87value/wos11967 huggingface dataset:
For a long time, Russian historiography has been avoiding the controversial and intricate episodes of the Civil War in Russia due to the specifics of a conformist nature. Such episodes include, among others, the problem of effort unification between the regular 5th Army of RKKA [Workers' and Peasants' Red Army] and the insurgent (partisan) forces of Western Siberia during the elimination of the anti-Bolshevik regime of Admiral A.V. Kolchak (November 1919 - January 1920). The development vector of this process was largely determined by a personal factor, namely the will of Commander of the 5th Army, the Red Lett Genrich Eiche. The objective of this article is to consider the specifics of G. Eiche's personal interaction with the insurgent troops and the evolution of his views regarding the problem of using partisan forces in the context of military actions conducted by the 5th Army he had been leading within Western Siberia. The framework of the resource base for the research were materials from a number of Russian archives (Russian State Military Archive, State Archive of Novosibirsk Oblast, State Historical Museum) that were introduced to the academic circulation for the first time ever and archive documents that had been published earlier in regional subject digests. In this sense, a special attention should be justly paid to the operative documentation of the 5th Army's directorship and the memoirs by G. Eiche and his major antagonist, one of the leaders of Altai partisans, Ya.P. Zhigalin. Based on the complex of these and other materials, the author succeeded in reconstructing the actions G. Eiche undertook on the verge of 1919/1920 to implement the insurgent forces of Western Siberia: on the one hand, as a source of march reinforcements for the 5th Army that was suffering from both combat losses and a typhoid outbreak and, on the other hand, as a strike advance force of RKKA in Siberia and a full participant of military actions. However, due to a number of reasons discussed in the article, these attempts on the part of the commander of the 5th Army generally failed. Particular attention is focused on the unsuccessful experience of G. Eiche to direct vicariously the military actions of the insurgent groups in Altai and Yenisei Provinces of Russia that failed to execute any of the operative orders of the army commander. Finally, it was this particular experience that underlined the general mental disappointment of G. Eiche in the potential, fighting and moral qualities of the partisan movement of Western Siberia. These negative feelings proved mutual. Later, the insurgent veterans, when talking about G. Eiche's personality, noted that he possessed a biased attitude and inveterate  illness of a prejudice against partisans. The present research enabled to come to a conclusion that the negative perception of partisans by the commander of the 5th army had indeed taken place. However, it was not a result of his arbitrariness or prejudice, but, instead, was quite a well-grounded and, in many respects, just opinion of a military specialist.
This paper presents HAMSTER, the HeAlthy, Mobility and Security based data communication archiTEctuRe. HAMSTER is designed for Unmanned Vehicles and addresses mainly three types of communications: machine-to-machine, machine-to-infrastructure and internal machine communications. It is divided into three main versions: Flying HAMSTER (for aerial systems), Running HAMSTER (for terrestrial systems) and Swimming HAMSTER (for aquatic systems). Every version of such architecture is also equipped with Sphere and Nimble. Sphere deals with Safety & Security aspects regarding communication, components health and modules authentication. Nimble is aimed at increasing the overall mobility in such scenarios, strongly actuating with inherent communications of each application field. This paper details every aspect of HAMSTER and presents, as a plus at the end, two case studies: the first one consists of an evaluation of five communications schemes for internal communications in airplanes; the second one is a cryptographic evaluation of two Elliptic Curve Cryptography algorithms.
The majority of patients presenting allergic rhinitis and asthma are sensitised to several allergens. Dust mites are the chief culprits, with the two most important species in France being Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Dermatophagoides farinae. Studies indicate that 50 to 70% of patients are multi-sensitised. However, it is important to distinguish between sensitisation and allergy: sensitisation is an exclusively biological phenomenon (positive prick-tests or IgE assays), while the term allergy implies the existence of clinical symptoms detectable by precise history taking. Management of dust mite allergies is based upon fastidious elimination of the offending source, suitable symptomatically treatment and allergy immunotherapy (Am, chiefly by the sublingual route (SLIT). Successful elimination of dust mites depends on the degree of patient sensitisation, the extent of exposure to dust mites, the measures taken, and any other allergies and domestic pollutants present. Removal, which is difficult for dust mites, is random in the case of most other allergens (pollens, moulds, cockroaches, etc.). AIT is the only form of treatment able to modify the immune status of allergic individuals and is indicated in cases of poor control of rhinitis and/or asthma by means of global allergen removal or systematic treatments. In multi-allergic patients, where two sources of allergens are required, these may be administered either in parallel (using two allergen preparations) or in a mixture (using a single preparation). When AIT is given in parallel, for example with dust mites and grass pollens, a recommended interval of 30 minutes should be left between the two allergens. Where AIT is performed using a mixture of allergens within a single preparation, it is recommended that the preparation be made up of a 50/50 mixture of mutually compatible allergen sources. The prescription of multiple AIT underlines the importance of the dilution factor: mixing several allergens reduces the doses of each allergen in keeping with the number of components used. SLIT is currently the reference pathway, and practically the only approach utilised in children because of its ease of use, as well as the absence of pain and of any serious adverse effects. It must be performed using high-quality standardised allergen extracts with particular attention to the clinical relevance of the allergens used, their safety of use and the patient's quality of life.(C) 2017 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
This paper puts forward a novel design method of permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG). The most significant advantage of this method is that the output power of PMSG can be prominently improved without increasing any material costs. The main difference from the traditional design scheme is that the volume of permanent magnet (PM) remains unchanged during the entire design procedure. And the maximum output power scheme is found out just by optimizing the PM's shapes with the change of mechanical pole-arc coefficient. In other words, this method aims to obtain the maximum PM utilization design scheme that can produce more effective magnet field so that it can generate the larger output power. The dimension parameters of PMs with different shapes are calculated by the equivalent analytic geometry method. To verify its availability, this novel method is performed on four common types of PMSGs with different rotor structures, and their satisfactory performance results are obtained. The comparison with the traditional machine design scheme is also presented to illustrate the innovation and priority. The finite element analysis method based on Ansoft/Maxwell is applied for the electromagnetic models' building and simulation.
Hatred of terrorists is an obstacle to the implementation of effective counterterrorism policies-it invites indiscriminate retaliation, whereas many of the greatest successes in counterterrorism have come from understanding terrorists' personal and political motivations. Drawing from psychological research, traditional prejudice reduction strategies are generally not well suited to the task of reducing hatred of terrorists. Instead, in 2 studies, we explored education's potential ability to reduce extreme negative attitudes toward terrorists. Study 1 compared students in a college course on terrorism (treatment) with wait-listed students, measuring prosocial attitudes toward a hypothetical terrorist. Initially, all students reported extremely negative attitudes; however, at the end of the semester, treatment students' attitudes were significantly improved. Study 2 replicated the effect within a sample of treatment and control classes drawn from universities across the United States. The present work was part of an ongoing research project, focusing on foreign policy and the perceived threat of terrorism; thus classes did not explicitly aim to reduce prejudice, making the effect of treatment somewhat surprising. One possibility is that learning about terrorists crowds out the initial pejorative associations-that is, the label terrorism may ultimately call more information to mind, diluting its initial negative associative links. Alternatively, students may learn to challenge how the label terrorist is being applied. In either case, learning about terrorism can decrease the extreme negative reactions it evokes, which is desirable if one wishes to implement effective counterterrorism policies.
Nutrition plays an important role in human metabolism and health. However, it is unclear in how far self-reported nutrition intake reflects de facto differences in body metabolite composition. To investigate this question on an epidemiological scale we conducted a metabolomics study analyzing the association of self-reported nutrition habits with 363 metabolites quantified in blood serum of 284 male participants of the KORA population study, aged between 55 and 79 years. Using data from an 18-item food frequency questionnaire, the consumption of 18 different food groups as well as four derived nutrition indices summarizing these food groups by their nutrient content were analyzed for association with the measured metabolites. The self-reported nutrition intake index polyunsaturated fatty acids associates with a decrease in saturation of the fatty acid chains of glycero-phosphatidylcholines analyzed in serum samples. Using a principal component analysis dietary patterns highly associating with serum metabolite concentrations could be identified. The first principal component, which was interpreted as a healthy nutrition lifestyle, associates with a decrease in the degree of saturation of the fatty acid moieties of different glycero-phosphatidylcholines. In summary, this analysis shows that on a population level metabolomics provides the possibility to link self-reported nutrition habits to changes in human metabolic profiles and that the associating metabolites reflect the self-reported nutritional intake. Moreover, we could show that the strength of association increases when composed nutrition indices are used. Metabolomics may, thus, facilitate evaluating questionnaires and improving future questionnaire-based epidemiological studies on human health.
Novel approaches for studying the brain and relating its activities to mental phenomena have come into use during the past decade (Bargmann, 2015). These include both new laboratory methods - involving, among others, generation of isolated cells which retain neuronal characteristics in vivo; the selective stimulation of neurons by light in vivo; and direct electrical stimulation of specific brain regions to restore a system's balance of excitation and inhibition - and a new organizing principle, connectomics, which recognizes that networks, and not simply a key nucleus or region, underlie most brain functions and malfunctions. Its application has already improved our comprehension of how the brain normally functions and our ability to help patients with such poorly treated neurologic and psychiatric diseases as Alzheimer's disease. (c) 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
The diurnal light cycle has a crucial influence on all life on earth. Unfortunately, modern society has modified this life- governing cycle by stressing maximum production and by giving insufficient attention to the ecological balance and homeostasis of the human metabolism. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of exposure or lack of exposure to natural light in a rest/ activity rhythm on cortisol and melatonin levels, as well as on psychological variables in humans under natural conditions. This is a cross- sectional study. The subjects were allocated split into two groups according to their workspace ( 10 employees in the with window'' group and 10 in the without window'' group). All participants were women and wore anactigraph ( Actiwatch 2, Philips Respironics), which measures activity and ambient light exposure, for seven days. Concentrations of melatonin and cortisol were measured from the saliva samples. Participants were instructed to collect saliva during the last day of use of the actigraph at 08: 00 am, 4: 00 pm and 10: 00 pm. The subjects answered the Self- Reporting Questionnaire- 20 ( SRQ- 20) to measure the presence of minor psychiatric disorders; the Montgomery- Asberg ( MA) scale was used to measure depression symptoms, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index questionnaire ( PSQI) was used to evaluate the quality of sleep. The Rayleigh analysis indicates that the two groups, `` with window'' an d `` without window'', exhibited similar activities and light acrophases. In relation to light exposure, the mesor was significantly higher ( t 2.651, p 0.023) in t he `` with window'' group ( 191.04 133.36) than in the `` without window'' group ( 73.8 42.05). Additionally, the `` with window'' group presented the highest amplitude of light exposure ( 298.07 222.97). Cortisol levels were significantly different between the groups at 10: 00 pm ( t 3.009, p 0.008; `` without window'' ( 4.01 0.91) `` with window'' ( 3.10 0.30)). In terms of the melatonin levels, the groups differed at two different times of day: 08: 00 am ( t 2.593, p 0.018) and 10: 00 pm ( t 2.939, p 0.009). The `` with window'' group had a lower melatonin level at 08: 00 am ( 3.54 0.60) but a higher level at 10: 00 pm ( 24.74 4.22) than the `` without window'' group. Higher cortisol levels were positively correlated with minor psychiatric disorders and depressive symptoms ( MA) at 10: 00 pm. Lower melatonin levels at 10: 00 pm were correlated with depressive symptoms and poor quality of sleep ( PSQI). Our study demonstrated that not only may light pollution affect human physiology but also lack of exposure to natural light is related to high levels of cortisol and lower levels of melatonin at night, and these, in turn, are related to depressive symptoms and poor quality of sleep.
We show the promotion intervention has positive effects during intergroup contact, but that high levels of compunction can have negative effects. Intergroup contact is probably the longest standing and most comprehensively researched intervention to reduce discrimination. It is also part of ordinary social experience, and a key context in which discrimination is played out. In this paper, we explore two additional interventions which are also designed to reduce discrimination, but which have not yet been applied to real intergroup interactions. The promotion intervention encourages participants to relax and enjoy an interaction, while the compunction intervention motivates participants to avoid discrimination. Across two studies, we tested the separate effects of promotion (Study 1) and then compunction (Study 2) on participants' interactions with a confederate whom they believed to have a history of schizophrenia. In Study 1, participants received either a promotion intervention to relax and have an enjoyable dialogue or no intervention (control; n = 67). In Study 2, participants completed a Single-Category Implicit Attitude Test before being told that they were high in prejudice (high compunction condition) or low in prejudice (low compunction condition; n = 62). Results indicated that promotion was associated with broadly positive effects: participants reported more positive experience of the interaction (enjoyment and interest in a future interaction), and more positive evaluations of their contact partner (increased friendliness and reduced stereotyping). There were no effects on participants' reported intergroup anxiety. In contrast, high compunction had broadly negative effects: participants reported more negative experiences of the interaction and more negative evaluations of their contact partner (using the same dependent measures outlined above). In addition, participants in the high compunction condition reported increased intergroup anxiety and increased self-anxiety (anxiety around thinking or doing something that is prejudiced). Participants in the high compunction condition also reported reduced expectancies of self-efficacy (i.e., they were less confident that they would be able to make a good impression).
A Virtual Reality-based learning framework of electrical discharge machining (EDM) is presented in this research. The architecture supports hands-on exercise in precision manufacturing field for distance education and allows learners to practice and access an EDM-based virtual environment by means of the Internet. In this research, open-source software tools and virtual interactive technology available are integrated to develop an emulated, effective, learning environment for distance education.
This study explored stereotype constructions people may impute on to others in the context of a contagious disease epidemic. Participants were 30 undergraduate students from a large university in Johannesburg, South Africa. They completed the open-ended Build-A-Character Questionnaire, which described the typical person in South Africa who they currently believed to be at particular risk of HIV infection. The data were thematically analysed and interpreted. Seven themes resulted, based on the stereotyping of marginalised groups in South Africa considered as being at higher risk for HIV due to historical disadvantage: blacks, women, and the poor. A social cognitive framework explains these stereotypes as they apply to perceived out-groups, and they carry risk to undermine public health interventions regarding the HIV pandemic in South Africa across population segments.
Due to a significant drop in the energy needed for RO desalination from 12 kWh/m(3) to-2 kWh/m(3) over the past 20 years, which is close to the theoretical minimum for recovering salt-free water from seawater of 1 kWh/m(3), the focus here is on the critical aspects that offer opportunities to further reduce costs. These include pre- and post-treatment; and analysis and optimization of the performance of RO systems, such as selectivity, capacity, and flux decline. Flux decline includes concentration polarization and fouling from inorganic, organic, and biological constituents. We call these the three legs that undergird all membrane processes. The approach here is quantitative and includes detailed fluid mechanics and associated mass transfer of RO systems for optimizing performance. (C) 2016 Published by Elsevier B.V.
Purpose: Internet social media offers a rich source for soliciting the public's views on health issues. This qualitative research, using YouTube as a platform, aimed to explore the public's perspectives on management of dental fear and anxiety (DFA) in pediatric patients. Methods: Using three keywords (dental fear, dental phobia, and dental anxiety), YouTube videos were searched. Twenty-seven videos related to DFA in children and adolescents were reviewed by three investigators, including a nondental layperson. Inductive thematic analysis was adopted for interpreting the data. Results: Several strategies were considered useful for controlling DFA in pediatric patients, including: verbal and nonverbal communication to establish closeness and effective guidance (explanation, permission-seeking, reassurance, and negotiation); desensitization to dental settings and procedures; tell-show-do; positive reinforcement; distraction by imagination and thoughtful designs of clinic and parental presence and support. Some self-coping strategies adopted by patients alleviated their DFA, such as self-reasoning and trust-building through long-term connection. Dentists' clinical competence, favorable treatment outcomes, and state-of-the-art devices and technologies (dental lasers, intraoral camera, and adapted anaesthesia method) contributed to reducing DFA. Conclusions: Authentic testimonials in YouTube videos endorsed and interpreted a variety of strategies adoptable by patients, parents, and dental professionals for managing children's and adolescents' dental fears and anxieties.
Lufft's CHM 15k Nimbus ceilometer and a collocated Cimel sunphotometer were used, in tandem with satellite data, to observe the transport of atmospheric aerosols over Raciborz, Poland, during an exceptionally warm month of August 2015. Two distinct periods are identified: increased aerosol optical thickness (AOT) values, exceeding 0.65, during August 6 to 13 concurrent with the planetary boundary layer elevated up to similar to 2.5 km and thin aerosol layers up to 7 km above ground visible from August 25 to 27. A newly developed scheme for backward air mass trajectory analysis is employed. The scheme utilizes satellite data on thermal anomalies as well as multiangle imaging of aerosol clouds. The obtained retrievals provide evidence that aerosols of biomass burning type were present during the first period, originating from a strong episode of wildfires in Ukraine. Moreover, satellite AOT data from the MODIS instrument show that a significant part of the observed aerosol was accumulated during transport between the region of intense biomass burning and the receptor, Raciborz. The same analysis scheme suggests that a long-range transport of biomass burning products from the United States was a source of the layers observed during the second period. (C) The Authors. Published by SPIE
The importance of names has been demonstrated for decision making related to individuals as well as companies. While previous researchers have focused on traits such as the fluency of names, we present three studies that focus on the role of the hard e or [A] sound in relation to helping behavior. Because pronunciation of the [A] sound requires a facial movement that mimics a smile particularly when the sound occurs at the end of a name, our research complements previous findings generated by the theory of embodied cognition in which biting on a pencil or chopstick evoked behavioral and mood changes. Study 1 finds that participants are more likely to help someone whose name ends with the [A] sound while study 2 utilizes a broader set of contrasting sounds and finds a basic preference for the [A] sound that is specific to women. Study 3 shows that women are significantly more likely to recall addressing their parents as Mommy or Daddy when soliciting help rather than Mom or Dad. Our findings complement previous research concerning motherese and highlight a phonetic cue for prosocial behavior that appears to offer insights for marketing and management. Just as the current studies are important in understanding interpersonal interactions, the findings have direct relevance for marketing campaigns that focus on consumer engagement.