Company: AVALONBAY COMMUNITIES INC
CIK: 915912
SIC: 6798
Filing Date: 2011-02-23 00:00:00

ITEM 1 - BUSINESS
ITEM 1.
BUSINESS
General
AvalonBay Communities, Inc. (the “Company,” which term, unless the context otherwise requires, refers to AvalonBay Communities, Inc. together with its subsidiaries) is a Maryland corporation that has elected to be treated as a real estate investment trust (“REIT”) for federal income tax purposes. We engage in the development, redevelopment, acquisition, ownership and operation of multifamily communities in high barrier to entry markets of the United States. These barriers to entry generally include a difficult and lengthy entitlement process with local jurisdictions and dense urban or suburban areas where zoned and entitled land is in limited supply. Our markets are located in New England, the New York/New Jersey Metro area, the Washington DC Metro area, the Midwest, the Pacific Northwest, and the Northern and Southern California regions of the United States. We focus on these markets because we believe that, over the long-term, a limited new supply of apartment homes and lower housing affordability in these markets will result in higher growth in cash flows relative to other markets.
At January 31, 2011, we owned or held a direct or indirect ownership interest in:
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173 operating apartment communities containing 51,693 apartment homes in ten states and the District of Columbia, of which 142 communities containing 43,052 apartment homes were consolidated for financial reporting purposes, four communities containing 1,194 apartment homes were held by joint ventures in which we hold an ownership and/or residual profits interest, and 27 communities containing 7,447 apartment homes were owned by the Funds (as defined below). Nine of the consolidated communities containing 3,348 apartment homes were under redevelopment, as discussed below;
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fourteen communities under construction that are expected to contain an aggregate of 3,334 apartment homes when completed; and
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rights to develop an additional 26 communities that, if developed in the manner expected, will contain an estimated 7,313 apartment homes.
We generally obtain ownership in an apartment community by developing a new community on vacant land or by acquiring an existing community. In selecting sites for development or acquisition, we favor locations that are near expanding employment centers and convenient to transportation, recreation areas, entertainment, shopping and dining.
Our consolidated real estate investments consist of the following reportable segments: Established Communities, Other Stabilized Communities and Development/Redevelopment Communities. Established Communities are generally operating communities that were owned and had stabilized occupancy and operating expenses as of the beginning of the prior year such that year-over-year comparisons are meaningful. Other Stabilized Communities are generally all other operating communities that have stabilized occupancy and operating expenses during the current year, but that were not owned or had not achieved stabilization as of the beginning of the prior year such that year-over-year comparisons are not meaningful, as well as communities that are planned for disposition during the current year. Development/Redevelopment Communities consist of communities that are under construction, communities where substantial redevelopment is in progress or is planned to begin during the current year and communities under lease-up. A more detailed description of these segments and other related information can be found in Note 9, “Segment Reporting,” of the Consolidated Financial Statements set forth in Item 8 of this report.
Our principal financial goal is to increase long-term stockholder value through the development, acquisition, operation and, when appropriate, disposition of apartments in our markets. To help fulfill this goal, we regularly (i) monitor our investment allocation by geographic market and product type, (ii) develop, redevelop and acquire an interest in apartment communities in high barrier to entry markets with growing or high potential for demand and high for-sale housing costs, (iii) selectively sell apartment communities that no longer meet our long-term strategy or when opportunities are presented to realize a portion of the value created through our investment and redeploy the proceeds from those sales, and (iv) endeavor to maintain a capital structure that is aligned with our business risks with a view to maintaining continuous access to cost-effective capital. Our strategy is to be leaders in market research and capital allocation, delivering a range of multifamily offerings tailored to serve the needs of the most attractive customer segments in the best-performing US submarkets. A substantial majority of our current communities are upscale, which generally command among the highest rents in their markets. However, we also pursue the ownership and operation of apartment communities that target a variety of customer segments and price points, consistent with our goal of offering a broad range of products and services.
During the three years ended December 31, 2010, excluding activity for the Funds (as defined below), we did not acquire any apartment communities. During the same three-year period, excluding dispositions in which we retained an ownership interest, we disposed of 18 apartment communities and completed the development of 26 apartment communities and the redevelopment of 11 apartment communities.
During this period, we also realized our pro rata share of the gain from the sale of one community owned by AvalonBay Value Added Fund, L.P. (“Fund I”), an institutional discretionary real estate investment fund, which we manage and in which we own a 15.2% interest. Fund I acquired communities with the objective of either redeveloping or repositioning them, or taking advantage of market cycle timing and improved operating performance. From its inception in March 2005 through the close of its investment period in March 2008, Fund I acquired 20 communities. Fund I sold one community in 2008.
In September 2008, we formed AvalonBay Value Added Fund II, L.P. (“Fund II”), an additional institutional discretionary real estate investment fund which we manage and in which we currently own a 31.3% interest. After adding additional equity commitments in the second quarter of 2009, a total of five institutional investors and the Company collectively committed $400,000,000, of which our commitment is $125,000,000. From its formation through December 31, 2010, Fund II acquired eight communities. A more detailed description of Fund I and Fund II (collectively, the “Funds”) and the related investment activity can be found in the discussion under Item I., “Business - General - Financing Strategy” and Note 6, “Investments in Real Estate Entities,” of the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this report.
During 2010, we sold four real estate assets, resulting in a gain in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) of $71,399,000.
A further discussion of our development, redevelopment, disposition, acquisition, property management and related strategies follows.
Development Strategy. We select land for development and follow established procedures that we believe minimize both the cost and the risks of development. As one of the largest developers of multifamily rental apartment communities in high barrier to entry markets of the United States, we identify development opportunities through local market presence and access to local market information achieved through our regional offices. In addition to our principal executive office in Arlington, Virginia, we also maintain regional offices, administrative offices or specialty offices in or near the following cities:
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Boston, Massachusetts;
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Chicago, Illinois;
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Long Island, New York;
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Los Angeles, California;
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New York, New York;
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Newport Beach, California;
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San Francisco, California;
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San Jose, California;
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Seattle, Washington;
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Shelton, Connecticut;
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Virginia Beach, Virginia; and
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Woodbridge, New Jersey.
After selecting a target site, we usually negotiate for the right to acquire the site either through an option or a long-term conditional contract. Options and long-term conditional contracts generally allow us to acquire the target site shortly before the start of construction, which reduces development-related risks and preserves capital. However, as a result of competitive market conditions for land suitable for development, we have sometimes acquired and held land prior to construction for extended periods while entitlements are obtained, or acquired land zoned for uses other than residential with the potential for rezoning. For further discussion of our Development Rights, refer to Item 2., “Communities” in this report.
We generally act as our own general contractor and construction manager, except for certain mid-rise and high-rise apartment communities where we may elect to use third-party general contractors or construction managers. We generally perform these functions directly (although we may use a wholly owned subsidiary) both for ourselves and for the joint ventures and partnerships of which we are a member or a partner. We believe this enables us to achieve higher construction quality, greater control over construction schedules and significant cost savings. Our development, property management and construction teams monitor construction progress to ensure quality workmanship and a smooth and timely transition into the leasing and operating phase.
During periods where competition for development land is more intense, we may acquire improved land with existing commercial uses and rezone the site for multi-family residential use. During the period that we hold these buildings for future development, the net revenue from these operations, which we consider to be incidental, is accounted for as a reduction in our investment in the development pursuit and not as net income. We have also participated, and may in the future participate, in master planned or other large multi-use developments where we commit to build infrastructure (such as roads) to be used by other participants or commit to act as construction manager or general contractor in building structures or spaces for third parties (such as municipal garages or parks). Costs we incur in connection with these activities may be accounted for as additional invested capital in the community or we may earn fee income for providing these services. Particularly with large scale, urban in-fill developments, we may engage in significant environmental remediation efforts to prepare a site for construction.
Throughout this report, the term “development” is used to refer to the entire property development cycle, including pursuit of zoning approvals, procurement of architectural and engineering designs and the construction process. References to “construction” refer to the actual construction of the property, which is only one element of the development cycle.
Redevelopment Strategy. When we undertake the redevelopment of a community, our goal is to renovate and/or rebuild an existing community so that our total investment is generally below replacement cost and the community is well positioned in the market to achieve attractive returns on our capital. We have established a dedicated group of associates and procedures to control both the cost and risks of redevelopment. Our redevelopment teams, which include key redevelopment, construction and property management personnel, monitor redevelopment progress. We believe we achieve significant cost savings by acting as our own general contractor. More importantly, this helps to ensure quality design and workmanship and a smooth and timely transition into the lease-up and restabilization phases.
Throughout this report, the term “redevelopment” is used to refer to the entire redevelopment cycle, including planning and procurement of architectural and engineering designs, budgeting and actual renovation work. The actual renovation work is referred to as “reconstruction,” which is only one element of the redevelopment cycle.
Disposition Strategy. We sell assets that no longer meet our long-term strategy or when market conditions are favorable, and we redeploy the proceeds from those sales to develop, redevelop and acquire communities and to rebalance our portfolio across or within geographic regions. This also allows us to realize a portion of the value created through our investments and provides additional liquidity. We are then able to redeploy the net proceeds from our dispositions in lieu of raising that amount of capital externally. When we decide to sell a community, we generally solicit competing bids from unrelated parties for these individual assets and consider the sales price of each proposal.
Acquisition Strategy. Our core competencies in development and redevelopment discussed above allow us to be selective in the acquisitions we target. Acquisitions allow us to achieve rapid penetration into markets in which we desire an increased presence. Acquisitions (and dispositions) also help us achieve our desired product mix or rebalance our portfolio. In September 2008, we formed Fund II, which serves as the exclusive vehicle through which we acquire additional investments in apartment communities until the earlier of August 2011 or until 90% of its committed capital is invested, subject to certain exceptions. As of December 31, 2010, Fund II had acquired eight communities. We may also from time to time engage in acquisitions and/or dispositions of single communities or portfolios of multiple properties (including by way of tax deferred like-kind exchanges) to adjust our investment allocation by geographic market and product type.
Property Management Strategy. We seek to increase operating income through innovative, proactive property management that will result in higher revenue from communities while constraining operating expenses. Our principal strategies to maximize revenue include:
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strong focus on resident satisfaction;
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staggering lease terms such that lease expirations are better matched to traffic patterns;
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balancing high occupancy with premium pricing, and increasing rents as market conditions permit; and
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managing community occupancy for optimal rental revenue levels.
Constraining growth in operating expenses is another way in which we seek to increase earnings growth. Growth in our portfolio and the resulting increase in revenue allows for fixed operating costs to be spread over a larger volume of revenue, thereby increasing operating margins. We constrain growth in operating expenses in a variety of ways, which, among others, include the following:
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we use purchase order controls, acquiring goods and services from pre-approved vendors;
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we purchase supplies in bulk where possible;
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we bid third-party contracts on a volume basis;
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we strive to retain residents through high levels of service in order to eliminate the cost of preparing an apartment home for a new resident and to reduce marketing and vacant apartment utility costs;
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we perform turnover work in-house or hire third parties, generally depending upon the least costly alternative;
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we undertake preventive maintenance regularly to maximize resident satisfaction and property and equipment life; and
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we aggressively pursue real estate tax appeals.
On-site property management teams receive bonuses based largely upon the net operating income (“NOI”) produced at their respective communities. We use and continuously seek ways to improve technology applications to help manage our communities, believing that the accurate collection of financial and resident data will enable us to maximize revenue and control costs through careful leasing decisions, maintenance decisions and financial management.
We generally manage the operation and leasing activity of our communities directly (although we may use a wholly owned subsidiary) both for ourselves and the joint ventures and partnerships of which we are a member or a partner.
From time to time we also pursue or arrange ancillary services for our residents to provide additional revenue sources or increase resident satisfaction. In general, as a REIT we cannot directly provide services to our tenants that are not customarily provided by a landlord, nor can we share in the income of a third party that provides such services. However, we can provide such non-customary services to residents or share in the revenue from such services if we do so through a “taxable REIT subsidiary,” which is a subsidiary that is treated as a “C corporation” subject to federal income taxes.
Financing Strategy. We maintain a capital structure that provides financial flexibility to ensure we can select cost effective capital market options that are well matched to our business risks. We estimate that our short-term liquidity needs will be met from cash on hand, borrowings under our $1,000,000,000 revolving variable rate unsecured credit facility (the “Credit Facility”), sales of current operating communities and/or issuance of additional debt or equity securities. A determination to engage in an equity or debt offering depends on a variety of factors such as general market and economic conditions, including interest rates, our short and long-term liquidity needs, the adequacy of our expected liquidity sources, the relative costs of debt and equity capital and growth opportunities. A summary of debt and equity activity for the last three years is reflected on our Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows of the Consolidated Financial Statements set forth in Item 8 of this report.
We have entered into, and may continue in the future to enter into, joint ventures (including limited liability companies or partnerships) through which we would own an indirect economic interest of less than 100% of the community or communities owned directly by such joint ventures. Our decision whether to hold an apartment community in fee simple or to have an indirect interest in the community through a joint venture is based on a variety of factors and considerations, including: (i) the economic and tax terms required by a seller of land or of a community; (ii) our desire to diversify our portfolio of communities by market, submarket and product type; (iii) our desire at times to preserve our capital resources to maintain liquidity or balance sheet strength; and (iv) our projection, in some circumstances, that we will achieve higher returns on our invested capital or reduce our risk if a joint venture vehicle is used. Investments in joint ventures are not limited to a specified percentage of our assets. Each joint venture agreement is individually negotiated, and our ability to operate and/or dispose of a community in our sole discretion may be limited to varying degrees depending on the terms of the joint venture agreement.
We established the Funds to engage in acquisition programs through discretionary real estate investment funds. We believe this investment format provides the following attractive attributes: (i) this format provides third party joint venture equity as an additional source of financing to expand and diversify our portfolio; (ii) the use of a discretionary investment fund structure provides additional sources of income in the form of property management and asset management fees and, potentially, incentive distributions if the performance of the Funds exceeds certain thresholds; and (iii) this format provides visibility into the transactions occurring in multi-family assets that helps us with other investment decisions related to our wholly-owned portfolio.
From its inception in 2005 until the investment period closed in March 2008, Fund I was the exclusive vehicle through which we invested in the acquisition of apartment communities, subject to certain exceptions. In September 2008, we formed Fund II. Fund II now serves as the exclusive vehicle through which we invest in the acquisition of apartment communities, subject to certain exceptions, until the earlier of August 2011 or until 90% of its committed capital is invested. These exceptions include significant individual asset and portfolio acquisitions, properties acquired in tax-deferred transactions and acquisitions that are inadvisable or inappropriate for Fund II. Fund II does not restrict our development activities, and will terminate after a term of ten years, subject to two one-year extensions. Fund II has equity commitments from five institutional investors who, with the Company, collectively committed $400,000,000, of which our commitment is $125,000,000. A significant portion of the investments made in the Funds by investors have been or will be made through an entity that qualifies as a REIT and in which we also own an equity interest. As of January 31, 2011, Fund II has made nine investments, for a total of $571,235,000 invested. As of January 31, 2011, equity investors had contributed $233,700,000 of their committed capital to Fund II.
In addition, we may, from time to time, offer shares of our equity securities, debt securities or options to purchase stock in exchange for property. We may also acquire properties in exchange for properties we currently own.
Other Strategies and Activities. While we emphasize equity real estate investments in rental apartment communities, we have the ability to invest in other types of real estate, mortgages (including participating or convertible mortgages), securities of other REITs or real estate operating companies, or securities of technology companies that relate to our real estate operations or of companies that provide services to us or our residents, in each case consistent with our qualification as a REIT. In addition, we own and lease retail space at our communities when either (i) the highest and best use of the space is for retail (e.g., street level in an urban area) or (ii) we believe the retail space will enhance the attractiveness of the community to residents. As of December 31, 2010, we had a total of 533,489 square feet of rentable retail space, excluding retail space within communities currently under construction. Gross rental revenue provided by leased retail space in 2010 was $8,168,000 (0.9% of total revenue). If we secure a development right and believe that its best use, in whole or in part, is to develop the real estate with the intent to sell rather than hold the asset, we may, through a taxable REIT subsidiary, develop real estate for sale. At present, through a taxable REIT subsidiary that is a 50% partner in Aria at Hathorne, LLC, we have an economic interest in the development of for-sale town homes that have a total projected capital cost of $23,621,000. This for-sale development is on a site that is adjacent to our Avalon Danvers community and that is zoned for for-sale development. Any investment in securities of other entities, and any development of real estate for sale, is subject to the percentage of ownership limitations, gross income tests, and other limitations that must be observed for REIT qualification.
We have not engaged in trading, underwriting or agency distribution or sale of securities of other issuers and do not intend to do so. At all times we intend to make investments in a manner so as to qualify as a REIT unless, because of circumstances or changes to the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (or the Treasury Regulations), our Board of Directors determines that it is no longer in our best interest to qualify as a REIT.
Tax Matters
We filed an election with our 1994 federal income tax return to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (“the Code”), as amended, and intend to maintain our qualification as a REIT in the future. As a qualified REIT, with limited exceptions, we will not be taxed under federal and certain state income tax laws at the corporate level on our taxable net income to the extent taxable net income is distributed to our stockholders. We expect to make sufficient distributions to avoid income tax at the corporate level. While we believe that we are organized and qualified as a REIT and we intend to operate in a manner that will allow us to continue to qualify as a REIT, there can be no assurance that we will be successful in this regard. Qualification as a REIT involves the application of highly technical and complex provisions of the Code for which there are limited judicial and administrative interpretations and involves the determination of a variety of factual matters and circumstances not entirely within our control.
As we discussed in "Federal Income Tax Considerations and Consequences of Your Investment - Expiration of Certain Reduced Tax Rate Provisions" of our Prospectus Supplement dated November 5, 2010, several U.S. federal income tax rates were scheduled to increase in taxable years beginning after December 31, 2010. However, under recently enacted legislation, Congress has temporarily extended the following rates for taxable years beginning before January 1, 2013: (1) the 15% maximum rate for long-term capital gains applicable to individuals, trusts and estates, (2) the 15% maximum rate for qualified dividend income applicable to individuals, trusts and estates; and (3) the 28% backup withholding rate.
Competition
We face competition from other real estate investors, including insurance companies, pension and investment funds, partnerships and investment companies and other REITs, to acquire and develop apartment communities and acquire land for future development. As an owner and operator of apartment communities, we also face competition for prospective residents from other operators whose communities may be perceived to offer a better location or better amenities or whose rent may be perceived as a better value given the quality, location and amenities that the resident seeks. We also compete against condominiums and single-family homes that are for sale or rent. Although we often compete against large sophisticated developers and operators for development opportunities and for prospective residents, real estate developers and operators of any size can provide effective competition for both real estate assets and potential residents.
Environmental and Related Matters
As a current or prior owner, operator and developer of real estate, we are subject to various federal, state and local environmental laws, regulations and ordinances and also could be liable to third parties resulting from environmental contamination or noncompliance at our communities. For some development communities, we undertake extensive environmental remediation to prepare the site for construction, which could be a significant portion of our total construction cost. Environmental remediation efforts could expose us to possible liabilities for accidents or improper handling of contaminated materials during construction. These and other risks related to environmental matters are described in more detail in

ITEM 1A - RISK FACTORS
ITEM 1a.
RISK FACTORS
Our operations involve various risks that could have adverse consequences, including those described below. This Item 1a. includes forward-looking statements. You should refer to our discussion of the qualifications and limitations on forward-looking statements in this Form 10-K.
Development, redevelopment and construction risks could affect our profitability.
We intend to continue to develop and redevelop apartment home communities. These activities can include long planning and entitlement timelines and can involve complex and costly activities, including significant environmental remediation or construction work in high-density urban areas. These activities may be exposed to the following risks:
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we may abandon opportunities that we have already begun to explore for a number of reasons, including changes in local market conditions or increases in construction or financing costs, and, as a result, we may fail to recover expenses already incurred in exploring those opportunities;
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occupancy rates and rents at a community may fail to meet our original expectations for a number of reasons, including changes in market and economic conditions beyond our control and the development by competitors of competing communities;
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we may be unable to obtain, or experience delays in obtaining, necessary zoning, occupancy, or other required governmental or third party permits and authorizations, which could result in increased costs or the delay or abandonment of opportunities;
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we may incur costs that exceed our original estimates due to increased material, labor or other costs;
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we may be unable to complete construction and lease-up of a community on schedule, resulting in increased construction and financing costs and a decrease in expected rental revenues;
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we may be unable to obtain financing with favorable terms, or at all, for the proposed development of a community, which may cause us to delay or abandon an opportunity;
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we may incur liabilities to third parties during the development process, for example, in connection with managing existing improvements on the site prior to tenant terminations and demolition (such as commercial space) or in connection with providing services to third parties (such as the construction of shared infrastructure or other improvements); and
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we may incur liability if our communities are not constructed and operated in compliance with the accessibility provisions of the Americans with Disabilities Acts, the Fair Housing Act or other federal, state or local requirements. Noncompliance could result in imposition of fines, an award of damages to private litigants, and a requirement that we undertake structural modifications to remedy the noncompliance.
We project construction costs based on market conditions at the time we prepare our budgets, and our projections include changes that we anticipate but cannot predict with certainty. Construction costs may increase, particularly for labor and certain materials and, for some of our Development Communities and Development Rights (as defined below), the total construction costs may be higher than the original budget. Total capitalized cost includes all capitalized costs incurred and projected to be incurred to develop or redevelop a community, determined in accordance with GAAP, including:
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land and/or property acquisition costs;
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fees paid to secure air rights and/or tax abatements;
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construction or reconstruction costs;
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costs of environmental remediation;
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real estate taxes;
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capitalized interest;
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loan fees;
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permits;
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professional fees;
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allocated development or redevelopment overhead; and
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other regulatory fees.
Costs to redevelop communities that have been acquired have, in some cases, exceeded our original estimates and similar increases in costs may be experienced in the future. We cannot assure you that market rents in effect at the time new development or redevelopment communities complete lease-up will be sufficient to fully offset the effects of any increased construction or reconstruction costs.
Unfavorable changes in market and economic conditions could adversely affect occupancy, rental rates, operating expenses, and the overall market value of our assets, including joint ventures and investments in the Funds.
Local conditions in our markets significantly affect occupancy, rental rates and the operating performance of our communities. The risks that may adversely affect conditions in those markets include the following:
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plant closings, industry slowdowns and other factors that adversely affect the local economy;
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an oversupply of, or a reduced demand for, apartment homes;
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a decline in household formation or employment or lack of employment growth;
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the inability or unwillingness of residents to pay rent increases;
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rent control or rent stabilization laws, or other laws regulating housing, that could prevent us from raising rents to offset increases in operating costs; and
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economic conditions that could cause an increase in our operating expenses, such as increases in property taxes, utilities, compensation of on-site associates and routine maintenance.
Changes in applicable laws, or noncompliance with applicable laws, could adversely affect our operations or expose us to liability.
We must develop, construct and operate our communities in compliance with numerous federal, state and local laws and regulations, some of which may conflict with one another or be subject to limited judicial or regulatory interpretations. These laws and regulations may include zoning laws, building codes, landlord tenant laws and other laws generally applicable to business operations. Noncompliance with laws could expose us to liability.
Lower revenue growth or significant unanticipated expenditures may result from our need to comply with changes in (i) laws imposing remediation requirements and the potential liability for environmental conditions existing on properties or the restrictions on discharges or other conditions, (ii) rent control or rent stabilization laws or other residential landlord/tenant laws, or (iii) other governmental rules and regulations or enforcement policies affecting the development, use and operation of our communities, including changes to building codes and fire and life-safety codes.
Short-term leases expose us to the effects of declining market rents.
Substantially all of our apartment leases are for a term of one year or less. Because these leases generally permit the residents to leave at the end of the lease term without penalty, our rental revenues are impacted by declines in market rents more quickly than if our leases were for longer terms.
Competition could limit our ability to lease apartment homes or increase or maintain rents.
Our apartment communities compete with other housing alternatives to attract residents, including other rental apartments, condominiums and single-family homes that are available for rent, as well as new and existing condominiums and single-family homes for sale. Competitive residential housing in a particular area could adversely affect our ability to lease apartment homes and to increase or maintain rental rates.
Attractive investment opportunities may not be available, which could adversely affect our profitability.
We expect that other real estate investors, including insurance companies, pension funds, other REITs and other well-capitalized investors, will compete with us to acquire existing properties and to develop new properties. This competition could increase prices for properties of the type we would likely pursue and adversely affect our profitability.
Capital and credit market conditions may adversely affect our access to various sources of capital and/or the cost of capital, which could impact our business activities, dividends, earnings, and common stock price, among other things.
In periods when the capital and credit markets experience significant volatility, the amounts, sources and cost of capital available to us may be adversely affected. We primarily use external financing to fund construction and to refinance indebtedness as it matures. If sufficient sources of external financing are not available to us on cost effective terms, we could be forced to limit our development and redevelopment activity and/or take other actions to fund our business activities and repayment of debt, such as selling assets, reducing our cash dividend or paying out less than 100% of our taxable income. To the extent that we are able and/or choose to access capital at a higher cost than we have experienced in recent years (reflected in higher interest rates for debt financing or a lower stock price for equity financing) our earnings per share and cash flows could be adversely affected. In addition, the price of our common stock may fluctuate significantly and/or decline in a high interest rate or volatile economic environment. We believe that the lenders under our Credit Facility will fulfill their lending obligations thereunder, but if economic conditions deteriorate there can be no assurance that the ability of those lenders to fulfill their obligations would not be adversely impacted.
Insufficient cash flow could affect our debt financing and create refinancing risk.
We are subject to the risks associated with debt financing, including the risk that our cash flow will be insufficient to meet required payments of principal and interest. In this regard, we note that in order for us to continue to qualify as a REIT, we are required to annually distribute dividends generally equal to at least 90% of our REIT taxable income, computed without regard to the dividends paid deduction and our net capital gain. This requirement limits the amount of our cash flow available to meet required principal and interest payments. The principal outstanding balance on a portion of our debt will not be fully amortized prior to its maturity. Although we may be able to repay our debt by using our cash flows, we cannot assure you that we will have sufficient cash flows available to make all required principal payments. Therefore, we may need to refinance at least a portion of our outstanding debt as it matures. There is a risk that we may not be able to refinance existing debt or that a refinancing will not be done on as favorable terms, either of which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
Rising interest rates could increase interest costs and could affect the market price of our common stock.
We currently have, and may in the future incur, contractual variable interest rate debt, as well as effective variable interest rate debt achieved through the use of qualifying hedging relationships. In addition, we regularly seek access to both fixed and variable rate debt financing to repay maturing debt and to finance our development and redevelopment activity. Accordingly, if interest rates increase, our interest costs will also rise, unless we have made arrangements that hedge the risk of rising interest rates. In addition, an increase in market interest rates may lead purchasers of our common stock to demand a greater annual dividend yield, which could adversely affect the market price of our common stock.
Bond financing and zoning compliance requirements could limit our income, restrict the use of communities and cause favorable financing to become unavailable.
We have financed some of our apartment communities with obligations issued by local government agencies because the interest paid to the holders of this debt is generally exempt from federal income taxes and, therefore, the interest rate is generally more favorable to us. These obligations are commonly referred to as "tax-exempt bonds” and generally must be secured by mortgages on our communities. As a condition to obtaining tax-exempt financing, or on occasion as a condition to obtaining favorable zoning in some jurisdictions, we will commit to make some of the apartments in a community available to households whose income does not exceed certain thresholds (e.g., 50% or 80% of area median income), or who meet other qualifying tests. As of December 31, 2010, approximately 6.23% of our apartment homes at current operating communities were under income limitations such as these. These commitments, which may run without expiration or may expire after a period of time (such as 15 or 20 years) may limit our ability to raise rents and, in consequence, can also adversely affect the value of the communities subject to these restrictions.
In addition, some of our tax-exempt bond financing documents require us to obtain a guarantee from a financial institution of payment of the principal of, and interest on, the bonds. The guarantee may take the form of a letter of credit, surety bond, guarantee agreement or other additional collateral. If the financial institution defaults in its guarantee obligations, or if we are unable to renew the applicable guarantee or otherwise post satisfactory collateral, a default will occur under the applicable tax-exempt bonds and the community could be foreclosed upon if we do not redeem the bonds.
Risks related to indebtedness.
We have a Credit Facility with JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., and Wachovia Bank, N.A., serving together as syndication agent and as banks, Bank of America, N.A., serving as administrative agent, swing lender, issuing bank and a bank, Morgan Stanley Bank, Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., and Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, serving collectively as documentation agent and as banks, and a syndicate of other financial institutions, serving as banks. Our organizational documents do not limit the amount or percentage of indebtedness that may be incurred. Accordingly, subject to compliance with outstanding debt covenants, we could incur more debt, resulting in an increased risk of default on our obligations and an increase in debt service requirements that could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
The mortgages on those of our properties subject to secured debt, our Credit Facility and the indenture under which a substantial portion of our debt was issued contain customary restrictions, requirements and other limitations, as well as certain financial and operating covenants including maintenance of certain financial ratios. Maintaining compliance with these restrictions could limit our flexibility. A default in these requirements, if uncured, could result in a requirement that we repay indebtedness, which could severely affect our liquidity and increase our financing costs. Refer to Item 7., “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” for further discussion.
Failure to generate sufficient revenue or other liquidity needs could limit cash flow available for distributions to stockholders.
A decrease in rental revenue or other liquidity needs, including the repayment of indebtedness or funding of our development activities, could have an adverse effect on our ability to pay distributions to our stockholders. Significant expenditures associated with each community such as debt service payments, if any, real estate taxes, insurance and maintenance costs are generally not reduced when circumstances cause a reduction in income from a community.
The form, timing and/or amount of dividend distributions in future periods may vary and be impacted by economic and other considerations.
The form, timing and/or amount of dividend distributions will be declared at the discretion of the Board of Directors and will depend on actual cash from operations, our financial condition, capital requirements, the annual distribution requirements under the REIT provisions of the Code and other factors as the Board of Directors may consider relevant. The Board of Directors may modify our dividend policy from time to time.
We may choose to pay dividends in our own stock, in which case stockholders may be required to pay tax in excess of the cash they receive.
We may distribute taxable dividends that are payable in part in our stock, as we did in the fourth quarter of 2008. Taxable stockholders receiving such dividends will be required to include the full amount of the dividend as income to the extent of our current and accumulated earnings and profits for federal income tax purposes. As a result, a U.S. stockholder may be required to pay tax with respect to such dividends in excess of the cash received. If a U.S. stockholder sells the stock it receives as a dividend in order to pay this tax, the sales proceeds may be less than the amount included in income with respect to the dividend, depending on the market price of our stock at the time of the sale. Furthermore, with respect to non-U.S. stockholders, we may be required to withhold U.S. tax with respect to such dividends, including in respect of all or a portion of such dividend that is payable in stock. In addition, the trading price of our stock would experience downward pressure if a significant number of our stockholders sell shares of our stock in order to pay taxes owed on dividends.
Debt financing may not be available and equity issuances could be dilutive to our stockholders.
Our ability to execute our business strategy depends on our access to an appropriate blend of debt and equity financing. Debt financing may not be available in sufficient amounts or on favorable terms. If we issue additional equity securities, the interests of existing stockholders could be diluted.
Difficulty of selling apartment communities could limit flexibility.
Federal tax laws may limit our ability to earn a gain on the sale of a community (unless we own it through a subsidiary which will incur a taxable gain upon sale) if we are found to have held, acquired or developed the community primarily with the intent to resell the community, and this limitation may affect our ability to sell communities without adversely affecting returns to our stockholders. In addition, real estate in our markets can at times be difficult to sell quickly at prices we find acceptable. These potential difficulties in selling real estate in our markets may limit our ability to change or reduce the apartment communities in our portfolio promptly in response to changes in economic or other conditions.
Acquisitions may not yield anticipated results.
Subject to the requirements related to Fund II, we may in the future acquire apartment communities on a select basis. Our acquisition activities and their success may be exposed to the following risks:
●
an acquired property may fail to perform as we expected in analyzing our investment; and
●
our estimate of the costs of repositioning or redeveloping an acquired property may prove inaccurate.
Failure to succeed in new markets or in activities other than the development, ownership and operation of residential rental communities may have adverse consequences.
We may from time to time commence development activity or make acquisitions outside of our existing market areas if appropriate opportunities arise. As noted above, we also own and lease ancillary retail space when a retail component represents the best use of the space, as is often the case with large urban in-fill developments. Also, as noted above in Item 1., “Business,” through a taxable REIT subsidiary that is a joint venture partner, we have a 50% economic interest in a for-sale development with a total estimated capital cost at completion of $23,621,000, on a site adjacent to one of our communities. We may engage or have an interest in for-sale activity in the future. Our historical experience in our existing markets in developing, owning and operating rental communities does not ensure that we will be able to operate successfully in new markets, should we choose to enter them, or that we will be successful in other activities. We may be exposed to a variety of risks if we choose to enter new markets, including an inability to accurately evaluate local apartment market conditions; an inability to obtain land for development or to identify appropriate acquisition opportunities; an inability to hire and retain key personnel; and lack of familiarity with local governmental and permitting procedures. We may be unsuccessful in owning and leasing retail space at our communities or in developing real estate with the intent to sell.
Land we hold with no current intent to develop may be subject to future impairment charges.
We own parcels of land that we do not currently intend to develop. As discussed in Item 2., "Communities - Other Land and Real Estate Assets," in the event that the fair market value of a parcel changes such that the we determine that the carrying basis of the parcel reflected in our financial statements is greater than the parcel's then current fair value, less costs to dispose, we would be subject to an impairment charge, which would reduce our net income.
Risks involved in real estate activity through joint ventures.
Instead of acquiring or developing apartment communities directly, at times we invest as a partner or a co-venturer. Joint venture investments (including investments through partnerships or limited liability companies) involve risks, including the possibility that our partner might become insolvent or otherwise refuse to make capital contributions when due; that we may be responsible to our partner for indemnifiable losses; that our partner might at any time have business goals which are inconsistent with ours; and that our partner may be in a position to take action or withhold consent contrary to our instructions or requests. Frequently, we and our partner may each have the right to trigger a buy-sell arrangement, which could cause us to sell our interest, or acquire our partner’s interest, at a time when we otherwise would not have initiated such a transaction.
Risks associated with an investment in and management of discretionary real estate investment funds.
We formed Fund I which, through a wholly owned subsidiary, we manage as the general partner and in which we have invested approximately $50,000,000 at December 31, 2010, representing our total capital commitment, for an equity interest of approximately 15%. We have also formed Fund II which, through a wholly owned subsidiary, we manage as the general partner and to which we have committed $125,000,000, representing an equity interest of approximately 31%. We have invested approximately $73,031,000 at December 31, 2010 in Fund II. These Funds present risks, including the following:
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investors in Fund II may fail to make their capital contributions when due and, as a result, Fund II may be unable to execute its investment objectives;
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our subsidiaries that are the general partners of the Funds are generally liable, under partnership law, for the debts and obligations of the respective Funds, subject to certain exculpation and indemnification rights pursuant to the terms of the partnership agreement of the Funds;
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investors in the Funds holding a majority of the partnership interests may remove us as the general partner without cause, subject to our right to receive an additional nine months of management fees after such removal and our right to acquire one of the properties then held by the Funds;
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while we have broad discretion to manage the Funds and make investment decisions on behalf of the Funds, the investors or an advisory committee comprised of representatives of the investors must approve certain matters, and as a result we may be unable to cause the Funds to make certain investments or implement certain decisions that we consider beneficial;
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we can develop communities but have been generally prohibited from making acquisitions of apartment communities outside of Fund II, which is our exclusive investment vehicle until August 2011 or when 90% of Fund II’s capital is invested, subject to certain exceptions; and
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we may be liable and/or our status as a REIT may be jeopardized if either the Funds, or the REITs through which a number of investors have invested in the Funds and which we manage, fail to comply with various tax or other regulatory matters.
Risk of earthquake damage.
As further described in Item 2., “Communities - Insurance and Risk of Uninsured Losses,” many of our West Coast communities are located in the general vicinity of active earthquake faults. We cannot assure you that an earthquake would not cause damage or losses greater than insured levels. In the event of a loss in excess of insured limits, we could lose our capital invested in the affected community, as well as anticipated future revenue from that community. We would also continue to be obligated to repay any mortgage indebtedness or other obligations related to the community. Any such loss could materially and adversely affect our business and our financial condition and results of operations.
Insurance coverage for earthquakes can be costly due to limited industry capacity. As a result, we may experience shortages in desired coverage levels if market conditions are such that insurance is not available or the cost of insurance makes it, in management’s view, economically impractical.
A significant uninsured property or liability loss could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
In addition to the earthquake insurance discussed above, we carry commercial general liability insurance, property insurance and terrorism insurance with respect to our communities on terms we consider commercially reasonable. There are, however, certain types of losses (such as losses arising from acts of war) that are not insured, in full or in part, because they are either uninsurable or the cost of insurance makes it, in management’s view, economically impractical. If an uninsured property loss or a property loss in excess of insured limits were to occur, we could lose our capital invested in a community, as well as the anticipated future revenues from such community. We would also continue to be obligated to repay any mortgage indebtedness or other obligations related to the community. If an uninsured liability to a third party were to occur, we would incur the cost of defense and settlement with, or court ordered damages to, that third party. A significant uninsured property or liability loss could materially and adversely affect our business and our financial condition and results of operations.
We may incur costs and increased expenses to repair property damage resulting from inclement weather.
Particularly in New England, the New York and New Jersey Metro area and the Midwest, we are exposed to risks associated with inclement winter weather, including increased costs for the removal of snow and ice as well as from delays in construction. In addition, inclement weather could increase the need for maintenance and repair of our communities.
We may incur costs due to environmental contamination or non-compliance.
Under various federal, state and local environmental and public health laws, regulations and ordinances, we may be required, regardless of knowledge or responsibility, to investigate and remediate the effects of hazardous or toxic substances or petroleum product releases at our properties (including in some cases natural substances such as methane and radon gas) and may be held liable under these laws or common law to a governmental entity or to third parties for property, personal injury or natural resources damages and for investigation and remediation costs incurred as a result of the contamination. These damages and costs may be substantial and may exceed any insurance coverage we have for such events. The presence of such substances, or the failure to properly remediate the contamination, may adversely affect our ability to borrow against, sell or rent the affected property.
In addition, some environmental laws create or allow a government agency to impose a lien on the contaminated site in favor of the government for damages and costs it incurs as a result of the contamination.
The development, construction and operation of our communities are subject to regulations and permitting under various federal, state and local laws, regulations and ordinances, which regulate matters including wetlands protection, storm water runoff and wastewater discharge. Noncompliance with such laws and regulations may subject us to fines and penalties. We do not currently anticipate that we will incur any material liabilities as a result of noncompliance with these laws.
Certain federal, state and local laws, regulations and ordinances govern the removal, encapsulation or disturbance of asbestos containing materials (“ACMs”) when such materials are in poor condition or in the event of renovation or demolition of a building. These laws and the common law may impose liability for release of ACMs and may allow third parties to seek recovery from owners or operators of real properties for personal injury associated with exposure to ACMs. We are not aware that any ACMs were used in the construction of the communities we developed. ACMs were, however, used in the construction of a number of the communities that we acquired. We implement an operations and maintenance program at each of the communities at which ACMs are detected. We do not currently anticipate that we will incur any material liabilities as a result of the presence of ACMs at our communities.
We are aware that some of our communities have lead paint and have implemented an operations and maintenance program at each of those communities. We do not currently anticipate that we will incur any material liabilities as a result of the presence of lead paint at our communities.
We are also aware that environmental agencies and third parties have, in the case of certain properties with on-site or nearby contamination, asserted claims for remediation or personal injury based on the alleged actual or potential intrusion into buildings of chemical vapors from soils underlying or in the vicinity of those buildings or on nearby properties. We currently do not anticipate that we will incur any material liabilities as a result of vapor intrusion at our communities.
All of our stabilized operating communities, and all of the communities that we are currently developing, have been subjected to at least a Phase I or similar environmental assessment, which generally does not involve invasive techniques such as soil or ground water sampling. These assessments, together with subsurface assessments conducted on some properties, have not revealed, and we are not otherwise aware of, any environmental conditions that we believe would have a material adverse effect on our business, assets, financial condition or results of operations. In connection with our ownership, operation and development of communities, from time to time we undertake substantial remedial action in response to the presence of subsurface or other contaminants, including contaminants in soil, groundwater and soil vapor beneath or affecting our buildings. In some cases, an indemnity exists upon which we may be able to rely if environmental liability arises from the contamination or remediation costs exceed estimates. There can be no assurance, however, that all necessary remediation actions have been or will be undertaken at our properties or that we will be indemnified, in full or at all, in the event that environmental liability arises.
Mold growth may occur when excessive moisture accumulates in buildings or on building materials, particularly if the moisture problem remains undiscovered or is not addressed over a period of time. Although the occurrence of mold at multifamily and other structures, and the need to remediate such mold, is not a new phenomenon, there has been increased awareness in recent years that certain molds may in some instances lead to adverse health effects, including allergic or other reactions. To help limit mold growth, we educate residents about the importance of adequate ventilation and request or require that they notify us when they see mold or excessive moisture. We have established procedures for promptly addressing and remediating mold or excessive moisture from apartment homes when we become aware of its presence regardless of whether we or the resident believe a health risk is presented. However, we cannot provide assurance that mold or excessive moisture will be detected and remediated in a timely manner. If a significant mold problem arises at one of our communities, we could be required to undertake a costly remediation program to contain or remove the mold from the affected community and could be exposed to other liabilities that may exceed any applicable insurance coverage. Our communities may also be affected by potential vapor intrusion risks resulting from subsurface soil or groundwater contamination by volatile organic compounds, which may require investigation or remediation and could subject the Company to liability.
Additionally, we have occasionally been involved in developing, managing, leasing and operating various properties for third parties. Consequently, we may be considered to have been an operator of such properties and, therefore, potentially liable for removal or remediation costs or other potential costs which relate to the release or presence of hazardous or toxic substances. We are not aware of any material environmental liabilities with respect to properties managed or developed by us or our predecessors for such third parties.
We cannot assure you that:
●
the environmental assessments described above have identified all potential environmental liabilities;
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no prior owner created any material environmental condition not known to us or the consultants who prepared the assessments;
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no environmental liabilities have developed since the environmental assessments were prepared;
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the condition of land or operations in the vicinity of our communities, such as the presence of underground storage tanks, will not affect the environmental condition of our communities;
●
future uses or conditions, including, without limitation, changes in applicable environmental laws and regulations, will not result in the imposition of environmental liability; and
●
no environmental liabilities will arise at communities that we have sold for which we may have liability.
Failure to qualify as a REIT would cause us to be taxed as a corporation, which would significantly reduce funds available for distribution to stockholders.
If we fail to qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes, we will be subject to federal income tax on our taxable income at regular corporate rates (subject to any applicable alternative minimum tax). In addition, unless we are entitled to relief under applicable statutory provisions, we would be ineligible to make an election for treatment as a REIT for the four taxable years following the year in which we lose our qualification. The additional tax liability resulting from the failure to qualify as a REIT would significantly reduce or eliminate the amount of funds available for distribution to our stockholders. Furthermore, we would no longer be required to make distributions to our stockholders. Thus, our failure to qualify as a REIT could also impair our ability to expand our business and raise capital, and would adversely affect the value of our common stock.
We believe that we are organized and qualified as a REIT, and we intend to operate in a manner that will allow us to continue to qualify as a REIT. However, we cannot assure you that we are qualified as a REIT, or that we will remain qualified in the future. This is because qualification as a REIT involves the application of highly technical and complex provisions of the Internal Revenue Code for which there are only limited judicial and administrative interpretations and involves the determination of a variety of factual matters and circumstances not entirely within our control. In addition, future legislation, new regulations, administrative interpretations or court decisions may significantly change the tax laws or the application of the tax laws with respect to qualification as a REIT for federal income tax purposes or the federal income tax consequences of this qualification.
Even if we qualify as a REIT, we will be subject to certain federal, state and local taxes on our income and property and on taxable income that we do not distribute to our shareholders. In addition, we may engage in activities that are not customarily provided by a landlord through taxable subsidiaries and will be subject to federal income tax at regular corporate rates on the income of those subsidiaries.
The ability of our stockholders to control our policies and effect a change of control of our company is limited by certain provisions of our charter and bylaws and by Maryland law.
There are provisions in our charter and bylaws that may discourage a third party from making a proposal to acquire us, even if some of our stockholders might consider the proposal to be in their best interests. These provisions include the following:
Our charter authorizes our Board of Directors to issue up to 50,000,000 shares of preferred stock without stockholder approval and to establish the preferences and rights, including voting rights, of any series of preferred stock issued. The Board of Directors may issue preferred stock without stockholder approval, which could allow the Board to issue one or more classes or series of preferred stock that could discourage or delay a tender offer or a change in control.
To maintain our qualification as a REIT for federal income tax purposes, not more than 50% in value of our outstanding stock may be owned, directly or indirectly, by or for five or fewer individuals at any time during the last half of any taxable year. To maintain this qualification, and/or to address other concerns about concentrations of ownership of our stock, our charter generally prohibits ownership (directly, indirectly by virtue of the attribution provisions of the Code, or beneficially as defined in Section 13 of the Securities Exchange Act) by any single stockholder of more than 9.8% of the issued and outstanding shares of any class or series of our stock. In general, under our charter, pension plans and mutual funds may directly and beneficially own up to 15% of the outstanding shares of any class or series of stock. Under our charter, our Board of Directors may in its sole discretion waive or modify the ownership limit for one or more persons, but is not required to do so even if such waiver would not affect our qualification as a REIT. These ownership limits may prevent or delay a change in control and, as a result, could adversely affect our stockholders’ ability to realize a premium for their shares of common stock.
Our bylaws provide that the affirmative vote of holders of a majority of all of the shares entitled to be cast in the election of directors is required to elect a director. In a contested election, if no nominee receives the vote of holders of a majority of all of the shares entitled to be cast, the incumbent directors would remain in office. This requirement may prevent or delay a change in control and, as a result, could adversely affect our stockholders’ ability to realize a premium for their shares of common stock.
As a Maryland corporation, we are subject to the provisions of the Maryland General Corporation Law. Maryland law imposes restrictions on some business combinations and requires compliance with statutory procedures before some mergers and acquisitions may occur, which may delay or prevent offers to acquire us or increase the difficulty of completing any offers, even if they are in our stockholders’ best interests. In addition, other provisions of the Maryland General Corporation Law permit the Board of Directors to make elections and to take actions without stockholder approval (such as classifying our Board such that the entire Board is not up for reelection annually) that, if made or taken, could have the effect of discouraging or delaying a change in control.

ITEM 1B - UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
ITEM 1b.
UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
None.

ITEM 2 - PROPERTIES
ITEM 2.
COMMUNITIES
Our real estate investments consist primarily of current operating apartment communities, communities in various stages of development (“Development Communities”) and Development Rights (as defined below). Our current operating communities are further distinguished as Established Communities, Other Stabilized Communities, Lease-Up Communities and Redevelopment Communities. The following is a description of each category:
Current Communities are categorized as Established, Other Stabilized, Lease-Up, or Redevelopment according to the following attributes:
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Established Communities (also known as Same Store Communities) are consolidated communities where a comparison of operating results from the prior year to the current year is meaningful, as these communities were owned and had stabilized occupancy and operating expenses as of the beginning of the prior year. For the year ended December 31, 2010, the Established Communities are communities that are consolidated for financial reporting purposes, had stabilized occupancy and operating expenses as of January 1, 2009, are not conducting or planning to conduct substantial redevelopment activities and are not held for sale or planned for disposition within the current year. A community is considered to have stabilized occupancy at the earlier of (i) attainment of 95% physical occupancy or (ii) the one-year anniversary of completion of development or redevelopment.
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Other Stabilized Communities includes all other completed communities that we own or have a direct or indirect ownership interest in, and that have stabilized occupancy, as defined above. Other Stabilized Communities do not include communities that are conducting or planning to conduct substantial redevelopment activities within the current year.
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Lease-Up Communities are communities where construction has been complete for less than one year and where physical occupancy has not reached 95%.
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Redevelopment Communities are communities where substantial redevelopment is in progress or is planned to begin during the current year. For communities that we wholly own, redevelopment is considered substantial when capital invested during the reconstruction effort is expected to exceed the lesser of $5,000,000 or 10% of the community’s acquisition cost and is expected to have a material impact on the community's operations, including occupancy levels and future retention rates. The definition of substantial redevelopment may differ for communities owned through a joint venture arrangement, or by one of the Funds.
Development Communities are communities that are under construction and for which a certificate of occupancy has not been received for the entire community. These communities may be partially complete and operating.
Development Rights are development opportunities in the early phase of the development process for which we either have an option to acquire land or enter into a leasehold interest, for which we are the buyer under a long-term conditional contract to purchase land or where we own land to develop a new community. We capitalize related pre-development costs incurred in pursuit of new developments for which we currently believe future development is probable.
As of December 31, 2010, communities that we owned or held a direct or indirect interest in were classified as follows:
Our holdings under each of the above categories are discussed on the following pages.
Current Communities
Our Current Communities are primarily garden-style apartment communities consisting of two and three-story buildings in landscaped settings. As of January 31, 2011, our current communities consisted of 120 garden-style (of which 15 are mixed communities and/or include town homes), 22 high-rise and 31 mid-rise apartment communities.
Our communities generally offer a variety of quality amenities and features, which may include:
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fully-equipped kitchens;
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lofts and vaulted ceilings;
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walk-in closets;
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fireplaces;
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patios/decks; and
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modern appliances.
Other features at various communities may include:
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swimming pools;
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fitness centers;
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tennis courts; and
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wi-fi lounges.
We also have an extensive and ongoing maintenance program to continually maintain and enhance our communities and apartment homes. The aesthetic appeal of our communities and a service-oriented property management team, focused on the specific needs of residents, enhances market appeal to discriminating residents. We believe our mission of Enhancing the Lives of our Residents helps us achieve higher rental rates and occupancy levels while minimizing resident turnover and operating expenses.
Our Current Communities are located in the following geographic markets:
We manage and operate substantially all of our Current Communities. During the year ended December 31, 2010, we completed construction of 1,547 apartment homes in four communities and sold 1,007 apartment homes in three communities. The average age of our Current Communities, on a weighted average basis according to number of apartment homes, is 16 years. When adjusted to reflect redevelopment activity, as if redevelopment were a new construction completion date, the average age of our Current Communities is 10 years.
Of the Current Communities, as of January 31, 2011, we owned:
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a full fee simple, or absolute, ownership interest in 131 operating communities, nine of which are on land subject to land leases expiring in October 2026, November 2028, December 2034, December 2061, April 2095, September 2105, May 2105 and March 2142, and 82 of which are owned by subsidiary partnerships, limited liability companies or corporations;
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a general partnership interest and an indirect limited partnership interest in both Fund I and Fund II. Subsidiaries of Fund I own a fee simple interest in 19 operating communities, and subsidiaries of Fund II own a fee simple interest in nine operating communities;
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a general partnership interest in two partnerships structured as “DownREITs,” as described more fully below, that own an aggregate of seven communities;
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a membership interest in four limited liability companies and a partnership interest in two partnerships, each with direct or indirect third-party ownership interest therein, that each hold a fee simple interest in an operating community, one of which is on land subject to a land lease expiring in February 2093; and
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a residual profits interest (with no ownership interest) in a limited liability company to which an operating community was transferred upon completion of construction in the second quarter of 2006.
For some communities, a land lease is used to support tax advantaged structures that ultimately allow us to purchase the land upon lease expiration. We have options to purchase the underlying land for the leases that expire in October 2026, November 2028, December 2034 and April 2095. We also hold, directly or through wholly-owned subsidiaries, the full fee simple ownership interest in the 14 Development Communities, all of which are currently consolidated for financial reporting purposes and one of which is subject to a land lease expiring in April 2106.
In our two partnerships structured as DownREITs, either AvalonBay or one of our wholly owned subsidiaries is the general partner, and there are one or more limited partners whose interest in the partnership is represented by units of limited partnership interest. For each DownREIT partnership, limited partners are entitled to receive an initial distribution before any distribution is made to the general partner. Although the partnership agreements for each of the DownREITs are different, generally the distributions per unit paid to the holders of units of limited partnership interests have approximated our current common stock dividend amount. The holders of units of limited partnership interest have the right to present all or some of their units for redemption for a cash amount as determined by the applicable partnership agreement and based on the fair value of our common stock. In lieu of a cash redemption by the partnership, we may elect to acquire any unit presented for redemption for one share of our common stock or for such cash amount. As of January 31, 2011, there were 15,207 DownREIT partnership units outstanding. The DownREIT partnerships are consolidated for financial reporting purposes.
Profile of Current, Development and Unconsolidated Communities (1)
(Dollars in thousands, except per apartment home data)
Average economic
occupancy
Average
rental rate
City and state
Number of homes
Approx.
rentable area
(Sq. Ft.)
Acres
Year of
completion /
acquistion
Average
size
(Sq. Ft.)
Physical
occupancy at
12/31/10
$ per
Apt (4)
$ per
Sq. Ft.
Financial
reporting
cost (5)
Profile of Current, Development and Unconsolidated Communities (1)
(Dollars in thousands, except per apartment home data)
Average economic
occupancy
Average
rental rate
City and state
Number of homes
Approx.
rentable area
(Sq. Ft.)
Acres
Year of
completion /
acquistion
Average
size
(Sq. Ft.)
Physical
occupancy at
12/31/10
$ per
Apt (4)
$ per
Sq. Ft.
Financial
reporting
cost (5)
Profile of Current, Development and Unconsolidated Communities (1)
(Dollars in thousands, except per apartment home data)
Average economic
occupancy
Average
rental rate
City and state
Number of homes
Approx.
rentable area
(Sq. Ft.)
Acres
Year of
completion /
acquistion
Average
size
(Sq. Ft.)
Physical
occupancy at
12/31/10
$ per
Apt (4)
$ per
Sq. Ft.
Financial
reporting
cost (5)
Profile of Current, Development and Unconsolidated Communities (1)
(Dollars in thousands, except per apartment home data)
Average economic
occupancy
Average
rental rate
City and state
Number of homes
Approx.
rentable area
(Sq. Ft.)
Acres
Year of
completion /
acquistion
Average
size
(Sq. Ft.)
Physical
occupancy at
12/31/10
$ per
Apt (4)
$ per
Sq. Ft.
Financial
reporting
cost (5)
Profile of Current, Development and Unconsolidated Communities (1)
(Dollars in thousands, except per apartment home data)
Average economic
occupancy
Average
rental rate
City and state
Number of homes
Approx.
rentable area
(Sq. Ft.)
Acres
Year of
completion /
acquistion
Average
size
(Sq. Ft.)
Physical
occupancy at
12/31/10
$ per
Apt (4)
$ per
Sq. Ft.
Financial
reporting
cost (5)
Profile of Current, Development and Unconsolidated Communities (1)
(Dollars in thousands, except per apartment home data)
Average economic
occupancy
Average
rental rate
City and state
Number of homes
Approx.
rentable area
(Sq. Ft.)
Acres
Year of
completion /
acquistion
Average
size
(Sq. Ft.)
Physical
occupancy at
12/31/10
$ per
Apt (4)
$ per
Sq. Ft.
Financial
reporting
cost (5)
Profile of Current, Development and Unconsolidated Communities (1)
(Dollars in thousands, except per apartment home data)
(1)
We own a fee simple interest in the communities listed, excepted as noted below.
(2)
Represents a community that was under redevelopment during the year, which could result in lower average economic occupancy and average rental rate per square foot for the year.
(3)
Represents a community that completed development or was purchased during the year, which could result in lower average economic occupancy and average rental rate per square foot for the year.
(4)
Represents the average rental revenue per occupied apartment home.
(5)
Costs are presented in accordance with GAAP. For current Development Communities, cost represents total costs incurred through December 31, 2010.
Financial reporting costs are excluded for unconsolidated communities, see Note 6, "Investments in Real Estate Entities."
(6)
We own a 15.2% combined general partnership and indirect limited partner equity interest in this community.
(7)
We own a general partnership interest in a partnership that owns a fee simple interest in this community.
(8)
We own a general partnership interest in a partnership structured as a DownREIT that owns this community.
(9)
We own a membership interest in a limited liability company that holds a fee simple interest in this community.
(10)
This community was transferred to a joint venture entity upon completion of development. We do not hold an equity interest in the entity, but retain a promoted residual interest in the profits of the entity.
We receive a property management fee for this community.
(11)
Community is located on land subject to a land lease.
(12)
We own a 31.3% combined general partnership and indirect limited partner equity interest in this community.
Development Communities
As of December 31, 2010, we had 14 Development Communities under construction. We expect these Development Communities, when completed, to add a total of 3,334 apartment homes to our portfolio for a total capitalized cost, including land acquisition costs, of approximately $879,500,000. You should carefully review Item 1a., “Risk Factors,” for a discussion of the risks associated with development activity and our discussion under Item 7., “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” for further discussion of our 2011 outlook for development activity.
The following table presents a summary of the Development Communities. We hold a direct or indirect fee simple ownership interest in these communities except where noted.
(1)
Total capitalized cost includes all capitalized costs projected to be or actually incurred to develop the respective Development Community, determined in accordance with GAAP, including land acquisition costs, construction costs, real estate taxes, capitalized interest and loan fees, permits, professional fees, allocated development overhead and other regulatory fees. Total capitalized cost for communities identified as having joint venture ownership, either during construction or upon construction completion, represents the total projected joint venture contribution amount.
(2)
Future initial occupancy dates are estimates. There can be no assurance that we will pursue to completion any or all of these proposed developments.
(3)
Stabilized operations is defined as the earlier of (i) attainment of 95% or greater physical occupancy or (ii) the one-year anniversary of completion of development.
Redevelopment Communities
As of December 31, 2010, we had nine consolidated communities under redevelopment. We expect the total capitalized cost to redevelop these communities to be $113,100,000, excluding costs prior to redevelopment. We have found that the cost to redevelop an existing apartment community is more difficult to budget and estimate than the cost to develop a new community. Accordingly, we expect that actual costs may vary from our budget by a wider range than for a new development community. We cannot assure you that we will meet our schedule for reconstruction completion or restabilized operations, or that we will meet our budgeted costs, either individually or in the aggregate. We anticipate continuing our current level of redevelopment activity related to communities in our current operating portfolio. You should carefully review Item 1a., “Risk Factors,” for a discussion of the risks associated with redevelopment activity.
The following presents a summary of these Redevelopment Communities (1):
(1)
The Company commenced the redevelopment of Avalon at Prudential Center in Boston, MA during the second quarter 2010 for an estimated total capitalized cost of $29.1 million. The redevelopment is primarily focused on the exterior and/or common area and is not expected to have a material impact on community operations, including occupancy, or the expected future level of rental revenue. This community is therefore included in the Established Community portfolio and not classified as a Redevelopment Community.
(2)
Total capitalized cost includes all capitalized costs projected to be or actually incurred to redevelop the respective Redevelopment Community, including land acquisition costs, construction costs, real estate taxes, capitalized interest and loan fees, permits, professional fees, allocated development overhead and other regulatory fees, all as determined in accordance with GAAP.
(3)
Restabilized operations is defined as the earlier of (i) attainment of 95% or greater physical occupancy or (ii) the one-year anniversary of completion of redevelopment.
(4)
Redevelopment efforts will be focused on the 368 units associated with the initial phase of this community which was acquired by a predecessor of the Company in Q3 1995.
(5)
The scope of the work completed during the fourth quarter did not impact the occupancy or rental income therefore these communities are included in the Established Community portfolio.
Development Rights
At December 31, 2010, we had $184,150,000 in acquisition and related capitalized costs for land parcels we own, and $77,253,000 in capitalized costs (including legal fees, design fees and related overhead costs) related to Development Rights for which we control the land parcel, typically through an option to purchase or lease the land. Collectively, the land held for development and associated costs for deferred development rights relate to 26 Development Rights for which we expect to develop new apartment communities in the future. The cumulative capitalized costs for land held for development as of December 31, 2010, includes $143,813,000 in original land acquisition costs. We also have $49,979,000 in future land acquisition costs under our Commitment, related to a Development Right in Brooklyn, NY, as discussed under “Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements” elsewhere within this Form 10-K. The original land acquisition cost per home, including our obligation under the Commitment, ranged from $10,000 per home in Connecticut to $148,000 per home in New York City. In addition, the land for a Development Right that we control under a 99-year land lease agreement is subject to future minimum rental amounts of $6,600,000 per year. The Development Rights range from those beginning design and architectural planning to those that have completed site plans and drawings and can begin construction almost immediately. We estimate that the successful completion of all of these communities would ultimately add approximately 7,313 apartment homes to our portfolio. Substantially all of these apartment homes will offer features like those offered by the communities we currently own.
For 18 Development Rights, we control the land through an option to purchase or lease the parcel. While we generally prefer to hold Development Rights through options to acquire land, for the eight remaining Development Rights we either currently own the land or have executed a long term land lease for the parcel of land on which a community would be built if we proceeded with development.
The properties comprising the Development Rights are in different stages of the due diligence and regulatory approval process. The decisions as to which of the Development Rights to invest in, if any, or to continue to pursue once an investment in a Development Right is made, are business judgments that we make after we perform financial, demographic and other analyses. In the event that we do not proceed with a Development Right, we generally would not recover capitalized costs incurred in the pursuit of those communities, unless we were to recover amounts in connection with the sale of land; however, we cannot guarantee a recovery. Initial development costs incurred for pursuits for which future development is not yet considered probable are expensed as incurred. In addition, if the status of a Development Right changes, making future development no longer probable, any capitalized pre-development costs are charged to expense. During 2010, we incurred a charge of approximately $2,741,000 of pre-development cost for development pursuits that were not yet probable of future development at the time incurred, or for pursuits that we determined would not likely be developed.
You should carefully review Section 1a., “Risk Factors,” for a discussion of the risks associated with Development Rights.
The table below presents a summary of these Development Rights:
(1)
Total capitalized cost includes all capitalized costs incurred to date (if any) and projected to be incurred to develop the respective community, determined in accordance with GAAP, including land acquisition costs, construction costs, real estate taxes, capitalized interest and loan fees, permits, professional fees, allocated development overhead and other regulatory fees.
Land Acquisitions
We select land for development and follow established procedures that we believe minimize both the cost and the risks of development. During 2010, we acquired eight land parcels for development, as shown in the table below, for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $67,494,000. For seven of the eight parcels construction has either started or will start within the next 12 months.
(1)
Total capitalized cost includes all capitalized costs incurred to date (if any) and projected to be incurred to develop the respective community, determined in accordance with GAAP, including land acquisition costs, construction costs, real estate taxes, capitalized interest and loan fees, permits, professional fees, allocated development overhead and other regulatory fees.
Other Land and Real Estate Assets
We own land parcels with a carrying value of approximately $105,218,000 that we do not currently plan to develop. These parcels consist of land that we (i) originally planned to develop and (ii) ancillary parcels acquired in connection with Development Rights that we had not planned to develop, as more fully described below.
i) The land that we originally acquired for future development has an original cost of $144,702,000, and a current carrying value of $83,215,000, and is comprised of nine parcels originally intended for the development of approximately 2,700 apartment homes. The current carrying value of these land parcels reflects impairment charges of $61,487,000 incurred in prior periods.
ii) The out parcels and certain other land parcels that we acquired in connection with various development pursuits without a view to developing have a current carrying value of $22,003,000, which reflects impairment charges of $12,166,000 incurred in prior periods.
We believe that the current carrying value of $105,218,000 for all of these land parcels is such that there is no indication of impaired value, or further need to record a charge for impairment in the case of assets previously impaired. However we may be subject to the recognition of further charges for impairment in the event that there are indicators of such impairment, and we determine that the carrying value of the assets is greater than the current fair value, less costs to dispose.
Recent Disposition Activity
We (i) sell assets that do not meet our long-term investment strategy or when capital and real estate markets allow us to realize a portion of the value created over the past business cycle and (ii) redeploy the proceeds from those sales to develop, redevelop and acquire communities. Pending such redeployment, we will generally use the proceeds from the sale of these communities to reduce amounts outstanding under our Credit Facility or retain the cash proceeds on our balance sheet until it is redeployed into development activity. On occasion, we will set aside the proceeds from the sale of communities into a cash escrow account to facilitate a non-taxable, like-kind exchange transaction. From January 1, 2010 to January 31, 2011, we sold our interest in three wholly owned communities, containing 1,007 apartment homes. The aggregate gross sales price for these assets was $190,450,000.
Insurance and Risk of Uninsured Losses
We carry commercial general liability insurance and property insurance with respect to all of our communities. These policies, and other insurance policies we carry, have policy specifications, insured limits and deductibles that we consider commercially reasonable. There are, however, certain types of losses (such as losses arising from acts of war) that are not insured, in full or in part, because they are either uninsurable or the cost of insurance makes it, in management’s view, economically impractical. You should carefully review the discussion under Item 1a., “Risk Factors,” of this Form 10-K for a discussion of risks associated with an uninsured property or liability loss.
Many of our West Coast communities are located in the general vicinity of active earthquake faults. Many of our communities are near, and thus susceptible to, the major fault lines in California, including the San Andreas Fault and the Hayward Fault. We cannot assure you that an earthquake would not cause damage or losses greater than insured levels. We have in place with respect to communities located in California and Washington, for any single occurrence and in the aggregate, $75,000,000 of coverage. Earthquake coverage outside of California and Washington is subject to a $100,000,000 limit each occurrence and in the aggregate. In California the deductible for each occurrence is five percent of the insured value of each damaged building. Our earthquake insurance outside of California provides for a $100,000 deductible per occurrence except that the next $350,000 of loss per occurrence outside California will be treated as an additional self-insured retention until the total incurred self-insured retention exceeds $1,400,000.
On January 15, 2011, we elected to extend our property insurance policy for a new 16 month term in order to take advantage of market conditions. As a result, our property insurance premium decreased by approximately 10% with no material changes in coverage. We expect to renew this policy when it expires on May 15, 2012.
In August 2010, we renewed our general liability policy and worker’s compensation coverage for a one year term, and experienced an increase in the premium on these policies of approximately 3%, which for the workers compensation coverage primarily reflects increased volume at a slightly lower rate, and for the general liability coverage reflects a marginal rate increase. For both policies, there were no material changes in the coverage. These policies are in effect until August 1, 2011.
Just as with office buildings, transportation systems and government buildings, there have been reports that apartment communities could become targets of terrorism. In December 2007, Congress passed the Terrorism Risk Insurance Program Reauthorization Act (“TRIPRA”) which is designed to make terrorism insurance available through a federal back-stop program until 2014. In connection with this legislation, we have purchased insurance for property damage due to terrorism up to $250,000,000. Additionally, we have purchased insurance for certain terrorist acts, not covered under TRIPRA, such as domestic-based terrorism. This insurance, often referred to as “non-certified” terrorism insurance, is subject to deductibles, limits and exclusions. Our general liability policy provides TRIPRA coverage (subject to deductibles and insured limits) for liability to third parties that result from terrorist acts at our communities.
An additional consideration for insurance coverage and potential uninsured losses is mold growth. Mold growth may occur when excessive moisture accumulates in buildings or on building materials, particularly if the moisture problem remains undiscovered or is not addressed over a period of time. If a significant mold problem arises at one of our communities, we could be required to undertake a costly remediation program to contain or remove the mold from the affected community and could be exposed to other liabilities. For further discussion of the risks and the Company’s related prevention and remediation activities, please refer to the discussion under Item 1a., “Risk Factors - We may incur costs due to environmental contamination or non-compliance,” elsewhere in this report. We cannot provide assurance that we will have coverage under our existing policies for property damage or liability to third parties arising as a result of exposure to mold or a claim of exposure to mold at one of our communities.
We also carry crime policies (also commonly referred to as a fidelity policy or employee dishonesty policy) that protect the Company, up to $5,000,000 per occurrence, from employee theft of money, securities or property.

ITEM 3 - LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
As reported in our Report on Form 8-K filed on October 20, 2010, the Company recently settled litigation with the U.S. Department of Justice regarding the accessibility of the Company's New York City buildings to persons with disabilities. The Company does not expect that the settlement and the Company's fulfillment of its terms will have a material impact to its financial condition or results of operations. Additional details regarding this matter follow.
In August 2008, the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Southern District of New York on behalf of the United States filed a civil lawsuit in the federal district court in that jurisdiction against the Company, the joint venture that owns its Avalon Chrystie Place community, and the architect that designed Avalon Chrystie Place. The lawsuit alleged that Avalon Chrystie Place was not designed and constructed in accordance with the accessibility requirements of the federal Fair Housing Act. The Company designed and constructed Avalon Chrystie Place with a view to compliance with New York City’s Local Law 58, which is New York City’s code regulating accessible design and construction and has been viewed in New York City as a code that would also meet federal standards. Without admitting or denying liability, the Company, the joint venture and the architect entered into a consent decree which the court approved on October 15, 2010. The settlement requires that the Company make various agreed upon modifications to the apartment homes and common areas at Avalon Chrystie Place and inspect and, to the extent necessary, negotiate and make modifications at six other New York City communities owned by the Company. All retrofits are expected be capitalized as real estate improvements. The consent decree contains other terms, including a civil penalty and the establishment of an aggrieved persons fund to compensate individuals in the event they can establish that they were damaged by the alleged accessibility deficiencies at the Company’s New York City communities. Amounts remaining in the aggrieved persons fund after its administration period will revert to the Company. The Company has entered into a separate agreement with the architect of Avalon Chrystie Place (who also designed three of the Company’s other New York City properties) to share some of the cost of the civil penalty and aggrieved persons fund. 
 
We are from time to time subject to claims and/or administrative proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of our business. While no assurances can be given, we do not believe that any of these outstanding litigation matters, individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on our operations.

ITEM 4 - RESERVED
ITEM 4. [RESERVED]
PART II

ITEM 5 - MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY
ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
Our common stock is traded on the NYSE under the ticker symbol AVB. The following table sets forth the quarterly high and low sales prices per share of our common stock for the years 2010 and 2009, as reported by the NYSE. On January 31, 2011 there were 630 holders of record of an aggregate of 86,085,748 shares of our outstanding common stock. The number of holders does not include individuals or entities who beneficially own shares but whose shares are held of record by a broker or clearing agency, but does include each such broker or clearing agency as one record holder.
At present, we expect to continue our policy of paying regular quarterly cash dividends. However, the form, timing and/or amount of dividend distributions will be declared at the discretion of the Board of Directors and will depend on actual cash from operations, our financial condition, capital requirements, the annual distribution requirements under the REIT provisions of the Internal Revenue Code and other factors as the Board of Directors may consider relevant. The Board of Directors may modify our dividend policy from time to time.
In February 2011, we announced that our Board of Directors declared a dividend on our common stock for the first quarter of 2011 of $0.8925 per share. The dividend will be payable on April 15, 2011 to all common stockholders of record as of April 1, 2011.
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
(1)
Includes shares surrendered to the Company in connection with employee stock option exercises or vesting of restricted stock as payment of exercise price or as payment of taxes.
(2)
As disclosed in our Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2008, represents amounts outstanding under the Company’s $500,000,000 Stock Repurchase Program. There is no scheduled expiration date to this program.
Information regarding securities authorized for issuance under equity compensation plans is included in the section entitled “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters” in this Form 10-K.

ITEM 6 - SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
The following table provides historical consolidated financial, operating and other data for the Company. You should read the table with our Consolidated Financial Statements and the Notes included in this report (dollars in thousands, except per share information).
(1)
Amounts do not include unvested restricted shares. Please refer to Note 1, "Organization and Basis of Presentation - Earnings per Common Share" of the Consolidated Financial Statements set forth in Item 8 of this report for a discussion of the calculation of Earnings per Share.
(2)
Weighted average common shares outstanding - diluted for 2008 includes the impact of approximately 2.6 million common shares issued under the special dividend declared on December 17, 2008.
(3)
Does not include the special dividend of $1.8075 per share, which was declared on December 17, 2008, and paid in the form of shares of the Company's common stock.
Notes to Selected Financial Data
(1)
Interest expense, net includes any loss or gain incurred from the extinguishment of debt.
(2)
EBITDA is defined as net income before interest income and expense, income taxes, depreciation and amortization from both continuing and discontinued operations. Under this definition, EBITDA includes gains on sale of assets and gain on sale of partnership interests. Management generally considers EBITDA to be an appropriate supplemental measure to net income of our operating performance because it helps investors to understand our ability to incur and service debt and to make capital expenditures. EBITDA should not be considered as an alternative to net income (as determined in accordance with GAAP), as an indicator of our operating performance, or to cash flows from operating activities (as determined in accordance with GAAP) as a measure of liquidity. Our calculation of EBITDA may not be comparable to EBITDA as calculated by other companies.
(3)
We generally consider Funds from Operations, or “FFO,” as defined below, to be an appropriate supplemental measure of our operating and financial performance because, by excluding gains or losses related to dispositions of previously depreciated property and excluding real estate depreciation, which can vary among owners of identical assets in similar condition based on historical cost accounting and useful life estimates, FFO can help one compare the operating performance of a real estate company between periods or as compared to different companies. We believe that in order to understand our operating results, FFO should be examined with net income as presented in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Other Comprehensive Income included elsewhere in this report.
Consistent with the definition adopted by the Board of Governors of the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trustsâ (“NAREIT”), we calculate FFO as net income or loss computed in accordance with GAAP, adjusted for:
·
gains or losses on sales of previously depreciated operating communities;
·
extraordinary gains or losses (as defined by GAAP);
·
cumulative effect of change in accounting principle;
·
depreciation of real estate assets; and
·
adjustments for unconsolidated partnerships and joint ventures.
FFO does not represent net income in accordance with GAAP, and therefore it should not be considered an alternative to net income, which remains the primary measure, as an indication of our performance. In addition, FFO as calculated by other REITs may not be comparable to our calculation of FFO.
FFO also does not represent cash generated from operating activities in accordance with GAAP, and therefore should not be considered an alternative to net cash flows from operating activities, as determined by GAAP, as a measure of liquidity. Additionally, it is not necessarily indicative of cash available to fund cash needs. A presentation of GAAP based cash flow metrics is provided in “Cash Flow Information” in the table on the previous page.
The following is a reconciliation of net income to FFO (dollars in thousands, except per share data):
(4)
Current Communities consist of all communities other than those which are still under construction and have not received a certificate of occupancy.

ITEM 7 - MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”) is intended to help provide an understanding of our business and results of operations. This MD&A should be read in conjunction with our Consolidated Financial Statements and the accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this report. This report, including the following MD&A, contains forward-looking statements regarding future events or trends that should be read in conjunction with the factors described under “Forward-Looking Statements” included in this report. In addition, our actual results or developments could differ materially from those projected in such forward-looking statements as a result of the factors discussed under “Forward-Looking Statements” as well as the risk factors described in Item 1a, “Risk Factors,” of this report.
Executive Overview
Business Description
We are primarily engaged in developing, acquiring, owning and operating apartment communities in high barrier to entry markets of the United States. We believe that apartment communities are an attractive long-term investment opportunity compared to other real estate investments, because a broad potential resident base should help reduce demand volatility over a real estate cycle. However, throughout the real estate cycle, apartment market fundamentals, and therefore operating cash flows, are affected by overall economic conditions. We seek to create long-term shareholder value by accessing capital on cost effective terms; deploying that capital to develop, redevelop and acquire apartment communities in high barrier to entry markets; operating apartment communities; and selling communities when they no longer meet our long-term investment strategy or when pricing is attractive. Barriers to entry in our markets generally include a difficult and lengthy entitlement process with local jurisdictions and dense urban or suburban areas where zoned and entitled land is in limited supply.
We regularly evaluate the allocation of our investments by the amount of invested capital and by product type within our individual markets, which are located in New England, the New York/New Jersey metro area, the Mid-Atlantic, the Midwest, the Pacific Northwest, and the Northern and Southern California regions of the United States. Our strategy is to be leaders in market research and capital allocation, delivering a range of multifamily offerings tailored to serve the needs of the most attractive customer segments in the best-performing submarkets of the United States. Our communities are predominately upscale, which generally command among the highest rents in their markets. We also pursue the ownership and operation of apartment communities that target a variety of customer segments and price points, consistent with our goal of offering a broad range of products and services.
Financial Highlights and Outlook
For the year ended December 31, 2010, net income available to common stockholders was $175,331,000 compared to $155,647,000 for 2009, an increase of 12.6%. The increase was due primarily to the loss on the redemption of unsecured notes and impairment loss recognized in 2009, with no comparable activity in 2010.
Apartment fundamentals improved throughout 2010, driven by a combination of a decline in the home ownership rate, modest employment growth and limited supply of new multifamily rental product. Full year 2010 Established Communities NOI decreased 2.8% from the prior year as a result of a decline in rental revenue from the prior year experienced in the first half of 2010, as well as increased operating expenses during 2010. The trends we experienced in 2009 with respect to revenue and NOI growth improved throughout 2010. We experienced growth in Established Communities rental revenue over the prior year period for the second half of 2010, and our Established Communities NOI increased 2.9% for the quarter ended December 31, 2010 over the prior year period.
We expect Earnings per share - diluted (“EPS”) will increase to between $3.09 and $3.34 for 2011 from $2.07 in 2010, driven primarily by gains on disposition of real estate as well as continued improvements in revenue and NOI from our Established Communities in 2011. This positive outlook reflects our expectations for (i) accelerated job growth, (ii) the expected continued weakness in the for-sale housing market during 2011, (iii) continued growth in those age groups that have historically demonstrated a higher propensity to rent and (iv) constrained levels of new supply. Our current financial outlook for 2011 provides for growth in rental revenue of between 4.0% and 5.5% in our Established Community portfolio resulting in a projected NOI growth for our Established Communities of 6.0% to 7.5%.
During 2010, we successfully raised or sourced capital totaling approximately $790,000,000 through sales of common equity in the public markets, issuance of unsecured debt in public and private markets, and asset sales. We used the proceeds received to fund our development and redevelopment activities, to acquire an indirect interest in assets through Fund II, to repay higher cost secured and unsecured debt, and to repay floating rate debt, while retaining substantial cash balances for general corporate purposes. We believe that our current capital structure will continue to provide financial flexibility to access capital on attractive terms.
The funds raised from dispositions consist of the proceeds from the sale of three communities and our former corporate office for a gross sales price of $198,600,000.
We expect to see continued strong investor demand for quality multifamily assets in 2011, due in part to the continued liquidity in the capital markets and continued constrained supply resulting from the decline in development activity in all markets. We increased development activity during 2010 from the prior year in anticipation of the continued improvement in the economy and apartment fundamentals, and believe that our development activity will continue to create long-term value. During 2010, we completed the development of four communities for an aggregate total capitalized cost of $566,700,000, which represents a savings from the original budgeted capitalized cost of $25,000,000. We started the development of 11 communities, which are expected to be completed for an estimated total capitalized cost of $643,400,000. During 2011, we expect to use our core competency in development to deliver new assets into the market for a recovery in apartment fundamentals that we expect in 2011 and 2012. We anticipate new development starts in 2011 with a total projected capitalized cost of $800,000,000 to $900,000,000. Consistent with this view, we also expect to continue with our current level of redevelopment activity for our wholly-owned communities in 2011, during which we expect to start redevelopment of six wholly-owned communities.
During 2011, we expect to disburse between $600,000,000 and $800,000,000 related to the 14 communities under development at December 31, 2010, the new development starts, and anticipated acquisitions of land for future development. We believe that our current level of indebtedness, our current ability to service interest and other fixed charges and our current limited use of financial encumbrances (such as secured financing) will provide adequate access to the capital necessary to fund our development and redevelopment activities during 2011. We expect to meet our liquidity needs from the issuance of corporate securities (which could include unsecured debt and/or common and preferred equity) and secured debt, as well as from disposition proceeds, joint ventures or from retained cash.
We increase our direct and indirect interests in communities through development and acquisitions. During 2011, we expect to be active in both acquisition and disposition activity for our wholly-owned portfolio. This activity pertains primarily to portfolio shaping and repositioning, and is currently expected to have a nominal impact on our net capital position. Portfolio reshaping may also be accomplished through 1031 asset exchanges and we are actively pursuing such exchanges that do not materially impact our liquidity or geographic mix. In addition to this activity and our growth through our core competency of developing wholly-owned assets from capital sources, we also expect to acquire interests in additional assets through our investment in Fund II.
We established Fund I and Fund II to engage in acquisition programs through discretionary investment funds. We believe this investment format provides the following attributes: (i) third-party joint venture equity as an additional source of financing to expand and diversify our portfolio; (ii) additional sources of income in the form of property management and asset management fees and, potentially, incentive distributions if the performance of the Funds exceeds certain thresholds; and (iii) visibility into the transactions occurring in multi-family assets that helps us with other investment decisions related to our wholly-owned portfolio.
Fund I is a discretionary real estate investment fund with nine institutional investors, including us. One of our wholly-owned subsidiaries is the general partner of Fund I and has invested approximately $50,000,000 in Fund I, representing a 15.2% combined general partner and limited partner equity interest. Fund I was our principal vehicle for acquiring apartment communities through the close of its investment period in March 2008. Subsidiaries of Fund I have 21 loans secured by individual assets with amounts outstanding in the aggregate of $434,163,000 with varying maturity dates (or dates after which the loans can be prepaid without penalty), ranging from October 2011 to September 2016. These mortgage loans are secured by the underlying real estate.
In the third quarter of 2010, a lender ran a competitive bid process to sell a $26,000,000 non-recourse mortgage note secured by a Fund I asset. We participated in the bidding and purchased the note on an arms length basis for $24,000,000. The note pays interest-only through the maturity date of October 2014 at a stated interest rate of 6.06%. Subsequent to acquisition, we modified certain terms of the mortgage note, including (i) conforming the original principal balance to our purchase price, (ii) modifying the interest payment terms to require remittance of interest based on available cash flow with any deficiency in the monthly payment amount accruing to the principal due on the note, and (iii) modifying certain terms to help eliminate any potential conflicts between us and Fund I, such as removing any prepayment penalty. At the date of acquisition and at December 31, 2010, the fair value of the underlying collateral exceeded the note’s carrying balance.
Fund II is a discretionary real estate investment fund with six institutional investors, including us. One of our wholly-owned subsidiaries is the general partner of Fund II and we have total equity commitments of $125,000,000, representing a 31.3% combined general partner and limited partner equity interest. Fund II had invested $493,135,000 as of December 31, 2010. Fund II has a term that expires in August 2018, plus two one-year extension options. Fund II now serves as the exclusive vehicle through which we will acquire investment interests in apartment communities until August 2011 or, if earlier, until 90% of the committed capital of Fund II is invested, subject to certain exceptions. Fund II will not include or involve our development activities. We receive, in addition to any returns on our invested equity, asset management fees, property management fees and redevelopment fees. We will also receive a promoted interest if certain return thresholds are met. During the year ended December 31, 2010 subsidiaries of Fund II acquired the following six operating communities:
·
Avalon Rothbury, a garden-style community consisting of 203 apartment homes located in Gaithersburg, MD, was acquired for a purchase price of $31,250,000;
·
Creekside Meadows, a garden-style community consisting of 628 apartment homes located in Tustin (Orange County), CA, was acquired for a purchase price of $98,500,000;
·
Grove Park Apartments, a garden-style community consisting of 684 apartment homes located in Gaithersburg, MD, was acquired for a purchase price of $101,000,000;
·
The Apartments at Briarwood, a garden-style community consisting of 348 apartment homes located in Owings Mills, MD, was acquired for a purchase price of $44,750,000;
·
Canyonwoods, a garden-style community consisting of 140 apartment homes located in Lake Forest, CA, was acquired for a purchase price of $24,700,000; and
·
Fox Run Apartments, a garden-style community consisting of 776 apartment homes, located in Plainsboro, NJ, was acquired for a purchase price of $86,500,000. In conjunction with the acquisition of the community, the subsidiary of Fund II assumed the existing $45,000,000 4.4% fixed rate mortgage loan, which matures in November 2014.
Subsidiaries of Fund II have eight loans secured by individual assets with amounts outstanding in the aggregate of $286,899,000 with varying maturity dates (or dates after which the loans can be prepaid without penalty), ranging from November 2014 to June 2019. These mortgage loans are secured by the underlying real estate.
In January 2011, a subsidiary of Fund II acquired Waterstone Carlsbad, a garden-style community in Carlsbad, CA containing 448 apartment homes for a purchase price of $78,100,000.
As of January 31, 2011, Fund II had uncalled capital commitments of $166,300,000, of which $51,970,000 was our portion.
Communities Overview
As of December 31, 2010, we owned or held a direct or indirect ownership interest in 186 apartment communities containing 54,579 apartment homes in ten states and the District of Columbia, of which 14 communities were under construction and nine communities were under reconstruction. Of these communities, 30 were owned by entities that were not consolidated for financial reporting purposes, including 18 owned by subsidiaries of Fund I and eight owned by subsidiaries of Fund II. In addition, we owned a direct or indirect ownership interest in Development Rights to develop an additional 26 wholly owned communities that, if developed in the manner expected, will contain an estimated 7,313 apartment homes.
Our real estate investments consist primarily of current operating apartment communities, Development Communities, and Development Rights. Our current operating communities are further distinguished as Established Communities, Other Stabilized Communities, Lease-Up Communities and Redevelopment Communities. Established Communities are generally operating communities that are consolidated for financial reporting purposes and were owned and had stabilized occupancy and operating expenses as of the beginning of the prior year, which allows the performance of these communities and the markets in which they are located to be compared and monitored between years. Other Stabilized Communities are generally all other consolidated operating communities that have stabilized occupancy and operating expenses during the current year, but had not achieved stabilization as of the beginning of the prior year. Lease-Up Communities consist of communities where construction is complete but stabilization has not been achieved. Redevelopment Communities consist of communities where substantial redevelopment is in progress or is planned to begin during the current year. A more detailed description of our reportable segments and other related operating information can be found in Note 9, “Segment Reporting,” of our Consolidated Financial Statements.
Although each of these categories is important to our business, we generally evaluate overall operating, industry and market trends based on the operating results of Established Communities, for which a detailed discussion can be found in “Results of Operations” as part of our discussion of overall operating results. We evaluate our current and future cash needs and future operating potential based on acquisition, disposition, development, redevelopment and financing activities within Other Stabilized, Redevelopment and Development Communities. Discussions related to these segments of our business can be found in “Liquidity and Capital Resources.”
NOI of our current operating communities is one of the financial measures that we use to evaluate community performance. NOI is affected by the demand and supply dynamics within our markets, our rental rates and occupancy levels and our ability to control operating costs. Our overall financial performance is also impacted by the general availability and cost of capital and the performance of newly developed and acquired apartment communities.
Results of Operations
Our year-over-year operating performance is primarily affected by both overall and individual geographic market conditions and apartment fundamentals and reflected in changes in NOI of our Established Communities; NOI derived from acquisitions and development completions; the loss of NOI related to disposed communities; and capital market and financing activity. A comparison of our operating results for 2010, 2009 and 2008 follows (dollars in thousands):
Net income attributable to common stockholders increased $19,684,000, or 12.6%, to $175,331,000 in 2010 primarily due to the loss recognized on the early repurchase of debt completed in October 2009 and impairment losses recognized in 2009, with no comparable activity in 2010. Net income attributable to common stockholders decreased $245,386,000, or 61.2%, in 2009 from the prior year due primarily to a decrease in gains from the sale of communities.
NOI is considered by management to be an important and appropriate supplemental performance measure to net income because it helps both investors and management to understand the core operations of a community or communities prior to the allocation of any corporate-level or financing-related costs. NOI reflects the operating performance of a community and allows for an easy comparison of the operating performance of individual assets or groups of assets. In addition, because prospective buyers of real estate have different financing and overhead structures, with varying marginal impacts to overhead by acquiring real estate, NOI is considered by many in the real estate industry to be a useful measure for determining the value of a real estate asset or group of assets. We define NOI as total property revenue less direct property operating expenses, including property taxes.
NOI does not represent cash generated from operating activities in accordance with GAAP. Therefore, NOI should not be considered an alternative to net income as an indication of our performance. NOI should also not be considered an alternative to net cash flow from operating activities, as determined by GAAP, as a measure of liquidity, nor is NOI necessarily indicative of cash available to fund cash needs. Reconciliations of NOI for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2009 and 2008 to net income for each year, are as follows (dollars in thousands):
The NOI increases for both 2010 and 2009, as compared to the prior year period, consist of changes in the following categories (dollars in thousands):
The NOI decrease in Established Communities in 2010 is due to the rental revenue declines as a result of the job losses experienced in 2008 and 2009, coupled with increases in community operating expenses. During 2010, we experienced sequential increases in rental rates, while maintaining occupancy of at least 94% in all regions.
We anticipate that rental rates and occupancy levels will increase in 2011 such that overall Established Communities rental revenue will increase between 4.0% and 5.5%. The projected revenue increase is due to our expectation of a continued economic recovery, coupled with favorable apartment market fundamentals. Expense growth also impacts growth in NOI, and we continue to monitor and manage operating expenses to constrain expense growth. We expect operating expenses to increase in 2011 over 2010 between 0.0% and 2.0%. As a result, we expect NOI for our Established Communities to increase between 6.0% and 7.5%. These projections are based on our outlook for employment conditions and apartment market fundamentals in 2011, both nationally and in the markets where we operate, the individual demand/supply characteristics of each submarket in which we operate and assessment of each community’s potential performance for the upcoming year. There can be no assurance that our outlook for economic conditions and/or their impact on our operating results will be accurate, and actual results could differ materially. Please see "Risk Factors," "Forward-Looking Statements" and other discussions in this report on Form 10-K for a discussion of factors which could affect our results of operations.
Rental and other income increased in both 2010 and 2009 as compared to the prior years due to additional rental income generated from newly developed communities, offset somewhat by decreased rental income from our Established Communities.
Overall Portfolio - The weighted average number of occupied apartment homes increased to 40,489 apartment homes for 2010 as compared to 38,233 homes for 2009 and 37,886 homes for 2008. The increase in 2010 over 2009 is due to homes available from newly developed communities, offset partially by communities sold during 2010. The weighted average monthly revenue per occupied apartment home decreased to $1,823 for 2010 as compared to $1,910 in 2009 and $1,921 in 2008.
Established Communities - Rental revenue decreased $6,137,000, or 0.9%, for 2010 and $11,014,000, or 1.7%, for 2009. The decrease in 2010 from 2009 is due primarily to lower rental rates. For 2010, the weighted average monthly revenue per occupied apartment home decreased 1.3% to $1,836 compared to $1,861 in 2009. There was an increase in year-over-year average economic occupancy for 2010 of 0.4 % to 96.0% compared to 95.6% in 2009. The decrease in rental revenue in 2009 from the prior year is due to a combination of lower rental rates and decreased occupancy. Economic occupancy takes into account the fact that apartment homes of different sizes and locations within a community have different economic impacts on a community’s gross revenue. Economic occupancy is defined as gross potential revenue less vacancy loss, as a percentage of gross potential revenue. Gross potential revenue is determined by valuing occupied homes at leased rates and vacant homes at market rents.
We experienced increases in rental revenue for our Established Community Eastern regions, and decreases in Established Communities’ rental revenue in our three West Coast regions for 2010 as compared to the prior year as discussed in more detail below.
The Metro New York/New Jersey region, which accounted for approximately 28% of Established Community rental revenue for 2010, experienced an increase in rental revenue of 0.2% for full-year 2010 as compared to full-year 2009. Average rental rates decreased 0.1% to $2,272, but economic occupancy increased 0.3% to 96.2% during 2010 as compared to 2009. During 2010, the improving economy and moderate job growth in both New York City and surrounding suburban markets supported the return to positive results in 2010 over the prior year. We expect apartment market conditions to continue to improve at a moderate pace in 2011, with the strength of the recovery dependent largely on job and income growth in the region's large financial services industry.
The New England region accounted for approximately 22% of the Established Community rental revenue for 2010 and experienced a rental revenue increase of 0.8% over the prior year. Average rental rates decreased 0.1% to $1,930 and economic occupancy increased 0.9% to 96.2% for 2010, as compared to 2009. Reduced competition from a weak housing market and a lower volume of new multifamily supply has contributed to the improvement in apartment market conditions. Job growth in the Boston area has been broad-based but with southwest Connecticut lagging given greater dependence on the financial service and manufacturing sectors.
The Mid-Atlantic/Midwest region, which represented approximately 19% of Established Community rental revenue during 2010, experienced an increase in rental revenue of 1.0% as compared to 2009. Average rental rates increased by 1.5% to $1,753, while economic occupancy decreased by 0.5% from 96.5% to 96.0% for 2010 as compared to 2009. This region continues to benefit from the impact of government and government services employment, which has served to stabilize the economy relative to other regions.
Northern California accounted for approximately 18% of the Established Community rental revenue for 2010 and experienced a rental revenue decrease of 3.8% from the prior year. Average rental rates decreased 4.1% to $1,724, offset partially by an increase in economic occupancy of 0.3% to 96.1% for 2010 as compared to 2009. The region's large high-tech sector is generating positive job growth, while job growth in financial services and construction remains weak. The recovery in apartment market conditions in Northern California and other West Coast regions is lagging the recovery experienced to date in East Coast regions. We expect fundamentals will improve in 2011, driven by an improving economy.
Southern California accounted for approximately 9% of the Established Community rental revenue for 2010 and experienced a rental revenue decrease of 3.6% from the prior year. Average rental rates decreased 4.8% to $1,487, offset by an increase in economic occupancy of 1.2% to 95.3% for 2010 as compared to 2009. Apartment market conditions remain weak given a slow economic recovery in the region, however we expect conditions to improve in 2011, particularly in Orange County, as job growth resumes in line with a strengthening U.S. economy.
The Pacific Northwest region accounted for approximately 4% of the Established Community rental revenue for 2010 and experienced a rental revenue decrease of 6.5% from the prior year. Average rental rates decreased 7.2% to $1,190, offset partially by an increase in economic occupancy of 0.7% to 94.9% for 2010 as compared to 2009. Job growth in the region is broad-based, driven by improvement in both aerospace and high-tech. However, apartment fundamentals in the region remain challenging, due to a large amount of new rental supply in several submarkets.
Management, development and other fees increased $26,000, or 0.4%, in 2010 and increased $760,000, or 11.6%, in 2009. The increase in 2009 was due primarily to increased asset management fees and property management fees from Fund II.
Direct property operating expenses, excluding property taxes increased $12,006,000, or 5.6% in 2010 and increased $22,864,000, or 12.0%, for 2009 as compared to the prior year periods, primarily due to the addition of recently developed apartment homes. In addition, 2009 increased over the prior year due to increased bad debt expense resulting from the recession.
For Established Communities, direct property operating expenses, excluding property taxes, increased $2,282,000, or 1.4% to $160,342,000 for 2010 and $7,746,000, or 5.2% to $158,060,000 for 2009. The increase in 2010 over 2009 is due primarily to increased community maintenance related costs, impacted by the severe weather in the quarter ended December 31, 2009 and March 31, 2010, offset partially by a decrease in administrative and insurance related expenses. The decreases in administrative expense are primarily due to decreased bad debt. The increase in 2009 over 2008 was due primarily to increased administrative and community maintenance related costs, offset partially by a decrease in insurance and utility related expenses. The increases in administrative expense were primarily due to increased bad debt.
Property taxes increased $9,686,000, or 11.6% and $9,863,000, or 13.4% in 2010 and 2009, respectively, due to the addition of newly developed and redeveloped apartment homes and overall higher assessments. Property tax increases are also impacted by the size and timing of successful tax appeals.
For Established Communities, property taxes increased by $3,455,000, or 5.2% and $3,531,000, or 5.6% for 2010 and 2009, respectively over the prior year, due to both higher assessments throughout all regions, as well as the size and timing of successful appeals. The impact of the challenging economic environment experienced during 2008 and 2009 is only partially reflected in current assessments, as there is typically a time lag between a change in the economy affecting property valuations and updated real estate tax assessments. However, tax rates have continued to increase despite downward adjustments in assessed values. We expect property taxes in 2011 to continue to increase over 2010 due primarily to higher tax rates. For communities in California, property tax changes are determined by the change in the California Consumer Price Index, with increases limited by law (Proposition 13). We evaluate property tax increases internally, and also engage third-party consultants to assist in our evaluations. We appeal property tax increases when appropriate.
Corporate-level property management and other indirect operating expenses decreased by $272,000, or 0.7% in 2010 and decreased $2,315,000, or 5.8% in 2009 over the prior years. The decrease in 2009 from 2008 is due primarily to decreases in compensation costs, coupled with a reduction in costs associated with the initial start up of our Customer Care Center. The Customer Care Center in Virginia Beach, Virginia opened in 2007 and expanded in 2008 to centralize certain community-related accounting, administrative and customer service functions.
Investments and investment management reflects the costs incurred for investment acquisitions and investment management. Investments and investment management costs decreased in 2010 by $20,000 or 0.5% from the prior year. Investments and investment management costs decreased in 2009 by $943,000 or 19.7% from 2008 due primarily to lower compensation and travel-related costs.
Expensed development and other pursuit costs primarily reflect the costs incurred for abandoned pursuit costs, which include costs incurred for development pursuits not yet considered probable for development, as well as the abandonment of Development Rights and disposition pursuits. Expensed development and other pursuit costs decreased in 2010 and 2009 from the prior years due to decreases in abandoned development pursuits attributable to continued economic improvement. These costs can be volatile, particularly in periods of economic downturn or when there is limited access to capital, and the costs may vary significantly from period to period.
Interest expense, net increased $24,886,000, or 16.6% and $35,413,000, or 30.8% in 2010 and 2009, respectively over the prior years. This category includes interest expense offset by interest capitalized and interest income. The increases in 2010 and 2009 are due primarily to a decrease in the amount of interest capitalized in each of the respective years as compared to the prior year, coupled with increased interest expense in 2010 and 2009 compared to the prior years from additional secured and unsecured debt issued. The decrease in interest capitalized is due to the reduction in development activity in 2010 and 2009 as compared to the prior years.
(Gain) loss on the extinguishment of debt, net reflects the impact of our debt repurchase activity for payments above or below the carrying basis. The net loss in 2009 is due to the $310,100,000 in unsecured notes that we purchased prior to their scheduled maturity at a premium, offset by the gain recognized from our January 2009 tender offer. We did not recognize any gains or losses on the extinguishment of debt in 2010.
Depreciation expense increased in 2010 and 2009 primarily due to the net increase in assets from the completion of development and redevelopment activities, offset by assets sold during the years.
General and administrative expense (“G&A”) decreased $1,902,000, or 6.6% in 2010 and decreased $14,033,000, or 32.8% in 2009 as compared to the prior years. The decrease in 2010 and 2009 as compared to the prior year is due primarily to decreases in compensation related expenses. The decrease in 2009 from the prior year is due primarily to higher severance and related costs in 2008 associated with the decrease in our planned development activity, higher federal excise tax expense in 2008 resulting from gains on disposition activity and organization costs for the formation of Fund II incurred in 2008.
Impairment loss for 2009 and 2008 was due to the write down of eleven land parcels which we concluded that we did not plan to develop at the time of impairment. We did not recognize an impairment loss in 2010.
Gain on sale of land decreased in 2010 and increased in 2009 as compared to the prior years due to the sale of two land parcels in 2009, without comparable activity in 2010 or 2008.
Equity in income of unconsolidated entities decreased $679,000 or 47.1% in 2010 and $3,125,000 or 68.4% in 2009 from the prior years. The decrease in 2010 is due to acquisition costs from Fund II which were not significant in 2009 or present in 2008. The decrease in 2009 is due primarily to the recognition of our proportionate amount of an impairment loss that one of our unconsolidated investments recognized on one of its operating communities in 2009. In addition, gains from both the sale of a community by an unconsolidated joint venture as well as from an investment in a joint venture formed to develop for sale homes occurred in 2008 that were not present in 2009. These amounts were partially offset by the recognition of our promoted interest in the joint venture that owns Avalon Chrystie Place in 2009.
Income from discontinued operations represents the net income generated by communities sold or qualifying as discontinued operations during the period from January 1, 2008 through December 31, 2010. This income decreased for 2010 and 2009 due to an increased number of communities sold in each year as compared to the prior year period. See Note 7, “Real Estate Disposition Activities,” of our Consolidated Financial Statements.
Gain on sale of communities increased in 2010 and decreased in 2009 as compared to the prior years as a result of changes in the sales volume and associated gains in each respective year. The amount of gain realized upon disposition of a community depends on many factors, including the number of communities sold, the size and carrying value of those communities and the market conditions in the local area.
Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests for 2010 resulted in income to us for the allocation of losses to the noncontrolling interests of $1,252,000 compared to income of $1,373,000 in 2009 and income of $741,000 in 2008. The increase in income in 2009 relative to 2010 and 2008 is due primarily to reimbursement to us in 2009 for our joint venture partners’ portion of expenses incurred by Fund II. The conversion and redemption of limited partnership units in 2008 and 2009 also contributed to the increase in 2009 over 2008, thereby reducing outside ownership interests and the allocation of net income to outside ownership interests.
FFO
FFO is considered by management and the industry to be an appropriate supplemental measure of our operating and financial performance. In calculating FFO, we exclude gains or losses related to dispositions of previously depreciated property and exclude real estate depreciation, which can vary among owners of identical assets in similar condition based on historical cost accounting and useful life estimates. FFO can help one compare the operating performance of a real estate company between periods or as compared to different companies. We believe that in order to understand our operating results, FFO should be examined with net income as presented in our Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this report. For a more detailed discussion and presentation of FFO, see “Selected Financial Data,” included in Item 6 of this report.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
We believe our principal short-term liquidity needs are to fund:
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development and redevelopment activity in which we are currently engaged;
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the minimum dividend payments on our common stock required to maintain our REIT qualification under the Code;
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debt service and principal payments either at maturity or opportunistically prior to maturity;
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normal recurring operating expenses;
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DownREIT partnership unit distributions; and
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capital calls for Fund II, as required.
Factors affecting our liquidity and capital resources are our cash flows from operations, financing activities and investing activities (including dispositions) as well as general economic and market conditions. Operating cash flow has historically been determined by: (i) the number of apartment homes currently owned, (ii) rental rates, (iii) occupancy levels and (iv) operating expenses with respect to apartment homes. The timing and type of capital markets activity in which we engage, as well as our plans for development, redevelopment, acquisition and disposition activity, are affected by changes in the capital markets environment, such as changes in interest rates or the availability of cost-effective capital. We regularly review our liquidity needs, the adequacy of cash flows from operations and other expected liquidity sources to meet these needs.
We continued to have cost effective access to the capital markets during the year ended December 31, 2010, raising approximately $589,000,000 in the form of public equity and unsecured debt. In 2011, we expect to meet all of our liquidity needs from a variety of internal and external sources, including cash balances on hand, and other public or private sources of liquidity as discussed below, as well as our operating activities. Our ability to obtain additional financing will depend on a variety of factors such as market conditions, the general availability of credit, the overall availability of credit to the real estate industry, our credit ratings and credit capacity, as well as the perception of lenders regarding our long or short-term financial prospects. At December 31, 2010, we have unrestricted cash, cash equivalents and cash in escrow of $479,769,000 available for both current liquidity needs as well as development activities, of which $93,440,000 relates to a Development Right for which we have not begun construction.
Unrestricted cash and cash equivalents totaled $306,426,000 at December 31, 2010, an increase of $200,735,000 from $105,691,000 at December 31, 2009. The following discussion relates to changes in cash due to operating, investing and financing activities, which are presented in our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows included elsewhere in this report.
Operating Activities - Net cash provided by operating activities decreased to $332,106,000 in 2010 from $378,600,000 in 2009. The decrease was driven primarily by the timing of general corporate expenditures in 2010 as compared to 2009.
Investing Activities - Net cash used in investing activities of $298,936,000 in 2010 related to investments in assets through development and redevelopment. In total, we invested $447,045,000 during 2010 in the following areas:
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We invested approximately $429,853,000 in the development and redevelopment of communities.
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We had capital expenditures of $17,192,000 for real estate and non-real estate assets.
These amounts are partially offset by the proceeds from the disposition of real estate of $194,009,000.
Financing Activities - Net cash provided by financing activities totaled $167,565,000 in 2010. The net cash provided is due primarily to the issuance of common shares, primarily through the two continuous equity programs that we initiated in August 2009 and November 2010, for aggregate net proceeds of $381,365,000, and issuance of unsecured notes in the amount of $250,000,000, offset by the payment of cash dividends in the amount of $298,090,000 and repayment of unsecured notes at maturity of $89,576,000, and the repayment of secured notes of $69,327,000.
Variable Rate Unsecured Credit Facility
We currently have a $1,000,000,000 revolving variable rate Credit Facility with a syndicate of commercial banks that expires in November 2011. We pay an annual facility fee of approximately $1,250,000. The Credit Facility bears interest at varying levels based on the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”), our credit rating and on a maturity schedule selected by us. The current stated pricing is LIBOR plus 0.40% per annum (0.66% on January 31, 2011). The spread over LIBOR can vary from LIBOR plus 0.325% to LIBOR plus 1.00% based on our credit rating. In addition, a competitive bid option is available for borrowings of up to $650,000,000. This option allows banks that are part of the lender consortium to bid to provide us loans at a rate that is lower than the stated pricing provided by the Credit Facility. The competitive bid option may result in lower pricing if market conditions allow. At January 31, 2011, there were no amounts outstanding on the Credit Facility, $52,923,000 was used to provide letters of credit, and $947,077,000 was available for borrowing under the Credit Facility.
We expect to refinance the Credit Facility prior to maturity in November 2011. The market for bank credit has changed materially since our existing facility was established in 2006. We expect the cost of the new facility will increase as compared to our current Credit Facility. While market conditions likely support an ability to retain our current capacity, a reduction in capacity may be appropriate to avoid increased costs to maintain that capacity.
We are subject to financial and other covenants contained in the Credit Facility and the indenture under which our unsecured notes were issued. The financial covenants include the following:
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limitations on the amount of total and secured debt in relation to our overall capital structure;
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limitation on the amount of our unsecured debt relative to the undepreciated basis of real estate assets that are not encumbered by property-specific financing; and
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minimum levels of debt service coverage.
We were in compliance with these covenants at December 31, 2010.
In addition, our secured borrowings may include yield maintenance, defeasance, or prepayment penalty provisions, which would result in us incurring an additional charge in the event of a full or partial prepayment of outstanding principal before the scheduled maturity. We believe that these provisions in our secured borrowings are generally consistent with other similar types of debt instruments issued during the same time period in which our borrowings were secured.
Continuous Equity Offering Programs
In August 2009, we commenced our first continuous equity program (“CEP I”), under which we were authorized to sell up to $400,000,000 of our common stock until August 2012. During the nine months ended September 30, 2010, we completed the sale of common stock authorized under CEP I. During 2010 we sold 3,080,204 shares for an average sales price of $95.88 and net proceeds of $290,884,000. From inception of CEP I in August 2009 through completion of the offering in the third quarter of 2010, we sold a total of 4,585,105 shares at an average sales price of $87.24 for net proceeds of $393,993,000.
In November 2010, we commenced our second continuous equity program (“CEP II”), under which we may sell up to $500,000,000 of our common stock from time to time during a 36-month period. Actual sales will depend on a variety of factors to be determined by us, including market conditions, the trading price of our common stock and determinations of the appropriate sources of funding. In conjunction with CEP II, we engaged sales agents who receive compensation of approximately 1.5% of the gross sales price for shares sold. During the three months ended December 31, 2010 we sold 432,832 shares under CEP II at an average sales price of $112.44 per share, for net proceeds of $47,935,000. In January 2011, we issued an additional 177,837 shares at an average price of $111.15 per share, for net proceeds of $19,470,000.
Future Financing and Capital Needs - Debt Maturities
One of our principal long-term liquidity needs is the repayment of long-term debt at the time that such debt matures. For unsecured notes, a portion of the principal of these notes may be repaid prior to maturity. Early retirement of our unsecured notes could result in gains or losses on extinguishment similar to those recognized in 2008 and 2009. If we do not have funds on hand sufficient to repay our indebtedness as it becomes due, it will be necessary for us to refinance the debt. This refinancing may be accomplished by uncollateralized private or public debt offerings, additional debt financing that is secured by mortgages on individual communities or groups of communities, draws on our Credit Facility or by equity offerings. Although we believe we will have the capacity to meet our currently anticipated liquidity needs, we cannot assure you that additional debt financing or debt or equity offerings will be available or, if available, that they will be on terms we consider satisfactory.
In addition to the proceeds received under CEP I and CEP II discussed above, the following financing activity occurred during 2010.
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In February 2010, we repaid a 6.47% fixed rate secured mortgage note in the amount of $13,961,000 in advance of its March 2012 scheduled maturity date.
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In March 2010, we repaid a 6.95% fixed rate secured mortgage note in the amount of $11,226,000 in advance of its February 2025 scheduled maturity date.
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In October 2010, we repaid a variable rate secured mortgage note in the amount of $28,989,000 in accordance with its scheduled maturity date.
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Also in October 2010, we repaid a 5.17% fixed rate secured mortgage note in the amount of $9,780,000 in advance of its July 2024 scheduled maturity date
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In November 2010, we issued $250,000,000 principal amount of unsecured notes in a public offering under our existing shelf registration statement. The notes had an all-in interest rate of 4.04%, maturing in January 2021.
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In December 2010, we repaid $89,576,000 principal amount of unsecured notes in accordance with their scheduled maturity. After considering applicable hedging instruments, the notes had an all-in interest rate of 7.31%.
The following table details debt maturities for the next five years, excluding our Credit Facility and amounts outstanding related to communities classified as held for sale, for debt outstanding at December 31, 2010 (dollars in thousands).
(1)
Includes credit enhancement fees, facility fees, trustees’ fees and other fees.
(2)
Variable rate, tax-exempt debt for which the interest rate on a portion of this debt was effectively fixed through an interest rate swap agreement through the maturity of the swap in early June 2010. Concurrent with the maturity of the interest rate swap, we executed an interest rate cap limiting the maximum interest rate paid on the portion of the debt hedged. The entire outstanding balance has therefore been presented as variable rate financing beginning June 30, 2010.
(3)
Variable rates are given as of December 31, 2010.
(4)
Financed by variable rate debt, but interest rate is capped through an interest rate protection agreement.
(5)
Represents full amount of the debt as of December 31, 2010. Actual amounts drawn on the debt as of December 31, 2010 are $47,074 for Bowery Place II, $90,000 for Morningside Park, $104,781 for Walnut Creek, and $0 for West Chelsea.
(6)
Balances outstanding represent total amounts due at maturity, and are not net of $760 and $2,448 of debt discount and basis adjustments associated with the hedged unsecured notes as of December 31, 2010 and December 31, 2009, respectively, as reflected in unsecured notes on our Consolidated Balance Sheets included elsewhere in this report.
(7)
In October 2009, we executed interest rate swaps allowing us to effectively convert principal of our fixed rate unsecured notes to floating rate debt.
(8)
In October 2010, we elected to fix the borrowing rate until June 2011, at which point we will select the updated term and mode for the bonds.
Future Financing and Capital Needs - Portfolio and Other Activity
As of December 31, 2010, we had 14 new wholly-owned communities under construction, for which a total estimated cost of $466,991,000 remained to be invested. We also had nine wholly owned communities under reconstruction, for which a total estimated cost of $73,518,000 remained to be invested. In addition, we may be required to contribute our proportionate share of capital to Fund II, if or to the extent that Fund II makes capital calls in conjunction with additional community acquisitions during 2011. Substantially all of the capital expenditures necessary to complete the communities currently under construction and reconstruction, development costs related to pursuing Development Rights, as well as for equity contributions to Fund II, will be funded from:
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cash currently on hand, including cash in construction escrows, invested in highly liquid overnight money market funds and repurchase agreements, and short-term investment vehicles;
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the remaining capacity under our existing $1,000,000,000 Credit Facility;
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retained operating cash;
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the net proceeds from sales of existing communities;
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the issuance of debt or equity securities; and/or
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private equity funding, including joint venture activity.
Before planned reconstruction activity, including reconstruction activity related to communities acquired by the Funds, or the construction of a Development Right begins, we intend to arrange adequate financing to complete these undertakings, although we cannot assure you that we will be able to obtain such financing. In the event that financing cannot be obtained, we may have to abandon Development Rights, write off associated pre-development costs that were capitalized and/or forego reconstruction activity. In such instances, we will not realize the increased revenues and earnings that we expected from such Development Rights or reconstruction activity and significant losses could be incurred.
From time to time we use joint ventures to hold or develop individual real estate assets. We generally employ joint ventures primarily to mitigate asset concentration or market risk and secondarily as a source of liquidity. We may also use joint ventures related to mixed-use land development opportunities where our partners bring development and operational expertise to the venture. Each joint venture or partnership agreement has been individually negotiated, and our ability to operate and/or dispose of a community in our sole discretion may be limited to varying degrees depending on the terms of the joint venture or partnership agreement. We cannot assure you that we will achieve our objectives through joint ventures.
In evaluating our allocation of capital within our markets, we sell assets that do not meet our long-term investment criteria or when capital and real estate markets allow us to realize a portion of the value created over the past business cycle and redeploy the proceeds from those sales to develop and redevelop communities. Because the proceeds from the sale of communities may not be immediately redeployed into revenue generating assets, the immediate effect of a sale of a community for a gain is to increase net income, but reduce future total revenues, total expenses and NOI. However, we believe that the absence of future cash flows from communities sold will have a minimal impact on our ability to fund future liquidity and capital resource needs.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
In addition to our investment interests in consolidated and unconsolidated real estate entities, we have certain off-balance sheet arrangements with the entities in which we invest. Additional discussion of these entities can be found in Note 6, “Investments in Real Estate Entities,” of our Consolidated Financial Statements located elsewhere in this report.
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CVP I, LLC has outstanding tax-exempt, variable rate bonds maturing in November 2036 in the amount of $117,000,000, which have permanent credit enhancement. We have agreed to guarantee, under limited circumstances, the repayment to the credit enhancer of any advances it may make in fulfillment of CVP I, LLC’s repayment obligations under the bonds. We have also guaranteed to the credit enhancer that CVP I, LLC will obtain a final certificate of occupancy for the project (Chrystie Place in New York City), which is expected in 2011. Our 80% partner in this venture has agreed that it will reimburse us its pro rata share of any amounts paid relative to these guaranteed obligations. The estimated fair value of and our obligation under these guarantees, both at inception and as of December 31, 2010, were not significant. As a result we have not recorded any obligation associated with these guarantees at December 31, 2010.
·
Subsidiaries of Fund I have 21 loans secured by individual assets with amounts outstanding in the aggregate of $434,163,000, including $24,060,000 for the mortgage note we purchased during 2010 as discussed elsewhere in this Form 10-K. Fund I subsidiary loans have varying maturity dates (or dates after which the loans can be prepaid), ranging from October 2011 to September 2016. These mortgage loans are secured by the underlying real estate. The mortgage loans are payable by the subsidiaries of Fund I with operating cash flow or disposition proceeds from the underlying real estate. We have not guaranteed the debt of Fund I, nor do we have any obligation to fund this debt should Fund I be unable to do so.
In addition, as part of the formation of Fund I, we have provided to one of the limited partners a guarantee. The guarantee provides that if, upon final liquidation of Fund I, the total amount of all distributions to that partner during the life of Fund I (whether from operating cash flow or property sales) does not equal a minimum of the total capital contributions made by that partner, then we will pay the partner an amount equal to the shortfall, but in no event more than 10% of the total capital contributions made by the partner (maximum of approximately $7,500,000 as of December 31, 2010). As of December 31, 2010, the expected realizable value of the real estate assets owned by Fund I is considered adequate to cover such potential payment to that partner under the expected Fund I liquidation scenario. The estimated fair value of, and our obligation under this guarantee, both at inception and as of December 31, 2010 was not significant and therefore we have not recorded any obligation for this guarantee as of December 31, 2010.
·
Subsidiaries of Fund II have eight loans secured by individual assets with amounts outstanding in the aggregate of $286,899,000 with maturity dates that vary from November 2014 to June 2019. The mortgage loans are payable by the subsidiaries of Fund II with operating cash flow or disposition proceeds from the underlying real estate. We have not guaranteed, beyond our proportionate share of capital commitments supporting the debt of Fund II, nor do we have any obligation to fund this debt should Fund II be unable to do so.
In addition, as part of the formation of Fund II, we have provided to one of the limited partners a guarantee. The guarantee provides that if, upon final liquidation of Fund II, the total amount of all distributions to that partner during the life of Fund II (whether from operating cash flow or property sales) does not equal a minimum of the total capital contributions made by that partner, then we will pay the partner an amount equal to the shortfall, but in no event more than 10% of the total capital contributions made by the partner (maximum of approximately $5,842,500 as of December 31, 2010). As of December 31, 2010, the expected realizable value of the real estate assets owned by Fund II is considered adequate to cover such potential payment to that partner under the expected Fund II liquidation scenario. The estimated fair value of, and our obligation under this guarantee, both at inception and as of December 31, 2010 was not significant and therefore we have not recorded any obligation for this guarantee as of December 31, 2010.
·
Each individual mortgage loan of Fund I or Fund II was made to a special purpose, single asset subsidiary of the Funds. Each mortgage loan provides that it is the obligation of the respective subsidiary only, except under exceptional circumstances (such as fraud or misapplication of funds) in which case the respective Fund could also have obligations with respect to the mortgage loan. In no event do the mortgage loans provide for recourse against investors in the Funds, including against us or our wholly owned subsidiaries that invest in the Funds. A default by a Fund or a Fund subsidiary on any loan to it would not constitute a default under any of our loans or any loans of our other “non-Fund” subsidiaries or affiliates. If a Fund subsidiary or a Fund were unable to meet its obligations under a loan, the value of our investment in that Fund would likely decline and we might also be more likely to be obligated under the guarantee we provided to one of the Fund partners in each Fund as described above. If a Fund subsidiary or a Fund were unable to meet its obligations under a loan, we and/or the other investors might evaluate whether it was in our respective interests to voluntarily support the Fund through additional equity contributions and/or take other actions to avoid a default under a loan or the consequences of a default (such as foreclosure of a Fund asset). However, we cannot predict at this time whether we would provide such voluntary support, or take such other action, as any such action would depend on a variety of factors, including the amount of support required and the possibility that such support could enhance the Fund’s and/or our returns by providing time for performance to improve.
·
MVP I, LLC, the entity that owns Avalon at Mission Bay North II, has a loan secured by the underlying real estate assets of the community for $105,000,000. The loan is a fixed rate, interest-only note bearing interest at 6.02%, maturing in December 2015. We have not guaranteed the debt of MVP I, LLC, nor do we have any obligation to fund this debt should MVP I, LLC be unable to do so.
·
Avalon Del Rey Apartments, LLC has a loan secured by the underlying real estate assets of the community for $45,068,000 maturing in April 2016. The variable rate loan had an interest rate of 3.60% at December 31, 2010. We have not guaranteed the debt of Avalon Del Rey Apartments, LLC, nor do we have any obligation to fund this debt should Avalon Del Rey Apartments, LLC be unable to do so.
·
Aria at Hathorne Hill, LLC is a joint venture in which we have a non-managing member interest. The LLC is developing for-sale town homes in Danvers, Massachusetts. The LLC has a variable rate loan for $1,860,000 at an interest rate of 4.19% that matured in June 2010. As of December 31, 2010, the amounts under this borrowing have not been repaid, and the venture is negotiating an extension or refinancing of the amounts outstanding. The lender has not to date declared an event of default with respect to the note or required the venture to pay a default rate of interest. Although we bear no responsibility to repay the amounts outstanding, we have the right to cure any event of default by the venture.
·
In 2007 we entered into a non-cancelable commitment (the “Commitment”) to acquire parcels of land in Brooklyn, New York for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $111,000,000 subject to escalations based on the timing of the acquisitions. Under the terms of the Commitment, we are closing on the various parcels over a period determined by the seller’s ability to execute unrelated purchase transactions and achieve deferral of gains for the land sold under this Commitment. However, under no circumstances will the Commitment extend beyond 2011, at which time either we or the seller can compel execution of the remaining transactions. At December 31, 2010, we have an outstanding commitment to purchase the remaining land for approximately $49,979,000.
There are no other lines of credit, side agreements, financial guarantees or any other derivative financial instruments related to or between our unconsolidated real estate entities and us. In evaluating our capital structure and overall leverage, management takes into consideration our proportionate share of this unconsolidated debt.
Contractual Obligations
There have not been any material changes outside of the ordinary course of business to our contractual obligations during 2010. Scheduled contractual obligations required for the next five years and thereafter are as follows as of December 31, 2010 (dollars in thousands):
(1)
Includes land leases expiring between October 2026 and April 2095. Amounts do not include any adjustment for purchase options available under the land leases.
(2)
Includes cash payments under a land lease related to a development pursuit of $5,400 in 2011 and between $8,000 and $12,000 per year through the expiration date of the lease in 2105, which at January 31, 2011, were being offset in their entirety by cash receipts from subleases. In February 2011 we exercised a termination provision under this land lease, eliminating all of our future obligations under the land lease, reducing both our future cash payments due under the land lease and offsetting cash receipts under the associated subleases.
Inflation and Deflation
Substantially all of our apartment leases are for a term of one year or less. In an inflationary environment, this may allow us to realize increased rents upon renewal of existing leases or the beginning of new leases. Short-term leases generally minimize our risk from the adverse effects of inflation, although these leases generally permit residents to leave at the end of the lease term and therefore expose us to the effect of a decline in market rents. In a deflationary rent environment, we may be exposed to declining rents more quickly under these shorter-term leases.
Forward-Looking Statements
This Form 10-K contains “forward-looking statements” as that term is defined under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. You can identify forward-looking statements by our use of the words “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “estimate,” “assume,” “project,” “plan,” “may,” “shall,” “will” and other similar expressions in this Form 10-K, that predict or indicate future events and trends and that do not report historical matters. These statements include, among other things, statements regarding our intent, belief or expectations with respect to:
·
our potential development, redevelopment, acquisition or disposition of communities;
·
the timing and cost of completion of apartment communities under construction, reconstruction, development or redevelopment;
·
the timing of lease-up, occupancy and stabilization of apartment communities;
·
the pursuit of land on which we are considering future development;
·
the anticipated operating performance of our communities;
·
cost, yield, revenue, NOI and earnings estimates;
·
our declaration or payment of distributions;
·
our joint venture and discretionary fund activities;
·
our policies regarding investments, indebtedness, acquisitions, dispositions, financings and other matters;
·
our qualification as a REIT under the Code;
·
the real estate markets in Northern and Southern California and markets in selected states in the Mid-Atlantic, Midwest, New England, Metro New York/New Jersey and Pacific Northwest regions of the United States and in general;
·
the availability of debt and equity financing;
·
interest rates;
·
general economic conditions including the recent economic downturn; and
·
trends affecting our financial condition or results of operations.
We cannot assure the future results or outcome of the matters described in these statements; rather, these statements merely reflect our current expectations of the approximate outcomes of the matters discussed. In addition, these forward-looking statements represent our estimates and assumptions only as of the date of this report. We do not undertake a duty to update these forward-looking statements, and therefore they may not represent our estimates and assumptions after the date of this report. You should not rely on forward-looking statements because they involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, some of which are beyond our control. These risks, uncertainties and other factors may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to differ materially from the anticipated future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. In addition to the factors referred to below, you should carefully review the discussion under Item 1a., “Risk Factors,” in this document for a discussion of additional risks associated with our business and these forward-looking statements.
Some of the factors that could cause our actual results, performance or achievements to differ materially from those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, the following:
·
we may fail to secure development opportunities due to an inability to reach agreements with third parties to obtain land at attractive prices or to obtain desired zoning and other local approvals;
·
we may abandon or defer development opportunities for a number of reasons, including changes in local market conditions which make development less desirable, increases in costs of development, increases in the cost of capital or lack of capital availability, resulting in losses;
·
construction costs of a community may exceed our original estimates;
·
we may not complete construction and lease-up of communities under development or redevelopment on schedule, resulting in increased interest costs and construction costs and a decrease in our expected rental revenues;
·
occupancy rates and market rents may be adversely affected by competition and local economic and market conditions which are beyond our control;
·
financing may not be available on favorable terms or at all, and our cash flows from operations and access to cost effective capital may be insufficient for the development of our pipeline which could limit our pursuit of opportunities;
·
our cash flows may be insufficient to meet required payments of principal and interest, and we may be unable to refinance existing indebtedness or the terms of such refinancing may not be as favorable as the terms of existing indebtedness;
·
we may be unsuccessful in our management of Fund I, Fund II or the REIT vehicles that are used with each respective Fund; and
·
we may be unsuccessful in managing changes in our portfolio composition.
Critical Accounting Policies
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to use judgment in the application of accounting policies, including making estimates and assumptions. If our judgment or interpretation of the facts and circumstances relating to various transactions had been different, or different assumptions were made, it is possible that different accounting policies would have been applied, resulting in different financial results or a different presentation of our financial statements. Below is a discussion of the accounting policies that we consider critical to an understanding of our financial condition and operating results that may require complex or significant judgment in their application or require estimates about matters which are inherently uncertain. A discussion of our significant accounting policies, including further discussion of the accounting policies described below, can be found in Note 1, “Organization and Basis of Presentation” of our Consolidated Financial Statements.
Principles of Consolidation
We may enter into various joint venture agreements with unrelated third parties to hold or develop real estate assets. We must determine for each of these ventures whether to consolidate the entity or account for our investment under the equity or cost basis of accounting.
We determine whether to consolidate certain entities based on our rights and obligations under the joint venture agreements, applying the applicable accounting guidance. For investment interests that we do not consolidate, we evaluate the guidance to determine the accounting framework to apply. The application of the rules in evaluating the accounting treatment for each joint venture is complex and requires substantial management judgment. Therefore, we believe the decision to choose an appropriate accounting framework is a critical accounting estimate.
If we were to consolidate the joint ventures that we accounted for using the equity method at December 31, 2010, our assets would have increased by $1,360,241,000 and our liabilities would have increased by $990,766,000. We would be required to consolidate those joint ventures currently not consolidated for financial reporting purposes if the facts and circumstances changed, including but not limited to the following reasons, none of which are currently expected to occur:
·
For entities not considered to be variable interest entities, the nature of the entity changed such that it would be considered a variable interest entity and if we were considered the primary beneficiary.
·
For entities in which we do not hold a controlling voting and/or variable interest, the contractual arrangement changed resulting in our investment interest being either a controlling voting and/or variable interest.
We evaluate our accounting for investments on a quarterly basis or when a significant change in the design of an entity occurs.
Cost Capitalization
We capitalize costs during the development of assets beginning when we determine that development of a future asset is probable until the asset, or a portion of the asset, is delivered and is ready for its intended use. For redevelopment efforts, we capitalize costs either (i) in advance of taking homes out of service when significant renovation of the common area has begun until the redevelopment is completed, or (ii) when an apartment home is taken out of service for redevelopment until the redevelopment is completed and the apartment home is available for a new resident. Rental income and operating expenses incurred during the initial lease-up or post-redevelopment lease-up period are fully recognized as they accrue.
During the development and redevelopment efforts we capitalize all direct costs and indirect costs which have been incurred as a result of the development and redevelopment activities. These costs include interest and related loan fees, property taxes as well as other direct and indirect costs. Interest is capitalized for any project specific financing, as well as for general corporate financing to the extent of our aggregate investment in the projects. Indirect project costs, which include personnel and office and administrative costs that are clearly associated with our development and redevelopment efforts, are also capitalized. The estimation of the direct and indirect costs to capitalize as part of our development and redevelopment activities requires judgment and, as such, we believe cost capitalization to be a critical accounting estimate.
There may be a change in our operating expenses in the event that there are changes in accounting guidance governing capitalization or changes to our levels of development or redevelopment activity. If changes in the accounting guidance limit our ability to capitalize costs or if we reduce our development and redevelopment activities without a corresponding decrease in indirect project costs, there may be an increase in our operating expenses. For example, if in 2010 our development activities decreased by 10%, and there were no corresponding decrease in our indirect project costs, our operating expenses would have increased by $2,148,000.
We capitalize pre-development costs incurred in pursuit of Development Rights. These costs include legal fees, design fees and related overhead costs. Future development of these pursuits is dependent upon various factors, including zoning and regulatory approval, rental market conditions, construction costs and availability of capital. Pre-development costs incurred for pursuits for which future development is not yet considered probable are expensed as incurred. In addition, if the status of a Development Right changes, making future development no longer probable, any capitalized pre-development costs are written off with a charge to expense.
Due to the subjectivity in determining whether a pursuit will result in the development of an apartment community, and therefore should be capitalized, the accounting for pursuit costs is a critical accounting estimate. If we had determined that 10% of our capitalized pursuit costs were associated with Development Rights that were no longer probable of occurring, net income for the year ended December 31, 2010 would have decreased by $7,725,000.
Abandoned Pursuit Costs & Asset Impairment
We capitalize pre-development costs incurred in pursuit of new development opportunities for which we currently believe future development is probable. Future development of these Development Rights is dependent upon various factors, including zoning and regulatory approval, rental market conditions, construction costs and the availability of capital. Pre-development costs incurred for pursuits for which future development is not yet considered probable are expensed as incurred. In addition, if the status of a Development Right changes, making future development by us no longer probable, any capitalized pre-development costs are written off with a charge to expense. We expensed costs related to abandoned pursuits, which includes the abandonment of Development Rights and disposition pursuits, in the amounts of $2,741,000 in 2010 and $5,842,000 in 2009. These costs are included in operating expenses, excluding property taxes on the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations and Other Comprehensive Income. Abandoned pursuit costs can vary greatly, and the costs incurred in any given period may be significantly different in future years.
We did not recognize any charges for impairment during 2010. During 2009 and 2008, we concluded that the economic downturn and the related decline in employment levels did not support the development and construction of certain new apartment communities that were previously in planning. This resulted in the recognition of impairment charges of $21,152,000 and $57,899,000 respectively related to the impairment of 11 land parcels which we concluded we no longer intended to develop at that time. We used both internal models and third party pricing estimates to determine the fair values of the land parcels considered to be impaired. For assets zoned for multifamily residential use, we used an internal model and used third-party pricing for all other assets. Both approaches incorporated significant other unobservable inputs and are therefore considered to be Level 3 prices in the fair value hierarchy.
Our focus on value creation through real estate development presents an impairment risk in the event of a future deterioration of the real estate and/or capital markets or a decision by us to reduce or cease development. We cannot predict the occurrence of future events that may cause an impairment assessment to be performed, or the likelihood of any future impairment charges, if any. You should also review Item 1a., “Risk Factors” of this Form 10-K.
REIT Status
We are a Maryland corporation that has elected to be treated, for federal income tax purposes, as a REIT. We elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Code for the year ended December 31, 1994 and have not revoked such election. A corporate REIT is a legal entity which holds real estate interests and must meet a number of organizational and operational requirements, including a requirement that it currently distribute at least 90% of its adjusted taxable income to stockholders. As a REIT, we generally will not be subject to corporate level federal income tax on taxable income if we distribute 100% of taxable income to our stockholders over time periods allowed under the Code. If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, we will be subject to federal and state income taxes at regular corporate rates (subject to any applicable alternative minimum tax) and may not be able to elect to qualify as a REIT for four subsequent taxable years. For example, if we failed to qualify as a REIT in 2010, our net income would have decreased by approximately $70,100,000.
Our qualification as a REIT requires management to exercise significant judgment and consideration with respect to operational matters and accounting treatment. Therefore, we believe our REIT status is a critical accounting estimate.

ITEM 7A - QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
ITEM 7a. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
We are exposed to market risks from our financial instruments primarily from changes in market interest rates. We do not have exposure to any other significant market risk. We monitor interest rate risk as an integral part of our overall risk management, which recognizes the unpredictability of financial markets and seek to reduce the potentially adverse effect on our results of operations. Our operating results are affected by changes in interest rates, primarily, in short-term LIBOR and the SIFMA index as a result of borrowings under our Credit Facility and outstanding bonds with variable interest rates. In addition, the fair value of our fixed rate unsecured and secured notes are impacted by changes in market interest rates. The effect of interest rate fluctuations on our results of operations historically has been small relative to other factors affecting operating results, such as rental rates and occupancy.
We currently use interest rate protection agreements (consisting of interest rate swap and interest rate cap agreements) for our risk management objectives, as well as for compliance with the requirements of certain lenders, and not for trading or speculative purposes. In the fourth quarter of 2009, we entered into interest rate swap agreements to convert fixed rate borrowings to effective floating rate notes. In addition, we have interest rate caps and interest rate swaps that serve to either convert floating rate borrowings to fixed rate borrowings, or effectively limit the amount of interest rate expense we would incur on a floating rate borrowing. Further discussion of the financial instruments impacted and our exposure is presented below.
We had $821,381,000 and $984,238,000 in variable rate debt outstanding (excluding variable rate debt effectively fixed through swap agreements and including fixed rate debt effectively swapped to variable rates through swap agreements) as of December 31, 2010 and 2009, respectively. If interest rates on the variable rate debt had been 100 basis points higher throughout 2010 and 2009, our annual interest costs would have increased by approximately $8,682,000 and $9,951,000, respectively, based on balances outstanding during the applicable years.
As of December 31, 2010 and December 31, 2009 we had a $0 and $43,435,000, respectively, of executed pay fixed interest rate swap agreements to hedge cash flow variability for our variable rate, tax-exempt debt. In addition, we had executed receive fixed interest rate swap agreements to hedge fair value exposure for approximately $225,000,000 and $300,000,000 of our fixed rate unsecured notes, as of December 31, 2010 and December 31, 2009, respectively. Had the receive fixed interest rate swap agreements used to hedge fair value exposure not been in place during 2010 and 2009, our annual interest costs would have been approximately $2,121,000 and $419,000 higher, respectively, based on balances outstanding during the applicable years. Additionally, if the variable interest rates on hedged floating rate debt had been 100 basis points higher throughout 2010 and 2009 and the pay fixed swap agreements used to hedge cash flow variability had not been in place, our interest costs would have been approximately $179,000 higher and $441,000 higher in 2010 and 2009, respectively, for the period these swaps were outstanding.
Because the counterparties providing the interest rate cap and swap agreements are major financial institutions which have an A+ or better credit rating by the Standard & Poor’s Ratings Group and the current valuation of the position is a net liability for us, we do not believe there is exposure at this time to a default by a counterparty provider.
In addition, changes in interest rates affect the fair value of our fixed rate debt, computed using a discounted cash flow model considering our current market yields, which impacts the fair value of our aggregate indebtedness. Debt securities and notes payable (excluding amounts outstanding under our Credit Facility) with an aggregate carrying value of $4,068,417,000 at December 31, 2010 had an estimated aggregate fair value of $4,236,216,000 at December 31, 2010. Contractual fixed rate debt (excluding fixed rate debt effectively swapped to variable rates through swap agreements) represented $3,247,036,000 of the carrying value and $3,449,226,000 of the fair value at December 31, 2010. If interest rates had been 100 basis points higher as of December 31, 2010, the fair value of this fixed rate debt would have decreased by approximately $166,051,000.

ITEM 8 - FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
The response to this Item 8 is included as a separate section of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

ITEM 9 - CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS
ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
None.

ITEM 9A - CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
ITEM 9a. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
(a)
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures. As required by Rule 13a-15 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as of the end of the period covered by this report, the Company carried out an evaluation under the supervision and with the participation of the Company's management, including the Company's Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company's disclosure controls and procedures. Based upon that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Company's disclosure controls and procedures are effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission's rules and forms. We continue to review and document our disclosure controls and procedures, including our internal control over financial reporting, and may from time to time make changes aimed at enhancing their effectiveness and to ensure that our systems evolve with our business.
(b)
Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f). Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2010 based on the framework in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Based on that evaluation, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2010.
Our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2010 has been audited by Ernst & Young LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report which is included elsewhere herein.
(c)
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the fourth quarter of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

ITEM 9B - OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 9b. OTHER INFORMATION
None.
PART III

ITEM 10 - DIRECTORS AND EXECUTIVE OFFICERS
ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
The information required by Item 10 pertaining to directors and executive officers of the Company and the Company’s Code of Conduct is incorporated herein by reference to the Company’s Proxy Statement to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of the year covered by this Form 10-K with respect to the Annual Meeting of Stockholders scheduled to be held on May 11, 2011.

ITEM 11 - EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
The information required by Item 11 pertaining to executive compensation is incorporated herein by reference to the Company’s Proxy Statement to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of the year covered by this Form 10-K with respect to the Annual Meeting of Stockholders scheduled to be held on May 11, 2011.

ITEM 12 - SECURITY OWNERSHIP
ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
The information required by Item 12 pertaining to security ownership of management and certain beneficial owners of the Company’s common stock is incorporated herein by reference to the Company’s Proxy Statement to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of the year covered by this Form 10-K with respect to the Annual Meeting of Stockholders scheduled to be held on May 11, 2011, to the extent not set forth below.
The Company maintains the 2009 Stock Option and Incentive Plan (the "2009 Plan") and the 1996 Non-Qualified Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the "ESPP"), pursuant to which common stock or other equity awards may be issued or granted to eligible persons.
The following table gives information about equity awards under the 2009 Plan, the Company’s prior 1994 Stock Incentive Plan (the “1994 Plan”) under which awards were previously made, and the ESPP as of December 31, 2010:
(1)
Consists of the 2009 and the 1994 Plans.
(2)
Includes 72,262 deferred units granted under the 2009 Plan and the 1994 Plan, which, subject to vesting requirements, will convert in the future to common stock on a one-for-one basis, but does not include 228,915 shares of restricted stock that are outstanding and that are already reflected in the Company’s outstanding shares.
(3)
Excludes deferred units granted under the 2009 Plan and the 1994 Plan, which, subject to vesting requirements, will convert in the future to common stock on a one-for-one basis.
(4)
Consists of the ESPP.
The ESPP, which was adopted by the Board of Directors on October 29, 1996, has not been approved by our shareholders. A further description of the ESPP appears in Note 10, “Stock-Based Compensation Plans,” of our Consolidated Financial Statements included in this report.

ITEM 13 - CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS
ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
The information required by Item 13 pertaining to certain relationships and related transactions is incorporated herein by reference to the Company’s Proxy Statement to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of the year covered by this Form 10-K with respect to the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held on May 11, 2011.

ITEM 14 - PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES
ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES
The information required by Item 14 pertaining to the fees paid to and services provided by the Company’s principal accountant is incorporated herein by reference to the Company’s Proxy Statement to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of the year covered by this Form 10-K with respect to the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held on May 11, 2011.
PART IV

ITEM 15 - EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULE
15(a)(1) Financial Statements
All other schedules for which provision is made in the applicable accounting regulation of the Securities and Exchange Commission are not required under the related instructions or are inapplicable and therefore have been omitted.
15(a)(3) Exhibits
The exhibits listed on the accompanying Index to Exhibits are filed as a part of this report.
INDEX TO EXHIBITS
3(i).1
--
Articles of Amendment and Restatement of Articles of Incorporation of the Company, dated as of June 4, 1998. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3(i).1 to Form 10-K of the Company filed March 1, 2007.)
3(i).2
--
Articles of Amendment, dated as of October 2, 1998. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3(i).2 to Form 10-K of the Company filed March 1, 2007.)
3(ii).1
--
Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Company, as adopted by the Board of Directors on May 21, 2009. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3(ii).1 to form 10-K of the Company filed March 1, 2010.)
3(ii).2
--
Amendment to Amended and Restated Bylaws of AvalonBay Communities, Inc., dated February 10, 2010. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to Form 8-K of the Company filed February 12, 2010.)
4.1
--
Indenture for Senior Debt Securities, dated as of January 16, 1998, between the Company and State Street Bank and Trust Company, as Trustee. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Registration Statement on Form S-3 of the Company (File No. 333-139839), filed January 8, 2007.)
4.2
--
First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of January 20, 1998, between the Company and State Street Bank and Trust Company as Trustee. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to Registration Statement on Form S-3 of the Company (File No. 333-139839), filed January 8, 2007.)
4.3
--
Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as of July 7, 1998, between the Company and State Street Bank and Trust Company as Trustee. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to Registration Statement on Form S-3 of the Company (File No. 333-139839), filed January 8, 2007.)
4.4
--
Amended and Restated Third Supplemental Indenture, dated as of July 10, 2000 between the Company and State Street Bank and Trust Company as Trustee. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to Registration Statement on Form S-3 of the Company (File No. 333-139839), filed January 8, 2007.)
4.5
--
Fourth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of September 18, 2006, between the Company and U.S. Bank National Association as Trustee. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.5 to Registration Statement on Form S-3 of the Company (File No. 333-139839), filed January 8, 2007.)
4.6
--
Dividend Reinvestment and Stock Purchase Plan of the Company. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 8.1 to Registration Statement on Form S-3 of the Company (File No. 333-87063), filed September 14, 1999.)
4.7
--
Amendment to the Company’s Dividend Reinvestment and Stock Purchase Plan filed on December 17, 1999. (Incorporated by reference to the Prospectus Supplement filed pursuant to Rule 424(b)(2) of the Securities Act of 1933 on December 17, 1999.)
4.8
--
Amendment to the Company’s Dividend Reinvestment and Stock Purchase Plan filed on March 26, 2004. (Incorporated by reference to the Prospectus Supplement filed pursuant to Rule 424(b)(3) of the Securities Act of 1933 on March 26, 2004.)
4.9
--
Amendment to the Company’s Dividend Reinvestment and Stock Purchase Plan filed on May 15, 2006. (Incorporated by reference to the Prospectus Supplement filed pursuant to Rule 424(b)(3) of the Securities Act of 1933 on May 15, 2006.)
10.1
--
Amended and Restated Distribution Agreement, dated August 6, 2003, among the Company and the Agents, including Administrative Procedures, relating to the MTNs. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Form 10-K of the Company filed March 2, 2009.)
10.2
--
Amended and Restated Limited Partnership Agreement of AvalonBay Value Added Fund, L.P., dated as of March 16, 2005. (Filed herewith.)
10.3
--
Term Loan Agreement, dated May 15, 2008, among the Company, as Borrower, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Syndication Agent, Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation, Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., and Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, each as a Documentation Agent, the other banks signatory thereto, each as a Bank, J.P. Morgan Securities, Inc., as Sole Bookrunner and Lead Arranger, and Bank of America, N.A., as Administrative Agent. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K of the Company filed May 19, 2008.)
10.4
--
Master Cross-Collateralization Agreement, dated as of April 24, 2009, between Deutsche Bank Berkshire Mortgage, Inc., parties identified on Exhibit A-Schedule 1 attached thereto, and Shady Grove Financing, LLC. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Form 10-Q of the Company filed August 10, 2009.)
10.5
--
Master Substitution Agreement, dated April 23, 2009, between Deutsche Bank Berkshire Mortgage, Inc., AvalonBay Traville, LLC and the entities identified on Schedule B attached thereto. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to Form 10-Q of the Company filed August 10, 2009.)
10.6
--
Form of Multifamily Note, dated April 24, 2009. (Used in connection with the properties identified on Exhibit B to the Master Cross-Collateralization Agreement dated April 24, 2009.) (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to Form 10-Q of the Company filed August 10, 2009.)
10.7
--
Form of Guaranty, dated April 24, 2009. (Used in connection with the properties identified on Exhibit B to the Master Cross-Collateralization Agreement dated April 24, 2009.) (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to Form 10-Q of the Company filed August 10, 2009.)
10.8+
--
Endorsement Split Dollar Agreements and Amendments thereto with Messrs. Blair, Naughton, Fuller, Sargeant, Horey and Meyer. (Filed herewith.)
10.9+
--
Form of Amendment to Endorsement Split Dollar Agreement with Messrs. Blair, Naughton, Sargeant, Horey and Meyer. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to Form 10-K of the Company filed March 2, 2009.)
10.10+
--
Employment Agreement, dated as of July 1, 2003, between the Company and Thomas J. Sargeant. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Amendment No. 3 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-103755), filed July 7, 2003.)
10.11+
--
First Amendment to Employment Agreement between the Company and Thomas J. Sargeant, dated as of March 31, 2005. (Filed herewith.)
10.12+
--
Form of Second Amendment to Employment Agreements between the Company and Certain Executive Officers. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to form 8-K of the Company filed May 22, 2008.)
10.13+
--
Third Amendment to Employment Agreement between the Company and Thomas J. Sargeant, dated as of December 14, 2008. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 to Form 10-K of the Company filed March 2, 2009.)
10.14+
--
Employment Agreement, dated as of January 10, 2003, between the Company and Bryce Blair. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.10 to Form 10-K of the Company filed March 2, 2009.)
10.15+
--
First Amendment to Employment Agreement between the Company and Bryce Blair, dated as of March 31, 2005. (Filed herewith.)
10.16+
--
Third Amendment to Employment Agreement between the Company and Bryce Blair, dated as of December 14, 2008. (Incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.12 to Form 10-K of the Company filed March 2, 2009.)
10.17+
--
Employment Agreement, dated as of February 26, 2001, between the Company and Timothy J. Naughton. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to Form 10-K of the Company filed March 1, 2007.)
10.18+
--
First Amendment to Employment Agreement between the Company and Timothy J. Naughton, dated as of March 31, 2005. (Filed herewith.)
10.19+
--
Third Amendment to Employment Agreement between the Company and Timothy J. Naughton, dated as of December 14, 2008. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.15 to Form 10-K of the Company filed March 2, 2009.)
10.20+
--
Employment Agreement, dated as of September 10, 2001, between the Company and Leo S. Horey. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.10 to Form 10-K of the Company filed March 1, 2007.)
10.21+
--
First Amendment to Employment Agreement between the Company and Leo S. Horey, dated as of March 31, 2005. (Filed herewith.)
10.22+
--
Third Amendment to Employment Agreement between the Company and Leo S. Horey, dated as of December 14, 2008.) (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.18 to Form 10-K of the Company filed March 2, 2009.)
10.23+
--
Retirement Agreement dated as of March 24, 2000, between the Company and Gilbert M. Meyer. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.15 to Form 10-K of the Company filed March 1, 2007.)
10.24+
--
First Amendment to Retirement Agreement between the Company and Gilbert M. Meyer, dated as of March 31, 2005. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to Form 10-Q of the Company filed May 6, 2005.)
10.25+
--
AvalonBay Communities, Inc. 2009 Stock Option and Incentive Plan. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K of the Company filed May 28, 2009.)
10.26+
--
Form of Incentive Stock Option Agreement (2009 Stock Option and Incentive Plan). (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Registration Statement on Form S-8 of the Company filed May 22, 2009.)
10.27+
--
Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement (2009 Stock Option and Incentive Plan). (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Registration Statement on Form S-8 of the Company filed May 22, 2009.)
10.28+
--
Form of Stock Grant and Restricted Stock Agreement (2009 Stock Option and Incentive Plan). (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to Registration Statement on Form S-8 of the Company filed May 22, 2009.)
10.29+
--
Form of Director Restricted Stock Agreement (2009 Stock Option and Incentive Plan). (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to Registration Statement on Form S-8 of the Company filed May 22, 2009.)
10.30+
--
Form of Director Restricted Unit Agreement (2009 Stock Option and Incentive Plan). (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to Registration Statement on Form S-8 of the Company filed May 22, 2009.)
10.31+
--
1996 Non-Qualified Employee Stock Purchase Plan, dated June 26, 1997, as amended and restated. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to Post-effective Amendment No. 1 to Registration Statement on Form S-8 of the Company (File No. 333-16837), filed June 26, 1997.)
10.32+
--
1996 Non-Qualified Employee Stock Purchase Plan - Plan Information Statement dated June 26, 1997. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.2 to Registration Statement on Form S-8 of the Company (File No. 333-16837), filed November 26, 1996.)
10.33+
--
Form of Addendum to AvalonBay Communities, Inc. Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement for Certain Officers. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.30 to Form 10-K of the Company filed March 2, 2009.)
10.34+
--
Form of Addendum to AvalonBay Communities, Inc. Incentive Stock Option Agreement for Certain Officers. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.32 to Form 10-K of the Company filed March 2, 2009.)
10.35+
--
Form of Indemnity Agreement between the Company and its Directors. (Filed herewith.)
10.36+
--
The Company’s Officer Severance Plan, as amended and restated on November 18, 2008. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.28 to Form 10-K of the Company filed March 2, 2009.)
10.37+
--
AvalonBay Communities, Inc. 1994 Stock Incentive Plan, as amended and restated in full on December 8, 2004 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.21 to Form 10-K of the Company filed March 2, 2009.)
10.38+
--
Amendment dated February 9, 2006, to the AvalonBay Communities, Inc. 1994 Stock Incentive Plan, as amended and restated on December 8, 2004. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.32 to Form 10-K of the Company filed March 14, 2006.)
10.39+
--
Amendment, dated December 6, 2006, to the AvalonBay Communities, Inc. 1994 Stock Incentive Plan, as amended and restated on December 8, 2004. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.22 to Form 10-K of the Company filed March 1, 2007.)
10.40+
--
Amendment, dated September 20, 2007, to the AvalonBay Communities, Inc. 1994 Stock Incentive Plan, as amended and restated on December 8, 2004. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Form 10-Q of the Company filed November 9, 2007.)
10.41+
--
Form of AvalonBay Communities, Inc. Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement (1994 Stock Incentive Plan, as Amended and Restated). (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed February 12, 2008.)
10.42+
--
Form of AvalonBay Communities, Inc. Incentive Stock Option Agreement (1994 Stock Incentive Plan, as Amended and Restated.) (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed February 12, 2008.)
10.43+
--
Form of AvalonBay Communities, Inc. Employee Stock Grant and Restricted Stock Agreement (1994 Stock Incentive Plan, as Amended and Restated.) (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.33 of Form 10-K of the Company filed March 2, 2009.)
10.44+
--
Form of AvalonBay Communities, Inc. Director Restricted Unit Agreement (1994 Stock Incentive Plan, as Amended and Restated). (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Company’s Form 10-Q filed November 9, 2007.)
10.45+
--
Form of AvalonBay Communities, Inc. Director Restricted Stock Agreement (1994 Stock Incentive Plan, as Amended and Restated). (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Form 10-Q filed November 9, 2007.)
10.46
--
Second Amended and Restated Revolving Loan Agreement, dated as of November 14, 2006, among the Company, as Borrower, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., and Wachovia Bank, National Association, each as a Bank and Syndication Agent, Bank of America, N.A., as a Bank, Swing Lender and Issuing Bank, Morgan Stanley Bank, Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, and Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, each as a Bank and Documentation Agent, the other banks signatory thereto, each as a Bank, J.P. Morgan Securities, Inc., as Sole Bookrunner and Lead Arranger, and Bank of America, N.A., as Administrative Agent. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K of the Company filed November 17, 2006.)
10.47
--
First Amendment to the Second Amended and Restated Revolving Loan Agreement, dated as of November 13, 2007, among the Company, as Borrower, the banks signatory thereto, each as a Bank, and Bank of America, N.A., as Administrative Agent. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K of the Company filed November 16, 2007.)
10.48
--
Notice, dated August 16, 2010, to extend the Second Amended and Restated Revolving Loan Agreement, as amended, dated November 14, 2006, among AvalonBay Communities, Inc. and JP Morgan Chase, Bank of America, Morgan Stanley, Wells Fargo, Deutsche Bank and other banks. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Form 10-Q of the Company filed November 4, 2010.)
10.49+
--
Rules and Procedures for Non-Employee Directors’ Deferred Compensation Program, as adopted on November 20, 2006, as amended on December 11, 2008, February 10, 2010 and November 10, 2010. (Filed herewith.)
10.50+
--
Amendment, effective September 30, 2007, to the Company’s quarterly compensation of Non-Employee Directors. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Form 10-Q filed November 9, 2007.)
10.51+
--
Form of AvalonBay Communities, Inc. 2008 Performance Plan Deferred Stock Award Agreement. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K of the Company filed May 22, 2008).
10.52+
--
Amended and Restated AvalonBay Communities, Inc. Deferred Compensation Plan, effective as of January 1, 2011. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Form 10-Q of the Company filed August 6, 2010.)
12.1
--
Statements re: Computation of Ratios. (Filed herewith.)
21.1
--
Schedule of Subsidiaries of the Company. (Filed herewith.)
23.1
--
Consent of Ernst & Young LLP. (Filed herewith.)
31.1
--
Certification pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (Chief Executive Officer). (Filed herewith.)
31.2
--
Certification pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (Chief Financial Officer). (Filed herewith.)
--
Certification pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer). (Furnished herewith.)
--
XBRL (Extensible Business Reporting Language). The following materials from AvalonBay Communities, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2010, formatted in XBRL: (i) consolidated balance sheets, (ii) consolidated statements of operations, (iii) consolidated statements of cash flows, (iv) consolidated changes in stockholders’ equity, (v) notes to consolidated financial statements and (vi) Schedule III - Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation.*
+
Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement required to be filed or incorporated by reference as an exhibit to this Form 10-K pursuant to Item 15(a)(3) of Form 10-K.
*
As provided in Rule 406T of Regulation S-T, this information is furnished and not filed for purposes of Sections 11 and 12 of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
AvalonBay Communities, Inc.
Date: February 18, 2011
By:
/s/ Bryce Blair
Bryce Blair, Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
Date: February 18, 2011
By:
/s/ Bryce Blair
Bryce Blair, Director, Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer
(Principal Executive Officer)
Date: February 18, 2011
By:
/s/ Thomas J. Sargeant
Thomas J. Sargeant, Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial Officer)
Date: February 18, 2011
By:
/s/ Keri A. Shea
Keri A. Shea, Vice President -Finance & Treasurer
(Principal Accounting Officer)
Date: February 18, 2011
By:
/s/ Bruce A. Choate
Bruce A. Choate, Director
Date: February 18, 2011
By:
/s/ John J. Healy, Jr.
John J. Healy, Jr., Director
Date: February 18, 2011
By:
/s/ Timothy J. Naughton
Timothy J. Naughton, Director
Date: February 18, 2011
By:
/s/ Lance R. Primis
Lance R. Primis, Director
Date: February 18, 2011
By:
/s/ Peter S. Rummell
Peter S. Rummell, Director
Date: February 18, 2011
By:
/s/ H. Jay Sarles
H. Jay Sarles, Director
Date: February 18, 2011
By:
/s/ W. Edward Walter
W. Edward Walter, Director
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
The Board of Directors and Stockholders of
AvalonBay Communities, Inc.:
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of AvalonBay Communities, Inc. as of December 31, 2010 and 2009, and the related consolidated statements of operations and other comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2010. Our audits also included the financial statement schedule listed in the Index at Item 15(a)(2). These financial statements and schedule are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements and schedule based on our audits.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of AvalonBay Communities, Inc. at December 31, 2010 and 2009, and the consolidated results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2010 in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Also, in our opinion, the related financial statement schedule, when considered in relation to the basic financial statements taken as a whole, presents fairly in all material respects, the information set forth therein.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), AvalonBay Communities, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2010, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated February 23, 2011 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
/s/ Ernst & Young LLP
McLean, Virginia
February 23, 2011
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
The Board of Directors and Stockholders of
AvalonBay Communities, Inc.:
We have audited AvalonBay Communities, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2010, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (the COSO criteria). AvalonBay Communities, Inc.’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting in Item 9a. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
In our opinion, AvalonBay Communities, Inc. maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2010, based on the COSO criteria.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated balance sheets of AvalonBay Communities, Inc. as of December 31, 2010 and 2009, and the related consolidated statements of operations and other comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2010 of AvalonBay Communities, Inc. and our report dated February 23, 2011 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
/s/ Ernst & Young LLP
McLean, Virginia
February 23, 2011
AVALONBAY COMMUNITIES, INC.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(Dollars in thousands, except per share data)
See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
AVALONBAY COMMUNITIES, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
AND OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(Dollars in thousands, except per share data)
See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
AVALONBAY COMMUNITIES, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(Dollars in thousands)
See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
AVALONBAY COMMUNITIES, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(Dollars in thousands)
See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (continued)
Supplemental disclosures of non-cash investing and financing activities (dollars in thousands):
During the year ended December 31, 2010:
●
102,984 shares of common stock valued at $7,777 were issued in connection with stock grants; 5,687 shares valued at $525 were issued through the Company’s dividend reinvestment plan; 48,882 shares valued at $4,203 were withheld to satisfy employees’ tax withholding and other liabilities; 1,300 shares valued at $39 were forfeited, 25 shares valued at $3 were issued in exchange for DownREIT OP units and 61,055 shares valued at $3,322 were issued to two former members of the Company’s Board of Directors in fulfillment of deferred stock awards, for a net value of $7,385. In addition, the Company granted 126,484 options for common stock at a value of $2,460.
●
The Company recorded a decrease to prepaid expenses and other assets and a corresponding decrease to other comprehensive income of $108 and recorded an increase of $1,737 to prepaid expenses and other assets with a corresponding offset to unsecured notes, net, to record the impact of the Company’s hedge accounting activity (as described in Note 5, “Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities”).
●
Common dividends declared but not paid totaled $76,676.
●
The Company recorded an increase of $5,573 in redeemable noncontrolling interests with a corresponding increase to accumulated earnings less dividends to adjust the redemption value associated with the put options held by joint venture partners and DownREIT partnership units. For further discussion of the nature and valuation of these items, see Note 11, “Fair Value.”
●
The Company recognized $4,045 in noncontrolling interests in conjunction with the consolidation of a Fund I subsidiary. See Note 6, “Investments in Real Estate Entities” for further discussion.
During the year ended December 31, 2009:
●
2,624,641 shares of common stock valued at $139,058 were issued as part of the special dividend declared in the fourth quarter of 2008, 169,851 shares of common stock valued at $8,360 were issued in connection with stock grants, 11,172 shares valued at $651 were issued through the Company’s dividend reinvestment plan, 33,186 shares valued at $1,517 were withheld to satisfy employees’ tax withholding and other liabilities and 1,031 shares valued at $147 were forfeited, for a net value of $146,405. In addition, the Company granted 344,801 options for common stock at a value of $2,252.
●
The Company recorded a decrease to other liabilities and a corresponding gain to other comprehensive income of $1,865 to record the impact of the Company’s hedge accounting activity.
●
Common dividends declared but not paid totaled $72,773.
●
The Company recorded a decrease of $3,373 in redeemable noncontrolling interests with a corresponding increase to accumulated earnings less dividends to adjust the redemption value associated with the put options held by joint venture partners and DownREIT partnership units.
●
The Company obtained $93,440 in variable rate tax-exempt bond financing related to a Development Right, the proceeds of which will be held in escrow until requisitioned for construction funding. This loan provides an option for the Company to request an additional construction loan of up to $83,560 subject to the lender’s discretion.
During the year ended December 31, 2008:
●
130,325 shares of common stock valued at $11,646 were issued in connection with stock grants, 5,703 shares valued at $458 were issued through the Company’s dividend reinvestment plan, 24,407 shares valued at $1,357 were issued to a retiring member of the Board of Directors in fulfillment of deferred stock awards, 39,633 shares valued at $3,483 were withheld to satisfy employees’ tax withholding and other liabilities and 1,101 shares valued at $109 were forfeited, for a net value of $9,869. In addition, the Company granted 401,212 options for common stock at a value of $3,976.
●
The Company recorded a decrease to other liabilities and a corresponding gain to other comprehensive income of $434 to record the impact of the Company’s hedge accounting activity.
●
The Company issued $135,000 of variable rate debt relating to Avalon Walnut Creek. The proceeds were placed in an escrow account until requisitioned for construction funding and no amounts were drawn in 2008 for use in the development of the community.
●
Common and preferred dividends declared but not paid totaled $208,209.
●
The Company recorded a decrease of $12,095 in redeemable noncontrolling interests with a corresponding increase to accumulated earnings less dividends to adjust the redemption value associated with the put options held by joint venture partners and DownREIT partnership units.
AVALONBAY COMMUNITIES, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Dollars in thousands, except per share data)
1. Organization and Basis of Presentation
Organization
AvalonBay Communities, Inc. (the “Company,” which term, unless the context otherwise requires, refers to AvalonBay Communities, Inc. together with its consolidated subsidiaries), is a Maryland corporation that has elected to be taxed as a real estate investment trust (“REIT”) under the Code. The Company focuses on the development, acquisition, ownership and operation of apartment communities in high barrier to entry markets of the United States. These markets are located in the New England, Metro New York/New Jersey, Mid-Atlantic, Midwest, Pacific Northwest, and Northern and Southern California regions of the country.
At December 31, 2010, the Company owned or held a direct or indirect ownership interest in 172 operating apartment communities containing 51,245 apartment homes in ten states and the District of Columbia, of which nine communities containing 3,348 apartment homes were under reconstruction. In addition, the Company owned or held a direct or indirect ownership interest in 14 communities under construction that are expected to contain an aggregate of 3,334 apartment homes when completed. The Company also owned or held a direct or indirect ownership interest in rights to develop an additional 26 communities that, if developed as expected, will contain an estimated 7,313 apartment homes.
All capitalized terms have the meaning as provided in this Form 10-K.
Principles of Consolidation
The accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, certain joint venture partnerships, subsidiary partnerships structured as DownREITs and any variable interest entities that qualified for consolidation. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
The Company accounts for joint venture entities and subsidiary partnerships, including those structured as DownREITs, that are not variable interest entities in accordance with the guidance applicable to limited partnerships or similar entities. The Company evaluates the partnership of each joint venture entity and determines whether control over the partnership lies with the general partner or, when the limited partners have certain rights, with the limited partners. The Company consolidates an investment when both (i) the Company is the general partner, and (ii) the limited partner interests do not overcome the Company's presumption of control by having either substantive participating rights, the ability to remove the Company as the general partner or the ability to dissolve the partnership.
The Company generally uses the equity method under all other potential scenarios, including (i) where the Company holds a general partner interest but the presumption of control by the Company is overcome by the limited partner interests as described in the preceding paragraph, and (ii) where the Company holds a noncontrolling limited partner interest in a joint venture. Investments in which the Company has little or no influence are accounted for using the cost method.
Revenue and Gain Recognition
Rental income related to leases is recognized on an accrual basis when due from residents as required by the accounting guidance applicable to leases, which provides guidance on classification and recognition. In accordance with the Company’s standard lease terms, rental payments are generally due on a monthly basis. Any cash concessions given at the inception of the lease are amortized over the approximate life of the lease, which is generally one year.
The Company accounts for sales of real estate assets and the related gain recognition in accordance with the accounting guidance applicable to sales of real estate, which establishes standards for recognition of profit on all real estate sales transactions, other than retail land sales. The Company recognizes the sale, and associated gain or loss from the disposition, provided that the earnings process is complete and the Company is not obligated to perform significant activities after the sale.
Real Estate
Operating real estate assets are stated at cost and consist of land, buildings and improvements, furniture, fixtures and equipment, and other costs incurred during their development, redevelopment and acquisition. Significant expenditures which improve or extend the life of an asset are capitalized. Expenditures for maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred.
Improvements and upgrades are capitalized only if the item exceeds $15, extends the useful life of the asset and is not related to making an apartment home ready for the next resident. Purchases of personal property, such as computers and furniture, are capitalized only if the item is a new addition and exceeds $2.5. The Company generally expenses purchases of personal property made for replacement purposes.
Project costs related to the development, construction and redevelopment of real estate projects (including interest and related loan fees, property taxes and other direct costs) are capitalized as a cost of the project. Indirect project costs that relate to several projects are capitalized and allocated to the projects to which they relate. Indirect costs not clearly related to development, construction and redevelopment activity are expensed as incurred. For development, capitalization (i) begins when the Company has determined that development of the future asset is probable, (ii) can be suspended if there is no current development activity underway, but future development is still probable and (iii) ends when the asset, or a portion of an asset, is delivered and is ready for its intended use, or the Company’s intended use changes such that capitalization is no longer appropriate. For redevelopment efforts, the Company capitalizes costs either (i) in advance of taking homes out of service when significant renovation of the common area has begun until the redevelopment is completed, or (ii) when an apartment home is taken out of service for redevelopment until the redevelopment is completed and the apartment home is available for a new resident. Rental income and operating costs incurred during the initial lease-up or post-redevelopment lease-up period are recognized as incurred.
The Company acquired as Development Rights ten land parcels improved with office buildings, industrial space and other commercial and residential ventures occupied by unrelated third parties. As of December 31, 2010, the Company is pursuing development of two of these parcels. For the eight parcels of land for which the Company does not intend to pursue development, rental revenue from the incidental operations are recognized as a component of rental and other income. For those land parcels for which the Company intends to pursue development, the Company will manage the current improvements until such time as all tenant obligations have been satisfied or eliminated through negotiation, and construction of new apartment communities is ready to begin. Revenue from incidental operations received from the current improvements on the land parcels in excess of any incremental costs are being recorded as a reduction of total capitalized costs of the Development Right and not as part of net income.
In connection with the acquisition of an operating community, the Company performs a valuation, allocating to each asset and liability acquired in such transaction its estimated fair value at the date of acquisition. The purchase price allocations to tangible assets, such as land, buildings and improvements, and furniture, fixtures and equipment, are reflected in real estate assets and depreciated over their estimated useful lives. Any purchase price allocation to intangible assets, such as in-place leases, is included in prepaid expenses and other assets on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets and amortized over the average remaining lease term of the acquired leases. The fair value of acquired in-place leases is determined based on the estimated cost to replace such leases, including foregone rents during an assumed re-lease period, as well as the impact on projected cash flow of acquired leases with leased rents above or below current market rents. For acquisitions subsequent to December 31, 2008, all costs incurred related to acquisitions are expensed. Prior to January 1, 2009, third party costs directly associated with acquisitions were capitalized as part of the purchase price.
Depreciation is calculated on buildings and improvements using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives, which range from seven to thirty years. Furniture, fixtures and equipment are generally depreciated using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives, which range from three years (primarily computer-related equipment) to seven years.
Income Taxes
As of December 31, 2010, the Company did not have any unrecognized tax benefits. The Company does not believe that there will be any material changes in its unrecognized tax positions over the next 12 months. The Company is subject to examination by the respective taxing authorities for the tax years 2007 through 2009.
The Company elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Code, as amended, for the year ended December 31, 1994 and has not revoked such election. A corporate REIT is a legal entity which holds real estate interests and can deduct from its Federally taxable income any dividends if pays if it meets a number of organizational and operational requirements, including a requirement that it currently distribute at least 90% of its adjusted taxable income to stockholders. Therefore, as a REIT the Company generally will not be subject to corporate level federal income tax on taxable income if it distributes 100% of the taxable income over the time period allowed under the Code to its stockholders. Management believes that all such conditions for the avoidance of income taxes on ordinary income have been or will be met for the periods presented. Accordingly, no provision for federal and state income taxes has been made. If the Company fails to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, it will be subject to federal income taxes at regular corporate rates (including any applicable alternative minimum tax) and may not be able to qualify as a REIT for four subsequent taxable years. Even if the Company qualifies for taxation as a REIT, the Company may be subject to certain state and local taxes on its income and property, and to federal income and excise taxes on its undistributed taxable income. The Company incurred net charges (refunds) of ($235), $515 and $3,200 for federal excise taxes in 2010, 2009 and 2008, respectively, as a component of general and administrative expense in the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Other Comprehensive Income. The Company does not expect to incur any excise taxes related to 2010. In addition, taxable income from non-REIT activities performed through taxable REIT subsidiaries is subject to federal, state and local income taxes, although no taxes were incurred during 2010.
The following reconciles net income attributable to common stockholders to taxable net income for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2009 and 2008 (unaudited):
The following summarizes the tax components of the Company’s common and preferred dividends declared for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2009 and 2008 (unaudited):
Deferred Financing Costs
Deferred financing costs include fees and other expenditures necessary to obtain debt financing and are amortized on a straight-line basis, which approximates the effective interest method, over the shorter of the term of the loan or the related credit enhancement facility, if applicable. Unamortized financing costs are charged to earnings when debt is retired before the maturity date. Accumulated amortization of deferred financing costs was $23,215 at December 31, 2010 and $19,880 at December 31, 2009.
Cash, Cash Equivalents and Cash in Escrow
Cash and cash equivalents include all cash and liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less from the date acquired. Cash in escrow consists primarily of construction financing proceeds that are restricted for use in the construction of a specific community. The majority of the Company’s cash, cash equivalents and cash in escrows are held at major commercial banks.
Interest Rate Contracts
The Company utilizes derivative financial instruments to manage interest rate risk. As of December 31, 2010, the Company had approximately $210,421 in variable rate debt subject to cash flow hedges and $225,000 of fixed rate debt subject to fair value hedges. As of December 31, 2009, there was $59,306 in variable rate debt subject to cash flow hedges and $300,000 of fixed rate debt subject to fair value hedges. Excluding debt on communities classified as held for sale, the Company did not apply hedge accounting for an additional $109,020 and $110,275 in variable rate debt which is subject to interest rate caps as of December 31, 2010 and December 31, 2009 respectively. See Note 5, “Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities,” for further discussion of derivative financial instruments.
Comprehensive Income
Comprehensive income, as reflected on the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Other Comprehensive Income, is defined as all changes in equity during each period except for those resulting from investments by or distributions to shareholders. Accumulated other comprehensive loss, as reflected on the Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity, reflects the effective portion of the cumulative changes in the fair value of derivatives in qualifying cash flow hedge relationships.
Earnings per Common Share
Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income attributable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period. All outstanding unvested restricted share awards contain rights to non-forfeitable dividends and participate in undistributed earnings with common shareholders and, accordingly, are considered participating securities that are included in the two-class method of computing basic EPS. All historical periods presented have been restated to reflect the impact of including participating securities in the basic earnings per share calculation. Both the unvested restricted shares and other potentially dilutive common shares, and the related impact to earnings, are considered when calculating earnings per share on a diluted basis. The Company’s earnings per common share are determined as follows:
Certain options to purchase shares of common stock in the amounts of 326,366 and 1,990,064 were outstanding at December 31, 2010 and 2009, respectively, but were not included in the computation of diluted earnings per share because such options are anti-dilutive.
Abandoned Pursuit Costs and Impairment of Long-Lived Assets
The Company evaluates its real estate and other long-lived assets for impairment when potential indicators of impairment exist. Such assets are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization, unless the carrying amount of the asset is not recoverable. If events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of a property may not be recoverable, the Company assesses its recoverability by comparing the carrying amount of the property to its estimated undiscounted future cash flows. If the carrying amount exceeds the aggregate undiscounted future cash flows, the Company recognizes an impairment loss to the extent the carrying amount exceeds the estimated fair value of the property. Based on periodic tests of recoverability of long-lived assets, for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2009 and 2008, the Company did not record any impairment losses for wholly-owned operating real estate assets.
The Company capitalizes pre-development costs incurred in pursuit of new development opportunities for which the Company currently believes future development is probable. Future development of these Development Rights is dependent upon various factors, including zoning and regulatory approval, rental market conditions, construction costs and the availability of capital. Initial pre-development costs incurred for pursuits for which future development is not yet considered probable are expensed as incurred. In addition, if the status of a Development Right changes, making future development by the Company no longer probable, any capitalized pre-development costs are written off with a charge to expense. The Company expensed costs related to abandoned pursuits, which includes the abandonment of Development Rights and disposition pursuits, in the amounts of $2,741 in 2010, $5,842 in 2009 and $12,511 in 2008. These costs are included in operating expenses, excluding property taxes on the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations and Other Comprehensive Income. Abandoned pursuit costs can vary greatly, and the costs incurred in any given period may be significantly different in future years.
The Company also assesses land held for development for impairment if the intent of the Company changes with respect to the development of the land. The Company did not recognize any impairment charges for land holds in 2010. During 2009 and 2008, the Company concluded that the economic downturn and the related decline in employment levels did not support the development and construction of certain new apartment communities that were previously in planning. This resulted in the recognition of impairment charges of $21,152 and $57,899 in 2009 and 2008, respectively, related to the impairment of land parcels which the Company concluded would not be developed at the dates of the impairment. The Company looked to a combination of internal models and third-party pricing estimates to determine the fair values for these impaired land parcels. Considering the Company’s knowledge of multifamily residential development, the fair values of parcels zoned for multifamily development were generated using an internal model. Land parcels zoned for other purposes were valued using third-party estimates of fair value. For the internally generated fair values, the Company used a discounted cash flow analysis on the expected cash flows for a multifamily rental community. The cash flow analysis incorporated assumptions that market participants would make, including applying discount factors to the estimated future cash flows of the underlying asset, as well as potential disposition proceeds. The third-party values incorporated the use of estimated rates of return, investment time horizons and sales prices for land parcels considered to be market comparables, adjusted for known differences in critical areas including the existing entitlements (such as zoning and state of infrastructure readiness). Both valuation methods included significant other unobservable inputs and are therefore classified as Level 3 prices in the fair value hierarchy.
The Company also evaluates its unconsolidated investments for impairment, considering both its carrying value of the investment as well as the Company’s proportionate share of any impairment of assets held by unconsolidated investments. In 2009, an unconsolidated joint venture in which the Company holds an interest determined that the economic downturn impacted the recoverability of the carrying value of a long lived asset held as an investment. Accordingly, the joint venture recognized an impairment loss. The Company recognized its proportionate share of the impairment loss of approximately $2,600 as a component of equity in income of unconsolidated entities on the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations and Other Comprehensive Income. There were no impairment losses recognized by any of the Company’s investments in unconsolidated entities during the years ended December 31, 2010 or 2008.
Assets Held for Sale & Discontinued Operations
The Company presents the assets and liabilities of any communities which have been sold, or otherwise qualify as held for sale, separately in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. In addition, the results of operations for those assets that meet the definition of discontinued operations are presented as such in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations and Other Comprehensive Income. Held for sale and discontinued operations classifications are provided in both the current and prior periods presented. Real estate assets held for sale are measured at the lower of the carrying amount or the fair value less the cost to sell. Both the real estate assets and corresponding liabilities are presented separately in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. Subsequent to classification of an asset as held for sale, no further depreciation is recorded. For those assets qualifying for classification as discontinued operations, specific components of net income presented as discontinued operations include net operating income, minority interest expense, depreciation expense and interest expense, net. For periods prior to the asset qualifying for discontinued operations, the Company reclassifies the results of operations to discontinued operations. In addition, the net gain or loss (including any impairment loss) on the eventual disposal of assets held for sale will be presented as discontinued operations when recognized. A change in presentation for held for sale or discontinued operations will not have any impact on the Company’s financial condition or results of operations. The Company combines the operating, investing and financing portions of cash flows attributable to discontinued operations with the respective cash flows from continuing operations on the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. The Company had no assets that qualified for held for sale presentation at December 31, 2010.
Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests
Redeemable noncontrolling interests are comprised of potential future obligations of the Company, which allow the investors holding the noncontrolling interest to require the Company to purchase their interest. The Company classifies obligations under the redeemable noncontrolling interests at fair value, with a corresponding offset for changes in the fair value recorded in accumulated earnings less dividends. Reductions in fair value are recorded only to the extent that the Company has previously recorded increases in fair value above the redeemable noncontrolling interest’s initial basis. The redeemable noncontrolling interests are presented outside of permanent equity as settlement in the Company’s common shares, where permitted, may not be within the Company’s control. In accordance with the accounting guidance, the Company has applied the presentation and disclosure requirements for noncontrolling interests to all periods presented on a retrospective basis. The nature and valuation of the Company’s redeemable noncontrolling interests are discussed further in Note 11, “Fair Value.”
Noncontrolling Interests
Noncontrolling interests represent our joint venture partners’ claims on consolidated investments where the Company owns less than a 100% interest. The Company records these interests at their initial fair value, adjusting the basis prospectively for the joint venture partners’ share of the respective consolidated investments’ results of operations and applicable changes in ownership.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make certain estimates and assumptions. These estimates and assumptions affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Reclassifications
Certain reclassifications have been made to amounts in prior years’ financial statements to conform to current year presentations.
Recently Adopted Accounting Standards
The following is a summary of the new accounting guidance issued and applicable to the Company for 2010. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial position or results of operations.
In June 2009, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued guidance to significantly amend the consolidation guidance applicable to variable interest entities (“VIEs”). The consolidation model was modified to one based on control and economics, and replaced the quantitative primary beneficiary analysis with a qualitative analysis. The primary beneficiary of a VIE will be the entity that has (i) the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance and (ii) the obligation to absorb losses or receive benefits that could potentially be significant to the VIE. If multiple unrelated parties share such power, as defined, no party will be required to consolidate the VIE. Further, the guidance requires continual reconsideration of the primary beneficiary of a VIE and adds an additional reconsideration event for determination of whether an entity is a VIE. The amendments also require expanded disclosures related to VIEs which are consistent with the disclosure framework applied by the Company.
In January 2010, the FASB issued guidance on fair value measurements and disclosures. This guidance specifies that a reporting entity should disclose separately the amounts of significant transfers in and out of Level 1 and Level 2 fair value measurements and describe the reasons for the transfers. In addition, the reconciliation for fair value measurements using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) should separately present information about purchases, sales, issuances, and settlements (that is, on a gross basis rather than as one net number).
In February 2010, the FASB issued guidance on embedded derivatives and hedging. This guidance clarified the rules applicable to embedded derivatives in which the only underlying is an interest or interest rate index. In addition, it also modified the rules related to subsequent measurement of cash flow hedges by adding provisions to clarify that the adjustment of accumulated other comprehensive income shall incorporate recognition of part or all of the gain or loss on the hedging derivative, as necessary. Finally, it modified the rules applicable to the cumulative gain or loss and the cumulative change in expected future cash flows related to non-designated cash flow hedges.
In February 2010, the FASB issued guidance on subsequent events, eliminating the requirement to disclose the date through which subsequent events have been evaluated.
2. Interest Capitalized
The Company capitalizes interest during the development and redevelopment of real estate assets. Capitalized interest associated with the Company’s development or redevelopment activities totaled $33,393 for 2010, $48,226 for 2009 and $74,621 for 2008.
3. Notes Payable, Unsecured Notes and Credit Facility
The Company’s mortgage notes payable, unsecured notes and Credit Facility, as defined below, as of December 31, 2010 and December 31, 2009 are summarized below. The following amounts and discussion do not include the mortgage notes related to the communities classified as held for sale, if any, as of December 31, 2010 and 2009, as shown in the Consolidated Balance Sheets (see Note 7, “Real Estate Disposition Activities”).
(1)
Balances at December 31, 2010 and December 31, 2009 exclude $2,269 and $2,220 respectively of debt discount, and $1,509 and ($228) respectively for basis adjustments, as reflected in unsecured notes on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets.
The following debt activity occurred during the year ended December 31, 2010:
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In February 2010, the Company repaid a 6.47% fixed rate secured mortgage note in the amount of $13,961 in advance of its March 2012 scheduled maturity date.
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In March 2010, the Company repaid a 6.95% fixed rate secured mortgage note in the amount of $11,226 in advance of its February 2025 scheduled maturity date.
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In October 2010, the Company repaid a variable rate secured mortgage note in the amount of $28,989 in accordance with its scheduled maturity date.
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In October 2010, the Company repaid a 5.17% fixed rate secured mortgage note in the amount of $9,780 in advance of its July 2024 scheduled maturity date.
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In November 2010, the Company issued $250,000 principal amount of unsecured notes in a public offering under its existing shelf registration statement. The notes mature in January 2021 and have an all-in interest rate of 4.04%.
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In December 2010, the Company repaid $89,576 principal amount of its unsecured notes in accordance with their scheduled maturity. The notes had an all-in interest rate, inclusive of applicable hedging instruments, of 7.31%.
In the aggregate, secured notes payable mature at various dates from March 2011 through July 2066, and are secured by certain apartment communities and improved land parcels (with a net carrying value of $1,738,000 as of December 31, 2010). As of December 31, 2010, the Company has guaranteed approximately $274,829 of mortgage notes payable held by wholly-owned subsidiaries; all such mortgage notes payable are consolidated for financial reporting purposes. The weighted average interest rate of the Company’s fixed rate mortgage notes payable (conventional and tax-exempt) was 5.7% and 5.9% at December 31, 2010 and December 31, 2009, respectively. The weighted average interest rate of the Company’s variable rate mortgage notes payable, including the effect of certain financing related fees, was 2.2% and 1.9% at December 31, 2010 and December 31, 2009, respectively.
Scheduled payments and maturities of mortgage notes payable and unsecured notes outstanding at December 31, 2010 are as follows:
(1) Secured note payments are comprised of the principal pay downs for amortizing mortgage notes.
(2) The weighted average all-in interest rate for the swapped unsecured notes as of December 31, 2010.
The Company’s unsecured notes are redeemable at our option, in whole or in part, generally at a redemption price equal to the greater of (i) 100% of their principal amount or (ii) the sum of the present value of the remaining scheduled payments of principal and interest discounted at a rate equal to the yield on U.S. Treasury securities with a comparable maturity plus a spread between 25 and 45 basis points depending on the specific unsecured note, plus accrued and unpaid interest to the redemption date. The indenture under which the Company’s unsecured notes were issued contains limitations on the amount of debt the Company can incur or the amount of assets that can be used to secure other financing transactions, and other customary financial and other covenants, with which the Company was in compliance at December 31, 2010.
The Company has a variable rate Credit Facility in the amount of $1,000,000 with a syndicate of commercial banks, to whom the Company pays an annual facility fee of approximately $1,250. The Company did not have any amounts outstanding under the Credit Facility and $51,235 outstanding in letters of credit as of December 31, 2010. At December 31, 2009, there were no outstanding amounts under the Credit Facility and $44,105 outstanding in letters of credit. The Credit Facility bears interest at varying levels based on LIBOR, rating levels achieved on the Company’s unsecured notes and on a maturity schedule selected by the Company. The current stated pricing is LIBOR plus 0.40% per annum (0.66% at December 31, 2010). The stated spread over LIBOR can vary from LIBOR plus 0.325% to LIBOR plus 1.00% based on the Company’s credit ratings. In addition, the Credit Facility includes a competitive bid option, which allows banks that are part of the lender consortium to bid to make loans to the Company at a rate that is lower than the stated rate provided by the Credit Facility for up to $650,000. The competitive bid option may result in lower pricing than the stated rate if market conditions allow.
The Company expects to refinance the Credit Facility prior to maturity in November 2011. The Company expects the cost of the new facility will increase as compared to its current Credit Facility. While market conditions likely support an ability to retain the Company’s current capacity, a reduction in capacity may be appropriate to avoid increased costs to maintain that capacity.
The Company was in compliance at December 31, 2010 with certain customary financial and other covenants under the Credit Facility.
4. Stockholders’ Equity
As of December 31, 2010 and 2009, the Company had authorized for issuance 140,000,000 shares of common stock and 50,000,000 shares of preferred stock.
During the year ended December 31, 2010, the Company:
(i)
issued 3,513,036 shares of common stock through public offerings;
(ii)
issued 729,381 shares of common stock in connection with stock options exercised;
(iii)
issued 5,687 common shares through the Company’s dividend reinvestment plan;
(iv)
issued 8,137 common shares through the Company’s employee stock purchase plan;
(v)
issued 102,984 common shares in connection with stock grants;
(vi)
issued 61,055 common shares to two members of the Company’s Board of Directors in fulfillment of deferred stock awards;
(vii)
issued 25 common shares to acquire an equal number of DownREIT limited partnership units;
(viii)
withheld 48,882 common shares to satisfy employees’ tax withholding and other liabilities; and
(ix)
redeemed 1,300 shares of restricted common stock upon forfeiture.
In addition, the Company granted 126,484 options for common stock to employees. Any deferred compensation related to the Company’s stock option and restricted stock grants during 2010 is not reflected on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2010, and will not be reflected until earned as compensation cost.
In August 2009, the Company commenced CEP I, under which the Company was authorized to sell up to $400,000 of its common stock until August 2012. From the inception of CEP I in August 2009 through completion of the offering in July 2010, the Company sold 4,585,105 shares at an average sales price of $87.24 for net proceeds of $393,993.
In November 2010, the Company commenced CEP II, under which the Company may sell up to $500,000 of its common stock from time to time during a 36-month period. Actual sales will depend on a variety of factors to be determined by the Company, including market conditions, the trading price of the Company’s common stock and determinations by the Company of the appropriate sources of funding for the Company. In conjunction with CEP II, the Company engaged sales agents who receive compensation of approximately 1.5% of the gross sales price for shares sold. During the year ended December 31, 2010, the Company sold 432,832 shares under this program at an average sales price of $112.44 per share, for net proceeds of $47,935. Refer to Note 14, “Subsequent Events,” for sales under CEP II in 2011.
5. Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities
The Company enters into interest rate swap and interest rate cap agreements (collectively, the “Hedging Derivatives”) for interest rate risk management purposes and in conjunction with certain variable rate secured debt to satisfy lender requirements. The Company does not enter into derivative transactions for trading or other speculative purposes. The following table summarizes the consolidated Hedging Derivatives at December 31, 2010, excluding derivatives executed to hedge debt on communities classified as held for sale (dollars in thousands):
(1) For interest rate caps, this represents the weighted average interest rate on the debt.
The Company had five derivatives designated as cash flow hedges, three derivatives designated as fair value hedges and five derivatives not designated as hedges at December 31, 2010. Fair value changes for derivatives that are not in qualifying hedge relationships are reported as a component of general and administrative expenses on the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations and Other Comprehensive Income. Fair value changes for derivatives not in qualifying hedge relationships for the year ended December 31, 2010 were not material. For the derivative positions that the Company has determined qualify as effective cash flow hedges, the Company has recorded the effective portion of cumulative changes in the fair value of the Hedging Derivatives in other comprehensive income. Amounts recorded in other comprehensive income will be reclassified into earnings in the periods in which earnings are affected by the hedged cash flow. To adjust the Hedging Derivatives in qualifying cash flow hedges to their fair value and recognize the impact of hedge accounting, the Company recorded a decrease of $108 and an increase in other comprehensive income of $1,865 and $434 during the years ended December 31, 2010, 2009 and 2008, respectively. The amount reclassified into earnings in 2010, as well as the estimated amount included in accumulated other comprehensive income as of December 31, 2010 expected to be reclassified into earnings within the next twelve months to offset the variability of cash flows of the hedged items during this period, are not material. For the derivative positions that the Company has determined qualify as effective fair value hedges, the Company has recorded the derivatives at fair value as a component of prepaid expenses and other current assets, with the associated gain or loss as an adjustment to the carrying amount of the corresponding debt being hedged on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets.
The Company assesses, both at inception and on an on-going basis, the effectiveness of qualifying cash flow and fair value hedges. Hedge ineffectiveness, reported as a component of general and administrative expenses, did not have a material impact on earnings of the Company for any prior period, and the Company does not anticipate that it will have a material effect in the future. The fair values of the Hedging Derivatives and non-designated derivatives are included in prepaid expenses and other current assets on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Derivative financial instruments expose the Company to credit risk in the event of nonperformance by the counterparties under the terms of the Hedging Derivatives. The Company minimizes its credit risk on these transactions by dealing with major, creditworthy financial institutions which have an A+ or better credit rating by the Standard & Poor’s Ratings Group. As part of its on-going control procedures, the Company monitors the credit ratings of counterparties and the exposure of the Company to any single entity, thus minimizing credit risk concentration. Because of our counterparties’ credit rating, the Company believes the likelihood of realizing losses from counterparty non-performance is remote. The Company incorporates credit valuation adjustments to appropriately reflect both its own nonperformance risk and the respective counterparty’s nonperformance risk in the fair value measurements of its derivative financial instruments. Refer to Note 11, “Fair Value Measurements,” for further discussion.
6. Investments in Real Estate Entities
Investments in Unconsolidated Real Estate Entities
The Company accounts for its investments in unconsolidated real estate entities under the equity method of accounting, except as otherwise noted below, as discussed in Note 1, “Organization and Basis of Presentation,” under Principles of Consolidation.
As of December 31, 2010, the Company had investments in the following real estate entities:
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CVP I, LLC - In February 2004, the Company entered into a joint venture agreement with an unrelated third-party for the development of Avalon Chrystie Place, a 361 apartment-home community located in New York, New York, for which construction was completed in 2005. The Company has contributed $6,270 to this joint venture and holds a 20% equity interest (with a right to 50% of distributions after achievement of a threshold return, which was achieved in 2010). The Company is the managing member of CVP I, LLC, however, property management services at the community are performed by an unrelated third party.
As of December 31, 2010, CVP I, LLC has outstanding tax-exempt, variable rate bonds maturing in November 2036 in the amount of $117,000, which have permanent credit enhancement. The Company has agreed to guarantee, under limited circumstances, the repayment to the credit enhancer of any advances it may make in fulfillment of CVP I, LLC’s repayment obligations under the bonds. The Company has also guaranteed to the credit enhancer that CVP I, LLC will obtain a final certificate of occupancy for the project, which is expected in 2011. Our 80% partner in this venture has agreed that it will reimburse us its pro rata share of any amounts paid relative to these guaranteed obligations. The estimated fair value of and our obligation under these guarantees, both at inception and as of December 31, 2010, were not significant. As a result the Company has not recorded any obligation associated with these guarantees at December 31, 2010.
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MVP I, LLC - In December 2004, the Company entered into a joint venture agreement with an unrelated third-party for the development of Avalon at Mission Bay North II. Construction of Avalon at Mission Bay North II, a 313 apartment-home community located in San Francisco, California, was completed in December 2006. The Company has contributed $6,433 to this venture and holds a 25% equity interest. The Company is responsible for the day-to-day operations of the community and is the management agent subject to the terms of a management agreement. In December 2007, MVP I, LLC executed a fixed-rate conventional loan, which is secured by the underlying real estate assets of the community, for $105,000. The loan is an interest-only note bearing interest at 6.02%, maturing in December 2015. The Company has not guaranteed the debt of MVP I, LLC, nor does the Company have any obligation to fund this debt should MVP I, LLC be unable to do so.
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Avalon Del Rey Apartments, LLC - In March 2004, the Company entered into an agreement with an unrelated third party which provided that, upon construction completion, Avalon Del Rey would be owned and operated by a joint venture between the Company and the third party. Avalon Del Rey is a 309 apartment-home community located in Los Angeles, California that was developed by the Company, with construction completed during the third quarter of 2006. During the fourth quarter of 2006, the third-party venture partner invested $49,000 and was granted a 70% ownership interest in the venture, with the Company retaining a 30% equity interest. The Company continues to be responsible for the day-to-day operations of the community and is the management agent subject to the terms of a management agreement.
Avalon Del Rey Apartments, LLC has a loan secured by the underlying real estate assets of the community for $45,068 maturing in April 2016. The variable rate loan had an interest rate of 3.6% at December 31, 2010. The Company has not guaranteed the debt of Avalon Del Rey Apartments, LLC, nor does the Company have any obligation to fund this debt should Avalon Del Rey Apartments, LLC be unable to do so.
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Aria at Hathorne Hill, LLC - In the second quarter of 2007, a wholly-owned taxable REIT subsidiary of the Company entered into an LLC agreement with a joint venture partner to develop 64 for-sale town homes with a projected total capitalized cost of $23,621 in Danvers, Massachusetts on an out parcel adjacent to our Avalon Danvers rental apartment community. Approximately 30% of the homes have been built and sold, with the remaining homes to be developed during 2011 and 2012. The out parcel was zoned for for-sale activity, and was contributed to the LLC by a subsidiary of the Company in exchange for a 50% ownership interest. The LLC has a variable rate loan for $1,860 at an interest rate of 4.19% that matured in June 2010. As of December 31, 2010, the amounts under this borrowing have not been repaid, and the venture is negotiating an extension or refinancing of the amounts outstanding. As of December 31, 2010, the lender has not declared an event of default with respect to the note or required the venture to pay a default rate of interest. Although the Company has not guaranteed the debt of Aria at Hathorne nor does it have any obligation to fund the debt should the venture be unable to do so, the Company has the right to cure any event of default by the venture.
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Arna Valley View LP - In connection with the municipal approval process for the development of a consolidated community, the Company agreed to participate in the formation of a limited partnership in February 1999 to develop, finance, own and operate Arna Valley View, a 101 apartment-home community located in Arlington, Virginia. This community has affordable rents for 100% of apartment homes related to the tax-exempt bond financing and tax credits used to finance construction of the community. A subsidiary of the Company is the general partner of the partnership with a 0.01% ownership interest. The Company is responsible for the day-to-day operations of the community and is the management agent subject to the terms of a management agreement. As of December 31, 2010, Arna Valley View has $5,269 of variable rate, tax-exempt bonds outstanding, which mature in June 2032. In addition, Arna Valley View has $5,351 of 4% fixed rate county bonds outstanding that mature in December 2030. Arna Valley View’s debt is neither guaranteed by, nor recourse, to the Company. Due to the Company’s limited ownership in this venture and the terms of the management agreement regarding the rights of the limited partners, it is accounted for using the cost method.
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Fund I - In March 2005, the Company admitted outside investors into Fund I, a private, discretionary investment vehicle, which acquired and operates communities in the Company’s markets. Fund I served as the principal vehicle through which the Company acquired investments in apartment communities, subject to certain exceptions, until March 2008. Fund I has nine institutional investors, including the Company, and a combined equity capital investment of $330,000. A significant portion of the investments made in Fund I by its investors were made through AvalonBay Value Added Fund, Inc., a Maryland corporation that qualifies as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code (the “Fund I REIT”). A wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company is the general partner of Fund I and has contributed $50,000 to Fund I and the Fund I REIT, representing a 15.2% combined general partner and limited partner equity interest. At December 31, 2010, Fund I was fully invested. The Company receives asset management fees, property management fees and redevelopment fees, as well as a promoted interest if certain thresholds are met.
Subsidiaries of Fund I have 21 loans secured by individual assets with amounts outstanding in the aggregate of $434,163, including $24,060 for the mortgage note we purchased during 2010 as discussed elsewhere in this Form 10-K. Fund I subsidiary loans have varying maturity dates (or dates after which the loans can be prepaid), ranging from October 2011 to September 2016. These mortgage loans are secured by the underlying real estate. The mortgage loans are payable by the subsidiaries of Fund I with operating cash flow or disposition proceeds from the underlying real estate. The Company has not guaranteed the debt of Fund I, nor does the Company have any obligation to fund this debt should Fund I be unable to do so.
In addition, as part of the formation of Fund I, the Company has provided to one of the limited partners a guarantee. The guarantee provides that if, upon final liquidation of Fund I, the total amount of all distributions to that partner during the life of Fund I (whether from operating cash flow or property sales) does not equal a minimum of the total capital contributions made by that partner, then the Company will pay the partner an amount equal to the shortfall, but in no event more than 10% of the total capital contributions made by the partner (maximum of approximately $7,500 as of December 31, 2010). As of December 31, 2010, the expected realizable value of the real estate assets owned by Fund I is considered adequate to cover such potential payment to that partner under the expected Fund I liquidation scenario. The estimated fair value of, and the Company’s obligation under this guarantee, both at inception and as of December 31, 2010, was not significant and therefore the Company has not recorded any obligation for this guarantee as of December 31, 2010.
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Fund II - On September 2, 2008, the Company announced the formation of Fund II, a private, discretionary investment vehicle with commitments from five institutional investors including the Company. In the second quarter of 2009, the Company announced the second and final closing of Fund II, admitting an additional joint venture partner, and additional equity commitments, both from existing as well as the new joint venture partner. The additional joint venture partner capital commitments raised as part of the second closing reduced the Company's equity ownership interest to 31% from 45%. The Company’s total capital commitment to Fund II is $125,000. The Company’s uncalled capital commitment is $51,970 at December 31, 2010, which may be called through the end of the investment period of Fund II in August 2011.
During the year ended December 31, 2010 subsidiaries of Fund II acquired the following six operating communities:
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Avalon Rothbury, a garden-style community consisting of 203 apartment homes located in Gaithersburg, MD, was acquired for a purchase price of $31,250;
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Creekside Meadows, a garden-style community consisting of 628 apartment homes located in Tustin (Orange County), CA, was acquired for a purchase price of $98,500;
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Grove Park Apartments, a garden-style community consisting of 684 apartment homes located in Gaithersburg, MD, was acquired for a purchase price of $101,000;
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The Apartments at Briarwood, a garden-style community consisting of 348 apartment homes located in Owings Mills, MD, was acquired for a purchase price of $44,750;
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Canyonwoods, a garden-style community consisting of 140 apartment homes located in Lake Forest, CA, was acquired for a purchase price of $24,700; and
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Fox Run Apartments, a garden-style community consisting of 776 apartment homes, located in Plainsboro, NJ, was acquired for a purchase price of $86,500. In conjunction with the acquisition of the community, the subsidiary of Fund II assumed the existing 4.4% fixed rate mortgage loan for $45,000, which matures in November 2014.
Subsidiaries of Fund II have eight loans secured by individual assets with amounts outstanding in the aggregate of $286,899, with maturity dates that vary from November 2014 to June 2019. The mortgage loans are payable by the subsidiaries of Fund II with operating cash flow or disposition proceeds from the underlying real estate. The Company has not guaranteed repayment of this debt, nor does the Company have any obligation to fund this debt should Fund II be unable to do so.
In addition, as part of the formation of Fund II, the Company has provided to one of the limited partners a guarantee. The guarantee provides that if, upon final liquidation of Fund II, the total amount of all distributions to that partner during the life of Fund II (whether from operating cash flow or property sales) does not equal a minimum of the total capital contributions made by that partner, then the Company will pay the partner an amount equal to the shortfall, but in no event more than 10% of the total capital contributions made by the partner (maximum of approximately $5,842 as of December 31, 2010). As of December 31, 2010, the expected realizable value of the real estate assets owned by Fund II is considered adequate to cover such potential payment to that partner under the expected Fund II liquidation scenario. The estimated fair value of, and the Company’s obligation under this guarantee, both at inception and as of December 31, 2010, was not significant and therefore the Company has not recorded any obligation for this guarantee as of December 31, 2010.
Detail of the real estate and associated funding underlying the Company’s unconsolidated investments is presented in the following table:
(1)
Represents total capitalized cost as of December 31, 2010.
(2)
The Company has not guaranteed the debt of its unconsolidated investees and bears no responsibility for the repayment, other than the construction and completion and related financing guarantee for Avalon Chrystie Place I associated with the construction completion and occupancy certificate.
(3)
Represents weighted average rate on outstanding debt.
(4)
As discussed elsewhere in this Form 10-K, beginning in the three months ended September 30, 2010, the Company consolidated the net assets and results of operations of The Springs.
(5)
Borrowing on this community is comprised of three mortgage loans.
(6)
Borrowing on this community is comprised of two mortgage loans.
(7)
After the venture makes certain threshold distributions to the third-party partner, the Company generally receives 50% of all further distributions.
(8)
The Company has contributed land receiving capital credit for the fair value upon contribution as its only capital contribution to this development.
(9)
After the venture makes certain threshold distributions to the Company, the Company receives 50% of all further distributions.
(10)
The loan for this venture matured in June 2010. As of December 31, 2010, the amounts under this borrowing have not been repaid, and the venture is negotiating an extension or refinancing of the amounts outstanding. As of December 31, 2010, the lender has not declared an event of default with respect to the note or required the venture to pay a default rate of interest. Although the Company has not guaranteed the debt of Aria at Hathorne nor does it have any obligation to fund the debt should the venture be unable to do so, the Company has the right to cure any event of default by the venture.
The following is a combined summary of the financial position of the entities accounted for using the equity method, as of the dates presented (unaudited):
The following is a combined summary of the operating results of the entities accounted for using the equity method, for the years presented (unaudited):
In conjunction with the acquisition and development of investments in unconsolidated entities, the Company may incur costs in excess of its equity in the underlying assets. These costs are capitalized and depreciated over the life of the underlying assets to the extent that the Company expects to recover the costs. These costs represent $10,644 at December 31, 2010 and $11,047 at December 31, 2009 of the respective investment balances.
The following is a summary of the Company’s equity in income of unconsolidated entities for the years presented:
(1)
Equity in income from this entity for 2010 and 2009 includes $2,839 and $6,192, respectively,
relating to the Company's recognition of its promoted interest.
(2)
Equity in income for 2008 includes $3,483 for the Company's 15.2% share of the gain from the
disposition of Avalon Redmond by the Fund.
(3)
Equity in income for 2009 includes an impairment loss of $2,600 for the Company's
proportionate share of the impairment charge on an operating community.
Investments in Consolidated Real Estate Entities
In the third quarter of 2010, a lender ran a competitive bid process to sell a $26,000 non-recourse mortgage note secured by a Fund I operating community for which the underlying real estate asset had an estimated fair value of approximately $30,000. The Company participated in the bidding and purchased the note on an arms length basis for $24,000. The note pays interest-only through the maturity date of October 2014 at a stated interest rate of 6.06%. Subsequent to acquisition, the Company modified certain terms of the mortgage note, including (i) conforming the original principal balance to the Company’s purchase price, (ii) modifying the interest payment terms to require remittance of interest based on available cash flow with any deficiency in the monthly payment amount accruing to the principal due on the note, and (iii) modifying certain terms to help eliminate any potential conflicts between the Company and Fund I, such as removing any prepayment penalty.
Upon acquisition of the note, the Company determined that it had control of the Fund I subsidiary, as a result of its collective equity and debt investments, the relationship between the Company and Fund I, and the nature of the Company’s operations being more similar to those of the Fund I subsidiary than those of Fund I. Therefore, the Company consolidated the results of operations and net assets of the Fund I subsidiary. The Fund I subsidiary was consolidated at fair value, determined using a discounted cash flow analysis on the expected cash flows of the underlying community. This analysis used of estimated rates of return, capitalization rates, estimated holding periods and estimated sales proceeds, all of which are considered significant other unobservable inputs and are therefore classified as Level 3 prices in the fair value hierarchy.
7. Real Estate Disposition Activities
During the year ended December 31, 2010, the Company sold three wholly-owned communities and an office building that previously served as the Company’s corporate office for an aggregate gross sales price of $198,600. These dispositions resulted in a gain in accordance with GAAP of approximately $71,399.
Details regarding the real estate sales are summarized in the following table:
The operations for any real estate assets sold from January 1, 2008 through December 31, 2010 and the real estate assets that qualified as discontinued operations and held for sale as of December 31, 2010 have been presented as such in the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements. Accordingly, certain reclassifications have been made to prior years to reflect discontinued operations consistent with current year presentation.
The following is a summary of income from discontinued operations for the periods presented:
The Company does not have any assets or liabilities related to real estate assets classified as Held for Sale at December 31, 2010. The Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets include other assets (excluding net real estate) of $2,431 as of December 31, 2009. The Company had other liabilities of $2,734 as of December 31, 2009, relating to real estate assets sold or classified as held for sale.
Also in 2010, the Company reported gains of $2,675 relating to two prior year dispositions. As part of the disposition of these assets, the Company provided the purchaser with indemnifications related to certain litigation matters. Gain recognition occurred in conjunction with the settlement of the associated legal matters in 2010, relieving the Company of its obligation under the respective indemnifications.
8. Commitments and Contingencies
Employment Agreements and Arrangements
As of December 31, 2010, the Company had employment agreements with four executive officers. The employment agreements provide for severance payments and generally provide for accelerated vesting of stock options and restricted stock in the event of a termination of employment (except for a termination by the Company with cause or a voluntary termination by the employee). The current terms of these agreements end on dates that vary between December 2011 and November 2012. The employment agreements provide for one-year automatic renewals (two years in the case of the Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”)) after the initial term unless an advance notice of non-renewal is provided by either party. Upon a notice of non-renewal by the Company, each of the officers may terminate his employment and receive a severance payment. Upon a change in control, the agreements provide for an automatic extension of up to three years from the date of the change in control. The employment agreements provide for base salary and incentive compensation in the form of cash awards, stock options and stock grants subject to the discretion of, and attainment of performance goals established by, the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors.
The Company’s stock incentive plan, as described in Note 10, “Stock-Based Compensation Plans,” provides that upon an employee’s Retirement (as defined in the plan documents) from the Company, all outstanding stock options and restricted shares of stock held by the employee will vest, and the employee will have up to 12 months to exercise any options held upon retirement. Under the plan, Retirement means a termination of employment and other business relationships, other than for cause, after attainment of age 50, provided that (i) the employee has worked for the Company for at least 10 years, (ii) the employee’s age at Retirement plus years of employment with the Company equals at least 70, (iii) the employee provides at least six months written notice of his intent to retire, and (iv) the employee enters into a one year non-compete and employee non-solicitation agreement.
The Company also has an Officer Severance Program (the “Program”) for the benefit of those officers of the Company who do not have employment agreements. Under the Program, in the event an officer who is not otherwise covered by a severance arrangement is terminated (other than for cause) within two years following a change in control (as defined) of the Company, such officer will generally receive a cash lump sum payment equal to the sum of such officer’s base salary and cash bonus, as well as accelerated vesting of stock options and restricted stock. Costs related to the Company’s employment agreements and the Program are deferred and recognized over the requisite service period when considered by management to be probable and estimable.
Construction and Development Contingencies
In 2007 the Company entered into a commitment to acquire parcels of land in Brooklyn, New York for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $111,000 subject to escalations based on the timing of the acquisitions. Under the terms of the commitment, the Company is closing on the various parcels over a period determined by the seller’s ability to execute unrelated purchase transactions and achieve deferral of tax gains for the land sold under this commitment. However, under no circumstances will the commitment extend beyond 2011, at which time either the Company or the seller can compel execution of the remaining transactions. At December 31, 2010, the Company has an outstanding commitment to purchase the remaining land for approximately $49,979.
Legal Contingencies
As previously reported, on August 13, 2008 the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Southern District of New York filed a civil lawsuit against the Company and the joint venture in which it has an interest that owns Avalon Chrystie Place. The lawsuit alleged that Avalon Chrystie Place was not designed and constructed in accordance with the accessibility requirements of the Fair Housing Act (“FHA”). Without admitting or denying liability, the Company settled the outstanding claims under this matter in October 2010. The settlement requirements include that the Company make various agreed upon modifications to the apartment homes and common areas at Avalon Chrystie Place and inspect and, to the extent necessary, negotiate and make modifications at six other New York City communities. The Company expects that all retrofits will be capitalized as real estate improvements, and that the settlement and the Company’s fulfillment of its terms will not have a material impact on the Company’s financial condition or results of operations.
The Company accounts for recoveries from legal matters as a reduction in the legal and related costs incurred associated with the matter, with recoveries in excess of these costs reported as a gain or, where appropriate, a reduction in the basis of a community to which the suit related. During the year ended December 31, 2010, the Company recognized receipt of settlement proceeds of $3,300 related to environmental contamination matters pursued by the Company. The Company reported $1,200 of these recoveries as a reduction in the legal and professional fees related to costs incurred in pursuit of the matters during 2010 and years prior as a component of general and administrative expense, with the remainder of the recovery reported as a reduction in the associated capitalized basis of the related communities.
In addition, the Company is subject to various other legal proceedings and claims that arise in the ordinary course of business. These matters are frequently covered by insurance. If it has been determined that a loss is probable to occur and can be reasonably estimated, the estimated amount of the loss is recorded in the financial statements. While the resolution of these other matters cannot be predicted with certainty, management currently believes the final outcome of such matters will not have a material adverse effect on the financial position or results of operations of the Company. In instances where the Company has a gain contingency associated with legal proceedings, the Company records a gain in the financial statements, to the extent of a loss recovery, when it is deemed probable to occur, can be reasonably estimated and is considered to be collectible.
Lease Obligations
The Company owns 13 apartment communities and Development Rights and two commercial properties which are located on land subject to land leases expiring between October 2026 and April 2095. In addition, the Company leases certain office space. These leases are accounted for as operating leases recognizing rental expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term. These leases have varying escalation terms, and five of these leases have purchase options exercisable through 2095. The Company incurred costs of $35,356, $19,442 and $16,937 in the years ended December 31, 2010, 2009 and 2008, respectively, related to these leases. The Company’s future obligations include cash payments under a land lease in effect at December 31, 2010, related to a development pursuit of $5,400 in 2011 and between $8,000 and $12,000 per year through the expiration date of the lease in 2105. At December 31, 2010 these obligations of the Company were being offset in their entirety by cash receipts from subleases.
The following table details the future minimum lease payments under the Company’s current leases:
9. Segment Reporting
The Company’s reportable operating segments include Established Communities, Other Stabilized Communities, and Development/Redevelopment Communities. Annually as of January 1st, the Company determines which of its communities fall into each of these categories and maintains that classification, unless disposition plans regarding a community change, throughout the year for the purpose of reporting segment operations.
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Established Communities (also known as Same Store Communities) are communities where a comparison of operating results from the prior year to the current year is meaningful, as these communities were owned and had stabilized occupancy and operating expenses as of the beginning of the prior year. For the year 2010, the Established Communities are communities that are consolidated for financial reporting purposes, had stabilized occupancy and operating expenses as of January 1, 2009, are not conducting or planning to conduct substantial redevelopment activities and are not held for sale or planned for disposition within the current year. A community is considered to have stabilized occupancy at the earlier of (i) attainment of 95% physical occupancy or (ii) the one-year anniversary of completion of development or redevelopment.
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Other Stabilized Communities includes all other completed communities that have stabilized occupancy, as defined above. Other Stabilized Communities do not include communities that are conducting or planning to conduct substantial redevelopment activities within the current year.
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Development/Redevelopment Communities consists of communities that are under construction and have not received a final certificate of occupancy, communities where the Company owns a majority interest and where substantial redevelopment is in progress or is planned to begin during the current year and communities under lease-up that had not reached stabilized occupancy, as defined above, as of January 1, 2010.
In addition, the Company owns land for future development and has other corporate assets that are not allocated to an operating segment.
The Company’s segment disclosures present the measure(s) used by the chief operating decision maker for purposes of assessing such segments’ performance. The Company’s chief operating decision maker is comprised of several members of its executive management team who use NOI as the primary financial measure for Established Communities and Other Stabilized Communities. NOI is defined by the Company as total revenue less direct property operating expenses. Although the Company considers NOI a useful measure of a community’s or communities’ operating performance, NOI should not be considered an alternative to net income or net cash flow from operating activities, as determined in accordance with GAAP. NOI excludes a number of income and expense categories as detailed in the reconciliation of NOI to net income.
A reconciliation of NOI to net income for years ended December 31, 2010, 2009 and 2008 is as follows:
The primary performance measure for communities under development or redevelopment depends on the stage of completion. While under development, management monitors actual construction costs against budgeted costs as well as lease-up pace and rent levels compared to budget.
The following table provides details of the Company’s segment information as of the dates specified. The segments are classified based on the individual community’s status as of the beginning of the given calendar year. Therefore, each year the composition of communities within each business segment is adjusted. Accordingly, the amounts between years are not directly comparable. Segment information for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2009 and 2008 have been adjusted for the communities that were sold from January 1, 2008 through December 31, 2010, or otherwise qualify as discontinued operations as of December 31, 2010, as described in Note 7, “Real Estate Disposition Activities.”
(1)
Does not include gross real estate assets held for sale of $176,643 and $335,405 as of December 31, 2009 and 2008, respectively.
(2)
Gross real estate for the Company’s established communities includes capitalized additions of approximately $38,670, $10,783 and $15,534 in 2010, 2009 and 2008, respectively.
(3)
Revenue represents third-party management, accounting and developer fees and miscellaneous income which are not allocated to a reportable segment.
10. Stock-Based Compensation Plans
On May 21, 2009, the stockholders of the Company, upon the recommendation of the Board of Directors, approved the AvalonBay Communities, Inc. 2009 Stock Option and Incentive Plan (the “2009 Plan”). The 2009 Plan includes an authorization to issue up to 4,199,822 shares of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.01 per share, (2,930,000 newly authorized shares plus 1,269,822 shares that were available for grant as of May 21, 2009 under the Company’s 1994 Stock Option and Incentive Plan (the “1994 Plan”)), pursuant to awards under the 2009 Plan. In addition, any awards that were outstanding under the 1994 Plan on May 21, 2009 that are subsequently forfeited, canceled, surrendered or terminated (other than by exercise) will become available for awards under the 2009 Plan. The 2009 Plan provides for various types of equity awards to employees, officers, non-employee directors and other key personnel of the Company and its subsidiaries. The types of awards that may be granted under the 2009 Plan include restricted and deferred stock, stock options that qualify as incentive stock options (“ISOs”) under Section 422 of the Code, non-qualified stock options, and stock appreciation rights. The 2009 Plan will expire on May 21, 2019.
Information with respect to stock options granted under the 2009 and 1994 Plan is as follows:
(1) In accordance with the applicable equity award plan documents, the number and exercise price of outstanding awards
have been adjusted as a result of the special dividend declared in the fourth quarter of 2008, to maintain their value.
The following summarizes the exercise prices and contractual lives of options outstanding as of December 31, 2010:
Options outstanding under the 2009 and 1994 Plans at December 31, 2010 had an intrinsic value of $4,851 and $49,834. Options exercisable under the 2009 and 1994 Plans at December 31, 2010 had an intrinsic value of $131 and $32,804, respectively. Options exercisable under the 2009 and 1994 Plans had a weighted average contractual life of 9.1 years and 4.3 years, respectively. The intrinsic value of options exercised during 2010, 2009 and 2008 was $30,811, $2,199 and $8,565, respectively.
The cost related to stock-based employee compensation for employee stock options included in the determination of net income is based on estimated forfeitures for the given year. Estimated forfeitures are adjusted to reflect actual forfeitures at the end of the vesting period. The following table summarizes the weighted average fair value of employee stock options for the periods shown and the associated assumptions used to calculate the value:
At December 31, 2010 and 2009, the Company had 228,915 and 244,640 outstanding unvested shares granted under restricted stock awards. The Company issued 102,984 shares of restricted stock valued at $7,777 as part of its stock-based compensation plan during the year ended December 31, 2010. Restricted stock vesting during the year ended December 31, 2010 totaled 118,204 shares and had fair values at the grant date ranging from $49 to $148 per share. The total fair value of shares vested was $9,805, $10,731 and $10,668 for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2009 and 2008, respectively.
Total employee stock-based compensation cost recognized in income was $9,906, $11,446, and $17,268 for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2009 and 2008, respectively, and total capitalized stock-based compensation cost was $5,117, $6,000, and $6,499 for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2009 and 2008, respectively. At December 31, 2010, there was a total of $1,327 and $5,174 in unrecognized compensation cost for unvested stock options and unvested restricted stock, respectively, which does not include estimated forfeitures. The unrecognized compensation cost for unvested stock options and restricted stock is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.69 years and 2.24 years, respectively.
The Company estimates the forfeiture of stock options and recognizes compensation cost net of the estimated forfeitures. The estimated forfeitures included in compensation cost are adjusted to reflect actual forfeitures at the end of the vesting period. The forfeiture rate at December 31, 2010 was 1.4%. The application of estimated forfeitures did not materially impact compensation expense for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2009 or 2008.
Deferred Stock Performance Plan
The Company’s Board of Directors and its Compensation Committee approved a multiyear performance plan ("the 2008 Performance Plan"). On June 1, 2008, awards in connection with this plan with an estimated compensation cost of $8,958 were granted to senior management and other selected officers ("2008 Performance Plan Awards"). The 2008 Performance Plan awards are initially in the form of deferred stock awards, with no dividend rights, granted under the Company’s 1994 Plan. These deferred stock awards will be forfeited in their entirety unless the Company’s total return to shareholders, consisting of stock price appreciation plus cumulative dividends without reinvestment or compounding (the "Actual TRS"), over the measurement period exceeds both (i) an Absolute TRS Target and (ii) a Relative TRS Target. The measurement period of the 2008 Performance Plan began on June 1, 2008 with a starting common stock price equal to the average closing price of the Company’s common stock on the twenty trading days prior to June 1, 2008. The measurement period will end on May 31, 2011, again using a twenty-day average closing price. The measurement period will end earlier upon a change in control of the Company.
The "Absolute TRS Target" that must be exceeded during the measurement period is a 32% total return performance (or a pro rated amount in the event the measurement period is less than three years due to a change in control). The "Relative TRS Target" that must be exceeded is the total return performance (stock price appreciation plus cumulative dividends without reinvestment or compounding) during the measurement period of the Financial Times and the London Stock Exchange (FTSE) NAREIT Apartment Index. If the Actual TRS exceeds both the Absolute TRS Target and the Relative TRS Target, the total funding pool will equal 10% of the simple average of (i) the excess shareholder value created by the Actual TRS exceeding the Absolute TRS Target and (ii) the excess shareholder value created by the Actual TRS exceeding the Relative TRS Target, provided that in no event will the total funding pool exceed $60 million.
Each participating officer’s 2008 Performance Plan award is designated as a specified "Participation Percentage" in the 2008 Performance Plan. If both TRS targets are exceeded at the end of the measurement period, then each participating officer will earn deferred stock awards having a total value (based on the closing price of the Company’s common stock on the last day of the measurement period) equal to that officer’s participation percentage multiplied by the total funding pool. The total funding pool will under no circumstance exceed $60 million. Any unearned deferred stock awards (i.e., deferred stock awards in excess of the number of awards having a value equal to that officer’s participation percentage in the total funding pool) will be forfeited. Earned deferred stock awards will convert into vested unrestricted common stock (50%), and unvested restricted common stock with a one-year vesting period (50%), subject to earlier forfeiture or acceleration under certain circumstances. Dividends will be paid on both the unrestricted common stock and the restricted common stock.
The Company will recognize compensation expense for the 2008 Performance Plan over the three year measurement period for the 50% of each award which vests at the end of the measurement period. For the remaining 50% of each award, the Company will recognize compensation expense over the four year period which includes the measurement period as well as the one-year vesting period subsequent to the end of the measurement period. The recognition of compensation cost will take into account actual forfeitures as well as retirement eligibility. The Company used a Monte Carlo model to assess the compensation cost associated with the 2008 Performance Plan. The estimated compensation cost was derived using the following assumptions: baseline share value of $102.16, dividend yield of 3.53%, estimated volatility figures over the life of the plan using 50% historical volatility and 50% implied volatility and risk free rates over the life of the plan ranging from 2.13% to 2.97%, resulting in an estimated fair value per share of $14.15. During the years ended December 31, 2010, 2009 and 2008, the Company recognized expense of $1,454, $1,673 and $1,013, respectively, in earnings and capitalized stock-based compensation costs of $933, $895 and $582, respectively, for the 2008 Performance Plan.
Employee Stock Purchase Plan
In October 1996, the Company adopted the 1996 Non-Qualified Employee Stock Purchase Plan (as amended, the "ESPP"). Initially 1,000,000 shares of common stock were reserved for issuance under this plan. There are currently 747,167 shares remaining available for issuance under the plan. Full-time employees of the Company generally are eligible to participate in the ESPP if, as of the last day of the applicable election period, they have been employed by the Company for at least one month. All other employees of the Company are eligible to participate provided that, as of the applicable election period, they have been employed by the Company for 12 months. Under the ESPP, eligible employees are permitted to acquire shares of the Company’s common stock through payroll deductions, subject to maximum purchase limitations. The purchase period is a period of seven months beginning each April 1 and ending each October 30. The purchase price for common stock purchased under the plan is 85% of the lesser of the fair market value of the Company’s common stock on the first day of the applicable purchase period or the last day of the applicable purchase period. The offering dates, purchase dates and duration of purchase periods may be changed, if the change is announced prior to the beginning of the affected date or purchase period. The Company issued 8,137, 16,971 and 8,460 shares and recognized compensation expense of $272, $118 and $90 under the ESPP for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2009 and 2008, respectively. The Company accounts for transactions under the ESPP using the fair value method prescribed by accounting guidance applicable to entities that use employee share purchase plans, as further discussed in Note 1, “Organization and Basis of Presentation.”
11. Fair Value
Fair Value Methodology
As a basis for applying a market-based approach in fair value measurements, GAAP establishes a fair value hierarchy that distinguishes between market participant assumptions based on market data obtained from sources independent of the reporting entity and the reporting entity’s own assumptions about market participant assumptions. The valuation of financial instruments can be determined using widely accepted valuation techniques.
The Company applies valuation models such as discounted cash flow analysis on the expected cash flows of each instrument which considers the contractual terms of the instruments, including the period to maturity, and uses observable market-based inputs, including interest rate curves and market prices, as available and applicable. In addition, the Company incorporates credit valuation adjustments to appropriately reflect both its own nonperformance risk and the respective counterparty’s nonperformance risk in the fair value measurements as discussed below. When market-based inputs are not available in valuing the Company’s financial instruments, such as for valuing redeemable noncontrolling interests, the Company uses unobservable inputs considering the assumptions that market participants would make in deriving the fair value. The use of different market assumptions and/or estimation methodologies may have a material effect on the Company’s estimates of fair value.
Financial Instruments Carried at Fair Value
Derivative Financial Instruments
Currently, the Company uses interest rate swap and interest rate cap agreements to manage its interest rate risk. These instruments are carried at fair value in the Company’s financial statements. See Note 5, “Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities,” for derivative values at December 31, 2010 and a description of where these amounts are recorded in the financial statements. In adjusting the fair value of its derivative contracts for the effect of counterparty nonperformance risk, the Company has considered the impact of its net position with a given counterparty, as well as any applicable credit enhancements, such as collateral postings, thresholds, mutual puts, and guarantees. Although the Company has determined that the majority of the inputs used to value its derivatives fall within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, the credit valuation adjustments associated with its derivatives use Level 3 inputs, such as estimates of current credit spreads, to evaluate the likelihood of default by itself and its counterparties. As of December 31, 2010, the Company assessed the significance of the impact of the credit valuation adjustments on the overall valuation of its derivative positions and has determined it is not significant. As a result, the Company has determined that its derivative valuations are classified in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.
Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests
Redeemable noncontrolling interests are reported at fair value, with reductions in fair value recorded only to the extent that the Company has previously recorded increases in fair value above the redeemable noncontrolling interests’ initial basis.
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Puts - The Company provided redemption options (the “Puts”) that allow two of the Company’s joint venture partners to require the Company to purchase their interests in the investments at the future fair market value. One Put is payable in cash or, at the Company’s option, common stock of the Company, and the second is payable in cash. The Company determines the fair value of the Puts based on unobservable inputs considering the assumptions that market participants would make in pricing the obligations, including applying discount factors to the estimated future cash flows of the asset underlying the associated joint venture, which in the case of the Puts is the NOI from an apartment community, as well as potential disposition proceeds utilizing market capitalization rates, to derive the fair value of the position. Given the significance of the unobservable inputs, the valuations are classified in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. At December 31, 2009, the Puts’ aggregate fair value was $4,101. At December 31, 2010, the aggregate fair value of the Puts was $12,106.
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DownREIT units - The Company issued units of limited partnership interest in DownREITs which provide the DownREIT limited partners the ability to present all or some of their units for redemption for a cash amount as determined by the applicable partnership agreement. Under the DownREIT agreements, for each limited partnership unit, the limited partner is entitled to receive cash in the amount equal to the fair value of the Company’s common stock on or about the date of redemption. In lieu of cash redemption, the Company may elect to exchange such units for an equal number of shares in the Company’s common stock. The limited partnership units in DownREITs are valued using the market price of the Company’s common stock, a Level 1 price under the fair value hierarchy. At December 31, 2010 and 2009, the fair value of the DownREIT units was $1,721 and $1,260, respectively.
Financial Instruments Not Carried at Fair Value
Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash and cash equivalent balances are held with various financial institutions within principal protected accounts. The Company monitors credit ratings of these financial institutions and the concentration of cash and cash equivalent balances with any one financial institution and believes the likelihood of realizing material losses related to cash and cash equivalent balances is remote. Cash and cash equivalents are carried at their face amounts, which reasonably approximate their fair values.
Other Financial Instruments
Rents receivable, accounts and construction payable and accrued expenses and other liabilities are carried at their face amounts, which reasonably approximate their fair values.
The Company values its bond indebtedness, notes payable and outstanding amounts under the Credit Facility using a discounted cash flow analysis on the expected cash flows of each instrument. This analysis reflects the contractual terms of the instrument, including the period to maturity, and uses observable market-based inputs, including interest rate curves. The process also considers credit valuation adjustments to appropriately reflect the Company’s nonperformance risk. The Company has concluded that the value of its bond indebtedness and notes payable are Level 2 prices as the majority of the inputs used to value its positions fall within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. Bond indebtedness, notes payable and outstanding amounts under the Company’s Credit Facility (as applicable) with an aggregate outstanding par amount of approximately $4,068,417 and $3,977,320 had an estimated aggregate fair value of $4,236,216 and $4,052,817 at December 31, 2010 and December 31, 2009, respectively.
12. Related Party Arrangements
Unconsolidated Entities
The Company manages unconsolidated real estate entities for which it receives asset management, property management, development and redevelopment fee revenue. From these entities, the Company received fees of $7,354, $7,328 and $6,568 in the years ended December 31, 2010, 2009 and 2008, respectively. These fees are included in management, development and other fees on the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations and Other Comprehensive Income. In addition, the Company has outstanding receivables associated with its management role of $4,135 and $2,344 as of December 31, 2010 and 2009, respectively.
Director Compensation
Directors of the Company who are also employees receive no additional compensation for their services as a director. Following each annual meeting of stockholders, non-employee directors receive (i) a number of shares of restricted stock (or deferred stock awards) having a value of $125 and (ii) a cash payment of $50, payable in quarterly installments of $12.5. The number of shares of restricted stock (or deferred stock awards) is calculated based on the closing price on the day of the award. Non-employee directors may elect to receive all or a portion of cash payments in the form of a deferred stock award. In addition, the Lead Independent Director receives an annual fee of $30 payable in equal monthly installments of $2.5.
The Company recorded non-employee director compensation expense relating to the restricted stock grants and deferred stock awards in the amount of $802, $856 and $2,170 for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2009 and 2008, respectively, as a component of general and administrative expense. Deferred compensation relating to these restricted stock grants and deferred stock awards was $312 and $365 on December 31, 2010 and December 31, 2009, respectively.
13. Quarterly Financial Information
The following summary represents the quarterly results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2010 and 2009: (unaudited)
(1)
Amounts may not equal previously reported results due to reclassification between income from continuing operations and income from discontinued operations.
(2)
Income from continuing operations for the second quarter of 2009 includes an impairment charge of approximately $20,302 associated with the Company's planned reduction in development activity.
(3)
Income from continuing operations for the fourth quarter of 2009 includes an impairment charge of approximately $850 associated with the Company's planned reduction in development activity and a charge of approximately $26,000 related to the October 2009 tender offer.
(4)
Amounts may not equal full year results due to rounding.
14. Subsequent Events
The Company has evaluated subsequent events through the date on which this Form 10-K was filed, the date on which these financial statements were issued, and identified the items below for discussion.
In January 2011, the Company acquired a parcel of land, located in Greenburgh, NY, for the development of Avalon Green, Phase II. The land was acquired for a purchase price of $26,012.
In January 2011, Fund II purchased its ninth community, located in Carlsbad, California. The community, called Waterstone Carlsbad, contains 448 apartment homes and was acquired for a purchase price of $78,100.
In January 2011, the Company issued 177,837 shares of common stock under CEP II. The shares were issued at an average price of $111.15 per share for net proceeds of $19,470.
In February 2011, the Company issued 7,500 common shares in exchange for 7,500 units of limited partnership DownREIT units.
AVALONBAY COMMUNITIES, INC.
REAL ESTATE AND ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION
December 31, 2010
(Dollars in thousands)
AVALONBAY COMMUNITIES, INC.
REAL ESTATE AND ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION
December 31, 2010
(Dollars in thousands)
Initial Cost
Total Cost
City and State
Land
Building /
Construction
in Progress &
Improvements
Costs
Subsequent to
Acquisition /
Construction
Land
Building /
Construction in
Progress &
Improvements
Total
Accumulated
Depreciation
Total Cost, Net
of Accumulated
Depreciation
Encumbrances
Year of
Completion /
Acquisition
Current Communities
AVALONBAY COMMUNITIES, INC.
REAL ESTATE AND ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION
December 31, 2010
(Dollars in thousands)
Initial Cost
Total Cost
City and State
Land
Building /
Construction
in Progress &
Improvements
Costs
Subsequent to
Acquisition /
Construction
Land
Building /
Construction in
Progress &
Improvements
Total
Accumulated
Depreciation
Total Cost, Net
of Accumulated
Depreciation
Encumbrances
Year of
Completion /
Acquisition
Current Communities
AVALONBAY COMMUNITIES, INC.
REAL ESTATE AND ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION
December 31, 2010
(Dollars in thousands)
Initial Cost
Total Cost
City and State
Land
Building /
Construction
in Progress &
Improvements
Costs
Subsequent to
Acquisition /
Construction
Land
Building /
Construction in
Progress &
Improvements
Total
Accumulated
Depreciation
Total Cost, Net
of Accumulated
Depreciation
Encumbrances
Year of
Completion /
Acquisition
Current Communities
(1) This community is a Fund I asset which the Company consolidated beginning in 2010 as discussed elsewhere in this form 10-K.
AVALONBAY COMMUNITIES, INC.
REAL ESTATE AND ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION
December 31, 2010
(Dollars in thousands)
Amounts include real estate assets held for sale.
Depreciation of AvalonBay Communities, Inc. building, improvements, upgrades and furniture, fixtures and equipment (FF&E) is calculated over the following useful lives,
on a straight line basis:
Building - 30 years
Improvements, upgrades and FF&E - not to exceed 7 years
The aggregate cost of total real estate for federal income tax purposes was approximately $8,448,213 at December 31, 2010.
The changes in total real estate assets for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2009 and 2008 are as follows:
The changes in accumulated depreciation for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2009 and 2008, are as follows:
(1) Includes the impact of the Company's consolidation of a Fund I community starting in 2010, as discussed elsewhere in this Form 10-K.

Market Capitalization: 9783042.27191925
1-Year Return: -0.003648034296929836
252-Day Return: $252_day_return