87value/wos11967 huggingface dataset:
Patients with superior canal dehiscence (SCD) suffer from events of dizziness and vertigo in response to sound, also known as Tullio phenomenon (TP). The present work seeks to explain the fluid-dynamical mechanisms behind TP. In accordance with the so-called third window theory, we developed a computational model for the vestibular signal pathway between stapes and SCD. It is based on first principles and accounts for fluid-structure interactions arising between endolymph, perilymph, and membranous labyrinth. The simulation results reveal a wave propagation phenomenon in the membranous canal, leading to two flow phenomena within the endolymph which are in close interaction. First, the periodic deformation of the membranous labyrinth causes oscillating endolymph flow which forces the cupula to oscillate in phase with the sound stimulus. Second, these primary oscillations of the endolymph induce a steady flow component by a phenomenon known as steady streaming. We find that this steady flow of the endolymph is typically in ampullofugal direction. This flow leads to a quasi-steady deflection of the cupula which increases until the driving forces of the steady streaming are balanced by the elastic reaction forces of the cupula, such that the cupula attains a constant deflection amplitude which lasts as long as the sound stimulus. Both response types have been observed in the literature. In a sensitivity study, we obtain an analytical fit which very well matches our simulation results in a relevant parameter range. Finally, we correlate the corresponding eye response (vestibulo-ocular reflex) with the fluid dynamics by a simplified model of lumped system constants. The results reveal a sweet spot for TP within the audible sound spectrum. We find that the underlying mechanisms which lead to TP originate primarily from Reynolds stresses in the fluid, which are weaker at lower sound frequencies.
Background: Early research has documented that young children show an increased interest toward objects that are verbally labeled by an adult, compared to objects that are presented without a label. It is unclear whether the same phenomenon occurs in neurodevelopmental disorders affecting social development, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and Williams syndrome (WS). Methods: The present study used a novel eye-tracking paradigm to determine whether hearing a verbal label increases the salience of novel objects in 35 preschoolers with ASD, 18 preschoolers with WS, and 20 typically developing peers. Results: We found that typically developing children and those with WS, but not those with ASD, spent significantly more time looking at objects that are verbally labeled by an adult, compared to objects that are presented without a label. Conclusions: In children without ASD, information accompanied by the speaker's verbal label is accorded a special status, and it is more likely to be attended to. In contrast, children with ASD do not appear to attribute a special salience to labeled objects compared to non-labeled objects. This result is consistent with the notion that reduced responsivity to pedagogical cues hinders social learning in young children with ASD.
Wave overtopping is one of the key parameters for designing coastal structures: the crest level is usually determined using admissible overtopping discharges. Several formulae already exist for wave overtopping assessment that predict the average overtopping discharge per meter width of the coastal defence, generally for deep or intermediate water depths at the toe of the dike. However, the process of wave overtopping on sea dikes with shallow and very shallow foreshore is not yet fully understood, Gentle foreshores in combination with (very) shallow water conditions lead to heavy wave breaking and a significant change of the wave spectra from offshore to the toe of the dike. The wave steepness is assumed as one of the main criteria to identify cases of severe wave breaking on shallow and very shallow foreshores. For these conditions, Van Gent's formula, generally used for wave overtopping with shallow foreshores, has been implemented and validated against experimental data. It is the purpose of this paper to show that Van Gent's formula overestimates the average overtopping discharge for cases of very shallow foreshores. Moreover the existing formula cannot be applied to cases with an emergent toe. The present work therefore introduces a new equivalent slope concept to obtain an estimation of average wave overtopping discharges on sea dikes with shallow and very shallow foreshores. This study uses data from CLASH database and experimental campaigns, specifically carried out at Flanders Hydraulics Research (Belgium), in order to validate this approach. Results indicate that this concept shows better performance compared to other empirical formulae, which suggests that the influence of the very shallow foreshore on the average wave overtopping discharge should be included. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The present research finds that anthropomorphism, or attributing human characteristics to nonhuman objects, increases consumers' preference for products with superior appearance. This effect occurs because consumers apply the belief of beautiful is good, a pervasive stereotype in person perception, to the judgment of anthropomorphized products. Seven experiments test the propositions. The results show that product anthropomorphism (vs. nonanthropomorphism) leads consumers to spend more time and money searching for information about appearance attributes (experiments 1 and 2), to indicate greater preference for products with superior appearance (experiments 4, 6, and 7), and to purchase products with superior appearance (experiments 3 and 5). The experiments also show that the effect of anthropomorphism on consumer preference is mediated by consumers' conviction of beautiful is good in person perception. This effect is alleviated when consumers' beliefs about the association between the attractive physical appearance of a person and the positive personal traits of this person are challenged. These results are robust across a wide range of product categories and consumers. Theoretical contributions and marketing implications are discussed.
Some individuals in long-term marriages report intensities of romantic love comparable to individuals newly in love. How common is this? Are correlates of long-term romantic love consistent with theoretical models of love? In a random sample of 274 U. S. married individuals, 40% of those married over 10 years reported being Very intensely in love. Importantly, correlates of long-term intense love, as predicted by theory, were thinking positively about the partner and thinking about the partner when apart, affectionate behaviors and sexual intercourse, shared novel and challenging activities, and general life happiness. Wanting to know where the partner is at all times correlated significantly with intense love for men but not women. For women, but not men, passion about nonrelationship factors significantly correlated with intense love. In a random New York (NY) sample of 322 individuals married over 10 years, 29% reported being very intensely in love and our predicted correlates cross validated.
From a geoinformation science perspective real estate portals apply non-spatial methods to analyse and visualise rental price data. Their approach shows considerable shortcomings. Portal operators neglect real estate agents' mantra that exactly three things are important in real estates: location, location and location (Stroisch, 2010). Although real estate portals retacord the spatial reference of their listed apartments, geocoded address data is used insufficiently for analyses and visualisation, and in many cases the data is just used to pin map the listings. To date geoinformation science, spatial statistics and geovisualization play a minor role for real estate portals in analysing and visualising their housing data. This contribution discusses the analytical and geovisual status quo of real estate portals and addresses the most serious deficits of the employed non-spatial methods. Alternative analysing approaches from geostatistics, machine learning and geovisualization demonstrate potentials to optimise real estate portals' analysing and visualisation capacities.
This paper presents an experimental study of the structural dynamics and the wake vortex modes of a lightly damped, elastically mounted cylinder undergoing vortex-induced vibration (VIV) in the transverse direction. The cylinder is neutrally buoyant with the mass ratio m* = 1.0, and has a low damping coefficient zeta=0.0173. The influence of variation in the free-stream velocity (corresponding to the reduced velocity range 1.53 <= U* <= 6.62, or the Reynolds number range 3000 <= Re <= 13,000) on the structural dynamics of the cylinder is examined, in conjunction with detailed flow measurements around the cylinder using digital Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). The cylinder is stationary at U*= 3.05 (or in synchronization regime). The vibrating cylinder exhibits the so-called soft synchronization phenomenon that the vortex shedding frequency is synchronbus with the structural vibration frequency (or response frequency) of the cylinder, rather than with the natural frequency of the system. The measured data for the cylinder undergoing VIV fall within the initial branch and the upper branches, and agree well with published data on free vibrating cylinders at similar low mass and damping. The transition from initial-to upper-branch is characterized by a switch of vortex formation mode from the classical 2S mode to the newly-discovered 2P(O) mode by Morse and Williamson (2009, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 634, pp. 5-39) based on a forced vibrating cylinder. The distinction between the 2S and 2P(O) modes is vivid in terms of length- and velocity-scales of the shed vortices, and is also reflected by quantitative characterization of near-wake flow statistics, including the mean and turbulence properties. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
It is well known that emotions intersect with obvious social categories (e.g., race), influencing both how targets are categorized and the emotions that are read from their faces. Here, we examined the influence of emotional expression on the perception of less obvious group memberships for which, in the absence of obvious and stable physical markers, emotion may serve as a major avenue for group categorization and identification. Specifically, we examined whether emotions are embedded in the mental representations of sexual orientation and political affiliation, and whether people may use emotional expressions to communicate these group memberships to others. Using reverse correlation methods, we found that mental representations of gay and liberal faces were characterized by more positive facial expressions than mental representations of straight and conservative faces (Study 1). Furthermore, participants were evaluated as expressing more positive emotions when enacting self-defined gay and liberal versus straight and conservative facial expressions in the lab (Study 2). In addition, neutral faces morphed with happiness were perceived as more gay than when morphed with anger, and when compared to unmorphed controls (Study 3). Finally, we found that affect facilitated perceptions of sexual orientation and political affiliation in naturalistic settings (Study 4). Together, these studies suggest that emotion is a defining characteristic of person construal that people tend to use both when signaling their group memberships and when receiving those signals to categorize others.
Effectively analyzing and then treating energy-related air pollution requires examining every factor, from the pollution source to the end of treatment. This paper applies index decomposition analysis and a whole process treatment perspective to identify the factors facilitating air pollution reduction across three stages: source prevention, process control, and end-of-pipe treatment. Empirical research using data from China's Jiangsu Province and its 13 cities reveals differences in local approaches to pollution prevention. At the provincial level, end-of-pipe treatment remains the primary approach to control air pollution emissions, indicating that the pattern of pollute first, govern later has not yet been fundamentally reversed. At the city level, 13 cities can be divided into four types, based on their approach to air pollution treatment: the leading type, process-dependent type, end-dependent type, and lagging type. Of these, 7 cities are using multiple control approaches, reflecting the comprehensive effect of whole process treatment. The Jiangsu Province should consider further strengthening effective whole process air pollution treatment models, by transitioning to pollution control, adjusting industrial structure, promoting technological progress, and consuming clean energy. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The genetic changes responsible for evolutionary transitions from generalist to specialist phenotypes are poorly understood. Here we examine the genetic basis of craniofacial traits enabling novel trophic specialization in a sympatric radiation of Cyprinodon pupfishes endemic to San Salvador Island, Bahamas. This recent radiation consists of a generalist species and two novel specialists: a small-jawed snail-eater and a large-jawed scale-eater. We genotyped 12 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) by whole-genome resequencing of 37 individuals of all three species from nine populations and integrated genome-wide divergence scans with association mapping to identify divergent regions containing putatively causal SNPs affecting jaw size-the most rapidly diversifying trait in this radiation. A mere 22 fixed variants accompanied extreme ecological divergence between generalist and scale-eater species. We identified 31 regions (20 kb) containing variants fixed between specialists that were significantly associated with variation in jaw size which contained 11 genes annotated for skeletal system effects and 18 novel candidate genes never previously associated with craniofacial phenotypes. Six of these 31 regions showed robust signs of hard selective sweeps after accounting for demographic history. Our data are consistent with predictions based on quantitative genetic models of adaptation, suggesting that the effect sizes of regions influencing jaw phenotypes are positively correlated with distance between fitness peaks on a complex adaptive landscape.
Many breast cancer deaths result from tumors acquiring resistance to available therapies. Thus, new therapeutic agents are needed for targeting drug-resistant breast cancers. Drug-refractory breast cancers include HER2+ tumors that have acquired resistance to HER2-targeted antibodies and kinase inhibitors, and triple-Negative Breast Cancers (TNBCs) that lack the therapeutic targets Estrogen Receptor, Progesterone Receptor, and HER2. A significant fraction of TNBCs overexpress the HER2 family member Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR). Thus agents that selectively kill EGFR+ and HER2+ tumors would provide new options for breast cancer therapy. We previously identified a class of compounds we termed Disulfide bond Disrupting Agents (DDAs) that selectively kill EGFR+ and HER2+ breast cancer cells in vitro and blocked the growth of HER2+ breast tumors in an animal model. DDA-dependent cytotoxicity was found to correlate with downregulation of HER1-3 and Akt dephosphorylation. Here we demonstrate that DDAs activate the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) and that this plays a role in their ability to kill EGFR+ and HER2+ cancer cells. The use of breast cancer cell lines ectopically expressing EGFR or HER2 and pharmacological probes of UPR revealed all three DDA responses: HER1-3 downregulation, Akt dephosphorylation, and UPR activation, contribute to DDA-mediated cytotoxicity. Significantly, EGFR overexpression potentiates each of these responses. Combination studies with DDAs suggest that they may be complementary with EGFR/HER2-specific receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors and mTORC1 inhibitors to overcome drug resistance.
Salvador Dali's relationship with science is one of the most important aspects of his artistic production, spanning disciplines such as physics, mathematics and biology. Considering his interest in the different sciences, the aim of this paper is to explore the special relationship between the painter and molecular biology, establishing a catalogue of works permitting the identification of its importance within Dali's career. We will try to demonstrate that the so-called DNA period encompasses a broader chronology than the one traditionally proposed, extending it from 1957 until the 1980s. That would place Dali as the pioneer in the incorporation of molecular biology into art history.
This paper documents the utility of the online tool rainwater harvesting and demand simulation forwarded by URL http://gettanked.orgi, and categorizes performance variability with respect to KOppen-Geiger climatic classifications of the Australian continent. This is a novel tool because it dynamically calculates the irrigation and evaporative cooling demands in addition to any particular per diem allocation of potable water. The analysis may be either from a finite storage tank of specified capacity, or drawn from water mains, but the present paper is focused on the design of secure off-grid rainwater harvesting systems (RWHS). The nominal consumption target of 155 L per diem per capita must be reduced by varying degrees depending on the locality. Higher demand can be met if sufficient catchment and capacity are provided, or if regular tanker deliveries are readily available. Alternatively, demand restrictions are tabulated as guidance to avoid running dry within the constraints of a nominal 10,000 L capacity storage with 100 m2 catchment-defining the sustainable load per diem (SLPD) during a worst case epoch-this is the break-point for off-grid security. SLPD varies from 86 to 124 L/d among most temperate maritime climate stations, and between 35 and 42 Lid at most desert climate stations. The supporting on-line operating manual includes tabulations of demand for evaporative cooling and irrigation together with the sustainable yield of a rainwater harvest system at 128 locations throughout Australia. Dynamics of non-potable demands should be resolved before using the GetTanked design tool for any particular dwelling or workplace. Indoor and potable water demand must be disaggregated from irrigation, pool evaporation, and evaporative cooling in order to fully exploit the GetTanked tool. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Emoticons are new visual or nonverbal communication cues used in digital interaction. Can elders recognize and discriminate emotional states from emoticons as well as young people can? This study uses emoticons to investigate recognizable emotional differences between thirty older and thirty younger adults. A total of 32 representative emoticons were used as stimuli, consisting of 24 realistic facial expressions, 8 abstract facial expressions, 11 positive emotions, 11 neutral emotions, and 10 negative emotions. Four questions, including emotional state, imitative level, preference, and understanding of emoticons, were applied in the questionnaire. The results showed older adults to have a more positive response toward perceived emoticons than younger adults. The two age ranges have different cognition of the design appearances of realistic and abstract emoticons. Older adults showed less preference toward all emoticons than younger adults. The result also denotes older adults can analogize between realistic faces and emoticons.
Globalization brings new cultural experiences and choices. Not only can people choose musical, culinary, and literary activities from other cultures, but they also can choose experiences that mix cultures together. We propose that preference for culturally mixed experiences hinges on preconceptions about cultural differences, or diversity ideologies, namely colorblindness, multiculturalism, and polyculturalism. In Study 1, we measured participants' endorsement of these three diversity ideologies and their preferences for culturally unitary versus mixed experiences. Results showed that polyculturalism (the mindset that cultures interact and contribute to each other) was positively associated with liking of culturally mixed experiences. In Study 2, we experimentally induced these three mindsets and found that the polycultural mindset heightened preferences for culturally mixed experiences. In Study 3, we replicated the positive effect of polyculturalism on preference for cultural mixes but not other kinds of mixes. Further, the effect of polyculturalism on people's choice of cultural mixes was mediated by purity concerns. We discuss implications for the psychology of globalization. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Why do people vote? We design a field experiment to estimate a model of voting because others will ask. The expectation of being asked motivates turnout if individuals derive pride from telling others that they voted, or feel shame from admitting that they did not vote, provided that lying is costly. In a door-to-door survey about election turnout, we experimentally vary (1) the informational content and use of a flyer pre-announcing the survey, (2) the duration and payment for the survey, and (3) the incentives to lie about past voting. The experimental results indicate significant social image concerns. For the 2010 Congressional election, we estimate a value of voting to tell others of about $ 15, contributing 2 percentage points to turnout. Finally, we evaluate a get-out-the-vote intervention in which we tell potential voters that we will ask if they voted.
The ergonomic principles integration into manufacturing engineering processes design and development is becoming a common practice in companies. In this regard muscle-skeletal injuries have an important impact in workplaces. The evaluation and measurement of risk factors is an important step towards workplace Excellency. In this work they are described the evaluation methods most commonly used, and it is showed the application of RULA Rapid Upper Limb Assessment and REBA Rapid Entire Body Assessment methods in a metal sector company with the help of virtual simulation tool in which arc integrated both methods via external programming. The entire production process is evaluated and improvements suggested in order to eliminate those ergonomic risks and to improve the production system. It is the objective of this paper to show the advantages of using these tools, as well as to implement, an adequate observation method in this field.
A fluid flow along a semi-infinite plate with small periodic irregularities on the surface is considered for large Reynolds numbers. The boundary layer has a double-deck structure: a thin boundary layer (lower deck) and a classical Prandtl boundary layer (upper deck). The aim of this paper is to prove the existence and uniqueness of the stationary solution of a Rayleigh-type equation, which describes oscillations of the vertical velocity component in the classical boundary layer.