Landfill Levy \nis held in the Sustainability Fund (the fund). \nWe heard from a range of stakeholders, \nboth in face-to-face consultation and \nthrough submissions, that more of the \nLandfill Levy should be invested in the \nrecycling and resource recovery sector.\nThis is supported by the Victorian \nGovernment Auditor General\u2019s Office \n(VAGO) 2019 analysis that Victoria \nspends less than other jurisdictions \non waste and resource recovery, \ndespite managing much higher \nvolumes of waste. \n81\nWhat we found Infrastructure Victoria", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 80}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "The role of local governments \nand the WRRGs\nVictorian local governments are, in \nmany ways, the front line of recycling \nand resource recovery in Victoria. \n Local governments are responsible \nfor waste collection and recycling \nservices for their residents with \nsupport from the Waste and Resource \nRecovery Groups (WRRGs). \nAccording to the VAGO Delivering Local \nGovernment Services Report (September \n2018), most council services are not legally \nmandated, including recycling services. \nCurrent legislation gives councils the \noption to deliver a service, but household \nrecycling and collection is not mandatory \nfor councils. This presents practical barriers \nto transparency and accountability, and \nfunding of waste collection services. \nWithout clear roles and responsibilities \nfor local governments, it is difficult to \nmeasure their delivery over time.\nGreater role clarity is likely to be a low- \ncost fix with wide-ranging benefits to the \nperformance of the sector. This could be \nachieved through either amendments to \nthe Local Government Act 1989, or the \nintroduction of waste management- \nspecific legislation.\nThere are seven WRRGs across Victoria \nThe WRRGs are responsible for developing \nRegional Waste and Resource Recovery \nInfrastructure Plans (RWRRIPs), supporting \nlocal councils to procure waste and \nrecycling services, infrastructure and service \nplanning at a regional level, and educating \nthe community on waste avoidance and reduction. Currently, the WRRGs support \ncouncils in procuring recycling and resource \nrecovery services by supporting \ncollaborative procurement processes \nto achieve economies of scale. However, \nit is not mandatory for councils to \nparticipate in procurement processes \nrun by the WRRGs, which can lead \nto market power imbalances between \nindividual local governments and recycling \nand resource recovery service providers.\nSome of the roles and responsibilities \nof the WRRGs, specifically for regional \nresource recovery infrastructure planning, \noverlap with SV\u2019s role in statewide resource \nrecovery infrastructure planning. This was \nidentified by VAGO as a cause for confusion \namong stakeholders in the sector.67 In \naddition, VAGO noted that the Metropolitan \nWRRG (the biggest WRRG covering \nthe greatest number of councils) does \nnot have enough funding to perform its \nfunctions. Specifically, MRWWG\u2019s remit \nwas expanded to include C&I and \nC&D waste, but MWRRG was not given \nadditional ongoing funding to support \nthese responsibilities. As such, MWRRG \nhas reallocated funds internally to deliver \na C&I strategy, which may hinder its \nability to meet other core objectives.68 \nThe United Kingdom provides an \ninternational example of governance \nframeworks that could be adopted \nin Victoria to provide greater clarity. \nThere, similarly to the EPA in Victoria, \nthe Environmental Agency acts as a regulator; and similarly to DELWP , the \nUK waste management policies are set \nby central government. However, the \ncollection and processing of waste and \nrecycling are provided by a Waste \nCollection Authority (local authorities) \nand a Waste Disposal Authority. \nThe UK\u2019s Environmental Protection Act \n1990 (the Act) sets out the roles and \nresponsibilities for Waste Collection \nAuthorities (WCAs) and Waste Disposal \nAuthorities (WDAs). It is prescriptive, and \nvery specific when compared to equivalent \nbodies and legislation in Victoria and \nseparates the responsibility of waste \ncollection and waste processing services \ninto different authorities. A similar approach \nin Victoria could improve role clarity, \nsupporting greater consistency of service \nprovision and better data collection, and \nhas the potential to address some of the \nmarket power imbalances currently seen \nin the sector by aggregating procurement \nof processing services. The United Kingdom \nprovides an international \nexample of governance \nframeworks that could \nbe adopted in Victoria \nto provide greater clarity.\n82\nAdvice on recycling and resource recovery Infrastructure Victoria", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 81}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Data collection \nand reporting\nThe availability and use of timely and \naccurate data will be key to improving \nVictoria\u2019s recycling and resource \nrecovery. A clearer understanding \nof the volume and flows of materials \nwill help both the Government and \nprivate sector plan and invest in \ninfrastructure. This can ultimately \nstrengthen the end markets for \nthese materials and lead to greater \nrecycling and re-use. \nIn 2011, VAGO found that a lack of \ndata quality had affected the reliability \nof performance data and projected \nperformance. VAGO recommended that \nSV develop a knowledge management \nsystem to rationalise data, and to identify \nand rectify data quality issues along with \nmodelling accuracy. Better data collection \ncan help monitor improvements in \nperformance.69\nIn 2019, VAGO again noted that data \nquality issues limit the Government\u2019s ability \nto understand how much waste is being \ngenerated and what happens to materials \nwhen they are recovered for recycling. This \nlimits the Government\u2019s ability to plan for, \nor invest in, infrastructure and to develop \nan overarching waste policy.70 The data currently available is collected \nthrough voluntary surveys of councils and \nwaste reprocessing operators, which \nmeans data is often inaccurate or \nincomplete. \nVAGO noted that without regulatory \nor legislative requirements for councils \nor operators to report data, or to monitor \nthe flow of materials segregated for \nrecycling after these are sent to recovery \nor reprocessing facilities, it is difficult \nfor SV to resolve data limitations and \nthese problems are likely to persist.71 \n67 Victorian Auditor General\u2019s Office (2019) Recovering \nand Reprocessing Resources from Waste\n68 ibid.\n69 Victorian Auditor General\u2019s Office (2011) Municipal \nSolid Waste Management\n70 Victorian Auditor General\u2019s Office (2019) Recovering \nand Reprocessing Resources from Waste\n71 Victorian Auditor General\u2019s Office (2019) Recovering \nand Reprocessing Resources from Waste\n83\nWhat we found Infrastructure Victoria", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 82}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Organics Plastics Packaging \nglassPaper and \ncardboardE-waste Masonry Metals Tyres Textiles\nTonnes of \nmaterial generated2,489,166 586,282 344,093 1,997,800 83,445 5,222,935 1,590,409 69,537 190,411\nTonnes of \nmaterials recovered1,081,845 137,167 263,686 1,481,017 66,162 4,179,629 1,455,579 57,200 165\nProportion of total waste \ngenerated19% 4% 3% 15% 1% 39% 12% 1% 1%\nRecovery rate 43% 23% 77% 74% 79% 80% 92% 82% 0%\nProportion available in \ngarbage bin35% 11%* 11%* 11%* 1% 0% 0% 0% 0%\nProportion of waste \ngenerated that is exported2% 15% 3% 32% 1% 0% 31% 43% 15%\nProportion of waste \nrecovered that is exported4% 63% 4% 43% 1% 0% 34% 53% N/AThe end markets for \nmaterials vary greatly\nDeveloping end markets for recycled \nmaterials is a challenge for countries \nall over the world. Even countries that \nare considered best in the world for \nrecycling and resource recovery with \nlarge manufacturing bases, such as \nSouth Korea, rely heavily on export \nmarkets for some materials, particularly \nplastic composites.72 \nThe lack of strong end markets for \nrecovered materials is stifling the \ndevelopment of Victoria\u2019s recycling and \nresource recovery sector. If recovered \nmaterials are not valued by producers \nor consumers, there is little to no incentive \nfor businesses to invest in processing \ninfrastructure. The strength of end markets varies \nby material type. Figure 25 provides \nan overview of the performance in \nresource recovery across a range of \nindicators for key materials.\nThere has been a significant focus \nin Victoria on establishing infrastructure \nto collect, sort, and to an extent, reprocess \nrecovered resources but the supply \nof recycled materials has not always \nbeen matched by demand. In many \ncases, there is limited market interest \nto establish significant, ongoing demand \nfor products made from recycled \nmaterials. Effectively, investment in developing local \nmarkets for recycled products or high-\nquality products for export have been \nlimited. Fostering sustainable end markets \nfor recyclable glass, plastic, paper and \norganic materials can play a larger role \nin solving the stockpiling problems \nVictoria has recently experienced and \nreducing the state\u2019s reliance on landfill.\nSource: Blue Environment & Infrastructure Victoria analysisFigure 25: The opportunity for improved recovery and reprocessing in Victoria varies by material72 AlphaBeta (2019) Recycling and resource recovery \ninfrastructure in Victoria: International and Australian \ncomparisons, report for Infrastructure Victoria \n* 11% is the combined total of plastics, packaging glass and paper and cardboard84\nAdvice on recycling and resource recovery Infrastructure Victoria", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 83}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Markets are important\nOne challenge in developing end \nmarkets for recycled materials is \nthe cost of using recycled content \nin manufacturing. This is especially \ntrue of plastics. Recycled plastics \nmanufacturers operate in the same \nmarket as virgin plastics producers, \nand so must compete with virgin \nproducers. The raw feedstocks \nfor most plastics are fossil fuels, \nwhich are cheaper to use than \nrecycled materials. \nThe reasons for the differences between \nthe cost of virgin and recycled materials \nare two-fold. First, the price of any product \nreflects the cost of making it. In the case \nof recycled materials, this includes the cost \nof collecting, transporting, sorting and \nprocessing recovered materials to a point \nwhere they are a substitute for virgin \nmaterial, such as glass cullet, plastic \npallets or resin, or pulp for paper and \ncardboard. \nSecond, the price of virgin materials tends \nnot to include the full lifecycle costs of these \nproducts, such as the environmental impact \nof extracting them or the costs of disposal, \ndue to regulatory and market failures to \nensure all these costs are reflected.\nMost producers, seeking to minimise costs \nin production, will choose the lowest-cost \ninput that serves their needs. Because \nvirgin materials can be cheaper, producers \nare less likely to use recovered materials, \nlimiting their market.Another barrier is lack of awareness or \nconcerns about the quality of recycled \nproducts. Concerns about contamination \nof materials, or insufficient information \nabout the potential uses of recovered \nmaterials, can mean that consumers and \nproducers are reluctant to buy products \ncontaining recycled content. This can \nbe seen with plastics, due to concerns \nabout the potential use of recycled plastics \nin food packaging.\nMultiple stakeholders have raised the \nimportance of standards or certification \nof recycled materials with us. Creating \ncertification standards for products made \nfrom recycled content can address the \nlack of information and certainty about \nthe quality of recycled products and provide \nan indicator of quality. This can increase \nthe price of these products, making them \nmore attractive to producers and ultimately \nstrengthening the end market for recycled \nmaterials. \nFor example, the regulatory settings for \nthe management of digestate \u2013 which is \nthe by-product from the anaerobic digestion \nprocess \u2013 can be refined. The biggest \nregulatory issue raised by regional \nstakeholders is how the digestate is \nmanaged and its viability in agricultural use.\n For stakeholders running anaerobic \ndigestion plants, the biggest issue was \nthe current regulations. While the EPA\u2019s \ncurrent regulations do permit the use of \ndigestate in agriculture, the approach requires approval of all individual waste \nsuppliers and digestate consumers, \nwhich can be difficult to manage as \nthese change. Widespread adoption of \nanaerobic digestion in the EU is supported \nby HACCP regulatory frameworks to ensure \nthe resulting digestate is safe for use in \nagriculture. HACCP is widely used for food \nproduction in Australia. In addition, there \nis uncertainty around the application of \ncarbon credits to anaerobic digestion, \nparticularly where operators are obliged \nto reduce carbon emissions through \nregulation. Standards and specifications \nshould be reviewed and relaxed only \nwhere there is no risk of causing harm \nto human health or the environment.\nA lack of demand for recycled material \nin production, regardless of costs, is also \na barrier to developing end markets for \nrecycled materials, particularly mixed \nmaterials. Producers want clean, single-\nstream materials. Recycling becomes far \nmore complex when dealing with products \nthat use composite materials. Composite \nmaterials, which use multiple polymers \ncan be difficult to separate during recycling. \nFor example, disposable coffee cups \nare predominantly made from paper, but \nan interior lining \u2013 commonly made of \npolyethylene \u2013 make these cups very \ndifficult to recycle.\n85\nWhat we found Infrastructure Victoria", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 84}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Market development approaches\nEnabling the use of products \ncontaining recycled materials supports \nthe development of markets and \nimproves the sustainability and \nresilience of the sector by providing \na pathway for materials. \nRegulation and legislation can be both \na barrier and an enabler, and these are \nprime opportunities for government. \nVictoria already performs well in this \nregard \u2013 VicRoads is a national leader \nin the use of recycled products in pavement \nconstruction \u2013 but we can do more.\nGovernment can support demand for \nrecycled materials by supporting research \nand development to commercialise the \nuse of recycled products, particularly \npackaging, manufacturing and agriculture. \nThis provides an evidence base to give \npeople confidence in using recycled \nproducts, and shows that recycled \nproducts are fit for purpose. The Victorian \nGovernment can also provide a supportive \nenvironment for using recycled materials \nby either changing design specifications \nand procurement standards to encourage \nor mandate the use of recycled materials. \nRecycling Victoria \u2013 a new economy \nincludes commitments to increase \ninnovation, prioritise the use of recycled \nmaterials in construction and to develop \nand promote standards, specifications and \nguidance materials to increase the use \nof recycled materials. The Commonwealth \nGovernment has also made similar \nrecent commitments.Material Small \nR&D project \nindicative costLarge \nR&D project \nindicative costField \ntrialsTotal indicative \nR&D cost\nPaper & cardboard $100,000 x 10 $200,000 x 10 $200,000 x 5 $4,000,000\nPlastics $100,000 x 10 $200,000 x 10 $200,000 x 5 $4,000,000\nGlass $100,000 x 10 $200,000 x 10 $200,000 x 5 $4,000,000\nOrganics $100,000 x 10 $200,000 x 10 $200,000 x 5 $4,000,000\nTyres $100,000 x 10 $200,000 x 10 $200,000 x 5 $4,000,000\nE-waste $100,000 x 10 $200,000 x 10 $200,000 x 5 $4,000,000\nTotal $24,000,000Figure 26: Market development for multiple materials \ntakes considerable research and development \nThe Victorian Government \ncan enable the use \nof recycled materials \nby changing design \nspecifications and \nprocurement standards.\nSince 2016, SV has awarded a total of \n$4.1 million in R&D grants to a total of \n29 projects. These grants leverage funding \nand in-kind contributions from industry \nand research partners. Small R&D projects \ntypically focus on one line of enquiry, with \nlimited scope of lab testing of materials. \nLarge R&D projects typically focus on two \nto three lines of enquiry, with broader scope \nof lab testing of materials. Demonstration \nprojects and field trials are the opportunity \nto prove performance in the real world \nin a controlled manner with associated \nmonitoring and evaluation to allow for \nspecifications to be changed and/or \ncommercialisation to occur. Funding in recent years has been \nspread across up to eight materials. \nGiven the trial and error nature of research \nand development, success cannot be \nguaranteed. A more ambitious program \nwith a higher chance of commercialisation \ncould be pursued with the following \nindicative contribution from the Victorian \nGovernment, and additional funding \nand in-kind support provided by the \nCommonwealth Government, industry \nand academia.\n86\nAdvice on recycling and resource recovery Infrastructure Victoria", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 85}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Infrastructure Victoria is committed to \nconsultation and creating recommendations \nthrough an open, evidence-based, \ntransparent process.07.\nWhat we \nheard from \nour stakeholders", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 86}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "The consultation program for this \nadvice included two main phases. \nThe first phase ran from April to August \n2019. We met with more than 150 \nindividuals and organisations from \nacross the waste sector, business and \ngovernment, all of whom provided \nvaluable input and helped us refine \nthe scope of our research and analysis. \nA report that summarises the outcomes \nof this phase is available at \ninfrastructurevictoria.com.au \n01. \nHave we identified the right \noutcomes for Victoria to aim for? \n02. \nHave we identified the most \neffective potential actions for \ngovernment to take?\n03. \nWhich, if any, of the initiatives implemented \nin Wales would you like to see applied in \nVictoria? \n04. \nWhat do you think of the market design \nopportunities proposed to improve \nwaste sector outcomes and efficiency? Throughout our work, we also regularly \nconsulted with a Sector Advisory Group \nwhich included people representing local \ngovernment, the WRRGs, the waste \nmanagement industry and broader industry.\nWe released our Evidence Base Report \nfor consultation in October 2019. This \nreport discussed the findings of technical \nresearch we commissioned in developing \nthe evidence base. Consultation on the \nEvidence Base Report was open from \n13 October 2019 to 13 December 2019.\nWe received 53 submissions from \nindividuals, organisations, business \nand local governments. The feedback \nwe received helped us understand \nstakeholders\u2019 priority issues and concerns \nand helped us refine our advice and \nrecommendations. \nThere were several key themes that \nemerged in the feedback we received \non the Evidence Base Report. A summary \nof the most common issues and how they relate to our final advice to the \nVictorian Government is below. \nSubmissions are available in full at \ninfrastructurevictoria.com.au\nThe feedback we received from \nstakeholders has provided highly \nvaluable insights that have informed \nour final advice. Infrastructure Victoria \nwould like to thank everyone who \ncontributed to this work.05. \nWhere do you think government should \nfocus their efforts to increase recycling and \nresource recovery? (For example, through \nsetting targets, promoting consistency \nor funding local councils?)\n06. \nWhich materials or infrastructure \ntypes present the most opportunity \nin your region?\n07. \nWhat is a legislative barrier or enabler \nthat you have encountered when \ntrying to use recycled materials?\nIn our Evidence Base Report, we posed seven questions for response:\nAdvice on recycling and resource recovery Infrastructure Victoria\n88", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 87}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Container Deposit Scheme (CDS)\nThe most commonly raised issue in the \nsubmissions we received was the desire \nfor a CDS in Victoria. Victoria is the \nonly jurisdiction in Australia that has not \nintroduced or announced it is planning \nto introduce a CDS. \nReasons for introducing a CDS in \nVictoria ranged from the potential to \nreduce contamination of other materials \nstreams in resource recovery to supporting \nstronger end markets for recycled glass \nand ensuring consistency across Australian \njurisdictions. Some feedback we received \nsuggested there should have been \nmore consideration given to a CDS \nin our Evidence Base Report. \nIn this report, we included additional \nanalysis of the costs and benefits \nof a CDS, including research and \nconsultation undertaken by the Victorian \nParliamentary Inquiry into Recycling and \nWaste Management. Our analysis of the \nevidence suggests that a CDS can improve \noutcomes in recycling and resource \nrecovery as part of a broader suite \nof initiatives. \nProduct stewardship and \nextended producer responsibility\nThe concept of product stewardship \nschemes received support from many \nstakeholders, particularly for hard-to-recycle \nproducts like electronics or complex \npackaging. Our analysis supports \nthis position. We found that without well-designed \nproduct stewardship schemes there is \nlittle incentive for consumers or producers \nto consider the cost of waste. This is a \nmarket failure, suggesting there is a role \nfor government to intervene. We also \nfound that the most successful product \nstewardship schemes in high-performing \njurisdictions around the world are \ncompulsory. There are a number of product \nstewardship schemes in place across \nAustralia, but none are compulsory.\nWaste-to-energy\nThe terms of reference for this advice asked \nInfrastructure Victoria for advice on the \ninfrastructure required for, and the role for \ngovernment in providing support to, a \nwaste-to-energy sector that prioritises \nextracting recyclable material and recovers \nenergy only from residual waste. \nA number of stakeholders identified \nwaste-to-energy as a preferable to landfill, \nwhich aligns with the waste hierarchy, \nbut noted the importance of prioritising \navoidance, re-use and recovery. \nStakeholders also identified practical \nbarriers to establishing waste-to-energy \ninfrastructure in Victoria being the lack \nof policy clarity around waste-to-energy \nin Victoria, the lack of an end market for \nresidual waste to energy by products, \nand the role of the landfill levy in influencing \nthe competitiveness of waste-to-energy. \n89\nWhat we heard from our stakeholders Infrastructure Victoria", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 88}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Landfill Levy\nThe Landfill Levy was identified as \nhaving potential for better use. Some \nstakeholders suggested that, at a minimum, \nthe Victorian Government should consider \nmaking the Landfill Levy consistent \nwith neighbouring states. Victoria has \nrecently announced an increase to its \nlevy and is leading efforts for national \nlevy consistency under the National \nWaste Policy Action Plan.\nThis work can consider the potential for \nthe Landfill Levy to be used to further \nsupport a transition toward a circular \neconomy and alternatives to landfill, \nsuch as waste-to-energy. This view aligns \nwith a point made by multiple stakeholders \nwho highlighted the need to reinvest more \nof the Landfill Levy with a specific focus \non infrastructure that supports a transition \ntowards a circular economy.\nCollections\nStakeholders commonly identified that \nthe approach to kerbside collections is \na barrier to improving resource recovery, \nparticularly for MSW. We received \nfeedback that improved source separation \n\u2013 particularly separating paper and \ncardboard from other co-mingled \nrecyclables \u2013 and a more consistent \napproach to collections across councils, \ncould increase recovery rates. We agree. Our analysis suggests that greater source \nseparation leads to cleaner streams, which \ncan improve resource recovery rates. At \nthe same time, a more consistent approach \nto kerbside collections makes it easier \nfor households to separate their waste \ncorrectly and reduces contamination.\nMarket development\nWe heard that the Victorian Government \nhas a role to play in supporting end markets \nfor recycled materials. Without an end \nmarket for recycled materials, the design \nof collection and processing systems \nis irrelevant. \nGovernment procurement can go some \nway to supporting an end market for \nthese materials by buying them directly. \nThe Government can also support their \nuse in the broader economy by facilitating \nthe development of standards and \nspecifications for recycled products \n(such as compost, digestate from anaerobic \ndigestion, bottom ash from thermal \nwaste-to-energy, and plastics in \nconstruction or packaging applications). \nStandards and certification can build \nconsumer confidence in these products, \nsupporting a market. Stakeholders \ncommonly identified the lack of confidence \nin these products as a barrier.Regional infrastructure\nRegional stakeholders identified lack \nof access to recycling services and \ninfrastructure as a barrier to resource \nrecovery in regional areas. In some cases, \ngeographic consolidation of infrastructure \nmakes sense due to economies of scale. \nIn others, providing processing \ninfrastructure in regional areas can \nreduce costs by eliminating or reducing \ntransport costs, leading to improved \nrecovery rates. Our analysis supports \nthis, particularly with materials that are \nsensitive to transport costs and gate fees, \nsuch as organics. Regional infrastructure \ncan also provide jobs in regional areas.\n90\nAdvice on recycling and resource recovery Infrastructure Victoria", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 89}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "08.\nMethodology", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 90}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "The second phase of the project was the \ndelivery of our Evidence Base Report in \nOctober 2019. This report built on the \noutcomes of our stakeholder consultation \nwith detailed modelling and analysis, \nsupported by international examples for \ncomparison, including engagement with \nkey stakeholders in Wales and England. \nOur technical work packages, summarised \nbelow, consider the infrastructure, policy \nand market settings for Victoria\u2019s recycling \nand resource recovery sector. We \nalso compiled the most up-to-date \nand comprehensive dataset for recycling \nand resource recovery performance \nin Victoria to inform our analysis.\nThe final phase, the focus of this \nreport, is to articulate the advice and \nrecommendations for the Victorian \nGovernment on the basis of the evidence \nwe have gathered through our technical \nwork, site visits to facilities across Victoria \nand South Australia, and feedback we \nhave received from stakeholders including \nthe Sector Advisory Group. We also \ncoordinated with a Government Advisory \nGroup to ensure resource recovery \nand recycling work across government \nwas shared. \nThe full versions of all technical \nwork undertaken to inform \nthis advice are available at \ninfrastructurevictoria.com.auInter-jurisdictional analysis\nWe commissioned an assessment \nof recycling and resource recovery \npractices, technologies and markets \nin other jurisdictions to understand the \npotential for the Victorian Government \nto adopt and adapt similar practices, \ntechnologies and associated policies. \nSector mapping and market design\nWe worked with the Centre for Market \nDesign at the University of Melbourne \nto analyse the Victorian recycling and \nresource recovery sector. This analysis \nidentified major decision or transaction \npoints in the cycle, those involved at each \npoint, where markets are missing or \nfailing, and what the causes are. \nWe looked at the incentives influencing \neach transaction including the availability \nof information, the effect of regulation \nand the role of price, and applied market \ndesign principles to find approaches \nto build resilience in the sector. \nInfrastructure analysis\nThe infrastructure analysis identifies and \nexplores technologies and processes for \nwaste and resource recovery. It considers \nthe context for the planning, funding, \nconstruction and operation of infrastructure \nunder different policy and investment \nscenarios. \nThis enables us to understand the potential \nfor the Victorian Government to adopt \nspecific approaches to resource recovery and recycling through policy, regulation, \nmarket design, support of new \ninfrastructure proposals and/or the \npotential to attract new operators \nto Victoria to further develop the market. \nMaterials flow analysis \nand sensitivity testing\nThis work presents a current benchmark \nof waste flows, material market values, \nvalue add opportunities and fates of \nmaterials in the Victorian waste and \nresource recovery sector. It identifies \nopportunities to increase recovery rates \nand improve material outcomes to realise \na circular economy in Victoria. This analysis \nshows where materials could go if subject \nto improved processing or end market \ndevelopment under a range of different \nscenarios, reflecting different policy \nsettings. These policy settings represented \na refinement of the scenarios that were \nconsidered in our initial infrastructure \nanalysis.\nLegislative and regulatory settings\nWe examined the legislative and regulatory \nsettings in place in the sector as well as \nany existing plans or strategies that are \nbarriers or enablers to enhancing the sector \nin Victoria. This work was intended to \nunderstand the authorising environment \nfor waste and resource recovery, such as \nthe barriers to using recycled materials in \na range of applications and the regulatory \nrequirements for resource recovery facilities \n(including planning and land use settings). We developed our advice to the \nVictorian Government in three phases of \nstakeholder engagement and technical \nanalysis. During the first phase of the \nproject, which was completed in August \n2019, we met with and heard from more \nthan 150 organisations and individuals \nfrom across the waste sector, business, \nindustry and government who provided \nvaluable input and helped us refine \nthe scope of our research and analysis.\n92\nAdvice on recycling and resource recovery Infrastructure Victoria", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 91}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Community polling\nUsing a representative sample of 1,000 \nVictorian households, we undertook a \nquantitative online survey in July 2019 \nto better understand community attitudes \nand perceptions on recycling and resource \nrecovery. The survey covered attitudes \nand perceptions towards waste sorting \npractices, people\u2019s willingness to change \ntheir behaviour and perceptions of \nproduct packaging. \nCommunity focus groups\nWe engaged Quantum Market Research \nto develop a deeper understanding of how \nVictorians\u2019 attitudes and perceptions will \ninfluence the success of various potential \nkerbside waste sorting and collection \ninitiatives. Focus group participants were \nengaged to help investigate levels of \nmotivation amongst Victorians to adhere \nto new sorting and collection initiatives, \nand the underlying factors that either \nmotivated people or limited their adherence \nto new rules and practices.\nEnd market barriers and enablers\nThis work analysed the market for \nrecycled and recovered materials and \nfound that there are variety of market \nfailures and complexities relating to the \ngeneration, collection and processing \nof waste, in addition to weak end markets \nfor many recovered materials. \nWe identified specific policy levers that \ngovernment can use to address these market failures and complexities, and \nfacilitate a well-functioning market that \nwill improve resource recovery. \nInfrastructure gap analysis\nBuilding on our initial infrastructure analysis, \nthis work was undertaken to inform our \nunderstanding of the waste and resource \nrecovery infrastructure needs across \nVictoria now and into the future, with \nspecific consideration of the needs of \ndifferent regions and managing a range \nof different waste material. \nThis work informed our recommendations \nabout what infrastructure will be required, \nand where, by analysing current waste \nand resource recovery infrastructure \ncapacity and capability throughout Victoria \nand identifying gaps in future capacity \nor capability. \nOur analysis also considered the potential \nimpacts of Victorian and Australian \nGovernment policy directions as well as \npriority materials for short-term effort to \nincrease recycling capacity and capability. \nThe final phase, the focus of this report, is to articulate \nthe advice and recommendations for the Victorian \nGovernment on the basis on the evidence we have \ngathered through our technical work, site visits to \nfacilities across Victoria and South Australia, and \nfeedback we have received from stakeholders \nincluding the Sector Advisory Group.\n93Methodology Infrastructure Victoria", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 92}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Infrastructure Gap Analysis Overview\nInfrastructure Victoria have undertaken \nan Infrastructure Gap Analysis to consider \nthe appropriate infrastructure facility types \nthat will be required to manage current \nand future resource recovery needs of \nVictoria considering:\n\\ projected waste generation \nand resource recovery rates \n\\ the required capacity to manage \nfuture waste tonnes \n\\ the required capability to transform \nrecovered resources into valuable \ncommodities\n\\ the potential suitable locations \nfor future infrastructure\n\\ the indicative capital investment required \n\\ the indicative timing of when \ninfrastructure will be required based \non current and emerging waste policies \nand market challenges.\nThe recommended infrastructure \nfacilities are an estimated forecast \nof what may be required in future years \nto respond to emerging waste and \nresource recovery trends. They are \nnot prescriptive and should be used \nfor guiding purposes only. The complete \nInfrastructure Gap Analysis can be \nviewed as a Technical Document at \nwww.infrastructurevictoria.com.au/\nproject/advice-on-waste-infrastructure-\nin-victoria/Infrastructure Victoria developed a \nmethodology to guide its recommendations \nfor types of infrastructure needs and the \npotential locations of infrastructure to \nrespond to current and emerging waste \ntrends. To guide this, Infrastructure Victoria \ncommissioned Brock Baker Environmental \nConsulting to undertake a \u2018Waste and \nResource Recovery Infrastructure Data and \nSpatial Analysis\u2019 report and Blue \nEnvironment to develop a \u2018Victorian Waste \nFlows Projection\u2019 model. These data sets \ninformed Infrastructure Victoria\u2019s gap \nanalysis.\nPriority materials\nInfrastructure Victoria has identified and \nundertaken detailed analysis of six priority \nwaste material streams: E-waste, glass, \norganics, paper and cardboard, plastics, \nand tyres.\nInfrastructure Victoria has identified these \nas priority waste materials for analysis \nbased on:\nI. Their exposure to current market \nchallenges including international \nimport bans and fluctuating \ncommodities prices.\nII. The potential impacts of the COAG \nwaste export ban that seeks to restrict \nthe export of \u2018scrap\u2019 glass, paper and \ncardboard, plastics and tyres which will \nbe phased in from July 2020 and come \ninto full effect by July 2024. III. The opportunity to divert organics from \nlandfill, which comprises significant \ntonnes that could be readily recovered \nfor beneficial uses.\nIV. The introduction of the Victorian e-waste \nlandfill ban in July 2019 which requires \ndiversion of e-waste to resource \nrecovery pathways. It is noted that \ne-waste is also heavily exposed to \nincreasing international import \nrestrictions as well.\nInfrastructure Gap \nAnalysis Methodology\nDrawing upon this work, Infrastructure \nVictoria\u2019s methodology included analysis of:\n\\ current and predicted waste generation \nby material type\n\\ reprocessing capacity by material type\n\\ reprocessing capability by material type\n\\ location of resource recovery \ninfrastructure and its proximity to end \nmarkets\n\\ the Statewide Resource Recovery \nInfrastructure Plan (SWRRIP) and \nRegional Implementation Plans \n\\ existing resource recovery hubs of \nstatewide significance as identified in \nSWRRIP\n\\ stated government priorities to support \nregional economies in transition e.g. \n in the Latrobe Valley.Appendix A:\nResource recovery infrastructure \nforecast investment by 2039\n94\nAdvice on recycling and resource recovery Infrastructure Victoria", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 93}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "\\ The ability to meet a range of policy and \nresource recovery target scenarios by \n2022, 2025, 2030 and 2039. These \ninclude:\n\u2013 The COAG Waste Export Ban proposal \nthat seeks to restrict the export of \n\u2018scrap\u2019 glass, paper and cardboard, \nplastics and tyres which will be phased \nin from July 2020 and come into full \neffect by July 2024.\n\u2013 The APCO plastics recycling target \nof 70% of plastics to be recycled \nin Australia by 2025.\n\u2013 The National Waste Policy target \nof an 80% average resource recovery \nrate from all waste streams following \nthe waste hierarchy by 2030.\n\u2013 The Victorian e-waste landfill ban.\nInfrastructure Gap \nAnalysis Key Assumptions\n\\ The results and recommended \ninfrastructure facility types are indicative \nonly. Technology choices and accepted \nfeedstocks must be chosen at the \ndiscretion of any project proponent. \nThe Infrastructure Gap Analysis presents \ndata that can inform these decisions.\n\\ The Infrastructure Gap Analysis is \nbased on responding to forecast waste \ngeneration and resource recovery trends. \n\\ Recovery and reprocessing capacity \nare based on both known and estimated \ncapacities.\\ Recovery and reprocessing capability \nare based on both known and estimated \ncapabilities.\n\\ Full businesses cases have not \nbeen developed. \n\\ Consultation with key stakeholders \nhas not occurred.\n\\ Capital expenditure costs are based \non industry estimates and comparable \nrecent investments in the waste and \nresource recovery sector.\n\u2013 Infrastructure has been costed at 2020 \ncosts. This has been extrapolated out \nto 2039 based on 2020 costs alone. \nThere has been no inclusion of NPV, \ndiscount rates, CPI, etc.\n\u2013 It is noted that over time, capital \ninvestment for infrastructure will most \nlikely increase.\n\\ Operating costs have been excluded \nfrom this analysis.\n\\ Locations are indicative only and are \nbased on assumptions around potential \nsite opportunities.\n\u2013 Suburbs and towns have been \nidentified based on the aforementioned \nmethodology and are for illustrative \npurposes only. \n\u2013 Any decisions on locations will need to \nbe made primarily by the private sector \nand guided by appropriate land use \nplanning and environmental approvals. \u2013 Suburbs and towns are named as a \nlocality guide only and are approximate. \n\u2013 For example, where an organics \nreprocessing facility is identified in \na township, the facility would have \nto be located in an appropriately \nzoned area and would likely be on \nprivate land within the broader area \nof any given township.\nInfrastructure Gap Analysis \nRecommendations\nInfrastructure Victoria recommends \nthat there is an immediate and an ongoing \nneed for investment in Victoria\u2019s waste and \nresource recovery network. Infrastructure \nVictoria estimates that by 2039:\n\\ Investment in approximately 87 \nnew or additional resource recovery \ninfrastructure facilities will be required \nthroughout Victoria.\n\\ An increase in total resource \nrecovery infrastructure capacity \nof 3,157,500 tonnes is required.\n\\ A forecast capital investment of \nbetween $800 million to $1.1 billion \nby 2039 will be needed to deliver the \nrequired infrastructure.\n95\nMethodology Infrastructure Victoria", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 94}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Appropriate phasing of infrastructure \ninvestment, construction and \ncommissioning will be different for \neach priority material. Specifically:\n\\ By 2024 investment in recovery and \nreprocessing infrastructure will be \nneeded for paper and cardboard, \nto meet the requirements of the \nCOAG waste export ban.\n\\ By 2025, investment in recovery \nand reprocessing infrastructure will \nbe needed for organics and plastics.\n\\ By 2030, investment in recovery \nand reprocessing infrastructure \nwill be needed for e-waste.\n\\ And by 2039, investment will be needed \nin value-add recovery and reprocessing \ninfrastructure for glass and tyres.\nTo manage total forecast resource recovery \ntrends by 2039, it is estimated that future \nresource recovery investment required by \n2039 will include:\n\\ e-waste investment between $12m to \n$55m to manage 34,500 tonnes per \nannum\n\\ glass investment between $17.5m \nto $24.3m to manage 328,000 tonnes \nper annum\n\\ organics investment between \n$229.75m to $317.32m to manage \n805,000 tonnes per annum\\ paper and cardboard investment \nbetween $157m to $198m to \nmanage 2 million tonnes per annum\n\\ plastics between $367.9m to $511.28m \nto manage 515,000 tonnes per annum\n\\ tyres investment between $6m to $8m \nto manage 15,000 tonnes of commingled \nrecycling per annum\n\\ new MRF investment between $12m \nto $20m to manage 80,000 tonnes \nof commingled recycling per annum.\nInfrastructure Facility \nType Considerations\nE-waste\n\\ Infrastructure is recommended to \nmanage emerging waste streams \nof high hazard and high value.\n\\ Reprocessing locations for e-waste \nproducts including batteries, televisions, \ncomputers, monitors and peripherals \nhave been recommended in existing \nmetropolitan Melbourne hubs.\nSolar photovoltaic (PV) panel reprocessing \nhas been recommended:\n\u2013 To account for installation of solar \nPV panel uptake and density \nthroughout Victoria based on data \nfrom the Clean Energy Regulator \nand mapping by the Australian PV \nInstitute (https://pv-map.apvi.org.au/\nhistorical#7/-36.545/144. 316).\u2013 To complement existing metropolitan \nMelbourne e-waste reprocessing hubs.\n\u2013 In Bendigo due to its proximity to \ncurrent and future deployment of \nhousehold, commercial and large-scale \nsolar in central and northern Victoria.\n\u2013 In both Geelong and Morwell to service \nfuture end-of-life arisings in south west \nVictoria and Gippsland and to leverage \nexisting infrastructure and labour forces \nwhere economic transition is occurring \nin Victoria.\n\u2013 Outside Melbourne and the Geelong \nregion, the northern and eastern \nregions of Victoria have the highest \ndensity of solar PV installations. Both \nBendigo and Morwell can potentially \nserve as the reprocessing hubs for \nthese regions.\nGlass\n\\ Infrastructure is recommended to \nmanage future glass recovery with a \nview to increasing capacity and capability \nto process glass into glass sand products \nfor use in sand replacement applications, \ncrushed rock and aggregate blends, \nand abrasives.\n\\ In particular, glass sand and aggregate \ninfrastructure is recommended to be \ndeployed throughout regional Victoria to \nrealise the potential for use in local road \nand infrastructure construction activities \nto manage future end-of-life arisings and \nsupport local circular economic activity. 96\nAdvice on recycling and resource recovery Infrastructure Victoria", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 95}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "\\ One additional glass beneficiation plant \nhas been recommended due to the recent \ndecrease in capacity following the January \n2020 closure of the GRS beneficiation \nfacility in Coolaroo. However, Infrastructure \nVictoria cautions that any investment \nin additional glass beneficiation should \nconsider both current and long-term \nmarket demand for glass cullet for use \nin Victorian glass packaging production.\nOrganics\n\\ Anaerobic digestion has been identified \nas a suitable technology to manage \ncurrent and future commercial food \norganics recovery. \n\u2013 The north of Melbourne is already \nserviced in Wollert, servicing key \nclients such as the Melbourne Market \n(wholesale fruit and vegetables). \n\u2013 There are still significant opportunities \nto service food production businesses \nin Melbourne\u2019s south east (Dandenong \nSouth) and in Victoria\u2019s Goulburn \nValley (Girgarre). \n\u2013 Other locations throughout Victoria may \nalso be viable and further investigation \nof suitable location is recommended\n\\ As Melbourne councils introduce further \nFOGO services, the existing capacity \nto consolidate and reprocess organics \ninto compost will be insufficient. \n\u2013 Dedicated Special Materials Recovery \nCentres (transfer stations for organics) are recommended for hubs identified \nin the SWRRIP in Melbourne\u2019s western \n(Laverton North) and northern (Epping) \nsuburbs. \n\u2013 Due to the challenges in meeting EPA \nrequirements and managing social \nlicence to operate, it is unlikely that any \nfuture significant organics reprocessing \nwill occur in metropolitan Melbourne. \n\u2013 To meet the increasing FOGO service \ndemands, and to meet Melbourne\u2019s \ngrowing population and traffic \ncongestion, Infrastructure Victoria \nrecommends that SMRCs are \nconstructed to provide opportunities \nto consolidate and aggregate FOGO \nprior to transportation, enabling \ntransport efficiencies to be realised \nand haul FOGO to regional Victorian \nreprocessing facilities. \n\u2013 Laverton North is approximately \n50km from the Barwon South West \nregion and approximately 100km \nfrom the Central West region. Epping \nis approximately 30km from the \nsouthern end of the Goulburn Valley \nregion and approximately 125km \nfrom the Central West region.\n\u2013 Melbourne\u2019s south east is presently \nwell serviced.\n\\ In-vessel composting has been \nrecommended in areas close to \nlarge regional centres to manage \nEPA requirements, social licence and urban amenity issues.\n\\ Open windrow composting has been \nrecommended in regional Victorian \nlocations that are potentially more likely \nto manage EPA requirements, social \nlicence and urban amenity issues.\nPaper and cardboard\n\\ Pulp mills have been recommended \nfollowing the COAG export ban to \nmanage the shortfall in both capacity \nand capability to meet these new \nrequirement and/or domestic production \nrequirements. However it must be noted \nthat such infrastructure is expensive \nand based on current paper markets, \nthe entrance of any new stakeholders \nis considered to be unlikely. Therefore, \nany new pulp mills would likely need to \ncomplement existing market players.\n\\ There is an opportunity for niche \nand bespoke paper and cardboard \nproducts to be produced to meet \nshifting consumer sentiment and \ncorporate shifts away from single \nuse plastics in packaging.\n\\ Additional paper separation technology \nupgrades at MRFs are recommended \nto meet the COAG waste export ban \nrequirements. \n\\ Further C&I paper recovery facilities \nare also recommended to meet the \nCOAG waste export ban requirements.\n97\nMethodology Infrastructure Victoria", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 96}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Plastics\n\\ Further investment is required in plastics \nreprocessing infrastructure including to \nmechanically shred, wash, granulate, \nflake by single polymer type or pelletise \nby single polymer type. \n\\ Victoria potentially has significant \ncompetitive advantage and existing \nplastics manufacturing infrastructure \nthat could be leveraged to manage \nthis challenge. Victoria is currently \nhome to two major plastics resins \nmanufacturing businesses.\n\u2013 Qenos has resins manufacturing \nproduction operations in NSW and \nin Altona, Victoria. Qenos is the \nsole manufacturer of polyethylene \nin Australia.\n\u2013 LyondellBasell has resins manufacturing \nproduction operations in NSW and \nGeelong, Victoria. LyondellBasell is \nthe sole manufacturer of polypropylene \nin Australia.\n\u2013 The presence of these two major \nresins manufacturers in Victoria, \nwith considerable market access, \nrepresents a significant opportunity \nto use recovered plastics in resins \nmanufacturing in Australia.\n\\ Investment in both metropolitan \nMelbourne and regional Victoria \nwould be appropriate. Regional Victoria \nhas historically proven to be suitable \nfor the reprocessing of plastics and \nthere are opportunities for regional \nflaking and pelletising infrastructure.Tyres\n\\ No further tyre reprocessing to \nshred tyres is required in Victoria \nto meet current domestic and export \nmarket demands.\n\\ However, should there be interest \nin building domestic demand for \nTyre Derived Products from passenger \ntyres, then there is an opportunity \nfor investment in increased fibre \nseparation infrastructure. \n\\ It is recommended that such infrastructure \nbe located in Melbourne\u2019s northern \nsuburbs where Victoria\u2019s two major tyre \nreprocessing businesses are located.\nMRFs\n\\ Generally, Victorian MRF infrastructure \nwill need upgrading to increase the ability \nto sort and separate mixed materials. \nPresently, MRFs typically produce bales \nof mixed materials including paper \nand plastics. The market demand and \nin some cases, market authorisation, \nis seeing limited outlets for mixed \nbaled materials. Further investment \nwill be required in infrastructure to \npresent sorted, clean streams of \nrecovered materials.\n\\ Beyond this, there are notable gaps in \nthe provision of MRF infrastructure in \nVictoria\u2019s south west and central western \nregions. Infrastructure Victoria sees \nopportunities for new MRF infrastructure \nto be located in Geelong and Ballarat \nto service these Victorian regions.\nFigure 27: Resource recovery \ninfrastructure forecast investment \nby 2039\nNote: Locations are indicative only based on Infrastructure \nVictoria methodology. In some instances facilities are likely to \nbe outside of the identified town centres in a neighbouring area. \nCapex costs are based on 2020 cost estimates only. Tonnes \nper annum are based on Waste Data Flows analysis. Number \nof facilities to manage projected TPA may be scaled up or down \nbased on facility size design. Proposed scale is indicative only.\n98\nAdvice on recycling and resource recovery Infrastructure Victoria", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 97}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Infrastructure Victoria Recycling and Resource Recovery Infrastructure Facility Recommendations 2020 to 2039\nSupply \nchain roleMaterial \ntypeFacility typeNo. of \nfacilities \n2039Capacity \n(Tonnes per \nannum) 2039Low capex High capex Indicative locationRecoveryMixed MRF \u2013 Mechanical separation \nand optical sorting2 80,000 $12,000,000 $20,000,000 Ballarat, \nGeelong\nOrganics SMRC \u2013 Transfer stations \ndedicated to organics with \nhard stand, cover, bays2 240,000 $18,000,000 $36,000,000 Epping, \nLaverton North\nPaper MRF \u2013 Paper separation \nupgrades11 440,000 $16,500,000 $33,000,000 Bendigo, Coolaroo, \nDandenong South, Echuca, \nHeidelberg, Laverton North, \nLucknow, Morwell, Springvale, \nTruganina, Wangaratta\nPaper SMRC \u2013 C&I paper recovery 6 300,000 $51,000,000 $60,000,000 Ballarat, Coolaroo, \nDandenong South, Geelong, \nLaverton North, TruganinaReprocessingE-waste Manual disassembly & \nmechanical processing \u2013 \nBatteries2 4,000 $1,750,000 $2,200,100 Dandenong South\nE-waste Solar photovoltaic \npanel reprocessing5 25,000 $7,500,000 $50,000,000 Bendigo, Dandenong South, \nGeelong, Laverton North, \nMorwell\nGlass Beneficiation plant 1 108,000 $8,100,000 $13,338,000 Laverton North\nGlass Sand/aggregate plant \u2013 Large 2 100,000 $4,250,000 $5,000,000 Clayton South\nGlass Sand/aggregate plant \u2013 Small 12 120,000 $5,160,000 $6,000,000 Bairnsdale, Ballarat, Bendigo, \nEchuca, Mildura, Morwell, \nNorth Geelong, Wangaratta, \nWarrnambool, Wodonga\nOrganics Anaerobic digestion 2 60,000 $15,000,000 $48,000,000 Dandenong South, Girgarre\nOrganics In-vessel composting \u2013 \nlarge & medium4 250,000 $137,500,000 $161,250,000 Ballarat, North Geelong\nOrganics In-vessel composting \u2013 medium 3 75,000 $41,250,000 $46,875,000 Mansfield, Morwell, \nWarrnambool\nOrganics Open Windrow composting 6 180,000 $18,000,000 $25,200,000 Bairnsdale, Bendigo, \nMildura, Swan Hill, Wallan\nPaper & \ncardboardOther e.g. food fibre packaging \nand tissue, paper towel4 40,000 $6,000,000 $7,000,000 Dandenong South, \nLaverton North\nPaper & \ncardboardPulp mill 2 600,000 $90,000,000 $105,000,000 Dandenong South, \nLaverton North\nPlastics Chemical processing 1 20,000 $34,000,000 $40,000,000 Dandenong South\nPlastics Chemical processing & flaking & \npelletising plant (food grade)2 70,000 $67,350,000 $90,000,000 Altona\nPlastics Chemical processing, pelletising \nplant, flaking & pelletising plant \n(food grade & non-food grade)4 145,000 $104,850,000 $143,760,000 Geelong\nPlastics Flaking & pelletising plant \u2013 Small 8 80,000 $53,360,000 $80,000,000 Bairnsdale, Bendigo, \nMildura, Morwell, Shepparton, \nWarrnambool, Wodonga\nPlastics Flaking & pelletising plant (food \ngrade & non-food grade)2 100,000 $45,850,000 $64,285,000 Ballarat\nPlastics Pelletising plant 1 25,000 $25,000,000 $39,475,000 Laverton North\nPlastics Pelletising plant & flaking, \npelletising plant (non-food grade)2 75,000 $37,500,000 $53,760,000 Campbellfield\nTyres Fibre separation plant 1 15,000 $6,000,000 $8,025,000 Somerton\nTotal number of facilities and total capex 87 3,157,500 $808,695,000 $1,141,543,200\nInfrastructure has been costed at 2020 costs. This has been extrapolated out to 2039 based on 2020 costs alone. There has been no inclusion of NPV, discount rates, CPI etc. 99\nMethodology Infrastructure Victoria", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 98}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Appendix B:\nDefined terms\nTerm Definition\n%RR Percentage recovery rate\nACCU Australian Carbon Credit Unit\nAPCO Australian Packaging Covenant Organisation\nC&D Construction and Demolition Waste\nC&I Commercial and Industrial Waste\nCDS Container Deposit Scheme\nCEFC Clean Energy Finance Corporation \nCOAG Council of Australian Governments \nDELWP Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning \nE-waste In Victoria, e-waste (electronic waste) refers to any item with a plug, \nbattery or cord that is no longer working or wanted\nEP Act Environment Protection Act (both the Environment Protection \nAct 1970 and Environment Protection Act 2017)\nEPA Environmental Protection Authority Victoria \nEPR Extended Producer Responsibility\nEU European Union\nFOGO Mixed Food Organics and Garden Organics \nHACCP Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point\nHDPE High-density polyethylene (type of plastic)\nMRF Material Recovery Facility \nMSW Municipal Solid Waste\nNTCRS National Television and Computer Recycling Scheme\nPBO Victorian Parliamentary Budget Office\nAdvice on recycling and resource recovery Infrastructure Victoria\n100", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 99}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Term Definition\nPET Polyethylene terephthalate (type of plastic)\nPyrolysis A thermal process for separating materials without oxygen\nPVs Solar photovoltaic panels\nR&D Research and Development\nVRIP Victorian Recycling Infrastructure Plan\nSMRC Specific Materials Recovery Centre\nSV Sustainability Victoria \nSWRRIP Statewide Waste and Resource Recovery Infrastructure Plan, \nnow referred to as the Recycling Infrastructure Plan (RIP)\nVAGO Victorian Government Auditor General Office\nWEEE Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive\nWRRGs Waste and Resource Recovery Groups\nMethodology Infrastructure Victoria\n101", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 100}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Sources Image credits\n7 News (2019) Class action win for residents affected by \nCoolaroo recycling plant fire, Available at https://7news.com.au/\nnews/court-justice/class-action-win-for-residents-affected- \nby-coolaroo-recycling-plant-fire-c-378097, accessed on \n7 October 2019\nAccess Economics (2009) Employment in waste management \nand recycling, report for the Department of the Environment, \nWater, Heritage and the Arts\nAlphaBeta (2019) Recycling and resource recovery \ninfrastructure in Victoria: International and Australian \ncomparisons, report for Infrastructure Victoria\nBlue Environment (2019) Victorian Waste flows projections, \nreport for Infrastructure Victoria\nBrock Baker Environmental Consulting (2020) Waste \nand Resource Recovery Infrastructure Data and Spatial \nAnalysis, report for Infrastructure Victoria \nCentre for Market Design (2019) Opportunities to improve \ninfrastructure investment in the Victorian waste economy, \nreport for Infrastructure Victoria\nClean Energy Finance Corporation (2016) Energy from \nwaste in Australia: a state-by-state update\nCrampton, P . (2001) Handbook of Telecommunications \nEconomics, Martin Cave, Sumit Majumdar, and Ingo \nVogelsang, eds., Amsterdam: Elsevier Science B.V.\nDeloitte (2019) Regulatory Impact Statement: Proposed \nenvironment protection regulations, report for the \nDepartment of Environment, Land, Water and Planning \nand the Environment Protection Authority \nDepartment of Environment, Land, Water and Planning \n(2017) Turning waste into energy, Join the discussion \nDepartment of Environment, Land, Water and Planning \n(2018) Management and storage of combustible recyclable \nand waste material, Policy Impact Assessment\nDepartment of Environment, Land, Water and Planning \n(2019) A circular economy for Victoria \u2013 Creating more \nvalue and less waste\nDepartment of Environment, Land, Water and Planning \n(2020) Recycling Victoria: A new economy\nDepartment of Treasury and Finance (2019) Victorian \nBudget 19/20 \u2013 Budget Paper No. 3Infrastructure Victoria (2018) Advice on Automated \nand Zero Emissions Vehicles Infrastructure \nInfrastructure Victoria (2019) Evidence Base Report: \nRecycling and resource recovery infrastructure \nInfrastructure Victoria (2019) Legislative and regulatory review\nInfrastructure Victoria (2020) Resource Recovery Infrastructure \nGap Analysis\nOffice of Resource Recovery, Department of Environment and \nScience (2019) Energy from Waste Policy \u2013 Discussion paper \nfor consultation\nParliament of Victoria Legislative Council Environment \nand Planning Committee (2019) Inquiry into recycling \nand waste management \u2013 final report\nPlott, Charles R. and Lee, Hsing-Yang and Maron, \nTravis (2014). The Continuous Combinatorial Auction \nArchitecture, American Economic Review\nQuantum Market Research (2019) Kerbside Collection \nDeep Dive, report for Infrastructure Victoria\nQuantum Market Research (2019) Waste Advice Research, \nreport for Infrastructure Victoria\nStoneham et al (2002) Auctions for Conservation Contracts: \nAn Empirical Examination of Victoria\u2019s Bush Tender Trial \nAustralian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics\nSustainability Victoria (2014) Victorian Statewide Garbage \nBin Audit 2013\nSustainability Victoria (2019) Victorian Local Government \nAnnual Waste Services Report 2017-18\nVictorian Auditor General\u2019s Office (2011) Municipal Solid \nWaste Management, \nVictorian Auditor-General\u2019s Office (2019) Recovering and \nReprocessing Resources from WastePages 14, 22 (top), 40, 45, 65, \n67, 72 and 83: (C) Sustainability Victoria \nPage 77: DELWP Image Library (C) 2020\nAdvice on recycling and resource recovery Infrastructure Victoria\n102", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 101}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "List of figures\nFigure 1 \nRecycling and resource recovery \ninfrastructure outcomes\nFigure 2 \nPreferred waste outcomes\nFigure 3 \nRecovery of household and commercial \nwaste is low, and is an opportunity\nFigure 4 \nSome materials are more \nproblematic than others\nFigure 5 \nResource recovery infrastructure \ncomes in many different forms\nFigure 6 \nReprocessing capacity varies by material\nFigure 7 \nEnd-of-life plastic generation is \nexpected to grow in Victoria\nFigure 8 \nPlastics processing shortfall is \nexpected by 2025\nFigure 9 \nEnd-of-life glass generation \nwill grow by 2039\nFigure 10 \nGlass processing is sufficient\nFigure 11\nMore organic waste is expected over timeFigure 12 \nOrganics processing shortfall \nis expected by 2025\nFigure 13\nEnd-of-life paper and cardboard \nvolumes are expected to increase \nFigure 14 \nPaper and cardboard processing \nshortfall is immediate\nFigure 15\nEnd-of-life tyres are expected \nto increase by 2039\nFigure 16 \nTyre processing capacity is sufficient\nFigure 17 \nE-waste is projected to grow\nFigure 18 \nE-waste processing shortfall \nis expected by 2030 \nFigure 19 \nEstimated value of recovered \nmaterials in 2019 \u2013 Victorian prices / \nSouth Australian prices\nFigure 20 \nThe Victorian recycling industry \nhas the potential to generate up \nto 5,000 new jobs by 2039\nFigure 21 \nReprocessing infrastructure is highly \nconcentrated around MelbourneFigure 22 \nMost processing occurs in \nMelbourne; except for organics\nFigure 23 \nIndicative location of required recovery \nand reprocessing infrastructure\nFigure 24 \nBin lid colours are inconsistent \nacross Melbourne\nFigure 25 \nThe opportunity for improved \nrecovery and reprocessing in \nVictoria varies by material\nFigure 26 \nMarket development for multiple \nmaterials takes considerable research \nand development\nFigure 27 \nResource recovery infrastructure \nforecast investment by 2039Methodology Infrastructure Victoria\n103", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 102}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "This publication may be of assistance to you, \nbut Infrastructure Victoria and its employees \ndo not guarantee that the publication is without \nflaw of any kind or is wholly appropriate for your \nparticular purposes and therefore disclaims all \nliability for any error, loss or other consequence \nthat may arise from you relying on any information \nin this publication. You should seek appropriately \nqualified advice before making any decisions \nregarding your particular project.\nPrinted by Infrastructure Victoria\nApril 2020\n\u00a9 Copyright Infrastructure Victoria 2020\nExcept for any logos, emblems, trademarks, \nfigures and photography, this document is made \navailable under the terms of the Creative Commons \nAttribution 3.0 Australia licence. It is a condition \nof this Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence \nthat you must give credit to the original author, \nwho is Infrastructure Victoria.\nThis document is also available at \ninfrastructurevictoria.com.au.\nISBN 978-1-925632-43-9 (Print)\nISBN 978-1-925632-44-6 (pdf/online/MS word)\nPrinted on 100% recycled paper\n", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Advice-on-recycling-and-resource-recovery-FINAL-REPORT.pdf", "page": 103}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": " EUROPEAN COMMISSION \nEUROSTAT \n \nDirectorate E: Sectoral and regional statistics \nUnit E -2: Environmental statistics and accounts; sustainable development \n \n \n \nGuidance for the compilation and reporting \nof data on municipal waste according to \nCommission Implementing Decision s \n2019/1004 /EC and 2019/ 1885 /EC, and the \nJoint Questionnaire of Eurostat and OECD \n(Note : The Commission Delegated Decision on average loss \nrates has not yet been implemented; future version s of this \nguidance will contain further details on the published legal act. ) \n \n \n \n \nVersion of \n6th October 2023 \n \n", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 0}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 2 Contents \n1 Introduction ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 5 \n2 Scope and definitions ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 5 \n3 Due date for data submission and application of new calculation rules ........................... 8 \n3.1 Old calculation rules ................................ ................................ ................................ 8 \n3.2 New calculation rules ................................ ................................ ............................... 9 \n4 Guidance for the completion of the reporting tables ................................ ....................... 13 \n4.1 Generation and treatment of municipal waste (Eurostat/OECD Joint Questionnaire) \n[\u201cTable 1\u201d within the \u2018JQ\u2019 data collection spreadsheet] ................................ ............ 14 \n4.1.1 Waste generation ................................ ................................ ............................ 15 \n4.1.2 Separate collection ................................ ................................ .......................... 16 \n4.1.3 Preparation for reuse and recycling ................................ ................................ .16 \n4.1.4 Recovery ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 17 \n4.1.5 Disposal ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 17 \n4.2 Generation, recycling and recovery of municipal waste: Annex V (Data on municipal \nwaste referred to in Article 7(2)) [\u201cTable 2\u201d within the municipal waste reporting \nobligation {MWRO} data collection spreadsheet] ................................ .................... 18 \n4.2.1 Waste generation ................................ ................................ ............................ 20 \n4.2.2 Separate collection ................................ ................................ .......................... 21 \n4.2.3 Preparation for reuse and recycling ................................ ................................ .21 \n4.2.4 Recovery ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 24 \n4.3 Generation and recycling of municipal waste: Annex IV (Data on Municipal Waste \nReferred to in Article 7(1)) \u2013 Previously allowed methods ................................ .......26 \n4.4 Landfilling of municipal waste: Annex II (Decision 2019/1885/EC) .......................... 27 \n5 Guidance for the completion of the quality reports ................................ ......................... 29 \n6 Good practice examples for collecting municipal waste treatment data ......................... 29 \n6.1 Good practice examples for completion of Member State Quality Reports .............. 29 \nAnnexes ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................... 31 \nAnnex 1 Reference manual: Defining municpal waste ................................ ...................... 31 \nA.1.1 Overview of municipal waste definition ................................ ................................ ...31 \nA.1.2 Scope of muni cipal waste based on selected LoW codes ................................ .......32 \nAnnex 2 Reporting of data on municpal waste preparati on for reuse and recycling ........... 35 \nA.2.1 Preparation for reuse ................................ ................................ .............................. 35 \nA.2.1.1 Interpretation of definitions governing preparation for reuse ............................ 35 ", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 1}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 3 A.2.1.2 Collecting data on Preparation for Reuse ................................ ........................ 37 \nA.2.2 Correctly identifying the calculation points for recycling of certain waste materials .39 \nA.2.2.1 Plastics waste ................................ ................................ ................................ .39 \nA.2.2.2 Paper / board waste ................................ ................................ ........................ 43 \nA.2.2.3 Glass waste ................................ ................................ ................................ ....44 \nA.2.2.4 Metals waste ................................ ................................ ................................ ...45 \nA.2.2.5 Wood waste ................................ ................................ ................................ ....47 \nA.2.2.6 Textiles waste ................................ ................................ ................................ .49 \nA.2.2.7 Waste electrical and electronic equipment ................................ ...................... 50 \nA.2.2.8 Waste batteries ................................ ................................ ............................... 50 \nA.2.2.9 Bulky waste ................................ ................................ ................................ .....50 \nA.2.3 Allowable measurement methods ................................ ................................ ........... 50 \nA.2.4 Obtaining data at the measurement points ................................ .............................. 53 \nA.2.5 Target rate calcuation examples ................................ ................................ ............. 56 \nA.2.6 Metals from incinerator bottom ash (IBA) ................................ ................................ 57 \nA.2.6.1 Correctly identifying the calculation point ................................ ......................... 57 \nA.2.6.2 Allowable measurement methods and obtaining data at the measurement \npoints 59 \nA.2.6.3 Losses within the incineration process ................................ ............................ 63 \nA.2.7 Identifying the municipal waste proportion in multi -stream treatment plants ............ 66 \nA.2.7.1 Sampling standards and methodologies ................................ .......................... 68 \nA.2.8 Preparatory operations / temporary storage ................................ ............................ 69 \nA.2.9 Measuring the amounts of municipal biowaste composted / digested ..................... 70 \nA.2.9.1 Correctly identifying the calculation point ................................ ......................... 70 \nA.2.9.2 Rules concerning compostable plastics ................................ ........................... 74 \nA.2.9.3 Processes where recycling and energy recovery of biowaste are combined ...75 \nA.2.10 Measuring the amounts of biowaste separated and recycled at source (e.g. home \ncomposting) ................................ ................................ ................................ ................... 76 \nA.2.10.1 Introduction ................................ ................................ ................................ .....76 \nA.2.10.2 Less than five percent share of municipal bio -waste separated and recycled at \nsource 78 \nA.2.10.3 More than five percent share of municipal bio -waste ................................ .......80 \nA.2.11 Applying the average loss methodology ................................ ................................ .82 ", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 2}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 4 A.2.11.1 Application of average loss rates (ALRs) ................................ ......................... 82 \nA.2.11.2 Approaches to calculating ALR ................................ ................................ .......84 \nA.2.11.3 Tracking ALRs through the recycling chain ................................ ..................... 84 \nA.2.11.4 Data collection and verification ................................ ................................ ........ 85 \nA.2.12 Guidance on proving compliance with requirement to ensure all waste outside the \nEU is treated under broadly equivalent conditions ................................ ......................... 86 \nA.2.12.1 A definition of \u201cbroadly equivalent conditions\u201d ................................ ................. 86 \nA.2.12.2 Guidance on establishing whether broadly equivalent conditions are in place .88 \nA.2.12.3 Guidance on common statistical issues ................................ ........................... 90 \nA.2.12.4 Information sharing ................................ ................................ ......................... 92 \nA.2.13 Calculating Statistical Significance (confidence intervals) of Surveys / Sampling ...92 \nAnnex 3 List of relevant documents ................................ ................................ .................. 93 \nAnnex 4 Index for Key terms used in this Guidance ................................ .......................... 94 \n \n ", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 3}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 5 1 Introduction \nThe purpose of this document is to provide guidance to Member States on the reporting of \nmunicipal waste data , pursuant to the requirements laid down in Commission Implementing \nDecision s 2019/10041 and 2019/18852, as well as , until 2025, Commission Implementing \nDecision 2011/753 /EU3. In particular, this guidance highlights important considerations \nrelating to the calculation of municipal waste generated and recycled according to these new \nlegal acts, including the application of new calculation rules (as reported in the landfill and \nmunicipal waste repor ting obligation questionnaires) . In addition, the guidance supports the \ndelivery of municipal waste statistics within the Eurostat and OECD Joint Questionnaire. \nGuidance to support Member States in the completion of the quality check report s (hereafter \nreferred to as the \u2018 quality report s\u2019) can be found in the Quality Report template s themselves \n(which exist within each of the municipal waste questionnaires) . \nThis guidance document will continue to be further improved and expanded as more \nexperience becomes available with data collection and reporting. For revised versions of this \nguidance document, please check https://ec.europa.eu/eu rostat/web/waste/methodology . \n2 Scope and definitions \nThe reporting obligation is based on the implementing decisions described in the introduction \nfor European Council Directive s 2008/98/EC (the Waste Framework Directive [ WFD] , as \namended most recently by Directive (EU) 2018/851 ) and 1999/31/EC (the Landfill Directive , \nas amended most recently by Directive (EU) 2018/850 ). \nMunicipal waste is defined in Article 3 (2b) of European Council Directive 2008 /98/EC on \nwaste4 as: \n\u201cmixed waste and separately collected waste from households, including \npaper and cardboard, glass, metals, plastics, bio - waste, wood, textiles, \npackaging, waste electrical and electronic equipment, waste batteries and \naccumulators, and bulky waste, includ ing mattresses and furniture\u201d \nand: \n\u201cmixed waste and separately collected waste from other sources, where \nsuch waste is similar in nature and composition to waste from households.\u201d \nThe provision further clarifie s what items the above definition does not include : \n \n1 https://eur -lex.europa.eu/legal -content/en/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32019D1004 \n2 https://eur -lex.europa.eu/legal -content/EN/TXT/?qid=1595832235588&uri=CELEX:32019D1885 \n3 https://eur -lex.europa.eu/legal -content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32011D0753 \n4 For the consolidated version see https://eur -lex.europa.eu/legal -content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:01994L0062 -\n20180704&from=EN ", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 4}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 6 \u201cMunicipal waste does not include waste from production, agriculture, \nforestry, fishing, septic tanks and sewage network and treatment, including \nsewage sludge, end -of-life vehicles or construction and demolitio n waste.\u201d \nFurthermore, \n\u201cthe definition is without prejudice to the allocation of responsibilities for \nwaste management between public and private actors \u201d. \nIn other words, waste from households and waste similar in nature and composition shall be \nincluded in municipal waste, no matt er who collects this waste. These features do not all \napply at the same time but in a hierarchical order . Figure 1 shows the order in that the \ndefinition should be ap plied. \nFigure 1: Decision -tree for the attribution of waste to municipal waste \n \n", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 5}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 7 Further guidance on applying the definition of municipal waste is given in Section 4.1.1 , and \nin Annex 1 of this guidance . \nOther relevant definitions under Article 3 include: \n\u2022 \u2018bio-waste\u2019 means biodegradable garden and park waste, food and kitchen waste \nfrom households, offices, restaurants, whole sale, canteens, caterers and retail \npremises and comparable waste from food processing plants; \n\u2022 \u2018separate collection\u2019 means the collection where a waste stream is kept separately by \ntype and nature so as to facilitate a specific treatment; \n\u2022 \u2018re-use\u2019 means an y operation by which products or components that are not waste \nare used again for the same purpose for which they were conceived; \n\u2022 \u2018treatment\u2019 means recovery or disposal operations, including preparation prior to \nrecovery or disposal; \n\u2022 \u2018recovery\u2019 means any o peration the principal result of which is waste serving a useful \npurpose by replacing other materials which would otherwise have been used to fulfil a \nparticular function, or waste being prepared to fulfil that function, in the plant or in the \nwider econom y. Annex II of Directive 2008/98/EC on waste sets out a non -exhaustive \nlist of recovery operations; \n\u2022 \u2018material recovery\u2019 means any recovery operation, other than energy recovery and the \nreprocessing into materials that are to be used as fuels or other means to generate \nenergy. It includes, inter alia, preparing for re -use, recycling and backfilling; \n\u2022 \u2018preparing for re -use\u2019 means checking, cleaning or repairing recovery operations, by \nwhich products or components of products that have become waste are prepared so \nthat they can be re -used without any other pre -processing . For example, the \npreparation on furniture, objects, books, clothes, electric and electronic devi ces (by \nmeans of repairing or refurbishing operations) prior to their reintroduc tion on the \nmarke t; \n\u2022 \u2018recycling\u2019 means any recovery operation by which waste materials are reprocessed \ninto products, materials or substances whether for the original or other purposes. It \nincludes the reprocessing of organic material but does not include energy recovery \nand the reprocessing into materials that are to be used as fuels or for backfilling \noperations; \n\u2022 \u2018backfilling\u2019 means any recovery operation where suitable non -hazardous waste is \nused for purposes of reclamation in excavated areas or for engineering purposes i n \nlandscaping. Waste used for backfilling must substitute non -waste materials, be \nsuitable for the aforementioned purposes, and be limited to the amount strictly \nnecessary to achieve those purposes; \n\u2022 \u2018disposal\u2019 means any operation which is not recovery even where the operation has \nas a secondary consequence the reclamation of substances or energy. Annex I of \nDirective 2008/98/EC sets out a non -exhaustive list of disposal operations; ", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 6}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 8 Further definitions regarding the application of the new calculation rules are given in Article 1 \nof Decision 2019/1004 ; here only the definition of the calculation point and the meas urement \npoint shall be repeated: \n\u2022 \u2018calculation point\u2019 means the point where municipal waste materials enter the \nrecycling operation whereby waste is reprocessed into products, materials or \nsubstances that are not waste or the point where waste materials cease to be waste \nas a result of a preparatory operation before being reprocessed; \n\u2022 \u2018measurement point\u2019 means the point where the mass of waste materials is measured \nwith a view to determining the amount of waste at the calculation point; \n3 Due date for data submission and application of new \ncalculation rules \n3.1 Old calculation rules \nUntil the implementation of Directive (EU) 2018/851 and the associated Commission \nDecision 2019/1004, the reporting formats and rules for the 2020 preparation for reuse and \nrecycling target implemented in 2008 by Directive 2008/98/EC in Article 11(2) (a) were set out \nby the following: \n\u2022 Commission Decision 2011/753/EU (rules for the 2020 recycling target \u2013 referred to \nhere as the \u201cOld calculation rules\u201d ).5 \no This is still in force and only becomes redundant beyond reporting of \nreference year 2024 data, after w hich the new targets for 2025 under the new \nrules will then apply. According to Article 11(2) (c) of Directive (EU) 2018/851 , \nby 2025, the preparing for re -use and the recycling applies to a new strict \ndefinition of municipal waste defined in Article 3(2b) of this same Directive, \nand the rate shall be increased to a minimum of 55 % by weight. From \nreference year 2025, with regard to proving compliance with this target, of the \nfour calculation methods given in Annex I of Commission Decision 2011/753, \nonly met hod four will then be valid (using the new rules), meaning the \napproximation of municipal waste by the other three calculation methods will \nno longer be possible . \n\u2022 Implementing Decision C(2012)2384 (establishing the Member State questionnaire) .6 \no This was repealed and replaced by Article 8 of Decision 2019/1004 . This \nupdates the format of the questionnaire, as can now be found as the quality \ncheck report labelled \u201cQR Table 3 - Recycling rate\u201d within the Excel based \nannual reporting MWRO que stionnaire, detailed in Section 4 below . \n \n5 https://eur -lex.europa.eu/legal -content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32011D0753 \n6 https://ec.europa.eu/environment/archives/waste/reporting/pdf/C_2012_2384.pdf ", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 7}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 9 Decision 2011/753 allows Member States to choose one of four calculation methods by \nwhich the target in W FD Article 11(2)(a) can be met, applying respectively to: \n1. the preparation for reuse and the recycling of paper, metal, plastic \nand glass household waste; \n2. the preparation for reuse and the recycling of paper, metal, plastic, \nglass household waste and other single types of househol d waste \nor of similar waste from other origins; \n3. the preparation for reuse and the recycling of household waste; \n4. the preparation for reuse and the recycling of municipal waste. \nIf a Member State reports under calculation method 4, then the amounts should be the same \nas reporting against the new calculation rules. \nRegarding reporting on household and similar waste, Member States were required to set \nout how the reported data related to the data on household waste and other econo mic \nactivities reported under Regulation (EC) No 2150/20027 (the Waste Statistics Regulation). \nRegarding municipal waste, reporting was voluntary under the Joint Questionnaire of \nEurostat and the OECD \u2013 i.e. no legally binding requirements regarding the c alculation rules \nwere set. \n3.2 New calculation rules \nWith the implementation of Directive (EU) 2018/851 of the European Parliament and of the \nCouncil of 30 May 2018 amending Directive 2008/98/EC , and the associated Commission \nDecision 2019/1004, Member States are required to meet and report on new targets from \n2025 regarding municipal waste .8 The updated directive sets out new calculation rules for \nthese new targets in Article 11a . The new rules require compliance with the new targets \nbased on data for all mun icipal waste , and not from a subset of municipal waste as \nallowed under the old rules . \n \n7 https://eur -lex.europa.eu/legal -content/en/ALL/?uri=CELEX%3A32002R2150 \n8 WFD Article 11(2) is as follows. Paragraph (a) is governed by th e old rules and (c) to (e) by the new rules: \n\u201c(a) by 2020, the preparing for re -use and the recycling of waste materials such as at least paper, metal, \nplastic and glass from households and possibly from other origins as far as these waste streams are \nsimilar to waste from households, shall be increased to a minimum of overall 50 % by weight; \n(b) by 2020, the preparing for re -use, recycling and other material recovery, including backfilling \noperations using waste to substitute other materials, of non -hazardous construction and demolition \nwaste excluding naturally occurring material defined in c ategory 17 05 04 in the list of waste shall be \nincreased to a minimum of 70 % by weight; \n(c) by 2025, the preparing for re -use and the recycling of municipal waste shall be increased to a \nminimum of 55 % by weight; \n(d) by 2030, the preparing for re -use and the recycling of municipal waste shall be increased to a \nminimum of 60 % by weight; \n(e) by 2035, the preparing for re -use and the recycling of municipal waste shall be increased to a \nminimum of 65 % by weight.\u201d ", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 8}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 10 As these new targets only come into force from 2025, until 2025 Member States must \ncontinue to prove compliance with the 2020 target under Article 11(2) (a) of the WFD . \nWhile Member States may continue to prove compliance with the 2020 target using the \nallowable methods set out under Decision 2011/753 , Article 7 of Decision 2019/1004 states \nthat: \n\u201c1. Member States shall report the data and submit the quality check report \nconcerning the implementation of points (a) and (b) of Article 11(2) of \nDirective 2008/98/EC in the format laid down in Annex IV. \nAs regards the implem entation of point (a) of Article 11(2) of Directive \n2008/98/EC, Member States which report the data and submit the quality \ncheck report in the format laid down in Annex V shall be deemed to comply \nwith the first subparagraph. \n2. Member States shall report the data and submit the quality check report \nconcerning the implementation of points (c) to (e) of Article 11(2) and \nArticle 11(3) of Directive 2008/98/EC in the format laid down in Annex V. \u201d \nTherefore, according to paragraph (1) , Member States may choose to prove compliance \nwith the 2020 target until reference year 2024 using the new calculation rules and \nformat (i.e. the rules and format required for the targets under WFD Article 11(2) (c) to (d), as \nset out through Decision 2019/1004, including Annex V ). \nIf Member States choose to prove compliance against the 2020 target using the new \ncalculation rules and format, then they do not need to complete the reporting table under \nAnnex IV of Decision 2019/ 1004 (Table 3 within the MWRO Excel Questionnaire ). \nHowever, if Member States do not choose to prove compliance against the 2020 target using \nthe new calculation rules and format then they are required to complet e the reporting tables \nin both Annex IV and Annex V of Decision 2019/1004 (i.e. both Table 2 and Table 3 within \nthe MWRO Excel Questionnaire) . \nMember States can use the flow chart presented in Figure 2 to help guide them through the \nprocess of completing Table 2 or Table 2 and Table 3. It presents the decisions around \nreporting that Member States need to make and the required actions that f ollow from these \ndecisions, in terms of which tables they should complete; it also presents the outcomes in \nterms of how compliance will be measured. \n ", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 9}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 11 Figure 2: Flow Chart Guide to Completing Table 2 or Table 2 and Table 3 (MWRO q uestionnaire) \n \n \nIn addition, Article 5(5) of the Landfill Directive requires that : \n\u201cMember States shall take the necessary measures to ensure that by 2035 \nthe amount of municipal waste landfilled is reduced to 10 % or less of the \ntotal amount of municipa l waste generated (by weight). \u201d \nThis target should be reported according to the format set out in Decision 2019/1885 (Table \n4 in the separate \u2018landfill\u2019 Excel Questionnaire) . \nTo maintain an unbroken time -series , the reporting in the format under the Joint \nQuestionnaire will also be maintained. \nFor the first full calendar year after the adoption of Decision 2019/1004, Member States were \nable to report data voluntarily according to the new format , i.e. reporting for the first time in \nNovember 2020 for reference year 2019 . In November 2021 and subsequent years , Member \nStates are mandatorily required to report data according to the new format and \ncalculation rules for reference year 2020 and up (within Table 2 - MWRO questionnaire ). \nThis is in addition to the option of reporting for compliance against the 2020 target , which can \nbe done separately (within Table 3 - MWRO questionnaire ) according to the old rules . \n", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 10}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 12 The annual reporting of municipal waste data under the Joint Questionnaire (Table 1) by mid-\nNovember (11 months after the reference year) will be maintained. \nAccording to the agreement of the Directors group on sectoral and environmental statistics \nand accounts ( DIME SA) of October 2019 , reconfirmed in October 2020, Eurostat will collect \nmunicipal waste statistics from the countries, with a deadline for delivery at T+11 months \nwithin the limits of national data collection systems. Hence, municipal waste data are to be \nsent in month 11 after the reference period. Eurostat will validate the municipal waste data \nand publish them in months 12 -13 after the reference year. An in -depth validation takes \nplace in parallel over one to three rounds with the Member States and is fi nished in month 17 \nafter the reference period. An update will be then published, just in time for meeting the legal \ndeadline according to legislation, which is T+18 months . \nThe questionnaire asks for municipal waste data collected by Eurostat and OECD and for \ndata required by the legislation : \n\u2022 For data reference years 2019, 2020 and 2021 , both were collected in a single \nintegrated data collection, though they may come from different institutions within a \ncountry (e.g. National Statistical Institutes and environmental agencies or ministries). \nNot all data may be available at T+11 months so that a re -submission of the \nquestionnaire at T+18 has typically been expected, which would provide the detailed \nmaterial breakdown and possibly revised summary indicators. \n\u2022 For reference year 20 22 and beyond, the joint questionnaire (Table 1) has been \nseparated from the Waste Framework Directive reporting obligation data (Tables 2 \nand 3) and also from the Landfill Directive reporting obligation data (Table 4). This \nallows fo r the joint questionnaire to be submitted in November at T+11 months , and \nthe other data to be submitted in June at T+18 months . Data between the reporting \ntables should align, so it ma y be necessary to also submit re vised summary in dicators \nwithin the joint questionnaire once the municipal waste and landfill reporting \nobligation data becomes available. \nIn summary: \n\u2022 The \u2018Joint Questionnaire\u2019 table reporting is to be made using the \u2018JQ\u2019 Excel \nQuestionnaire and submitted by month 11 after the reference year; and \n\u2022 The Waste Framework Directive and Landfill Directive reporting is to be made using \nthe two separate Excel Questionnaire s (the municipal waste reporting obligation \n[MWRO] questionnaire , and the landfill questionnaire ) and subm itted by month 18 after \nthe reference year. It will be v alidated by Eurostat and then submitted to the \nCommission , or updates requested through clarification exchanges, for submission \nthereafter. \n \n ", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 11}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 13 4 Guidance for the completion of the reporting table s \nAs mentioned above , the Excel \u201cAnnual reporting of municipal waste \u201d questionnaire shall be \nsubmitted 11 months after the reference year (mid November ), with the Joint Questionnaire \ntable completed. This is described in Section 4.1, and can be found in the \u2018JQ\u2019 questionnaire \nhere: \n \nIn addition, the as sociated questions in the Table 1 Quality Report must also be completed: \n \nThe reporting tables required for compliance with the abovementioned Waste and Landfill \nDirective targets shall be completed and submitted by Month 18 after the reference year (i.e. \nby the end of June) . The complet ion of the tables is described below in Sections 4.2 to 4.4, \nand can be found in the questionnaire s here: \n and (in the separate file s) \n \nIn addition, the associated questions in the Quality Report s for Table s 2, 3 and 4 must also \nbe completed within each respective questionnaire : \nand (separately) \n \nElements of data validation are included directly in the questionnaires themselves. Where \nfound, please use the \u201cValidate questionnaire\u201d button , and/or undertake your own checks to \nensure that: \n\u2022 Data is not negative . \n\u2022 Figures are numeric . \n\u2022 Mandatory cells are completed. \n\u2022 Aggregated values are equal to the sum of components. (This will require that \nvoluntary cells are completed where data omission would result in component waste \nmaterial s not sum ming to the total). \n\u2022 Subordinate values are smaller than the parent value. This applies to \u201cof which\u201d \nvalues within Table 1. Within Table 2, it also applies to the sum of recycling plus \nenergy recovery plus other recovery, as compared to generated waste . \n", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 12}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 14 4.1 Generation and treatment of municipal waste ( Eurostat /OECD Joint \nQuestionnaire) [\u201cTable 1\u201d within the \u2018JQ\u2019 data collection questionnaire ] \nThe reporting under the Joint Questionnaire shall be continued to ensure the time -series is \nmaintained. An image of the reporting table from the questionnaire is provided in Figure 3. \n \nFigure 3: Table 1 \u2013 Generation and treatment of municipal waste ( Eurostat/OECD Joint Questionnaire ) \n \n \nCountry:\nReference year: \nMunicipal waste WST_OPE R UNIT DATA\nStandard \nfootnotes\nTotal municipal waste generated* GEN Tonnes\nWaste generated by households (OECD) GEN_HH Tonnes\nWaste generated by other sources (OECD) GEN_OTH Tonnes\nSeparate collection (of total municipal waste generated) COL_SEP Tonnes\nMunicipal waste treated (of the waste generated, no matter in which country)* TRT Tonnes\nRecovery RCV Tonnes\nPreparing for reuse PRP_REU Tonnes\nRecycling - material RCY_M Tonnes\n of which Metal recycling from incineration bottom ash RCY_M_IBA Tonnes\nRecycling - composting and digestion RCY_C_D Tonnes\n of which Separate collection and recycling of biowaste at source - e.g. home composting COL_SEP_RCY_S Tonnes\nRecovery - energy recovery (R1)* RCV_E Tonnes\nRecovery - other* RCV_OTH Tonnes\nDisposal DSP Tonnes\nDisposal - incineration (D10)* DSP_I Tonnes\nDisposal - landfill (D1, D5, D12)* DSP_L Tonnes\nDisposal - other (D2-D4, D6-D7); (OECD) DSP_OTH Tonnes\nCoverage of the collection system (share of population covered by the data) COV %\nCell shading:\nGreen: Variable collected only from OECD countries2021\nExplanatory\nfootnote\n*Mandatory from reference year 2020 onwards for Reporting obligations according to Commission Implementing Decisions 2019/1004 and 2019/1885 \nLight orange: Footnotes (only to be filled-in when relevant)White: Data provision is required. Generation and treatment of municipal waste (Eurostat and OECD Joint Questionnaire)\n(in this questionnaire, please only report those parts of waste that fall under the definition of municipal waste)", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 13}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilat ion and reporting of data on municipal waste ____________________________ 15 The approach to producing the statistics, particularly the definition of municipal waste and \nrecycling, should be aligned with the new reporting rules under the WFD (as set out above \nand described in detail in the Annexes ). Note, the light grey cells sum r elevant parameters \nautomatically in the sheet. The waste types and related database codes are indicated in the \nfirst two columns. \nThe approach to producing the statistics, particularly the definition of municipal waste and \nrecycling, should be aligned with the new reporting rules under the WFD (as set out in th is \nguidance document and described in detail in its Annexes). Note, the grey cells sum relevant \nparameters automatically in the sheet. Waste generated by households and by other sources \nadd up to tota l municipal waste generated. The variable separate collection is a subset of \ntotal municipal waste generated. The waste treatment operations and related codes are \nindicated in the first two columns. Note that Preparation for reuse, Recycling - material, \nRecycling - composting and digestion, Recovery - energy recovery , and Recovery \u2013 other , \nare subsets of total Recovery. Metal recycling from incineration bottom ash is a subset of \nmaterial recycling. Separate collection and recycling of biowaste at source e. g. home \ncomposting is a subset of Composting and digestion. Total Disposal contains the subsets \nDisposal - incineration (D10), Disposal - landfill (D1, D5, D12) and Disposal - other (D2 -D4, \nD6-D7). \n4.1.1 Waste generation \nMunicipal waste is defined in Article 3 (2) of European Council Directive 2008/98/EC on \nwaste9 as \u201cmixed waste and separately collected waste from households, including paper \nand cardboard, glass, metals, plastics, bio - waste, wood, textiles, packaging, waste electrical \nand electronic equipment , waste batteries and accumulators, and bulky waste, including \nmattresses and furniture\u201d and \u201cmixed waste and separately collected waste from other \nsources, where such waste is similar in nature and composition to waste from \nhouseholds.\u201d \nWaste that is similar in nature and composition to waste from households may also be \ncollected from enterprises, and in such case s it is classed as municipal waste unless it \norigin ates from production , as stated in th e same provision : \u201cMunicipal waste does not \ninclude w aste from production, agriculture, forestry, fishing, septic tanks and sewage network \nand treatment, including sewage sludge, end -of-life vehicles or construction and demolition \nwaste.\u201d \nFurthermore, the definition is without prejudice to the allocation of responsibilities for \nwaste management between public and private actors , i.e. it is irrelevant for the definition \nwho collects the waste or on whose behalf the waste is collected . \nSome further guidance on applying the definition of municipal waste is given in Annex 1 of \nthis guidance. \n \n9 For the consolidated version see https://eur -lex.europa.eu/legal -content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:01994L0062 -\n20180704&from=EN ", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 14}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilat ion and reporting of data on municipal waste ____________________________ 16 4.1.2 Separate collection \n\u2018Separately collected waste \u2019 refers to the amount of waste collected through separate waste \ncollections at the initial point of collection (e.g., amounts collected for recycling through door -\nto-door collections, from 'bring site\u2019 recycling points, from centralised recycling facilities , from \ntake-back schemes, and other collection routes where the material is intended to be \nrecycled ). Separately collected wastes includes single materials collections (e.g., glass \ncontainer collections, paper bank collections etc.), or multiple materials which are collected \ntogether for recycling (e.g., door -to-door mixed recycl ing collections where multiple materials \nare collected in one or more containers) . \nSeparately collected waste is unlikely to be equal to the amount of waste at the calculation \npoint sourced from separate collections , and the two should not be confused. Separately \ncollected wastes are typically sorted (where contaminants are removed, and losses are \nincurred) and then often go through further processing before entering the final recycler . \nIt is important to note the difference between \u2018waste generated \u2019 and \u2018separate collection \u2019: \nseparate collection is a sub -set of total waste generated , as not all waste is separately \ncollected \u2013 some waste is collected mixed (i.e., residual waste) . Separate collection is also \nnot the same as total recov ery, as waste can be re covered following treatment of mixed \nwastes . Separately collected waste may also contain waste that is not recoverable, so not all \nseparately collected waste is necessarily recovered , some may be disposed of. \n4.1.3 Preparation for reuse and recycling \nIt is important to reiterate the legal definitions of \u2018preparing for re -use\u2019 and \u2018recycling\u2019. \nArticle 3 (16) of the WFD states that \u2018preparing for re -use\u2019 means \u201cchecking, cleaning or \nrepairing recovery operations, by which products or components of produc ts that have \nbecome waste are prepared so that they can be re -used without any other pre -processing \u201d. \nFor example, textiles, furniture and WEE E may be prepared (by means of checking, cleaning \nor repairing recovery operations ) to be reintroduced on to the m arket . \nArticle 3 (17) of the WFD states that \u2018recycling\u2019 means \u201cany recovery operation by which \nwaste materials are reprocessed into products, materials or substances whether for the \noriginal or other purposes. It includes the reprocessing of organic material but does not \ninclude energy recovery and the reprocessing into materials that are to be used as fuels or \nfor backfilling.\u201d \nIn addition, Article 11 of the WFD states that: \n\u201cwaste sent to another Member State for the purposes of preparing for re -\nuse, recycling or backfilling in that other Member State may only be \ncounted towards the attainment of the targets laid down in Article 11(2) and \n(3) by the M ember State in which that waste was collected.\u201d \nThis emphasises that in municipal waste statistics the reporting of waste treatment concerns \nthe treatment of waste generat ed in a given country no matter where it is treated \u2013 i.e. ", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 15}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilat ion and reporting of data on municipal waste ____________________________ 17 whether treated in the co untry in which the waste was collected or in another country to \nwhich the waste was exported for treatment . \nAccording to Article 11a(8) of the WFD, w here waste is exported from the Union for \npreparing for reuse or recycling, it should only be counted as such where there is sound \nevidence that treatment was carried out under broadly equivalent conditions to those \nrequired under EU environmental law. Section A.2.12 of Annex 2 provides guidance on how \nsuch evidence should be obtained. Details regarding this evidence should be reported in the \nMWRO questionnaire under question 4.1.3 of the Table 2 Quality Report (on sheet \u201c QR \nTable 2 - Material -breakdown \u201d), within the T+18 month questionnaire submission . \n4.1.4 Recovery \n\u2018Recovery\u2019 means any operation the principal result of which is waste serving a useful \npurpose by replacing other materials which would otherwise have been used to fulfil a \nparticular function, or waste being prepared to fulfil that function, in the plant or in the wider \neconomy. Annex II of Directive 2008/98/EC on waste sets out a non -exhaustive list of \nrecovery operations . \nRecovery categories not stated above also comprise \u2018Recovery - energy recovery \u2019, and \n\u2018Recovery \u2013 other \u2019. These are subsets of \u2018Recovery \u2019. Regarding energy recovery , please fill \nin the table with the total weight of waste that has actually been subject to energy recovery. \nRegarding other recovery , please fill in the table with the total weight of waste of each \nmaterial type, where waste of that type has actually been subject to other recovery. \n4.1.5 Disposal \n\u2018Disposal\u2019 means any operation which is not recovery even where the operation has as a \nsecondary consequence the reclamation of substances or energy. Annex I of Directive \n2008/98/EC sets out a non -exhaust ive list of disposal operations . \nTotal disposal comprises Disposal - incineration (D10), Disposal - landfill (D1, D5, D12) and \nDisposal - other (D2 -D4, D6 -D7); (OECD). These are subsets of Disposal. \n\u2022 Regarding disposal - incineration , please fill in the ta ble with the total weight of \nwaste that has actually been subject to disposal via incineration. \n\u2022 Regarding disposal - landfill , please fill in the table with the total weight of waste that \nhas actually been subject to disposal via landfill. \n\u2022 Regarding disposal - other , please fill in the table with the total weight of waste that \nhas actually been subject to disposal via other means that are not incineration or \nlandfill. \nFor each of the three categories the amoun t of waste to be reported is the amount that \nenters the respective disposal operation / facility \u2013 e.g. the amounts entering all facilities with \nD10 codes would be counted as Disposal \u2013 incineration. \n ", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 16}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilat ion and reporting of data on municipal waste ____________________________ 18 4.2 Generation, recycling and recovery of municipal waste: Annex V (Data on \nmunicipal waste referred to in Article 7(2)) [\u201cTable 2\u201d within the municipal \nwaste reporting obligation { MWRO } data collection questionnaire ] \nTable 2 - Material breakdown (in the MWRO Excel questionnaire ) requires data on waste \ngeneration, separate collection, preparing for reuse and recycling , energy recovery and other \nrecovery to be completed for each municipal waste category . It is necessary to use waste \ncomposition data to provide the required breakdow ns. Note that the \u2018other\u2019 waste category \nconstitutes the remaining List of Waste (LoW) codes.10 An image of the Table can be found \nin Figure 4. This table is occasionally referred to as \u201c part A\u201d within the questions within the \nTable 2 quality report , since this was how the table was referred to within Annex V of \nCommission Implement ing Decision 2019/1004. \nBelow the table, the subsequent sections provide a summary of how to complete the table for \neach key component : \n\u2022 Section 4.2.1 \u2018Waste generation \u2019; \n\u2022 Section 4.2.2 \u2018Separate collection\u2019 ; \n\u2022 Section 4.2.3 \u2018Preparation for reuse and r ecycling \u2019; \n\u2022 Section 4.2.4 \u2018Recovery \u2019. \nNote, as indicated above, Table 2 - Material breakdown is a new mandatory format for \nreporting on municipal waste from reference year 2020 and beyond . Reporting Table 3 - \nRecycling rate (see Section 4.3) is only to be used if a Member State wants to prove \ncompliance with the recycling target under point (a) of Article 11(2) of Directive 2008/98/EC \nuntil the refer ence year 2025 (and beyond)11 using one of calculation methods 1 to 3 as \ndescribed in Annex II of Decision 2011/753/EU . For calculation method 4 the required data is \ncontained in Table 2 - Material breakdown , and thus Table 3 and the Table 3 quality report \ncan be omitted if taking the method 4 compliance option (i.e., answering \u201cYes\u201d to question \n3.2 of the Table 2 Quality Report) . \n \n \n \n10 20 01 13*,20 01 14*, 20 01 17*, 20 01 19*, 20 01 21*, 20 01 23*, 20 01 26*, 20 01 27*, 20 01 28, 20 01 29*, 20 \n01 30, 20 01 31*, 20 01 32, 20 01 41, 20 01 99, 20 03 03, 20 03 99, 15 01 05, 15 01 10* \n11 In accordance with Article 11(3) of Directive 2008/98/EC , Member States may postpone thi s deadline by up to \nfive years under certain conditions. ", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 17}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste ___________________________________________________________________________________ 19 \nFigure 4: Table 2 - material breakdown \u2013 according to Implementing Decision (EU) 2019/1004/EU Annex V \n \n \n", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 18}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 20 4.2.1 Waste generation \nIn order to fill in the amounts of waste generated for each category in tonnes, the total \nmunicipal waste generation , in tonnes , should be multipl ied by the relevant proportion of \neach type of waste from Municipal Solid Waste ( MSW ) compositional analyses. To do this , \nthe categories in the national waste compositional analysis for a given Member S tate may \nneed to be aligned with the categories given here. For example, different categories of plastic \nwaste (bottles, films etc .) should be grouped under plastics. Any assumptions made \nconcerning the mapping of the national waste compositional analysis categories to the \ncategories in this reporting table should be set out in the description under question 3.1.4 of \nthe Table 2 Quality Report . The point here is that because total MSW waste compositional \nanalyses are not produced to any harmonised standard , the categories may need grouping \nto higher levels (e.g. plastics ). \nThe latest national MSW composition analysis should be used. The compositional analysis of \nall MSW shoul d be used here , not the composition of residual / mixed waste. It is acceptable \nto use an analysis that does not correspond directly to the year of the reported data \u2014 \nanalyses of this nature are not generally updated on a yearly basis. Use the latest avai lable, \nand record the year of the analysis in the description under question 3.1.4 of the Table 2 \nQuality Report. In the unlikely event that a national waste composition is not available, this \nreason(s) should be explained in the footnotes , and the approac h used should be identified . \nMajor cities often conduct their own waste compositional analyses. Such data can be used to \nupdate the results of national compositional analyses when these are outdated, or may be \nused as proxies in cases where national analys es are not available. Suitable methods should \nbe used to adapt the results from individual cities to the entire country. \nIf total municipal waste composition data is unavailable, but recent residual waste \ncomposition data is available , then the mixed/ residual waste may be disaggregated into \ncomponent materials and added to the amounts of separately collected waste s. \nIf compositional analys es are entirely unavailable for the reporting country, then please \ncontact the municipal waste statistics te am at Eurostat (estat -waste -statistics@ec.europa.eu ) \nwho may be able to provide usable waste compositional analysis data compiled by the Joint \nResearch Centre. \nTable 2 comes pre -loaded with LoW codes for each municipal waste type. Member States \nshould not amend Table 2 by adding any codes of their own. Please note that the specified \nLoW codes refer only to generated amounts of municipal waste, and th erefore include only \nChapter 20 codes , while Chapter 19 codes (i.e. secondary wastes from waste management \nfacilities etc.) are not included in the waste generation totals . \nIf the national waste compositional analysis does not have a separate category for some of \nthe categories in the table, leave the corresponding rows blank. \nEnsure that any bio -waste recorded under the row \u2018 Bio-waste separated and recycled at \nsource \u2019 is no t included in the amount given in row \u2018Bio -waste\u2019, to ensure that double counting \ndoes not occur. If any waste is recorded under the \u2018Other\u2019 row, some qualitative explanation ", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 19}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 21 of the main types of waste within this amount should be described in 3.1.4 of the Table 2 \nQuality Report . \nFinally, please ensure that the total of all component rows in the waste generation column \nequal the total weight of municipal waste generated , as given in the \u2018Total\u2019 row at the top of \nthe table. Error can be introduced if, for in stance, rounding within the waste composition data \nmeans that the total municipal waste composition does not sum to 100%. \n4.2.2 Separate collection \nDefinitions and important concepts relating to the term \u2018separate collection\u2019 is given in \nSection 4.1.2 above. In essence it intends to mean waste which is collected for recycling . \nThis will include recycling which is collected in single material streams , which may directly \nrelate to the component material categories within the questionnaire . It also include s mixed \nmulti -material recycling collections ; in these case s, the collect ed tonnages should be \ndisaggregated into the component material categories using composition survey data of the \nmixed recycling collection stream . \nThe weight of waste reported under t his column is the weight of waste at the point where it \nhas been separately collected. This column records the amount that was initially collected, \nnot the proportion of waste at the calculation point that was sourced from separate \ncollections. Please e nsure that the sum of all component materials in each applicable row \nequal the amount given in the \u2018Total\u2019 row at the top . \nIt is important to note the difference between the columns \u201cMunicipal waste generated\u201d and \n\u201cSeparate collection\u201d which are separate colu mns in the questionnaire. These are not the \nsame amounts. Separate collection is a sub -set of total waste generated ; some is separately \ncollected and the remainder is mixed waste collection s from various sources and collection \nroutes (which can then be sorted to recover recoverable waste). \nAlso, separate collection is not the same as preparing for reuse and recycling . Losses are \noften incurred from collected quantities , resulting in lower ton nages of recycling compared to \nseparately collected amounts . Furthermore, some material can be sorted for r ecycling from \nmixed wastes (i.e. waste which is not separately collected) , resulting in potentially higher \ntonnage s of [preparing for reuse and ] recycling compared to separately collected amounts . \nIt is accepted that some contrary non-target (contaminant) material tends to be collected \nwithin most separate collection material streams . There is no need to make adjustments for \nnon-target material withi n the separate collection data. \n4.2.3 Preparation for reuse and r ecycling \nIt is important to note that Member State statistics on waste relate to the country in which the \nwaste is generated Article 11 a(7) states : \n\u201cwaste sent to another Member State for the purposes of preparing for re -\nuse, recycling or backfilling in that other Member State may only be \ncounted towards the attainment of the targets laid down in Article 11(2) and \n(3) by the Member State in which that waste was collected.\u201d ", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 20}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 22 This emphasises that , in municipal waste statistics , data on the treatment of waste must \nalways be attributed to the Member State in which the waste was generated no matter where \nit is treated. As such, Member States should only report to nnages of waste treated where \nthey also generated those tonnages of waste. \n4.2.3.1 Preparation for reuse \nIt is important to reiterate the legal definitions of \u2018preparing for re -use\u2019 and \u2018recycling\u2019. \n\u2018Preparing for re -use\u2019 means checking, cleaning or repairing recovery operations, by which \nproducts or components of products that have become waste are prepared so that they can \nbe re -used without any other pre -processing . For example, this includes furniture, objects, \nbooks, clothes, electric and ele ctronic devi ces which are prepared (by means of cleaning, \nrepairing or refurbishing operations) to be reintroduced in the market . \n4.2.3.2 Recycling \nDifferent from \u2018preparing for reuse\u2019 , \u2018recycling\u2019 means any recovery operation by which waste \nmaterials are reproce ssed into products, materials or substances whether for the original or \nother purposes. It includes the reprocessing of organic material , but does not include energy \nrecovery or reprocessing into materials that are to be used as fuels or for backfilling \noperations , as defined by Article 11a(5): \nFor the purposes of calculating whether the targets laid down in points (c), \n(d) and (e) of Article 11(2) and in Article 11(3) have been attained, the \namount of waste materials that have ceased to be waste as a resul t of a \npreparatory operation before being reprocessed may be counted as \nrecycled provided that such materials are destined for subsequent \nreprocessing into products, materials or substances to be used for the \noriginal or other purposes. However, end -of-waste materials to be used as \nfuels or other means to generate energy, or to be incinerated, backfilled or \nlandfilled, shall not be counted towards the attainment of the recycling \ntargets. \nMember States can count biodegradable waste entering composting or ana erobic digestion \nprocesses as recycling under certain circumstances , as stated in Article 11a(4) : \nFor the purpose of calculating whether the targets laid down in points (c), \n(d) and (e) of Article 11(2) and in Article 11(3) have been attained, the \namount o f municipal biodegradable waste that enters aerobic or anaerobic \ntreatment may be counted as recycled where that treatment generates \ncompost, digestate, or other output with a similar quantity of recycled \ncontent in relation to input, which is to be used a s a recycled product, \nmaterial or substance. Where the output is used on land, Member States \nmay count it as recycled only if this use results in benefits to agriculture or \necological improvement. ", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 21}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 23 The total weight of waste recycled must be equal to the wei ght of waste at the calculation \npoint s12. Further information on the relevance of the calculation point s to the location of \nrecycling activities is provided in Annex 2 of this guidance. Some key considerations and \nbest practice in identifying calculation point s, the associated measurement methods that are \nallowable, and some options for obtaining data at eac h of the measurement point s are also \nprovided in Annex 2 . \nIf any material is recorded as prepar ation for reuse or recycling under the \u2018Other\u2019 row, some \nqualitative e xplanation of the main recyclables within this amount should be described in \n3.2.3 and 3.2.5 of the Table 2 Quality Report. \nReflecting on note #6 within the Table 2 spreadsheet which concerns the multi -material \ncategory \u2018bulky waste\u2019, it is generally expected that the amounts reported as bulky waste \nwithin the separate collection column should be disaggregated into component materials \nwhen recycled ( e.g., recycled wood and metal from broken up furniture , or recycled electrical \nand electronic equipment etc.). Please e nsure that any disaggregated bulky waste materials \nare not included in the amount given in row \u2018 bulky waste\u2019, to ensure that double counting \ndoes not occur within the recycling data . \n4.2.3.3 Metal packaging and incineration bottom ash \nMember States can include ferrous metal or aluminium from incineration bottom as h (IBA) in \nthe recycled amounts . Metals separated after incineration of municipal waste shall be \nreported separately and shall not be included in the ro w for metals and in the total amount of \nwaste entering energy recovery operations. The amounts shall be included in the total \namount of recycling. Further guidance on how to comply with the methodological \nrequirements is given in Section A.2.6 of the Annex . \n4.2.3.4 Bio-waste separated and recycled at source \nBio-waste separated and recycled at source shall be reported separately and shall not be \nincluded in the row for bio -waste to ensure that double counting does not occur . \nMember States do not have to report any amount of bio-waste separated and recycled at \nsource ; however, if they choose not to do so, a zero should be reported in the table. For any \namount >0, f urther guidance on how this figure should be calculated \u2013 including how the \napproach should vary depending on whether or not the amount is greater or less than 5% of \ntotal amount of municipal waste generated \u2013 is given in Annex 2 . \nA description of the Member State methodology used to calculate amounts separated and \nrecycled at source should be given under question 3.2.10 of the Table 2 Quality Report . \n \n12 Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2019/1004 of 7 June 2019 laying down rules for the calculation, \nverification and reporting of data on waste in accordance with Directive 2008/98/EC of the Euro pean Parliament \nand of the Council and repealing Commission Implementing Decision C(2012) 2384 (notified under document \nC(2019) 4114) (Text with EEA relevance.) ", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 22}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 24 4.2.3.5 Average Loss Rat es \nMember States may apply Average Loss Rates (ALR) when measuring the amount of \nmunicipal waste recycled13. Article 11a(3) of the 2018 W aste Framework Directive states: \nMember States shall establish an effective system of quality control and \ntraceability of municipal waste to ensure that the conditions laid down in \npoint (c) of paragraph 1 of this Article and in paragraph 2 of this Article are \nmet. To ensure the reliabili ty and accuracy of the data gathered on \nrecycled waste, the system may consist of electronic registries set up \npursuant to Article 35(4), technical specifications for the quality \nrequirements of sorted waste, or average loss rates for sorted waste for \nvarious waste types and waste management practices respectively. \nAverage loss rates shall only be used in cases where reliable data cannot \nbe obtained otherwise and shall be calculated on the basis of the \ncalculation rules established in the delegated act adop ted pursuant to \nparagraph 10 of this Article. \nThis exemption rule allows Member States to report waste recycled at an early stage in the \nrecycling process by calculating the losses which occur after first sorting operations. ALR s \nshould only be used when n o other reliable data on the weight of waste at the calculation \npoint are available , such as in the context of shipment and export of waste. \nIf ALR s are applied, a full description of the approach used to calculate the ALRs should be \nprovided in section 3.2. 6 of the Table 2 Quality Report. This should include detail s of the \nsorted recyclable waste streams to which ALRs are applied, types of sorting plants to which \ndifferent ALRs apply, the methodological approach to calculating ALRs at such point(s), \nincluding the statistical accuracy of any surveys used, and the nature of any technical \nspecifications. See Section A.2.11 of the A nnex for further guidance on ALR s. \n4.2.3.6 Reporting of waste exported for recycling \nWhere waste is exported from the Union for recycling , it should only be accounted for where \nthere is sound evidence that treatment was carried out under broadly equivalent conditions to \nthose required under EU environmental law. Section A.2.12 of the Annex 2 provides \nguidance on how such evidence should be obtained. Details regarding this evidence should \nbe reported under question 4.1.3 of the Table 2 Quality Report. \n4.2.4 Recovery \nRegarding energy recovery , please fill in the table with the total weight of waste of each \nmaterial that type has actually been subject to energy recovery. As stated in the guidance \nnote 2, compositional analyses of mixed waste entering energy recovery plants can be used \nto calculate the amounts of each material entering energy recovery plants \u2014 these amounts \n \n13 Directive (EU) 2018/851 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2018 amending Directive \n2008/98/EC on waste (Text with EEA relevance) ", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 23}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 25 should be added to the amounts of already segregated waste (waste separated out from \nmixed waste in sorting operations ) entering the plants. \nIf mixed waste compositional analyse s are not available , the total amount of mixed waste \nentering energy recovery plants should be entered into the \u2018Mixed waste\u2019 column. However, \nany amount of waste sorted out of mixed waste should still be entered in the material specific \nrows. \nThe \u2018Total\u2019 row should be a sum of all the amounts given in the separate rows within the \ntable. If any assumptions are made to correlate national categories of waste to the categories \nof waste given in the table these can be set out in the description under question 3.2.2 of the \nTable 2 Quality Report . \nRegarding other recovery , please f ill in the table with the total weight of waste of each \nmaterial type that has actually been subject to other recovery. As highlighted in f ootnote 3 to \nthe table , only recovery operations other than Energy Recovery and Recycling ( which \ninclud es composting / digestion of biowastes as per the conditions set out in Article 11a of \nDirective 2008/98 /EC) should be included in this column (i.e. do not include composting o r \ndigestion in the Other Recovery column, nor should inputs to pre -treatment or mixed waste \ntreatment plants be recorded under this parameter either) . \nThe use of biostabilised waste14 as landfill cover requires particular attention . This waste \ntypically contain s plastic or hazardous items (e.g. from WEEE or batteries ). Though it also \ncontain s an organic fraction , it must not be considered as compost due to the presence of \nthe contaminants. Different reporting rules apply depending on how the bio stabilised waste is \nused and on its quality : \n\u2022 The use of biostabilised waste from municipal waste sources as daily cover in landfill \ncells should be classified as a disposal operation (D1 or D5 as defined within Annex I \nof the WFD) , not a recovery operation (as are listed in Annex II of the WFD ). \nFurthermore, however, Article 5(3f) of Landfill Directive 1999/31/EC identifies that \nseparately collected waste s should not be landfilled other than in situations when this \nwould represent the best environ mental outcome, so in typical circumstances \nbiostabilised waste s [from source segregated collections] are not suitable for daily \ncoverage . \n\u2022 Using biostabilised waste for landfill coverage is only to be co unted as \u2018other recovery\u2019 \nif the waste is used as a backfilling operation for final cover and the material is compost \nof good quality, which means from composting and digestion of separately collected \nbiowaste (without contaminants) . \n\u2022 Where biostabilised waste is not compost of good quality, c overage of use d/closed \nlandfill cells for restoration purposes cannot be counted as recovery, as this material \nwould have been landfilled otherwise , and is still contaminated. \nFill in the total weight of waste of each material type into the table, where waste of that type \nhas actually been treated through any other form of recovery. The \u2018Total\u2019 row should be a \n \n14 Biostabilised fines are fractions from MBT plants. After the stabilisation process (stablisation of the biological \nmaterial, so bio -stabilised) the material is generally screened and a fine s fraction is produced. ", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 24}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 26 sum of all the amounts given in the separate rows within the table. If any assumptions have \nbeen made to correlate national waste categories to the categories of waste given in the \ntable , these assumptions can be set out in the description under question 3.2.2 of the Table \n2 Quality Report . The amounts under the material specific categories should inc lude both the \namounts of already segregated waste arriving at other recovery plants, and the amounts \nwithin mixed waste. \nAs is the case for energy recovery, compositional analyses of mixed waste entering other \nrecovery plants can be used to calculate the amounts of each material entering other \nrecovery plants \u2014 these amounts should be added to the amounts that are already \nsegregated entering the plants. If mixed waste compositional analyses are not available the \ntotal amount of mixed waste entering other r ecovery plants should be entered into the \u2018Mixed \nwaste\u2019 column. However, any amounts of segregated waste should still be entered in the \nmaterial specific rows. \n \n4.3 Generation and recycling of municipal waste: Annex IV (Data on Municipal \nWaste Referred to in Article 7(1)) [\u201cTable 3\u201d within the municipal waste \nreporting obligation {MWRO} data collection questionnaire] \u2013 Previously \nallowed methods \n\u201cTable 3 \u2013 Recycling rate \u201d (reproduced in Figure 5) is only to be used if a Member State \nwants to prove compliance with the target under point (a) of Article 11(2) of Directive \n2008/98/EC until the reference year 2025 (and beyond)15 using one of the previously \nallowable calculation methods . Member States that wish to do so should complete the \nmunicipal waste generated and recycled columns in Reporting Table 3 \u2013 Recycling rate (a \nreproduction of this table is provided here in Figure 5). This table is referred to as \u201cpart A\u201d \nwithin the questions within the Table 3 Quality Report , since this was how the table was \nreferred to within Annex IV of Commission Impleme nting Decision 2019/1004. \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n15 In accordance with Article 11(3) of Directive 2008/98/EC , Member States may postpone this deadline by up to \nfive years under certain conditions. ", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 25}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 27 Figure 5: Table 3 - Recycling rate - Recycling rate for measuring compliance with the policy target \naccording to point (a) of Article 11(2) of Directive 2008/98/EC, according to the format set out in Annex \nIV of the Commission Implementing Decisions 2019/1004 based on old calculation methods) \n \n \n \n \n \n4.4 Landfilling of municipal waste: Annex I I (Decision 2019/1885/EC) )) [\u201cTable \n4\u201d within the municipal waste landfill data collection questionnaire] \nThe following target under Article 5(5) of Directive 1999/31/EC on the landfill of waste16 must \nbe reported on: \nMember States shall take the necessary measures to ensure that by 2035 the \namount of municipal waste landfilled is reduced to 10 % or less of the total amount of \nmunicipal waste generated (by weight). \nThis target should be reported according to the format set out in Decision 2019/1885 .17 An \nimage of the reporting table in the landfill questionnaire is reproduced here in Figure 6 . \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n16 https://eur -lex.europa.eu/legal -content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:01999L0031 -20180704&from=EN \n17 https://eur -lex.europa.eu/legal -content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32019D1885&from=GA \nCountry:\nReference year:\nCalculation method(1) \nMunicipal waste generated (2) Preparing for re-use and \nrecycling(2)\nGEN RCY_PRP_REU\nTonnesTable 3 - Recycling rate for measuring compliance with the policy target according to point (a) of Article 11(2) of Directive 2008/98/EC, according to \nthe format set out in Annex IV of the Commission Implementing Decisions 2019/1004 - to be filled in only by the Member States wanting to prove \ncompliance with the old targets until 2025 using the old rules\n2021\n <= Select the calculation method hereStandard \nfootnotesExplanatory \nfootnote\nStandard \nfootnotesExplanatory \nfootnote", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 26}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 28 Figure 6: Table 4 - Landfill rate - Landfill rate - for measuring compliance with the policy target in \naccordance with Article 5(5) of Council Directive 1999/31/EC concerning the landfilling of w aste \naccording to the format set out in Annex II of Commission Implementing Decision 2019/1885 for the \ncalculation of the landfill rate \n \n \nIt is important to note that for the purposes of monitoring compliance with the above target, \nlandfilling includes: \n\u2018the weight of waste resulting from treatment operations prior to recycling or other \nrecovery of municipal waste, such as sorting or mechanical biological treatment, which is \nsubsequently landfilled .\u2019 \nThe landfilled output from such processes may be categorise d under LoW chapter 19 \n(wastes from waste management facilities ) not chapter 20 (municipal waste ), so it is \nimportant to ensure the total municipal waste landfilled include s all relevant landfilled wastes \nfrom municipal sources (as per the previous Eurosta t Guidance on municipal waste ).18 \nIn addition, the total amount of landfilling shall include the amount of waste entering \nincineration disposal operations, less the amount of material recovered from such operations \n(i.e. column \u2018Incineration Disposal\u2019 minu s column \u2018Material recovery of waste from \nincineration disposal\u2019). In this case, material recovery is any material recovery , not just \nmetals extracted from IBA, and material recovery of the recovered IBA would also be \ndeducted here (i.e. where recovered material is not finally landfilled). An example of how the \ndata in the cells will be used to calculate the rate against which the target will be monitored is \ngiven in A nnex A.2.5 . of this document . \nUsing biostabilised waste for landfill coverage is only to be counted as \u2018other recovery\u2019 if it is \nused in land restoration for final cover and the material is compost of go od quality \u2013 meaning \nfrom the composting and digestion of separately collected biowaste (without contaminants) , \nas is detailed under \u2018Other Recovery\u2019 in Section 4.2.4 . \n \n18 https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/342366/351811/Municipal+Waste+guidance \nCountry:\nReference year:\nMunicipal waste \ngenerated(1) \n(tonnes) \nStandard footnotesLandfilling(2) \n(tonnes) \nStandard footnotesIncineration \ndisposal(3) \n(tonnes) \nStandard footnotesMaterial recovery of \nwaste from \nincineration \ndisposal (tonnes)\nStandard footnotes\nGE N DSP_L DSP_I RCV_M_IDTable 4 - Landfill rate - for measuring compliance with the policy target in accordance with Article 5(5) of Council Directive \n1999/31/EC concerning the landfilling of waste according to the format set out in Annex II of Commission Implementing Decision \n2019/1885 for the calculation of the landfill rate\nExplanatory\nfootnoteExplanatory\nfootnoteExplanatory\nfootnoteExplanatory\nfootnote2021", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 27}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 29 5 Guidance for the completion of the quality report s \nCompletion of the Quality Report s is mandatory and must be completed with as much \ndetail as possible . Guidance notes for co mpleting the quality report s are included alongside \nthe relevant questions in the E xcel template s. It is especially important that all relevant \nquestions are answered with as much detail as possible , and there is need for detailed \nvalidation of data against targets . \nPlease refer to Se ction 6.1 for some examples of good practice s in filling of certain Quality \nReport fields . \nCertain questions ask for the level of confidence to be provided on the st atistics. For an \nexample of c alculating the statistical significance (confidence intervals) , please refer to the \nworked example shown for surveying of incinerators for metal concentrate in the bottom ash, \nas provided within the box in Annex A.2.6.2 . \n6 Good practice examples for collecting municipal waste \ntreatment data \nBest practice examples and key considerations related to identifying the calculation point s for \nmunicipal waste (including metals from IBA) , the allowable measurement methods \nassociated with each of these, and some options for obtaining d ata at the measure ment \npoint s are provided in Annex 2 . This Annex also provides further detail on identifying the \nmunicipal proportion in multi -stream treatment plants, measuring the a mounts of biowaste \ntreated and biowaste separated and recycled at source , and examples of the average loss \nrates for municipal waste . Finally, the Annex 2 provides guidance on proving compliance with \nthe requirement to ensure that all waste exported for tr eatment outside the EU is treated \nunder broadly equivalent conditions, and the application of the average loss rate (ALR) \nmethodology. \n6.1 Good practice examples for completion of Member State Quality Reports \nThis section presents examples of good practice in completing the municip al waste Quality \nReport s. They illustrate the required level of detail and clarity in response s to allow an \nunderstand ing of the method ologies utilised by Member States in their calculations. \nFigure 5 is shown as an example response describ ing the relevant reporting obligations in a \ncountry , as well as the processes put in place to ensure data reliability and validity. Detail is \nalso provided about processes implemented to deal with irregularities in data entry and \nreporting. ", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 28}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 30 Figure 5: Response provided by Malta to question 2.3 in the Table 1 Joint Questionnaire Quality \nReport regarding the data validation process \n \nThe response shown in Figure 6 is shown as an example clearly outlin ing the scope of the \nprimary data available to a Member State, as well as describ ing the assumptions made in \norder to account for the waste generated by the out-of-scope portion of the population. \n \nFigure 6: Response provided by Croatia to question 1.2(c2) in the Table 1 Joint Questionnaire Quality \nReport \n \n \n", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 29}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 31 Annex es \nAnnex 1 Reference manual: Defining municipal waste \nA.1.1 Overview of municipal w aste defin ition \nThe definition of municipal waste is now fixed in Directive 2008/98/EC, as set out in the \nScope and definitions section at the start of the main guidance document. Some further \nguidance is included here to provide more detail in certain areas. Member States using LoW \ncodes should refer to Section A.1.2 . \n \nMunicipal waste includes household waste and similar waste. It includes for example: \n\u2022 paper and cardboard, glass, metals, plastics, wood, textiles; \n\u2022 packaging; \n\u2022 bio- waste (e.g. garden waste, leaves, grass clippings, street sweepings, the content \nof litter containers, and market cleansing waste); \n\u2022 hazardous household waste (e.g. spent solvents, acids, alkalines, photochemicals, \npesticides, used oils, paints, inks, adhesives and resins (p artly haz.), WEEE (partly \nhaz.), batteries and accumulators (partly haz.), detergents ( partly haz.), hazardous \nmedicines); \n\u2022 waste electrical and electronic equipment, waste batteries and accumulators; \n\u2022 bulky waste (e.g. white goods, furniture, mattresses etc); \n\u2022 other waste: Edible oil and fat, rubber waste, ceramics, etc; and \n\u2022 Mixed and/or undifferentiated wastes , garden waste, leaves, grass clippings, street \nsweepings, the content of litter containers, and market cleansing waste . \nMunicipal waste includes waste originating from the following (whether collected by municipal \nor by private collectors ): \n\u2022 Households (including recycling of biowaste at source, e.g. home composting - see \nAppendix A.2.10 , but excluding sewage sludge and construction and demolition \n[renovation] waste ); \n\u2022 commerce and trade, small businesses, office buildings and institutions (e.g. schools, \nhospitals, government buildings) ; \n\u2022 enterprises if it is similar in kind and composition to household waste and does not \ncome from production ; \n\u2022 all small businesses should be included (including, for instance , waste from repair \nshops, handicraft , household scale businesses etc.). Excluding waste from certain \nNACE categories can lead to under reporting ; and \n\u2022 waste from selected municipal services i.e. waste from park and garden maintenance, \nwaste from street clea ning services (e.g. street sweepings, the content of litter \ncontainers, market cleansing waste) . \nIt includes waste from these sources collected: ", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 30}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 32 \u2022 door-to-door trough traditional collection (mixed household waste) ; \n\u2022 fractions collected separately for recovery operations (through door -to-door collection \nand/or through voluntary deposits / drop off locations e.g. container parks, civic \namenity sites) ; \n\u2022 wastes collected directly by the private sector (business or private non -profit \ninstitutions); not on behalf of municipalities (mainly separate collection for recovery \npurposes) ; and \n\u2022 wastes originating from rural areas not served by a regular waste service, even if they \nare disposed of by the one generat ing the waste . \nThe definition is without prejudice to the allocation of responsibilities for waste \nmanagement between public and private actors . \n \nA.1.2 Scope of municipal waste based on selected LoW codes \nWhen discarded items are handed over to the waste management system, they are \nclassified as a certain waste type, i deally by 6 -digit codes according to the List of Waste \n(LoW) or another (national) classification. The weight and the code are usually registered at \nthe weighbridge of a waste management facility. Thus, the key to any definition of municipal \nwaste is certa inly the material classification of the waste, since it is this classification that \nbest determines the similarity to household waste \u201cin nature and composition\u201d. \n \nThe LoW -codes covering municipal waste are listed below. \n \nWhere the material classificatio ns (LoW or other national codes) are not sufficient to cover \ncertain desired waste streams or to exclude certain undesired waste streams, further \ninformation must be taken into account, namely: \n \n\u2022 Type s of packaging from the monitoring systems on packaging , in order to exclude at \nleast transport packaging; \n\u2022 Source s and/or type s of WEEE from the monitoring systems on WEEE in order to \nexclude devices not used in households; \n\u2022 Other waste categories where know ledge of the source is required in order to \ndetermine whether the code covers waste similar to household waste or rather \nproduction waste (e.g. paper); \n \n \nChapter 20: Municipal wastes (Household waste and similar commercial, industrial \nand institutional was tes) including separately collected fractions \n \n20 01 separately collected fractions (except 15 01) \n20 01 01 paper and cardboard \n20 01 02 glass \n20 01 08 biodegradable kitchen and canteen waste \n20 01 10 clothes \n20 01 11 textiles \n20 01 13* solvents \n20 01 14* acids \n20 01 15* alkalines \n20 01 17* photochemicals ", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 31}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 33 20 01 19* pesticides \n20 01 21* fluorescent tubes and other mercury -containing waste \n20 01 23* discarded equipment containing chlorofluorocarbons \n20 01 25 edible oil and fat \n20 01 26* oil and fat other than those mentioned in 20 01 25 \n20 01 27* paint, inks, adhesives and resins containing dangerous substances \n20 01 28 paint, inks, adhesives and resins other than those mentioned in 20 01 27 \n20 01 29* detergents containing d angerous substances \n20 01 30 detergents other than those mentioned in 20 01 29 \n20 01 31* cytotoxic and cytostatic medicines \n20 01 32 medicines other than those mentioned in 20 01 31 \n20 01 33* batteries and accumulators included in 16 06 01, 16 06 02 or 16 06 03 and \nunsorted batteries and accumulators containing these batteries \n20 01 34 batteries and accumulators other than those mentioned in 20 01 33 \n20 01 35* discarded electrical and electronic equipment other than those mentioned in \n20 01 21 and \n20 01 23 containing hazardous components \n20 01 36 discarded electrical and electronic equipment other than those mentioned in \n20 01 21, 20 01 23 and 20 01 35 \n20 01 37* wood containing dangerous substances \n20 01 38 wood other than that mentioned in 20 01 37 \n20 01 39 plastics \n20 01 40 metals \n20 01 41 wastes from chimney sweeping \n20 01 99 other fractions not otherwise specified \n \n20 02 garden and park wastes (including cemetery waste) \n20 02 01 biodegradable waste \n20 02 03 other non -biodegradable wastes \n \n20 03 other municipal wastes \n20 03 01 mixed municipal waste \n20 03 02 waste from markets \n20 03 03 street -cleaning residues \n20 03 07 bulky waste \n20 03 99 municipal wastes not otherwise specified \n \nChapter 15 Waste packaging; absorbents, wiping cloths, filter materials and protective \nclothing not otherwise specified \n \n15 01 packaging (including separately collected municipal packaging waste i.e. also \nwaste similar to household waste ) \n15 01 01 paper an d cardboard packaging \n15 01 02 plastic packaging \n15 01 03 wooden packaging \n15 01 04 metallic packaging \n15 01 05 composite packaging \n15 01 06 mixed packaging \n15 01 07 glass packaging \n15 01 09 textile packaging \n15 01 10* packaging containing residues of or contaminated by dangerous substances \n15 01 11* metallic packaging containing a dangerous solid porous matrix (for example \nasbestos), including empty pressure containers \n \nAny waste marked with an asterisk (*) is considered to be a hazardous waste ", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 32}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 34 \nComments o n the selection of LoW codes : \n \nThe heading of chapter 20 is: \u2018Municipal waste (household waste and similar commercial, \nindustrial and institutional wastes) including separately collected wastes\u2019. This implies that if \na waste type is generated by households and the same waste type is als o generated by \ncommercial, industrial and institutional companies, this waste will be allocated to the same \ncode. \n \nFor example, when a household generates kitchen waste or when a canteen belonging to an \noffice or manufacturing activity generates kitchen w aste, and the waste is separately \ncollected, this waste has the same code according to the LoW (Biodegradable kitchen and \ncanteen waste - 20 01 08). It will also have the same code if the generated kitchen waste is \nnot separately collected but is a part of the mixed municipal waste bin (code 20 03 01). \n \nHowever, if a company generates waste as a part of processing meat and other foods, this \nwaste is not similar in its nature to household waste and will be allocated a code belonging to \nchapter 2 of the LoW (Wastes from agriculture, horticulture, aquaculture, forestry, hunting \nand fishing, food preparation and processing). \n \nNot all waste types included in chapter 20 of the LoW are covered by the definition of \nmunicipal waste . The following codes are excluded : \n \n\u2022 20 03 04 - \u2018Septic tank sludge\u2019, \n\u2022 20 03 06 - \u2018Waste from sewage cleaning\u2019, and \n\u2022 20 02 02 - \u2018Soil and stones\u2019. \n \nPackaging waste, including packaging waste from households, is not covered by chapter 20 \nof the LoW. Packaging waste is covered by chap ter 15 01 \u2018Packaging (including separately \ncollected municipal packaging waste i.e. household and waste similar to household waste \nfrom commerce etc )\u2019 and therefore this chapter also has to be considered for the definition of \nmunicipal waste . Not only hous ehold packaging but any packaging that is similar in nature \nand composition to household packaging should be included . For example, if cardboard \nboxes etc . used as transport packaging are similar in nature and composition they should be \nincluded, but as wooden pallets or plastic crates used for shipping vegetables are not used \nby households they should be excluded. Chapter 15 01 covers wastes of both sales \npackaging and transport packaging. \n \nFrom a collection and data reporting perspective , it may be difficult to say whether certain \ntypes of packaging are sales or transport packaging. The EU Packaging and Packaging \nWaste Directive does not include any obligation to differentiate in the reporting between \nsales and transport packaging. Therefore , Member States should make estimates of the \nshares of the different kinds of packaging using other sources . Member States could , for \nexample, . gather information from relevant producer responsibility organisations to \napproximate the proportion of packaging waste similar to household waste, by excluding \ntransport packaging such as drums, crates, pallets, hooks, etc . Waste from certain NACE \nactivities may be assumed to be predominantly transport packaging, e.g. waste from \nwholesale. \n \n ", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 33}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 35 Annex 2 Reporting of data on municpal waste preparation for \nreuse and recycling \nPreparation for re -use targets are mentioned together with recycling targets within Article \n11(2) of the WFD. The two should be reported separately, however. The rules and \nconsiderations for each are set out below. \nA.2.1 Preparation for reuse \nA.2.1.1 Interpre tation of definitions governing preparation for reuse \nArticle 3(1) of the WFD defines \u2018waste\u2019 as \u201cany substance or object which the holder discards \nor intends or is required to discard \u201d. As such, an item does not become waste unless this \ndefinition is met . Because o nly waste items can be prepared for reuse, a precondition of \npreparation for reuse is that the holder of the item discards it, intends to discard it, or is \nrequired to discard it. \nThe main cons iderations here are outlined in the Figure A -1. \nFigure A -1: Preparation for reuse decision tree \n \nWhere a holder deposits an i tem with the intention to donate to reuse (e.g. to a charity shop) , \nthe item is not discarded and may not be considered as municipal waste . Therefore, no \npreparation for reuse takes place . Such instances are reuse , not preparation for reuse, and \nare not to be included in municipal waste statistics. \nWhether or not items are discarded as municipal waste or placed out as non -waste for reuse \ncan be difficult to properly determine. Member States should be cautious about defining what \nconstitutes municipal waste if items are put into bring banks (as well as other charity and \ninformal collection systems), as it is not always clear whether the holder intended to discard \nsuch items. \nFor example, i n a situation where a bring bank is generically labelled \u201cTextile recycl ing\u201d, it is \nfairly evident that items are discarded, while some of them may be recycled, others disposed \nof, and some prepared for reuse. However, i n a situation where a bring bank displays \nmessaging such as \u201cWe need your clothes for reuse in our shop\u201d, it is less clear whether a \n", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 34}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 36 person depositing items has made a decision to discard them (so creating waste with the \nopportunity for preparation for reuse) or not. \nArticle 3(16) of Directive 2008/98/EC provides the following definition for preparation for \nreuse: \n\u201c\u2018preparing for reuse\u2019 means checking, cleaning or repairing recovery \noperations, by which products or components of products that have \nbecome waste are prepared so that they can be reused without any oth er \npre-processing needing to take place .\u201d \nThe specific requirement here is that the products or components are reused. Under the \nterms of the WFD, reuse applies only where the products or components are used again for \nthe same purpose for which they were c onceived . Items must therefore be returned to their \noriginal use. The types of municipal waste that are most likely to be prepared for reuse are: \n\u2022 Textiles; \n\u2022 Electrical and electronic equipment (EEE); \n\u2022 Furniture; \n\u2022 Household objects, books etc . \nArticle 11a(1)( b) of the WFD describes the rules on how preparation for reuse should \ncontribute to the attainment of the targets from 2020 and beyond : \n\u201cthe weight of the municipal waste prepared for re -use shall be calculated \nas the weight of products or components of pr oducts that have become \nmunicipal waste and have undergone all necessary checking, cleaning or \nrepairing operations to enable reuse without further sorting or pre -\nprocessing;\u201d \nFurther detail on what constitutes preparation for reuse is added by Article 2 o f Implementing \nDecision 2019/1004: \n\u201cThe amount of municipal waste prepared for reuse shall only include the \nproducts or the components of products that, following checking, cleaning \nor repairing operations, can be re -used without further sorting or pre -\nprocessing. The parts of those products or of those components of \nproducts that have been removed during repairing operations may be \nincluded in the amount of municipal waste prepared for re -use.\u201d \nConcerning whole products, this article means that if a disca rded product is returned to a \ncondition by which it can be reused in its original form, then it is not necessary to deduct the \nweight of any parts which have been removed and disposed. To consider an example, the \npractical implication is that if a person d isposes a bicycle at a civic amenity site / recycling \ncentre, and it subsequently prepared for reuse (to the point where no further sorting or pre -\nprocessing is necessary), then the full weight of the bicycle would constitute preparation for \nreuse, even if parts and components (i.e. chain, cables etc.) were removed (and in this case ", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 35}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 37 replaced in order to make the bicycle fit for reuse). This principle would also apply to zips or \npockets of clothing, upholstery of soft furniture, broken panels on wooden furni ture etc., in \nsituations where these are removed or replaced as the item is prepared for reuse. However, \nin such cases, if the removed component is subsequently recycled , it is essential that the \nmeasurement method used accounts for removed components which are recycled in order to \nprevent double counting (and thereby overestimation of municipal waste prepar ed for re -use \nand recyc led). \nIn cases where items are dismantled for reuse as spare parts, only the weight of the sub-\ncomponents which are reclaimed and prepared for reuse can be counted. Other parts of the \nproducts which will not be reused are not to be included in the preparation for reuse figures. \nAs an example, electronic components from computers (such as memory an d hard drives \netc.) which are removed and prepared for reuse can contribute to the statistics, whilst those \ncomponents not prepared for reuse (cases, circuit boards etc) do not . Textiles which are not \ndirectly fit for reuse but which are cut into industria l rags and cleaning cloths, or other forms \nof upcycling, may be considered the same \u2013 i.e. only the parts which are prepared for a \nreuse outcome should be reported as preparation for reuse . \nNote that the preparation for reuse activities listed in Article 2 of Implementing Decision \n2019/1004 include \u2018checking\u2019. This could be a simple visual inspection , in which an item is \nchecked for suitability for reuse . Such cases could then be counted as preparation for reuse. \nA.2.1.2 Collecting data on Preparation for Reuse \nThe kinds of economic operators that control municipal waste prepared for reuse include \nsorting centres, repair centres , commercial operators, and social economy enterprises which \ntake in waste products with the intention of returning them (of parts thereof ) to secondary use \nthrough re -introduction to the market as second -hand products or components. Article \n11a(1)(b) of the WFD, as quoted above, indicates that the measurement point for preparation \nfor reuse occurs after all sorting, pre -processing, checking , cleaning and repairing \noperations. The weight of product s or components which have been brought back to the \ncondition that enable s reuse without further pre -processing can be measured and reported \nas prepared for reuse. The effective Calculation Point (CP) for preparation for reuse activities \nis shown in Figure A -2. ", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 36}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 38 Figure A -2: Preparation for reuse calcula tion point \n \n \nRecital 9 of Decision 20 19/1004 requires that Member States must collect data on waste \ndirectly from economic operators (i.e. those who control the waste ), including for waste that \nis prepar ed for reuse: \n\u201cThe data on preparing for re -use and recycling [\u2026] is to be underpinned \nby an effective system of quality control and traceability of waste material \nstreams. Member States should therefore be required to take measures to \nensure high reliability and accura cy of the data collected, in particular by \ncollecting data directly from economic operators and by increasingly using \nelectronic registries for recording data on waste.\u201d \nIn practice, examples of preparation for reuse (covering the material flows from the \ndiscarding of an item as waste to preparation for reuse activities) could include: \n\u2022 Clothing discarded at a textiles bring bank that is subsequently sorted / graded / \ncleaned / repaired etc., ready for resale or charitable donation. \n\u2022 WEEE (e.g. white goods an d consumer electronics) collected through take back \nschemes in -store under retailer and distributor obligations under the WEEE \nDirective that is subsequently remanufactured or used for parts. \n\u2022 Furniture or other items collected as waste through recycling ce nters or bulky \nwaste collections, which are subsequently refurbished. \nIn practice, re -use operators may process products that have at some point been waste (by \nmerit of having been disposed through common collection routes, or returned as waste items \nthrou gh take back schemes) , but also process products which have been sold or donated \n", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 37}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 39 without ever becoming waste. As a result, data gathering must distinguish between waste \nand non -waste items processed . \nIn addition, re -use operators may process both municipa l and non -municipal waste (for \nexample construction materials). Again, data gathering must distinguish between municipal \nand non -municipal wastes prepared for reuse. \nDetail on how the amounts calculated for preparation for reuse should be described under \n3.2.3 of the Quality Report to Table 2 within the annual reporting questionnaire. Data \ngathering may take into account registries of preparation for reuse operators / sites, data \nreported through electronic registries, surveys or other means. Data should c over: \n\u2022 The thresholds with regard to size for organisations covered within the data; \n\u2022 The number of reporting organisations; \n\u2022 Detail on measures taken to assist reporters in their reporting to ensure robustness of \ndata; and \n\u2022 Conversion metrics that have bee n used to convert data received from reporters to the \nfinal data (for instance, in cases where preparation for reuse operations receive wastes \non a per item and not weight basis ). \n \nA.2.2 Correctly identifying the calculation point s for recycling of certain \nwaste materials \nA.2.2.1 Plastics waste \nA.2.2.1.1 Mechanical r ecycling \nThe calculation rules below are defined in Decision 2019/1004 , and aligned with the wording \nof Article 11a of Directive 2008/98/EC . \nThe calculation point for plastic municipal waste is defined in Annex I of Decision 2019/1004 \nas follows : \n\u2022 Plastic separated by polymer that does not undergo further processing before entering \npelletisation, extrusion, or moulding operations; \n\u2022 Plastic flakes that do not undergo further processing before their use in a final product.19 \nAs illustrated below in Figure A -3, the definition sets the calculation point to measure the \nweight o f a product that has been: \n\u2022 ground/flaked (necessary for adequate sorting and washing processes) ; \n\u2022 sorted (so that the product does not include the weight of materials that are not the \nrequired resins (polymers) to be recycled); \n \n19 Final products in this context include extruded products, sheet and agglomerates. Other examples of \u201cfinal \nproducts\u201d will be considered on a case -by-case basis, using the principle of equivalence. ", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 38}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 40 \u2022 washed (so that the product d oes not include the weight of materials that are not the \nrequired resins (polymers) to be recycled); and \n\u2022 dried (so that the weight does not include moisture in excess of the \u201cnatural humidity\u201d ). \nAs regards w hole loads of material that are rejected from entering a recycling process , they \ncannot be counted as recycled for the purposes of the recycling calculation. \nIn some cases, specific preliminary and recycling operations are integrated into a single \nfacility whereas in other cases they might be located at different facilities, within the same \ncompany or operated by another company. Where plastics are recycled within an integrated \nsystem, t he calculation point may therefore need to be identified between key operations, \nsuch that it is consistent with the calculation point s identified in the Commission \nImplementing Decision \u2013 this may correspond with the production of secondary raw materials \nat certain industry specifications. \nAdditionally, t here may be processes that do not measure the weight of the plas tics at the \ncalculation point because the material is sent on to extrusion or agglomeration processes. It \nis permissible to set the measurement point s further down the processes , so as to measure \nthe outputs from extrusion or agglomeration processes. In th ese cases it is not necessary to \ndeduct the weight of extruded filt er cake or fine dust that are subsequently disposed of, as \nthese are considered to be \u2018inherent los ses\u2019. \nIn some cases, however, extruded filter cake can be re -ground and reintroduced into the \nrecycling process, where the tolerances for contamination are relatively high (e.g. polyolefin \nrecycling batches ). In such cases, if the extruded filter cake is subsequently recycled, it can \nno longer be considered an inherent loss, and so the measure ment method should be \ndeveloped in such a way that it prevent s double counting (and thereby overestimation of the \nmunicipal waste recycled). The calculation point for plastic municipal waste is identified in \nFigure A -3. ", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 39}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 41 Figure A -3: Plastics calculation point \n \n \nThe calculation point cannot be before any further processing step prior to the material \nentering pelletisation, extrusion, or moulding operations . These processing steps include all \ntypes of washing e.g. cold washing, hot washing, and any combination thereof. Although a \n\u2018cold wash only\u2019 process may give rise to both lower quality (i.e. more con taminated) material \nand a higher contribution towards the recycling rate (due to the mass of the contaminants \nbeing included in the material counted as recycled), there is no specific provision in law for \nhot washed plastic to be subject to an earlier (pre -hot wash) calculation point. However, the \neffect of the difference in mass of contaminants between cold and hot washed plastic flakes \nis likely to be extremely small, as even cold washed plastic entering extrusion processes for \nlower grade products must s till meet high quality standards. \nThe calculation point for recycling requires that polymers enter pelletisation, extrusion, or \nmoulding operations , or that flake is used to produce a final product. Plastics entering \ncement kilns or other thermal technologies counts as energy recovery and not recycling . \nA.2.2.1.2 Chemical rec overy \nChemical recovery , commonly referred to as \u2018chemical recycling \u2019, is the process of breaking \ndown collected plastics into their constituent monomers and other basi c chemical elements \n(\u201cdepolymerisation \u201d). It makes it possible to replac e other materials which would have been \nused to fulfil a particular function . \nThere are three broad categories of chemical recycling technologies: \n\u2022 Solvent Purification uses the princi ple of solubility to selectively separate plastic \npolymer from any other materials contaminating the plastic waste. Plastic waste is \nshredded and dissolved in a solvent in which the target polymer has high solubility, \nbut in which the contaminants have low solubility. The contaminants remain solid and \ncan be separated off from the solution to purify the polymer. Once the purification \nprocess is complete, the target polymer is re-solidified using a non -solvent for \n", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 40}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 42 extract ion from the solution in a process kn own as precipitation , and so can be \nrecovered. \n\u2022 Chemical Depolymerisation covers a range of processes (e.g. chemolysis and \nsolvolysis) in which polymer chain s are broken down us ing chemicals . Once \ndepolymerisation has occurred, monomers are recovered from the reaction mixture \nand purified through distillation, precipitation and/or crystallisation, to separate them \nfrom contaminants and leave a pure monomer. \n\u2022 Thermal Depolymerisation , also known as thermal cracking and thermolysis (and \nsometimes referred to by the trade as feedstock recycling) , breaks down polymer \nchain s using heat treatment. This typically involves the breaking of chemical bonds at \nrandom positions in the polymer chain, as opposed to the co ntrolled breakdown seen \nin chemical depolymerisation. As a result, the resulting pyrolysis oil is usually \ncomposed of a variety of hydrocarbon products , and requires further energy intensive \npurification before it can be used as a feedstock for polymer pro duction. \nChemical recycling has potential application in recycling plastic products that are challenging \nto recycle using current mechanical technologies, mainly due to the physical characteristics \nof the product \u2014 for example, when several types of plast ics have been combined for \noptimal performance (i.e. composite municipal waste ), or plastics with adhering residues \n(e.g. food residues on municipal waste ). Equally, the technology is considered as potentially \nhaving a role to play in enabling the recyclin g process to further reduce contamination, or \naddress polymer degradation, possibly allowing recycling into food -contact applications to \noccur with greater confidence, or substitution of higher proportions of primary material in a \ngiven application (e.g. P ET bottles) . \nWhilst chemical recycling has been in the R&D phase for many years (e.g. studied by the \nEuropean Commission with respect to PVC in 1999) 20, the technology is still not available at \ncommercial scale for use in recycling mixed polymer MSW or plastic municipal waste . \nCompanies such as BASF have pilot projects ongoing such as ChemCycling, which \ndescribes the process as21: \n\u201cThrough thermochemical processes, plastic waste is broken down to oil or \ngaseous products as raw materials for the chemical i ndustry. These raw \nmaterials can replace fossil feedstock to produce new products, especially \nplastics. \u201d \n \n20 TNO Institute of Strategy, Technology and Policy (1999) Chemical Recycling of Plastics Waste (PVC and other \nresins) , Final Report for the European Commission, \nhttp://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/studies/pvc/chem_recycle.pdf \n21 BASF (2019) Chemical recycling of plastic waste , Accessed 13th February 2019, \nhttps://www.basf.com/global/en/who -we-are/sustainability/management -and-instruments/circular -\neconomy/chemcycling.html ", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 41}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 43 However, n ot all of the plastic waste may be recycled back into new plastic products. Some \nmonomers may be utilised for fuels, which would clearly not be considered as recycling \naccording to the Waste Framework Directive: \n\u201c\u2018recycling\u2019 means any recovery operation by which waste materials are \nreprocessed into products, materials or substances whether for the original \nor other purposes. It incl udes the reprocessing of organic material but does \nnot include energy recovery and the reprocessing into materials that are to \nbe used as fuels or for backfilling operations \u201d \nIn such circumstances, it would not be appropriate to count the total input of pl astic waste \nfeedstock into a chemical recycling process as \u2018recycling\u2019. Some outputs from the process \nare fuels, which should therefore not be accounted for as recycling but as energy recovery. \nThis could also apply for any energy generated from the waste that is used to power the \nrecycling process itself. \nReflecting the fact that not all the chemicals derived from chemical / feedstock recycling will \nnecessarily be used to synthesise non-fuel products, materials or substances , it was \nconsidered appropriate to establish a calculation point , and to set in place principles , which \nwould allow for the amount of material recycled to be determined. \nThe calculation point would be based around the quantity of chemicals derived from the \nprocess that were subsequentl y used to manufacture new non-fuel materials , products, or \nsubstances . Operators would be required to provide a full mass balance of their process to \nnational agencies responsible for reporting on recycling. In order to enable a calculation of \nthe quantity of input material , which had actually been recycled, operators would be required \nto demonstrate how the outputs were derived from the inputs. This would be necessary to \nensure that only the input material from which were derived those chemical feedstocks that \nwere used in making new non-fuel materials, products or substances only were counted as \n\u2018recycled\u2019. A possible option would be to consider as recycled the amount of chemicals (by \nweight) derived from the process that are subsequently used in the synt hesis of new non-fuel \nmaterials, products or substances . \nMember States should outline the full details of the mass balance approach used to identify \nany municipal waste reported as recycled from chemical processes as part of the quality \nreport (under ques tion 2.1). Member States should outline any quality assurance/chain of \ncustody schemes to be established to ensure the mass balance is conducted according to \nthe calculation rules put in place. Further calculation point s and associated measurement \nmethods may be identified for chemical recycling processes . This is subject to the \nCommission \u2019s further consideration of the scope and scale of such processes in future . \n \nA.2.2.2 Paper / board waste \nThe calculation point for paper and board municipal waste is defined in Annex I of Decision \n2019/1004 as follows : ", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 42}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 44 \u2022 Sorted paper [and board] that does not undergo further processing before entering a \npulping operation \nThe calculation point for paper and board municipal waste is indicated in Figure A -4. \nPaper and board are typically reprocessed into similar materials through a pulping process; \nthe calculation point has been set as the weight of material entering t his process , on the \nbasis that this material meets the EN643 standard . Compliance with this standard ensures \nthat the requirement for recycling to be \u2018high quality\u2019 in Article 11a(1)(c) of the WFD is met . If \nmaterial with higher levels of non -fibre contam ination than allowed for under the EN643 \nstandards is introduced to a pulping process , this will result in an overstated recycling rate \nand, in such cases, there should be a corresponding deduction from the mass of the material \nintroduced to the pulping operation. \nPaper may also be recycled by processes that differ from a pulping process . \nCertain fractions of the mass of material introduced into the pulping process do not yield \nfibres for remanufacturing but instead result in material sent for disposal or energy recovery , \nsuch as screened material from pulp screening or chemicals/inks from the de -inking process. \nOn the assumption that material introduced to t he pulping operation complies with EN643 \nstandards , the loses from the pulping process onwards count as inherent losses and \ntherefore it is not necessary to deduct the weight of these losses from the final amount of \nrecycling reported. \nFigure A -4: Paper/ cardboard calculation point\n \nA.2.2.3 Glass waste \nThe calculation point for glass municipal waste is defin ed in Annex I of Decision 2019/1004 \nas follows: \n\u2022 Sorted glass that does not undergo further processing before entering a glass furna ce \nor the production of filtration media, abrasive materials, glass fibre insulation and \nconstruction materials. \nThe calculation point for glass municipal waste is indicated in Figure A -5. \nCollected end of life glass municipal waste items require sorting treatment before the \nmaterial can be introduced to a glass furnace or any of the other production processes stated \n", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 43}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 45 in the def inition. The calculation point is set to account for the material entering the glass \nfurnace or other relevant processes after unwanted material is removed through sorting \nprocesses. \nIn the case of glass bottles, some materials (such as aluminium closures ) may count towards \nrecycling targets for other materials (such as aluminium recycling). Therefore, these \nmaterials should not be counted towards the recycling targets for glass, but should be \ncaptured under the metal calculation point (see below). \nFurthe r, please note that the production of glass aggregate for backfilling or landfilling does \nnot count towards recycling targets, as set out in Article 11a(5) of the WFD : \n\u2022 (\u2026), end -of-waste materials to be used as fuels or other means to generate energy, or \nto be incinerated, backfilled or landfilled, shall not be counted towards the attainment \nof the recycling targets. \nFigure A -5: Glass municipal waste calculation point\n \nA.2.2.4 Metal s waste \nThe calculation point for metal municipal waste is defined in Annex I of Decision 2019/1004 \nis as follows: \n\u2022 Sorted metal that does not undergo further processing before entering a metal smelter \nor furnace. \nThe calculation point for metal municipal waste is indicated in Figure A -6 (for ferrous metals) \nand Figure A -7 (for aluminium). \nCollected end of life metals sometimes require sorting before they can be introduced to a \nmetal smelter or furnace. The calculation point is set to account for the material entering the \n", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 44}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 46 metal furnace or other relevant processes after unwanted material is rem oved through \nsorting processes. \nFor the purposes of the calculation rules, tinned steel packaging (e.g. food cans, biscuit tins \netc.) is acceptable to the operation of the furnace, and so should not be deducted from the \nweight of steel counted as recycled. \nNote that preliminary treatment of metals (shown in Figure A -6 and Figure A -7 below as a \nseparate step called \u2018reception facility quality control/ pre -sort\u2019) may also take place within \nthe metal smelting/refining facility itself. In this case, any pre -sorting prior to s melting counts \nas \u2018preliminary treatment \u2019 within the refining facility, and any waste removed during this stage \ncannot therefore be counted towards the recycled municipal waste reported by that facility. \nThis is set out in Article 3(5) of Decision 2019/100 4: \n\u201cWhere a facility carries out preliminary treatment prior to the calculation \npoint in that facility, the waste removed during the preliminary treatment \nshall not be included in the amount of recycled municipal waste reported by \nthat facility. \u201d \nMultiple calculation point s may be needed for metals , given the different flows in the \nrecycling chain for different types of MSW and metal municipal waste . As the output of the \nabove -mentioned specialised operation is equivalent to the input to the metal smelter or \nfurnace , Member States can therefore report at the entry to these specialised operation \nplants , if it is easier , but must still deduct any materials removed by the specialised operation \nwhich would not be inputted to the metal smelter or furnace . Or, if separately collected \nmetals are sent directly to a smelter or furnace , then Member States can also report at the \nentry to these smelter or furnace plants , so long as any materials removed during any \npreliminary treatment are deducted from the weig ht of municipal waste reported as recycling. \nIn the case of recycled aluminium closures for glass bottles (see above), the calculation point \ncan correspond to the output of the glass sorting facility if the separated aluminium fraction is \nsent directly for smelting with no prior treatment. In this case, care must be taken to avoid \ndouble counting of this fraction at the point of input to the smelter as well. ", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 45}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 47 Figure A -6: Steel calculation point \n \n \nFigure A -7: Aluminium calculation point \n \nA.2.2.5 Wood waste \nThe calculation point for wood municipal waste is defined in Annex I of Decision 2019/1004 \nas follows : \n\u2022 Sorted wood that does not undergo further treatment before utilisation in particle board \nmanufacture. \n\u2022 Sorted wood entering a composting operation. \nThe calculation point in this case may either be the amount of fine material sent off for \nrecycled board manufacture or the input waste minus non -target material extracted for \nrecycling, disposal or thermal recovery, as shown in the figure below . \n", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 46}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 48 \nFigure A -8: Wood calculation point \n \n*Note: For wood undergoing composting to qualify as recycling, it needs to satisfy the requirements that apply \nto municipal biodegradable waste entering aerobic or anaerobic treatment (i.e. outputs mus t be used as a \nrecycled product, material or substance; and, if used on land, this must result in benefits to agriculture or \necological improvement ). Due to the outputs of composting being intertwined with biodegradable waste, and to \nmaintain a separation of composting from recycling within the statistics, wood which is composted should be \nreported as biodegradable waste . Detail on the split should be provided in the quality report . \n \nAs described in the footnote to the figure above, wood that is composted should be re corded \nas biodegradable waste in Table 2 (row code \u2018 W091_092_MUN _S\u2019), and the conditions \ndescribed in Appendix A.2.9 (for composting or digestion of biowaste) should apply . \nFurthermore, biodegradable waste resulting from the composting of wood is subject to the \nsame quality standards that apply to other types o f biowaste, as described in Appendix A.2.9 \n(i.e. outputs must be used as a recycled product, and where the output is used on land, it \nmust result in benefits to agriculture or ecological improvement ). \nIt should be noted that construction and demolition waste is not municipal waste , and \ntherefore wood from such sources should not be included, even if it is from households (as a \nresult off renovation work etc.). \nMunicipal wood waste is expected to largely constitute the following: \n1) Woody garden waste ; \n2) Some bulky wastes (furniture etc .); and \n3) A myriad of smaller items such as wooden spoons, chopsticks , ice cream sticks, \nbarbeque skewers , wooden household food packaging and wooden toys etc. . \nIt is expected that material stream \u20181\u2019 above when collected for composting or digestion, \nwould naturally be accounted with garden waste within data collection systems, and will be \nrecorded as biowaste in national data systems by default . Although there is the possibility \nthat some of material streams \u20182\u2019 and \u20183\u2019 may enter biowaste treatment , this is not target \n", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 47}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 49 material for these technologies, and it is not expected that this will lead to complications in \ndesignation between wood and biodegradable waste for tonnages reported as recycled . \nMember States should provide detail s of the measurement points applied in question 3.2.4 \nof the Quality Report . \nEnergy recovery of wood waste does not count as recycling. \n \nA.2.2.6 Textile s waste \nThe calculation point for recycling of textile municipal waste is defined in Annex I of Decision \n2019/1004 as follows : \n\u2022 Sorted textile material that does not undergo further processing before its utilisation for \nthe production of textile fibres, rags or granul ates. \nThe output of a sorting process is a pragmatic point for reporting, and can be reported by the \nplant operator to the national authorities. \nIt should be noted that , while preparation of textile municipal waste for reuse counts towards \nthe targets, reu se of textile municipal waste (such as cotton/ jute carrier bags , direct sales \nand donations to second -hand organisations ) do not involve the item becoming waste an d \nthus should not (please refer to Appendix A.2.1 for further information) . \nUnder WFD Article 11(1), Member States shall have set up separate collection for textiles by \n2025. In addition, the European Commission is developing a comprehensive EU strategy for \ntextiles with the aims of achiev ing high levels of separate textile waste collection by 2025 and \nboost ing textile sorting, reuse and recyclin g. This strategy is anticipated to improve how da ta \non textile recycling is gathered and reported in the future , as well as increasing preparation \nfor reuse and recycling . For example, the strategy is set to encourage the use of extended \nproducer responsibility (EPR) as a regulatory measure, which would entail formal reporting of \nhow textile waste is managed (such as already occurs under the EPR policy for end \u2010of\u2010use \nclothing, linen and shoes in France 22). \nIt should be noted that, while this section focuses on recycling, textiles are one of the key \nwaste streams which may be prepared for reuse . Guidance on preparation for reuse is \nprovided in Appendix A.2.1 . \nEurostat is not expecting Member States to report data on chemical recovery at this time, but \nshould this be implemented at a commercial / industrial level in future years, chemical \nrecycling of textiles should also be accounted for as per the conditions set out for plastics in \nSection A.2.2.1 , in which a mass balance approach is used , and the calculation point \nbecomes the point where chemicals from the process are used as the basis for \nmanufacturin g new plastics /textiles (and not as fuel). \n \n22 EEA (2019) Textiles and the environment in a circular economy , Eionet Report \u2010 ETC/WMGE 2019/6 ", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 48}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 50 A.2.2.7 Waste e lectrical and electronic equipment \nThe reporting rules under the WEEE Directive23 regarding what shall be counted as \u2018recycled\u2019 \nshould be used. The amount of municipal WEEE , i.e. WEEE that fulfils the defin ition of \nmunicipal waste, must be calculated, or approximated as best as possible, to ensure the \namounts of WEEE generated and/or treated are not overestimated in the statistics. \nWEEE is a key waste stream which may be prepared for reuse. Guidance on prepa ration for \nreuse is provided in Appendix A.2.1 . \nA.2.2.8 Waste b atteries \nThe reporting rules under the Batteries Directive24 regarding what shall be counted as \n\u2018recycled\u2019 sh all be used. The amount of batteries must be calculated, or approximated as \nbest as possible, to ensure the amounts of batteries generated and/or treated are not \noverestimated in the statistics. \nA.2.2.9 Bulky waste \nBulky waste generated and treated comprises waste s that are not further disaggregated into \nconstituent components, and are therefore not captured under the material specific \ncalculation points mentioned above . Note that if the material components of bulky waste \nitems were to be also counted under materia l specific calculation points this would be double \ncounting , and this should be avoided . \nBulky waste treatment may include , for example, preparation for reuse of furniture (see the \nguidance on preparation for reuse in Appendix A.2.1 ) or the recycling of mattresses. An \nindication of what waste types are included in the bulky waste fraction should be provided in \nthe quality reports . \n \nA.2.3 Allowable measurement methods \nThe measurement method is the approach(es) taken to calculate the amount of recycl ing at \nthe calculation point s defined in Annex I of Implementing Decision 2019/1004 , as detailed in \nAppendix A.2.2 of this guidance . The se approach (es) could make us e of different \nmeasurement point s and arithmetic formulas to make the calculation. \nThis section provides guidance on measuring the amount of recycling at the calculation \npoint s for plastics, glass, wood, metal, paper , and textiles , as well as biowaste . With regards \nto biowaste, it is important to note that it differs characteristically from the other waste types, \nbeing composed of up to 90% water and not being an inert waste. As such , the different \n \n23 (2012) Directive 2012/19/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 July 2012 on waste electrical \nand electronic equipment (WEEE) (recast) \n24 Directive 2006/66/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 September 2006 on batteries and \naccumulators and waste batteries and accumulators and repealing Directive 91/157/EEC (OJ L 266 of 26.9.2006) ", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 49}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 51 characteristics of biowaste impact the way it should be me asured at the calculation points. \nSee Appendix A.2.9 for information on measuring amounts of biowaste specifically. \nA generalised multi -stage recycling value chain is shown in Figure A -9. The weight of \nmaterial at the calculation point should be calculated and reported for each material in line \nwith the reporting formats in Decision 2019/1004 . The following rules should be considered: \n\u2022 Some amount of moisture added to the waste after any point at which that waste or \nproduct is weighed for inclusion in the denominator (e.g. waste generated) may need \nto be adjusted for within the amounts reported at the calculation point (see Section \nA.2.4 below for further detail on this). \n\u2022 In most cases, i t can be assumed that the weight of material at the output of one \noperation is equivalent to the weight of material at the input to the next operation (an \nexcept ion to this may be where entire loads are rejected ). \nAt receiving facilities , the incoming loads are checked visually or sometimes with testing \nequipment. If the load does not meet the required specifications , the entirety of the load \nwill be rejected and sent back to the facility from which it was sent. Therefore, it is \nimportant to make sure that these rejected loads are subtracted from the data if the \nsource of data is the output of the prior facility, as such loads are not recycled in \npractice. Failure to subtract rejected loads would overestimate the amount of recycling \nfor a given waste stream. \n\u2022 The weight of material may be calculated at recycling processes further downstream of \nMP7 if t hey provide the more practicable points for measurements. In these cases , it is \nnot necessary to deduct inherent loses (losses in weight of materials or substances \ndue to phys ical or chemical transformation processes inherent in the recycling \noperation where municipal waste is actually reprocessed into products, materials or \nsubstances) that occur after MP7 from the amount of material calculated as recycled. \nSome examples of in herent losses that may be relevant to different municipal waste \nmaterials are provided in the table below: \n \nTable A-1: Examples of inherent losses \nMaterial Example of inherent loss \nPlastic Extruded filter cake (not reintroduc ed into the recycling process)/ fine dust \nBiowaste Water/ CO 2 \nMetals Slag \nGlass Glass fines \nPaper/ board Inks/ dragged fibres \nItems \nprepared for \nreuse Replaced minor parts and components \n ", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 50}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 52 Figure A -9: Generalised Measurement Method Schematic\n \nIn this example, therefore, there are a number of ways to calculate the weight of material at \nthe calculation point (CP): \n\u2022 CP = MP7 \n\u2022 CP = MP6 (only if there are no inherent losses before MP6) \n\u2022 CP = MP4 - MP5 \n\u2022 CP = MP3 - MP5 \n\u2022 CP = MP1 - MP2 - MP5 \nThis measurement method approach should be applied to each material flow as relevant to \nthe individual Member State. Example flow diagram s are given in Section 0 above. \nIn this regard, consideration will have to be given to composite municipal waste (i.e. \nmunicipal waste composed of more than one material), which, as p er Decision 2005/270 , \nshall be calculated and reported per material contained in the municipal waste , except where \na given material constitutes an insignificant part of the municipal waste unit, and in no case \nmore than 5% of the total mass of the municipa l waste unit. \nIn addition, consideration should be given to the flows of material s from a given recycling \nprocess that are sent for further recycling, but are not the primar y target material of the \nrecycling process . Member States should consider t he different recycling flows on a national \nlevel to ensure that such material is included in the amounts reported as recycled. \nThe key consideration is that these non-target output flows may, or may not , pass the \ncalculation point for the target material( s). This is exemplified in Figure A -10. In the case of \nflow 1, material B, which is not primarily targeted by the recycling operation for material A, is \nsent to a further recycling operation (which does target material B) prior to the calculation \npoint for material B. \nRecycling/ treatment \n(e.g. sorting) \nFurther processes \n(e.g. manufacturing) \nCP \nRejected loads/ \nnon-target material \nto other waste \nmanagement \nRecycling/ treatment \n(e.g. sorting) \nRejected loads/ \nnon-target material \nto other waste \nmanagement \nInherent Losses? \nMP5 \nMP1 \nMP2 \nMP3 \n MP4 \n MP6 \n MP7 ", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 51}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 53 However, i n the case of flow 2, materi al B does not require further sorting before being \naccepted as a secondary raw material in further processes , and so bypasses the calculation \npoint for material B . In this case, although the material has been recycled, it would not be \naccounted for under material A or B. \nConsequently, a clear mechanism with which to understand the fate of material B is needed , \nin order to avoid either double counting or failure to count waste as recycled altogether . For \nexample, it may be preferable to set a calculation point for Material B at the input of the \n\u2018Further processes\u2019 of Material B. However, i f it is clear that Flow 2 does not pass a \ncalculation point for Material B (i.e. if the Material B calculation point is set at the output of \nthe Material B \u2018Recycling/ sorting\u2019 step) it should be measured at the output of the Material A \n\u2018Recycling/ sorting\u2019 step instead . \n \nFigure A -10: Generalised Schematic Related to Cross -material Flows\n \nA.2.4 Obtaining data at the measurement point s \nAs discussed above, a range of measurement point s could be used with certain associated \nformulae to calculate the weight of material recycled at the calculation point s. This section \ndiscusses s ome further consideration s around obtaining data at the calculation points . \nFurther processes \n(e.g. manufacturing) \nCP Material A \nExtracted Material B \n(Flow 1) \n \nRecycling/ treatment \n(e.g. sorting) \nMaterial A \n \nMaterial B \n \nFurther processes \n(e.g. manufacturing) \nCP Material B \nRecycling/ treatment \n(e.g. sorting) \nExtracted Material B \n(Flow 2) \n ", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 52}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 54 The preferred measurement point for municipal waste is the total output weight of targeted \nmaterial (s) (i.e. the material which the recycling operation is targeting to be sold as a \nsecondary raw material , or item which has been prepared for reuse , and which undergoes no \nfurther processing). This will generally be a known quantity, as financial transfers (gate fees \nor payments for materials) will generally be related to t he amount, in tonnage, of material \nquantities purchased or sold . These data could be submitted by plant operators to provide \nactual weight data for this type of measurement point , which corresponds to the calculation \npoint (see MP 6 in Figure A -9). \nNote that any loads rejected after this measurement point as a result of downstream quality \nchecking procedures would have to be deducted from the reported amount to be consistent \nwith Decision 2019/1004 , as failure to make such reductions will cause the amounts reported \nas recycled to be overestimated. \nAlternatively, the total reprocessing plant input (i.e. the weight of material received at the \nreprocessing plant) can be used as a measurement point . This is, once again, highly likely to \nbe known as financial transfers are likely to be made in relation to material quantities \nrecycled/ treated. These data could be submitted by reprocessing plant operators to p rovide \nactual weight data for this type of measurement point . This weight should relate to the \namount of material accepted by the reprocessing plant, and should not, therefore, include the \nweight of material rejected after any initial quality checking proc edures. \nA final measurement point for municipal waste is the total output weight of non -targeted \nmaterial (i.e. the material which the recycling operation is not targeting). This is very likely to \nbe known as this material will be sent on to further operat ions that might include recovery or \ndisposal operations, and related financial transactions will generally be made on the basis of \nthe quantity (and quality) of recyclable materials sold. These data could be submitted by \nplant operators to provide actual w eight data for this type of measurement point . Note, that if \nany non -target material is sent to a process where material could be extracted and recycled, \nan appropriate calculation point would need to be defined to ensure any recycled material is \naccuratel y reported (see Figure A -10 above) . \nThe European reprocessing industry (particularly for plastic municipal waste ) has confirmed \nthat plant operators will hold data relating to the amount at the calculation point s (or rel evant \nmeasurement point s). Member State authorities will need to ensure they have the legal \nmeans in place to request these data, a s well as systems in place (e.g. electronic registries) \nto enable these data to be reported efficiently. \nTo gather data rela ting to these measurement point s, Member States should therefore \nconsider implementi ng electronic registries, in order to gather data directly from the various \noperators in the recycling value chain . This is supported by Article 11a(3) of the WFD ): \n\u201c3. Mem ber States shall establish an effective system of quality control and \ntraceability of municipal waste to ensure that the conditions laid down in \npoint (c) of paragraph 1 of thi s Article and in paragraph 2 of this Article are \nmet. To ensure the reliability and accuracy of the data gathered on \nrecycled waste, the system may consist of electronic registries set up ", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 53}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 55 pursuant to Article 35(4), technical specifications for the quality \nrequirements of sorted waste, or average loss rates for sorted waste for \nvarious waste types and waste management practices respectively. \nAverage loss rates shall only be used in cases where reliable data cannot \nbe obtained otherwise and shall be calculated on the basis of the \ncalculation rules established in the delegated act adopted pursuant to \nparagraph 10 of this Article. \u201d \nLegal requirements to provide data may be needed at the national level to mandate the \nsubmission of the necessary information by private sector operators to the electronic \nregistries. Until such registers are in place, Member States could rely on other data gathering \napproaches, e.g. from extended producer responsibility (EPR) schemes (subject to these \nbeing audited independently to ensure the data are reliable) or surveys of recycling operators \nand the developmen t of statistical models. \nThe current scope of reporting from EPR schemes can be limited, as downstream recycling/ \ntreatment operations may not be under the control of EPR scheme s. Therefore, i f data are to \nbe gathered through EPR schemes in the short term , these EPR schemes would most likely \nneed to obtain data from operators of any further recycling/ treatment plants prior to the \ncalculation point s in order to gather data on all the relevant measurement point s. This is \nexemplified in Figure A -11, which shows a situation in which there are two stages before the \ncalculation point . Here , the \u2018data from paper recyclers\u2019 would have to be collected by the \nplant undertaking \u2018paper sorting into grades\u2019, which may not currently be under the scope of \nreporting by EPR schemes . \n \nFigure A -11: Potential Data Flows via EPR Schemes for 2 -stage Process \n \nThe process becomes more complicated when there are three stages before the calculation \npoint , as shown in Figure A -12. In such case s, data may need to be passed through \nintermediate companies if the EPR scheme is to be able to report information on all the \nmeasurement point s. Direct reporting from all operators in the chain would alleviate this \nproblem, which is why the suggested focus is on implementing nationwide electronic \nregistries with mandatory reporting requirements in law. \nSorting of mixed \nrecyclables \nPaper sorting \ninto grades \nPaper mill \nCalculation \npoint \nMixed \npaper/card \nEN643 \nScope of EPR \nScheme \n Data from paper \nrecyclers ", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 54}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 56 \nFigure A -12: Potential Data Flows via EPR Schemes for 3 -stage Process \n \nA.2.5 Target rate calcuation examples \nIn this section, two example calculations are given to demonstrate how Member State \nperformance against the WFD and LFD targets will be calculated . \n \nFigure A -13: Example of calculation of municipal waste recycling target calculation \u2013 New Rules \n \n \nSorting of mixed \nrecyclables \nPlastic \nsorting into \npolymers \nExtrusion, \npelletisation \netc. \nCalculation \npoint \nMixed \nPlastics \nFlakes \nFurther \nprocessing \nPolymer \nseparated bales \nScope of EPR \nScheme \nData from plastic \nrecyclers \n(Preparation for reuse + Recycling) / \nTotal Municipal Waste Generation % ", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 55}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 57 Figure A -14: Example of calculation of municipal waste landfilling target calculation \n \n \n \n \nA.2.6 Metals from incinerator bottom a sh (IBA) \nArticle 11a(6) in the WFD states that recycled metals separated after incineration of \nmunicipal waste can be included in the reporting of performance against the metal municipal \nwaste recycling targets: \n\u201cFor the purposes of calculating whether the targets laid down in points I, \n(d) and I of Article 11(2) and in Article 11(3) have been attained, Member \nStates may take into account the recycling of metals separated after \nincineration of municipal waste provi ded that the recycled metals meet \ncertain quality criteria laid down in the implementing act adopted pursuant \nto paragraph 9 of this Article. .\u201d \nThis section provides further guidance on the use of the relevant calculation methodology , as \nset out in Annex I II of Decision 2019/1004 . \nA.2.6.1 Correctly identifying the calculation point \nFigure A -15 shows the key flows of metals . \n(Landfilling + (Incineration Disposal \u2013 \nMaterial recovery of waste from incineration \ndisposal)) / Waste Generation % ", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 56}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 58 Figure A -15: Key Metal Flows in IBA Processing, and the Calculation Point (CP) \n \nSource: CEWEP \nWaste s from a range of sources (municipal, commercial and industrial) are input to municipal \nsolid waste incinerators at point 1. At this point, due to the mixing of wastes, it may no longer \nbe possible to identify the source of the waste . \nThe output of the incinerator includes incinerator bottom ash (IBA), which contains , among \nother things, metallic elements. Some processing of the IBA may occur on site. The most \ncommon approach is to extract ferrous (Fe) metals using over-band magnets. Although steel \nis a Fe metal, Stainless Steel (StS) is not magnetic , and so is not extracted using over-band \nmagnets but is identified and extracted separately. Some facilities now also extract non -\nferrous (N fe) metals using eddy -current separators ; however, this is less common , and most \noperators cho ose to send IBA to dedicated processors. \nAt dedicated IBA p rocessing sites, the IBA is usually separated into an aggregate fraction \u2013 \nfor use as a secondary raw material \u2013 and two metallic fractions, Fe and a N fe concentrate, \nthe latter including light and heavy N fe metals and StS. The Fe fraction is further proce ssed \ninto different fractions for sale as varying grades, with different technical specifications, to \nsteel plants. The N fe concentrate is sent to further metal recovery companies that specialise \nin extracting different metals from a metal concentrate. The processes used result in a large \nnumber of different fractions, of different metals and particle sizes. The light N fe fraction is \nalmost exclusively aluminium. The heavy N fe fraction include s StS, brass, zinc and other \nmetals. \nBased on this material flow, and in-line with the calculation point s for other metals (see \nSection A.2.2.4 ), the calculation point for metals from IBA, should be: \n\u2022 Sorted metal that does not undergo further processing before entering a metal smelter \nor furnace . \nCP ", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 57}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 59 This calculation point comes at data c ollection point 3 in Figure A -15, at which only the \nweight of metal that is actually recycled is measured , therefore tak ing any losses into \naccount. Exam ples of losses are discussed in the next section. \nA.2.6.2 Allowable measurement m ethod s and obtaining d ata at the measurement \npoint s \nThe measurement method for metals from IBA is set out in Annex III of Decision 2019/1004 . \nThe method is designed to take into account the fact that , at the point of input to a furnace or \nsmelter , it may not be possible to determine the source of the material. Therefore, \nmeasurement point s are set to measure the metallic outputs from IBA proce ssing that are \nsent to furnaces and smelters, with the amount adjusted to take the source of the waste into \naccount. \nIt is also important to note that, for the aluminium and steel packaging waste recycling \ntargets, the weight of material counted as recycle d is not \u2018pure\u2019 metal, but an aluminium or \nsteel product that may contain alloying elements account ing for a few percent of the total \nmass of the metal. These alloying elements are an integral part of the material, and are \ndesired by manufacturers who will mainly use alloyed materials in their products. Th erefore , \nthe alloys should not be deducted from the weight of aluminium or steel recycled. \nThe measurement method is described under the following steps. \n1. Gather data on the annual tonnages of metal concent rates from facilities that \nseparate metal concentrates from raw IBA. Ferrous fractions can be reported under \nthe \u2018Steel\u2019 municipal waste fraction \u2013 along with StS \u2013 and the aluminium fraction in \nthe metal concentrate under the \u2018Aluminium \u2019 municipal waste fraction. \n2. Use the f ormula in Paragraph 4 of Annex III of Decision 2019/1004 (shown below) to \ncalculate the co ncentration of metals needed to adjust the total metal concentrate \nfigure s captured under point 1 above , which will approximate the concentration of \nferrous metals and aluminium resulting from the processing of metal concentrates \nextracted from facilities that separate metal concentrates from IBA \u2018C\u2019 means \nconcentration and \u2018m\u2019 means mass (see Annex III of Decision 2019/1004 for the full \nlist of formula definitions ). \n \nFor example, a specific facility determines that for NFe, 5,600 tonnes of IBA NFe metal \nconcentrates is produced in a given year. 1,960 tonnes of this are non -metallic. This \nmeans that 3,640 tonnes are NFe metals. This gives a NFe metal concentration of \n65%. \nFor Fe, it is determined that 45,000 tonnes of IBA Fe metal concentrates are produced \nin a given year. 2,250 tonnes of this are non -metallic. This means that 42,750 tonnes \nare Fe metals. This gives a Fe metal concentration of 95%. \n \n ", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 58}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 60 3. As per Annex III o f Decision 2019/1004 , concentrations shall be calculated using data \ncollected through regular surveys of facilities that process metal concentrates , and \nfrom other facilities that use metals separated from IBA to produce metal products. \nCalculating the concentrations require s an understanding of total plant input s and \ntotal metallic content. Th ese can be determined by studies, spot sampling or purity \ndata available at the treatment plant s based on metal concentrate sale s (e.g. metal \nconcentrate sale s as a proportion of total plant input). According to stakeholders, \nmetal concentrates data should be available at the plant level for the three main \nfractions : Fe, N fe and StS. At the Member State level , a mean concentration [plus o r \nminus a percentage] for each of the three key categories should be calculated . When \ncalculating each mean value, this should be done at the 95% confidence interval , to \nshow the range of values (margin of error) expected at this level of confidence. \nFurth er guidance on this is provided in the box below. Where sampling has been \nused to determine the metallic element of the concentrate, the resulting value should \nbe statistically significant (i.e. the data should be tested for statistical significance to \nsee if the outcome is due to something other than chance , and is therefore a \nsignificant result) and sampling should be repeated at least every 3 years. ", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 59}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 61 \n4. Apply the coefficients under step 3 to the total amounts of metal concentrate captured \nunder step 1 to estimate the total amount of steel and aluminium recycled from IBA. \n5. Use the formula under Paragraph 5 of Annex III of Decision 2019/1004 to estimate \nthe mass of re cycled metals originating from municipal waste in all recycled metals \nseparated from IBA. This effectively applies a further coefficient (proportion of \nmunicipal waste ) to the figure s calculated under step 4. The coefficient should be Mean and \u2018Confidence Int erval \u2019 Calculation Example for IBA Metal Concentrates \nMember States should calculate the mean concentrat ion and margin of error at a 95% \nconfidence level for each metal. They should do this using the concentrations calculated \nfor each facility, as shown in step 2 above. The followi ng formula should be used: \n\ud835\udc65\u0305 \u00b1 1.96\ud835\udc60\n\u221a\ud835\udc5b \nWhere \ud835\udc65\u0305 represents the mean metal concentration, \ud835\udc60 represents the standard deviation \nand \ud835\udc5b represents the number of facilities sampled. The standard deviation of the metal \nconcentration \ud835\udc65, is calculated using th e following formulae: \n\ud835\udc60= \u221a\u2211|\ud835\udc65\u2212\ud835\udc65\u0305|2\n\ud835\udc5b \u22121 \nFor example, if 5 facilities sampled give NFe concentrations of 0.65, 0.7, 0.75, 0.68 and \n0.72, then the mean \ud835\udc65\u0305 is calculated as: \n(0.65 +0.7+0.75+0.68+0.72)\n5 = 0.7 \nThe standard deviation \ud835\udc60 is calculated as: \n\u221a(0.65\u22120.7)2 + (0.7\u22120.7)2 + (0.75\u22120.7)2 + (0.68\u22120.7)2 + (0.72\u22120.7)2\n5 \u22121 = 0.038 \nThe 95% confidence interval is then calculated as: \n0.7 \u00b1 1.960.038\n\u221a5 \nThis example gives a final NFe concentration coefficient for the Member State of 0.7 \u00b1 \n0.03 at the 95% confidence level. \nMember States should apply the mean and 95% confidence interval coefficients for the \nconcentration of metals to the total amounts of m etal concentrate captured, to produce a \ntotal amount of IBA metals and a 95% confidence interval for it at the national level. For \nexample, if the Member State in the example given here had a total annual tonnage of \n100,000 tonnes of metal concentrate, the total IBA NFe metals would be 70,000 tonnes \nwith a 95% confidence interval (margin of error) of plus or minus 3,000 tonnes. The same \nsteps should be followed to produce the mean metals concentration and 95% confidence \ninterval for Fe metals. \n \n ", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 60}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 62 calculated at the Member State level ; however, it may be derived from weighted \ncoefficients sourced from specific facilities. \n6. As per Annex III of Decision 2019/1004 , the concentration of metals in the incinerated \nwaste shall be determined through sampling surveys of the waste that enters the \nincineration operation, which shall be carried out at least every five years and \nwhen ever there are reasons to expect that the composition of the incinerated waste \nhas significantly changed. \n7. Such sampling already exists in several Member States. For example, in Belgium, \nincinerator operators are required to sample inputs to determine the overall \npackaging proportion, and in Estonia incinerator operators are required to sample 4 \ntimes per year to determine the proportion of biodegradable wastes as relate to \nnational renewable energy support schemes. Therefore, input sampling surveys can \nbe carried out without critical impact on incinerator s; however , some stakeholders \nhave indicated the costs can be high . Under Article 8a (4a) of the Waste Framework \nDirective \u2013 Extended Producer Responsibility \u2013 there is a requirement on EPR \norganisations to ensure financial contributions cover the costs of data gathe ring and \nreporting for reporting against targets. The reporting of metals collected from IBA is \nrelevant to reporting against the packaging element of municipal and packaging \nwaste targets, therefore part of any incinerator sampling could be carried out th rough , \nor part -funded by, national government or packaging waste EPR schemes (relating to \nmunicipal waste ) to help minimise the burden of sampling on industry . The approach \nshould be risk based ; for example, initially a survey should be carried out on an \nannual basis , and if the variation in the data is small, the survey could then be carried \nout on a two yearly basis, and again on a five yearly basis. If any surveys see a \nsignificant change in the proportions, sampling on an annual basis should start again . \n8. The consequence of not carrying out these surveys is that the proportion of municipal \nwaste is inaccurate, and either over or understates the amount recycled. \n9. Finally, an adjustment factor may be needed to address the reduction in the amount \nof material passing through a n incinerator . For example, tin plate is oxidised from the \nsurface of steel cans and thin aluminium foils also oxidise to some extent (see further \ndetail in Section A.2.6.3 below ). Therefore, if the input to a n incinerator alone is used \nin the calculation, this would not take such effects into account and may over or \nunderestimate the amount of material counted f or under the recycling targets. This \nmay be particularly relevant for the aluminium municipal waste target, where thin \nmunicipal waste foils are more subject to these issues, thereby reducing the relative \nproportion of the recovered light N fe metals that a re from municipal waste sources \ncompared to the input. Member States should seek to assess the signi ficance of such \nlosses through reviewing relevant evidence and mak ing the necessary adjustments . \nA description of the methodological approach(es) taken should be provided under question \n3.2.11 of the Quality Report. Where sampling has been used to determine the metallic ", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 61}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 63 element of the concentrate or the proportion of municipal waste, details of the sa mpling \nprocedure used should be reported, including: \n\u2022 The percentage of total national sites sampled (i.e. incinerator s, facilities that process \nmetal concentrates , and other facilities that use metals separated from IBA to \nproduce metal products , or). \n\u2022 How the sample sites were selected. \n\u2022 The number of samples taken at each site and across all sites. \n\u2022 How the samples were taken. \nFor reporting of data under the new rules from 2021, where surveys of incinerator plants, \nbottom ash and metal concentrates do not currently exist, Member States may use average \nvalues from the survey results under the measurement method study (see Section 6.0 Task \n4 of the final study report).25 \nA.2.6.3 Losses within the incine ration p rocess \nMetals passing through incinerators undergo, t o varying degrees, a number of physical and \nchemical transformations. The extent of the transformations depends on the physical and \nchemical structures of the metals themselves and how they tolerate the conditions (such as \nhigh temperatures and varying lev els of oxygen) to which they are exposed during the \nincineration process. These transformations are important to consider in the context of metal \nmunicipal waste because: \n\u2022 They may reduce the volume of metals which end up in IBA; \n\u2022 They may alter the propert ies of metals in a way which affects the efficiency of their \nremoval and subsequent recycling; and \n\u2022 The effects may vary across municipal waste and non -municipal waste streams (where \nrelevant material -specific recycling rates apply). \nThis could have implic ations for the calculation of the recycling rate for metal municipal waste \nthat is incinerated. Although all metals will undergo transformation to some extent, aluminium \nis of particular interest because it is commonly used for packaging of consumer goods and \nso is commonly found in municipal waste, and is one of the metals commonly removed from \nIBA for recycling. \nThe literature indicates that several small -scale laboratory and site -based tests have been \nconducted on how aluminium behaves through the incineration and IBA treatment process es. \nThere is still, however, a degree of uncertainty around the exact way losses may occur in the \nincinerator. The main transformations that aluminium can undergo are as follows: \n\u2022 The presence of oxygen and high tempera tures means that the exposed aluminium \nmay undergo oxidation into aluminium oxide. Aluminium will melt at around 660\u00b0C, and \n \n25 Eunomia et al (2019) Study to Support the Implementation of Reporting Obligations Resulting from the New \nWaste Legislation Adopted in 2018 , Final Report for the European Commission DG Environment under \nFramework Contract No ENV.B.3/FRA/2017/0005, https://op.europa.eu/en/publication -detail/ -\n/publication/3d72ef00 -bcac -11e9 -9d01 -01aa75ed71a1 ", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 62}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 64 this melt often gains an aluminium oxide skin that encloses it, protecting it from further \noxidation. 26 This aluminium will form nuggets which will be present in the IBA . \n\u2022 Very fine particles of aluminium/aluminium oxide can be carried up the flue of the \nincinerator due to convection, and will be transferred mainly into air pollution control \nresidues (APCR). 27 \n\u2022 Some aluminium will react with nitrogen in the air to form aluminium nitride, occurring \nat around 900\u00b0C. 28 It is not clear to what extent this is lost via the flue or whether it \nremains in the IBA (and if it is in the flue gas, whether it may be foun d in APCR). \n\u2022 Some aluminium will be lost as a result of volatilisation. 29 \nSeveral of the aforementioned tests have sought to determine the influence of different \nfactors on the rates of oxidation and loss to volatilisation/ APCR . Factors which influence \nthese transformations include: \n\u2022 The characteristics of the metal municipal waste itself: \no Surface area to volume ratio. Large pieces of metal which have a small surface \narea relative to their total mass will experience limited oxidation, whereas small \nthin pi eces of metal with large surface areas will experience far more pronounced, \nor even complete, oxidation . \no Particle size is an important factor in oxidation (the greater the particle size the \nlower the rate of oxidation), and some studies have found thickne ss to be relevant \nas well (the thicker the particle, the lower the rate of oxidation) . 30 \no Composition of the municipal waste (i.e. how much aluminium as compared to \nother materials such as paper). This can affect the level of oxidation as non -\naluminium mat erial can \u2018protect\u2019 the aluminium from oxidation .31, 32 \n\u2022 The conditions in the incinerator: \n \n26 Bunge, R. (2015) Recover y of Metals from Waste Incinerator Bottom Ash. Institut f\u00fcr Umwelt und \nVerfahrenstechnik UMTEC, April 2015. \nhttp://umtec.hsr.ch/fileadm in/user_upload/umtec.hsr.ch/Dokumente/News/1504_Metals_from_MWIBA__R._Bung\ne.pdf \n27 Hu, Y., Bakker, M.C.M, and de Heij, P.G. (2011). Recovery and distribution of incinerated aluminum packaging \nwaste. Waste Management, 31, 2422 -2430. \n28 Bunge, R. (2015) Recovery of Metals from Waste Incinerator Bottom Ash. Institut f\u00fcr Umwelt und \nVerfahrenstechnik UMTEC, April. \n2015, http://umtec.hsr.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/umtec.hsr.ch/Dokumente/News/1504_Metals_from_MWIBA__R._\nBunge.pdf \n29 Biganzoli, L., Gorla, L., Nessi, S. & Grosso, M., (2012). Volatilisation and oxidation of aluminium scraps fed into \nincineration furnaces. Waste Management, 32, 2266 \u20132272. \n30 Biganzoli, L., Gorla, L., Nessi, S. & Grosso, M., (2012). Volatilisation and oxidation of aluminium scraps fed into \nincineration furnaces. Was te Management, 32, 2266 \u20132272. \n31 L\u00f3pez, F., Rom\u00e1n, C., Garc\u00eda -D\u00edez, I. and Alg, F., (2013) Energetic Valorisation Of Semi -Rigid And Flexible \nAluminium Packaging By Oxidation At High Temperature. Braga, Wastes: Solutions, Treatments And \nOpportunities 2nd Int ernational Conference. \n32 Biganzoli, L., Gorla, L., Nessi, S. & Grosso, M., (2012). Volatilisation and oxidation of aluminium scraps fed into \nincineration furnaces. Waste Management, 32, 2266 \u20132272. ", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 63}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 65 o There are differences in the temperature and oxygen availability in different parts \nof the incinerator and so not all aluminium will undergo the same level of oxida tion \nand/or other transformations . \no IBA processing, such as quenching of the aluminium with water in the bottom ash, \ncan promote oxidation . 33 \no PH value and salt contamination are also thought to affect oxidation.34 \nOxidation is largely a problem for the re cycling potential of the aluminium, because the oxide \ncannot actually be recovered in the secondary smelter, and it therefore results in a reduced \nmass of aluminium that can ultimately be recycled. There is a small evidence base relating to \nquantifying rat es of oxidation in aluminium. According to the CEN standard on \u2018Packaging. \nRequirements for packaging recoverable in the form of energy recovery, including \nspecification of minimum inferior calorific value \u2019 (EN 13431:2004), thin-gauge aluminium foil \n(up to 50 \u03bcm thick) is considered recoverable in the form of energy, suggesting that it is \nconsidered to be fully oxidised. However, it is unclear what evidence underpins this \nassumption. Laboratory tests have been conducted in which the oxidation level of different \naluminium products in municipal waste were determined for several types of consumer \nproducts ; however ; these tests measured the incinerator input as compared to the output of \nrecyclate from IBA, and therefore also take into account the effectiveness of bottom ash \nremoval techniques. What this research did show is a large difference in the recovery rates \nbetween different types of aluminium municipal waste : thin foil, foil containers and cans , with \nrecovery factors of 77 , 88 and 93 wt.% respectively. It is not known how representative these \nfigures are. \nOther studies have found similar variability between municipal waste types, with average \noxidation levels for aluminium in the residues of the incineration process equal t o 9.2% for \ncans, 17.4% for trays and 58.8% for foils. This study also looked at compacted beverage \ncans, which were characterized by a low overall oxidation level (9.2%) compared to the other \nmaterials, due to the reduction in exposed surface area.35 \nAdditional studies looking at oxidation rates for different municipal waste types report that \noxidation never exceeds 17%36, and that the oxidation of aluminium limits the recycling factor \n \n33 Biganzoli, L., Gorla, L., Nessi, S. & Grosso, M., (2012). Volatilisation and oxidation of aluminium scraps fed into \nincineration furnaces. Waste Management, 32, 2266 \u20132272. \n34 Hu, Y., Bakker, M.C.M, and de Heij, P.G. (2011). Recovery and distribution of incinerated aluminum packaging \nwaste. Waste Management, 31, 2422 -2430. \n35 Biganzoli, L., Gorla, L., Nessi, S. & Grosso, M., (2012). Volatilisation and oxidation of aluminium scraps fed into \nincineration furnaces. Waste Management, 32, 2266 \u20132272. \n36 L\u00f3pez, F., Rom\u00e1n, C., Garc\u00eda -D\u00edez, I. and Alg, F., ( 2013) Energetic Valorisation Of Semi -Rigid And Flexible \nAluminium Packaging By Oxidation At High Temperature. Braga, Wastes: Solutions, Treatments And \nOpportunities 2nd International Conference. ", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 64}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 66 to a maximum of 82.5 %,37 though another study reports a third of the mass of aluminium \nbeing lost to oxidation. 38 \nThe only available estimation of how much aluminium is lost to APCR puts this a t 10 wt.% \nfrom municipal waste.39 However, this loss is likely to vary according to di fferent waste \ncompositions and incineration technologies, as well as the nature of the flue gas treatment. \nA.2.7 Identifying the municipal waste proportion in multi -stream treatment \nplants \nFigure A -16 provides an example of a recycling value chain for paper where the whole \namount of the waste is in -scope (i.e. all the waste material is municipal waste ). In this case, \nthe total weight of recycling at the calculation point can be counted under the respective \ntarget. \n \nFigure A -16: Example with total plant input being municipal waste \n \nHowever, in some case s, waste from different sources may be come mixed at measurement \npoints along the value chain (for example , if paper from non -municipal sources is mixed with \npaper from municipal sources during the process of sorting paper into grades) . This means \nthat the weight of material at the calculation point may not wholly relate to municipal waste . \nIn such circumstances, t he total plant output cannot be used to calculate the amount of \nmaterial contributing to the specific recycling targets at the calculation point because this \namount would include out of scope material, and therefore overestimate the recycled \namounts for a given target. Therefore, some approach(es) are needed in order to identify the \nproportion of the total material that should be counted as municipal waste . \n \n37 Claassens, H.J.P. CO2 emissions in the recovery and recycli ng of aluminium from MSWI [MSW incinerator] \nbottom ash. https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/310195 \n38 Bunge, R. (2015) Recovery of Metals from Waste Incinerator Bottom Ash, Institut f\u00fcr Umwelt und \nVerfahrenstechnik UMTEC, April 2015, \nhttp://umtec.hsr.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/umtec.hsr.ch/Dokumente/News/1504_Metals_from_MWIBA__R._Bung\ne.pdf , p. 15/16 \n39 Claassens, H.J.P. CO2 emissions in the recovery and recycling of aluminium from MSWI [MSW incinerator] \nbottom ash. https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/310195 \nSorting of mixed \nrecyclables \nPaper sorting \ninto grades \nPaper mill \nCalculation \npoint \nMixed \npaper/card \nEN643 ", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 65}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 67 If plant operators cannot easily determine whether the entirety of the waste entering their \nplant is municipal waste , periodic surveys (e.g. at least every 1-2 years) of the supply chain \ncould be carried out to determine average proportions of in -scope wastes in plant inputs, or \nto develop nationally applicable protocols for individual materials, that co uld be applied to the \ntotal tonnage of all material at the calculation point . \nIt is important, however, that the nature of the classification of municipal waste and the \napproaches for identifying the in -scope material are fit for purpose, recognising that \nmunicipal waste is a part of most waste streams and that the targets are material specific. \nUtilising approaches that are based only upon the proportion of in -scope waste inputs to \nplants assumes that overall plant losses are equivalent to the losses that would occur if \nplant s were treating only a municipal waste stream, in isolation. However, in cases where the \nlosses associated with municipal waste wastes are different to those of the other waste \nstreams, this may lead to inaccurate data being reported. Consequently, a more detailed \napproach may be needed to produce reliable data. \nFigure A -17 below depicts a situation in which waste is mixed prior to a subsequent \nsorting/treatment phase, and the proportion of non -target material is different between the \u2018in -\nscope\u2019 and \u2018out of scope\u2019 waste streams. In the diagram \u2018in -scope\u2019 waste refer to municipal \nwaste , and \u2018out of scope\u2019 waste refers to non - municipal waste . To calculate the quantity of \nin-scope wastes recycled, two Source Factors (SFs) are needed: \n\u2022 SF1: is a factor that describes th e proportion of input waste that comes from in -scope \nsources. As noted above this may be deriv able from the national waste statistical \nsystem (or from improvements to it) in a straightforward way b ased on sorting plant \noperators submitting total inputs to the system from both in and out scope sources. \nHowever, in some situations , in and out scope waste might have been collected \ntogether or mixed prior to arrival at the site. In such case s, periodic surveys of upstream \nwaste handling processes may need to be carried out in order to determine the factor. \nFor municipal waste , including biodegradable plastic municipal waste, sampling of the \nwaste stream may need to be carried out to determine the proportion at the input \n(sampling methodologies are discussed in m ore detail below ). \n\u2022 SF2: is a factor that would be applied to the total stream of non -target material leaving \na plant. It would not be possible to identify the source of the material at this point. Firstly, \nperiodic sampling (PS) would have to be carried ou t at point PS1, in order to determine \nthe characteristics of the waste material in the output non -target stream. Sampling at \nthe input, point PS2, for both in and out of scope wastes would then need to be carried \nout to estimate the proportion of non -targe t material in both streams. These data would \nthen be used to calculate SF2, assuming that the relative proportions of non -target \nmaterial at the input were the same as those at the output. Sampling would be carried \nout in accordance with standards and to p rovide an appropriate level of statistical \naccuracy (e.g. 95% confidence that results were accurate to within +/ - 10%). \nIf it were not possible to accurately identify the type of waste ( municipal waste ) in the waste \nstreams, batch sampling of each type of waste may have to be carried out to estimate the \nrelative proportions of non -target material in each type; i.e. a batch of waste from a known \nsource, which was wholly municipal waste , would be run through the plant and total inputs \nand outputs measured. ", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 66}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 68 Using this approach, where there is difficult y in sampl ing the output directly , the following \ncalculation could be developed to provide data relating to the amount of in -scope waste \nrecycled at the calculation point for submission against municipal waste targets: \nRecycling (in scope) = Weight plant input \u00d7 SF1-(Weight non -target \u00d7 SF2) \nFurther information on sampling standards and methodologies is given in the following \nsection. \n \nFigure A -17: Concept Diagram for Source Calculations \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \nA.2.7.1 Sampling standards and methodologies \nWaste sampling needs to be undertaken to a high quality using a consistent minimum \nstandard and accepted procedures in order to ensure valid results. For example, several \nstandards and technical reports already exist at an EU level regarding sampling and a nalysis \nof waste: \nIn-scope targeted \n Out-scope \ntargeted \n \nNon-target \nNon-target \nSorting Plant \nIn-scope targeted \nOut-scope \ntargeted \n \n Non-target \nFurther \nprocessing \nIn-scope \n(municipal or \npackaging) \nOut-scope (non -\nmunicipal or non -\npackaging) \nSF1: proportion of input by \nsource or periodic sampling \nSF2: proportion of non -\ntarget by source - \nperiodic sampling of \ninputs and outputs \nTotal plant input (weighed) \nTotal non -targeted outputs (weighed) \nTotal targeted \noutputs (weighed) \nTotal inputs \n(weighed) \nIn-scope \nquantity \ncalculated \nPS1 \nPS2 \nCalculation \npoint ", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 67}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 69 \u2022 EN 14899: Framework for the preparation and application of a Sampling Plan; \n\u2022 CEN/TR 15310 -1: Characterization of waste. Sampling of waste materials \u2013 Part 1: \nGuidance on selection and application of criteria for sampling under various co nditions; \n\u2022 CEN/TR 15310 -2: Characterization of waste. Sampling of waste materials \u2013 Part 2: \nGuidance on sampling techniques; \n\u2022 CEN/TR 15310 -3: Characterization of waste. Sampling of waste materials \u2013 Part 3: \nGuidance on procedures for sub -sampling in the fi eld; \n\u2022 CEN/TR 15310 -4: Characterization of waste. Sampling of waste materials \u2013 Part 4: \nGuidance on procedures for sample packaging, storage, preservation, transport and \ndelivery; \n\u2022 CEN/TR 15310 -5: Characterization of waste. Sampling of waste materials \u2013 Part 5: \nGuidance on process of sample defining the sampling plan; and \n\u2022 BDS EN 15002: Characterization of waste. Preparation of test portions from the \nlaboratory sample. \nThese standards cover the entire process of waste sampling, from initial planning and \npreparation of a sampling plan through to final testing of collected samples. \nIn addition to the European CEN standards, Eurostat publishes a comprehensive Manual on \nWaste Statistics, which was developed over several years and utilis ed the experience of \nmultiple stakeholders to develop the methodology. The aim of the handbook is to ensure that \nwaste statistics are comparable and harmonised across Member States due to their \nimportance in EU law. The manual covers the whole process of data collection and statis tical \ndistribution , including waste generation and treatment , data collection , and data processing , \nas well as guidance on approaches to statistical surveying to generate waste statistics. \nIn addition, in the UK, there is a compulsory testing and reportin g scheme in place for \nMaterial Recovery Facilities (MRFs) which sort mixed recyclable waste. The Environmental \nPermitting (England and Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2014 contain requirements for \nMRFs to routinely sample and test: \n\u2022 The composition of their input streams by individual supplier; and \n\u2022 Their main outputs by material stream e.g. cardboard, paper, etc. (in order to \nunderstand the level of not -target materials therein). \nMRF operators must report the average (or arithmetic mean) percentage composit ion of \ntarget material, non -target material and non -recyclable material every quarter. The \norganisation WRAP has produced guidance regarding how the samples should be taken and \ntested. \nA.2.8 Preparatory operations / temporary storage \nPreparatory operations include preparatory activities prior to any recovery or disposal \noperation, such as blending, mixing, repackaging, temporary storage, etc. that change the \ncharacteristics of the waste in order to reduce its volume or hazardous nature , facilitate its \nhandling or enhance recovery. These operations are not reported. Instead, Member States ", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 68}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 70 with significant amounts of wastes temporarily stored are asked to report the amounts in \nstorage as of 31st December of the reference year in the quali ty report (under question \n3.2.13 of the Table 2 Quality Report [sheet \u201c QR Table 2 - Material -breakdown \u201d]). The \ntreatment of these stored wastes sh ould be reported under the respective operation in the \nactual year of treatment. \nA.2.9 Measuring the amounts of muni cipal biowaste composted / digested \nA.2.9.1 Correctly identifying the calculation point \nThe calculation rules for biodegradable municipal waste ( here abbreviated as biowaste ) are \ncovered across a number of requirements detailed in Decision 20 19/1004 and Directive \n2008/98/EC . The detail concerning the legal requirements are discussed further below, which \ntogether set the calculation point for biowaste recycling as illustrated in Figure A -18. \n \nFigure A -18: Biowaste composting or anaerobic digestion recycling calculation point \n \n \n", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 69}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 71 Figure A -19: Biowaste treatment which is not composting or anaerobic digestion recycling calculation \npoint \n \n \nAccording to the calculation rules in Article 11a of the WFD , biodegradable municipal waste \nentering composting or anaerobic digestion processes can be counted as recycling under \ncertain circumstances : \n\u201c4. For the purpose of calculating whether the targets laid down in points \n(c), (d) and (e) of Article 11(2) and in Article 11(3) have been attained, the \namount of municipal biodegradable waste that enters aerobic or anaerobic \ntreatment may be counted as recycled where that treatment generates \ncompost, digestate, or other output with a similar quantity of recycled \ncontent in relation to input, which is to be used as a recycled product, \nmaterial or substance. Where the output is used on land, Member States \nmay count it as recycled only if this use results in benefits to agriculture or \necological improvement. \nAs from 1 January 2027, Member States may count municipal bio -waste \nentering aerobic or anaerobic treatment as recycled onl y if, in accordance \nwith Article 22, it has been separately collected or separated at source. \u201d \nIt is necessary to break the above article down to clarify individual aspect s: \n1) Firstly, consider the following element of Article 11a(4) of the WFD (emphasis added) : \n\u201c... the amount of municipal biodegradable waste that enters aerobic \nor anaerobic treatment may be counted as recycled where \u2026\u201d \no Thus, in practice, in order to include only the amount of biodegradable waste \nin the calculation , the non -biodegradable part of the waste (which may be \n", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 70}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 72 removed within or after the composting/ anaerobic digestion (AD) process ) should \nbe subtracted from the numerator (recycled amount) , but included in the \ndenominator (total MSW ) of the municipal waste recycling calculation . The \ncalculation point should be the entry to a biowaste treatment facility , provided that \nall materials sent to other treatment options by the facility are subtracted. \no Furthermore, the requirement to only count biodegradable waste as recycled \nmeans that non-biodegradable part s of the waste which are not removed within \nor after the composting/ anaerobic digestion (AD) process should also be \nsubtracted from the amount of municipal waste measured at the input to the \nprocess . Therefore, the calculation point should subtract non-biodegradable \nmaterials which remain in facility outputs (stones and other non-degradable \ncontaminants ) from reported figures. This will need t o be established by sampling \ninput mat erial entering biowaste treatment operations. Such input sampling should \nbe careful in relation to moisture and biological matter which is likely to stick to the \nsampled non -biodegradable materials; to provide a true indication of non -\ndegradable, the sampl ed non -degradable materials might be dried to ambient \n(though not dry) conditions to facilitate an accurate analysis. \no Furthermore, although the term \u2018biodegradable\u2019 is used in the applicable \nterminology, it would seem sensible in the case of municipal was te to link this to \nthe term \u2018compostable\u2019 as currently indicated in CEN 13432, thereby discounting \nmaterial that does not meet the standard . \n2) Secondly, consider the following element of Article 11a(4) (emphasis added): \n\u201c... the amount [\u2026] that enters aerobic or anaerobic treatment may be \ncounted as recycled where that treatment generates compost, \ndigestate [\u2026] which is to be used as \u201d \no Which means quantities entering a process which produces compost or diges tate \ncount as recycling (subject to subtraction of certain elements covered by other \nrules discussed above and below). In these cases, it is not necessary to deduct \nevaporation or losses from biological degradation (i.e. gas and moisture loss) from \nthe amounts reported as recycled. This a ligns with the \u2018general rule\u2019 principle \nwithin WFD recital 4 6, which says (emphasis added) : \n\u201cAs a general rule, the actual measurement of the weight of municipal \nwaste counted as recycled should be at the point where municipal \nwaste enters the recycling operation. [\u2026] Losses in weight of \nmaterials or substances due to physical or chemical \ntrans formation processes inherent in the recycling operation \nwhereby waste materials are actually reprocessed into products, \nmaterials or substances should not be deducted from the weight \nof the waste reported as recycled \u201d \no However, while inherent losses or chan ges are allowable , any material (including \nbiowaste ) removed either at the input or from the outputs of a process should not \nbe counted as recycled . This prin ciple is confirmed within Article 4(1) of \nImplementing Decision 2019/1004 , which says (emphasis added): ", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 71}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 73 \u201cThe amount of recycled municipal bio -waste entering aerobic or \nanaerobic treatment shall only include materials that actually undergo \naerobic or anaerobic treatment and shall exclude all materials, \nincluding biodegradable material, whic h are mechanically \nremoved during or after the recycling operation.\u201d \no In effect, all material mechanically removed from the compost/digestate (including \nbiodegradable material ) does not contribute to amounts recycled (except in the \ninstance that it is count ed under a different recycling process) . \no A further condition of Article 11a(4) specifies that where outputs ( typically compost \nor digestate) are used on land, then ecological or agricultural benefits must be \nderived (this is considered separately in point 4 below) : \n\u201cIn addition, where the output is used on land, Member States may \ncount it as recycled only if this use results in benefits to agriculture or \necological improvement. \u201d \n3) Thirdly, consider the following element of Article 11a(4) (emphasis added): \n\u201c... the amount [\u2026] that enters aerobic or anaerobic treatment may be \ncounted as recycled where that treatment generates [\u2026] other \noutput with a similar quantity of recycled content in relation to \ninput , which is to be used as a recycled product, m aterial or \nsubstance .\u201d \no Which means quantities entering a specific process that produces outputs \nwhich are not compost or digestate only count as recycling where the \nquantit ies of outputs are similar to the input quantit ies and where these \noutputs are used as a recycled product (also subject to the other rules \ndiscussed above and below). This aligns with WFD recital 48 which says: \n\u201cWhile the output of such [aerobic or anaerobic] treatment is most \ncommonly compost or digestate, other output could also be taken \ninto account provided that it contains comparable quantities of \nrecycled content in relation to the amount of the treated \nbiodegr adable waste.\u201d \no The generation of such other outputs is expected to be less common or significant \nfor Member States , but can be understood to apply to processes such as \nbiochemical technologies producing feedstocks which are recycled as substances \nor products (for instance starch which may be used in paper or paperboard \nstrengthening , textile warp sizing liquor, starch bags and liners etc. ). The \nimplication here is that if these technologies produce recycled outputs which are \nless than the amount of input biodegradable waste , then the amounts to be \nreported as recycled should be scaled downwards accordingly. \no Recital 48 continues with the following qualification that other processes (such as \npellet fuel production facilities) which do not recycle either compost , or digestate , \nor other recycled materials where the amount recycled is similar to the input \nquantity, then this is not considered recycling : ", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 72}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 74 \u201cIn other cases , in line with the definition of recycling, the \nreprocessing of biodegradable waste into materials which are to be \nused as fuels or other means to generate ene rgy, which are disposed \nof, or which are to be used in any operation that has the same \npurpose as recovery of waste other than preparing for re -use and \nrecycling, should not be counted towards the attainment of the \nrecycling targets. \u201d \n4) Fourthly, r elatin g to the condition requiring benefits to agriculture or ecological \nimprovement , the use of compost standards or end of waste criterion could be used \nto establish the conditions under which these requirements are satisfied . The source of \nthe compostable municipal waste could also be considered. For example, compostable \nmunicipal waste from source segregated sources would be much more likely to lead to \nhigher quality outputs. Indeed, WFD article 11a(4) reproduced above requires that only \nrecycling of source segregated biowaste should be counted under the targets after \n2027. \nA.2.9.2 Rules concerning c ompostable plastics \nConcerning compostable plastic municipal waste (which is sometimes used in packaging \napplications , most typically ), Article 22(1) of the WFD allow s this to be collected, and thus \ntreated, with biowaste: \n\u201cMember States may allow waste with similar biodegradability and \ncompostability properties which complies with relevant European standards \nor any equivalent national standards for packaging recoverable through \ncomposting and biodegradation, to be collected together with bio -waste\u201d \nHowever, a recent study by the Commission found incon clusive evidence regarding the \necological benefit ,.or otherwise of composting this material.40 Overall , the abovementioned \nrules (detailed in Appendix A.2.9.1 ) provide the basis for whether compostable municipal \nwaste can be counted under the recycling targets or not. If Member States include any \ncompostable plastic municipal waste in the amounts re cycled , evidence of benefits to \nagriculture or ecological improvement where the output is used on land must be \nprovided along with the Quality Report . The amounts of compostable plastic municipal \nwaste that are included in the total plastic recycling and t otal plastic waste generation figures \nmust also be stated separately in tonnage terms in the Quality Report. Detail s can be \nprovided under question 3.2.3. \nHowever, identifying the amount of compostable plastics entering a biowaste treatment \nfacility separa tely from other types of waste may be challenging if the compostable plastics \narriving at the site is not separate from other waste s arriving at the facility . Also, the amount \nof compostable municipal waste in the waste stream may change over time, particu larly \n \n40 \u201cRelevance of biodegradable and compostable consumer plastic products and packaging in a circular \neconomy\u201d ( https://op.europa.eu/s/n3Rv ) ", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 73}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 75 given the increase in the use of compostable plastic municipal waste . Properly accounting for \ncompostable plastics may, therefore, become more important over time. \nSurveys could be carried out on plant inputs (either on a plant -by-plant basis, or through \nwider research on composition levels within collected wastes ) to estimate the amount of \ncompostable plastic municipal waste entering such facilities . Given the rapid changes in the \namount of compostable plastics on the market , as driven by changes in trends in packaging , \nthe surveys should be carried out on a relatively frequent basis. Indeed, Article 6c(d) of \nCommission Decision 2005/270 as amended by Commission Impl ementing Decision \n2019/665 states that: \n\u201cWhere biodegradable packaging that is subject to aerobic or anaerobic \ntreatment is included in the recycled amounts for the respective packaging \nmaterial, the amount of biodegradable packaging in biodegradable waste \nshall be determined by performing regular composition analyses of the \nbiodegradable waste entering those operations.\u201d \nThe above relates to the municipal proportion of compostable plastic packaging, and indeed, \nother compostable municipal plastic wastes. \nFor example, a survey in Italy carried out by the Italian Composting Association (CIC), in \ncooperation with the PRO for plastics (COREPLA), has included a comprehensive sampling \nprogramme of input materials at compost sites. This survey programme was able t o identify : \na) the amount of fossil -derived plastics (and how much thereof w as bags or municipal \nwaste ); and b) the amount of compostable plastics ending up in compost sites. The survey \nfound that the proportion of compostable plastics in the total weight of material collected \nthrough separate food waste collections entering the plants was 1.4%. \nAddit ionally , it is important that compostable plastic municipal waste that is not fully \ncomposted is not included in the amounts recycled. This is consistent with Article 6c(d) of \nDecision 2005/270, which states that: \n\u201cBiodegradable packaging waste that is removed before, during or after the \nrecycling operation shall not be included in the recycled amounts.\u201d \nA.2.9.3 Processes where recycling and energy recovery of biowaste are combined \nThere are technologies that treat separately collected biowastes, or materials derived from \nbiowaste, from which the output streams include both biological materials and also products \nthat can be used to generate energy. On e example already discussed above is anaerobic \ndigestion (AD), where the anaerobic degradation of biomass leads to the generation of \nmethane, which can be used for various purposes (in cluding combined heat and power \ngeneration, or , after further cleaning, use as vehicle fuel, or injection into the gas network, \ntypically for use as heating fuel). In such case s, subject to the solid/liquid output material \nbeing used as a recycled product, material or substance, the input material, net of rejects \nand non-biode gradable waste , is deemed to be recycled. As is identified in the discussions ", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 74}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 76 on of Article 11a(4) of the WFD in Appendix A.2.9.1 above, this applies for biowaste in in the \nfollowing cases : \n\u2022 A technology where compost is generated and recycled (i.e. composting ); \n\u2022 A technology where digestate is generated and recycled (i.e. anaerobic digestion ); \n\u2022 Other technologies producing other recycled outputs BUT ONLY where a similar \nquantity of recycled content is produced in relation to input . \nIn addition, where the output is used on land, Member States may count it as recycled only if \nthis use results in benefits to agriculture or ecological improvement . In situations such as \nwhere the outputs are used for backfilling, then this would classify as \u201cother recovery \u201d. \nAs noted above, it is not the intention of Directive 2008/98/EC (Article 11a(5)) to count \nmaterial as being recycled where end -of-waste materials are used as fuels or as other \nmeans to generate energy: \n\u201cHowever, end -of-waste materials to be used as fuels or other means to \ngenerate energy, or to be incinerated, backfilled or landfilled , shall not be \ncounted towards the attainment of the recycling targets \u201d. \nWhere biodegradable municipal waste is concerned, therefore, it is clear that sending \nresidues from biological treatment to incineration (including pyrolysis and gasification) is not \nto be considered as recycl ing. \nIn a situation where a facility creates a compost or digestate output , and through the course \nof the year a certain percentage of the output is used as compost or digestate , but for \nanother part of the year a percentage of the output is backfilled, and another part of the year \na percentage of the output is thermally treated for energy production \u2013 then the amounts \nreportable for recycling, energy recovery and other recovery should be scaled according to \nthe p roportion of output used for each purpose . \nA.2.10 Measuring the amounts of biowaste separated and recycled at source \n(e.g. home composting) \nA.2.10.1 Introduction \nThe following section outlines the methodology for calculating municipal bio -waste separated \nand recycled at source. \nThere are two different methodologies that can be used depending on the share of municipal \nbio-waste separated and recycled at source in a ll municipal waste generated ; see Figure A -\n20 for a flow diagram set ting out which method should be used. \nWhen the share of municipal bio -waste separated and recycled at source in all municipal \nwaste generated is less than 5 % at national level , the simplified methodology outlined in \nsection A.2.10.2 (method 1) should be used . ", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 75}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 77 When the share of municipal bio -waste separated and recycled at source in all municipal \nwaste generated is more than 5 % at national leve l, the methodology outlined in section \nA.2.10.3 (method 2)may be used . \nAs method 2 is more involved than method 1, Member States may therefore prefer to follow \nthe simplified method 1 the first time they calculate municipal bio -waste separated and \nrecycled at source , and then consi der whether there would be benefit in following method 2 \nin future years. However, if a Member State follows method 1 and gets a result higher \nthan 5%, they may only claim a maximum of 5% in this case. If method 2 is followed \nand returns a result lower tha n 5%, the returned result must be reported as calculated \n(i.e. even if under 5% ). \nThe surveys used to collect data for the purposes of applying the formulas laid down in this \nsection should be carried out for the first year of reporting on municipal bio -waste separated \nand recycled at source . Thereafter , they should be carried out at least every five y ears, and \nfor other years whenever there are reasons to expect significant changes in the amount of \nmunicipal bio -waste separated and recycled at source. \nMember States may update the reported amount of municipal waste recycled at source for \nthe years for w hich data is not collected by using appropriate estimates. \n \nFigure A -20 Methodologies for calculating municipal bio -waste separated and recycled at source \n \n \n", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 76}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 78 A.2.10.2 Less than five percent share of municipal bio -waste separated and recyc led \nat source \nWhere the share of municipal bio -waste separated and recycled at source in all municipal \nwaste generated is less than 5 % at national level, Member States may use a simplified \nmethodology to calculate municipal bio -waste separated and recycle d at source by applying \nthe following formula: \nmMBWRS = nP \u00d7 mBWpp \u00d7 qRS \nwhere: \nmMBWRS means the mass of municipal bio -waste separated and recycled at source; \nnP means the number of persons involved in municipal bio -waste recycling at source; \nmBWpp means the mass of generated municipal bio -waste per capita; and \nqRS a coefficient representing the share of municipal bio -waste generated that is likely to \nbe separated and recycled at source in the total amount of municipal bio -waste generated. \nThe followin g sections describes each of the parameters in more detail. \nA.2.10.2.1 Np \nThe number of persons actively involved in the separation and recycling of municipal bio -\nwaste at source may be obtained through registries (e.g. public sector data) on composting \nunits (CUs) (but ensuring to account for persons on the register not actively separating and \nrecycling their bio -waste), or should be derived from surveys identifying active individuals. \nIdeally, the survey would ask how many people are involved in CU s. \nIn the event that Member States only have data on CU s, they should multiply this by the \naverage number of people per household. However, this is assuming that there is 1 CU per \nhousehold. For neighbourhood composting, if this is licensed then it should not be \nconsidered as municipal biowaste recycling at source . \nRegisters or survey ors are advised to collect and record the following information: \n\u2022 Contact details of the households running CU s (subject to GDPR41). \n\u2022 Basic features of the CU: volume, model, individual/collective, etc. \n\u2022 Fiscal benefits related to owning a CU, if applicable. \n\u2022 Starting year of activity. \n\u2022 Training received. \n\u2022 Number of people per househ old in the case of individual CU s. \n\u2022 Number of households contributing to collective CU s. \nThis information should be updated yearly, including the monitoring of a sufficient number of \nCUs from which an overall dropout rate should be estimated. Dropouts would re-enter the \n \n41 GDPR = General Data Protection Regulation, https://eur -lex.europa.eu/legal -\ncontent/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:02016R0679 -20160504 ", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 77}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 79 database only after confirmation based on visits or any other reliable information (e.g. pictures, \netc.). The number of new CU s coming from former dropouts should be accounted for \nseparately. \nA.2.10.2.2 mBWpp \nThe total amount of biowaste separated and recycled at source in a Member State should be \nsubtracted from the total amount of municipal biowaste generated. Th e resulting number \nshould then be divided by the population of the country, giving the mass of generated \nmunicipal bio -waste per capita. \nA.2.10.2.3 qRS \nTo calculate the coefficient representing the share of municipal bio -waste generated that is \nlikely to be separated and recycled at source in the total amount of municipal bio -waste \ngenerated , a survey should be undertaken. \nMember States should survey d ifferent types of municipalities where active recycling is \ntaking place . The sampling strategy and stratification should take into account the following \nfactors: \n(a) The size and type of households that use an active recycling unit in the case of \nfood and kitchen waste . \n(b) The size and management of gardens and parks served by an active recycling \nunit in the case of garden and park waste . \n(c) The available collection system, in particular the complementary use of waste \ncollection services for bio -waste and mixed municipal waste . \n(d) The level and seasonality of municipal bio -waste generation. \nThe data collection surveys should be based on representative samples and appropriate \nsub-samples. The survey results must be statistically significant according to scientifically \naccepted statistical techniques. To ensure statistical significance of analysis, M ember States \nshould report relevant data as required by Table 4.1.3 of Annex V (see Figure A -21) such as \nconfidence intervals, the margin of error and the sample size \u2013 as bio -waste is a component \nof municipal waste. \nThere are documents that can be followed in determining the samplin g criteria and \nstratification strategy to ensure that the surveys are statistically significant. These includ e the \nEuropean Commission report on the Methodology for the Analysis of Solid Waste (SWA -\nTool) User Version42, United Nations report on Designing H ousehold Survey Samples: \n \n42 European Commission (2004) Methodology for the Analysis of Solid Waste (SWA -Tool) User Version , 2004, \nhttps://www.wien.gv.at/meu/fdb/pdf/swa -tool-759-ma48.pdf ", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 78}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 80 Practical Guidelines43 and Zero Waste Scotland\u2019s report Guidance on the Methodology for \nWaste Composition Analysis44 \n \nFigure A -21 Table 4.1.3. in Annex V to Implementing Decision 2019/1004 \n \n \nA.2.10.3 More than five percent share of municipal bio -waste \nWhere the share of municipal bio -waste separated and recycled at source in all municipal \nwaste generated is more than 5 % at national level, the amount of municipal bio -waste \nseparated and recycled at source s hall be calculated by using the following formula: \nmMBWRS = \u03a3 nARUi \u00d7 (mFi + mGi) \nwhere: \nmMBWRS means the mass of municipal bio -waste separated and recycled at source; \nnARUi means the number of active recycling units for the recycling of municipal bio -waste at \nsource in subsample i; \nmFi means the mass of food and kitchen municipal bio -waste recycled at source per active \nrecycling unit in subsample i; and \nmGi means the mass of garden and park municipal bio -waste recycled at source per active \nrecycling unit in subsample i. \nThe following sections describes each of the parameters in more detail. \nA.2.10.3.1 nARUi \nThis parameter is similar to the number of persons involved in municipal b io-waste recycling \nat source, as discussed in section A.2.10.2.1 . However , nARUi refers to the number of active \nunits. The number of active recycling units for the r ecycling of municipal bio -waste at source \nshall include only those recycling units that are used by waste producers. That number shall \nbe retrieved from registers of such units or shall be obtained through surveys of households. \nSurveys should take into ac count the factors set out in section A.2.10.2.3 and follow the \nguidance on ensuring surveys are statistically significan t in that section. \n \n43 United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2008) Designing Household Survey Samples: \nPractical Guidelines , 2008, https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/surveys/Series_F98en.pdf \n44 Zero Waste Scotland (2015) Guidance on the Methodology for Waste Composition Analysis , 2015, \nhttps://www.zerowastescotland.org.uk/sites/default/files/WCAMethodology_Jun15.pdf \n", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 79}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 81 A.2.10.3.2 mFi and mGi \nThere are two different ways of calculating these parameters, through direct measurement \nand through indirect measurement (see box 1) . \n \nDirect Measurement \nDirect measurement involves individuals measuring the actual compost being produced and \nthe amount of food and gar den waste inputted into this. Direct measurement means that \neither qualified personnel from public authorities or external professionals (i.e. in no case the \nmeasurement will be carried out by householders) should establish a methodology for \nweighing and r ecording the inputs to the CU, for example, employing weight scales, \nestablishing a sampling method and frequency, etc. \nDirect measurement requires measuring the input to the active recycling unit or its output \nunder the following conditions: \n(a) the mea surement shall be carried out, where feasible, by or on behalf of public \nauthorities; \n(b) where the measurement is carried out by the waste producers themselves, \nMember States shall ensure that the reported amounts are subject to plausibility \nchecks and are adjusted to the effect that the amount of bio -waste separated and \nrecycled at source per person in no case exceeds the average amount per capita of \nmunicipal bio - waste collected by waste operators at national, regional or local level; \n(c) where the output of an active recycling unit is measured, a reliable coefficient \nshall be applied in order to calculate the amount of the input. \n \nIndirect Measurement \nIndirect measurement requires measuring the following amounts through composition \nsurveys of collected municipal waste, which take account of municipal bio -waste that is \nseparately collected and of municipal bio -waste that is not separately collected: \n(a) the amount of bio -waste contained in collected municipal waste that is generated \nby households or in areas where waste is separated and recycled at source; \n(b) the amount of bio -waste contained in collected municipal waste that is generated \nby house holds or in areas with characteristics that are similar to the characteristics of \nhouseholds or areas referred to in point (a), where waste is not separated and \nrecycled at source. \nThe amount of municipal bio -waste that is separated and recycled at source shall be \ndetermined based on the difference between the amounts specified in points (a) and (b). \nSurveys should take into account the factors set out in section A.2.10.2.3 and follow the \nguidance on ensuring surveys are statistically significan t in that section. ", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 80}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 82 Box 1: Calculating Amounts of Bio-waste Home Compost ing through Statistical Modelling: the Case of \nthe UK \nThe measurement of the amoun ts of bio -waste home composted in the UK were studied \nthrough statistical modelling in the early 2000s and validated later in 2009 .45, 46, 47, 48 \nThe methodology comprised two complementary approaches, one at district level and one \nat household level. \nIn the household -level approach, the dependent variable was the amount of bio -waste \ndiverted from landfill. It was measured through onsite waste composition studies of waste \narisings at households with and without composting units, so the difference s between \nthese were assumed to be amounts of bio-waste home composted (i.e. the amounts that \nwere composted were estimated, not directly measured). The independent variables \nincluded: \n\u2022 Total garden area; \n\u2022 Household size (number of occupants); \n\u2022 Number of d ry recyclable materials collected by separate kerbside collection; \n\u2022 Use of separate kerbside garden waste collection; and \n\u2022 Residual waste c ontainer (wheeled bin or sack). \nIn the district level approach, the variations in waste arisings (dependent variables ) \nbetween district s were modelled in relation to independent variables such as participation \nin home composting, average household size, garden size and other relevant variables. \nThe differences in waste arisings attributable to participation in home compo sting were \nstatistically calculated. \nBy mixing the results of both models, the authors concluded that 150 kg of biowaste per \nperson per year was diverted from landfill through home composting . By multiplying this \nfigure by the total number of household s home composting , an overall figure for amounts \nhome composted could be calculated. This example illustrates how to estimate the \namounts of biowaste home composted through statistical modelling, without the direct \nmeasuring of the amounts of biowaste enterin g the composting units. \nSource: Own elaboration based on the references cited in the box \nA.2.11 Applying the average loss methodology \nA.2.11.1 Application of average loss rate s (ALR s) \nUnder Article 11a(3) of the WFD , ALR s may be applied in certain circumstances: \n \n45 Parfitt, J. (2005) Home composting diversion models. WRAP report. WRAP. \n46 Parfitt, J. (2009) Home Composting Diversion\u202f: District Level Analysis. WRAP. \n47 Hyder, S. (2006) WRAP composting report (Project DV53041). WRAP. \n48 Andrew Davey, Clist, S. and Godley , A. (2009) Home composting diversion: household level analysis. Final \nreport. Oxon: WRAP. ", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 81}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 83 3. Member States shall establish an effective system of quality control and \ntraceability of municipal waste to ensure that the conditions laid down in \npoint (c) of paragraph 1 of this Article and in paragraph 2 of this Article are \nmet. To ensure the reliability and accuracy of the data gathered on \nrecycled waste, the system may consist of electronic registries set up \npursuant to Article 35(4), technical specifications for the quality \nrequirements of sorted waste, o r average loss rates for sorted waste for \nvarious waste types and waste management practices respectively. \nAverage loss rates shall only be used in cases where reliable data cannot \nbe obtained otherwise and shall be calculated on the basis of the \ncalculati on rules established in the delegated act adopted pursuant to \nparagraph 10 of this Article. \u201d \nRecital 46 of the Waste Framework Directive provides further guidance: \n\u201c(46)[\u2026] The average loss rates should preferably be established at the \nlevel of individual sorting facilities and should be linked to the different main \ntypes of waste, different sources (such as household or commercial), \ndifferent collection schemes and different types of sorting processes. \nAverage loss rates should only be used in cases where no other reliable \ndata are available, in particular in the context of shipment and export of \nwaste. Losses in weight of materials or substances due to physical or \nchemical transformation processes inherent in the recycling operation \nwhereby waste material s are actually reprocessed into products, materials \nor substances should not be deducted from the weight of the waste \nreported as recycled. .\u201d \nALRs should only be used when there is no other reliable data available on material losses \nthat occur before the calculation point , such as data from electronic registries. The main \ninstance in which ALRs might be applied is where waste is exported for recycling and reliable \ndata on such losses cannot be obtained from the operators in the receiving country. In such \ncases, further conditions as specified under section A.2.11.2 should be applied. \nALRs can be applied at different outputs of sorting processes in the waste management \nchain, and are dependent upon the source and type of municipal waste material. After init ial \nsorting, different materials are subject to a range of down -stream processes before the \nrecycling calculation point , each with varying loss rates. This is especially true for plastics as \ndifferent polymer types can follow different recycling processes. It is reported that mixed \nplastic polymers have high levels of material rejects , which are sent for disposal or energy \nrecovery. In comparison, materials that are easier to sort, such as steel cans, typically have \nmuch lower reject rates. As such, ALRs fo r mixed plastic municipal waste should ideally only \nbe applied after the plastics are separated into different polymer types. \nAnnex V of Implementing Decision 2019 /1004 (paragraph 3.2.6.) provides a table for \nreporting use of ALRs, as shown in Figure A -22. The information provided under the \n\u2018description\u2019 column should include a description of the methodological app roach taken to ", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 82}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 84 calculate the ALRs , including the statistical accuracy of any surv eys used and the nature of \nany technical specifications. \n \nFigure A -22: Table for Reporting Use of ALRs \n \nA.2.11.2 Approaches to calculating ALR \nThe average loss rate is calculated as the weight of the average losses from sorted \nmunicipal waste up until the calculation point , in relation to the weight of the sorted municipal \nwaste . \nALRs can be defined and calculated in different ways. For instance, they may be defined at \nthe national level, by plant type, or on a plant -by-plant basis. Calculating ALR s may be based \non data collected in the following ways: periodic surveys to sample losses throughout the \nchain from output of sorting to the calculation point , using technical specifications regarding \nthe allowable levels of non -target material in certain material streams at the output of sorting, \nand extrapolating loss rates provided in other Member States. \nThe surveys referred to above should include data from at least one of the following \nmethods: \n\u2022 Sampling of the input and output of preliminary treatment of batches of sorted municipal \nwaste originating from a Member State in waste treatment facilities . \n\u2022 Representative samples from the total input and output of wa ste treatment facilities \ncarrying out preliminary treatment . \n\u2022 Data on the total annual input and output of waste treatment facilities carrying out \npreliminary treatment which may be calculated as an average of up to three \nconsecutive years. \nThe most appropriate approach depends upon a number of factors , including: \n\u2022 The variation in non -targeted material for in -scope waste streams; \n\u2022 The proportion of input to facilities that is from in -scope waste streams; and \n\u2022 The variation in overall loss rate s for different configurations of sorting operation. \nA.2.11.3 Tracking ALR s through the recycling chain \nWhere ALRs are to be applied to municipal waste sent for further treatment in another \ncountry, an appropriate mechanism needs to be defined in order to transfer ALRs from the \ndestination country back to the country of origin. This is necessary in order to report the total \nweight of municipal waste exported, along with the relevant ALR s, to the competent \nauthorities in the country of origin of the waste. \nFigure A -23 demonstrates the approach to transferring ALRs between Member States. The \nALR data is passed between the competent authorities of each Member State \u2013 the exact \n", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 83}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 85 mechanism still needs to be developed, and direct transfer between operators is still within \nscope of a future Delegated Act Requests for ALRs would need to be made by the \ncompetent authority and a common categorisation of treatment plant types would need to be \ndeveloped. \nHowever, there are a number of challenges in applying ALRs to exported waste, particularly \noutside of the EU. The systems described above require other countries and operators to \npartake in the system, potentially requiring legislation in the destination countries. If such \napproaches were not feasible, a method for ensuring that no n-target material was deducted \nfrom the amount of waste reported as exported for recycling would be required. For example, \nthe highest ALR for a given material and process type used anywhere in the EU could be \napplied to any exports of that type. Alternati vely, further studies could be carried out to \ndevelop ALRs for various countries to which certain types of municipal waste are exported \nfor recycling. \n \nFigure A -23: ALR Reported between Competent Authorities \n \n \nA.2.11.4 Data collection a nd verification \nIn order to ensure that the ALRs used are accurate, measures should be taken to verify the \ndata used for calculating the ALR and to ensure that the sampling methods used are highly \naccurate. Member States should also take measures to e nsure that the sorted waste from \nthe various facilities surveyed is of comparable quality. Member States should conduct \nverification of the evidence from waste recycling operators within their annual compilation of \ndata. \n", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 84}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 86 \nA.2.12 Guidance on proving compliance with re quirement to ensure all waste \noutside the EU is treated unde r broadly equivalent conditions \nArticle 8 of Directive 2008/98/EC states that : \n\u201cWaste exported from the Union for preparing for re -use or recycling shall \ncount towards the attainment of the targets laid down in Article 11(2) and \n(3) of this Directive by the Member State in which it was collected only if \nthe requirements of paragraph 3 of this Article are met and if, in \naccordance with Regulation (EC) No 1013/2006, the exporter can prove \nthat the shipment of waste complies with the requirements of that \nRegulation and that the treatment of waste outside the Union took place in \nconditions that are broadly equivalent to the requirements of the relevant \nUnion environmental law. \u201d \nIn considering how Member States can provide evidence that waste is being exported to \nfacilities where broadly equivalent conditions apply , it should be noted that there is currently \nno standard or certification that a facility can obtain that would show that it meets the test of \nbroad equivalence. \nMember States have previously expressed interest in the Commission preparing an \napproved list of facilities and/or countries where broadly equivalent standards were in place , \nrecognising that it makes little sense for each Member State to make its own individual \nassessment if the standard is to be applied in a consistent manner, and that an EU -wide \napproach could reduce administrative costs (e.g. around the translation of documents \nreceived from receiving countries) and produce gre ater harmonisation. However, there was \nalso concern regarding whether this was an appropriate role for the Commission, whether \nthe Commission was resourced to undertake such assessments, and whether an EU -wide \napproach might give rise to problems in relati on to WTO rules on non -discrimination. \nAccordingly, the guidance in the following sections has been provided for Member States to \nassist them in meeting their obligations regarding recycling exports and proving compliance \nwith this requirement . This inclu des the interpretation of the term \u201cbroadly equivalent\u201d, \nestablishing whether broadly equivalent conditions are in place, and addressing potential \nstatistical issues. \nA.2.12.1 A definition of \u201cbroadly equivalent conditions\u201d \nAn appropriate definition might be as fol lows: \n\u201cA receiving facility that operates under \u2018broadly equivalent conditions\u2019 to \nthose in place within the EU is one that operates under a system of rules \nthat broadly replicates the requirements of the acquis that help guard \nagainst, or limit, negative environmental impacts arising from the facility. \u201d ", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 85}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 87 While the language used varies slightly between different pieces of legislation, there is no \nsignificant difference between formulations such as \u201cbroadly equivalent conditions\u201d and \n\u201cbroadly equiva lent standards\u201d, not least since, apart from in the case of WEEE, codification \nof the implied conditions within a set of standards has not taken place. \nThe relevant standards that must be met in order to achieve broad equivalence are the laws \non: \n\u2022 The licen sing and operation of waste facilities; \n\u2022 Emissions to air; and \n\u2022 Emissions to water . \nTherefore, t he standards that are relevant are those that relate to the environment, including \nenvironmental laws focused on human health. These include the requirements tha t: \n\u2022 The receiving facility should be subject to a permitting system, in line with Chapter IV \nof Directive 2008/98/EC . \n\u2022 The receiving facility should be subject to an inspection, record -keeping and \nenforcement system, in line with Chapter VI of Directive 2008 /98/EC . \n\u2022 For processes that fall under Annex I of Directive 2010/75/EU (e.g. the processing of \nmetals, and the handling of any residues that may not be suitable for recycling), the \nfacility should conform with the requirements of Directive 2010/75/EU49 on industrial \nemissions regarding permits, inspections, record keeping and enforcement . \n\u2022 The receiving facility should maintain adequate records to demonstrate the fate of the \nmaterial it receives (e.g. the proportion that is recycled (and who purchases the \nmaterial), the quantity that is rejected or lost through processing (and how such material \nis managed). \nIn line with the requirements of Article 27 of Directive 2008/98/EC, these requirements shall \nalso take account of the standards set out in any relevant Be st Available Techniques \nreference document, in particular the Best Available Techniques (BAT) Reference Document \nfor Waste Treatment50 and any sections of BAT Reference Documents for the production of \nmaterials insofar as they relate to techniques specific to the use of waste material as \nfeedstock, such as the BREFs for: \n\u2022 Pulp, Paper and Board51; \n\u2022 Iron and Steel52; and \n \n49 Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 November 2010 on industrial \nemissions (integrated pollution prevention and control) (OJ L 334, 17.12.2010, p. 17 \u2013119) \n50 European Commission (2018) Best Available Techniques (BAT) Reference Document for Waste Treatment, \n2018, http://eippcb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/reference/BREF/WT/JRC113018_WT_Bref.pdf \n51 DG JRC (2015) Best Available Techniques (BAT) R eference Document for the Production of Pulp, Paper and \nBoard, 2015, http://eippcb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/reference/BREF/PP_revised_BREF_2015.pdf \n52 Joint Research Centre (2013) Best Available Techniques (BAT) Reference Document for Iron and Steel \nProduction, January 2013, http://eippcb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/reference/BREF/I&S/IS_Published_0312.pdf ", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 86}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 88 \u2022 Non-ferrous Metals53. \nWhere receiving facilities would, if within the EU, be subject to Directive 2010/75/EU , the \npermitted limit values for emissions should be in line with any relevant BAT Reference \nDocuments, as required by Article 14 of the Directive. A key example would be facilities that \nprocess secondary metals. \nThe use of the term \u201cbroad equivalence\u201d rath er than \u201cequivalence\u201d implies that the standards \nmet by receiving facilities need not be identical to those in the EU, or achieve exactly the \nsame results. However, it would be difficult to demonstrate broad equivalence if any of the \nissues covered by EU l aw are entirely unaddressed in the standards that the facility must \nmeet, or if those standards (or the performance achieved) are substantially lower than would \nbe required in the EU. \nRecycling facilities that meet these requirements \u2013 not necessarily exa ctly as specified in EU \nlaw, but achieving the same or very similar effect \u2013 should be regarded as operating under \nconditions that are broadly equivalent to the requirements of the relevant Union \nenvironmental law. \nThere is a separate point , which relates to processes that may handle residues from \nrecycling operations that receive waste from EU Member States. Any recycling operation \nleads to the generation of some, hopefully small, quantities of residues, and these may be \nsubject to treatment / disposal ope rations as opposed to recycling operations. There is an \nargument that the \u2018broadly equivalent conditions\u2019 should extend not only to the receiving \nfacility itself, but also those facilities used to deal with residues. Indeed, there are reasonable \neconomic a nd environmental arguments for requiring this , and Member States may wish to \ndo so . \nA.2.12.2 Guidance on establishing whether broadly equivalent conditions are in place \nIn order to confirm that broadly equivalent conditions are in place in receiving \ncountries/faci lities, Member States (and the responsible bodies within them) will need to \nmake more consistent assessments than currently done in practice . A proposed process for \ndoing so is shown in Figure A -24. \n \n \n53 Joint Research Centre (2017) Best Available Techniques ( BAT) Reference Document for the Non -Ferrous \nMetals Industries, 2017, http://eippcb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/reference/BREF/NFM/JRC107041_NFM_bref2017.pdf ", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 87}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 89 Figure A -24: Outline Monitoring and Reporting Process \n \nThis process is supplement ed by the following guidelines : \n\u2022 Regarding materials that may be of greater or less significance from the point of view \nof exports , examples include : \no Glass and biowaste will rarely be exported from the EU, and it may be appropriate \nto take a proportionate approach to seeking to validate that no such material has \nbeen exported . \no Exports of plastic and paper are commonplace, and are associated with concerns \nregarding quality, loss rates and leakage. Exports therefore require more careful \nscrutiny . \no Metal recycling operations can give rise to high levels of industrial emissions, and \ninvolve processes that within the EU would be subject to the Industrial Emissions \nDirective . Therefore , facilities receiving exports will require similar scrutiny \nfocussed on the ir emissions . \no Any recycling operation may give rise to residues and losses that requir e disposal , \nand Member States should require information regarding the treatment of these \nmaterials , which must also take place under broadly equivalent conditions. \n\u2022 Regarding the types of positive evidence that might demonstrate whether, in general, \nexport s to a particular country may be permissible , examples might include: \no Documentary evidence of the existence of an effective system of permitting that \napplies similar operating requirements and emissions limit values for emissions to \nthose in force in the E U. \no Documentary evidence of the existence of an effective system of inspection and \nenforcement, including steps being taken to deal with non -compliant facilities . \n", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 88}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 90 o Documentary evidence regarding the disposal/treatment arrangements for \nresidues and losses. \n\u2022 Regarding the types of positive evidence that might demonstrate whether, in particular, \nexports to a particular facility may be permissible , examples might include: \no The facility\u2019s operating permit, showing that it is required to meet appropriate \nstandards re garding site operations, emissions and the handling of \nresidues/losses . \no The facility\u2019s inspection and compliance record, demonstrating that the required \nstandards are in fact being met . \no Independently audited quality standards met by the facility, potential ly providing \nadditional assurance that appropriate procedures are being followed. \n\u2022 On the use of negative evidence that might indicate that, irrespective of other evidence, \na country or facility is not applying broadly equivalent conditions , examples might \ninclude: \no Inspection or enforcement records that indicate that the facility is failing to meet \nthe required standards . \no Credibly sourced NGO and/or news reports highlighting poor practice in a country, \nwhich may undermine the plausibility of documentary evid ence regarding the \ncountry\u2019s permitting system . \no Concerns regarding specific facilities that may undermine the plausibility of their \ninspection record, including evidence of: \n\u25aa The absence of appropriate perimeter fencing to ensure that only \nauthorised person s enter the facility; \n\u25aa A lack of proper storage arrangements to prevent waste materials \nescaping the facility, e.g. as a result of wind or rain; \n\u25aa The use of uncontrolled burning at the facility; \n\u25aa Unabated discharges to the atmosphere from controlled combustion; \n\u25aa Discharges of chemical effluent to local watercourses; and \n\u25aa The use of uncontrolled dumpsites or fly -tipping to dispose of residues \nand material removed from the recyclate through sorting. \nWhere concerns arise, it may be appropriate to undertake steps such as seeking additional \ninformation from the country or facility, or undertaking a site visit (if the facility or country is of \nparticular importance in terms of scale). \nIf the evidence gathe red provides good reason to believe that the receiving facility is not \ncarrying out recycling operations under broadly equivalent conditions to those that apply \nwithin the EU, the Member State should ensure that no further exports to that facility are \ncoun ted as recycled until evidence is obtained that broadly equivalent conditions have been \nreinstated reliably. \nA.2.12.3 Guidance on common statistical issues \nThe following guidance relates to addressing common statistical issues. ", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 89}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 91 \u2022 A Member State that asserts that it does not export any recyclate outside the EU should \nprovide an evidence trail that supports this claim \u2013 especially where recyclate may be \ntransported to another Member State as an interim destination before being sent to its \nfinal treatment destination. \no It remains the responsibility of the originating Member State to evidence that \nmaterial it claims towards its recycling target has been recycled. \no It is difficult to demonstrate con clusively a negative claim (i.e. that no exports took \nplace) . So, such Member States should provide evidence that their material was \nsent to recycling operations within the EU, for example by providing a \ncomprehensive list of the end destinations for each material stream, the \napproximate tonnage treated at each, and the means by which they validated that \nthis was in fact the end destination. \n\u2022 Where recyclable waste is transported between Member States prior to export outside \nthe EU, this can give rise to tr acking issues. A review of the implementation of the \nWaste Shipment Regulations54 found that there had been significant misreporting (for \nexample, where one Member State\u2019s estimate of exports of waste to another Member \nState d id not match the latter\u2019s esti mate of imports from the former ). Poor traceability \nundermines the ability of Member States to demonstrate that exported waste is \nrecycled under broadly equivalent conditions and will need to be addressed if Member \nStates are to be able to do so in future. \nTherefore, Member States are likely to need to monitor the tonnage and destinations \n(both intermediate and end) of \u2018green list\u2019 wastes in order to demonstrate that such \nmaterial is being recycled under broadly equivalent conditions. \n\u2022 Wherever possible, M ember States should obtain from exporters actual data on the \nquantity of material that is ultimately recycled. Where this is done, Member States \nshould describe how actual data from the overseas facilities receiving the material was \nobtained. However, wher e material passes through an intermediate destination , and \nperhaps becomes mixed with similar material from other sources, it can become more \ndifficult to calculate the quantity of material originating in a particular Member State that \nis ultimately recycl ed. \no Where direct information on rejects, residues and losses cannot be obtained, \nMember States should adopt an approach to estimating losses. Any such \napproach should be based on a clear rationale that ensures that the proportion \nthat is recycled is not o verestimated. \no The loss rate for exported waste should not be: \n\u25aa Lower than the estimated percentage of contamination found in material \nof a particular type that is exported from the Member State; or \n\u25aa Lower than the loss rate for material reprocessed domestic ally, or in \nneighbouring Member States. \no Where an estimated or default loss rate is used, Member States should explain \nthe basis on which it has been selected and provide a rationale for its use. \nGuidance on applying average loss rates (ARLs) is provided i n Section A.2.11 \n \n54 https://eur -lex.europa.eu/legal -content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:02006R1013 -20180101 ", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 90}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste _________________________ 92 A.2.12.4 Information sharing \nIn order to minimise duplication of effort, the sharing of information regarding broadly \nequivalent conditions is encouraged . In practice, some Member States already make use of \nassessments carried out by others. \nWhile having regard to the commercial confidentiality of contracts that exporters may have \nentered into, Member States should publish their assessments of countries and f acilities \u2013 \nincluding those deemed not to have broadly equivalent standards in place \u2013 and respond \npositively to requests from other Member States\u2019 authorities to share the evidence on which \ntheir assessment s have been based. \nThe Commission may consider c ollating and publishing Member States\u2019 assessments , and \nmay wish to highlight where there are inconsistencies between assessments so that Member \nStates can review whether an appropriate assessment has been made. The Commission \nmay also include details rega rding the date on which assessments were made, so that other \nMember States can decide whether they are sufficiently up to date to be able to be relied \nupon. Further details will be provided in future if such a system of information sharing is \nsetup. \n \nA.2.13 Calculating Statistical Significance (confidence intervals) of Surveys / \nSampling \nPlease refer to the worked example for IBA metals, provided within the box in Annex A.2.6.2 . ", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 91}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on packaging and packaging waste _________________________ 93 Annex 3 List of relevant d ocuments \nThe relevant legal acts constitute: \nDirective (EU) 2018/851 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2018 \namending Directive 2008/98/EC on waste (Text with EEA relevance) \nCommissi on Implementing Decisio n (EU) 2019/1004 of 7 June 2019 laying down rules for \nthe calculation, verification and reporting of data on waste in accordance with Directive \n2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and repealing Commission \nImpleme nting Decision C(2012) 2384 (notified under document C(2019) 4114) (Text with \nEEA relevance) \nCommission Implementing Decision (EU) 2019/1885 of 6 November 2019 laying down rules \nfor the calculation, verification and reporting of data on landfill of municip al waste in \naccordance with Council Directive 1999/31/EC and repealing Commission Decision \n2000/738/EC (notified under document C(2019) 7874) \nDirective (EU) 2018/850 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2018 \namending Directive 1999/31/EC on the landfill of waste (Text with EEA relevance) ", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 92}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on packaging and packaging waste _________________________ 94 Annex 4 Index for Key terms used in this Guidance \n \nAverage loss rate (ALR) p. 82 \nBackfilling p. 7 \nBest Available Techniques (BATs) p. 87 \nBiostabilised w aste fines p. 25 \nBiowaste p. 70, 50 \nBroadly equivalent conditions p. 86 \nBulky waste p.50 \nCalculation point p.8 \nCalculation rules p.8 \nChemical rec overy (/chemical recycling) p.41 \nComposting units (CUs) p.78 \nDisposal p.7 \nEnergy recovery p.24 \nExports (of waste) p.24, 17 \nGlass waste p.44 \nHome composting p.76 \nIncinerator bottom ash (IBA) p.57 \nLandfill p.28 \nList of Waste (LoW) codes p.32 \nMaterial recovery p.7 \nMeasurement method p.50 \nMeasurement point p.8 \nMetals waste p.45 \nMunicipal waste p.5 \nNon-target material p.47, 54 \nPaper / board waste p.43 \nPlastics waste p.39 \nPreparation for reuse p. 35 ", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 93}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": " \nGuidance for the compilation and reporting of data on packaging and packaging waste \n___________________________________________________________________________________ 95 Preparation for reuse and recycling p.16, 21 \nQuality Report p.29 \nRecovery p.7 \nRecycling p.7 \nSampling standards p.68 \nSeparate collection p.7 \nSource Factors (SFs) p.67 \nTable 1 \u2013 Joint Questionnaire of Eurostat and OECD p.14 \nTable 2 \u2013 Material breakdown p.19 \nTable 3 \u2013 Recycling rate p.27 \nTable 4 \u2013 Landfill rate p.28 \nTextiles waste p.49 \nTreatment p.7 \nWaste batteries p.50 \nWaste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) p.50 \nWaste generation p.15, 20 \nWood waste p.47 ", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\Guidance on municipal waste data collection.pdf", "page": 94}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "CDT.VIBHA THOMAS\nTN/19/SWA/838507\nWASTE MANAGEMENT", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\mygov-999999999489028046.pdf", "page": 0}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "WHAT IS WASTE?\n\u2022Waste (orwastes ) are unwanted or unusable materials. Waste is any substance which \nis discarded after primary use, or is worthless, defective and of no use.\n\u2022Aby-product by contrast is a joint product of relatively minor economic value . A waste \nproduct may become a by -product, joint product or resource through an invention that \nraises a waste product's value above zero.\n\u2022Examples include municipal solid waste (household trash/refuse), hazardous \nwaste ,wastewater (such as sewage , which contains bodily wastes ( feces andurine ) \nandsurface runoff ),radioactive waste , and others.", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\mygov-999999999489028046.pdf", "page": 1}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "SOURCES OF WASTE\n\u2756Sources of waste can be broadly classified into four types: Industrial, Commercial, \nDomestic, and Agricultural.\n\u2022Industrial Waste :These arethewastes created infactories andindustries .Most industries\ndump their wastes inrivers andseas which cause alotofpollution .Example :plastic, glass,\netc.\n\u2022Commercial Waste :These wastes areproduced inschools, colleges, shops, and offices .\nExample :plastic, paper, etc.\n\u2022Domestic Waste :The different household wastes which arecollected during household\nactivities like cooking, cleaning, etc.areknown asdomestic wastes .Example :leaves,\nvegetable peels, excreta, etc.\n\u2022Agricultural Waste :Various wastes produced intheagricultural field areknown asagricultural\nwastes .Example :cattle waste, weed, husk, etc.", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\mygov-999999999489028046.pdf", "page": 2}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "TYPES OF WASTE\n\u27565 TYPES OF WASTE\n\u2751Liquid waste: It refers to all grease, oil, sludges, wash water, waste detergents and dirty water that \nhave been thrown away. They are hazardous and poisonous to our environment and are found in \nindustries as well as households. Wastewater, as it is often called, is any waste that exists in liquid \nform .\noHow is liquid waste removed?\nThe three methods we can remove liquid wastes from wherever they\u2019re located include;\n\u2022Containment : This involves storing liquid waste in barrels or tanks so that they can be removed \nfrom our surroundings. Containing liquid waste prevents it from being dumped in our environment.\n\u2022Treatment : All liquid wastes do not need to be thrown away. You can treat and reuse them. For \nexample, organic waste is composted and used to produce fertilizers in various stations in the UK.\n\u2022Disposal : If no treatment can be done on liquid waste, then it should be disposed of.", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\mygov-999999999489028046.pdf", "page": 3}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "TYPES OF WASTE\n\u2751Solid waste: Solid waste is any garbage, sludge, and refuse found in industrial and commercial \nlocations. The five major types of solid rubbish are;\n\u2022Glass and Ceramics : Numerous companies readily recycle ceramics and glass. The catch here \nis that you have to dispose of them correctly.\n\u2022Plastic waste : Plastic waste is any container, jar, bottle, and bag that is found in companies and \nhouses. Plastics are non -biodegradable, and most of them cannot be recycled. Do not mix \nplastic rubbish with regular waste. Instead, sort them out before throwing them away.\n\u2022Paper rubbish : This refers to all newspapers, packaging materials, cardboards, and other \npaper products. Paper is recyclable.\n\u2022Metals and Tins : You can easily find tins and metals in homes because food containers and \nhousehold materials are made from them. Most metals are recyclable, so take them to a scrap \nyard or recycling depot after use.", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\mygov-999999999489028046.pdf", "page": 4}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "TYPES OF WASTE\n\u2751Organic Waste: It refers to rotten meat, garden and food waste. This type of rubbish is \ncommonly found in homes. With time, they decompose and turn into manure by the action \nof microorganisms on them. But be careful; you should not dispose of them anywhere you \nlike.\n\u2022When decomposing, organic waste produces methane, so, it must not be thrown away with \nregular waste. Instead, get a green bin and dispose of this type of waste properly.\n\u2751Recyclable Waste: All discarded items like metals, furniture, organic waste that can be \nrecycled fall under this category. Not all items are recyclable, so you have to be careful when \nputting things into the recycle bin. If you are not sure whether an item is recyclable or not, \nthen check the item\u2019s packaging.", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\mygov-999999999489028046.pdf", "page": 5}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "TYPES OF WASTE\n\u2751Hazardous Waste: It includes flammable, corrosive, toxic and reactive materials. In a nutshell, they are \nwastes that pose a significant or potential threat to our environment.\noThe four ways of disposing of hazardous waste are;\n\u2022Recycling: A few hazardous wastes can be recycled to form other products. For example, circuit boards \nand lead -acid batteries can bind to other pollutants and later used as pavement fillings. Chemical levels \nare reduced when hazardous wastes are converted to new products.\n\u2022Incineration and Destruction: Another way of disposing of hazardous waste is to destroy or incinerate \nthem. Incineration reduces the amount of hazardous waste and can also generate energy for use in the \nprocess.\n\u2022Pyrolysis : Pyrolysis, in a very high -temperature arc under inert conditions, is an excellent way to \ndispose of hazardous waste. This process is used to avoid the dangers of combustion and is preferable \nwhen dealing with PCBs, organic waste and pesticides.\n\u2022Disposing in a landfill : A landfill is a disposal facility where rubbish is placed in. Land treatment facilities \nare not landfills.\n", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\mygov-999999999489028046.pdf", "page": 6}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "WASTE MANAGEMENT\n\u2756Waste management (orwaste disposal ) includes the activities and actions required to \nmanage waste from its inception to its final disposal. This includes the collection, transport, \ntreatment and disposal of waste, together with monitoring and regulation of the waste management \nprocess.\n\u2022The term \u2018 Waste Management \u2019 collectively means the management of waste from its inception to \nthe final stage of disposal. Thus, as one single unit, it encompasses right from the collection, \ndisposal, recycling, to which the processes of monitoring and regulation, respectively belong to, \nalong with the legal frameworks that enable the occurrence of waste management.\n\u2022\u201cWaste management orwaste disposal are all the activities and actions required to manage \nwaste from its inception to its final disposal. This includes amongst other things collection, \ntransport, treatment and disposal of waste together with monitoring and regulation. It also \nencompasses the legal and regulatory framework that relates to waste management \nencompassing guidance on recycling.\u201d", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\mygov-999999999489028046.pdf", "page": 7}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "WASTE MANAGEMENT\n\u2022Waste can be solid, liquid, or gas and each type has different methods of disposal and \nmanagement. Waste management deals with all types of waste, including industrial, biological \nand household. In some cases, waste can pose a threat to human health. Waste is produced \nby human activity, for example, the extraction and processing of raw materials. Waste \nmanagement is intended to reduce adverse effects of waste on human health , \ntheenvironment oraesthetics\n\u2022Waste management practices are not uniform among countries ( developed anddeveloping \nnations ); regions ( urban andrural areas ), and residential andindustrial sectors can all take \ndifferent approaches", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\mygov-999999999489028046.pdf", "page": 8}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "PRINCIPLES OF WASTE MANAGEMENT\n\u2756Waste hierarchy: refers to the \"3 Rs\" Reduce ,Reuse andRecycle , which classifies waste management \nstrategies according to their desirability in terms of waste minimisation . It is represented as a pyramid \nbecause the basic premise is that policies should promote measures to prevent the generation of waste. \nThe next step or preferred action is to seek alternative uses for the waste that has been generated i.e. by \nre-use. The next is recycling which includes composting. Following this step is material recovery and waste -\nto-energy . The final action is disposal, in landfills or through incineration without energy recovery . This last \nstep is the final resort for waste which has not been prevented, diverted or recovered. The waste hierarchy \nrepresents the progression of a product or material through the sequential stages of the pyramid of waste \nmanagement. The hierarchy represents the latter parts of the life -cycle for each product.\n\u2756Life-cycle of a produc t: The life -cycle begins with design, then proceeds through manufacture, \ndistribution, and primary use and then follows through the waste hierarchy's stages of reduce, reuse and \nrecycle. Each stage in the life -cycle offers opportunities for policy intervention, to rethink the need for the \nproduct, to redesign to minimize waste potential, to extend its use. Product life -cycle analysis is a way to \noptimize the use of the world's limited resources by avoiding the unnecessary generation of waste", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\mygov-999999999489028046.pdf", "page": 9}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "PRINCIPLES OF WASTE MANAGEMENT\n\u2756Resource efficiency: \nResource efficiency reflects the understanding that global economic growth and \ndevelopment can not be sustained at current production and consumption patterns. \nGlobally, humanity extracts more resources to produce goods than the planet can \nreplenish. Resource efficiency is the reduction of the environmental impact from the \nproduction and consumption of these goods, from final raw material extraction to the last \nuse and disposal.\n\u2756Polluter -pays principle :\nThepolluter -pays principle mandates that the polluting party pays for the impact on the \nenvironment. With respect to waste management, this generally refers to the requirement \nfor a waste generator to pay for appropriate disposal of the unrecoverable material.", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\mygov-999999999489028046.pdf", "page": 10}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "WASTE SEGREGATION\n\u2022This is the separation of wet waste and dry waste. The purpose is to recycle dry waste easily and to use wet \nwaste as compost. When segregating waste, the amount of waste that gets landfilled reduces considerably, \nresulting in lower levels of air and water pollution. It is important to remember that waste segregation should be \nbased on the type of waste and the most appropriate treatment and disposal. This also makes it easier to apply \ndifferent processes to the waste, like composting, recycling and incineration. It is important to practice waste \nmanagement and segregation as a community. The process of waste segregation should be explained to the \ncommunity.\n\u2022Segregated waste is also often cheaper to dispose of because it does not require as much manual sorting as \nmixed waste. There are a number of important reasons why waste segregation is important such as legal \nobligations, cost savings and protection of human health and the environment\n\u2022Recommended colour coding of containers\n\u2713Yellow -for infectious waste\n\u2713Brown -for chemical and pharmaceutical waste\n\u2713Black -for general waste\n", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\mygov-999999999489028046.pdf", "page": 11}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "DISPOSAL METHODS\n\u2756Landfill: A landfill is a site for the disposal \nofwaste materials by burial. Landfill is the \noldest form of waste treatment , although the \nburial of the waste is modern; historically, \nrefuse was simply left in piles or thrown into \npits. Landfills must be open and available to \nusers every day. While the majority of its \ncustomers are municipalities, commercial \nand construction companies, residents are \nalso allowed to use the landfill in most \ncases.\u2756Incineration: I ncineration is a disposal method in which \nsolid organic wastes are subjected to combustion so as \nto convert them into residue and gaseous products. This \nmethod is useful for disposal of both municipal solid \nwaste and solid residue from waste water treatment. \nThis process reduces the volumes of solid waste by 80 \nto 95 percent. \n\u2022Incineration is carried out both on a small scale by \nindividuals and on a large scale by industry. It is used to \ndispose of solid, liquid and gaseous waste. It is \nrecognized as a practical method of disposing of \ncertain hazardous waste materials (such as \nbiological medical waste ). Incineration is a controversial \nmethod of waste disposal, due to issues such as \nemission of gaseous pollutants .\n", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\mygov-999999999489028046.pdf", "page": 12}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "DISPOSAL METHOD\n S\n\u2756Recycling: is aresource recovery practice that refers to the collection and reuse of \nwaste materials such as empty beverage containers. This process involves breaking \ndown and reusing materials that would otherwise be gotten rid of as trash.\n\u2022The materials from which the items are made can be made into new products. Materials \nfor recycling may be collected separately from general waste using dedicated bins and \ncollection vehicles, a procedure called kerbside collection .\n\u2756Recovery: Recoverable materials that are organic in nature, such as plant material , food \nscraps, and paper products, can be recovered through composting and digestion \nprocesses to decompose the organic matter. The resulting organic material is then \nrecycled as mulch orcompost for agricultural or landscaping purposes.\n", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\mygov-999999999489028046.pdf", "page": 13}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "DISPOSAL METHODS\n\u2756Plasma gasification: is an extreme thermal process \nusing plasma which converts organic matter into \nasyngas (synthesis gas) which is primarily made up \nofhydrogen andcarbon monoxide .\n\u2022Aplasma torch powered by an electric arc is used to \nionize gas and catalyze organic matter into syngas , \nwithslag remaining as a byproduct . It is used commercially \nas a form of waste treatment and has been tested for the \ngasification of refuse -derived fuel ,biomass ,industrial \nwaste ,hazardous waste , and solid hydrocarbons , such \nascoal,oil sands ,petcoke andoil shale .\u2756Compostin g: Compost isorganic \nmatter that has been decomposed in a \nprocess called composting. This \nprocess recycles various organic \nmaterials otherwise regarded as waste \nproducts and produces a soil \nconditioner (thecompost ).\n\u2022Compost is rich in nutrients. It is used, for \nexample ingardens ,landscaping , \nhorticulture ,urban agriculture andorganic \nfarming . The compost itself is beneficial for \nthe land in many ways, including as a soil \nconditioner, a fertilizer , addition of \nvitalhumus orhumic acids , and as a \nnatural pesticide for soil. Compost is \nuseful for erosion control, land and stream \nreclamation, wetland construction, and as \nlandfill cover.\n<-\nComposting\n->", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\mygov-999999999489028046.pdf", "page": 14}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "DISPOSAL METHODS\n\u2756Waste -to-energy ( WtE): is the process of \ngenerating energy in the form \nofelectricity and/or heat from the primary \ntreatment of waste , or the processing of \nwaste into a fuel source. WtE is a form \nofenergy recovery . \n\u2022Most WtE processes generate electricity \nand/or heat directly through combustion, or \nproduce a combustible fuel commodity, \nsuch as methane ,methanol ,ethanol . \norsynthetic fuels .\u2756Waste Minimisation: Waste minimisation is a set of \nprocesses and practices intended to reduce the \namount of waste produced. By reducing or eliminating \nthe generation of harmful and persistent wastes, waste \nminimisation supports efforts to promote a more \nsustainable society.\n\u2022Waste Minimization is a waste management approach \nthat focuses on reducing the amount and toxicity of \nhazardous waste generated. In addition to hazardous \nwastes regulated under The Resource Conservation \nand Recovery (RCRA), EPA encourages the \nminimization of all wastes. \n", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\mygov-999999999489028046.pdf", "page": 15}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "WHY IS WASTE MANAGEMENT IMPORTANT?\n\u2022Its Protects the environment\n\u2022Recycling helps you to get money\n\u2022Reduces all types of waste\n\u2022Saves the earth and conserves energy\n", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\mygov-999999999489028046.pdf", "page": 16}, "type": "Document"} -{"page_content": "CDT\n. VIBHA THOMAS\nTN\n/19/\nSWA\n/\n838507", "metadata": {"source": "C:\\Users\\alvar\\Desktop\\UCM-TFM-G1\\data\\LLM\\pdfs\\mygov-999999999489028046.pdf", "page": 17}, "type": "Document"}