Source document: https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696596914946.pdf (United States)
I 113TH CONGRESS 1ST SESSION H. R. 3206 To promote the sexual and reproductive health of individuals and couples in developing countries, and for other purposes.
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES SEPTEMBER 27, 2013 Ms. CLARKE (for herself, Ms. BASS, Ms. BROWN of Florida, Mr. CLAY, Mr. CONYERS, Mrs. DAVIS of California, Mr. ELLISON, Mr. ENYART, Mr. GRIJALVA, Ms. NORTON, Mr. HONDA, Mr. HUFFMAN, Ms. JACKSON LEE, Mr. JEFFRIES, Ms. LEE of California, Mrs. CAROLYN B. MALONEY of New York, Mr. MCGOVERN, Ms. MOORE, Mr. MORAN, Mr. QUIGLEY, Mr. RANGEL, Mr.

RUSH, Ms. SCHAKOWSKY, Ms.

SLAUGHTER, Ms. WASSERMAN SCHULTZ, Ms.


WATERS, and Mr. BERA of California) intro- duced the following bill; which was referred to the Committee on Foreign Affairs A BILL To promote the sexual and reproductive health of individuals and couples in developing countries, and for other purposes.

1 2 3 4 5 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa- tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, SECTION 1.

SHORT TITLE.
SHORT TITLE.

This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Global Sexual and Re- productive Health Act of 2013’’.

 SEC.

2.

FINDINGS AND PURPOSES.


2 (a) FINDINGS.—Congress makes the following find- ings: (1) The advancement of sexual and reproduc- tive health is central to the global development agen- da and necessary to meeting most of the eight United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), the current international development framework developed by 189 countries, including the United States.
Target 5B, which is found under MDG 5 on improving maternal health and which re- quires achieving universal access to reproductive health, is an essential element in attaining MDGs related to eradicating poverty (MDG 1), achieving universal education (MDG 2), promoting gender equality (MDG 3), reducing child mortality (MDG 4), improving maternal health (MDG 5), combating HIV/AIDS (MDG 6), and ensuring environmental sustainability (MDG 7).
Furthermore, advancement of sexual and reproductive health and rights will be critical in building on the achievements of the MDGs when they expire in 2015 and realizing the core goals of poverty reduction and sustainable develop- ment in the post-2015 development agenda.
(2) The resolution of the 2013 United Nations Commission on Population and Development 26 •HR 3206 IH ‘‘recognize[es] that .

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sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights .

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as well as .

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population and development, education and gender equality, are integrally linked to global efforts to eradicate poverty and achieve sustainable develop- ment .

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(3) Throughout much of the world, the lack of access of women, particularly poor women, to basic reproductive health services and information contrib- utes to death and suffering among women and their families, undermines women’s struggle for self-deter- mination, and vitiates the efforts of families to lift themselves out of the poverty in which over a billion of the world’s people live.
By allowing individuals and couples to choose the number and timing of their children, reproductive health care gives families and individuals greater control over their economic resources.
(4) Aspects of sexual and reproductive health, including maternal mortality and morbidity, repro- ductive cancers, and sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including HIV, account for nearly 20 per- cent of the global burden of ill-health for women and some 14 percent for men, according to the World Health Organization (WHO).
•HR 3206 IH (5) According to the Joint United Nations Pro- gramme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), HIV/AIDS is the leading cause of death among women of child- bearing age.

(6) School-based education and family planning play an interrelated role in lifting the status of women.
Delaying sexual debut, along with contracep- tive use among young women already sexually active, lowers the likelihood that young women will leave their schooling due to pregnancy, and education in- creases the chances that young women will delay the age at which they marry and give birth.
(7) Sexual and reproductive health programs can empower women to make informed decisions and better control their lives, and by engaging men and boys in taking responsibility for the sexual and re- productive health of their partners, can contribute to greater gender equality.

(8) Access to sexual and reproductive health services, including family planning, has a direct and important impact on infant and child mortality.
By allowing women to choose the timing, number, and spacing of their pregnancies, high-risk births are averted, and the children that are born have a great- er chance of surviving to adulthood.
Over 3,000,000 •HR 3206 IH newborns die in the first 4 weeks of life, which ac- counts for nearly 40 percent of all deaths of children under the age of 5.
By providing women family plan- ning services to space their births 3 years apart, rates for under-5 mortality would drop by 25 per- cent, averting 1,800,000 children’s deaths each year.

(9) Increasing access to sexual and reproductive health could significantly decrease pregnancy-related mortality and morbidity by reducing the number of pregnancies that place women at increased risk of experiencing such complications.
(10) An estimated 222,000,000 women in devel- oping countries have an unmet need for effective, modern contraceptives and would like to postpone childbearing, space births, or want no more children but are not using a modern method of contraception.

Providing modern contraceptives to fill this unmet need would avert an estimated additional 54,000,000 unintended pregnancies each year, including 21,000,000 unplanned births and 26,000,000 abor- tions, 16,000,000 of which would be unsafe.
In turn, this would prevent 79,000 maternal deaths and 1,100,000 infant deaths.

(11) Complications due to pregnancy and child- birth are a leading cause of death among adolescent •HR 3206 IH females ages 15 to 19 in low- and middle-income countries.
Each year, an estimated 287,000 women worldwide die from complications related to preg- nancy, childbirth, or unsafe abortion.

(12) Unsafe abortion accounts for 13 percent of maternal deaths worldwide.

More than half of abor- tions (56 percent) in the developing world are un- safe.

Of the 22,000,000 unsafe abortions that take place each year, nearly all occur in the developing world.

Around 47,000 women die and millions more suffer serious injuries from the complications of unsafely performed abortions.
Abortion rates are similar in countries whether abortion is illegal or legal, with evidence suggesting abortion rates may in fact be higher in countries where it is illegal.

Re- gardless, death and injury from unsafe abortion is greatly reduced where abortion is legal for a broad range of indications and where safe abortion is ac- cessible.
(13) Meeting the need for family planning serv- ices and pregnancy-related care, by doubling the cur- rent global investment for both, would prevent mil- lions of needless cases of maternal and newborn deaths and disabilities.
•HR 3206 IH (14) Worldwide, women of childbearing age ac- count for more than half of people living with HIV/ AIDS.
Integrating reproductive health services, in- cluding family planning, with HIV prevention pro- grams, such as those for voluntary counseling and testing and prevention of mother-to-child trans- mission, is essential to effectively combating HIV/ AIDS and other STIs.

(15) The world is witnessing the largest genera- tion of young people in history—almost half of the world’s population, approximately 3,000,000,000 people, are under the age of 25.
Unmet need for sex- ual and reproductive health services is highest among this age cohort.

Fewer than 5 percent of the poorest sexually active youth use modern contracep- tion.

(16) The WHO has identified unsafe sex as the second most important risk factor for disability and death among young people in the world’s poorest communities.

Forty percent of all new adult HIV in- fections occur among young people ages 15–24.
(17) Sixty percent of unsafe abortions in Afri- ca, 42 percent in Latin America and the Caribbean, and 30 percent in Asia are undergone by women under the age of 25.
•HR 3206 IH (18) The WHO has identified a 4-pronged ap- proach to preventing HIV infection in infants, which includes prevention of unintended pregnancy among HIV-infected women as a key strategy to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV.
(19) According to the World Health Organiza- tion, enabling HIV-positive women who want to avoid a pregnancy access to contraceptive services can prevent as many as 160,000 additional HIV- positive births each year in high HIV prevalence countries.

(20) Demographic factors exacerbate problems related to environmental sustainability.

The past century of population growth has put increasing pressure on natural resources as the scale of human needs and activities expands.
At the same time, ac- tual family size in most developing countries remains greater than the desired family size.

Access to family planning services helps couples to determine their own family size, hence mitigating the depletion of natural resources like clean water, air, and land.
(21) Practices like early and forced marriage, female genital mutilation/cutting, and early sexual debut adversely impact the sexual and reproductive health of young people in many developing countries, •HR 3206 IH and strong barriers exist to providing the informa- tion, services, and other forms of support that young people need to lead healthy sexual and reproductive lives.
(22) Comprehensive sexuality education seeks to help young people develop the interpersonal skills necessary for the formation of caring, supportive, and noncoercive relationships and the ability to exer- cise responsibility regarding sexual relationships by addressing such issues as abstinence and the use of condoms, contraceptives, and other protective sexual health measures.
(23) The United Nations has estimated that the minimum financial requirements for sexual and re- productive health, including family planning and ma- ternal health, are roughly $32,700,000,000 in 2013 and increase to approximately $33,000,000,000 in 2015.

The minimum financial requirement for HIV/ AIDS is estimated at $34,700,000,000 in 2013, and increases to $36,200,000,000 in 2015.
As agreed in the International Conference on Population and De- velopment’s Programme of Action, which the United States committed to, developed-country donors are responsible for one-third of the total cost needed per year.
Developing countries are responsible for the re- •HR 3206 IH 10 maining two-thirds, on average, with low income countries requiring a larger share of external fund- ing.
(24) The United States has had a history of supporting and recognizing the fundamental health and human rights of all people through the signing or ratifying of various international agreements.
Those agreements include the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), the International Cov- enant on Civil and Political Rights (1966), the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (1966), the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (1979), the Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989), the International Conference on Popu- lation and Development Programme of Action (1994), the United Nations Millennium Development Goals (2000), and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (2009).
(25) The United States has been the largest donor to international family planning and reproduc- tive health efforts over the last 40 years and has been an unparalleled source of leadership and inno- vation in the field.
Nonetheless, it has not met its fair share of financial assistance to global sexual and •HR 3206 IH 11 reproductive health programs.
Now is the time to shore up the United States political and financial commitment in order to satisfy the large unmet need for these services, thereby helping to improve wom- en’s and young people’s sexual and reproductive health worldwide.
(b) PURPOSES.—The purposes of this Act are to— (1) authorize assistance to improve the sexual and reproductive health of individuals and couples in developing countries; and (2) implement comprehensive sexual and repro- ductive health programs offering a continuum of care that are responsive to the sexual and reproduc- tive health needs of young people and adults.

SEC.

3.

STATEMENT OF POLICY.


The following shall be the policy of the United States Government: (1) All individuals and couples shall have the basic reproductive right to decide freely and respon- sibly the number, spacing, and timing of their chil- dren and shall have the information and means to do so, and the right to attain the highest standard of sexual and reproductive health.
(2) All individuals and couples also shall have the right to make decisions concerning reproduction •HR 3206 IH 12 free of discrimination, coercion, and violence, as ex- pressed in human rights documents.
(3) The promotion of the responsible exercise of these reproductive rights for all people shall be the fundamental basis for sexual and reproductive health programs supported by United States Government assistance.

(4) The principle of free and informed consent must underlie all sexual and reproductive health pro- grams and services.
This principle applies to individ- uals whether they choose to continue or terminate their pregnancies—thus, forced pregnancies as well as forced abortions or sterilizations are prohibited.

Decisions relating to contraceptive use should be made on an informed and voluntary basis after ade- quate information, counseling, and services are pro- vided on a range of methods.
(5) Incentives and disincentives should not be used in family planning programs in order to meet numerical population targets or quotas for fertility goals.

Instead, governments should use other indica- tors, such as unmet needs, to define family planning goals.
(6) In sexual and reproductive health programs funded by the United States Government, special at- •HR 3206 IH 13 tention should be paid to serving the needs of young people.

SEC.

4.
SEC.

4.

ASSISTANCE TO SUPPORT THE ACHIEVEMENT OF UNIVERSAL ACCESS TO SEXUAL AND REPRO- DUCTIVE HEALTH.

(a) ASSISTANCE AUTHORIZED.—The President is au- thorized to provide assistance in order to support the achievement of universal access to sexual and reproductive health in developing countries and to ensure individuals and couples in developing countries can freely and respon- sibly determine the number, timing, and spacing of their children and have the means to do so.
(b) ACTIVITIES SUPPORTED.—Assistance provided under subsection (a) may be used to— (1) expand access to and use of voluntary fam- ily planning information and services, to enable indi- viduals and couples to avoid unintended pregnancies and other risks to sexual and reproductive health, including those associated with pregnancy, reproduc- tive tract infections, and sexually transmitted infec- tions (STIs), including HIV; (2) improve public knowledge of contraceptives, including where methods may be obtained, and risk- reduction strategies, and to promote the benefits of family planning and other sexual and reproductive •HR 3206 IH health care to individuals, families, and commu- nities, including through the use of education and awareness programs, mass media, and community mobilization and outreach; (3) increase the responsiveness of sexual and reproductive health programs to the needs of the in- tended beneficiaries during the entirety of their sex- ual and reproductive lives, including young people and older adults; (4) reduce the incidence of unsafe abortion, in- cluding research on the health consequences of un- safe abortion, and provide for the equipment and training necessary for medical treatment of the con- sequences of unsafe abortions; (5) notwithstanding any other provision of law, provide safe abortion, to the extent permitted by the laws of the recipient country; (6) promote the integration of family planning services in HIV and other STI prevention, treat- ment, care, and support; (7) integrate family planning services with ma- ternal and newborn health care, especially in antenatal, post-partum, and post-abortion care set- tings; •HR 3206 IH VerDate Mar 15 2010 03:49 Oct 01, 2013 Jkt 029200 PO
 00000 Frm 00014 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\H3206.IH H3206 15 (8) ensure the consistent availability and af- fordability of high-quality sexual and reproductive health supplies and services, including male and fe- male condoms, for the prevention of HIV and other STIs; (9) encourage the abandonment of female gen- ital mutilation, early marriage, early childbearing, and other harmful traditional practices that have negative reproductive health consequences; (10) prevent and repair obstetric fistula; (11) promote the constructive engagement of men and boys, the empowerment of women and girls, and more equitable gender norms in order to improve health outcomes and support the adoption of healthy reproductive behaviors; (12) prevent and mitigate gender-based vio- lence; (13) provide comprehensive sexuality education for young people; (14) prevent, diagnose, and treat, where appro- priate, infertility and cancers of the reproductive system and refer as appropriate; (15) develop improved methods of safe and ef- fective contraception and related disease control •HR 3206 IH 16 through investments in biomedical research, with particular emphasis on methods which— (A) are likely to be safer, easier to use, more efficient to make available in developing country settings, and less expensive than cur- rent methods; (B) are controlled by women, including barrier methods and microbicides; (C) are likely to prevent the spread of STIs; and (D) encourage and enable men to take greater responsibility for their own fertility and the protection of their partner; (16) support an enabling environment for women to access sexual and reproductive health care services by working with communities
 to identify and lower or remove barriers to access, including finan- cial, gender, sociocultural, and transportation bar- riers; (17) train health care professionals on edu- cating individuals, including young people, about their sexual and reproductive health care options, in- cluding family planning options; and (18) foster conditions to create favorable policy environments, improve quality, strengthen systems, •HR 3206 IH 17 and contribute to the sustainability of family plan- ning and other reproductive health programs.
SEC.

5.

ASSISTANCE TO REDUCE THE INCIDENCE OF UN- SAFE ABORTION AND ITS CONSEQUENCES.

(a) ASSISTANCE AUTHORIZED.—The President is au- thorized to provide assistance to reduce the incidence of unsafe abortion in developing countries and provide care for women experiencing injury or illness from complica- tions of unsafe abortion in developing countries.
(b) ACTIVITIES SUPPORTED.—Assistance provided under subsection (a) shall be used to— (1) ensure access to family planning services to prevent unintended pregnancies; (2) ensure that women who experience an unin- tended pregnancy have access to reliable information and compassionate counseling on all of their options, including access to antenatal care and safe abortion when permitted by the laws of the recipient country; (3) where local laws permit abortion, support safe abortion services, including referrals, and sup- port the training of abortion providers and the nec- essary equipment and commodities for surgical and medical abortion; and (4) support emergency treatment for complica- tions of induced or spontaneous abortion, including •HR 3206 IH 18 provision of services and training and equipping of providers.
(c) ELIGIBILITY FOR ASSISTANCE.—Notwithstanding any other provision of law, regulation, or policy, in deter- mining eligibility for assistance authorized under this sec- tion, sections 104, 104A, 104B, and 104C of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C.
2151b, 2151b–2, 2151b–3, and 2151b–4), foreign nongovernmental organi- zations— (1) shall not be ineligible for such assistance solely on the basis of health or medical services, in- cluding counseling and referral services, provided by such organizations with non-United States Govern- ment funds if such services are permitted in the country in which they are being provided and would not violate United States Federal law if provided in the United States; and (2) shall not be subject to requirements relating to the use of non-United States Government funds for advocacy and lobbying activities other than those that apply to United States nongovernmental organi- zations receiving assistance under part I of the For- eign Assistance Act of 1961.
•HR 3206 IH 19 SEC.

6.

ASSISTANCE TO PROVIDE SEXUAL AND REPRODUC- TIVE HEALTH SERVICES DURING EMER- GENCY SITUATIONS.
(a) ASSISTANCE AUTHORIZED.—The President is au- thorized to provide assistance, including through inter- national organizations, national governments, and inter- national and local nongovernmental organizations, to en- sure that sexual and reproductive health services are pro- vided in developing countries at every phase of a humani- tarian emergency, including early recovery.
(b) PRIORITY.—In providing assistance authorized under subsection (a), the President shall give priority to— (1) those reproductive health services that are essential in emergencies, whether they are conflict or natural disaster settings, to save lives and help sur- vivors fulfill their potential even under the most dif- ficult circumstances; and (2) building local capacity and improving na- tional systems whenever possible during displace- ment and early recovery.
(c) ACTIVITIES SUPPORTED.—Assistance provided under subsection (a) shall be used to— (1) direct the Secretary of State and the Ad- ministrator of the United States Agency for Inter- national Development to implement the Minimum Initial Services Package (MISP), a set of life-saving 26 •HR 3206 IH 20 priority activities that must be put in place in the earliest days of an emergency and that is set out in the Sphere Project’s Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Disaster Response; (2) among other activities, establish critical re- productive health coordination mechanisms, prevent sexual violence and assist survivors by providing es- sential medical care including psychosocial services, prevent transmission of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs), ensure access to emergency obstetric and newborn care, to contracep- tive methods, and to treatment of STIs, continue antiretroviral treatment, and lay the groundwork for comprehensive reproductive health care; and (3) as soon as conditions permit, ensure that comprehensive reproductive health care programs, including comprehensive family planning, are put in place for the duration of displacement and are main- tained as the relief phase ends and communities transition to early recovery.
(d) COORDINATION.—Assistance authorized under subsection (a) shall be coordinated in terms of policy, practice, and funding across and within relevant United States Government departments and agencies involved in emergency situations.
•HR 3206 IH 21 SEC.

7.

ASSISTANCE TO PROMOTE SEXUAL AND REPRODUC- TIVE HEALTH CARE FOR YOUNG PEOPLE.

(a) ASSISTANCE AUTHORIZED.—The President is au- thorized to provide assistance to ensure access to sexual and reproductive health care for young people in devel- oping countries.
(b) PRIORITY.—In providing assistance authorized under subsection (a), the President shall prioritize a plan to increase comprehensive knowledge about sexuality among young people and improve sexual and reproductive health outcomes among young people, while improving co- ordination and implementation of host country and United States Government activities focused on adolescent and youth sexual and reproductive health.
(c) ACTIVITIES SUPPORTED.—Assistance provided under subsection (a) shall be used, among other things, 17 to— (1) provide universal and affordable access to— (A) evidence-based comprehensive sexuality education and reproductive health education, in consultation with local communities, in and out- side schools to ensure young people can delay sexual debut and make informed decisions about their sexual and reproductive health; and •HR 3206 IH (B) youth-friendly comprehensive sexual and reproductive health care, including activi- ties described in section 4(b), as appropriate; (2) coordinate the achievement of the goals of sexual and reproductive health programming for young people in United States Government-funded programs; (3) educate implementers on best practices in adolescent and youth programming and delivery and for effective dissemination of policy guidelines re- garding adolescent and youth programming; and (4) incorporate the recommendations of young people in program design and service delivery ori- ented for young people.
SEC.

8.

STRATEGY TO INTEGRATE AND LINK SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH SERVICES.

(a) STRATEGY REQUIRED.— (1) IN GENERAL.—The President shall develop and implement a strategy to improve and create linkages among the various components of sexual and reproductive health with each other and with other global health care services, delivery, and poli- cies in order to meet the goal described in paragraph (2).
•HR 3206 IH 23 (2) GOAL DESCRIBED.—The goal of better link- ages and integration referred to in paragraph (1) is to ensure that individual men and women are pro- vided with a continuum of sexual and reproductive health services that meet their needs.
Integration does not require that all of these services should be provided by the same clinician or even in the same setting; rather, there should be a mechanism in place, so that every person has access to the sexual and reproductive health services he or she needs, ei- ther directly or by referral.
(b) ELEMENTS.—The strategy required by subsection (a) shall include the following: (1) In general, at the program level, supporting health systems to link the various components of sexual and reproductive health services both in terms of health system management, such as integrating commodity and supply systems, training, super- vision, data collection and analysis, and service pro- vision, to ensure that people have access to a full range of services in their community.
(2) In general, such services should include pre- vention of ill-health, provision of information and counseling, screening, diagnosis and curative care •HR 3206 IH 24 and referral for a full range of sexual and reproduc- tive health and other health and social services.
(3) With respect to linkages and program inte- gration of sexual and reproductive health services, such services shall include activities described in sec- tion 4(b).
(4) With respect to linkages of sexual and re- productive health services with other global health services, such services shall include— (A) counseling about and referrals to other related health services such as addressing new- born, infant, and child health (including edu- cating families about proper antenatal and de- livery care, breastfeeding, hygiene, and inter- ventions for neonatal infections and life-threat- ening childhood illnesses), malaria, tuberculosis, neglected tropical diseases, and proper nutrition for all ages; and (B) referrals to nearby quality services that cannot be provided by the primary provider and other social services.
SEC.

9.

COORDINATION; RESEARCH, MONITORING, AND EVALUATION.
(a) COORDINATION.—Assistance authorized under this Act shall promote coordination between and among •HR 3206 IH 25 donors, the private sector, nongovernmental and civil soci- ety organizations, and governments in order to support comprehensive and responsive sexual and reproductive health programs in developing countries.
(b) RESEARCH, MONITORING, AND EVALUATION.— (1) IN GENERAL.—Assistance authorized under this Act shall be used for the conduct of formative research and to monitor and evaluate the effective- ness and efficiency of programs.
(2) REQUIREMENTS.—In carrying out para- graph (1), the President shall ensure that there is— (A) support for formative research on the determinants of accessing sexual and reproduc- tive health products and services, and adopting healthy behaviors related to sexuality and re- production, to inform program design; (B) support for the ongoing, regular, and systematic collection of information to serve as the basis for monitoring change in population- based outcomes; (C) support for evaluations of pro- grammatic effectiveness by measuring the ex- tent to which change in population-based out- comes can be attributed to program interven- tions or environmental factors; •HR 3206 IH 26 (D) support for operations research that uses appropriate scientific methods to compare different interventions with the objective of in- creasing the efficiency, effectiveness, and qual- ity of programs; (E) support for field research on the char- acteristics of programs most likely to result in sustained use of effective family planning in meeting each individual’s lifetime reproductive goals, with particular emphasis on the perspec- tives of family planning users, including support for relevant social and behavioral research fo- cusing on such factors as the use, nonuse, and unsafe or ineffective use of various contracep- tive and related-disease control methods; and (F) support for the development of new evaluation techniques and performance criteria for sexual and reproductive health programs, emphasizing the user’s perspective and repro- ductive goals.
SEC.

10.

DEFINITIONS.

In this Act: (1) ADOLESCENT.—The term ‘‘adolescent’’ means an individual who has attained the age of 10 years but not 20 years.
•HR 3206 IH 27 (2) COMPREHENSIVE SEXUALITY EDUCATION.— The term ‘‘comprehensive sexuality education’’ means helping young people develop the inter- personal skills necessary for the formation of caring, supportive, and non-coercive relationships and the ability to exercise responsibility regarding sexual re- lationships by addressing such issues as sexual di- versity, abstinence, and the use of condoms, contra- ceptives, and other protective sexual health meas- ures.
(3) INTEGRATION.—The term ‘‘integration’’ means joining together different kinds of services or operational programs, either directly or by referral, to ensure more comprehensive services, promote a continuum of care, and to maximize health out- comes.
(4) LINKAGES.—The term ‘‘linkages’’ means— (A) the bi-directional synergies in policy, programs, services, and advocacy related to sex- ual and reproductive health, including HIV/ AIDS; and (B) refers to a broader human rights based approach, of which service integration is a sub- set.
•HR 3206 IH 28 (5) REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH.—The term ‘‘re- productive health’’— (A) means a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, in all mat- ters relating to the reproductive system and to its functions and processes; and (B) implies that an individual is able to have a satisfying and safe sex life and that such individual has the capability to reproduce and the freedom to decide if, when, and how often to do so, including the right of men and women to be informed and to have access to safe, effec- tive, affordable, and acceptable methods of fam- ily planning of their choice, as well as other methods of their choice for regulation of fer- tility which are not against the law, and the right of access to appropriate health care serv- ices that will enable women to go safely through pregnancy and childbirth and provide couples with the best chance of having a healthy infant.
(6) REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS.—The term ‘‘repro- ductive rights’’— (A) means those rights that embrace cer- tain human rights that are already recognized •HR 3206 IH 29 in national laws, international human rights documents, and other consensus documents; (B) includes the recognition of the basic right of all couples and individuals to decide freely and responsibly the number, spacing, and timing of their children and to have the infor- mation and means to do so, and the right to at- tain the highest standard of sexual and repro- ductive health; and (C) further includes the right of all couples and individuals to make decisions concerning reproduction free of discrimination, coercion, and violence, as expressed in human rights doc- uments.
(7) SEXUAL HEALTH.—The term ‘‘sexual health’’— (A) means a state of physical, emotional, mental, and social well-being in relation to sex- uality and not merely the absence of disease, dysfunction, or infirmity; (B) includes a positive and respectful ap- proach to sexuality and sexual relationships, as well as the possibility of having pleasurable and safe sexual experiences, free of coercion, dis- crimination, and violence; and •HR 3206 IH 30 (C) further includes the sexual rights of all persons to be respected, protected, and fulfilled.
(8) UNMET NEED.—The term ‘‘unmet need’’ refers to nonuse of a modern contraceptive method by an individual who is married or unmarried and sexually active, is able to become pregnant, and wants to stop childbearing or to wait at least 2 years before having a child.

(9) YOUNG PEOPLE.—The term ‘‘young people’’ means those individuals who have attained the age of 10 years but not 25 years.

(10) YOUTH.—The term ‘‘youth’’ means an in- dividual who has attained the age of 15 years but not 25 years.
•HR 3206 IH