87value/wos11967 huggingface dataset:
Gender and sexual orientation are expressed in heterosexual, lesbian (L), gay (G), bisexual (B), transgender (T), or queer (Q) interests and behavior. Compared with heterosexual persons, LGBTQ persons seem to experience more antisocial behavior, including negative discrimination and violence. To assess differences in LGBTQ-related discrimination in schools, the question for this research is Do the degrees of violence experienced and feeling unsafe of LGBTQ students and staff in a school differ from those of non-LGBTQ students and staff in the same school? Secondary analysis was carried out on data from a Dutch national digital monitor survey on safety in secondary schools. In 2006, 2008, and 2010, participation amounted to 570 schools, 18,300 teaching and support staff, and 216,000 students. Four indicators were constructed at the school level: two Mokken Scale means assessing severity of violence experienced and two Alpha Scale means assessing feeling unsafe. Analysis of mean differences showed that LGB students experienced more violence and felt less safe than non-LGB students; LGB staff felt less safe in school than non-LGB staff. When LGB students experienced more violence at school than non-LGB students, LGB students also felt less safe than non-LGB students for all 3 years. No such relationships existed for LGB staff, or between LGB staff and LGB students. No significant relationships were found between the four LGB school indicators and contextual school variables. The outcomes and uniqueness of the study are discussed. Recommendations are made to improve assessment and promote prosocial behavior of students and staff in schools.
There is an increasing incidence of dementia in our aging population, and consequently an urgent need to develop treatments and activities that may alleviate the symptoms of dementia. Accumulating evidence shows that persons with dementia enjoy music, and their ability to respond to music is potentially preserved even in the late or severe stages of dementia when verbal communication may have ceased. Media interest in this topic has contributed to the public perception that music abilities are an island of preservation in an otherwise cognitively impaired person with dementia. In this chapter, we review the current literature on music cognition in dementia and show that there has been very scarce rigorous scientific investigation of this issue, and that various types of music memory exist and are differentially impaired in the different types of dementia. Furthermore, we discuss the recent development of music activities as a nonpharmacological treatment for dementia and highlight the methodological limitations of the current literature on this topic. While it has been reported that music activities can improve behavior, (particularly agitation), mood, and cognition in persons with dementia, recent large-scale randomized control studies have questioned the specificity of the effect of music and found that it is no more beneficial than other pleasant activities. Nevertheless, music is unique in its powerful ability to elicit both memories and emotions. This can provide an important link to individual's past and a means of nonverbal communication with carers, which make it an ideal stimulus for persons with dementia.
Background and objective: Phytoestrogens (weak estrogens found in plants or derived from plant precursors by human metabolism) have been hypothesized to reduce the risk of a number of cancers. However, epidemiologic studies addressing this issue are hampered by the lack of a comprehensive phytoestrogen database for quantifying exposure. The purpose of this research was to develop such a database for use with food-frequency questionnaires in large epidemiologic studies. Methods: The database is based on consumption patterns derived from semistructured interviews with 118 African-American, Latina, and white women residing in California's San Francisco Bay Area. HPLC-mass spectrometry was used to determine the content of seven specific phytoestrogenic compounds (i.e. the isoflavones: genistein, daidzein, biochanin A, and formononetin; the coumestan: coumestrol; and the plant lignans: matairesinol and secoisolariciresinol) in each of 112 food items/groups. Results: Traditional soy-based foods were found to contain high levels of genistein and daidzein, as expected, as well as substantial amounts of coumestrol. A wide variety of hidden sources of soy (that is, soy protein isolate, soy concentrate, or soy flour added to foods) was observed. Several other foods (such as various types of sprouts and dried fruits, garbanzo beans, asparagus, garlic, and licorice) were also found to be substantial contributors of one or more of the phytoestrogens analyzed. Conclusions: Databases, such as the one described here, are important in assessing the relationship between phytoestrogen exposure and cancer risk in epidemiologic studies. Agencies, such as the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), that routinely provide data on food composition, on which epidemiologic investigations into dietary health effects are based, should consider instituting programs for the analysis of phytochemicals, including the phytoestrogens.
Carrying out bilingual teaching in professional courses for graduate students is an inevitable trend of education development and reform, and also an important measure to make the domestic higher education connect international education. On the basis of clarifying the concept of bilingual teaching, the necessity and feasibility to develop bilingual teaching in the course- Advanced Manufacturing Engineering were analyzed in detail. Based on the bilingual teaching practice for several years, several instruction methods were proposed. Furthermore, these issues, such as teacher-student interactive teaching, the proportions of using English in bilingual teaching, and the application of multi-media courseware in bilingual teaching, were discussed and researched comprehensively with a view to making students master professional knowledge and improve English skill.
As a consequence of its position and functions, the ITER blanket system will be subjected to significant heat loads under nominal reference conditions. Therefore, the design of its cooling system is particularly demanding. Coolant water is distributed individually to the 440 blanket modules (BMs) through manifold piping, which makes it a highly parallelized system. The mass flow rate distribution is finely tuned to meet all operation constraints: adequate margin to burn out in the plasma facing components, even distribution of water flow among the so-called plasma-facing fingers of the Blanket First Wall panels, high enough water flow rate to avoid excessive water temperature in the outlet pipes, maximum allowable water velocity lower than 7 m/s in manifold pipes. Furthermore the overall pressure drop and flow rate in each BM shall be within the fixed specified design limit to avoid an unduly unbalance of cooling among the 440 modules. Analyses have to be carried out following a computational fluid-dynamic (CFD) approach based on the finite volume method and adopting a CFD commercial code to assess the thermal-hydraulic behaviour of each single circuit of the ITER blanket cooling system. This paper describes the code benchmarking needed to determine the best method to get reliable and timely results. Since experimental tests are available in ITER Organization on full scale prototypes of Shield Blocks #08 and #14, CFD analyses have been performed to investigate their fluid-dynamic behaviour under steady state conditions and compare the numerical and experimental results. Results obtained are presented and critically discussed. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Achieving security in distributed systems of constrained devices (like Wireless Sensor Networks) requires methods that can be performed while very limited computational, memory and communication resources are available. Moreover, while designing security protocols one needs take into account the adversary that can eavesdrop communication or compromise some of the devices. To achieve some level of security, two communicating devices need to establish a communication key. In the setting of severely constrained devices traditional methods are infeasible due to resource limitations, and one has to incorporate other security providing methods. One of the first such protocols has been introduced in Eschenauer and Gligor [24 The paper followed by dozens of others relies on probabilistic key sharing among the nodes before deployment (key predistribution) in the Ad Hoc environment. In our paper, we show that regular protocols of key predistribution designed primarily for providing confidentiality of communication do not provide privacy in many natural scenarios. More precisely, even a weak adversary may link transmissions of the same nodes. In particular even a passive adversary that is eavesdropping the communication can easily recognize whether the same devices start communication several times. Such information not only breaches nodes' privacy but also can be a starting point for an more advanced attacks and can give significant information about network's activity. We define several models of adversary and introduce some general methods that can be used for addressing this issue. For the model with weaker adversary we show how to fully secure the privacy in an efficient manner. For the case of stronger adversary, we propose a method based on local key exchange allowing mitigation of the privacy threat. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
This paper proposes a light-weight online classification method to detect smarthpone user's postural actions, such as sitting, standing, walking, and running. These actions are named as user states since they are inferred after the analysis of data acquired from the smartphones equipped accelerometer sensors. To differentiate one user state from another, many studies can be found in the literature. However, this study differs from all others by offering a computational lightweight and online classification method without knowing any priori information. Moreover, the proposed method not only provides a standalone solution in differentiation of user states, but also it assists other widely used offline supervised classification methods by automatically generating training data classes and/or input system matrices. Furthermore, we improve these existing methods for the purpose of online processing by reducing the required computational burden. Extensive experimental results show that the proposed method makes a solid differentiation in user states even when the sensor is being operated under slower sampling frequencies.
A sample of a nanomaterial contains a distribution of nanoparticles of various shapes and/or sizes. A scanning electron microscopy image of such a sample often captures only a fragment of the morphological variety present in the sample. In order to quantitatively analyse the sample using scanning electron microscope digital images, and, in particular, to derive numerical representations of the sample morphology, image content has to be assessed. In this work, we present a framework for extracting morphological information contained in scanning electron microscopy images using computer vision algorithms, and for converting them into numerical particle descriptors. We explore the concept of image representativeness and provide a set of protocols for selecting optimal scanning electron microscopy images as well as determining the smallest representative image set for each of the morphological features. We demonstrate the practical aspects of our methodology by investigating tricalcium phosphate, Ca-3(PO4)(2), and calcium hydroxyphosphate, Ca-5(PO4)(3)(OH), both naturally occurring minerals with a wide range of biomedical applications. Lay description A typical sample of a nanomaterial contains a distribution of nanoparticles of various shapes and/or sizes. A single scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of such a sample often captures only a fragment of the sample, and therefore only a fragment of the morphological variety present in the sample. In order to obtain more complete information about the true sample morphology, one needs to asses the content of a series of SEM images. In our article, we present a framework for extracting morphological information contained in SEM images using computer vision algorithms, and for converting them into numerical particle descriptors representing the particle morphology. We then explore the concept of image representativeness and provide a set of protocols for selecting optimal SEM images as well as determining the smallest representative image set for each of the morphological features. We demonstrate the practical aspects of our methodology by investigating SEM images of a tricalcium phosphate sample, a naturally occurring mineral with a wide range of biomedical applications.
We present a novel numerical method to simulate crack growth in 3D, directly from the Computer-Aided Design (CAD) geometry of the component, without any mesh generation. The method is an isogeometric boundary element method (IGABEM) based on non-uniform rational B-splines (NURBS). NURBS basis functions are used for the domain and crack representation as well as to approximate the physical quantities involved in the simulations. A stable quadrature scheme for singular integration is proposed to enhance the robustness of the method in dealing with highly distorted elements. Convergence studies in the crack opening displacement is performed for a penny-shaped crack and an elliptical crack. Two approaches to extract stress intensity factors (SIFs): the contour M integral and the virtual crack closure integral are compared using dual integral equations. The results show remarkable accuracy in the computed SIFs, leading to smooth crack paths and reliable fatigue lives, without requiring the generation of any mesh from the CAD model of the component under consideration. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Shallow coastal areas of oceans, seas and lakes pose significant remote sensing and navigational challenges due to the transient nature of bathymetric features that characterize these areas (e.g., shoals and shoaling). Seabed data/ maps often represent these areas as white ribbon zones, where sparse data coverage presents a particular challenge to defining and enforcing sustainable use of marine resources. Given the lengthy perimeter of coastlines, there is a need for cost-efficient methods for producing high resolution maps of shallow areas. The research described here compares airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) with shipboard acoustic surveys around the Kvarken Archipelago of the northern Baltic Sea. The Kvarken Archipelago includes a unique, brackish shallow water marine environment with a number of moraines. The landscape of the area is characterised by fields of ridged, washboard-like De Geer moraines. The moraines combined with an ongoing glacio-isostatic uplift typical of the area, lead into succession of the elevated structures from the seafloor to land, where present seabed structures will rise on land in future. The ongoing modification of the environment by both climatic and geologic forces contributes to complex geomorphic and ecological feedback systems operating on a range of spatial and temporal scales. Airborne LiDAR can provide high resolution remote sensing data on shallow coastal areas. The technology is especially effective in areas with very shoal waters, like those found along the Finnish coast. LiDAR enables continuous detection of topographic (elevation) and bathymetric (depth) data and can thus generate continuous maps of transition zones between continental and marine areas. Environmental conditions such as water clarity and ice cover can affect LiDAR depth detection capabilities: these conditions require complementary accuracy assessment strategies. As LiDAR cannot determine detailed information on seafloor surface substrate, and anything on subsurface substrate type, geological conditions are determined through the application of acoustic-seismic. methods, sediment sampling and underwater video. Data from LiDAR surveys provide a detailed topographic and bathymetric map of the study area up to water depths of 14 m. The seabed bathymetry model shows a series of elevated, narrow, elongate features that appear throughout the study area. These parallel ridges represent the uppermost geomorphic features of the seafloor. Interpretation of acoustic bathymetric surveys indicates that these ridges are De Geer moraines. The general orientation of these moraines differs from that associated with older features of the northern Kvarken Archipelago. Eroded remnants of older De Geer moraines are overprinted at a high angle by the younger landforms. De Geer moraines in the study area thus represent two phases of deglaciation and finally the eastward ice-sheet/ice edge retreat. The combined approach of using LiDAR and acoustic bathymetric data provides new insights into past glacial dynamics of the Kvarken Archipelago and the Gulf of Bothnia. (C) 2017 Published by Elsevier B.V.
A triangle method has been frequently used for a regional evapotranspiration (ET) or evaporative fraction (EF) estimation using the relationship between a vegetation index and surface temperature. A simple histogram based on an on-orbit EF estimation algorithm is developed to determine hot and cold edges in the triangle distribution using only remotely sensed data. A new histogram based on an EF estimation algorithm is developed and compared with different options of existing hot and cold edge algorithms. The selected algorithms are applied to 5-year Terra MODIS data products, and the on-orbit EF estimations are validated using ground truth data from southern Great Plains. Using numerous iterations among the tested EF algorithms with the triangle method, the histogram-based hot edge and newly proposed cold edge algorithm combinations provide an excellent performance between the ground truth and on-orbit EF estimations. It is shown that the histogram-based EF algorithm has enhanced correlation and mean bias values of 0.74 and 0.087, respectively, providing excellent accuracy for the regional on-orbit EF estimations. (C) 2017 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE).
Tradition, in its broadest sense, is the total of the knowledge, customs and the behaviors passed down from generation to generation. It is widely known that the cultural heritage, the knowledge based on experience, the customs and the behaviors are archived in oral tradition. This knowledge is passed down through rituals, signs and communication which are comprised of codes. The transmission of the customs, knowledge, rituals, signs and symbols in Turkish folksongs are realized through the repetition of the text along with a melody. Turkish folksongs have the characteristics of a musical archive and it is possible to achieve data on the areas of folklore thanks to this archive. The text of the folksong Dunur Aga can be considered as a guide to the wedding customs and rituals of Catalzeytin district of Kastamonu province. In this study, the content of Dunur Aga folksong will be analyzed through its text and performance and its contribution to the cultural transmission function [education] with its content through signs, representations and symbols will be evaluated. Although the origins of the folksong is unknown, it is thought that both financial and emotional difficulties of the marriage in Kastamonu at Catalzeytin and the need for a communication resulting from the difficulties of giving sons in marriage are effective in the creation of the folksong.
What sorts of trait information do people most care about when forming impressions of others? Recent research in social cognition suggests that warmth, broadly construed, should be of prime importance in impression formation. Yet, some prior research suggests that information about others' specifically moral traits-their moral character-may be a primary dimension. Although warmth and character have sometimes been conceived of as interchangeable, we argue that they are separable, and that across a wide variety of contexts, character is usually more important than warmth in impression formation. We first showed that moral character and social warmth traits are indeed separable (Studies 1 and 2). Further studies that used correlational and experimental methods showed that, as predicted, in most contexts, moral character information is more important in impression formation than is warmth information (Studies 2-6). Character information was also more important than warmth information with respect to judgments of traits' perceived fundamentalness to identity, their uniquely human quality, their context-independence, and their controllability (Study 2). Finally, Study 7 used an archival method to show that moral character information appears more prominently than warmth information in obituaries, and more strongly determines the impressions people form of the individuals described in those obituaries. We discuss implications for current theories of person perception and social cognition.
The paper continues the idea of the previous work: Knowledge models in Engineering Technology and Manufacturing were knowledge models, data models and the knowledge components explicit, implicit, tacit and surface knowledge were presented. The present paper is regarding a specific example of knowledge model: Optimum semi-finished part choosing for straight axes design. The main stages in knowledge model construction will be presented. Also, the solution it will take the shape of a concept map which will be also analyzed from construction. Both knowledge models and concept maps will be treated at two levels: a general one and a particular on the proposed example.
The rational design of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) has been a major contributor to their reputation as plastic antibodies - high affinity robust synthetic receptors which can be optimally designed, and produced for a much reduced cost than their biological equivalents. Computational design has become a routine procedure in the production of MIPs, and has led to major advances in functional monomer screening, selection of cross-linker and solvent, optimisation of monomer(s)-template ratio and selectivity analysis. In this review the various computational methods will be discussed with reference to all the published relevant literature since the end of 2013, with each article described by the target molecule, the computational approach applied (whether molecular mechanics/molecular dynamics, semi-empirical quantum mechanics, ab initio quantum mechanics (Hartree-Fock, Moller-Plesset, etc.) or DFT) and the purpose for which they were used. Detailed analysis is given to novel techniques including analysis of polymer binding sites, the use of novel screening programs and simulations of MIP polymerisation reaction. The further advances in molecular modelling and computational design of synthetic receptors in particular will have serious impact on the future of nanotechnology and biotechnology, permitting the further translation of MIPs into the realms of analytics and medical technology. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.