Company: WEST PHARMACEUTICAL SERVICES INC
CIK: 105770
SIC: 3060
Filing Date: 2022-02-22 00:00:00

ITEM 1 - BUSINESS
ITEM 1. BUSINESS
General
We are a leading global manufacturer in the design and production of technologically advanced, high-quality, integrated containment and delivery systems for injectable drugs and healthcare products. Our products include a variety of primary packaging, containment solutions, reconstitution and transfer systems, and drug delivery systems, as well as contract manufacturing, analytical lab services and integrated solutions. Our customers include the leading biologic, generic, pharmaceutical, diagnostic, and medical device companies in the world. Our top priority is delivering quality products that meet the exact product specifications and quality standards customers require and expect. This focus on quality includes a commitment to excellence in manufacturing, scientific and technical expertise and management, which enables us to partner with our customers in order to deliver safe, effective drug products to patients quickly and efficiently.
Business Segments
Our business operations are organized into two reportable segments, Proprietary Products and Contract-Manufactured Products.
Proprietary Products Segment
Our Proprietary Products reportable segment offers proprietary packaging, containment and drug delivery products, along with analytical lab services and other integrated services and solutions, primarily to biologic, generic and pharmaceutical drug customers. Our packaging products include stoppers and seals for injectable packaging systems, which are designed to help ensure drug compatibility and stability with active drug products, while also supporting operational efficiency for customers. This product portfolio also includes syringe and cartridge components, including custom solutions for the specific needs of injectable drug applications, as well as administration systems that can enhance the safe delivery of drugs through advanced reconstitution, mixing and transfer technologies. We also provide films, coatings, washing, vision inspection and sterilization processes and services to enhance the quality of packaging components and mitigate the risk of contamination and compatibility issues.
This segment’s product portfolio also includes drug containment solutions, including Crystal Zenith, a cyclic olefin polymer, in the form of vials, syringes and cartridges. These products can provide a high-quality solution to glass incompatibility issues and can stand up to cold storage environments, while reducing the risk of breakage that exists with glass. In addition, we offer a variety of self-injection devices, designed to address the need to provide at-home delivery of injectable therapies. These devices are patient-centric technologies that are easy-to-use and can be combined with connected health technologies that have the potential to increase adherence.
In addition to our Proprietary Products product portfolio, we provide our customers with a range of integrated solutions, including analytical lab services, pre-approval primary packaging support and engineering development, regulatory expertise, and after-sales technical support. Offering the combination of primary packaging components, containment solutions, and drug delivery devices, as well as a broad range of integrated services, helps to position us as a leader in the integrated containment and delivery of injectable medicines.
This reportable segment has manufacturing facilities in North and South America, Europe, and Asia Pacific, with affiliated companies in Mexico and Japan. Please refer to Item 2, Properties, for additional information on our manufacturing and other sites.
Contract-Manufactured Products Segment
Our Contract-Manufactured Products reportable segment serves as a fully integrated business, focused on the design, manufacture, and automated assembly of complex devices, primarily for pharmaceutical, diagnostic, and medical device customers. These products include a variety of custom contract-manufacturing and assembly solutions, which use such technologies as multi-component molding, in-mold labeling, ultrasonic welding, clean room molding and device assembly. We manufacture customer-owned components and devices used in surgical, diagnostic, ophthalmic, injectable, and other drug delivery systems, as well as consumer products.
We have vast expertise in product design and development, including in-house mold design, process design and validation and high-speed automated assemblies.
This reportable segment has manufacturing operations in North America and Europe. Please refer to Item 2, Properties, for additional information on our manufacturing and other sites.
International
We have significant operations outside of the United States (“U.S.”), which are managed through the same business segments as our U.S. operations - Proprietary Products and Contract-Manufactured Products. Sales outside of the U.S. accounted for 57.7% of our consolidated net sales in 2021.
Although the general business processes are similar to the domestic business, international operations are exposed to additional risks. These risks include currency fluctuations relative to the U.S. Dollar (“USD”), multiple tax jurisdictions and, particularly in South America, Eastern Europe, Israel and the Middle East, uncertain or changing regulatory regimes, or political and social issues, that could destabilize local markets and affect the demand for our products.
See further discussion of our international operations, the risks associated with our international operations, and our attempt to minimize some of these risks in Part I, Item 1A, Risk Factors; Part II, Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations under the caption Financial Condition, Liquidity and Capital Resources; Part II, Item 7A, Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk; Note 1, Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies under the captions Financial Instruments and Foreign Currency Translation; and Note 11, Derivative Financial Instruments.
Raw Materials
We use three basic raw materials in the manufacture of our products: elastomers, aluminum and plastic. Elastomers include both synthetic and natural materials. We currently have access to adequate supplies of these raw materials to meet our production needs through agreements with suppliers.
We employ a supply chain management strategy in our business segments, which involves purchasing from integrated suppliers that control their own sources of supply. Due to regulatory control over our production processes, sole source availability, and the cost and time involved in qualifying suppliers, we rely on single-source suppliers for many critical raw materials. We generally purchase certain raw materials in the open market. This strategy increases the risk that our supply chain may be interrupted in the event of a supplier production or distribution problem. These risks are managed, when and where possible, by selecting suppliers with multiple manufacturing sites, rigorous quality control systems, surplus inventory levels and other methods of maintaining supply in case of an interruption in production or distribution.
Intellectual Property
Intellectual property, including patents, trademarks, copyrights, and trade secrets, is important to our business. We own or license intellectual property rights, including know-how and issued patents and pending patent applications in the U.S. and in other countries, that relate to various aspects of our products. In 2021, more than 200 patents were issued to West across the globe. Some key value-added and proprietary products and processes are exclusively licensed from Daikyo. Our intellectual property rights help protect our products and are critical to the growth of our business.
Working Capital
We are required to carry significant amounts of inventory to meet customer requirements. In addition, some of our supply agreements require us to purchase inventory in bulk orders, which increases inventory levels but decreases the risk of supply interruption. For a more detailed discussion of working capital, please refer to the discussion in Part II, Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations under the caption Financial Condition, Liquidity and Capital Resources.
Government Regulation
Our business activities are global and are subject to various federal, state, local, and foreign laws, rules, and regulations. Accordingly, the design, development, manufacturing, marketing and labeling of certain of our products and our customers’ products that incorporate our products are subject to regulation by governmental authorities in the U.S., Europe and other countries, including the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”), the European Medicines Agency and the National Medical Products Administration (China). Regulatory authorities, including regulatory review and oversight, can impact the time and cost associated with the development and continued availability of our products, and they have the authority to take various administrative and legal actions against West, such as product recalls.
Changes in tax policy or trade regulations, or the imposition of new tariffs on imported products, could have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations. Compliance with these laws, rules and regulations did not require material capital expenditures in 2021, and is not expected to have a material effect on our capital expenditures, results of operations and competitive position in 2022 as compared to prior periods. For more information on the potential impacts of government regulations affecting our business, see "

ITEM 1A - RISK FACTORS

ITEM 1B - UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

ITEM 2 - PROPERTIES
ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
Our corporate headquarters are located at 530 Herman O. West Drive, Exton, Pennsylvania 19341.
The following table summarizes our facilities by segment and geographic region. All facilities shown are owned except where otherwise noted.
Type of Facility/ Country Location Segment
Manufacturing:
North America
United States of America Phoenix, AZ (2) Contract Manufactured Products
Scottsdale, AZ (1) (2) Proprietary Products
Tempe, AZ (2) Contract Manufactured Products
St. Petersburg, FL (1) Proprietary Products
Grand Rapids, MI Contract Manufactured Products
Kinston, NC Proprietary Products
Kearney, NE Proprietary Products
Jersey Shore, PA Proprietary Products
Williamsport, PA Contract Manufactured Products
Cayey, Puerto Rico Proprietary Products and Contract Manufactured Products
South America
Brazil Sao Paulo Proprietary Products
Europe
Denmark Horsens Proprietary Products
England St. Austell Proprietary Products
France Le Nouvion Proprietary Products
Le Vaudreuil Proprietary Products
Germany Eschweiler (1) (2) Proprietary Products
Stolberg Proprietary Products
Ireland Waterford Proprietary Products
Dublin (2) Contract Manufactured Products
Serbia Kovin Proprietary Products
Asia Pacific
China Qingpu Proprietary Products
India Sri City Proprietary Products
Singapore Jurong (2) Proprietary Products
Mold-and-Die Tool Shop:
North America
United States of America Upper Darby, PA Proprietary Products
Type of Facility/ Country Location Segment
Europe
England Bodmin (2) Proprietary Products
Germany Stolberg Proprietary Products
Contract Analytical Laboratory:
North America
United States of America Exton, PA Proprietary Products
Technology Center:
Asia Pacific
India Bangalore (2) Proprietary Products, Contract Manufactured Products
(1)This manufacturing facility is also used for research and development activities.
(2)This facility is leased in whole or in part.
Our Proprietary Products reportable segment leases facilities located in Scottsdale, AZ, Germany, and Israel for research and development, as well as other activities. Sales offices in various locations are leased under contractual arrangements.

ITEM 3 - LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
None.

ITEM 4 - RESERVED
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
INFORMATION ABOUT OUR EXECUTIVE OFFICERS
The executive officers of the Company are set forth in this table. Generally, executive officers are elected by the Board of Directors annually at the regular meeting of the Board of Directors following the Annual Meeting of Shareholders. Additionally, executive officers may be elected upon hire or due to a promotion.
Name Age Position
Silji Abraham 50 Senior Vice President, Chief Technology Officer since December 2020. Senior Vice President, Chief Digital and Transformation Officer from February 2018 to December 2020. Prior to joining West, he most recently served as Executive Vice President and Chief Information Officer of MilliporeSigma, a subsidiary of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany. Prior to this role, he served as Chief Information Officer at Sigma-Aldrich Corporation, a leading life science and technology company, and worked in various leadership roles at Invensys Operations Management, ArvinMeritor and Chrysler Group.
Bernard J. Birkett 53 Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer since June 2018. In addition, Treasurer from June 2018 to December 2019 and Principal Accounting Officer from October 2019 to April 2020. Prior to joining West, he spent more than 20 years at Merit Medical Systems, Inc., a leading manufacturer of disposable medical devices, where he served in a number of senior global leadership roles, including Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer, Controller for Europe, Middle East and Africa (EMEA) and Vice President of International Finance.
Annette F. Favorite 57 Senior Vice President and Chief Human Resources Officer since October 2015. Prior to joining West, she spent more than 25 years at IBM Corporation, an information technology services company, in a number of strategic and global human resources roles, including Vice President, Global Talent Management, Vice President of Human Resources for Worldwide Software Sales, and Human Resources Leader for the company’s Southwest European Region, based out of Spain.
Eric M. Green
52 Chief Executive Officer since April 2015 and President since December 2015. Prior to joining West, he was Executive Vice President and President of the Research Markets business unit at Sigma-Aldrich Corporation from 2013 to 2015. From 2009 to 2013, he served as Vice President and Managing Director, International, where he was responsible for Asia Pacific and Latin America, and prior thereto, held various commercial and operational roles.
Quintin J. Lai 55 Vice President, Strategy and Investor Relations since January 2016. In addition, Corporate Development responsibilities from January 2016 to September 2021. Prior to joining West, he was Vice President of Investor Relations and Corporate Strategy at Sigma-Aldrich Corporation from 2012 to 2015. From 2002 to 2012, he was at Robert W. Baird & Company, where he held various roles, including Managing Director and Senior Equity Research Analyst of the Life Science Tools and Diagnostic sector and Associate Director of Equity Research.
Kimberly Banks MacKay 56 Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary since December 2020. Prior to joining West, from April 2019 to November 2020, she served as Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary at the Segal Group in New York, a privately held firm specializing in employee benefits and investment consulting. Prior to Segal, she served for over 15 years in a variety of Legal leadership roles for Novartis, a global healthcare company, including Head of U.S. Legal for Novartis Business Service.
David A. Montecalvo 56 Senior Vice President and Chief Operations and Supply Chain Officer since February 2019. Senior Vice President, Global Operations and Supply Chain from September 2016 until February 2019. Prior to joining West, he served in a number of senior leadership roles at Medtronic plc, a medical device company, including Vice President, Contract Manufacturing Operations, for the company’s Restorative Therapies Group, Vice President, Business Operations Integration, where he was responsible for directing and leading the global operations integration of Covidien plc into Medtronic, and Vice President, Product Development and Operations for Medtronic Cardiovascular. Prior thereto, he held senior operations and product development roles at Urologix, Inc. and LecTec Corporation.
Chad R. Winters 43 Vice President, Chief Accounting Officer and Corporate Controller since May 2020. Vice President and Corporate Controller since October 2019. Prior to joining West, he served as Senior Vice President of Finance & Accounting and Controller of Amneal Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a specialty pharmaceutical company. Prior to Amneal, he held roles of increasing responsibility at the Chemours Company, UGI Corporation, and PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP.
PART II

ITEM 5 - MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY
ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
Our common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) under the symbol “WST.”
As of January 26, 2022, we had 669 shareholders of record, which excludes beneficial owners whose shares were held by brokerage firms, depositaries and other institutional firms in “street names” for their customers.
Dividends
Our common stock paid a quarterly dividend of $0.16 per share in each of the first three quarters of 2020; $0.17 per share in the fourth quarter of 2020 and each of the first three quarters of 2021; and $0.18 per share in the fourth quarter of 2021.
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
In December 2020, we announced a share repurchase program for calendar-year 2021 authorizing the repurchase of up to 631,000 shares of our common stock from time to time on the open market as permitted under Exchange Act Rule 10b-18 or in privately-negotiated transactions. During the year ended December 31, 2021, we purchased 479,000 shares of our common stock under the now completed program at a cost of $137.1 million, or an average price of $286.23 per share. During the three months ended December 31, 2021, there were no purchases of our common stock made by us or any of our “affiliated purchasers” as defined in Rule 10b-18(a)(3) under the Exchange Act.
In December 2021, our Board of Directors approved a share repurchase program for calendar-year 2022 authorizing the repurchase of up to 650,000 shares of our common stock from time to time on the open market as permitted under Exchange Act Rule 10b-18 or in privately-negotiated transactions. The number of shares to be repurchased and the timing of such transactions will depend on a variety of factors, including market conditions. This share repurchase program is expected to be completed by December 31, 2022.
Performance Graph
The following performance graph compares the cumulative total return to holders of our common stock with the cumulative total return of the following Standard & Poor’s (“S&P”) indices, for the five years ended December 31, 2021: 500 and 500 Health Care Index. The performance graph does not necessarily reflect management's opinion that such indices are an appropriate measure of the relative performance of the stock involved, and is not intended to forecast or be indicative of possible future performance of the Company’s common stock.
Cumulative total return to shareholders is measured by dividing total dividends (assuming dividend reinvestment) plus the per-share price change for the period by the share price at the beginning of the period. The Company’s cumulative shareholder return is based on an investment of $100 on December 31, 2016 and is compared to the cumulative total return of the S&P indices mentioned above over the period with a like amount invested.
*Five year total return data obtained from NASDAQ IR Insight

ITEM 6 - SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
ITEM 6. RESERVED

ITEM 7 - MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
OVERVIEW
The following discussion is intended to further the reader’s understanding of the consolidated financial condition and results of operations of our Company. It should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the accompanying footnotes included in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K. These historical financial statements may not be indicative of our future performance. This Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations contains a number of forward-looking statements, all of which are based on our current expectations and could be affected by the uncertainties and risks discussed in Part I, Item 1A of this Form 10-K.
Non-U.S. GAAP Financial Measures
For the purpose of aiding the comparison of our year-over-year results, we may refer to net sales and other financial results excluding the effects of changes in foreign currency exchange rates. Organic net sales exclude the impact from acquisitions and/or divestitures and translate the current-period reported sales of subsidiaries whose functional currency is other than USD at the applicable foreign exchange rates in effect during the comparable prior-year period. We may also refer to adjusted consolidated operating profit and adjusted consolidated operating profit margin, which exclude the effects of unallocated items. The unallocated items are not representative of ongoing operations, and generally include restructuring and related charges, certain asset impairments, and other specifically-identified income or expense items. The re-measured results excluding effects from currency translation, the impact from acquisitions and/or divestitures, and excluding the effects of unallocated items are not in conformity with U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ("GAAP") and should not be used as a substitute for the comparable U.S. GAAP financial measures. The non-U.S. GAAP financial measures are incorporated in our discussion and analysis as management uses them in evaluating our results of operations and believes that this information provides users with a valuable insight into our overall performance and financial position.
Our Operations
We are a leading global manufacturer in the design and production of technologically advanced, high-quality, integrated containment and delivery systems for injectable drugs and healthcare products. Our products include a variety of primary packaging, containment solutions, reconstitution and transfer systems, and drug delivery systems, as well as contract manufacturing, analytical lab services and integrated solutions. Our customers include the leading biologic, generic, pharmaceutical, diagnostic, and additional medical device companies in the world. Our top priority is delivering quality products that meet the exact product specifications and quality standards customers require and expect. This focus on quality includes a commitment to excellence in manufacturing, scientific and technical expertise and management, which enables us to partner with our customers in order to deliver safe, effective drug products to patients quickly and efficiently.
Our business operations are organized into two reportable segments, Proprietary Products and Contract-Manufactured Products. Our Proprietary Products reportable segment offers proprietary packaging, containment and drug delivery products, along with analytical lab services and other integrated services and solutions, primarily to biologic, generic and pharmaceutical drug customers. Our Contract-Manufactured Products reportable segment serves as a fully integrated business, focused on the design, manufacture, and automated assembly of complex devices, primarily for pharmaceutical, diagnostic, and medical device customers. We also maintain collaborations to share technologies and market products with affiliates in Japan and Mexico.
Impact of COVID-19
It has been nearly two years since the COVID-19 pandemic began and there remains uncertainty around the long-term impact of the pandemic on the world economy. Our primary objectives have remained the same throughout the pandemic: to support the safety of our team members and their families and continue to support patients around the world. Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, our production facilities have continued to operate as they had prior to the pandemic, other than for enhanced safety measures intended to prevent the spread of the virus and higher levels of production at certain plant locations to meet additional customer demand. Our capital and financial resources, including overall liquidity, remain strong. The remote working arrangements and travel restrictions imposed by various governments have had limited impact on our ability to maintain operations, as our manufacturing operations have generally been exempted from stay-at-home orders. However, we cannot predict the impact of the progression of the COVID-19 pandemic on future results due to a variety of factors, including the continued good health of our employees, the ability of suppliers to continue to operate and deliver, the ability of West and its customers to maintain operations, continued access to transportation resources, the changing needs and priorities of customers, any further government and/or public actions taken in response to the pandemic and ultimately the length of the pandemic. We will continue to closely monitor the COVID-19 pandemic in order to ensure the safety of our people and our ability to serve our customers and patients worldwide.
Components of and Key Factors Influencing Our Results of Operations
In assessing the performance of our business, we consider a variety of performance and financial measures. We believe the items discussed below provide insight into the factors that affect these key measures.
Net Sales
Our net sales results from the sale of goods or services and reflects the net consideration to which we expect to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services.
Several factors affect our reported net sales in any period, including product, payer and geographic sales mix, operational effectiveness, pricing realization, timing of orders and shipments, regulatory actions, competition, and business acquisitions that involve our customers or competitors.
Cost of goods and services sold and gross profit
Cost of goods and services sold includes personnel costs, manufacturing costs, raw materials and product costs, freight costs, depreciation, and facility costs associated with our manufacturing and warehouse facilities. Fluctuations in our cost of goods sold correspond with the fluctuations in sales units as well as inflationary and other market factors that influence our cost base.
Gross profit is calculated as net sales less cost of goods sold. Our gross profit is affected by product and geographic sales mix, realized pricing of our products, the efficiency of our manufacturing operations and the costs of materials used to make our products.
Research and development expenses
Research and development expenses relate to our investments in improvements to our manufacturing processes, product enhancements, and additional investments in our self-injection systems development, fluid transfer admixture devices, elastomeric packaging components, and formulation development.
We expense research and development costs as incurred. Our research and development expenses fluctuate from period to period primarily based on the ongoing improvements to our manufacturing processes and product enhancements.
Selling, general and administrative expenses
Selling, general and administrative expenses primarily include personnel costs, incentive compensation, insurance, professional fees, and depreciation.
Financial Performance Summary
The following tables present a reconciliation from U.S. GAAP to non-U.S. GAAP financial measures:
During 2021, we recorded a tax benefit of $31.5 million associated with stock-based compensation.
During 2020, we recorded a tax benefit of $20.8 million associated with stock-based compensation.
During 2019, we recorded a tax benefit of $10.3 million associated with stock-based compensation.
(1) During 2021 and 2020, the Company recorded a restructuring and severance related charge of $2.2 million and $7.0 million, respectively, to optimize certain organizational structure within the Company. During 2019, the Company recorded $4.9 million in restructuring and related charges in connection with the 2018 plan.
(2) The Company recorded a pension settlement charge within other nonoperating (income) expense, as it determined that normal-course lump-sum payments for our U.S. qualified, and in 2020 and 2019 our non-qualified, defined benefit pension plan exceeded the threshold for settlement accounting.
(3) During 2021, the company recorded $0.8 million of amortization expense within operating profit associated with an acquisition of an intangible asset during the second quarter of 2020. Additionally, the company recorded $2.1 million of amortization expense in association with an acquisition of increased ownership interest in Daikyo. During 2020, the company recorded $0.6 million of amortization expense within operating profit associated with an acquisition of an intangible asset during the second quarter of 2020. Additionally, the company recorded $3.1 million of amortization expense in association with an acquisition of increased ownership interest in Daikyo.
(4) The Company recorded a $2.8 million impairment charge for certain long-lived and intangible assets within the Proprietary Products segment as it determined the carrying value exceeded the fair value of the assets. $1.9 million of this charge is recorded in Cost of Goods Sold and $0.9 million of the charge is recorded in Selling, General, and Administrative expense, due to the nature of the impaired assets.
(5) During 2021, the net cost investment activity was $4.3 million, inclusive of an impairment charge of $4.6 million offset by a $0.3 million gain on the sale of a cost investment. During 2020, the Company recorded a cost investment impairment charge of $2.5 million.
(6) The Company prepaid future royalties from one of its subsidiaries, which resulted in a $18.5 million tax benefit.
(7) During 2021, the Company recorded a tax benefit of $1.4 million due to the impact of a United Kingdom tax law change enacted during the period. During 2019, the Company recorded a net tax benefit of $0.3 million due to the impact of federal law changes enacted during the respective year.
(8) The Company recorded a net tax recovery related to previously-paid international excise taxes, following a favorable court ruling.
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
We evaluate the performance of our segments based upon, among other things, segment net sales and operating profit. Segment operating profit excludes general corporate costs, which include executive and director compensation, stock-based compensation, certain pension and other retirement benefit costs, and other corporate facilities and administrative expenses not allocated to the segments. Also excluded are items that we consider not representative of ongoing operations. Such items are referred to as other unallocated items for which further information can be found above in the reconciliation from U.S. GAAP to non-U.S. GAAP financial measures.
Percentages in the following tables and throughout this Results of Operations section may reflect rounding adjustments.
Net Sales
The following table presents net sales, consolidated and by reportable segment:
2021 compared to 2020
Consolidated net sales increased by $684.7 million, or 31.9%, in 2021, including a favorable foreign currency translation impact of $53.5 million. Excluding foreign currency translation effects, consolidated net sales increased by $631.2 million, or 29.4%.
Proprietary Products - Proprietary Products net sales increased by $668.7 million, or 40.6%, in 2021, including a favorable foreign currency translation impact of $46.1 million. Excluding foreign currency translation effects, net sales increased by $622.6 million, or 37.8%, primarily due to growth in our high-value product offerings, including Westar®, NovaPure®, Daikyo®, and FluroTec®-coated components. Net sales in 2021 included approximately $459 million in COVID-19 related activity for vaccines, antiviral treatments and treatment of underlying COVID-19 symptoms. Net sales in 2020 included approximately $99 million in COVID-19 related activity for vaccines, antiviral treatments and treatment of underlying COVID-19 symptoms.
Contract-Manufactured Products - Contract-Manufactured Products net sales increased by $16.1 million, or 3.2%, in 2021, including a favorable foreign currency translation impact of $7.4 million. Excluding foreign currency translation effects, net sales increased by $8.6 million, or 1.7%, due to an increase primarily in the sale of healthcare-related medical devices.
The intersegment sales elimination, which is required for the presentation of consolidated net sales, represents the elimination of components sold between our segments.
2020 compared to 2019
Consolidated net sales increased by $307.0 million, or 16.7%, in 2020, including a favorable foreign currency translation impact of $5.7 million. Excluding foreign currency translation effects, as well as incremental sales of $1.2 million from the acquisition of our distributor in South Korea in 2019, consolidated net sales increased by $300.1 million, or 16.3%.
Proprietary Products - Proprietary Products net sales increased by $250.0 million, or 17.9%, in 2020, including a favorable foreign currency translation impact of $2.2 million. Excluding foreign currency translation effects, as well as $1.2 million of incremental sales in 2020 from the acquisition of our distributor in South Korea in 2019, net sales increased by $246.6 million, or 17.6%, primarily due to growth in our high-value product offerings, including our FluroTec-coated components, Westar® components, Daikyo® and NovaPure® components, Daikyo Crystal Zenith® products, and our self-injection delivery platforms, all of which included approximately $99 million in COVID-19 related activity for vaccines, antiviral treatments and treatment of underlying COVID-19 symptoms.
Contract-Manufactured Products - Contract-Manufactured Products net sales increased by $57.1 million, or 12.9%, in 2020, including a favorable foreign currency translation impact of $3.5 million. Excluding foreign currency translation effects, net sales increased by $53.5 million, or 12.1%, due to an increase in the sale of healthcare-related injection and diagnostic devices.
The intersegment sales elimination, which is required for the presentation of consolidated net sales, represents the elimination of components sold between our segments.
Gross Profit
The following table presents gross profit and related gross margins, consolidated and by reportable segment and by unallocated:
2021 compared to 2020
Consolidated gross profit increased by $408.0 million, or 53.1%, in 2021, including a favorable foreign currency translation impact of $19.5 million. Consolidated gross profit margin increased by 5.7 margin points in 2021.
Proprietary Products - Proprietary Products gross profit increased by $411.7 million, or 60.3%, in 2021, including a favorable foreign currency translation impact of $18.2 million. Proprietary Products gross profit margin increased by 5.8 margin points in 2021, due to a favorable mix of products sold, sales price increases and production efficiencies, partially offset by increased overhead costs including compensation costs.
Contract-Manufactured Products - Contract-Manufactured Products gross profit decreased by $1.8 million, or 2.1%, in 2021, including a favorable foreign currency translation impact of $1.3 million. Contract-Manufactured Products gross profit margin decreased by 0.9 margin points in 2021, due to unfavorable mix of products sold and timing of the pass-through of raw material price increases to customers.
2020 compared to 2019
Consolidated gross profit increased by $162.1 million, or 26.8%, in 2020, including a favorable foreign currency translation impact of $1.0 million. Consolidated gross profit margin increased by 2.9 margin points in 2020.
Proprietary Products - Proprietary Products gross profit increased by $141.8 million, or 26.2%, in 2020, including a favorable foreign currency translation impact of $0.3 million. Proprietary Products gross profit margin increased by 2.8 margin points in 2020, due to a favorable mix of products sold, production efficiencies, and sales price increases, partially offset by increased overhead costs including compensation costs and COVID-19 related expenses.
Contract-Manufactured Products - Contract-Manufactured Products gross profit increased by $20.1 million, or 30.7%, in 2020, including a favorable foreign currency translation impact of $0.7 million. Contract-Manufactured Products gross profit margin increased by 2.4 margin points in 2020, due to a favorable mix of products sold and production efficiencies, partially offset by increased overhead costs including compensation costs.
Research and Development (“R&D”) Costs
The following table presents consolidated R&D costs:
2021 compared to 2020
Consolidated R&D costs increased by $5.9 million, or 12.6%, in 2021, as compared to 2020. Efforts remain focused on the continued investment in self-injection systems development, fluid transfer admixture devices, elastomeric packaging components, and formulation development.
2020 compared to 2019
Consolidated R&D costs increased by $8.0 million, or 20.6%, in 2020, as compared to 2019. Efforts remain focused on the continued investment in self-injection systems development, fluid transfer admixture devices, elastomeric packaging components, and formulation development.
All of the R&D costs incurred during 2021, 2020 and 2019 related to Proprietary Products.
Selling, General and Administrative (“SG&A”) Costs
The following table presents SG&A costs, consolidated and by reportable segment and corporate and unallocated items:
2021 compared to 2020
Consolidated SG&A costs increased by $60.8 million, or 20.1%, in 2021, including an unfavorable foreign currency translation impact of $2.6 million.
Proprietary Products - Proprietary Products SG&A costs increased by $47.3 million, or 23.9%, in 2021, primarily due to an increase in compensation costs and increased headcount costs, increase in professional services and legal services, partially offset by a reduction in travel expenses.
Contract-Manufactured Products - Contract-Manufactured Products SG&A costs increased by $0.4 million, or 2.6%, in 2021, due to an increase in compensation costs.
Corporate and unallocated items - Corporate SG&A costs increased by $13.1 million, or 14.7%, in 2021, primarily due to increases in compensation costs and stock-based compensation costs.
2020 compared to 2019
Consolidated SG&A costs increased by $29.3 million, or 10.7%, in 2020 with no foreign currency translation impact.
Proprietary Products - Proprietary Products SG&A costs increased by $7.6 million, or 4.0%, in 2020, primarily due to an increase in compensation costs, partially offset by a reduction in travel expenses and incremental costs incurred in 2019 associated with our voluntary recall.
Contract-Manufactured Products - Contract-Manufactured Products SG&A costs decreased by $0.7 million, or 4.3%, in 2020, due to a reduction in travel expenses.
Corporate and unallocated items - Corporate SG&A costs increased by $22.4 million, or 33.6%, in 2020, primarily due to increases in stock-based compensation costs, incentive compensation costs and an increase in consulting service costs.
Other Expense (Income)
The following table presents other expense and income items, consolidated and by reportable segment and corporate and unallocated items:
Other expense and income items, consisting of foreign exchange transaction gains and losses, gains and losses on the sale of fixed assets, development and licensing income, contingent consideration, and miscellaneous income and charges, are generally recorded within segment results.
2021 compared to 2020
Consolidated other expense (income) decreased by $4.1 million in 2021.
Proprietary Products - Proprietary Products other expense (income) decreased by $3.1 million in 2021 as compared to 2020, primarily due to a decrease in the fixed asset impairments recorded.
Contract-Manufactured Products - Contract-Manufactured Products other expense (income) decreased by $0.8 million in 2021 as compared to 2020, primarily due to a reduction in the foreign currency exchange transaction loss.
Corporate and unallocated items - Corporate and unallocated items decreased by $0.2 million in 2021 as compared to 2020. During 2021, we recorded $2.2 million in restructuring and related charges and $4.6 million in impairment charges related to our cost investments. During 2020, we recorded $4.6 million in restructuring and related charges and a $2.5 million impairment charge related to a cost investment.
2020 compared to 2019
Consolidated other expense (income) changed by $14.5 million in 2020.
Proprietary Products - Proprietary Products other expense (income) changed by $5.3 million in 2020, primarily due to an increase in the fixed asset impairments recorded, partially offset by a decrease in the SmartDose contingent consideration charge. Please refer to Note 12, Fair Value Measurements, for further discussion of this item.
Contract-Manufactured Products - Contract-Manufactured Products other expense (income) changed by $1.3 million in 2020 as compared to 2019, primarily due to an increase in foreign exchange transaction losses.
Corporate and unallocated items - Corporate and unallocated items changed by $7.9 million in 2020. During 2020, we recorded $4.6 million in restructuring and related charges and a $2.5 million impairment charge related to a cost investment. In 2019, offsetting the $4.9 million restructuring and related charge and $1.0 million charge as a result of the continued devaluation of Argentina’s currency, the Company recorded a $1.9 million gain on the sale of fixed assets as a result of our 2018 restructuring plan and recognized a tax recovery of $4.7 million related to previously-paid international excise taxes, following a favorable court ruling.
Operating Profit
The following table presents operating profit and adjusted operating profit, consolidated and by reportable segment, corporate and unallocated items:
2021 compared to 2020
Consolidated operating profit increased by $345.4 million, or 84.9%, in 2021, including a favorable foreign currency translation impact of $16.4 million.
Proprietary Products - Proprietary Products operating profit increased by $361.6 million, or 83.2%, in 2021, including a favorable foreign currency translation impact of $15.3 million, due to the factors described above, most notably the sales increase in our high-value product offerings, inclusive of COVID-19 related activity.
Contract-Manufactured Products - Contract-Manufactured Products operating profit decreased by $1.4 million, or 2.0%, in 2021, including a favorable foreign currency translation impact of $1.1 million, due to the factors described above, most notably due an unfavorable mix of products sold and timing of the pass-through of raw material price increases to customers.
Corporate - Corporate costs increased by $14.8 million, or 17.2%, in 2021, which decreased operating profit, due to the factors described above most notably an increase in stock-based compensation costs and incentive compensation costs.
Unallocated items - Please refer to the Financial Performance Summary section above for details.
Excluding the unallocated items, our adjusted consolidated operating profit margin increased by 7.5 margin points in 2021.
2020 compared to 2019
Consolidated operating profit increased by $110.3 million, or 37.2%, in 2020, including a favorable foreign currency translation impact of $0.8 million.
Proprietary Products - Proprietary Products operating profit increased by $120.9 million, or 38.6%, in 2020, including a favorable foreign currency translation impact of $0.2 million, due to the factors described above, most notably the sales increase in our high-value product offerings, inclusive of COVID-19 related activity.
Contract-Manufactured Products - Contract-Manufactured Products operating profit increased by $19.5 million, or 39.7%, in 2020, including a favorable foreign currency translation impact of $0.6 million, due to the factors described above, most notably the sales increase in our products with a more favorable gross profit margin.
Corporate - Corporate costs increased by $19.8 million, or 29.9%, in 2020, which decreased operating profit, due to the factors described above most notably an increase in stock-based compensation costs and incentive compensation costs.
Unallocated items - Please refer to the Financial Performance Summary section above for details.
Excluding the unallocated items, our adjusted consolidated operating profit margin increased by 3.3 margin points in 2020.
Interest Expense, Net
The following table presents interest expense, net, by significant component:
2021 compared to 2020
Interest expense, net, increased by $0.4 million, or 5.9%, in 2021, due to an increase in other bank fees and a decrease in interest income in 2021 resulting from lower interest rates compared to the prior year, partially offset by an increase in capitalized interest due to an increase in capital expenditures in 2021.
2020 compared to 2019
Interest expense, net, increased by $2.1 million, or 44.7%, in 2020, due to a decrease in interest income in 2020 resulting from lower interest rates compared to the prior year, partially offset by an increase in capitalized interest due to an increase in capital expenditures in 2020.
Other Nonoperating (Income) Expense
2021 compared to 2020
Other nonoperating (income) expense changed by $2.6 million in 2021, primarily due to a reduction in the pension settlement charge and by a decrease in U.S. pension interest cost. In both 2021 and 2020, we determined that normal-course lump-sum payments for our U.S. qualified, and non-qualified in 2020, defined benefit pension plan exceeded the threshold for settlement accounting under U.S. GAAP for the year.
2020 compared to 2019
Other nonoperating (income) expense changed by $1.3 million in 2020, primarily due to a decrease in the interest cost component of our net periodic benefit expense, partially offset by an increase in pension settlement charges. A pension settlement charge of $3.7 million was recorded in 2020, as we determined that normal-course lump-sum payments for each of our U.S. qualified and non-qualified defined benefit pension plans exceeded the threshold for settlement accounting under U.S. GAAP for the year.
Income Taxes
The provision for income taxes was $107.2 million, $72.5 million, and $59.0 million for the years 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively, and the effective tax rate was 14.3%, 18.1%, and 20.2%, respectively.
During 2021, we recorded a tax benefit of $31.5 million associated with stock-based compensation, an increase from the tax benefit of $20.8 million associated with stock-based compensation in 2020, and a tax benefit of $18.5 million for prepayment of future royalties from one of our subsidiaries, which both contributed to the effective tax rate decline from 18.1% in 2020 to 14.3% in 2021.
During 2020, we recorded a tax benefit of $20.8 million associated with stock-based compensation and incurred less tax on international operations versus the prior year.
During 2019, we recorded a net tax benefit of $0.3 million due to the impact of federal law changes enacted during the year, as well as a tax benefit of $10.3 million associated with stock-based compensation.
Please refer to Note 17, Income Taxes, for further discussion of our income taxes.
Equity in Net Income of Affiliated Companies
Equity in net income of affiliated companies represents the contribution to earnings from our 49% ownership interest in Daikyo, which increased from 25% during the fourth quarter of 2019, and our 49% ownership interest in four companies majority-owned by a long-time partner located in Mexico. Please refer to Note 7, Affiliated Companies, for further discussion. Equity in net income of affiliated companies was $20.1 million, $17.4 million, and $8.9 million for the years 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively. Equity in net income of affiliated companies increased by $2.7 million, or 15.5%, in 2021, primarily due to favorable operating results at Daikyo. Equity in net income of affiliated companies increased by $8.5 million, or 95.5%, in 2020, primarily due to favorable operating results at Daikyo and the increased ownership of Daikyo starting in the fourth quarter of 2019.
FINANCIAL CONDITION, LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
Cash Flows
The following table presents cash flow data for the years ended December 31:
Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities
2021 compared to 2020
Net cash provided by operating activities increased by $111.5 million in 2021, primarily due to improved operating results, offset by increases in working capital and timing of tax payments in 2021.
2020 compared to 2019
Net cash provided by operating activities increased by $105.3 million in 2020, primarily due to improved operating results and changes in assets and liabilities.
Net Cash Used in Investing Activities
2021 compared to 2020
Net cash used in investing activities increased by $73.6 million in 2021, primarily due to increases in capital expenditures in 2021 to meet customer demand.
2020 compared to 2019
Net cash used in investing activities decreased by $48.5 million in 2020, primarily due to 2019 investing activities that did not recur in 2020, such as our increase in Daikyo ownership and the acquisition of our South Korea distributor in 2019. These reductions in investing activities were offset in 2020 by an increase in capital expenditures to support our increased customer demands.
Net Cash Used in Financing Activities
2021 compared to 2020
Net cash used in financing activities increased by $31.0 million in 2021, primarily due to an increase in purchases under our share repurchases program.
2020 compared to 2019
Net cash used in financing activities increased by $100.3 million in 2020, primarily due to an increase in purchases under our share repurchases program and given 2019 included new long-term borrowings while no such new borrowings occurred in 2020.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
The table below presents selected liquidity and capital measures as of:
Cash and cash equivalents include all instruments that have maturities of ninety days or less when purchased. Working capital is defined as current assets less current liabilities.
Cash and cash equivalents - Our cash and cash equivalents balance at December 31, 2021 consisted of cash held in depository accounts with banks around the world and cash invested in high-quality, short-term investments. The cash and cash equivalents balance at December 31, 2021 included $422.0 million of cash held by subsidiaries within the U.S. and $340.6 million of cash held by subsidiaries outside of the U.S. In response to the 2017 Tax Act, we reevaluated our position regarding permanent reinvestment of foreign subsidiary earnings and profits through 2017 (with the exception of China and Mexico) and decided that those profits were no longer permanently reinvested. As of January 1, 2018, we reasserted indefinite reinvestment related to all post-2017 unremitted earnings in all of our foreign subsidiaries. In general, it is our practice and intention to permanently reinvest the earnings of our foreign subsidiaries and repatriate earnings only when the tax impact is de minimis, and that position has not changed subsequent to the one-time transition tax under the 2017 Tax Act, except as noted above. Accordingly, no deferred taxes have been provided for withholding taxes or other taxes that would result upon repatriation of approximately $635.3 million of undistributed earnings from foreign subsidiaries to the U.S., as those earnings continue to be permanently reinvested. Further, it is impracticable for us to estimate any future tax costs for any unrecognized deferred tax liabilities associated with our indefinite reinvestment assertion, because the actual tax liability, if any, would be dependent on complex analysis and calculations considering various tax laws, exchange rates, circumstances existing when there is a repatriation, sale or liquidation, or other factors.
Working capital - Working capital at December 31, 2021 increased by $277.6 million, or 31.9%, as compared to December 31, 2020, which includes an unfavorable foreign currency translation impact of $13.3 million. Excluding the impact of currency exchange rates, cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, inventories, and total current liabilities increased by $162.6 million, $121.0 million, $69.3 million, and $108.0 million, respectively. The increase in accounts receivable was due to increased sales activity. The increase in inventories that occurred in the period was to ensure we have sufficient inventory on hand to support the needs of our customers. The increase in total current liabilities was primarily due to increases in current debt, accounts payable, accrued salaries, wages and benefits, accrued expenses, and accrued rebates.
Debt and credit facilities - The $2.2 million decrease in total debt at December 31, 2021, as compared to December 31, 2020, resulted from debt repayments under our Term Loan.
Our sources of liquidity include our Credit Facility. At December 31, 2021, we had no outstanding borrowings under the Credit Facility. At December 31, 2021, the borrowing capacity available under the Credit Facility, including outstanding letters of credit of $2.4 million, was $297.6 million. We do not expect any significant limitations on our ability to access this source of funds. Please refer to Note 10, Debt, for further discussion of our Credit Facility.
Pursuant to the financial covenants in our debt agreements, we are required to maintain established interest coverage ratios and to not exceed established leverage ratios. In addition, the agreements contain other customary covenants, none of which we consider restrictive to our operations. At December 31, 2021, we were in compliance with all of our debt covenants, and we expect to continue to be in compliance with the terms of these agreements throughout 2022.
We believe that cash on hand and cash generated from operations, together with availability under our Credit Facility, will be adequate to address our foreseeable liquidity needs based on our current expectations of our business operations, capital expenditures and scheduled payments of debt obligations to continue to meet customer demand.
Commitments and Contractual Obligations
Contractual obligations associated with ongoing business activities are expected to result in cash payments in future periods, and include the following material items:
•Our business creates a need to enter into various commitments with suppliers, including for the purchase of raw materials and finished goods. In accordance with U.S. GAAP, these purchase obligations are not reflected in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. At December 31, 2021, our outstanding unconditional contractual commitments, including for the purchase of raw materials and finished goods, amounted to $93.6 million, of which $48.3 million is due to be paid in 2022. These purchase commitments do not exceed our projected requirements and are in the normal course of business. The Company previously entered into a material supply agreement for butyl polymers used as a principal raw material in a broad range of the Company’s polymer-based pharmaceutical packaging products.
•Our long-term debt obligations, net of unamortized debt issuance costs including fixed and variable-rate debt further discussed in Note 10, Debt.
•Our operating leases obligations primarily related to land, buildings, and machinery and equipment, with lease terms through 2047 further discussed in Note 6, Leases.
CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES
Management’s discussion and analysis addresses consolidated financial statements that are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The application of these principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions, some of which are subjective and complex, that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements. We believe the following accounting policies and estimates are critical to understanding and evaluating our results of operations and financial position:
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets: Long-lived assets, including property, plant and equipment and operating lease right-of-use assets, are tested for impairment whenever circumstances, such as a deterioration in general macroeconomic conditions or a change in company strategy, increased competition, declining product demand, plans to dispose of an asset or asset group, or recent financial or legal factors that could impact the expected cash flows, indicate that the carrying value of these assets may not be recoverable. An asset is considered impaired if the carrying value of the asset exceeds the sum of the future expected undiscounted cash flows to be derived from the asset. Impairment reviews are based on an estimated future cash flow approach that requires significant judgment with respect to future revenue and expense growth rates, selection of appropriate discount rate, asset groupings, and other assumptions and estimates. The Company uses estimates that are consistent with its business plans and a market participant view of the assets being evaluated. Once an asset is considered impaired, an impairment loss is recorded within other expense (income) for the difference between the asset’s carrying value and its fair value. For assets held and used in the business, management determines fair value using estimated future cash flows to be derived from the asset, discounted to a net present value using an appropriate discount rate. For assets held for sale or for investment purposes, management determines fair value by estimating the proceeds to be received upon sale of the asset, less disposition costs.
Impairment of Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets: Goodwill is tested for impairment at least annually, following the completion of our annual budget and long-range planning process, or whenever circumstances indicate that the carrying value of these assets may not be recoverable. Goodwill is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level, which is the same as, or one level below, our operating segments. A goodwill impairment charge represents the amount by which a reporting unit’s carrying amount exceeds its fair value, not to exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. Considerable management judgment is necessary to estimate fair value. Amounts and assumptions used in our goodwill impairment test, such as future sales, future cash flows and long-term growth rates, are consistent with internal projections and operating plans. Amounts and assumptions used in our goodwill impairment test are also largely dependent on the continued sale of drug products delivered by injection and the packaging of drug products, as well as our timeliness and success in new-product innovation or the development and commercialization of proprietary multi-component systems. Changes in the estimate of fair value, including the estimate of future cash flows, could have a material impact on our future results of operations and financial position. Accounting guidance also allows entities to first assess qualitative factors, including macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, cost factors, and overall financial performance, to determine whether it is necessary to perform the quantitative goodwill impairment test. We elected to follow this guidance for our annual impairment test. Based upon our assessment, we determined that it was not more likely than not that the fair value of each of our reporting units was less than its carrying amount and determined that it was not necessary to perform the quantitative goodwill impairment test.
Intangible assets with finite lives are amortized using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives, and reviewed for impairment whenever circumstances indicate that the carrying value of these assets may not be recoverable.
Employee Benefits: We maintain funded and unfunded defined benefit pension plans in the U.S. and a number of other countries that cover employees who meet eligibility requirements. In addition, we sponsor postretirement benefit plans which provide healthcare benefits for eligible employees who retire or become disabled. Postretirement benefit plans are limited to only those active employees who met the eligibility requirements as of January 1, 2017. The measurement of annual cost and obligations under these defined benefit pension and postretirement plans are subject to a number of assumptions, which are specific for each of our U.S. and foreign plans. The assumptions, which are reviewed at least annually, are relevant to both the plan assets (where applicable) and the obligation for benefits that will ultimately be provided to our employees. Two of the most critical assumptions in determining pension expense are the discount rate and expected long-term rate of return on plan assets. Other assumptions reflect demographic factors such as retirement age, rates of compensation increases, mortality and turnover, and are evaluated periodically and updated to reflect our actual experience. For our funded plans, we consider the current and expected asset allocations of our plan assets, as well as historical and expected rates of return, in estimating the long-term rate of return on plan assets. One of the most critical assumptions in determining retiree mental plan expense is the discount rate. Under U.S. GAAP, differences between actual and expected results are generally accumulated in other comprehensive income (loss) as actuarial gains or losses and subsequently amortized into earnings over future periods.
Changes in key assumptions could have a material impact on our future results of operations and financial position. We estimate that every 25-basis point reduction in our long-term rate of return assumption would increase pension expense by $0.7 million, and every 25-basis point reduction in our discount rate would decrease pension expense by $0.0 million. A decrease in the discount rate increases the present value of benefit obligations. Our net pension underfunded balance at December 31, 2021 was $20.6 million, compared to $40.8 million at December 31, 2020. Our underfunded balance for other postretirement benefits was $5.6 million at December 31, 2021, compared to $6.1 million at December 31, 2020.
Income Taxes: We estimate income taxes payable based upon current domestic and international tax legislation. In addition, deferred income taxes are recognized by applying enacted statutory tax rates to tax loss carryforwards and temporary differences between the tax basis and financial statement carrying values of our assets and liabilities. The enacted statutory tax rate applied is based on the rate expected to be applicable at the time of the forecasted utilization of the loss carryforward or reversal of the temporary difference. Valuation allowances on deferred tax assets are established when it is more likely than not that all or a portion of a deferred tax asset will not be realized. The realizability of deferred tax assets is subject to our estimates of future taxable income, generally at the respective subsidiary company and country level. Changes in tax legislation, business plans and other factors may affect the ultimate recoverability of tax assets or final tax payments, which could result in adjustments to tax expense in the period such change is determined.
When accounting for uncertainty in income taxes recognized in our financial statements, we apply a more-likely-than-not threshold for financial statement recognition and measurement of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return.
Please refer to Note 1, Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Note 2, New Accounting Standards, to our consolidated financial statements for additional information on our significant accounting policies and accounting standards issued but not yet adopted.

ITEM 7A - QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Our ongoing business operations expose us to various risks, such as fluctuating interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates and increasing commodity prices. These risk factors can impact our results of operations, cash flows and financial position. To manage these market risks, we periodically enter into derivative financial instruments, such as interest rate swaps, options and foreign exchange contracts for periods consistent with, and for notional amounts equal to or less than, the related underlying exposures. We do not purchase or hold any derivative financial instruments for investment or trading purposes. All derivatives are recorded in our consolidated balance sheet at fair value.
Foreign Currency Exchange Risk
Sales outside of the U.S. accounted for 57.7% of our consolidated net sales in 2021. Virtually all of these sales and related operating costs are denominated in the currency of the local country and translated into USD for consolidated reporting purposes. Although the majority of the assets and liabilities of these subsidiaries are denominated in the functional currency of the subsidiary, they may also hold assets or liabilities denominated in other currencies. These items may give rise to foreign currency transaction gains and losses. As a result, our results of operations and financial position are exposed to changing currency exchange rates. We periodically use forward exchange contracts to hedge certain transactions or to manage month-end balance sheet exposures on cross-currency intercompany loans.
We have entered into forward exchange contracts, designated as fair value hedges, to manage our exposure to fluctuating foreign exchange rates on cross-currency intercompany loans. As of December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the total amount of these forward exchange contracts were $13.4 million and SGD 601.5 million.
In addition, we have entered into several foreign currency contracts, designated as cash flow hedges, for periods of up to eighteen months, intended to hedge the currency risk associated with a portion of our forecasted transactions denominated in foreign currencies. As of December 31, 2021, we had outstanding foreign currency contracts to purchase and sell certain pairs of currencies, as follows:
In November and December 2019, in conjunction with the repayment of the outstanding long-term borrowings under our Credit Facility denominated in Euro and Japanese Yen, we de-designated these borrowings as hedges of our net investments in certain European subsidiaries and Daikyo. The amounts recorded as a cumulative translation adjustment in accumulated other comprehensive loss related to these borrowings (prior to de-designation) will remain in accumulated other comprehensive loss indefinitely, unless certain future events occur, such as the disposition of the operations for which the net investment hedges relate.
In December 2019, we entered into a five-year floating-to-floating forward-starting cross-currency swap (the “cross-currency swap”) for $90 million, which we designated as a hedge of our net investment in Daikyo. The notional amount of the cross-currency swap is ¥9.4 billion ($85.5 million) as of December 31, 2021. Under the cross-currency swap, we receive floating interest rate payments based on three-month USD LIBOR plus a margin, in return for paying floating interest rate payments based on three-month Japanese Yen LIBOR or successor rate plus a margin.
Interest Rate Risk
As a result of our normal borrowing activities, we have long-term debt with both fixed and variable interest rates. Long-term debt consists of our Term Loan and Series A, B and C notes.
The following table summarizes our interest rate risk-sensitive instruments:
Commodity Price Risk
Many of our proprietary products are made from synthetic elastomers, which are derived from the petroleum refining process. We purchase the majority of our elastomers via long-term supply contracts, some of which contain clauses that provide for surcharges related to fluctuations in crude oil prices. In recent years, raw material costs have fluctuated due to crude oil price fluctuations. We expect this volatility to continue and will continue to pursue pricing and hedging strategies, and ongoing cost control initiatives, to offset the effects on gross profit.
From November 2017 through December 2021, we purchased several series of call options for a total of 640,267 barrels of crude oil to mitigate our exposure to such oil-based surcharges and protect operating cash flows with regards to a portion of our forecasted elastomer purchases.
During 2021, the gain recorded in cost of goods and services sold related to these options was $1.7 million. During 2020, the loss recorded in cost of goods and services sold related to these options was $0.2 million.
As of December 31, 2021, we had outstanding contracts to purchase 188,242 barrels of crude oil from January 2022 to June 2023, at a weighted-average strike price of $74.16 per barrel.

ITEM 8 - FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
West Pharmaceutical Services, Inc. and Subsidiaries for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019
(in millions, except per share data)
The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
West Pharmaceutical Services, Inc. and Subsidiaries for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019
(in millions)
The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
West Pharmaceutical Services, Inc. and Subsidiaries at December 31, 2021 and 2020
The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF EQUITY
West Pharmaceutical Services, Inc. and Subsidiaries for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019
(in millions)
The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
West Pharmaceutical Services, Inc. and Subsidiaries for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019
(in millions)
The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Note 1: Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Principles of Consolidation: The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of West after the elimination of intercompany transactions. We have no participation or other rights in variable interest entities.
In April 2019, we acquired the business of our distributor in South Korea for $18.9 million. As a result of the acquisition, we recorded inventories, property, plant and equipment, goodwill and a customer relationships intangible asset of $4.5 million, $0.6 million, $2.6 million and $11.2 million, respectively. The goodwill was recorded within our Proprietary Products reportable segment. The results of this acquisition have been included in our consolidated financial statements since the acquisition date.
West has been actively monitoring the coronavirus (“COVID-19”) situation and its impact globally. Our production facilities continued to operate during the year as they had prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, other than for enhanced safety measures intended to prevent the spread of the virus and higher levels of production at certain plant locations to meet additional customer demand. The remote working arrangements and travel restrictions imposed by various governments had limited impact on our ability to maintain operations during the year, as our manufacturing operations have generally been exempted from stay-at-home orders.
Use of Estimates: The financial statements are prepared in conformity with U.S. GAAP. These principles require management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and the disclosure of contingencies in the financial statements. Actual amounts realized may differ from these estimates.
Cash and Cash Equivalents: Cash equivalents include time deposits, certificates of deposit and all highly liquid short-term instruments with maturities of three months or less at the time of purchase.
Accounts Receivable: Our accounts receivable balance was net of an allowance for doubtful accounts of $0.4 million and $1.1 million at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Under the current expected credit loss model, we have adopted a provision matrix approach, utilizing historical loss rates based on the number of days past due, adjusted to reflect current economic conditions and forecasts of future economic conditions.
Inventories: Inventories are valued at the lower of cost (on a first-in, first-out basis) and net realizable value. The following is a summary of inventories at December 31:
Property, Plant and Equipment: Property, plant and equipment assets are carried at cost. Maintenance and minor repairs and renewals are charged to expense as incurred. Costs incurred for computer software developed or obtained for internal use are capitalized for application development activities and immediately expensed for preliminary project activities or post-implementation activities. Upon sale or retirement of depreciable assets, costs and related accumulated depreciation are eliminated, and gains or losses are recognized in other expense (income). Depreciation and amortization are computed principally using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, or the remaining term of the lease, if shorter.
Leases: Operating lease right-of-use assets are initially measured at cost, which comprises the initial amount of the lease liability adjusted for lease payments made at or before the lease commencement date, plus any initial direct costs incurred less any lease incentives received. Operating lease right-of-use assets are subsequently measured throughout the lease term at the carrying amount of the lease liability, plus initial direct costs, plus (minus) any prepaid (accrued) lease payments, less the unamortized balance of lease incentives received. Lease expense for lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Operating lease liabilities are initially measured at the present value of the unpaid lease payments at the lease commencement date. We had no finance leases as of December 31, 2021. Please refer to Note 6, Leases, for additional information.
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets: Long-lived assets, including property, plant and equipment and operating lease right-of-use assets, are tested for impairment whenever circumstances indicate that the carrying value of these assets may not be recoverable. An asset is considered impaired if the carrying value of the asset exceeds the sum of the future expected undiscounted cash flows to be derived from the asset. Once an asset is considered impaired, an impairment loss is recorded within other expense (income) for the difference between the asset’s carrying value and its fair value. For assets held and used in the business, management determines fair value using estimated future cash flows to be derived from the asset, discounted to a net present value using an appropriate discount rate. For assets held for sale or for investment purposes, management determines fair value by estimating the proceeds to be received upon sale of the asset, less disposition costs.
Impairment of Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets: Goodwill is tested for impairment at least annually, following the completion of our annual budget and long-range planning process, or whenever circumstances indicate that the carrying value of these assets may not be recoverable. Goodwill is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level, which is the same as, or one level below, our operating segments. A goodwill impairment charge represents the amount by which a reporting unit’s carrying amount exceeds its fair value, not to exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. Accounting guidance also allows entities to first assess qualitative factors, including macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, cost factors, and overall financial performance, to determine whether it is necessary to perform the quantitative goodwill impairment test. We elected to follow this guidance for our annual impairment test. Based upon our assessment, we determined that it was not more likely than not that the fair value of each of our reporting units was less than its carrying amount and determined that it was not necessary to perform the quantitative goodwill impairment test.
Intangible assets with finite lives are amortized using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives of 3 to 25 years, and reviewed for impairment whenever circumstances indicate that the carrying value of these assets may not be recoverable.
Employee Benefits: The measurement of the obligations under our defined benefit pension and postretirement medical plans are subject to a number of assumptions. These include the rate of return on plan assets (for funded plans) and the rate at which the future obligations are discounted to present value. For our funded plans, we consider the current and expected asset allocations of our plan assets, as well as historical and expected rates of return, in estimating the long-term rate of return on plan assets. U.S. GAAP requires the recognition of an asset or liability for the funded status of a defined benefit postretirement plan, as measured by the difference between the fair value of plan assets, if any, and the benefit obligation. For a pension plan, the benefit obligation is the projected benefit obligation; for any other postretirement plan, such as a retiree health plan, the benefit obligation is the accumulated postretirement benefit obligation. Please refer to Note 15, Benefit Plans, for a more detailed discussion of our pension and other retirement plans.
Financial Instruments: All derivatives are recognized as either assets or liabilities in the balance sheet and recorded at their fair value. For a derivative designated as hedging the exposure to variable cash flows of a forecasted transaction (referred to as a cash flow hedge), the effective portion of the derivative’s gain or loss is initially reported as a component of other comprehensive income (“OCI”), net of tax, and subsequently reclassified into earnings when the forecasted transaction affects earnings. For a derivative designated as hedging the exposure to changes in the fair value of a recognized asset or liability or a firm commitment (referred to as a fair value hedge), the derivative’s gain or loss is recognized in earnings in the period of change together with the offsetting loss or gain on the hedged item. For a derivative designated as hedging the foreign currency exposure of a net investment in a foreign operation, the gain or loss is reported in OCI, net of tax, as part of the cumulative translation adjustment. The ineffective portion of any derivative used in a hedging transaction is recognized immediately into earnings. Derivative financial instruments that are not designated as hedges are also recorded at fair value, with the change in fair value recognized immediately into earnings. We do not purchase or hold any derivative financial instrument for investment or trading purposes.
Foreign Currency Translation: Foreign currency transaction gains and losses are recognized in the determination of net income. Foreign currency translation adjustments of subsidiaries and affiliates operating outside of the U.S. are accumulated in other comprehensive loss, a separate component of equity.
Revenue Recognition: Our revenue results from the sale of goods or services and reflects the consideration to which we expect to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. We record revenue based on a five-step model, in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 606. Following the identification of a contract with a customer, we identify the performance obligations (goods or services) in the contract, determine the transaction price, allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, and recognize the revenue when (or as) we satisfy the performance obligations by transferring the promised goods or services to our customers. A good or service is transferred when (or as) the customer obtains control of that good or service. We have elected to disregard the effects of a significant financing component, as we expect, at the inception of our contracts, that the period between when we transfer a promised good or service to the customer and when the customer pays for that good or service will be one year or less. In addition, we have elected to omit the disclosure of the majority of our remaining performance obligations, which are satisfied within one year or less. Please refer to Note 3, Revenue, for additional information.
Shipping and Handling Costs: Shipping and handling costs are included in cost of goods and services sold. Shipping and handling costs billed to customers in connection with the sale are included in net sales.
Research and Development: Research and development expenditures are for the creation, engineering and application of new or improved products and processes. Expenditures include primarily salaries and outside services for those directly involved in research and development activities and are primarily expensed as incurred.
Environmental Remediation and Compliance Costs: Environmental remediation costs are accrued when such costs are probable and reasonable estimates are determinable. Cost estimates include investigation, cleanup and monitoring activities; such estimates are adjusted, if necessary, based on additional findings. Environmental compliance costs are expensed as incurred as part of normal operations.
Litigation: From time to time, we are involved in legal proceedings, investigations and claims generally incidental to our normal business activities. In accordance with U.S. GAAP, we accrue for loss contingencies when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. These estimates are based on an analysis made by internal and external legal counsel considering information known at the time. Legal costs in connection with loss contingencies are expensed as incurred.
Income Taxes: Deferred income taxes are recognized by applying enacted statutory tax rates to tax loss carryforwards and temporary differences between the tax basis and financial statement carrying values of our assets and liabilities. The enacted statutory tax rate applied is based on the rate expected to be applicable at the time of the forecasted utilization of the loss carryforward or reversal of the temporary difference. Valuation allowances on deferred tax assets are established when it is more likely than not that all or a portion of a deferred tax asset will not be realized. The realizability of deferred tax assets is subject to our estimates of future taxable income, generally at the respective subsidiary company and the country level. Please refer to Note 17, Income Taxes, for additional information. We recognize interest costs related to income taxes in interest expense and penalties within other expense (income). The tax law ordering approach is used for purposes of determining whether an excess tax benefit has been realized during the year.
Stock-Based Compensation: Under the fair value provisions of U.S. GAAP, stock-based compensation cost is measured at the grant date based on the value of the award and is recognized as expense over the vesting period. In order to determine the fair value of stock options on the grant date, we use the Black-Scholes valuation model. Please refer to Note 14, Stock-Based Compensation, for a more detailed discussion of our stock-based compensation plans.
Net Income Per Share: Basic net income per share is computed by dividing net income attributable to common shareholders by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during each period. Net income per share assuming dilution considers the dilutive effect of outstanding stock options and other stock awards based on the treasury stock method. The treasury stock method assumes the use of exercise proceeds to repurchase common stock at the average fair market value in the period.
Note 2: New Accounting Standards
Standards Issued Not Yet Adopted
In March 2020, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued guidance which provides optional expedients and exceptions to address the impact of reference rate reform where contracts, hedging relationships and other transactions that reference the London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR") or another reference rate need to be discontinued. This guidance was effective upon issuance and generally can be applied through December 31, 2022. We have identified the contracts impacted by reference rate reform, and have executed certain amendments to replace the use of LIBOR. We are currently working with counterparties to identify alternative reference rates to be used in any remaining contracts that have not yet been amended. The Company does not expect such adoption to cause a material impact to the consolidated financial statements.
In November 2021, the FASB issued guidance that seeks to improve the transparency of financial disclosures for government assistance received by business entities. The amendment requires disclosures for transactions with a government accounted for by applying a grant or contribution accounting model by analogy, including (1) the types of transactions, (2) the accounting for those transactions, and (3) the effect of those transactions on an entity’s financial statements. This guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2021. We are currently evaluating the impact of this guidance on our financial statements and disclosures. The Company does not expect such adoption to cause a material impact to the consolidated financial statements.
Note 3: Revenue
Revenue Recognition
We recognize the majority of our revenue, primarily relating to Proprietary Products product sales, at a point in time, following the transfer of control of our products to our customers, which typically occurs upon shipment or delivery, depending on the terms of the related agreements.
We recognize revenue relating to our Contract-Manufactured Products product sales and certain Proprietary Products product sales over time, as our performance does not create an asset with an alternative use to us and we have an enforceable right to payment for performance completed to date.
We recognize revenue relating to our development and tooling agreements over time, as our performance creates or enhances an asset that the customer controls as the asset is created or enhanced.
For revenue recognized over time, revenue is recognized by applying a method of measuring progress toward complete satisfaction of the related performance obligation. When selecting the method for measuring progress, we select the method that best depicts the transfer of control of goods or services promised to our customers.
Revenue for our Contract-Manufactured Products product sales, certain Proprietary Products product sales, and our development and tooling agreements is recorded under an input method, which recognizes revenue on the basis of our efforts or inputs to the satisfaction of a performance obligation (for example, resources consumed, labor hours expended, costs incurred, time elapsed, or machine hours used) relative to the total expected inputs to the satisfaction of that performance obligation. The input method that we use is based on costs incurred.
The majority of the performance obligations within our contracts are satisfied within one year or less. Performance obligations satisfied beyond one year include those relating to a nonrefundable customer payment of $20.0 million received in June 2013 in return for the exclusive use of the SmartDose technology platform within a specific therapeutic area. As of December 31, 2021, there was $3.9 million of unearned income related to this payment, of which $0.9 million was included in other current liabilities and $3.0 million was included in other long-term liabilities. The unearned income is being recognized as income on a straight-line basis over the remaining term of the agreement. The agreement does not include a future minimum purchase commitment from the customer.
Our revenue can be generated from contracts with multiple performance obligations. When a sales agreement involves multiple performance obligations, each obligation is separately identified and the transaction price is allocated based on the amount of consideration we expect to be entitled in exchange for transferring the promised good or service to the customer.
Some customers receive pricing rebates upon attaining established sales volumes. We record rebate costs when sales occur based on our assessment of the likelihood that the required volumes will be attained. We also maintain an allowance for product returns, as we believe that we are able to reasonably estimate the amount of returns based on our substantial historical experience and specific identification of customer claims.
The following table presents the approximate percentage of our net sales by market group:
The following table presents the approximate percentage of our net sales by product category:
The following table presents the approximate percentage of our net sales by geographic location:
Contract Assets and Liabilities
Contract assets and liabilities result from transactions with revenue primarily recorded over time. If the measure of remaining rights exceeds the measure of the remaining performance obligations, we record a contract asset. Contract assets are recorded on the consolidated balance sheet in accounts receivable, net, and other assets (current and noncurrent portions, respectively). Contract assets included in accounts receivable, net, relate to the unbilled amounts of our product sales for which we have recognized revenue over time. Contract assets included in other assets represent the remaining performance obligations of our development and tooling agreements. Conversely, if the measure of the remaining performance obligations exceeds the measure of the remaining rights, we record a contract liability. Contract liabilities are recorded on the consolidated balance sheet within other liabilities (current and noncurrent portions, respectively) and represent cash payments received in advance of our performance.
The following table summarizes our contract assets and liabilities, excluding amounts included in accounts receivable, net:
The increase in deferred income during 2021 was primarily due to additional cash payments of $112.3 million received in advance of satisfying future performance obligations, partially offset by the recognition of current year revenue of $72.0 million, and $31.8 million of revenue that was included in deferred income at the beginning of the year.
Voluntary Recall
On January 24, 2019, we issued a voluntary recall of our Vial2Bag® product line due to reports of potential unpredictable or variable dosing under certain conditions. Our fourth quarter 2018 results included an $11.3 million provision for product returns, recorded as a reduction of sales, partially offset by a reduction in cost of goods sold reflecting our inventory balance for these devices at December 31, 2018. During 2019, we recorded a net provision of $5.4 million for inventory returns from our customers and related in-house inventory, partially offset by a reduction in our provision for product returns. On October 21, 2020 we received market clearance from the FDA for our Vial2BagAdvancedTM 20mm Admixture Device.
Note 4: Net Income Per Share
The following table reconciles the shares used in the calculation of basic net income per share to those used for diluted net income per share:
During 2021, 2020 and 2019, there were 0.0 million, 0.0 million, and 0.1 million shares, respectively, from stock-based compensation plans not included in the computation of diluted net income per share because their impact was antidilutive.
In December 2020, we announced a share repurchase program for calendar-year 2021 authorizing the repurchase of up to 631,000 shares of our common stock from time to time on the open market as permitted under Exchange Act Rule 10b-18 or in privately-negotiated transactions. There were no shares purchased during the three months ended December 31, 2021. During the year ended December 31, 2021, we purchased 479,000 shares of our common stock under the now completed program at a cost of $137.1 million, or an average price of $286.23 per share.
In December 2021, our Board of Directors approved a share repurchase program for calendar-year 2022 authorizing the repurchase of up to 650,000 shares of our common stock from time to time on the open market as permitted under Exchange Act Rule 10b-18 or in privately-negotiated transactions. The number of shares to be repurchased and the timing of such transactions will depend on a variety of factors, including market conditions. This share repurchase program is expected to be completed by December 31, 2022.
Note 5: Property, Plant and Equipment
A summary of gross property, plant and equipment at December 31 is presented in the following table:
Depreciation expense for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 was $116.9 million, $104.7 million and $100.0 million, respectively.
We capitalize interest on borrowings during the active construction period of major capital projects. Capitalized interest is added to the cost of the underlying assets and is amortized over the useful lives of the assets. Capitalized interest for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 was $2.0 million, $1.4 million and $0.9 million, respectively.
Note 6: Leases
Adoption of ASC 842
On January 1, 2019, we adopted ASC 842, using the modified retrospective approach that allows companies to apply ASC 842 as of the effective date and on a prospective basis. As a result, we were not required to adjust our comparative period financial information for effects of ASC 842 or present the new required lease disclosures for periods prior to the date of adoption. As of December 31, 2021, we had operating leases primarily related to land, buildings, and machinery and equipment, with lease terms through 2047. Certain of our operating leases provide us with an option, exercisable at our sole discretion, to terminate the lease or extend the lease term for one year or more. At this time, the Company is not able to assert whether any of these options will be exercised. We had no finance leases as of December 31, 2021 and 2020.
The operating lease right-of-use assets are initially measured at cost, which comprises the initial amount of the lease liability adjusted for lease payments made at or before the lease commencement date, plus any initial direct costs incurred less any lease incentives received. The operating lease right-of-use assets are subsequently measured throughout the lease term at the carrying amount of the lease liability, plus initial direct costs, plus (minus) any prepaid (accrued) lease payments, less the unamortized balance of lease incentives received. Lease expense for lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The operating lease liabilities are initially measured at the present value of the unpaid lease payments at the lease commencement date.
Judgments used in applying ASC 842 include determining: i) whether a contract is, or contains, a lease; ii) the discount rate to be used to discount the unpaid lease payments to present value; iii) the lease term; and iv) the lease payments. We determine if a contract is, or contains, a lease at contract inception. A lease exists when a contract conveys to the customer the right to control the use of identified property, plant, or equipment for a period of time in exchange for consideration. The definition of a lease embodies two conditions: 1) there is an identified asset in the contract that is land or a depreciable asset (i.e., property, plant, and equipment); and 2) the customer has the right to control the use of the identified asset. ASC 842 requires a lessee to discount its unpaid lease payments using the interest rate implicit in the lease or, if that rate cannot be readily determined, its incremental borrowing rate. As all of our operating leases do not provide an implicit rate, we use our incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. Our incremental borrowing rate for a lease is the rate of interest we would have to pay on a collateralized basis to borrow an amount equal to the lease payments under similar terms. The lease term for all of our operating leases includes the noncancellable period of the lease plus any additional periods covered by either a lessee option to extend (or not to terminate) the lease that the lessee is reasonably certain to exercise, or an option to extend (or not to terminate) the lease controlled by the lessor. Lease payments included in the measurement of the operating lease right-of-use assets and lease liabilities are comprised of fixed payments (including in-substance fixed payments), variable payments that depend on an index or rate, and the exercise price of a lessee option to purchase the underlying asset if the lessee is reasonably certain to exercise.
The components of lease expense were as follows:
Supplemental information related to leases was as follows:
As of December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the weighted average remaining lease term for operating leases was 10.7 years and 11.1 years and the weighted average discount rate was 3.58% and 3.68%, respectively.
Maturities of lease liabilities as of December 31, 2021 were as follows:
Practical Expedients and Exemptions
We have elected to adopt practical expedients around the combination of lease and non-lease components and the portfolio approach relating to discount rates. These practical expedients were applied consistently to all leases.
We have elected not to recognize operating lease right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities for all short-term leases (leases with an initial lease term of 12 months or less). We recognize the lease payments associated with our short-term leases as an expense over the lease term.
Note 7: Affiliated Companies
At December 31, 2021, the following affiliated companies were accounted for under the equity method:
On November 1, 2019, in connection with the amendment of certain commercial agreements with Daikyo, we increased our ownership interest from 25% to 49% in Daikyo in exchange for $85.1 million in cash and $4.9 million in shares of our treasury stock to certain stockholders of Daikyo.
Unremitted income of affiliated companies included in consolidated retained earnings amounted to $115.6 million, $98.2 million and $82.4 million at December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Dividends received from affiliated companies were $2.7 million in 2021, $1.6 million in 2020 and $2.2 million in 2019.
Our equity in net unrealized gains of Daikyo’s investment securities and derivative instruments, as well as pension adjustments, included in accumulated other comprehensive loss was $1.5 million, $0.6 million and $0.4 million at December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
Our purchases from, and royalty payments made to, affiliates totaled $155.0 million, $143.3 million and $115.1 million, respectively, in 2021, 2020 and 2019, of which $25.5 million and $33.6 million was due and payable as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The majority of these transactions related to a distributorship agreement with Daikyo that allows us to purchase and re-sell Daikyo products. Sales to affiliates were $12.0 million, $9.7 million and $9.2 million, respectively, in 2021, 2020 and 2019, of which $2.3 million and $1.4 million was receivable as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
At December 31, 2021 and 2020, the aggregate carrying amount of our investment in affiliated companies that are accounted for under the equity method was $201.2 million and $201.9 million, respectively, and the aggregate carrying amount of our investment in affiliated companies that are not accounted for under the equity method was $6.5 million and $12.8 million, respectively. We have elected to record these investments, for which fair value was not readily determinable, at cost, less impairment, adjusted for subsequent observable price changes. We test these investments for impairment whenever circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the investments may not be recoverable.
Note 8: Goodwill and Intangible Assets
The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill by reportable segment were as follows:
As of December 31, 2021, we had $0.1 million in accumulated goodwill impairment losses.
Intangible assets and accumulated amortization as of December 31 were as follows:
The cost basis of intangible assets includes a foreign currency translation loss of $1.3 million and a foreign currency translation gain of $1.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 was $5.4 million, $4.4 million and $3.4 million, respectively. Estimated annual amortization expense for the next five years is as follows: 2022 - $4.0 million, 2023 - $4.0 million, 2024 - $4.0 million, 2025 - $3.0 million and 2026 - $2.8 million.
Note 9: Other Current Liabilities
Other current liabilities as of December 31 included the following:
Note 10: Debt
The following table summarizes our long-term debt obligations, net of unamortized debt issuance costs and current maturities, at December 31. The interest rates shown in parentheses are as of December 31, 2021.
Credit Agreement - Credit Facility
In March 2019, we entered into the Credit Agreement which expires in March 2024, and contains the Credit Facility of $300.0 million, with sublimits of up to $30.0 million for swing line loans for domestic borrowers in USD and a $20.0 million swing line loan for our German Holding Company and up to $30.0 million for the issuance of standby letters of credit. The Credit Facility may be increased from time-to-time by the greater of $350.0 million and earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (“EBITDA”) for the preceding twelve month period in the aggregate through an increase in the Credit Facility, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions. Borrowings under the Credit Facility bear interest at either the base rate (the per annum interest rate of the highest of the Prime Rate, the Federal Funds Rate plus 50 basis points or the daily LIBOR, plus 1.00%) or at the applicable LIBOR rate, plus a tiered margin based on the ratio of our net consolidated debt to our modified EBITDA, ranging from 0 to 37.5 basis points for base rate loans and 87.5 to 137.5 basis points for LIBOR rate loans. The Credit Agreement contains financial covenants providing that we shall not permit the ratio of our net consolidated debt to our modified EBITDA to be greater than 3.5 to 1; provided that, no more than three times during the term of the Credit Agreement, upon the occurrence of a qualified acquisition for each of our four fiscal quarters immediately following such qualified acquisition, the ratio shall be increased to 4.0 to 1. The Credit Agreement also contains customary limitations on liens securing our indebtedness, fundamental changes (mergers, consolidations, liquidations and dissolutions), asset sales, distributions and acquisitions. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, total unamortized debt issuance costs of $0.1 million and $0.4 million, respectively, were recorded in other noncurrent assets and are being amortized as additional interest expense over the term of the Credit Facility.
At December 31, 2021, we had no outstanding borrowings under the Credit Facility. At December 31, 2021, the borrowing capacity available under the Credit Facility, including outstanding letters of credit of $2.4 million, was $297.6 million.
Credit Agreement Amendment - Term Loan
In December 2019, we entered into a First Amendment and Incremental Facility Amendment (the “First Amendment”) to the Credit Agreement. Pursuant to the First Amendment and the Credit Agreement, we established the Term Loan in the amount of $90.0 million, which is due on December 31, 2024. Borrowings under the Term Loan bear interest at the three-month LIBOR plus 87.5 basis points. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, there were unamortized debt issuance costs remaining of $0.1 million and $0.1 million, respectively, which are being amortized as additional interest expense over the term of the Term Loan.
At December 31, 2021, we had $85.5 million in borrowings under the Term Loan, of which $2.2 million was classified as current and $83.3 million was classified as long-term. Please refer to Note 11, Derivative Financial Instruments, for a discussion of the foreign currency hedge associated with the Term Loan.
Private Placement
In 2012, we concluded a private placement issuance of $168.0 million in senior unsecured notes. The total amount of the private placement issuance was divided into three tranches - $42.0 million 3.67% Series A Notes due July 5, 2022, $53.0 million 3.82% Series B Notes due July 5, 2024, and $73.0 million 4.02% Series C Notes due July 5, 2027 (the “Notes”). The Notes rank pari passu with our other senior unsecured debt. The weighted average of the coupon interest rates on the Notes is 3.87%. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, there were unamortized debt issuance costs remaining of $0.3 million and $0.4 million, respectively, which are being amortized as additional interest expense over the term of the Notes.
Covenants
Pursuant to the financial covenants in our debt agreements, we are required to maintain established interest coverage ratios and to not exceed established leverage ratios. In addition, the agreements contain other customary covenants, none of which we consider restrictive to our operations. At December 31, 2021, we were in compliance with all of our debt covenants.
Interest costs incurred during 2021, 2020 and 2019 were $10.2 million, $9.6 million and $9.4 million, respectively. The aggregate annual maturities of long-term debt, excluding unamortized debt issuance costs, are as follows: $44.2 million in 2022, 2023 - $2.3 million, 2024 - $134.0 million, 2025 - $0.0 million, 2026 - $0.0 million, and thereafter - $73.0 million.
Note 11: Derivative Financial Instruments
Our ongoing business operations expose us to various risks, such as fluctuating interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates and increasing commodity prices. To manage these market risks, we periodically enter into derivative financial instruments, such as interest rate swaps, options and foreign exchange contracts for periods consistent with, and for notional amounts equal to or less than, the related underlying exposures. We do not purchase or hold any derivative financial instruments for investment or trading purposes. All derivatives are recorded in our consolidated balance sheet at fair value.
Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk
We have entered into forward exchange contracts, designated as fair value hedges, to manage our exposure to fluctuating foreign exchange rates on cross-currency intercompany loans. As of December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the total amount of these forward exchange contracts was SGD 601.5 million and $13.4 million.
In addition, we have entered into several foreign currency contracts, designated as cash flow hedges, for periods of up to eighteen months, intended to hedge the currency risk associated with a portion of our forecasted transactions denominated in foreign currencies. As of December 31, 2021, we had outstanding foreign currency contracts to purchase and sell certain pairs of currencies, as follows:
In November and December 2019, in conjunction with the repayment of the outstanding long-term borrowings under our Credit Facility denominated in Euro and Japanese Yen, we de-designated these borrowings as hedges of our net investments in certain European subsidiaries and Daikyo. The amounts recorded as cumulative translation adjustments within accumulated other comprehensive loss related to these borrowings (prior to de-designation) will remain in accumulated other comprehensive loss indefinitely, unless certain future events occur, such as the disposition of the operations for which the net investment hedges relate.
In December 2019, we entered into a five-year floating-to-floating forward-starting cross-currency swap (the “cross-currency swap”) for $90 million, which we designated as a hedge of our net investment in Daikyo. The notional amount of the cross-currency swap is ¥9.4 billion ($85.5 million) as of December 31, 2021. Under the cross-currency swap, we receive floating interest rate payments based on three-month USD LIBOR plus a margin, in return for paying floating interest rate payments based on three-month Japanese Yen LIBOR or successor rate plus a margin.
Commodity Price Risk
Many of our proprietary products are made from synthetic elastomers, which are derived from the petroleum refining process. We purchase the majority of our elastomers via long-term supply contracts, some of which contain clauses that provide for surcharges related to fluctuations in crude oil prices. The following economic hedges did not qualify for hedge accounting treatment since they did not meet the highly effective requirement at inception.
From November 2017 through December 2021, we purchased several series of call options for a total of 640,267 barrels of crude oil to mitigate our exposure to such oil-based surcharges and protect operating cash flows with regards to a portion of our forecasted elastomer purchases.
As of December 31, 2021, we had outstanding contracts to purchase 188,242 barrels of crude oil from January 2022 to June 2023, at a weighted-average strike price of $74.16 per barrel.
Effects of Derivative Instruments on Financial Position and Results of Operations
Please refer to Note 12, Fair Value Measurements, for the balance sheet location and fair values of our derivative instruments as of December 31, 2021 and 2020.
The following table summarizes the effects of derivative instruments designated as fair value hedges in our consolidated statements of income for the years ended December 31:
We recognize in earnings the initial value of forward point components on a straight-line basis over the life of the fair value hedge. The amounts recognized in earnings, pre-tax, for forward point components for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 were $2.6 million, $6.3 million and $8.7 million, respectively. We expect to recognize $2.6 million in earnings, pre-tax, for forward point components in 2022.
The following tables summarize the effects of derivative instruments designated as fair value, cash flow, and net investment hedges on OCI and earnings, net of tax, for the years ended December 31:
The following table summarizes the effects of derivative instruments designated as fair value, cash flow, and net investment hedges by line item in our consolidated statements of income for the years ended December 31:
The following table summarizes the effects of derivative instruments not designated as hedges in our consolidated statements of income for the years ended December 31:
During 2021 and 2020, there was no material ineffectiveness related to our hedges.
Note 12: Fair Value Measurements
Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. The following fair value hierarchy classifies the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into one of three levels:
•Level 1: Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
•Level 2: Inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. These include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets and quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active.
•Level 3: Unobservable inputs that reflect the reporting entity’s own assumptions.
The following tables present the assets and liabilities recorded at fair value on a recurring basis:
Deferred compensation assets are included within other noncurrent assets and are valued using a market approach based on quoted market prices in an active market. The fair value of our foreign currency contracts, included within other current and other noncurrent assets, as well as other current and other long-term liabilities, is valued using an income approach based on quoted forward foreign exchange rates and spot rates at the reporting date. The fair value of our commodity call options, included within other current and other noncurrent assets, is valued using a market approach. The fair value of our contingent consideration, included within other current and other long-term liabilities, is discussed further in the section related to Level 3 fair value measurements. The fair value of deferred compensation liabilities is based on quoted prices of the underlying employees’ investment selections and is included within other long-term liabilities. The fair value of the cross-currency swap, included within other long-term assets and other long-term liabilities as of December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively, is valued using a market approach. Please refer to Note 11, Derivative Financial Instruments, for further discussion of our derivatives.
Level 3 Fair Value Measurements
The fair value of the contingent consideration liability related to the SmartDose technology platform (the “SmartDose contingent consideration”) was initially determined using a probability-weighted income approach, and is revalued at each reporting date or more frequently if circumstances dictate. Changes in the fair value of this obligation are recorded as income or expense within other expense (income) in our consolidated statements of income. The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the SmartDose contingent consideration are the sales projections, the probability of success factors, and the discount rate. Significant increases or decreases in any of those inputs in isolation would result in a significantly lower or higher fair value measurement. Sales projections were derived using upside, base and downside forecasted cases for each partnership and applying probability-weighted scenarios of 10%, 50% and 40% to the three cases, respectively, to reflect the likelihood of West meeting the estimated sales projection targets. The probability of success factors included the probabilities of successful FDA approval for each partnership drug, which was estimated in a range of 19% to 100% based on the development phase of each respective drug, and the probability of the successful execution of supply agreements with each partnership, which was estimated in the range of 25% to 100% based on historical, current, and future supply agreements with the respective partnerships. The fair value of this liability utilized a risk-adjusted discount rate of 19% to present value the cash flows. The discount rate is calculated by determining the after-tax required returns on debt and equity and weighting each return by the respective percent of debt and equity to total capital. Key inputs for the discount rate include the risk-free rate on the 20-Year United States Treasury maturity, equity risk premium, company-specific risk premium, pre-tax cost of debt, and U.S. tax rate, among others. As development and commercialization of the SmartDose technology platform progresses, we may need to update the sales projections, the probability of success factors, and the discount rate used. This could result in a material increase or decrease to the SmartDose contingent consideration.
The following table provides a summary of changes in our Level 3 fair value measurements:
Other Financial Instruments
We believe that the carrying amounts of our cash and cash equivalents and accounts receivable approximate their fair values due to their near-term maturities.
The estimated fair value of long-term debt is based on quoted market prices for debt issuances with similar terms and maturities, and is classified as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy. At December 31, 2021, the estimated fair value of long-term debt was $217.9 million compared to a carrying amount of $208.8 million. At December 31, 2020, the estimated fair value of long-term debt was $265.7 million and the carrying amount was $252.9 million.
Note 13: Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
The following table presents the changes in the components of accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax:
A summary of the reclassifications out of accumulated other comprehensive loss is presented in the following table ($ in millions):
(a) These components are included in the computation of net periodic benefit cost. Please refer to Note 15, Benefit Plans, for additional details.
Note 14: Stock-Based Compensation
The West Pharmaceutical Services, Inc. 2016 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan (the “2016 Plan”) provides for the granting of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards and performance awards to employees and non-employee directors. A committee of the Board of Directors determines the terms and conditions of awards to be granted. Vesting requirements vary by award. At December 31, 2021, there were 2,052,885 shares remaining in the 2016 Plan for future grants.
Stock options and stock appreciation rights reduce the number of shares available by one share for each award granted. All other awards under the 2016 Plan will reduce the total number of shares available for grant by an amount equal to 2.5 times the number of shares awarded. If awards made under previous plans would entitle a plan participant to an amount of West stock in excess of the target amount, the additional shares (up to a maximum threshold amount) will be distributed under the 2016 Plan.
The following table summarizes our stock-based compensation expense recorded within selling, general and administrative expenses for the years ended December 31:
The Company estimates expected forfeitures. The amount of unrecognized compensation expense for all non-vested awards as of December 31, 2021 was approximately $37.3 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.5 years.
Stock Options
Stock options granted to employees vest in equal increments. All awards expire 10 years from the date of grant. Upon the exercise of stock options, shares are issued in exchange for the exercise price of the options.
The following table summarizes changes in outstanding options:
As of December 31, 2021, the weighted average remaining contractual life of options outstanding and of options exercisable was 5.5 years and 4.5 years, respectively.
As of December 31, 2021, the aggregate intrinsic value of total options outstanding was $751.0 million, of which $573.7 million represented vested options.
The fair value of the options was estimated on the date of grant using a Black-Scholes option valuation model that used the following weighted average assumptions in 2021, 2020 and 2019: a risk-free interest rate of 0.8%, 1.3%, and 2.3%, respectively; stock volatility of 23.9%, 22.4%, and 22.5%, respectively; and dividend yields of 0.3%, 0.4%, and 0.7%, respectively. Stock volatility is estimated based on historical data and the impact from expected future trends. Expected lives, which are based on prior experience, averaged 5.6 years for 2021 and 5.7 years for 2020 and 2019. The weighted average grant date fair value of options granted in 2021, 2020 and 2019 was $64.51, $40.28 and $24.72, respectively. Stock option expense is recognized over the vesting period, net of forfeitures.
For the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, the intrinsic value of options exercised was $147.3 million, $88.8 million and $46.9 million, respectively. The grant date fair value of options vested during those same periods was $8.3 million, $8.4 million and $7.5 million, respectively.
Stock Appreciation Rights
Stock appreciation rights (“SARs”) granted to eligible international employees vest in equal annual increments over 4 years of continuous service. All awards expire 10 years from the date of grant. The fair value of each cash-settled SAR is adjusted at the end of each reporting period, with the resulting change reflected in expense. As of December 31, 2021, SARs outstanding were 21,054, all of which were cash-settled. Upon exercise of a cash-settled SAR, the employee receives cash for the difference between the grant date price and the fair market value of the Company’s stock on the date of exercise. As a result of the cash settlement feature, cash-settled SARs are recorded within other long-term liabilities. Upon exercise of a stock-settled SAR, shares are issued in exchange for the exercise price of the stock-settled SAR. As a result of the stock settlement feature, stock-settled SARs are recorded within equity.
The following table summarizes changes in outstanding SARs:
Performance Awards
In addition to stock options and SAR awards, we grant performance share unit (“PSU”) awards to eligible employees. These awards are earned based on the Company’s performance against pre-established targets, including annual growth rate of revenue and return on invested capital, over a specified performance period. Depending on the achievement of the targets, recipients of stock-settled PSU awards are entitled to receive a certain number of shares of common stock, whereas recipients of cash-settled PSU awards are entitled to receive a payment in cash per unit based on the fair market value of a share of our common stock at the end of the performance period.
The following table summarizes changes in our outstanding stock-settled PSU awards:
Shares earned under PSU awards may vary from 0% to 200% of an employee’s targeted award. The fair value of stock-settled PSU awards is based on the market price of our stock at the grant date and is recognized as expense over the performance period, adjusted for estimated target outcomes and net of forfeitures. The weighted average grant date fair value of stock-settled PSU awards granted during the years 2021, 2020 and 2019 was $333.58, $177.31 and $103.40, respectively. Including forfeiture and target achievement expectations, we expect that the stock-settled PSU awards will convert to 144,488 shares to be issued over an average remaining term of one year.
The fair value of cash-settled PSU awards is also based on the market price of our stock at the grant date. These awards are revalued at the end of each quarter based on changes in our stock price. As a result of the cash settlement feature, cash-settled PSU awards are recorded within other long-term liabilities.
The following table summarizes changes in our outstanding cash-settled PSU awards:
Employee Stock Purchase Plan
We also offer an Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”), which provides for the sale of our common stock to eligible employees at 85% of the current market price on the last trading day of each quarterly offering period. Payroll deductions are limited to 25% of the employee’s base salary, not to exceed $25,000 in any one calendar year. In addition, employees may not buy more than 2,000 shares during any offering period (8,000 shares per year). Purchases under the ESPP were 27,016 shares, 36,494 shares and 51,391 shares for the years 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. At December 31, 2021, there were approximately 3,766,202 shares available for issuance under the ESPP.
Deferred Compensation Plans and Restricted Share Awards
Our deferred compensation plans include a Non-Qualified Deferred Compensation Plan for Non-Employee Directors, under which non-employee directors may defer all or part of their annual cash retainers. The deferred fees may be credited to a stock-equivalent account. Amounts credited to this account are converted into deferred stock units based on the fair market value of one share of our common stock on the last day of the quarter. For deferred stock units ultimately paid in cash, a liability is calculated at an amount determined by multiplying the number of units by the fair market value of our common stock at the end of each reporting period. In addition, deferred stock awards are granted on the date of our annual meeting, and are distributed in shares of common stock. In 2021, we granted 6,034 deferred stock awards, with a weighted grant date fair value of $338.38. In 2020, we granted 10,302 deferred stock awards, with a grant date fair value of $194.29. Similarly, a non-qualified deferred compensation plan for eligible employees provides for the conversion of compensation into deferred stock units. As of December 31, 2021, the two deferred compensation plans held a total of 406,361 deferred stock units, including 8,390 units to be paid in cash.
In addition, during 2021, we granted 6,002 restricted share awards at a weighted grant-date fair value of $312.41 per share to employees under the 2016 Plan. During 2020, we granted 8,721 restricted share awards at a weighted grant-date fair value of $200.35 per share to employees under the 2016 Plan. During 2019, we granted 13,308 restricted share awards at a weighted grant-date fair value of $116.39 per share to employees under the 2016 Plan. The fair value of these awards is based on the market price of our stock at the grant date and is recognized as expense over the vesting period.
Note 15: Benefit Plans
Certain of our U.S. and international subsidiaries sponsor defined benefit pension plans. In addition, we provide minimal death benefits for certain U.S. retirees and pay a portion of healthcare costs for retired U.S. salaried employees and their dependents. Benefits for participants are coordinated with Medicare when possible. We also sponsor a defined contribution plan for certain salaried and hourly U.S. employees. Our 401(k) plan contributions were $19.5 million for 2021, $16.8 million for 2020 and $15.6 million for 2019.
Pension and Other Retirement Benefits
The components of net periodic benefit cost and other amounts recognized in OCI were as follows:
Net periodic benefit cost by geographic location is as follows:
The service cost component included within net periodic benefit cost is considered employee compensation and is therefore presented within the selling, general, and administrative and costs of goods and services sold financial statement line items of our consolidated statements of income. The remaining components of net periodic benefit cost are reported separately and are therefore presented within the other nonoperating (income) expense financial statement line item of our consolidated statements of income.
During 2021, 2020, and 2019 we recorded $1.8 million, $3.7 million, and $3.5 million in pension settlement charges within other nonoperating (income) expense, respectively, as we determined that normal-course lump-sum payments for our U.S. qualified, and in 2020 and 2019 our non-qualified, defined benefit pension plans exceeded the threshold for settlement accounting under U.S. GAAP for the year. Effective January 1, 2019, except for interest crediting, benefit accruals under these defined benefit pension plans ceased.
During 2021 and 2020, we did not contribute to our U.S. qualified defined benefit pension plan.
The following table presents the changes in the benefit obligation and the fair value of plan assets, as well as the funded status of the plans:
International pension plan assets, at fair value, included in the preceding table were $49.3 million and $43.9 million at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Amounts recognized in the balance sheet were as follows:
The amounts in accumulated other comprehensive loss, pre-tax, consisted of:
The accumulated benefit obligation for all defined benefit pension plans was $265.2 million and $293.9 million at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, including $73.0 million and $83.1 million, respectively, for international pension plans.
As of December 31, 2021, our U.S. and United Kingdom qualified defined benefit pension plan had plan assets in excess of its obligations. As of December 31, 2020, only the U.S. qualified defined benefit pension plan had assets in excess of its obligations. As of December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, our other defined benefit pension plans had projected benefit obligations and accumulated benefit obligations in excess of plan assets.
Benefit payments expected to be paid under our defined benefit pension and other retirement benefit plans in the next ten years are as follows. The U.S. qualified defined benefit pension plan is in the process of being terminated. The expected benefit payments listed correspond to regular ongoing benefit payments expected to be made by the plan during future years, and does not reflect additional disbursements that are expected to be made during 2022 as a result of lump sum offering and annuity purchase related to the plan termination process.
In 2022, we expect to contribute $0.8 million to pension plans, all of which is in the U.S. In addition, we expect to contribute $0.7 million for other retirement benefits in 2022. We periodically consider additional, voluntary contributions depending on the investment returns generated by pension plan assets, changes in benefit obligation projections and other factors. For the U.S. qualified defined benefit pension plan, a contribution might be needed in order to settle the plan's obligations during the plan termination process.
Weighted average assumptions used to determine net periodic benefit cost were as follows:
Weighted average assumptions used to determine the benefit obligations were as follows:
The discount rate used to determine the benefit obligations for U.S. pension plans was 2.95% and 2.60% as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The weighted average discount rate used to determine the benefit obligations for all international plans was 1.32% and 0.89% as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The weighted average rate of compensation increase for all international plans was 2.79% for 2021 and 2.58% for 2020, while there was no rate increase for the U.S. plans since they are frozen. Other retirement benefits were only available to U.S. employees. The expected long-term rate of return for U.S. plans, which accounts for 80.2% of global plan assets, was 5.10% for 2021, 5.10% for 2020 and 5.60% for 2019.
The assumed healthcare cost trend rate used to determine benefit obligations was 6.25% for all participants in 2021, decreasing to 5.0% by 2027. The assumed healthcare cost trend rate used to determine net periodic benefit cost was 6.5% for all participants in 2021, decreasing to 5.0% by 2027.
The defined pension plan benefit and other retirement plan benefit obligations decreased for the year ended December 31, 2021 primarily due to an increase in the discount rate used to calculate the obligation. The net actuarial losses will be impacted in future periods by actual asset returns, discount rate changes, currency exchange rate fluctuations, actual demographic experience, and certain other factors. The other retirement plan benefit obligation decreased slightly due to the activity mentioned above.
The Company has cash balance plans and other plans with promised interest crediting rates. For these plans, the interest crediting rates are set in line with plan rules or country legislation and do not change with market conditions.
The weighted average interest crediting rating used to determine net periodic benefit cost by geographic location for our pension plans, at December 31, were as follows:
The weighted average asset allocations by asset category for our pension plans, at December 31, were as follows:
Our U.S. pension plan is managed as a balanced portfolio comprised of two components: equity and fixed income debt securities. Equity investments are used to maximize the long-term real growth of fund assets, while fixed income investments are used to generate current income, provide for a more stable periodic return and provide some protection against a prolonged decline in the market value of equity investments. Temporary funds may be held as cash. We maintain a long-term strategic asset allocation policy which provides guidelines for ensuring that the fund’s investments are managed with the short-term and long-term financial goals of the fund, while allowing the flexibility to react to unexpected changes in capital markets.
Diversification across and within asset classes is the primary means by which we mitigate risk. We maintain guidelines for all asset and sub-asset categories in order to avoid excessive investment concentrations. Fund assets are monitored on a regular basis. If at any time the fund asset allocation is not within the acceptable allocation range, funds will be reallocated. We also review the fund on a regular basis to ensure that the investment returns received are consistent with the short-term and long-term goals of the fund and with comparable market returns. We are prohibited from pledging fund securities and from investing pension fund assets in our own stock, securities on margin or derivative securities.
The following are the U.S. target asset allocations and acceptable allocation ranges:
The following tables present the fair value of our pension plan assets, utilizing the fair value hierarchy discussed in Note 12, Fair Value Measurements. In accordance with U.S. GAAP, certain pension plan assets measured at net asset value (“NAV”) have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy.
Note 16: Other Expense (Income)
Other expense (income) consisted of:
Restructuring and Related Charges
In July 2020, our Board of Directors approved a restructuring plan designed to optimize certain organizational structures within the Company to better support our continued growth and business priorities. These changes are expected to be implemented over a period of up to twenty-four months from the date of the approval. The plan was originally expected to require restructuring and related charges of approximately $15 million to $17 million, with annualized savings being in the range of $3.5 million to $4.5 million. Due to the recent increase in customer demand, the Company will no longer proceed with certain portions of the plan, thus reducing the total expected charges to be approximately $7 million to $8 million. Similarly, annualized savings are now expected to be in the range of $0.9 million to $1.6 million. Since its approval, we recorded a net pre-tax amount equal to $6.8 million in restructuring related charges associated with this plan.
The following table presents activity related to our restructuring obligations related to our 2020 restructuring plan:
In February 2018, our Board of Directors approved a restructuring plan designed to realign our manufacturing capacity with demand. These changes were expected to be implemented over a period of up to twenty-four months from the date of the approval. The plan was expected to require restructuring and related charges of approximately $16.0 million. Since its approval, we recorded $13.7 million in restructuring and related charges associated with this plan. The plan is now considered complete.
During 2019, we recorded $4.9 million in restructuring and related charges associated with this plan, consisting of $2.6 million for severance charges, $0.3 million for non-cash asset write-downs associated with the discontinued use of certain equipment, and $2.0 million for other non-cash charges.
The following table presents activity related to our restructuring obligations related to our 2018 restructuring plan:
On February 15, 2016, our Board of Directors approved a restructuring plan designed to repurpose several of our production facilities in support of growing high-value proprietary products and to realign operational and commercial activities to meet the needs of our new market-focused commercial organization. During 2019, we recorded $0.3 million in additional charges related to this restructuring plan. Our remaining restructuring obligations related to our 2016 restructuring plan are complete.
Other
During 2021, specific to our cost method investments, we recorded a total impairment charge of $4.6 million which was offset by a net gain of $0.3 million on the sale of a cost investment. During 2020, specific to our cost method investments, we recorded a total impairment charge of $2.5 million.
During 2019, we recorded a charge of $1.0 million as a result of the continued devaluation of Argentina’s currency.
During 2019, we recognized a tax recovery of $4.7 million related to previously-paid international excise taxes, following a favorable court ruling.
During 2021, 2020 and 2019, we recorded development income of $0.9 million in each year, related to a nonrefundable customer payment of $20.0 million received in June 2013 in return for the exclusive use of the SmartDose technology platform within a specific therapeutic area. Please refer to Note 3, Revenue, for additional information.
Contingent consideration represents changes in the fair value of the SmartDose contingent consideration. Please refer to Note 12, Fair Value Measurements, for additional details.
Note 17: Income Taxes
As a global organization, we and our subsidiaries file income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and various state and foreign jurisdictions. As of December 31, 2021, the statute of limitations for the U.S. federal tax years 2017 through 2021 remain open to examination. For U.S. state and local jurisdictions, tax years 2013 through 2021 are open to examination. We are also subject to examination in various foreign jurisdictions for tax years 2014 through 2021.
A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of the liability for unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:
In addition, we had balances in accrued liabilities for interest and penalties of $0.5 million and $0.3 million at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. As of December 31, 2021, we had $24.9 million of total gross unrecognized tax benefits, which, if recognized, $16.7 million would favorably impact the effective income tax rate. It is reasonably possible that, due to the expiration of statutes and the closing of tax audits, the amount of gross unrecognized tax benefits may be reduced by approximately $0.4 million during the next twelve months, which would favorably impact our effective tax rate.
The components of income before income taxes are:
The related provision for income taxes consists of:
Deferred income taxes result from temporary differences between the amount of assets and liabilities recognized for financial reporting and tax purposes.
The significant components of our deferred tax assets and liabilities at December 31 are:
A reconciliation of the U.S. federal corporate tax rate to our effective consolidated tax rate on income before income taxes is as follows:
During 2021, we recorded a tax benefit of $1.4 million due to the impact of tax law changes enacted during the year, a tax benefit of $18.5 million due to the Company's prepayment of future royalties from one of its subsidiaries, and a tax benefit of $31.5 million associated with stock-based compensation.
During 2020, we recorded a tax benefit of $0.5 million due to the impact of tax law changes enacted during the year and a tax benefit of $20.8 million associated with stock-based compensation.
During 2019, we recorded a net tax benefit of $0.3 million for the estimated impact of the 2017 Tax Act and a tax benefit of $10.3 million associated with stock-based compensation.
State operating loss carryforwards of $138.6 million created a deferred tax asset of $10.6 million, while foreign operating loss carryforwards of $20.0 million created a deferred tax asset of $3.4 million. Management estimates that certain state and foreign operating loss carryforwards are unlikely to be utilized and the associated deferred tax assets have been fully reserved. In 2021, it was determined that $4.4 million of previously reserved state loss carryforwards were more likely than not to be utilized prior to expiration. State loss carryforwards expire as follows: $7.8 million in 2022 and $130.8 million thereafter. Foreign loss carryforwards will begin to expire in 2030, while $18.0 million of the total $20.0 million will not expire.
During 2019, we utilized all of our remaining U.S. federal research and development credit carryforwards. State research and development credit carryforwards of $1.0 million created a deferred tax asset of $0.8 million. As of December 31, 2021, $0.4 million of state research and development credits expire in 2025.
In response to the 2017 Tax Act, we reevaluated our position regarding permanent reinvestment of foreign subsidiary earnings and profits through 2017 (with the exception of China and Mexico) and decided that those profits were no longer permanently reinvested. As of January 1, 2018, we reasserted indefinite reinvestment related to all post-2017 unremitted earnings in all of our foreign subsidiaries. In general, it is our practice and intention to permanently reinvest the earnings of our foreign subsidiaries and repatriate earnings only when the tax impact is de minimis, and that position has not changed subsequent to the one-time transition tax under the 2017 Tax Act, except as noted above. Accordingly, no deferred taxes have been provided for withholding taxes or other taxes that would result upon repatriation of approximately $635.3 million of undistributed earnings from foreign subsidiaries to the U.S., as those earnings continue to be permanently reinvested. Further, it is impracticable for us to estimate any future tax costs for any unrecognized deferred tax liabilities associated with our indefinite reinvestment assertion, because the actual tax liability, if any, would be dependent on complex analysis and calculations considering various tax laws, exchange rates, circumstances existing when there is a repatriation, sale or liquidation, or other factors.
Note 18: Commitments and Contingencies
At December 31, 2021, we were obligated under various operating lease agreements. Please refer to Note 6, Leases, for additional details.
At December 31, 2021, we were obligated under various defined benefit pension plans in the U.S. and other countries that cover employees who meet eligibility requirements. Please refer to Note 15, Benefit Plans, for additional details.
At December 31, 2021, our outstanding unconditional contractual commitments, including for the purchase of raw materials and finished goods, amounted to $93.6 million, the majority of which is to be paid in the next two years, with $48.3 million due to be paid in 2022.
We have letters of credit totaling $2.4 million supporting the reimbursement of workers’ compensation and other claims paid on our behalf by insurance carriers. Our accrual for insurance obligations was $3.1 million at December 31, 2021, of which $0.9 million is in excess of our deductible and, therefore, is reimbursable by the insurance company.
Note 19: Segment Information
Our business operations are organized into two reportable segments, Proprietary Products and Contract-Manufactured Products. Our Proprietary Products reportable segment offers proprietary packaging, containment and drug delivery products, along with analytical lab services and other integrated services and solutions, primarily to biologic, generic and pharmaceutical drug customers. Our Contract-Manufactured Products reportable segment serves as a fully integrated business, focused on the design, manufacture, and automated assembly of complex devices, primarily for pharmaceutical, diagnostic, and medical device customers.
The Chief Operating Decision Maker ("CODM") evaluates the performance of our segments based upon, among other things, segment net sales and operating profit. Segment operating profit excludes general corporate costs, which include executive and director compensation, stock-based compensation, certain pension and other retirement benefit costs, and other corporate facilities and administrative expenses not allocated to the segments. Also excluded are items that the CODM considers not representative of ongoing operations. Such items are referred to as other unallocated items and generally include restructuring and related charges, certain asset impairments and other specifically-identified income or expense items. The segment operating profit metric is what the CODM uses in evaluating our results of operations and the financial measure that provides a valuable insight into our overall performance and financial position.
The following table presents net sales information about our reportable segments, reconciled to consolidated totals:
The intersegment sales elimination, which is required for the presentation of consolidated net sales, represents the elimination of components sold between our segments.
We do not have any customers accounting for greater than 10% of consolidated net sales.
The following table presents net sales and long-lived assets, by the country in which the legal subsidiary is domiciled and assets are located:
(1) Corporate general costs includes executive and director compensation, certain pension and other retirement benefit costs, and other corporate facilities and administrative expenses not allocated to the segments.
(2) During 2021 and 2020, the Company recorded a restructuring and severance related charge of $2.2 million and $7.0 million, respectively, to optimize certain organizational structure within the Company. During 2019, the Company recorded $4.9 million in restructuring and related charges in connection with the 2018 plan.
(3) During 2021, the company recorded $0.8 million of amortization expense within operating profit associated with an acquisition of an intangible asset during the second quarter of 2020. During 2020, the company recorded $0.6 million of amortization expense within operating profit associated with an acquisition of an intangible asset during the second quarter of 2020.
(4) The Company recorded a $2.8 million impairment charge for certain long-lived and intangible assets within the Proprietary Products segment as it determined the carrying value was not fully recoverable. $1.9 million of this charge is recorded in Cost of Goods Sold and $0.9 million of the charge is recorded in Selling, General, and Administrative expense, due to the nature of the impaired assets.
(5) During 2021, the net cost investment activity was equal to $4.3 million, inclusive of an impairment charge of $4.6 million partially offset by a $0.3 million gain on the sale of a cost investment. During 2020, the Company recorded a cost investment impairment charge of $2.5 million.
(6) During the twelve months ended December 31, 2019, the Company recorded a net tax recovery of $4.4 million related to previously-paid international excise taxes, following a favorable court ruling.
Please refer to Note 16, Other Expense (Income), for further discussion of unallocated items.
The following tables provide summarized financial information for our two reportable segments and corporate and unallocated:
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of West Pharmaceutical Services, Inc.
Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of West Pharmaceutical Services, Inc. and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2021, including the related notes and schedule of valuation and qualifying accounts for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2021 appearing under Item 15(a)(2) (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). We also have audited the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2021 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO.
Basis for Opinions
The Company's management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting appearing under Item 9A. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance
with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Critical Audit Matters
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
Provision for Income Taxes
As described in Notes 1 and 17 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company’s consolidated deferred tax assets were $92.2 million, net of a valuation allowance of $12.2 million, as of December 31, 2021, and income tax expense was $107.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. As a global organization, the Company files income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and various state and foreign jurisdictions. As disclosed by management, management estimates income taxes payable based upon current domestic and international tax legislation. Deferred income taxes are recognized by applying enacted statutory tax rates to tax loss carryforwards and temporary differences between the tax basis and financial statement carrying values of assets and liabilities. The enacted statutory tax rate applied is based on the rate expected to be applicable at the time of the forecasted utilization of the loss carryforward or reversal of the temporary difference. Valuation allowances on deferred tax assets are established when it is more likely than not that all or a portion of a deferred tax asset will not be realized. The realizability of deferred tax assets is subject to estimates of future taxable income, generally at the respective subsidiary company and the country level.
The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the provision for income taxes is a critical audit matter are the significant judgment by management in determining the income tax provision due to the Company’s global footprint and complexity in the various tax laws applicable in determining the Company’s effective tax rate. This in turn led to a high degree of auditor judgment, effort, and subjectivity in performing procedures and in evaluating audit evidence related to the income tax provision. Also, the audit effort involved the use of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge.
Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to income taxes, including controls over the determination of the income tax provision. These procedures also included, among others, (i) testing the income tax provision, including testing the Company’s rate reconciliation, return to provision adjustments, permanent and temporary differences, and financial data used in the income tax provision calculation, and (ii) testing the accuracy of the income tax rates utilized in the provision. Professionals with specialized skill and knowledge were used to assist in evaluating the appropriateness of management’s application of relevant income tax law in certain jurisdictions.
/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
February 22, 2022
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 1963.

ITEM 9 - CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS
ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
None.

ITEM 9A - CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Disclosure controls are controls and procedures designed to reasonably ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed under the Exchange Act, such as this annual report, is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our CEO and Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”), or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Our disclosure controls include some, but not all, components of our internal control over financial reporting.
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
An evaluation was performed under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our CEO and CFO, of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934), as of the end of the period covered by this Form 10-K. Based on this evaluation, our CEO and CFO have concluded that, as of December 31, 2021, our disclosure controls and procedures are effective.
Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed under the supervision of our CEO and CFO to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of our financial statements for external reporting purposes in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
Management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021 based on the framework established in “Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013)” issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Based on this assessment, management has determined that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2021.
Internal control over financial reporting has inherent limitations. Internal control over financial reporting is a process that involves human diligence and compliance and is subject to lapses in judgment and breakdowns resulting from human failures. Internal control over financial reporting also can be circumvented by collusion or improper management override. Because of such limitations, there is a risk that material misstatements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis by internal control over financial reporting. However, these inherent limitations are known features of the financial reporting process. Therefore, it is possible to design into the process safeguards
to reduce, though not eliminate, this risk.
The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021 has been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report, which is included herein.
Changes in Internal Controls
During the fourth quarter ended December 31, 2021, there have been no changes to our internal control over financial reporting that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

ITEM 9B - OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
None.
ITEM 9C. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS
Not applicable.
PART III

ITEM 10 - DIRECTORS AND EXECUTIVE OFFICERS
ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Information is incorporated by reference from the discussion under the heading Proposal 1 - Election of Directors; Corporate Governance Documents and Policies - Ethics and Our Code of Business Conduct; Voting and Other Information - Shareholder Proposals or Nominations; and Board and Director Information and Policies - Committees - Audit Committee in our 2022 Proxy Statement. The balance of the information required by this item is contained in the discussion entitled Information About Our Executive Officers in Part I of this Form 10-K.

ITEM 11 - EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
Information about director and executive compensation is incorporated by reference from the discussion under the headings Director Compensation, Compensation Committee Report, Compensation Discussion and Analysis, and Compensation Tables in our 2022 Proxy Statement.

ITEM 12 - SECURITY OWNERSHIP
ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
Information required by this Item is incorporated by reference from the discussion under the heading Stock Ownership in our 2022 Proxy Statement.
Equity Compensation Plan Information Table
The following table sets forth information about the grants of stock options, all share units and other rights under all of the Company’s equity compensation plans as of the close of business on December 31, 2021. The table does not include information about tax-qualified plans such as the West 401(k) Plan or the West Contract Manufacturing Savings and Retirement Plan.
(1) Includes 1,234,591 outstanding stock options, 11,138 stock appreciation rights, 165,793 performance share units, 22,507 restricted retention share units, and 140,049 deferred stock-equivalents units under the 2016 Plan. Includes 810,267 outstanding stock options, 9,916 stock appreciation rights, and 132,107 deferred stock-equivalents units under the 2011 Plan (which was terminated in 2016). Includes 35,593 deferred stock-equivalents under the 2007 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan (which was terminated in 2011). The average term of remaining options is 5.5 years. No future grants or awards may be made under the terminated plans. The total includes restricted performance share units at 100% of grant. The restricted performance share unit payouts were at 154.52%, 82.61%, and 49.39% in 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
(2) All share units and deferred stock-equivalent units are excluded when determining the weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options.
(3) Represents 3,766,202 shares reserved under the Company’s Employee Stock Purchase Plan and 2,052,885 shares remaining available for issuance under the 2016 Plan. The estimated number of shares that could be issued for 2021 from the Employee Stock Purchase Plan is 126,360. This number of shares is calculated by multiplying the 65 shares per offering period per participant limit by 1,944, the number of current participants in the plan.

ITEM 13 - CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS
ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
Information called for by this Item is incorporated by reference from the discussion under the heading Corporate Governance Documents and Policies - Related Person Transactions and Procedures in our 2022 Proxy Statement. Information about director independence is incorporated by reference from the discussion under the heading Corporate Governance Documents and Policies - Director Independence in our 2022 Proxy Statement.

ITEM 14 - PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES
ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES
Information is incorporated by reference from the discussion under the heading Independent Auditors and Fees - Fees Paid to PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP and Independent Auditors and Fees - Audit Committee Policy on Pre-Approval of Audit and Permissible Non-Audit Services in our 2022 Proxy Statement.
PART IV

ITEM 15 - EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
(a) 1. Financial Statements
The following documents are included in Part II, Item 8:
Consolidated Statements of Income for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019
Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2021 and 2020
Consolidated Statement of Equity for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID 238)
(a) 2. Financial Statement Schedules
Schedule II - Valuation and Qualifying Accounts
(1)Includes accounts receivable written off, the write-off or write-down of valuation allowances, and translation adjustments.
All other schedules are omitted because they are either not applicable, not required or because the information required is contained in the consolidated financial statements or notes thereto.
(a) 3. Exhibits - An index of the exhibits included in this Form 10-K is contained on pages through and is incorporated herein by reference.
(b) See subsection (a) 3. above.
(c) Financial Statements of affiliates are omitted because they do not meet the tests of a significant subsidiary at the 20% level.
ITEM 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY
None.
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, West Pharmaceutical Services, Inc. has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
WEST PHARMACEUTICAL SERVICES, INC.
(Registrant)
By: /s/ Bernard J. Birkett
Bernard J. Birkett
Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
February 22, 2022
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of West Pharmaceutical Services, Inc. and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
Signature Title Date
/s/ Eric M. Green Director, President and Chief Executive Officer February 22, 2022
Eric M. Green (Principal Executive Officer)
/s/ Bernard J. Birkett Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer February 22, 2022
Bernard J. Birkett (Principal Financial Officer)
/s/ Chad R. Winters Vice President, Chief Accounting Officer and Corporate Controller February 22, 2022
Chad R. Winters (Principal Accounting Officer)
/s/ Mark A. Buthman Director February 22, 2022
Mark A. Buthman
/s/ William F. Feehery, Ph.D. Director February 22, 2022
William F. Feehery, Ph.D.
/s/ Robert F. Friel Director February 22, 2022
Robert F. Friel
/s/ Thomas W. Hofmann Director February 22, 2022
Thomas W. Hofmann
/s/ Molly E. Joseph Director February 22, 2022
Molly E. Joseph
/s/ Deborah L.V. Keller Director February 22, 2022
Deborah L.V. Keller
/s/ Myla P. Lai-Goldman, M.D. Director February 22, 2022
Myla P. Lai-Goldman, M.D.
/s/ Douglas A. Michels Director February 22, 2022
Douglas A. Michels
/s/ Paolo Pucci Director February 22, 2022
Paolo Pucci
/s/ Patrick J. Zenner Director and Chairman of the Board February 22, 2022
Patrick J. Zenner
EXHIBIT INDEX
Exhibit Number Description
3.1 Our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company's Form 10-Q report for the quarter ended June 30, 2020, filed July 24, 2020).
3.2 Our Bylaws, as amended through February 23, 2021 (incorporated by reference from our Form 8-k, filed March 1, 2021).
4.1 Form of stock certificate for common stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4 to the Company's 1998 Form 10-K, filed May 6, 1999)
4.2 Article 5, 6, 8(c) and 9 of our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company's Form 10-Q report for the quarter ended June 30, 2020, filed July 24, 2020).
4.3 Article I and V of our Bylaws, as amended through February 23, 2021 (incorporated by reference from our Form 8-k, filed March 1, 2021).
4.4 Description of Registered Securities (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to the Company's 2020 Form 10-K, filed February 23, 2021).
4.5 (1)
Instruments defining the rights of holders of long-term debt securities of West and its subsidiaries constituting less than 10% of West's total assets have been omitted.
10.1 LIBOR Transition Amendment to the Credit Agreement, dated as of March 28, 2019 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Form 10-Q report for the quarter ended September 30, 2021, filed October 28, 2021), between West, each of the lenders party thereto from time to time, and Bank of America, N.A
10.2 First Amendment and Incremental Facility Amendment, dated as of December 30, 2019, between West, each of the lenders party thereto from time to time, and Bank of America, N.A., as Administrative Agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's 2019 10-K file February 24, 2020).
10.3 Note Purchase Agreement, dated July 5, 2012, among the Company and the Purchasers named therein (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Form 8-K filed July 10, 2012).
10.4 (2)
Employment Agreement, dated as of April 13, 2015, between us and Eric M. Green (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Form 8-K dated April 15, 2015).
10.5 (2)
Indemnification Agreement, dated as of April 24, 2015, between us and Eric M. Green (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Form 8-K dated April 30, 2015).
10.6 (2)
Sign-On Retention Award Notice, dated as of April 24, 2015, from us to Eric M. Green (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Form 8-K dated April 30, 2015).
10.7 (2)
Employment Agreement, dated May 29, 2018, between us and Bernard J. Birkett (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Form 8-K filed June 21, 2018).
10.8 (2)
Employment Agreement, dated August 28, 2016, between David Montecalvo and us (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Form 10-Q report for the quarter ended September 30, 2016, filed October 31, 2016).
10.9 (2)
Employment Agreement dated November 4, 2020, between Kimberly MacKay and us.
10.10 (2)
Employment Agreement dated February 8, 2018, between Silji Abraham and us.
10.11 (2)
Supplemental Employees’ Retirement Plan, as amended and restated effective January 1, 2008 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.17 to the Company's 2008 Form 10-K report, filed February 27, 2009).
10.12 (2)
Non-Qualified Deferred Compensation Plan for Designated Employees, as amended and restated effective January 1, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.10 to the Company's Form 10-Q report for the quarter ended September 30, 2020, filed October 23, 2020).
10.13 (2)
Deferred Compensation Plan for Outside Directors, as amended and restated effective June 30, 2013 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.26 to the Company's 2013 Form 10-K report, filed February 27, 2014).
10.14 (2)
2016 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan, as amended through May 4, 2021 (incorporated by reference from our Form 8-k, filed May 4, 2021).
Exhibit Number Description
10.15 (2)
2011 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Form 8-K filed May 6, 2011).
10.16 (2)
2007 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan effective as of May 1, 2007 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed May 4, 2007).
10.17 (2)
Form of Executive 2006 Non-Qualified Stock Option Award is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Form 10-Q report for the quarter ended March 31, 2006, filed May 10, 2006).
10.18 (2)
Form of Director 2006 Non-Qualified Stock Option Award Notice (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Form 10-Q report for the quarter ended June 30, 2006, filed August 7, 2006).
10.19 (2)
Form of Director 2006 Stock Unit Award Notice (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Form 10-Q report for the quarter ended June 30, 2006, filed August 7, 2006).
10.20 (2)
Form of Director 2007 Deferred Stock Award, issued pursuant to the 2007 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Form 10-Q report for the quarter ended June 30, 2007, filed August 3, 2007).
10.21 (2)
Form of 2008 Non-Qualified Stock Option and Performance-Vesting Share Unit Award, issued pursuant to the 2007 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Form 10-Q report for the quarter ended March 31, 2008, filed May 8, 2008).
10.22 (2)
Form of Director 2008 Deferred Stock Award, issued pursuant to the 2007 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.41 to the Company's 2008 Form 10-K report, filed February 27, 2009).
10.23 (2)
Form of 2009 Supplemental Long-Term Incentive Award (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Form 10-Q report for the quarter ended September 30, 2009, filed November 14, 2009).
10.24 (2)
Form of 2014 Long-Term Incentive Plan Award (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Form 10-Q report for the quarter ended March 31, 2014, filed May 8, 2014).
10.25 (2)
Form of 2014 Stock-Settled Restricted Stock Unit Award (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Form 10-Q report for the quarter ended June 30, 2014, filed August 1, 2014).
10.26 (2)
Form of 2019 Performance Stock Unit (PSU) Award issued under the 2016 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Form 10-Q report for the quarter ended March 31, 2019, filed May 8, 2019).
10.27 (2)
Form of 2019 Stock Option Award issued under the 2016 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company's Form 10-Q report for the quarter ended March 31, 2019, filed May 8, 2019).
10.28 Indemnification agreements between us and each of our directors (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Form 8-K report filed January 6, 2009).
10.29 (2)
Form of Change-in-Control Agreement between us and certain of our executive officers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Form 10-Q report for the quarter ended September 30, 2017, filed October 31, 2017).
10.30 (3)
Agreement, effective as of January 1, 2005, between us and The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10d to the Company's Form 10-Q report for the quarter ended June 30, 2005, filed August 9, 2005).
10.31 (3)
First Agreement, effective as of July 1, 2008, to amend Agreement between us and The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Form 10-Q report for the quarter ended March 31, 2009, filed May 6, 2009).
10.32 (3)
Second Agreement, dated August 16, 2016, to amend Agreement between us and The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company and us (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Form 10-Q report for the quarter ended September 30, 2016, filed October 31, 2016).
10.33 (3)
Distributorship Agreement, dated and effective January 18, 2017, between Daikyo Seiko, Ltd. and us (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.39 to the Company's 2016 Form 10-K report filed February 28, 2017).
Exhibit Number Description
10.34 (3) Amended and Restated Technology Exchange and CrossLicense Agreement, dated and effective January 18, 2017, between Daikyo Seiko, Ltd. and us (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.40 to the Company's 2016 Form 10-K report, filed February 28, 2017).
10.35 (3)
Amended Agreement, dated and effective July 2, 2018, between Daikyo Seiko, Ltd. and us (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Form 10-Q report for the quarter ended June 30, 2018, filed July 31, 2018).
10.36 (4)
Amendment Agreement, dated as of October 15, 2019, between us and Daikyo Seiko, Ltd., (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Form 8-K filed October 16, 2019).
10.37 (4)
Global Master Supply Agreement by and between ExxonMobil Chemical Company and us, entered into on January 10, 2020, and effective January 1, 2019 through December 31, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Form 8-K report filed January 16, 2020).
21 Subsidiaries of the Company.
23 Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.
31.1 Certification by the Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2 Certification by the Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1* Certification by the Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2* Certification by the Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
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104* Inline XBRL for the cover page of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, included in the Exhibit 101 Inline XBRL Document Set.
(1) We agree to furnish to the SEC, upon request, a copy of each instrument with respect to issuances of long-term debt of the Company and its subsidiaries.
(2) Management compensatory plan.
(3) Certain portions of this exhibit have been omitted and filed separately with the SEC pursuant to a confidential treatment order of the SEC.
(4) Portions of this exhibit (indicated therein by asterisks) have been omitted for confidential treatment.
* Furnished, not filed.

Market Capitalization: 27345150.76171875
1-Year Return: -0.0009742763359099627
252-Day Return: $252_day_return