static int setup_private_users(uid_t uid, gid_t gid) {
        _cleanup_free_ char *uid_map = NULL, *gid_map = NULL;
        _cleanup_close_pair_ int errno_pipe[2] = { -1, -1 };
        _cleanup_close_ int unshare_ready_fd = -1;
        _cleanup_(sigkill_waitp) pid_t pid = 0;
        uint64_t c = 1;
        ssize_t n;
        int r;

        /* Set up a user namespace and map root to root, the selected UID/GID to itself, and everything else to
         * nobody. In order to be able to write this mapping we need CAP_SETUID in the original user namespace, which
         * we however lack after opening the user namespace. To work around this we fork() a temporary child process,
         * which waits for the parent to create the new user namespace while staying in the original namespace. The
         * child then writes the UID mapping, under full privileges. The parent waits for the child to finish and
         * continues execution normally. */

        if (uid != 0 && uid_is_valid(uid)) {
                r = asprintf(&uid_map,
                             "0 0 1\n"                      /* Map root → root */
                             UID_FMT " " UID_FMT " 1\n",    /* Map $UID → $UID */
                             uid, uid);
                if (r < 0)
                        return -ENOMEM;
        } else {
                uid_map = strdup("0 0 1\n");            /* The case where the above is the same */
                if (!uid_map)
                        return -ENOMEM;
        }

        if (gid != 0 && gid_is_valid(gid)) {
                r = asprintf(&gid_map,
                             "0 0 1\n"                      /* Map root → root */
                             GID_FMT " " GID_FMT " 1\n",    /* Map $GID → $GID */
                             gid, gid);
                if (r < 0)
                        return -ENOMEM;
        } else {
                gid_map = strdup("0 0 1\n");            /* The case where the above is the same */
                if (!gid_map)
                        return -ENOMEM;
        }

        /* Create a communication channel so that the parent can tell the child when it finished creating the user
         * namespace. */
        unshare_ready_fd = eventfd(0, EFD_CLOEXEC);
        if (unshare_ready_fd < 0)
                return -errno;

        /* Create a communication channel so that the child can tell the parent a proper error code in case it
         * failed. */
        if (pipe2(errno_pipe, O_CLOEXEC) < 0)
                return -errno;

        r = safe_fork("(sd-userns)", FORK_RESET_SIGNALS|FORK_DEATHSIG, &pid);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;
        if (r == 0) {
                _cleanup_close_ int fd = -1;
                const char *a;
                pid_t ppid;

                /* Child process, running in the original user namespace. Let's update the parent's UID/GID map from
                 * here, after the parent opened its own user namespace. */

                ppid = getppid();
                errno_pipe[0] = safe_close(errno_pipe[0]);

                /* Wait until the parent unshared the user namespace */
                if (read(unshare_ready_fd, &c, sizeof(c)) < 0) {
                        r = -errno;
                        goto child_fail;
                }

                /* Disable the setgroups() system call in the child user namespace, for good. */
                a = procfs_file_alloca(ppid, "setgroups");
                fd = open(a, O_WRONLY|O_CLOEXEC);
                if (fd < 0) {
                        if (errno != ENOENT) {
                                r = -errno;
                                goto child_fail;
                        }

                        /* If the file is missing the kernel is too old, let's continue anyway. */
                } else {
                        if (write(fd, "deny\n", 5) < 0) {
                                r = -errno;
                                goto child_fail;
                        }

                        fd = safe_close(fd);
                }

                /* First write the GID map */
                a = procfs_file_alloca(ppid, "gid_map");
                fd = open(a, O_WRONLY|O_CLOEXEC);
                if (fd < 0) {
                        r = -errno;
                        goto child_fail;
                }
                if (write(fd, gid_map, strlen(gid_map)) < 0) {
                        r = -errno;
                        goto child_fail;
                }
                fd = safe_close(fd);

                /* The write the UID map */
                a = procfs_file_alloca(ppid, "uid_map");
                fd = open(a, O_WRONLY|O_CLOEXEC);
                if (fd < 0) {
                        r = -errno;
                        goto child_fail;
                }
                if (write(fd, uid_map, strlen(uid_map)) < 0) {
                        r = -errno;
                        goto child_fail;
                }

                _exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);

        child_fail:
                (void) write(errno_pipe[1], &r, sizeof(r));
                _exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
        }

        errno_pipe[1] = safe_close(errno_pipe[1]);

        if (unshare(CLONE_NEWUSER) < 0)
                return -errno;

        /* Let the child know that the namespace is ready now */
        if (write(unshare_ready_fd, &c, sizeof(c)) < 0)
                return -errno;

        /* Try to read an error code from the child */
        n = read(errno_pipe[0], &r, sizeof(r));
        if (n < 0)
                return -errno;
        if (n == sizeof(r)) { /* an error code was sent to us */
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;
                return -EIO;
        }
        if (n != 0) /* on success we should have read 0 bytes */
                return -EIO;

        r = wait_for_terminate_and_check("(sd-userns)", pid, 0);
        pid = 0;
        if (r < 0)
                return r;
        if (r != EXIT_SUCCESS) /* If something strange happened with the child, let's consider this fatal, too */
                return -EIO;

        return 0;
}
static int setup_private_users(uid_t uid, gid_t gid) {
        _cleanup_free_ char *uid_map = NULL, *gid_map = NULL;
        _cleanup_close_pair_ int errno_pipe[2] = { -1, -1 };
        _cleanup_close_ int unshare_ready_fd = -1;
        _cleanup_(sigkill_waitp) pid_t pid = 0;
        uint64_t c = 1;
        ssize_t n;
        int r;

         

        if (uid != 0 && uid_is_valid(uid)) {
                r = asprintf(&uid_map,
                             "0 0 1\n"                       
                             UID_FMT " " UID_FMT " 1\n",     
                             uid, uid);
                if (r < 0)
                        return -ENOMEM;
        } else {
                uid_map = strdup("0 0 1\n");             
                if (!uid_map)
                        return -ENOMEM;
        }

        if (gid != 0 && gid_is_valid(gid)) {
                r = asprintf(&gid_map,
                             "0 0 1\n"                       
                             GID_FMT " " GID_FMT " 1\n",     
                             gid, gid);
                if (r < 0)
                        return -ENOMEM;
        } else {
                gid_map = strdup("0 0 1\n");             
                if (!gid_map)
                        return -ENOMEM;
        }

         
        unshare_ready_fd = eventfd(0, EFD_CLOEXEC);
        if (unshare_ready_fd < 0)
                return -errno;

         
        if (pipe2(errno_pipe, O_CLOEXEC) < 0)
                return -errno;

        r = safe_fork("(sd-userns)", FORK_RESET_SIGNALS|FORK_DEATHSIG, &pid);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;
        if (r == 0) {
                _cleanup_close_ int fd = -1;
                const char *a;
                pid_t ppid;

                 

                ppid = getppid();
                errno_pipe[0] = safe_close(errno_pipe[0]);

                 
                if (read(unshare_ready_fd, &c, sizeof(c)) < 0) {
                        r = -errno;
                        goto child_fail;
                }

                 
                a = procfs_file_alloca(ppid, "setgroups");
                fd = open(a, O_WRONLY|O_CLOEXEC);
                if (fd < 0) {
                        if (errno != ENOENT) {
                                r = -errno;
                                goto child_fail;
                        }

                         
                } else {
                        if (write(fd, "deny\n", 5) < 0) {
                                r = -errno;
                                goto child_fail;
                        }

                        fd = safe_close(fd);
                }

                 
                a = procfs_file_alloca(ppid, "gid_map");
                fd = open(a, O_WRONLY|O_CLOEXEC);
                if (fd < 0) {
                        r = -errno;
                        goto child_fail;
                }
                if (write(fd, gid_map, strlen(gid_map)) < 0) {
                        r = -errno;
                        goto child_fail;
                }
                fd = safe_close(fd);

                 
                a = procfs_file_alloca(ppid, "uid_map");
                fd = open(a, O_WRONLY|O_CLOEXEC);
                if (fd < 0) {
                        r = -errno;
                        goto child_fail;
                }
                if (write(fd, uid_map, strlen(uid_map)) < 0) {
                        r = -errno;
                        goto child_fail;
                }

                _exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);

        child_fail:
                (void) write(errno_pipe[1], &r, sizeof(r));
                _exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
        }

        errno_pipe[1] = safe_close(errno_pipe[1]);

        if (unshare(CLONE_NEWUSER) < 0)
                return -errno;

         
        if (write(unshare_ready_fd, &c, sizeof(c)) < 0)
                return -errno;

         
        n = read(errno_pipe[0], &r, sizeof(r));
        if (n < 0)
                return -errno;
        if (n == sizeof(r)) {  
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;
                return -EIO;
        }
        if (n != 0)  
                return -EIO;

        r = wait_for_terminate_and_check("(sd-userns)", pid, 0);
        pid = 0;
        if (r < 0)
                return r;
        if (r != EXIT_SUCCESS)  
                return -EIO;

        return 0;
}