\documentclass[tikz,border=5pt]{standalone}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usetikzlibrary{arrows}
\usepackage[active,tightpage]{preview}
\PreviewEnvironment{tikzpicture}\setlength\PreviewBorder{5pt}
\begin{document}
\begin{tikzpicture}[x={(0.866cm,-0.5cm)}, y={(0.866cm,0.5cm)}, z={(0cm,1cm)}, scale=1.0, >=stealth, inner sep=0pt, outer sep=2pt, axis/.style={thick,->}, wave/.style={thick,color=#1,smooth}, polaroid/.style={fill=black!60!white, opacity=0.3}]
\colorlet{darkgreen}{green!50!black}
\colorlet{lightgreen}{green!80!black}
\colorlet{darkred}{red!50!black}
\colorlet{lightred}{red!80!black}
\coordinate (O) at (0, 0, 0);
\draw[axis] (O) -- +(14, 0, 0) node [right] {x};
\draw[axis] (O) -- +(0, 2.5, 0) node [right] {y};
\draw[axis] (O) -- +(0, 0, 2) node [above] {z};
\draw[thick,dashed] (-2,0,0) -- (O);
\draw[wave=blue, opacity=0.7, variable=\x, samples at={-2,-1.75,...,0}] plot (\x, { cos(1.0*\x r)*sin(2.0*\x r)}, { sin(1.0*\x r)*sin(2.0*\x r)}) plot (\x, {-cos(1.0*\x r)*sin(2.0*\x r)}, {-sin(1.0*\x r)*sin(2.0*\x r)});
\foreach \x in{-2,-1.75,...,0}{
\draw[color=blue, opacity=0.7,->] (\x,0,0) -- (\x, { cos(1.0*\x r)*sin(2.0*\x r)}, { sin(1.0*\x r)*sin(2.0*\x r)}) (\x,0,0) -- (\x, {-cos(1.0*\x r)*sin(2.0*\x r)}, {-sin(1.0*\x r)*sin(2.0*\x r)});
}\filldraw[polaroid] (0,-2,-1.5) -- (0,-2,1.5) -- (0,2,1.5) -- (0,2,-1.5) -- cycle node[below, sloped, near end]{Polaroid};
\draw[thick,<->] (0,-1.75,-1) -- (0,-0.75,-1);
\draw[wave=blue, variable=\x,samples at={0,0.25,...,6}] plot (\x,{sin(2*\x r)},0)node[anchor=north]{$\vec{E}$};
\foreach \x in{0, 0.25,...,6}
\draw[color=blue,->] (\x,0,0) -- (\x,{sin(2*\x r)},0);
\draw (3,1,1) node [text width=2.5cm, text centered]{Polarized light};
\begin{scope}[thick]
\draw (6,-2,-1.5) -- (6,-2,1.5) node [above, sloped, midway]{Crystal section} -- (6, 2, 1.5) -- (6, 2, -1.5) -- cycle (6, -2, -1.5) -- (6.2, -2,-1.5) (6, 2, -1.5) -- (6.2, 2,-1.5) (6, -2, 1.5) -- (6.2, -2, 1.5) (6, 2, 1.5) -- (6.2, 2, 1.5) (6.2,-2, -1.5) -- (6.2, -2, 1.5) -- (6.2, 2, 1.5) -- (6.2, 2, -1.5) -- cycle;
\draw[darkred, ->] (6.1, 0, 0) -- (6.1, 0.26, 0.966) node [right] {$n_{g}'$};
\draw[darkred, dashed] (6.1, 0, 0) -- (6.1,-0.26, -0.966);
\draw[darkgreen, ->] (6.1, 0, 0) -- (6.1, 0.644,-0.173) node [right] {$n_{p}'$};
\draw[darkgreen, dashed] (6.1, 0, 0) -- (6.1,-0.644, 0.173);
\end{scope}\draw[wave=darkred, variable=\x, samples at={6.2,6.45,...,12}] plot (\x, {0.26*0.26*sin(2*(\x-0.5) r)}, {0.966*0.26*sin(2*(\x-0.5) r)});
\draw[wave=darkgreen, variable=\x, samples at={6.2,6.45,...,12}] plot (\x, {0.966*0.966*sin(2*(\x-0.1) r)},{-0.26*0.966*sin(2*(\x-0.1) r)});
\draw (10,1,1) node [text width=2.5cm, text centered] {Polarized and dephased light};
\foreach \x in{6.2,6.45,...,12} {
\draw[color=darkgreen, ->] (\x, 0, 0) -- (\x, {0.966*0.966*sin(2*(\x-0.1) r)}, {-0.26*0.966*sin(2*(\x-0.1) r)});
\draw[color=darkred, ->] (\x, 0, 0) -- (\x, {0.26*0.26*sin(2*(\x-0.5) r)}, {0.966*0.26*sin(2*(\x-0.5) r)});
}\draw[polaroid] (12, -2, -1.5) -- (12, -2, 1.5) node [above, sloped,midway] {Polaroid} -- (12, 2, 1.5) -- (12, 2, -1.5) -- cycle;
\draw[thick, <->] (12, -1.5,-0.5) -- (12, -1.5, 0.5);
\draw[wave=lightgreen,variable=\x, samples at={12, 12.25,..., 14}] plot (\x,{0}, {0.966*0.966*0.26*sin(2*(\x-0.5) r)});
\draw[wave=lightred, variable=\x, samples at={12, 12.25,..., 14}] plot (\x,{0}, {-0.26*0.966*sin(2*(\x-0.1) r)});
\node[align=justify, text width=14cm, anchor=north west, yshift=-2mm] at (current bounding box.south west) {Light behavior in a petrographic microscope with light polarizing device. Only one incident wavelength is shown (monochromatic light). The magnetic field, perpendicular to the electric one, is not drawn.};
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}