87value/wos11967 huggingface dataset:
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a life-saving medical practice with particular characteristics. On time initiation of CPR can increase survival in cases of sudden cardiac arrest. The main component of CPR is the application of external chest compressions. Unfortunately, bystander CPR rates have remained low over the past decade. The unwillingness has been attributed to various causes among which complications are discussed in this paper. Complications of cardiopulmonary resuscitation often occur even if the doctor is skilled and acts according to the guidelines. The iatrogenic manipulations of CPR contain a significant violation risk for both the patient and the physician. The scope of this paper is to review the main complications of cardiopulmonary resuscitation and the discussion of the points that characterize the ethico-legal approach of these complications. The ultimate objective is the prejudice of negative defensive medicine so that all doctors will not avoid the application of CPR, fearing malpractice litigation.
As the culminating experience in ABET-accredited undergraduate engineering programs, capstone design courses might seem an ideal setting for fine-tuning graduating seniors' professional communication skills prior to entering the workplace. Most capstone courses, however, involve team deliverables, including the written project report. As such, ensuring an equal opportunity for writing skills advancement and assessment for all course participants is difficult. But in the mechanical, industrial and manufacturing engineering (MIME) capstone design course at Oregon State University, incorporating an individual writing experience is necessitated by its status as the designated writing-intensive (WI) course for MIME majors. As such, and despite its large size (typically 100-140 students), the course must satisfy the associated university-wide WI requirements-including the specification that individual writing accounts for at least 25% of students' final course grade. Meeting this requirement involves three interwoven course components: (1) An iteratively developed project report in which team members are assigned specific authorial and editorial roles and that involves formative assessment and revision cycles, (2) a metacognitive element involving reflective self-assessment and individual goal setting, and (3) a variety of infrastructural support resources and tools that facilitate production and assessment of student writing. This article describes the MIME approach as a case study for incorporating individual writing in capstone design. The authors recognize that as a solution devised in response to local opportunities and constraints, its off-the-shelf'' adoption at other engineering institutions may be neither appropriate nor viable; the information is being offered solely in the spirit of showing that such an effort is possible and to invite wider cross-institutional conversation on this topic.
This paper deals with an issue from the field of proxernics, that refers to the perception and the usage of space, as a way of transmitting messages, attitudes and behaviors in the military in certain situations. By defining the concepts of proxemics and establishing the four types of distances between humans: intimate, personal, social and public, we aim to identify elements of this area that are characteristic for drill in the Romanian Armed Forces. Consequently, the work proposes, particularly in the army, to reveal the significations of norms established in the military general regulations and their impact on the military personnel. We aim to answer to the following research question: Does the Romanian Armed Forces' drill regulations take into account the aspects of human topology or the role of personal distances in everyday transactions? In addition, we intend to analyze in a comparative manner the Romanian and foreign (American and European) military drill regulations and to identify if certain specific elements of proxernics possess cultural connotations. The research methodology is based on a mixed method, consisting in document study: the study of distances in the military drill regulations.
Although the decision to engage in prosocial behavior has received research attention, the literature offers a limited understanding of fairness and uncertainty as antecedents. We propose that one can encourage prosocial decision making simply by invoking the notion of fairness because of its effects on the perceived trustworthiness of the invoking party. We also elucidate the complex role of uncertainty in prosocial decisions in that it has a negative effect while also serving to strengthen the positive effect of fairness salience. Our ideas are tested in two prosocial decision contexts, including participative pricing (i.e., pay what you want) and charitable giving. Data from an archival study of a naturally occurring event and two controlled experiments offer support for our arguments. Copyright (C) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
This review summarizes biogenesis, composition, intracellular transport, and possible functions of trichocysts. Trichocyst release by Paramecium is the fastest dense core-secretory vesicle exocytosis known. This is enabled by the crystalline nature of the trichocyst body whose matrix proteins (tmp), upon contact with extracellular Ca2+, undergo explosive recrystallization that propagates cooperatively throughout the organelle. Membrane fusion during stimulated trichocyst exocytosis involves Ca2+ mobilization from alveolar sacs and tightly coupled store-operated Ca2+-influx, initiated by activation of ryanodine receptor-like Ca2+-release channels. Particularly, aminoethyldextran perfectly mimics a physiological function of trichocysts, i.e. defense against predators, by vigorous, local trichocyst discharge. The tmp's contained in the main body of a trichocyst are arranged in a defined pattern, resulting in crossstriation, whose period expands upon expulsion. The second part of a trichocyst, the tip, contains secretory lectins which diffuse upon discharge. Repulsion from predators may not be the only function of trichocysts. We consider ciliary reversal accompanying stimulated trichocyst exocytosis (also in mutants devoid of depolarization-activated Ca2+ channels) a second, automatically superimposed defense mechanism. A third defensive mechanism may be effectuated by the secretory lectins of the trichocyst tip; they may inhibit toxicyst exocytosis in Dileptus by crosslinking surface proteins (an effect mimicked in Paramecium by antibodies against cell surface components). Some of the proteins, body and tip, are glycosylated as visualized by binding of exogenous lectins. This reflects the biogenetic pathway, from the endoplasmic reticulum via the Golgi apparatus, which is also supported by details from molecular biology. There are fragile links connecting the matrix of a trichocyst with its membrane; these may signal the filling state, full or empty, before and after tmp release upon exocytosis, respectively. This is supported by experimentally produced  frustrated exocytosis, i.e. membrane fusion without contents release, followed by membrane resealing and entry in a new cycle of reattachment for stimulated exocytosis. There are some more puzzles to be solved: Considering the absence of any detectable Ca2+ and of acidity in the organelle, what causes the striking effects of silencing the genes of some specific Ca2+-release channels and of subunits of the H+-ATPase? What determines the inherent polarity of a trichocyst? What precisely causes the inability of trichocyst mutants to dock at the cell membrane? Many details now call for further experimental work to unravel more secrets about these fascinating organelles.
Understanding and predicting whether new drug candidates will be safe in the clinic is a critical hurdle in pharmaceutical development, that relies in part on absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicology studies in vivo. Zebrafish is a relatively new model system for drug metabolism and toxicity studies, offering whole organism screening coupled with small size and potential for high-throughput screening. Through toxicity and absorption analyses of a number of drugs, we find that zebrafish is generally predictive of drug toxicity, although assay outcomes are influenced by drug lipophilicity which alters drug uptake. In addition, liver microsome assays reveal specific differences in metabolism of compounds between human and zebrafish livers, likely resulting from the divergence of the cytochrome P450 superfamily between species. To reflect human metabolism more accurately, we generated a transgenic humanized zebrafish line that expresses the major human phase I detoxifying enzyme, CYP3A4, in the liver. Here, we show that this humanized line shows an elevated metabolism of CYP3A4-specific substrates compared to wild-type zebrafish. The generation of this first described humanized zebrafish liver suggests such approaches can enhance the accuracy of the zebrafish model for toxicity prediction.
Objective: To investigate the survival rate, fracture strength, bending moments, loading to fracture and fracture modes of different designs of zirconia abutments after dynamic loading with thermocycling, and compare these values to titanium abutments. Methods: A total of 80 abutment samples were divided into 5 test groups of 16 samples in each group. The study included the following groups, Group 1 CAD/CAM produced all-zirconia abutments, Group 2 titanium abutments, Group 3 zirconia-abutments adhesively luted to a titanium base, Group 4 prefabricated allzirconia abutments and Group 5 zirconia-abutments glass soldered to a titanium base. Half the number of samples in each group was exposed to 1.2 million loading cycles (5-years simulation) in the chewing simulator. The samples that survived the artificial aging were later tested for fracture strength in a universal testing machine. The remaining 8 samples of the group were directly tested for fracture strength. Results: All samples exposed to the 5-years artificial aging survived except of six samples in one group (Group 1). The surviving samples were later fracture tested in the universal testing machine. The bending moments (N cm) values were as follow: Exposed groups: Group 1 94.5 N cm; Group 2 599.2 N cm; Group 3 477.5 N cm; Group 4 314.4 N cm; Group 5 509.4 N cm. Non-exposed groups: Group 1 269.3 N cm; Group 2 474.2 N cm; Group 3 377.6 N cm; Group 4 265.4 N cm; Group 5 372.4 N cm. Except in Group 1, the values were higher in the exposed groups, although, statistically there was no difference (p >0.05). The one-piece ZrO2-abutment group (Group 1 and Group 4) exhibited lower values, while the two-piece ZrO2-abutment groups (Group 3 and Group 5) showed similar values and fracture modes like the titanium abutment group. The titanium abutment group showed the highest values of bending moments among all groups. Conclusion: The implant-abutment connection area appeared to influence the bending moment value and the fracture mode of the tested abutment groups, and it was found to be the weakest part of an internal connection one-piece zirconia abutment. The titanium base in the two-piece zirconia abutment worked as a substitute for the weakest part of the abutment. Therefore, the titanium base can reinforce the fracture strength of a zirconia abutment.
2008 is the year of creation of the Bitcoin network consisting of a decentralized database, which is storing all transactions of bitcoin tokens, whose quantity is predetermined by a protocol and independent of any authority. The aim of this article is to describe the limits in the use of Bitcoin as medium of exchange. Bitcoin network operation is carried out at high costs of electrical energy consumption, which, will over time be reflected in the price of transactions. Low transaction prices, which is one of the main arguments of Bitcoin promoters, are only possible with continuous issuance of new bitcoins to circulation. Bitcoin's - prove of work - is the most energetically demanding method from all currently existing methods securing cryptoplatforms. Halving mechanism which reduces the rewards of miners create pressure to decrease hash rate, which is a reflection of the rate of network security. The pressure to decrease hash rate is for now overrun by the increasing efficiency of mining devices. The future will therefore probably bring us fundamental questions: What will it mean for Bitcoin network, if the real costs of running the network will be reflected in costs of transaction? How will Bitcoin network be able to compete with other cryptocurrencies, whose operation is carried out at a much lower cost? Will halving mechanism ultimately cause a declined hash rate, and thereby also a reduction in network security?
Traditional forensic analysis of hard disks and external media typically involves a dead analysis of a powered down machine. Forensic acquisition of hard drives and external media has traditionally been accomplished by one of several means: standalone forensic duplicator; using a hardware write-blocker or dock attached to a laptop, computer, workstation, etc.; forensic operating systems that live boot from a USB, CD/DVD or virtual machines with preinstalled operating systems. Standalone forensics acquisition and imaging devices generally cost thousands of dollars. In this paper, we propose the use of single board computers as forensic imaging devices. Single board computers can provide a low budget forensic imaging solution that can be used in a lab, remote acquisition, or even be configured as portable imaging devices. This project tests different ARM processor based single board computers and the software available at the present time. The project includes image acquisition using a write-blocker, software write-blockers and without write-blockers to test the various configurations. The final results demonstrate clearly that ARM-based single board computers can serve as effective, low cost and low energy forensic imaging devices.
Scene change detection between multitemporal image scenes can be used to interpret the variation of regional land use, and has significant potential in the application of urban development monitoring at the semantic level. The traditional methods directly comparing the independent semantic classes neglect the temporal correlation, and thus suffer from accumulated classification errors. In this paper, we propose a novel scene change detection method via kernel slow feature analysis (KSFA) and postclassification fusion, which integrates independent scene classification with scene change detection to accurately determine scene changes and identify the from-to transition type. After representation with the bag-of-visual-words model, KSFA is proposed to extract the nonlinear temporally invariant features, to better measure the change probability between corresponding multitemporal image scenes. Two postclassification fusion methods, which are based on Bayesian theory and predefined rules, respectively, are then employed to identify the optimal coupled class combinations of multitemporal scene pairs. Furthermore, in addition to identifying semantic changes, the proposed method can also improve the performance of scene classification, since the unchanged scenes are more likely to belong to the same class. Two experiments with high-resolution remote sensing image scene data sets confirm that the proposed method can increase the accuracy of scene change detection, scene transition identification, and scene classification.
We present a preliminary examination of a new approach to a long-standing problem in non-Newtonian fluid mechanics. First, we summarize how a general implicit functional relation between stress and rate of strain of a continuum with memory is reduced to the well-known linear differential constitutive relations that account for relaxation and retardation. Then, we show that relaxation and retardation are asymptotically equivalent for small Deborah numbers, whence causal pure relaxation models necessarily correspond to ill-posed pure retardation models. We suggest that this dichotomy could be a possible way to reconcile the discrepancy between the theory of and certain experiments on viscoelastic liquids that are conjectured to exhibit only stress retardation. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Behavior analysis has produced a robust theoretical analysis of the contingencies involved in cultural evolution. Yet, thus far, the empirical yield of this work remains quite limited. With this paper, I attempt to provide specific examples of the ways to advance an experimental analysis of the contingencies involved in cultural evolution. I begin with a review of the theoretical analyses developed by behavior analysts and other contextually oriented scientists. Next, I submit that, if the goal of our science is both predicting and influencing cultural phenomena, we must produce experimental analyses of the impact of meta-contingencies on organizations' practices. There is no more pressing reason for doing this than the threat of climate change posed by the continuing growth in human use of fossil fuels. Therefore, the paper provides an analysis of the contingencies influencing organizational practices now affecting continued use of fossil fuels and the contingencies for organizations seeking to prevent their use. One concrete step to advance a science of cultural change relevant to climate change would be to create a database of organizations that are promoting vs. working to prevent fossil fuel consumption and the consequences that seem to maintain their practices. I call for experimental analysis of the impact of altering consequences for these practices and for experimental analyses of interventions intended to change the norms, values, and behavior of organizational leaders who can influence fossil fuel consumption. I then discuss the role of prosocial behavior and values in affecting behavior relevant to reducing fossil fuel consumption because the empirical evidence shows that prosociality favors more green behavior. Recent advances in prevention research have identified interventions to promote prosociality, but we need experimental analyses of how advocacy organizations can be more effective in getting these interventions widely adopted.
Given a nonlinear infinite resistive network, an operating point can be determined by approximating the network by finite networks obtained by shorting together various infinite sets of nodes, and then taking a limit of the nodal potential functions of the finite networks. Initially, by taking a completion of the node set of the infinite network under a metric given by the resistances, limit points are obtained that represent generalized ends, which we call terminals, of the infinite network. These terminals can be shorted together to obtain a generalized kind of node, a special case of a 1-node. An operating point will involve Kirchhoff's current law holding at 1-nodes, and so the ow of current into these terminals is studied. We give existence and bounds for an operating point that also has a nodal potential function, which is continuous at the 1-nodes. The existence is derived from the said approximations.
In modern societies there is strong belief in scientific progress, but, unfortunately, a parallel partial regress occurs because of often avoidable mistakes. Mistakes are mainly forgetting, erroneous theories, errors in experiments and manuscripts, prejudice, selected publication of positive results, and fraud. An example of forgetting is that methods introduced decades ago are used without knowing the underlying theories: Basic articles are no longer read or cited. This omission may cause incorrect interpretation of results. For instance, false use of actual base excess instead of standard base excess for calculation of the number of hydrogen ions leaving the muscles raised the idea that an unknown fixed acid is produced in addition to lactic acid during exercise. An erroneous theory led to the conclusion that lactate is not the anion of a strong acid but a buffer. Mistakes occur after incorrect application of a method, after exclusion of unwelcome values, during evaluation of measurements by false calculations, or during preparation of manuscripts. Co-authors, as well as reviewers, do not always carefully read papers before publication. Peer reviewers might be biased against a hypothesis or an author. A general problem is selected publication of positive results. An example of fraud in sports medicine is the presence of doped subjects in groups of investigated athletes. To reduce regress, it is important that investigators search both original and recent articles on a topic and conscientiously examine the data. All co-authors and reviewers should read the text thoroughly and inspect all tables and figures in a manuscript.
Extra virgin olive oil, the primary source of oil in the Mediterranean diet, differs significantly in composition from dietary lipids that are consumed by other populations. The several minor constituents of virgin olive oil include vitamins such as alpha- and gamma-tocopherols (around 200 ppm) and beta-carotene, phytosterols, pigments, terpenic acids, flavonoids, squalene, and a number of phenolic compounds, such as hydroxytyrosol, usually grouped under the rubric polyphenols. The antioxidant and enzyme-modulating activities of extra virgin olive oil phenolics, such as their ability to inhibit NF-kappa B activation in human monocyte/macrophages has been demonstrated in vitro. There is also solid evidence that extra virgin olive oil phenolic compounds are absorbed and their human metabolism has been elucidated. Several activities that might be associated with cardiovascular protection, Such as inhibition of platelet aggregation and reduction of plasma rHcy have been demonstrated in vivo. The biologically relevant properties of olive phenolics are described, although further investigations in controlled clinical trials are needed to support the hypothesis that virgin olive oil consumption may contribute to lower cardiovascular mortality.
In 1915, the California Commission of Immigration and Housing (CCIH) unveiled a bold new experiment: the Home Teacher Program. In Los Angeles, this program sent volunteers into Mexican communities to teach immigrant women new, more American ways of homemaking and childrearing. The lesson plans, sample dialogues, teacher testimonies, and photographs featured in CCIH publications provide a fascinating window on to the tense interactions between home teachers and immigrant women. Scholars have long explored different ways of mining institutional records and other forms of writing by Americanization advocates for insights into the experiences of those who participated in the programs. This essay contributes to the discussion of California's Americanization curricula in two ways: First, I provide a close reading of CCIH texts in order to uncover and analyze three layers of recorded experience: (1) teacher biases confronted by immigrant women; (2) immigrant women's difficult material realities; and (3) immigrant women's complex responses to Americanization. Second, I provide further evidence for the view that Mexican immigrant women responded to Americanization efforts in a variety of ways, from outright resistance to milder forms of pushback and, at times, conditional acceptance of the American customs presented to them. In light of the evidence, I argue that Mexican immigrant women were doing the impossible by laying claim to a piece of California through the complex relationship they negotiated with the home teachers. Although Americanization programs intended to flatten Mexican women's ethnic affiliations, the immigrant women found subtle ways to assert their agency, survive hardship and prejudice, and forge a new Mexican American ethnic community in the process.