Source document: https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696591194921.pdf (Vanuatu)
Contents List of Figures and Tables 2 Figures 2 Tables 3 Young people in Vanuatu: An analysis of the situation of young people from the 2009 Population and Housing Census Government Statistician Simil Johnson Preface 5 Senior Statistician Benuel Lenge Foreword 6 Acronyms 7 Authors and contributors Key findings 8 About this Monograph 11 Outline of the monograph 13 Chapter One: Young people in the total population 14 Chapter Two: Outline of the youth transition 16 Chapter Three: Where young people live 23 Chapter Four: Health status of young people 26 Chapter Five: Literacy and educational attainment of young people 33 Chapter Six: Young People with and without Work 36 Statistician Jimmy Tamkela Assistant Statistician Melanie Nalau Statistician Andy Calo UNFPA Consultant Richard Curtain Vanuatu National Statistics Office (VNSO) Chapter Seven: Young people’s access to information & communication 50 Conclusion 53 Attachment 1: Statistical Tables 54 Attachment 2: Occupational profile of young people 59 References 66 Glossary 67 Glossary 68 Private Mail Bag 9019 PORT VILA Vanuatu Tel: (678) 22110/22111 Fax: (678) 24583 www.vnso.gov.vu Email: stats@vanuatu gov vu Publish August 2012.
1 Youth Monograph: Young people in Vanuatu list of Figures and Tables FIGURES Page Figure 1: Population pyramid by five-year age group and sex, 1999 and 2009 15 Figure 2: Proportions of young people who have left school, Vanuatu: 2009 16 Figure 3: Proportions of young people who do not live with their biological mother, by single years of age and sex, Vanuatu: 2009 17 Figure 4: Never married population in rural areas, by age and sex, Vanuatu: 2009.
18 Figure 5: Never married population in urban areas, by age and sex, Vanuatu: 2009.

18 Figure 6: Mean age at first marriage by sex and province, Vanuatu: 2009.

19 Figure 7: Legally married teenage population, Vanuatu: 2009.

20 Figure 8: Female population age 15-30 years who have ever given birth, Vanuatu: 2009.

21 Figure 9: Proportions of men and women living elsewhere than their birthplace, Vanuatu: 2009.
24 Figure 10: New residents of Port Vila by age group, 2004-2009 24 Figure 11: Proportions of men and women aged 15 years and over smoking cigarettes, Vanuatu: 2009.

27 Figure 12: Proportions of men and women aged 15 years and over consuming alcohol, Vanuatu: 2009.

27 Figure 13: Proportions of men and women aged 15 years and over consuming Kava, Vanuatu: 2009.

28 Figure 14: Adolescent fertility rate (number of births per 1,000 women aged 15-19 years), Vanuatu: 2007-2009.
29 Figure 15: Proportions of young mothers with some level of education attained by age 15-19, Vanuatu: 2009.

30 Figure 16: Number of young people (10-29 years) in Vanuatu with severe and some disability, by province, Vanuatu: 2009.

32 Figure 17: Adult and youth literacy by sex, Vanuatu: 2009.

34 Figure 18: Young people aged 15-24 years with some primary education, Vanuatu: 2009.

35 Youth Monograph: Young people in Vanuatu 2 3 Figure 19: Distribution of Internet users aged 15-29 years, Vanuatu: 2009.
51 Figure 20: ICT related assets owned by households, by urban/rural, Vanuatu, 2009.

52 TABLES Page Table 1: Young people age 10-29 years by sex, Vanuatu: 2009.

14 Table 2: Young people by single age and sex, Vanuatu: 2009.

15 Table 3: Young people 10-29 years by religious affiliation, Vanuatu: 2009.

21 Table 4: Proportions of young men and women in urban and rural areas who smoked cigarettes in the week before the census, Vanuatu: 2009.
26 Table 5: Proportions of young men and women in urban and rural areas who drank alcohol in the week before the census, Vanuatu: 2009.

27 Table 6: Proportions of young men and women in urban and rural areas who drank kava in the week before the census, Vanuatu: 2009 28 Table 7: Prevalence of disability for young people aged 10-29 years, Vanuatu: 2009.

30 Table 8: Numbers of young people with a disability, by age groups and sex, Vanuatu: 2009.

31 Table 9: Economic status of young people, Vanuatu: 2009.
37 Table 10: Cash & non-cash work performed by young people Vanuatu: 2009.

38 Table 11; Percentage of young people by type of paid work and age group, Vanuatu: 2009.

38 Table 12: Percentage of young people in work or in education, Vanuatu: 2009 39 Table 13: Percentage of young men and women by economic status in urban areas, Vanuatu: 2009.
40 Table 14 : Main occupations held by young people in urban and rural areas, Vanuatu: 2009 43 Table 15: Occupations in rural areas with high share of young women aged 15-29 years, Vanuatu: 2009.

44 Table 16: Occupations in urban areas with high share of young women aged 15-29 years, Vanuatu: 2009.

45 2 3 Youth Monograph: Young people in Vanuatu Table 17: Top 10 occupations of young people aged 15-29 years, Vanuatu: 2009.

46 Table 18: Top 10 urban occupations of young people 15-29 years, Vanuatu: 2009.
47 Table 19: Top 10 rural occupations for young people 15-29 years, Vanuatu: 2009.

47 Table 20: Top 15 occupations with the largest share of young people aged 15-29 years, rural and urban, Vanuatu: 2009.

48 Table 21: Internet users aged 15-29 years by sex, urban / rural and province, Vanuatu: 2009.

51 Table 22: ICT related occupation and youth percentage shared 52 Table 23: Distribution of young males by marital status, by single years of age, Vanuatu: 2009.
54 Table 24: Distribution of young females by marital status, by single years of age, Vanuatu: 2009.

55 Table 25: Percentage never married population by urban and rural, age and sex Vanuatu: 2009 55 Table 26: Females who have ever given birth by single years (15-30 years), Vanuatu: 2009.
56 Table 27: Young people age 15-30 years who smoked cigarettes in the last week, by single years of age and sex, Vanuatu: 2009 56 Table 28: Young people age 15-30 years who consumed alcohol in the last week, by single years of age and sex, Vanuatu: 2009 57 Table 29: Young people age 15-30 years who consumed Kava in the last week, by single years of age and sex, Vanuatu: 2009 57 Table 30: Population by usual place of residence five years ago, by age and sex, Vanuatu: 2009.
58 Table 31: Young people age 15-24 years who have not completed primary education, by sex, Vanuatu: 2009.

58 Table 32: Young people age 15-29 who have never attended school, by age and sex, Vanuatu: 2009.

58 Table 33: Top 15 occupations of rural young people aged 15-19 years, by sex, Vanuatu: 2009.

59 Table 34: Top 15 occupations of rural young people aged 20-24 years, by sex, Vanuatu: 2009.

60 Table 35: Top 15 occupations of rural young people aged 25-29 years, by sex, Vanuatu: 2009.
60 Table 36: Top 15 occupation of urban young people aged 15-19 years, by sex, Vanuatu: 2009.

61 Table 37: Top 15 occupations of urban young people aged 20-24 years, by sex, Vanuatu: 2009.

61 Table 38: Top 15 occupations of urban young people aged 25-29 years, by sex, Vanuatu: 2009.

62 Table 39: Top 50 occupations of urban young people aged 15-29 years, Vanuatu: 2009 62 Table 40: Top 50 occupations of rural young people aged 15-29 years, Vanuatu: 2009.
64 Youth Monograph: Young people in Vanuatu 4 5 Preface he population and housing census is a rich their contribution to economic and social development in source of data for in-depth analysis.

Collecting Vanuatu.
From a personal view, I am very proud to be able information on all people and the household to present this publication to you This is the second time we they live in provides the possibility to compare a wide have attempted a publication of this type in Vanuatu (first range of characteristics as in all areas of official government being the Gender Monograph) and I am very impressed with statistics Young People in Vanuatu the quality of the end product T presents an analysis of the 2009 I would like to take this opportunity to sincerely acknowledge Vanuatu Population and Housing Census results from a young people perspective.
It is aimed at government officials and decision-makers in Vanuatu, providing crucial evidence to the United Nation Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and the valuable contributions and support of the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) in committing itself to this initiative My design youth-sensitive policies and programmes and monitor sincere gratitude for the important contribution of Richard their effectiveness It is an important addition to a series of Curtain who was the Technical Consultant to this report I publications from the 2009 population and housing census also want to acknowledge the excellent effort of my staff It complements the other products - National Population and who committed their time to making this report a reality, Housing Census: Basic Tables Report (Volume 1), Analytical particularly Jimmy Tamkela, Melanie Nalau, Andy Calo and Report (Volume 2) and the Gender Monograph Report – all other VNSO staff who contributed in one way or another published by the Vanuatu National Statistics Office.
Finally, I would like to extend my appreciation to the young This report is written for a broad audience, including people people of Vanuatu who participated in the census, for without who have no experience in using statistics It presents key them, this publication would not have been possible.
findings with clear explanations to help readers interpret the data and understand its limitations It should serve as a useful resource for anyone interested in young people and Government Statistician Simil Johnson Vanuatu National Statistics Office May 2012 4 5 Youth Monograph: Young people in Vanuatu Foreword t is a pleasure to introduce this report; “Young People I would like to take this opportunity to acknowledge with in Vanuatu” based on the results from our 5th National sincere gratitude the contribution of the Vanuatu Government Population and Housing Census, conducted in 2009. to this project, the United Nation Children’s Fund (UNICEF) This report complements other published reports already and the valuable contributions and support of the United such as the 2009 National Population and Housing Census: Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) who provided the Basic Tables Report (Volume 1); the Analytical Report technical assistance for this report (Volume 2) and the Gender Monograph (Women and Men in Vanuatu), all providing detailed information and analysis of I the census results This report differs from earlier reports in that it focuses on It is also worth reiterating the value of the support of the people of Vanuatu for their cooperation in completing the census itself and to the others involved in assisting with the design, collection, processing and dissemination of the youth issues, exploring the realities between young men and census results women in relation to their social and economic status in their society To the staff of the National Statistics Office, I would like to commend your contributions to this publication I am very It is the first time such a report has been prepared for Vanuatu satisfied to see the special efforts being made to ensure that and it has been written for a broad audience, including people results from the census are widely used who may have no experience at all in using statistics As well of being of general interest, it is expected that the report will be of value to decision makers and government officials.
I urge all recipients of this report to fully utilise it to enable sound decision and policy making in regards to the young people in Vanuatu Minister of Finance and Economic Management Honourable Moana Carcasses Calosil Republic of Vanuatu May 2012 Youth Monograph: Young people in Vanuatu 6 7 Acronyms sF r Age Specific Fertility Rate asPB aE Asia South Pacific Association for Basic and Adult Education DyDT ICT aIsC o MDGs NEET NyP oECD rsE sPC UN Department of youth Development and Training nformation and Communication Technology International Standard Classification of Occupation Millennium Development Goals Not in Employment, Education or Training National Youth Policy Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development Recognized Seasonal Employees Secretariat of the Pacific Community United Nations UNFPa United Nations Population Fund UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund VEMIs VEPaC VNso Vanuatu Education Management Information System Vanuatu Education Policy Advocacy Coalition Vanuatu National Statistics Office 6 7 Youth Monograph: Young people in Vanuatu Key findings Young people in the population By age 30, only just over one-in-ten women (13%) are • Young people, defined using a broad age grouping of 10- single, nearly two-thirds legally married, one-in-five are 30 years, account for about two-in-five people (39%) of in a de-facto relationship and 3% are divorced, separated Vanuatu’s total population or widowed • The age group of 12-30 years is used in official youth • Young men on the other hand are much less likely to be policy and accounts for 80,132 young people, or over one married by 30.
By age 19, over nine out of ten (93%) third of Vanuatu’s total population • Young people in the narrower age group of 15-24 years number almost one-in-five in the total population (19%).

• Young people aged 15-24 years account for just over one- third (34%) of the working age population aged 15 years and above Youth transition young men are still single, and by age 30, over one in six (17%) are still single with over half (57%) married, and a quarter (25%) in a de-facto relationship.
• Young women and men living in urban areas are more likely to delay getting married or entering a de-facto relationship • Young women in rural areas are more likely to married at a young age.

Half of 20-24 year old women in urban areas are single compared with 40% in rural areas.
• A young person’s success or failure in their youth • For young men aged 20-24 years, just over two thirds transition will have a strong impact on their later life (68%) in rural areas are single compared with just over outcomes three quarters (76%) in urban areas.

• Most young people aged 12-30 years in Vanuatu have Migration been to school (94%).

• Many young people are now staying on in school in their teenage years, with half of 17 year-olds still in school.
However, the age at which a young person leaves school • The main movements of young people are from rural to urban areas to take advantage of better education and employment opportunities is different for urban and rural areas • Migration from one rural area to another rural area is • Marriage is an important step in the youth transition.

For women by age 17, nine-out-of-ten are single, 6% are in de-facto relationships and only 3% are legally married.
Youth Monograph: Young people in Vanuatu 8 also common, especially for young women moving to the home island of their spouse 9 Health • Near to one-in-ten young people have not gone to school, • Many young people in their late teenage years and in the overall rate for 15-29 year-olds is 9%.

their twenties are smoking, consuming alcohol and other • The main activity of the largest group of urban 15-19 drugs such as kava, and engage in high-risk sex.
year-olds is being a student (55% for males and 58% for • The proportion of young teenagers aged 15, 16 and 17 females) years who have ever given birth is low, but rises to 12% • For 20-24 year-olds, only 16% of young men and 13% of for 18 year-olds and 20% for 19 year-olds.
young women are still engaged in education • The Age Specific Fertility Rate (ASFR) of women age (15- 1 19 years) has reduced significantly since 1999, from 92 to 66 • By age 25-29 years, few are still in education (3% and 2% respectively) Young people ‘in productive work’ • The provinces of Torba, Sanma and Malampa have the highest share of teenage mothers, nearly one-in-six • The main activity for most young people is producing young women aged 15-19 years in Torba (14%) have goods for own consumption This activity accounts for given birth • Teenage pregnancy is strongly associated with a low level of education attainment • Disability affects access to schooling.
More young people aged 10-29 years with a disability have never been to school than young people without a disability Education • Most young people in the 15-19 year age group in November 2009 are still students • Nearly a third of the 15-19 year-old students are still in primary school (31%).
Most are in secondary school (62%) with some attending vocational education or tertiary studies (7%) • In Vanuatu, the proportion of young people aged 25- 29 years with at least upper secondary education or a vocational certificate is 19% or almost one-in-five.
just over one-in-five (21%) young people aged 15-19 years, for over two-in-seven (28%) of 20-24 year-olds and for three-in-ten (31%) of young people aged 25-29 years • Producing goods for sale is the main activity of between 5% and 7% of each age group of young people.

Unpaid family work is the main activity of about one-in-twenty young people in each age group Young people in paid employment • Few 15-19 year-olds are in paid work, less than one-in- ten (9%).
The largest group are employees in the private sector (5%).

Less than 1% of young people in this age group are employed by the government, or are employers themselves.

Some 2% are self-employed.


• In the 20-24 age group, just under one-in-four (23%) are in a paid job The largest group are employees in the private sector (16%), with the public sector employing only 3%, which is the same proportion as the self- employed 1 ASFR for 1999 (92) was calculated using the ‘Brass P/F’ method while • In the 25-29 age group, nearly three-in-ten (28%) are in the 2009 (66) was define using the ‘Own-Children’ technique.
paid employment, with near to one-in-five (18%) in the 8 9 Youth Monograph: Young people in Vanuatu private sector, one-in-twenty (5%) in the government • In the 25-29 age groups, more young men are employed and just under one-in-twenty (4%) in self-employment.

than women (72% compared with 52%).

Young people in this age group who are employers account for only 1%.
Neither in work or in education • Just under one-in-six (15%) of 15-19 year-olds are neither in education nor in work • In the 20-24 and 25-29 year age groups more women than men are in the ‘neither in work nor in education’ category Youth share of occupations • In urban areas, the main occupations with a large share • Most of this group of young people want work (7% of of young people are: elementary workers; salespersons; all 15-19 year-olds).
This includes both those who are subsistence, mixed crop and livestock farmers; field actively looking for work and those who are discouraged crop and vegetable growers; agriculture machinery job seekers who have given up looking for work as they mechanics and repairers; clerical officers; those engaged ‘believe no work is available’ in community security and religious activities; bakers; • Full-time homemakers account for 3% of the 15-19 year- olds, with 5% saying that either they didn’t want to work, were disabled or were otherwise not able to work bank officers and market sellers.
Young people’s access to information & communication • For 20-24 year-olds, some 8% want to work, almost one- • Almost one-in-six (16%) young people aged 15-29 years in-six (16%) are homemakers and 5%, either didn’t want to work, were disabled or were otherwise not able to in urban areas used the Internet in the week before the census, while only 3% of young people aged 15-29 years work in rural areas used the Internet • For 25-29 year-olds, 5% wanted work, 18% said they • Young people in rural areas are being left behind in are full-time homemakers and 3% said either they didn’t want to work, were disabled or were otherwise not able to work Urban young people in paid employment the technology revolution, due to the high costs of establishing infrastructure and a lack of skills ICT-related occupations • Over half (53%) of young men aged 20-24 years are in • Only 275 people are in jobs working with information and communication technologies Half of these are young work but only 43% of young women are in work.
people aged 15-29 years.

Youth Monograph: Young people in Vanuatu 10 11 about this Monograph his report is the second in a series which provide Vision of the National Youth Policy an in-depth look at the 2009 census on a specific topic The aim of the census monograph series The young people of Vanuatu use is to present the census results in a way that can be easily their energies in constructive ways, understood by people with a limited experience in using availing themselves of traditional and statistics.
The first monograph in this series is called: Women religious values, along with modern and Men in Vanuatu: Gender analysis of the 2009 Population and Housing Census T The focus of this monograph is on young people with particular attention to the changes they are going through, technologies, in support of the national’s socio-economic development and their financial, physical, social, spiritual and family needs.
using data from the 2009 population census It makes use of already published data and a range of special tabulations produced for this monograph There is also some reference to international data which is provided to enable the Therefore the youth age subgroups used in the analysis are: information on Vanuatu to be seen in a regional and global 10-14, 15-19, 20-24 and 25-29 years.

However, a number of context How are young people defined in terms of age?
census questions were only asked of those persons aged 15 years and over This means that analysis of a number of issues such as education attainment, teenage pregnancy, use of alcohol, kava & smoking, use of the Internet and employment The term ‘young people’ is preferred rather than the term and unemployment is limited to the age range 15-29 years.
‘youth’ or ‘youths’ except where it is used to describe another National youth priorities word or concept as in ‘youth population’ The focus of this monograph is on the youth population ranging from 10 to The general policy directives of the current National Youth 30 years.

Vanuatu’s National Youth Policy defines the youth Policy of Vanuatu cover the period 2007 to 2011 The policy population as those between 12 and 30 years old The is currently being revised.
The focus of the 2007-2011 policy Government’s adolescent health and development focus has been on mapping youth activities and establishing defines early adolescence as ages 10-14 years.

a national youth data base; strengthening institutional 10 11 Youth Monograph: Young people in Vanuatu capacity, strengthening partnership for youth training youth health more generally and youth contributions to their and development, and promoting youth development community, province and the nation.

and employment.
In relation to the latter, focus has been on nurturing sustainable livelihoods; building stronger communities and families; and in fostering youth identities based on cultural heritage as well as tolerance for ethnic diversity The youth Millennium Development Goals Another set of important reference points for the following analysis are the youth-oriented Millennium Development Goals These are as part of Goal 1: achieving full and productive employment and decent work for young men and In keeping with the focus of the national youth policy, this monograph makes extensive use of the concept of a youth transition This refers to the distinct stage in life that most young people go through This transition involves dealing with a series of changes in moving from one fairly stable life 2 stage, childhood, to another fairly stable stage, adulthood.
These changes which most young people have to negotiate include: leaving school, leaving the parental home and finding a place to live, finding work or a reliable livelihood, managing 3 new health risks and taking part in the political system women; Goal 2: on ensuring that children complete their However, it is important to recognise that not all young people primary schooling, and Goal 3: eliminating gender disparity are the same A person’s characteristics and background will at all levels of education Goal 5: improving maternal health affect what actual changes they go through and how well by reducing the maternal mortality rate and universal access they can overcome any obstacles they encounter Whether a to reproductive health is vital to young mothers in particular young person is male or female, is from a well-off or poor Goal 6: on combating HIV & AIDS, malaria and other diseases is also highly relevant to young people, in particular household, or is living in a rural or urban area will make a 4 Other sources of prior advantage/disadvantage difference preventing HIV & AIDS and assisting those have the ailment include whether a young person is literate or not, the extent However, the census results can only provide data which has HIV & AIDS or is physically or mentally disabled and quality of their formal education and whether he or she address three of these issues: • Literacy rate of 15-24 year-olds, women and men; These differences in personal characteristics and social situations will expand or narrow the range of opportunities • Ratios of males to females in primary, secondary and a young person has available to him or her tertiary education; and the • Adolescent birth rate.
Challenges faced by young people A young person’s success or failure in their youth transition will have a strong impact on their later life outcomes In general, however, the poorer and less educated a young person, the greater the barriers he or she faces and the Vanuatu’s National Youth Policy identifies the challenges more difficult the transition to adulthood is for them.
From and opportunities young people have in Vanuatu These are: a youth transition perspective, it is the role of governments, youth employment, underemployment, and unemployment; communities and other organisations to help build the factors causing malnutrition, reproductive and sexual health, Youth Monograph: Young people in Vanuatu 12 13 resilience of young people so they can overcome the obstacles health status of young people, including adolescent births they face and to achieve socially productive outcomes in life and disability Data are presented on youth disability by Outline of the monograph province and access to education for the disabled Chapter One presents information on the number of young people in the total population, including a measure of the youth bulge, differences between the sexes, and young people in urban and rural areas It also includes a comparison of Vanuatu’s youth share of the population with other countries in the region Chapter Two provides an outline of the youth transition, showing the ages at which young people leave school, the proportion of young people who have never attended school or leave school early Information is also presented on estimated age of leaving the parental home, age at entering new personal relationships, estimated age at marriage or being in de-facto relationship, and when a woman gave birth to her first child.
A key economic milestone is also noted in Chapter Five focuses on literacy and educational attainment of young people It covers upper secondary education attainment, tertiary education attainment, and those who have never been to school Also presented are estimates of those young people who are at high-risk of illiteracy.
Chapter Six provides detailed information about young people working and those not working The information relates to young people “in work” as defined by the census and those in paid employment New information is presented about young people who are neither “in work” nor in education Data are also presented on those who are potentially discouraged job seekers, young people and work overseas, the major jobs held by young people, identifying skills young people should be acquiring, and the youth share of occupations.
More information on the occupations of young people is available terms of age when most young people are in employment or in Attachment 2 have a secure livelihood.
The religious affiliations of young people compared with older generations are also discussed The final chapter (Chapter Seven) focuses on young people’s Chapter Three presents data on where young people live and migrate in terms of their birth place, where they lived five years ago and where they now live access to information and communication Data are presented on young people’s use of the Internet, and access to mobile phones and other communication media Also discussed are seven ICT-related occupations, and the youth share of Chapter Four discusses the available census data on the employment in these jobs Growing Up Global: The Changing Transitions to 2 Adulthood in Developing Countries.
Lloyd, C (editor); 2005, Committee on Population Board on Children, Youth, and Families Division of Behavioural and Social Sciences and Education, US National Research Council & Institute of Medicine of the National Academies.

Washington, USA, pp 24-27.

3 World Bank.

2006, World Development Report 2007: Development and the Next Generation, pp 5-15.
4 See UNICEF Pacific & Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC), 2011, The State of Pacific Youth Report 2011 www.unicef.org/eapro/State_of_the_Pacific_Youth_Report_web.pdf 12 13 Youth Monograph: Young people in Vanuatu CHAPTER ONE young people in the total population he two key age groups defining youth are 12- remained virtually same.

However, the size of Vanuatu’s 30 and 15-24 years of age.
The youth share of youth population will increase greatly in the next ten years the population is defined by Vanuatu’s National The number of 10-19 year-olds will increase from 51,803 Youth Policy as covering the age span of 12 to 30 years of to around 63,000, based on the current size of the two age.
An alternative, narrower age grouping of 15 to 24 year youngest age groups Young people in the narrower age olds is also widely used by the UN and regional agencies such group aged 15-24 years number almost one-in-five in the as the Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC) to make comparisons between countries YOUNg PEOPlE AgE 10-29 YEARS BY SEx, VANUATU: 2009 T TaBlE 1 AGE GROUP 10 - 14 15 - 19 20 - 24 25 - 29 MALES FEMALES TOTAL 14,762 12,027 10,415 9,124 13,159 11,855 11,126 9,291 27,921 23,882 21,541 18,415 total population (19%).
A measure of the youth bulge A useful indicator of young people’s position in the economy is their share of the adult workforce aged 15-24 years.
This measure highlights the pressure that a large ‘youth bulge’ can place on the labour market to generate sufficient jobs to meet the expectations of job seekers or the pressure on education and training facilities in the young age If the working age population is taken to be 15 to 55 years (the age of retirement for government employment), then young people aged 15- 24 years account for over one-in-three of the working-age Several things stand out about the age and sex profile of population (37%).
Using a broader working age definition of Vanuatu’s youth population in five-year age groups.

Young 15-64 years, young people aged 15-24 years account for over people defined as a broader youth age grouping of 10-30 one third (34%) of the working age population.

years account for almost two-in-five people in Vanuatu’s Differences between the sexes total population (39%).
The official youth age group of 12-30 years accounts for 80,132 young people, which is just over one third of Vanuatu’s total population recorded in the 2009 census Males outnumber females in the 10-14 age groups by a considerable margin While the number of males to females in the 15-19 age group is only slightly in favour of males, this changes for the 20-24 age group where young women Compared with 1999, (refer to Figure 1), the share of outnumber the young men.
In the 25-29 age group females young people aged 15-30 years in the total population has only slightly outnumber males Youth Monograph: Young people in Vanuatu 14 15 s p u o r G e g a 80+ 75 – 79 70 – 74 65 – 69 60 – 64 55 – 59 50 – 54 45 – 49 40 – 44 35 – 39 30 – 34 25 – 29 20 – 24 15 – 19 10 – 14 5 – 9 0 – 4 MALES 1999 2009 FEMALES 1999 2009 20,000 16,000 12,000 8,000 4,000 0 4,000 8,000 12,000 16,000 20,000 Number of People Figure 1: Population pyramid by five-year age group and sex, 1999 and 2009.
TaBlE 2 AGE (YEARS) yoUNG PEoPlE By sINGlE aGE aND SEx, VANUATU: 2009 The slightly smaller number of males in the age group when young people are most mobile suggests that many young men MALES FEMALES TOTAL in this age group were not counted in the census The reasons TOTAL 40,036 40,096 80,132 could be to do with being resident overseas for study or work This could be due to living together in informal households that were difficult to identify and be counted in the census.
Or as transients, they are less likely to be recorded as normal household residents on the night of the census Young people in urban and rural areas Port Vila has the highest share of young people aged 15-24 years in the working age population, followed by Luganville.

The provinces with the lowest shares of young people aged 15-24 years in the working age population are in order: Malampa, Penama, Tafea, followed by Torba and Sanma.
A lower share of young people in a province suggests that young people have migrated out for reasons of education, paid work or some other reasons (such as wanting to live in town) 14 15 Youth Monograph: Young people in Vanuatu CHAPTER TWO Outline of the youth transition s discussed in the introduction about this A young person’s success or failure in their youth transition monograph, a valuable way to understand what will have a strong impact on their later life outcomes For is happening to young people in Vanuatu is to see example, if a young man has a long period of looking for work how they cope with a number of major life changes These and/or a series of temporary jobs, this may delay when he usually include leaving school, leaving the parental home and leaves home and sets up his own household It is also likely finding a place to live, finding work or a reliable livelihood, to affect his self-confidence, his attitudes to government managing new health risks and taking part in the political 5 system A The census results provide information about the changes young people are going through in their youth transition From the census it is possible to make estimates about the age that young people leave school, age when they are not living in the parental home, age at marriage, age at which first child is born (for women), differences in age related to and his capacity to contribute to his community.
Similarly, a young adolescent girl who has a child is at greater risk of dying from complications and her child has a lower chance of survival Teenage mothers are also more likely to be school drop outs and to have more limited life options as 6 a result 5 World Bank.
2006, World Development Report 2007: Development and the Next Generation, pp 5-15. work, and age at which they are exposing themselves to new 6 health risks UNICEF, 2011, Adolescence: an Age of Opportunity: State of the World’s Children 2011, New York, pp 22.
Figure 2: Proportions of young people who have left school, Vanuatu: 2009 ) % ( e g a t n e c r e P 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 25-29 Age (years) Youth Monograph: Young people in Vanuatu 16 17 Leaving school only 4% of young people in education who live in rural areas.

Most young people aged 12-30 years in Vanuatu have been This reflects the fact that most of the institutions providing to school (94%).
Many are now staying on in school in their education at these levels are in Vanuatu’s urban areas teenage years, with half of 17 year-olds still in school.

The differences in age at which male and females leave school are Young people who have never attended school or leave school early not significant, with girls showing a similar age pattern to boys At age 10, only 5% have left school but by age 12, the proportion that has left school increases to 9%, (refer to Figure 2).
By age 13, some 14% have left school.

Nearly one- in-five 14 year-olds (19%) and over one-in-four 15 year-olds (29%) have left school.

By age 16, two-in-five (41%) have left school.

As noted above, by age 17 just over half have left school (51%).

For 18 year-olds, three-in-five (61%) have left school and for 19 year-olds, just over seven-out-of-ten (71%) have left school.

For 20 year-olds, near to four-out-of- five have left school (78%), rising to nine out of ten for those aged 24-30 years.
However, some young people have not attended school at all The proportion of young people who have never been to school ranges from 5 to 8%, with an average of 7% of all young people aged 12-30 years.

Those who have not gone to school will have a much narrower set of life options available to them as a result; similar to those who have left school before completing their primary schooling.
Some 7% of all school age children under age 15 years have left school These dropouts might not have chosen to do so as having few schools in some communities also discourages young people from continuing with their education Other reasons could be the high boarding fees or a mismatch of age with grade level causing young people to quit school to avoid embarrassment The age at which a young person leaves school differs or intimidation by other students between the residents of urban and rural areas.
One-in-five Leaving the parental home young people in education (21%) who live in urban areas are still attending senior secondary school (Year 11 and The second step many young people take is leaving the above) and post-secondary education.

This compares with parental home The census asked whether a person is still Figure 3: Proportions of young people who do not live with their biological mother, by single years of age and sex, Vanuatu: 2009.
FEMALES MALES ) % ( e g a t n e c r e P 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 26 27 28 29 30 Age (years) 16 17 Youth Monograph: Young people in Vanuatu living in the same household as their biological mother 7 The Some 14% of children between the ages of 0 to 11 years responses by single age, presented in Figure 3 on the previous live away from their biological mothers.
By age 12, the page, show that many young people leave home from as early proportion has risen to one-in-five (21%).
However, by age as 15 years of age Some young people in their teenage years 30 one-in-two young people (48%) are not living in the same leave home to go to secondary school in another area Others household as their mother The proportion of young people leave home when they migrate to town to look for work or to between 12 and 30 years who are not living with their experience the wider world mother varies greatly by sex.
The fact that after the age of 16, ) % ( e g a t n e c r e P ) % ( e g a t n e c r e P 87% 68% 40% 31% 100 97% 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 FEMALES MALES 17% 12% 10% 9% 6% 5% 6% 5% 5% 15 - 19 20 - 24 25 - 29 30 - 34 35 - 39 40 - 44 45+ Figure 4: Never married population in rural areas, by age and sex, Vanuatu: 2009.
Age (years) 89% 76% 100 96% 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 50% 42% 24% 18% FEMALES MALES 11% 10% 8% 8% 6% 7% 6% 15 - 19 20 - 24 25 - 29 30 - 34 35 - 39 40 - 44 45+ Figure 5: Never married population in urban areas, by age and sex, Vanuatu: 2009.
Age (years) Youth Monograph: Young people in Vanuatu 18 19 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 26 23 26 23 25 22 26 25 26 23 22 22 26 26 23 23 24 22 FEMALES MALES VaNUaTU UrBaN rUral TorBa saNMa PENaMa MalaMPa sHEFa TaFEa Figure 6: Mean age at first marriage by sex and province, Vanuatu: 2009. more girls than boys are living away from their mothers may The biggest differences between rural and urban areas in be explained by the practice of girls moving to her husband’s the status of ‘never married’ or being single exists for young place of residence when getting married women.
Half of 20-24 year old women in urban areas are By age 18 years, three-in-ten males (31%) do not live in the single compared with 40% in rural areas.

In the 25-29 year age group, there is a narrower but still significant gap (24% same household as their mother but for females at the same age it is 37%.

By age 23, half of the males (50%) and nearly urban, 17% rural).
two-in-three young women (64%) are not living in the same For young men aged 20-24 years, just over two thirds (68%) household as their mother.

By age 30, two-thirds of the young in rural areas are single compared with just over three men (67%) and slightly more women at the same age (69%) quarters (76%) in urban areas who are single.
By age 25-29, are not living with their mothers Possible reasons why many the rural-urban gap for men who are single has increased young women are not in the same household as their mother (31% in rural areas compared with 42% in urban areas).
are put forward in the following section However, by age 35-39 years, there is little difference of note Entering new personal relationships between rural and urban areas in the proportion of men who are single or ‘never married’ A key marker of the transition to adult status for young Age at marriage people is getting married or forming an informal ‘de-facto’ relationship by living together with a partner Figures 4 and On average, women marry at a younger age compared with 5 show the change in status for young men and women from men for their first marriage.
The 2009 census revealed that ‘never married’ to married or in a ‘de facto’ relationship in women marry at an average age of 22 years, whereas men rural and in urban areas tend to marry around 25 years of age.
The trend, presented 7 If the response to this question was no, it was assumed to mean the in Figure 6, is similar for all provinces of Vanuatu, with the biggest age difference in Penama and the smallest in Tafea person had left their parental home province 18 19 Youth Monograph: Young people in Vanuatu d e i r r a m y l l a g e l r e b m u N 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 139 35 30 48 28 69 31 39 FEMALES MALES 15 16 17 18 Age in years Figure 7: Legally married teenage population, Vanuatu: 2009.
A small number of girls aged 15 years (35) and boys aged Birth of first child less than 18 (89) gave their marital status as ‘legally Another key marker for some women during these years is married’ which is below the legal age, (refer to Figure 7).

the birth of her first child.

The question asked of women 15 Five of the 35 girls who were married by age 15 had already years and over was: has this woman ever given birth?
The given birth proportion of young teenagers aged 15, 16 and 17 years who Married or in a de-facto relationship?

have ever given birth is low, rising to 12% of 18 year-olds Virtually all 17 year-old males are single but by age 30 only one-in-six men (17%) are single.

By age 21, one-in-nine and 20% for 19 year-olds.


By age 20, the rate nearly doubles to 37%, increasing to over half (55%) of 22 year-olds and reaching three quarters of 29 year olds (74%), (refer to (11%) men are recorded as having a ‘de-facto’ marital status Figure 8) and to one-in-twelve (8%) are legally married.
By age 24, just Finding a job or secure livelihood over half (53%) of the men are still single (‘never married’), one quarter (26%) are in a de-facto relationship and one-in- The age at which young people are likely to find paid work or five (21%) are legally married.

By age 28, less than a third a secure livelihood differs according to whether the work is (30%) are single, 42% are legally married and 27% are in a with the public sector, the private sector or is in the informal de-facto relationship.
For young women, a different age pattern is evident.

By age 17, nine-out-of-ten are single, 6% are in a de-facto relationship and only 3% are legally married.

By age 21, half of the women at this age are single (51%), a quarter (26%) are living in a de- facto relationship and one-in-five (22%) are legally married.

By age 30, only just over one-in-ten women (13%) are single, with nearly two-thirds legally married.
Only one-in-five are in a de-facto relationship and 3% are in the ‘other’ category of divorced, separated or widowed.

economy The largest employer of young people is the private sector The employment rate for both young men and women in the private sector peaks at age 24 years For the public sector, the employment rate for young people peaks at age 26 for both young men and women.
The self-employment rate peaks at age 30 for both young men and women For those producing goods for sale as their main work activity, the peak age is 29 years for both young men and women For those whose main work activity is producing goods for their own consumption, the peak age for young men is age 29 years but it is age 20 for young women Youth Monograph: Young people in Vanuatu 20 21 ) % ( e g a t n e c r e P 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 26 27 28 29 30 Age (years) Figure 8: Female population age 15-30 years who have ever given birth, Vanuatu: 2009.
TaBlE 3 RELIGION aNGlICaN PrE sByTErIaN CaTHolIC sDa CHUr CH oF CHrIs T assEMBlIE s oF GoD NEIl THoMas MINIs Try aPos TolIC 4,357 7,514 3,467 3,476 1,246 1,271 961 660 CUs ToMary BElIEF s 1,014 No rElIGIoN rEFUs E To aNswEr 240 48 YOUNg PEOPlE 10-29 YEARS BY RElIgIOUS AFFIlIATION , VANUATU: 2009 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30+ TOTAL oTHErs ToTal 3,667 2,861 2,741 2,226 8,945 20,440 27,921 23,882 21,541 18,415 73,551 165,310 20 21 Youth Monograph: Young people in Vanuatu The religious affiliations of young people have a slightly lower adherence rate among 15-29 year While the youth transition is a time of major changes in old (56%) compared with the 50-64 age group (58%).
The behaviour for young people, it does not appear to apply to newer religious groups have gained a higher proportion of religious affiliation.

Young people aged 15-29 years have the the young adherents, accounting for 40% of the 15-29 year- same rate of religious affiliations as older age groups with no old age group, compared with 36% of the 50-64 age groups.
differences between young men and women Only one per These newer religious affiliations in order of the numbers of cent of this age group state they have no religion or refuse to young adherents are: Seven Day Adventist – SDA, Church of answer, which is slightly lower than the older age groups.

Christ, Assembly of God, Neil Thomas Ministry and Apostolic.

Comparing the religious affiliations of the younger and older generations, a slight change can be seen.
The long established Anglican, Presbyterian and Catholic religions in Vanuatu The proportion of young people with customary beliefs is little different from the older generation (3.3% compared with 3.9%).

Youth Monograph: Young people in Vanuatu 22 23 Where young people live CHAPTE R THRE E igration Another important change many young people make is to move to live elsewhere than where What information did the national census gather about migration?
they were born, either to another rural area, to an urban area The following information, gathered for all or to another country.
In Vanuatu, most migrants stay within the country The main movements of young people are from people age five years and above, can be used to determine whether someone is a M rural to urban areas to take advantage of better education and employment opportunities as well as to just move to towns Migration from one rural area to another is also common, especially for young women moving to the home island of their spouse Despite being a country of geographically dispersed islands migrant: • usual place of residence* • place of residence five years prior to the census • place of birth and high transport costs, there is a significant amount * Usual place of residence refers to the village or place where a person lives most of the time.
of migration within Vanuatu.

Overall, some 15% of the population aged 5 years and over were living in a different place at the time of the 2009 census, compared to where they were living five years before.

More than a third of women (36%) and 30% of men were living in a different place than where they were born Young people and migration A young person may decide to migrate to live elsewhere for a number of reasons.

It may be to attend a secondary school, or undertake post-secondary education.
For others, who have left school, it may be to head off to town to look for work.

The tendency to migrate to live elsewhere increases after the they were born, this proportion increases to nearly half age of 10 and becomes strongest in the 20-24 and 25-29 year (46%) of 25-29 year olds.

In the urban areas, half of 10-14 age groups.


The census showed that while over one-in-five year olds live elsewhere from where they were born By age (22%) children aged 10-14 years lived elsewhere than where 22 23 Youth Monograph: Young people in Vanuatu 20 16 15 12 13 13 11 10 10 9 FEMALES MALES 10 9 8 7 10 10 6 5 5 4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50+ Age in years Figure 9: Proportions of men and women living elsewhere than their birthplace, Vanuatu: 2009.
11 9 8 8 9 7 FEMALES MALES 8 7 8 7 7 6 8 6 6 6 7 6 6 6 7 6 7 8 ) % ( e g a t n e c r e P 25 20 15 10 5 0 ) % ( e g a t n e c r e P 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 age group Figure 10: New residents of Port Vila by age group, 2004-2009 Age profile of migrants 25-29 years, this proportion has risen to three of four (75%) young people aged 25-29 years.
For rural areas, there is also The census also asked of those aged 5 years and older a large number of young people who are no longer living at where they lived five years ago: Were they still living in the their place of birth.

At age 10-14 years, one-in-six (15%) same village or place as five years ago or were they living of rural residents have migrated away from their place of elsewhere in the country or in another country?

Figure 9 birth.
Figure 9 birth.

However, by age 25-29 years, this has risen to one- shows that young people aged 20-24 years are most likely in-three (33%).

to have migrated within the last five years to where they are Youth Monograph: Young people in Vanuatu 24 25 Rural and urban residence living now It is notable that young women in this age group have the highest proportion who have migrated – one-in-five In terms of numbers, more young people live in rural areas.

(20%).
(20%).

This compares with one-in-six (16%) of men at the However, urban areas in Vanuatu have more youthful same age.

In terms of actual numbers of migrants for the 15- populations.

Put another way, urban areas have a greater 29 age group as a whole, young women outnumber the young share of young people in their population This applies to men as migrants (7,194 young female migrants compared both young women as well as young men.

In fact, more young with 6,296 young male migrants).
women aged 15-24 years live in urban areas than young It is possible to see which age groups are likely to be recent migrants to Port Vila The numbers in each age arriving to take up residence in Port Vila in the last five years shows which groups of young people are most mobile Figure 10 shows that it is young women aged 15-19 years and 20-24 years who have the highest proportion arriving in Port Vila in the last five years.

men (6,918 compared with 6,728).


One-in-four (25%) of all female urban residents are young women aged 15-24 years compared with less than one-in-five (18%) female rural residents.

For male urban residents, just less than one-in- four (23%) are aged 15-24 years compared less than one-in- five male rural residents (18%).
24 25 Youth Monograph: Young people in Vanuatu CHAPTER FOUR health status of young people aking on and managing health risks The most notable feature in the consumption of each An important change in behaviour for young substance is the big difference between males and females people is managing new health risks Many young in the week prior to the census that smoked cigarettes, people in their late teenage years and in their twenties begin consumed alcohol or drank kava compared with males at the smoking, consuming alcohol and other substances such as same age kava, and engaging in high-risk sex.
They also have more control over their diet and level of physical activity If these new behaviours lead to extended use and abuse of these T substances, young people are likely to damage their future health 8 The full effects of these new habits on health will be felt only in later adulthood How well young people manage the use of these legal substances will have far-reaching consequences These include the effect on family welfare by reducing the amount of money spent on basic necessities, lowering a person’s productive capacity to earn an income and increasing public health costs due to the harmful physical effects of the substance 9 The census provides information about the use of three legal substances during the week preceding the census All persons aged 15 years and over were asked whether they consumed in the last week cigarettes, alcohol or kava.
This information, however, does not say anything about how often in the last week the item was consumed or how much was consumed.
A special-purpose survey is needed to provide In relation to cigarettes, over one-in-three males by age 18 years had smoked in the last week but less than 1% of females of the same age did so The proportion of males smoking rises steadily to reach 57% at age 22 and levels off at around 60% of each year between 24 and 29 years of age This high rate of consumption of cigarettes is similar to that found among young people in other countries such as Indonesia and Nepal 10 TaBlE 4 AGE (YEARS) MALE FEMALE ProPor TIoNs oF yoUNG MEN aND woMEN IN UrB aN aND rUral arE as wHo sMokED CIGarETTE s IN ThE WEEK BEFORE ThE CENSUS, VANUATU: 2009 15-19 20-24 25-29 13.9 4.6 7.2 1.2 URBAN 36.7 9.5 RURAL 18.1 1.7 39.1 8.7 17.5 1.9 additional information about the costs to individuals of using MALE each drug and its effects on the person’s health, family life, FEMALE work performance and generally wellbeing Youth Monograph: Young people in Vanuatu 26 27 ) % ( e g a t n e c r e P ) % ( e g a t n e c r e P Figure 11: Proportions of men and women aged 15 years and over smoking cigarettes, Vanuatu: 2009.
FEMALES MALES Figure 12: Proportions of men and women aged 15 years and over consuming alcohol, Vanuatu: 2009.

FEMALES MALES 26 27 28 29 30 In terms of rural urban differences, the Table 4 presents data on the proportion of young males and females in urban and rural areas who consumed cigarettes in the week before the census.
The cigarette consumption of young males 15-19 years does not differ between rural and urban areas In the 20-24 and 25-29 age groups, rural males are more likely to smoke (59% compared with 50%, and 61% compared with 57% respectively).
Rural women, on the other hand are much less likely to smoke cigarettes compared with urban women The range of 2 to 3% only in each age group for women living in rural areas compared with a range of 7 to 12% for women in urban areas TaBlE 5 AGE (YEARS) MALE FEMALE MALE FEMALE ProPor TIoNs oF yoUNG MEN aND woMEN IN UrB aN aND rUral arE as wHo DraNk al CoHol IN THE wEEk BEFORE ThE CENSUS, VANUATU: 2009 15-19 20-24 25-29 13.9 4.6 7.2 1.2 URBAN 36.7 9.5 rUral 18.1 1.7 39.1 8.7 17.5 1.9 With respect to alcohol consumption, the proportions of young males drinking alcohol last week before the census 8, 9, 10 are lower than those observed for cigarette smoking Figure 12 shows that male alcohol consumption peaks at age 24 at World Bank, 2006, Development and the Next Generation.
World Development Report 2007, Adopting a healthful lifestyle, p 8.

26 27 Youth Monograph: Young people in Vanuatu just over one-in-four (27%) drinking alcohol in the last week and drops to 23% by age 30 years.

Alcohol consumption by young women is much lower, reaching a peak of only 5% of women at age 23 Young men in urban areas are twice as likely to have consumed alcohol in the week before the census compared with their rural peers, as detailed in Table 5 on the previous page.
The consumption of alcohol by women in urban areas is less than a third that of urban young men.
Rural women, have in absolute terms a very low level of alcohol consumption and many times below that of rural men In relation to kava, one-in-three young males aged 18 years TaBlE 6 AGE (YEARS) MALE FEMALE MALE FEMALE ProPor TIoNs oF yoUNG MEN aND woMEN IN UrB aN aND rUral arE as wHo DraNk ka Va IN THE wEEk BEFORE ThE CENSUS, VANUATU: 2009 15-19 20-24 25-29 17.3 4.6 20.3 2.5 URBAN 48.1 12.0 rUral 58.9 5.4 61.6 15.1 68.5 6.5 drank kava in the last week What is notable is the steady rise are higher consumers of kava in the week before the census for each year of age between 16 and 30 years of age to reach compared with urban young men There is a marked rise in two-out-of-three males (68%) at age 30, (refer to Figure 13).
kava consumption by young men in the 20-24 age group and The data also show that from age 31 upwards to age 41 the this rate of consumption increases still further in the 25-29 consumption of kava remains high at close to two-in-three age group This applies especially to young rural men aged men, only dropping slightly to around half the men consuming 25-29 with one-in-three drinking kava in the previous week kava up to age 68 years.
In marked contrast, far fewer young to the census women drink kava The highest rate of consumption is at age 30 but this is at only 9% of women at this age.

Young women in urban areas are more likely than those in Does kava consumption differ from young people in urban nearly three times more likely to consume kava compared and rural areas?

Table 6 shows that young men in rural areas with rural women in the same age group.

Although, as with rural areas to drink kava.


Urban women aged 25-29 years are 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 ) % ( e g a t n e c r e P 26 27 28 29 30 Figure 13: Proportions of men and women aged 15 years and over consuming Kava, Vanuatu: 2009.
FEMALES MALES Youth Monograph: Young people in Vanuatu 28 29 116 77 78 74 68 67 Vanuatu national average 50 e t a r y t i l ti r e f t n e c s e o d A l ) 9 1 - ( 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 66 40 Urban rural Torba sanma Penama Malampa shefa Tafea Figure 14: Adolescent fertility rate (number of births per 1,000 women aged 15-19 years), Vanuatu: 2007-2009. cigarettes and alcohol, women in both urban and rural areas aged less than 15 years were not asked about whether they are low level consumers compared to young men in each of have given birth the youth age groups Adolescent births Births by adolescents present a risk to health Young adolescent girls are at greater risk of dying from childbearing complications and children of adolescent mothers have lower chances of survival.
The adolescent (15-19 years) birth rate It is also important to note that 15-19 year-olds appear to be under-enumerated in the census.

In particular the number of females aged 15-19 is less than might be expected.
Specifically, the number of young women at age 16, 17, and 19 compared with males at the same year of age is less than expected based on the sex ratio of younger single ages is an important Millennium Development Goal indicator of As Figure 14 shows, young women aged 15-19 years progress towards improving maternal health living in rural areas have more chance of giving birth, with The estimated age specific fertility rate for 15-19 years in 11 Vanuatu is 66 births per 1,000 women in this age group.
It is based on an estimated 778 births for 11,855 women aged 12 15-19 year.

The 2009 adolescent birth rate has declined since 1995-1997 when it was an estimated 74 per 1,000 women aged 15-19 years.
13 However, it is important to note that this estimate does not apply to all teenage adolescents as it only applies to 15-19 years The rate does not include younger girls who may have given birth as the census only sought information on live births from those aged 15 and above This means that females an estimated 77 live births per 1,000 aged 15-19 years compared with 40 in urban areas This may be to do with the 11 12 13 29 The estimate is based on the ‘own-children’ method and has been produced by Michael Levin, Centre for Population and Development Studies, Harvard University and is reported on page 30 of the Analytical Report Volume 2, 2009 National Population and Housing Census, Vanuatu See Table 11, p 31, Analytical Report Volume 2, 2009 National Population and Housing Census, Vanuatu.
See Figure 30, p 30, Analytical Report Volume 2, 2009 National Population and Housing Census, Vanuatu Youth Monograph: Young people in Vanuatu 28 some tertiary (not complete) 4 3 Secondary School qualification Primary leaving certificate Some primary (not complete) 21 31 28 34 18 25 No school or preschool 9 13 Have not given Birth Given Birth 0 Percentage (%) Figure 15: Proportions of young mothers with some level of education attained by age 15-19, Vanuatu: 2009. much higher proportion of young women in urban areas who (c) cannot do at all.
Any difficulty should be of a permanent are still in secondary education nature and not due to temporary illness or injury The province of Torba stands out with a high adolescent (15- Those answering (b) “some difficulties” are considered 19 years) fertility rate of 116 births per 1,000 of aged 15-19 to have some form of disability Those that answer (c) years.

The other provinces range from Sanma (78), Malampa “cannot do at all” are considered to be severely disabled (74), Penama (68) and Tafea (67).
Shefa Province which This approach is based on international standards for includes Port Vila has the lowest rate (50) Teenage pregnancy is associated with a low level of education attainment.
As the Figure 15 shows, young mothers are more TaBlE 7 PrEValENCE oF DIsaBIlITy For YOUNg PEOPlE AgED 10-29 YEARS, VANUATU: 2009 likely to have either not been to school at all, or attended only DISABILITY STATUS some primary schooling or have only completed primary In contrast, young women who have completed secondary school are more likely to delay marriage, are less likely to be young mothers and more likely to have fewer children over 14 their lifetime Disability The census asked each person if they have any difficulties in seeing, hearing, walking or climbing stairs, and remembering or concentrating.
For each of these areas, people are asked whether they have (a) no difficulties; (b) some difficulties or MALES (%) FEMALES (%) 99 98 1 0 2 0 NO DISABILITY No difficulties in all four functions SOME DISABILITY Some difficulties in any one or more of the functions SEvERE DISABILITY Cannot do at all in any one or more of the functions TOTAL 100 100 Youth Monograph: Young people in Vanuatu 30 31 TaBlE 8 AGE (YEARS) 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 NUMBERS OF YOUNg PEOPlE WITh A DISABIlITY, BY AgE gROUPS AND SEx, VANUATU: 2009 SOME DISABILITY SEvERE DISABILITY MALES FEMALES TOTAL MALES FEMALES TOTAL 160 104 144 158 140 133 164 197 300 237 308 355 12 19 7 7 12 15 13 14 24 34 20 21 collecting data on disability prevalence though population However, it is important to note the actual number of young censuses people who are disabled and these are shown in Tables 7, 8, Around 13% of the total population reported a disability, with little difference between males and females One per cent of the population are reported to be severely disabled because they cannot perform one of four functions at all For young people aged 10-29 years, the prevalence of disability, as expected, is much lower than the total population.
Only 1.3% of males and 1.5% of females in this age group had some disability and 0.1% of both males and females aged 10- 29 years are severely disabled and in Figure 16.

The census results are confirmed by 2009 data from the Ministry of Education.
These data show 1,345 young people in the school system with similarly defined 15 disabilities Table 7 shows that the census identifies 1,200 young people having some disability, with more females (634) than males (566) with a disability The largest number with some disability is women in the 25-29 year old age group (197).

Young people who are severely disabled number 99, with 54 girls and young women outnumbering the 45 boys and young men.
However, teenage males aged 15-19 years are the largest age group of severely disabled Young people with severe disabilities Youth disability by province The number of young people with a severe disability also varies greatly between provinces.

Sanma province with 27 severely disable young people has the largest number, followed by Shefa and Tafea provinces with 19 young people each.
Penama province has 18 severely disable young people, Malampa province has 12 and Torba province has only 4 severely disabled young people.
The numbers of disabled young people differ greatly between provinces as detailed in Figure 16 Shefa province has the largest number of young people aged 10-29 years with some disability with 336, followed by Tafea province (266 young people), Malampa province (238 young people) and Sanma (200 young people) Penama province has 106 and Torba province has 54 young people with some disability 14 15 31 UNICEF, 2011, Adolescence: An Age of Opportunity, State of the World‘s Children 2011, p 22.
See Vanuatu Education Management Information System 2009, Ministry of Education Youth Monograph: Young people in Vanuatu 30 400 350 300 250 200 250 100 50 0 Some disabilty Severe disability 200 106 336 266 Figure 16: Number of young people (10-29 years) in Vanuatu with severe 238 and some disability, by province, Vanuatu: 2009.
54 4 27 18 12 19 19 Torba sanma Penama Malampa shefa Tafea Never been to school and disability The largest number of young people with severe disability is in Sanma province (27 young people), followed by Shefa People with a disability suffer not only from the limitations and Tafea provinces (19 young people each), Penama (18), imposed by their physical or mental impairment They are Malampa (12) and Torba (4) Three provinces stand out with also more likely to not have the same access to basic services a level of disability for young people which are above the as the rest of the population This applies particularly to national average.
These provinces are: Tafea, Malampa and access to education.

Many more young people aged 15-29 Torba Tafea province in particular has the highest rate of years with a disability have never been to school than young youth disability (3.7% of all young people aged 10-29 years) people without a disability.

This applies to one-in-five (20%) compared with the national share (2.1% of all young people young people with some disability compared with only 6% of aged 10-29 years).
young people in the same age group with no disability Lack of access to education for disabled young people Among the severely disabled young nine of ten (93%) girls in youngest age men aged 15-29 years with some or people aged 10-29 years, over three-in- group 10-14 years have not been to severe disability, only 5% completed four (76%) have never been to school.

school.

This compares with 6% of the same age group without a disability and one-in- five (20%) of the same age group with some disability.
The situation is worse for girls and young women with a severe disability, with four-out-of-five (81%) never having been to school compared with seven-out-of-ten (69%) males in the same age group.

This situation for females is not improving over time, as Even when disabled children can go to school, they are often unable to continue to higher levels of education.
While the proportion of young people with some disability who have completed primary school is similar to those without a disability, the situation changes for their chances of attending secondary school.

For boys and young Youth Monograph: Young people in Vanuatu 32 32 their secondary schooling compared with 12% who are not disabled.
The proportion of young females aged 15-29 years with some or severe disability that completed secondary education is only 4% compared with 12% of young women who are not disabled.
33 CHAPTER FIvE literacy and educational attainment of young people oung people’s access to education is crucial to building up their capacity to function in the modern world This applies not only to being able to make the most of economic opportunities in Vanuatu and abroad but also to the social and political wellbeing of their communities What information did the national census gather about education?
For all people aged five years or above, the 2009 Vanuatu census gathered information on: Y Important to know The census relies on self-assessment and does not actually test a person’s ability to read and write.

How is literacy measured by the population census?

Census enumerators ask if each person in a household can read and write a simple sentence in English, French, Bislama or any • current attendance in formal education, level and other language(s).
language of instruction • the highest level of education that each person has achieved • ability to read and write in English, French, Bislama and other languages Upper secondary education attainment A standard measure of education attainment today is the A person is considered literate if they say they can read and write in at least one language.

proportion of young people with at least upper secondary is 19%.

For 20-24 year olds it is slightly higher at 20%.


The schooling completed Completing upper secondary education figure for 25-29 year males is 20% and for females it is lower in many countries is regarded as an essential foundation for at 17% paid work or further study As many young people below age 25 years are still in education, the age used for the measure is However, this result is considerably below the average for 25-29 years.

In Vanuatu, the proportion of 25-29 years with high-income countries.
It is estimated that an average of 82% at least upper secondary education or a vocational certificate of today’s young people aged 25-29 years in OECD countries 32 33 Youth Monograph: Young people in Vanuatu Women aged 15+ Men aged 15+ Women aged 15-24 92% literate Men aged 15-24 92% literate 86% literate 89% literate YOUTH LITERACY ADULT LITERACY 0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000 Number of People WOMEN MEN Not able to read or write Not able to read or write able to read and write able to read and write Figure 17: Adult and youth literacy by sex, Vanuatu: 2009. will complete upper secondary education over their lifetimes high-income countries.
Using the 25-35 age groups as the In Finland, Ireland, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, reference point, only 4% of this age group in Vanuatu has a Slovenia, Switzerland and the United Kingdom, upper 16 secondary graduation rates equal or exceed 90%.
Another similar measure of upper secondary school completion is based on the 25-34 age groups which allow a comparison with countries in the region Compared with Vanuatu’s 18% of 25-34 year olds who have completed at least upper secondary education or high school, the United States has a rate of 88%, France 84%, Australia 83%, United 17 Kingdom 82% and New Zealand 79%.
Mexico has 42% and Brazil has 53% of their 25-34 olds with at least an upper 18 secondary education These comparisons show that only a small proportion of young people in Vanuatu could find longer term work overseas as completion of secondary school is the minimum education level required to work overseas Tertiary education attainment The level of tertiary education attainment in Vanuatu is low tertiary qualification including a vocational certificate.
This compares with the United States with 41%, New Zealand 40%, Australia and the United Kingdom 37% and France 19 29%.

Mexico has 16%, Argentina has 14% and Indonesia 20 4% of their 25-34 olds with a tertiary qualification.

Again, these comparisons show that few Ni-Vanuatu have the option of gaining entry to Australia or New Zealand to work, based on meeting these countries education and skills requirements 16 OECD, 2011, Education at a Glance, Indicator A2, p 44-45.
OECD, 2011, Education at a Glance, Indicator A1.2a, p 39 OECD, 2011, Education at a Glance, Indicator A1.2a, p 39 OECD, 2011, Education at a Glance, Indicator A1.3a, p 40 OECD, 2011, Education at a Glance, Indicator A1.3a, p 40 Education Experience Survey and Literacy Assessment: Shefa Province, Vanuatu, 2011, Asia South Pacific Association for Basic and Adult Education (ASPBAE) Australia and Vanuatu Education Policy Advocacy both in terms of actual numbers and in comparison with Coalition (VEPAC) Youth Monograph: Young people in Vanuatu 34 35 Never been to school However, other, more direct evidence indicates that actual Near to one-in-ten young people have not gone to school.
literacy levels of young people may be much lower Other The overall rate for 15-29 year olds is 9.3%.

The rate for the survey-based evidence from rural Shefa province shows that youngest age group 15-19 years is only slightly lower for many respondents could not read a simple sentence in an both males and females.

The similarity of these figures for official language.
While 85% of respondents said they were the three youth age groups indicates that this is a persistent literate, only 28% could pass a simple literacy test.

Of the issue Illiteracy The 2009 census results suggest that literacy rates in Vanuatu are reasonably high, with almost 85% of everyone aged 5 years and over being literate in at least one language (Bislama, English, French or other).

For the adult population (aged 15 and over), 89% of men and 86% of women are literate.
The youth literacy rate (age 15- 24) is higher still: 92% for both sexes, indicating the gender gap in literacy has narrowed over time, (refer to Figure 17).

survey respondents who had attended primary school, only 20% were assessed to be literate, 47% were assessed to be 21 semi-literate and 33% were assessed to be non-literate.
This evidence suggests that the quality of education in some areas of Vanuatu leaves much to be desired Young people with less than primary (Grade 6) schooling (including those who have not been to school) are at high risk of not being literate If the situation such as in rural Shefa province were to exist throughout Vanuatu, the proportion of young people in this high-risk group of being illiterate would be nearly three-in-ten (29%) of 15-24 years olds.
Tafea shefa Malampa Penama sanma Torba 17% 16% 15% Figure 18: Young people aged 15-24 24% years with some primary education, Vanuatu: 2009.

23% 6% 0 34 35 Youth Monograph: Young people in Vanuatu CHAPTER SIX young People with and without work inding a job or a secure livelihood is a major goal What young people are doing?

of most young people However jobs are scarce What type of economic activities are young people engaged which forces many to look to other sources of in?
Do these activities differ from older age groups?

Are young income Many young people continue to rely on growing food people finding work in the formal economy at the same rate for their own consumption, with little reliance on the cash as older generations?

How many young people are selling economy F What information did the census gather about work, employment and those without work?
For everyone aged 15 years and over, the census gathered data on: goods and services in the informal economy, how many are doing work without payment?

How many young people are actively looking for work?
Simply reporting the number of young people who are actively looking for work or the youth unemployment rate gives only a partial picture of their economic status The best way to understand what young people are doing is to show all the main work and education activities they are engaged • Employment status e.g.

employee, in for a specific age group.


The questions asked by the census employer, unpaid family worker interviewers were: • Occupation - a set of jobs with similar tasks, duties and skills • Industry - classification of economic • What kind of work/activity does this person usually do?

• Did this person actively look for work?

activity • Why didn’t this person actively look for work?
• Reasons for being economically inactive, From the answers to these questions, the following profiles such as being a homemaker, or student.

How many people worked for money overseas in the last 12 months of the main economic activities of young people have been produced.

The first profile refers to the total youth population for Vanuatu as a whole.
This is followed by profiles of young people in urban areas, showing males and females separately Table 9 presents in summary form, three types of activities in which young people are usually engaged: work, education Youth Monograph: Young people in Vanuatu 36 37 Youth unemployment (12% for men and 18% for women).
However, for 15-19 year-old males, it is over three times higher The youth unemployment rate is an international (38.0%) and for females in the same age group, it measure based on a subgroup of the youth population.

is over twice as high (43%).

For 20-24 year olds, it The unemployment rate is the number of active is lower but still high at 221% for young men and jobs seekers as a proportion of the total employed 24% for young women.
For 25-29 year-olds, it is 11% population plus those actively looking for work (called for young men and 19% for young women.

By age the labour force).

The national unemployment rate for November 2009 and based on the total employed population was 6%.

30-34 years, it had fallen to 7% for men and 14% for women.

Young women in urban areas in particular have higher unemployment rates than young men.
However, for young people aged 15-19 years it was 9% Youth unemployment rates, however, do not show and for 20-24 year olds it was 9.

By age 20-29 years, it the true extent of young people without work as was down to 6% and by age 30-34 years, it was 4%.

those who are discouraged job seekers are not As paid work is concentrated in the urban areas, the active job seekers are more likely to be found there.

This is particularly the case for young people.

The included.
The included.

This is the group of young people who did not actively look for work because they believed that no work was available.

Presented below is a more complete picture of what young people are doing in urban unemployment rate in November 2009 was 14% terms of economic activities.
TaBlE 9 AGE (YEARS) 15 - 19 20 - 24 25 - 29 ECONOMIC STATUS OF YOUNg PEOPlE , VANUATU: 2009 IN WORk (%) IN EDUCATION23 (%) NEITHER (%) TOTAL NUMBER 41 64 73 44 9 1 15 27 26 100 100 100 21,734 21,229 18,245 as a student and neither in work or in education The table shows that most young people in the 15-19 year age group 22 (44%) are students.

The high proportion of young people in this age group still in education refers to their participation in a range of education levels.
Nearly a third of the 15-19 year old students are still in primary school (31%).

Most are in secondary school (62%) and some are students in vocational 22 23 education or tertiary studies (7%).
Included in those who are still in education are 2,106 young people who are aged 15-19 and 646 who are aged 20-24 years who were recorded as ‘not stated’ It is assumed that these are students who have just completed their exams in November when the census was conducted and are awaiting their results before deciding what to do next Treating them as still students may be under counting those who subsequently decide to become job seekers early the next year Includes 15-19 & 20-24 year-olds recorded as ‘not stated’ but assumed to be students who had just completed their exams in November 36 37 Youth Monograph: Young people in Vanuatu TaBlE 10 AGE (YEARS) 15 - 19 20 - 24 25 - 29 TaBlE 11 AGE 15 - 19 20 - 24 25 - 29 CAS h & NON-CASh WORK PERFORMED BY YOUNg PEOPlE VANUATU: 2009 PRODUCING GOODS FOR SALE vOLUNTARY WORk UNPAID FAMILY WORk 5 6 7 1 1 1 6 6 6 PRODUCING GOODS FOR OWN CONSUMPTION 21 28 31 NUMBER 21,734 21,229 18,245 PERCENTAgE OF YOUNg PEOPlE BY TYPE OF PAID WORK AND AgE gROUP, VANUATU: 2009 EMpL oYEE - GO vERNMENT EMpLoYEE - PRIvATE EMPLOYER SELF EMPLOYED SUB-ToTAL PAID WORk NUMBER 0.8 3.1 5.4 5.4 16.1 17.7 0.4 0.9 1.3 1.9 2.8 3.6 8.6 22.9 27.9 21,734 21,229 18,245 Young people ‘in work’ The category of ‘in work’ in Table 9 requires further people aged 15-19 years, over one-in-four (28%) of 20-24 explanation This category refers to paid work and unpaid year-olds and three-in-ten of young people aged 25-29 work as well as work involving the production of goods years This activity accounts for just over one-in-five (21%) young for sale Those in the subsistence economy whose main activity is producing goods for their own consumption are also included.
Thus, the definition of work is a broad one, including economic activities in both the cash and the non- cash economies Table 10 reports on the main work activities of young people These are young people who work at producing goods for sale, who are working outside the cash economy altogether.
The percentage figures refer to all young people in that age group The most important work activity for each of the youth age groups is producing goods for own consumption Producing goods for sale is the main activity of between 5% and 7% of each age group of young people.
Unpaid family work is the main activity of about one-in-twenty young people in each age group Young people in paid employment Table 11 focuses on the small group of young people who are involved in paid employment This table shows for 15-19 year-olds that nearly one-in-ten (9%) are in paid employment The largest group are employees in the private sector (5%).
Population of Less than one per cent of young Youth Monograph: Young people in Vanuatu 38 39 people are employed by the government, or are employers looking for work This most probably means that the census themselves.

Some 2% are self-employed.

undercounts young people who work in the home (cooking, In the next age group (20-24 years), the proportion in paid employment rises to just under one-in-four (23%).
The largest group are employees in the private sector (16%), cleaning, caring for dependents and other household chores) because a lot of these people would have said that they are available for work as their main activity with government only employing only 3%, which is the same Table 12 presents information about the group of young proportion as the self-employed.
people who reported that they were neither working nor in In the oldest youth age group (25-29 years), near to three-in- ten (28%) are in paid employment, with near to one-in-five (18%) in the private sector, one-in-twenty (5%) in the public sector and just one-in- twenty (4%) in self-employment.

Young people in this age group who are employers account for only 1%.

education.

The table shows that almost one-in-six (15%) of 15-19 year-olds fall into this category.
The largest component is the group of young people who want work (7% of all 15- 19 year-olds).

This category includes both those who say they are actively looking for work now and those who are discouraged job seekers who have given up looking for work as they ‘believe no work is available’.

Full-time homemakers Neither in work or in education account for 3% of 15-19 year-olds, with 5% saying that either Table 12 has further information about those neither in to work.
For 20-24 year-olds, some 8% want work, one-in-six work nor in education or training This measure is often (16%) are homemakers and 4% said that either they didn’t referred to as the NEET measure: those young people who want to work, were disabled or otherwise not able to work.

they didn’t want to work, were disabled or otherwise not able are not in employment, education or training.
It includes those young people who are actively looking for work, or want work but have become discouraged from looking for work.

It also includes those who are a full-time homemakers.
It is important to note that in the ordering of the questions asked in the census, this latter activity was not nominated as ‘work or activity usually done’ but as a reason for not actively For 25-29 year-olds, a slightly smaller proportion than the other two younger age groups (5%) wanted work, a slightly higher proportion said they are full-time homemakers (18%) and 3% said that either they didn’t want to work, were disabled or otherwise not able to work TaBlE 12 PERCENTA gE OF YOUNg PEOPlE NEIThER IN WORK OR IN EDUCATION, VANUATU: 2009 AGE WANTED WORk FULL-TIME HOMEMAkER OTHER* TOTAL NEET** NUMBER 15 - 19 20 - 24 25 - 29 1 8 5 3 16 18 5 4 3 15 27 26 21,734 21,229 18,245 * other include ‘didn’t want to work’ & disabled ** Not in Employment, Education or Training 38 39 Youth Monograph: Young people in Vanuatu TaBlE 13 AGE MEN 15 - 19 20 - 24 25 - 29 WOMEN 15 - 19 20 - 24 25 - 29 PERCENTAgE OF YOUNg MEN AND WOMEN BY ECONOMIC STATUS IN URBAN AREAS, VANUATU: 2009 IN WORk IN EDUCATION OR TRAINING NEITHER TOTAL NUMBER The economic status of urban young people in work differs by gender, with over half (53%) of males It is important to narrow the focus of attention to urban areas in work but with only 43% of young women in work.
The as this is where most paid works is concentrated Table 13 gap between young men and women in work becomes even presents data separately for young men and women and for larger in the 25-29 age group (72% compared with 52%).

the two urban areas of Port Vila and Luganville combined The gender difference is due to the higher proportion of The economic status of young people in urban areas is notably different to the national profile.
Table 13 shows that the main activity of the largest group of urban 15-19 year- olds is being a student (55% for males and 58% for females).

However, for the next age group of 20-24 year-olds, this activity recedes in importance with only 16% and 13% still engaged in education Urban young people in paid employment By age 25-29 years, few young people are still in education (3% males and 2% females respectively).
The share of young people in work also varies by age group, reflecting the fact that most have left school and have to find a way to support young women in the 20-24 and 25-29 year age groups in the ‘neither in work or education’ category Young people who want work The share of all young men and young women at each age group who want work is about the same.
Around one-in-six (14%) young male 15-19 year-olds want work, rising slightly to 16% for 20-24 year-old young men but then dropping to one-in-ten young men aged 25-29 years.

For young women, the proportions are similar for each age group but with a much smaller drop for the oldest youth age group (from 15% to 13%).

It is significant that the proportion of young women wanting work is little different to that of the young men in the same age groups.

For the 25-29 year-olds, more young themselves.


The share of young people aged 20-24 years women than young men want work Youth Monograph: Young people in Vanuatu 40 41 Discouraged job seekers?

Full-time homemaker is the main activity of nearly one-in- young people age 20-24 and 25-29 years in this category.

in education nor in paid work but as many as one in four ten (8%) young men aged 20-24 and 25-29 years.
For young women aged 20-24 years, the proportion reporting to be full-time homemaker is close to one-in-four (23%) , rising to close to three-in-ten (28%) among young women aged 25-29 years.
At least some of those who said they were full-time homemakers may be discouraged job seekers Summing up Providing a complete profile of what young people are doing in terms of their education and economic status offers a better understanding of what young people are doing Reliance on a simple statistic such as the youth unemployment rate reveals little about the activities most young people are engaged in The unemployment rate also excludes those young people who may have given up actively looking for work Many young people take on low-income activities to earn some income to survive In urban areas, over half of young men aged 20-24 years and 43% of young women are in paid work.
In the 25-29 age groups, however, many more young men are employed than women (72% compared with 52%).

The proportion of young women who want paid work is little different to that of the young men in the same age groups Young people and work overseas The opportunity to work overseas is of particular benefit to young people The census asked whether during the last 12 months the person had worked overseas The large number of positive responses to this question is not supported by data from other sources.
In relation to work in New Zealand, for example, the census records that 6,744 claimed to have worked there in the last 12 months, including a quarter of those aged 15-19 years and 9% over the age of 55 years.

Publicly available data from Immigration New Zealand The above picture of the economic status of young people in shows that the migrants from Vanuatu only numbered 2,758 rural and urban areas reveals a number of important details in 2008/09, 2,314 in 2009/10 and 2,490 in 2010/11.
Many young people are engaged in producing goods for their own consumption (from a fifth of 15-19 year-olds near to a third of 25-29 year-olds).

Producing goods for sale is the main activity of a smaller group of young people (between 5% and 7% of each youth age group).

Few of 15-19 year-olds nationally are in paid work (less than one in ten).

In the 20- 24 age group, only just under one-in-four are in a paid job.
In the 25-29 age group, nearly three-in-ten (28%) are in paid employment This data is consistent with the Government of Vanuatu’s records of the number of workers recruited for New Zealand’s Recognised Seasonal Employers (RSE) Scheme in 2010 and to October 2011 (2,810).
The records also show that no workers under the age of 21 were recruited which is the age policy used It is possible that some people interpreted the question to mean ‘would you like to work overseas’ That could be related to the widespread publicity given to a new seasonal work program starting in Australia in the months These low employment rates make it important to look at the leading up to the census in November 2009 There was also size of the group of young people neither in employment nor recruitment publicity for the larger and more established education or training.
One in six of 15-19 year-olds are neither New Zealand seasonal work program.

40 41 Youth Monograph: Young people in Vanuatu The jobs held by young people Little information has been available in Vanuatu about the into the three-digit list, adding the term ‘Not Otherwise types of jobs young people have This has meant that young Classified’, to produce a listing of 138 occupation groups.
people have little beyond their own social networks to guide Main occupation of young people these cases, the two-digit classification has been inserted them.

Others seeking to help these young people, such as parents and teachers, have little current information on the labour market Training providers and people coordinating the provision of skills training have also lack comprehensive information.
The information gap can in part be filled by the 24 census results The census interviewers asked everyone 15 years and older who was working to state their main occupation The responses provided enough information to describe the occupations of 94,460 people to the one-digit (10 occupational groups) and two-digit levels (45 occupational groups) However, for many purposes, the occupational classifications grouped in 10 categories (one-digit level) and even in 46 categories (two-digit level) are too general for their purposes This applies in particular to young people and teachers offering career advice who want more specific information about the type of jobs young people have, and what education qualifications are required for specific jobs.
The three-digit level of occupational classification 130 offers the level of detail about specific jobs that people find easier to recognise However, in the case of the Vanuatu census results, some information at the three-digit occupation classification level is missing because some reported occupation categories were too vague to code, such as “officer”.
Insufficient information about the more detailed nature of reported occupations affected the data for approximately 10% of the employed population This applied especially to different types of teachers, clerical support staff and trades/craft workers.

In Youth Monograph: Young people in Vanuatu The following section presents information on the occupations of urban and rural young people The level of detail on occupations is general (at the two-digit level) 25 and is for three specific youth age groups.
More detailed information on the type of occupations held by young people aged 15-29 years will also be provided following the initial description of broad patterns For the three youth age groups, the three top occupations in rural areas are: subsistence farmers, fishers, hunters & gatherers; market-oriented skilled agricultural workers, and agricultural forestry & fishery labourers.
Other occupations with large numbers of rural young people aged 15-19 years are cleaners and helpers; and building and related trade’s workers (excluding electricians) These are followed by sales workers; personal service workers; teaching professionals; handicraft and printing workers and stationary plant and machine operators Also within the top 15 occupations for this age group are: hospitality, retail and other services managers; refuse workers and other elementary workers; administrative and commercial managers; drivers and mobile plant operators and customer services clerks The National Statistical office is planning a national survey of businesses in 2012 which can provide further information on the occupation held by young people The two-digit occupation code is from the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO-08) 24 25 42 43 TaBlE 14 MAIN OCCUPATIONS hElD BY YOUNg PEOPlE IN URBAN AND RURAl AREAS, VANUATU: 2009 URBAN oCCUp ATIoNS (2 DIGITS) MALE FEMALE TOTAL 91 – Cleaners & helpers 52 – Sales workers 71 – Building & related trades workers (excluding electricians) 51 – Personal service workers 63 – Subsistence farmers, fishers, hunters & gatherers 42 – Customer services clerks 83 – Drivers & mobile plant operators 72 – Metal machinery & related trades workers 75 – Food processing, wood working, garment & other craft & related trades workers 92 – Agricultural, forestry & fishery labourers 54 – Protective services workers 96 – Refuse workers & other elementary workers 61 – Market-oriented skilled agricultural workers 53 – Personal care workers 74 – Electrical & electronic trades workers RURAL oCCUp ATIoNS (2 DIGITS) 63 – Subsistence farmers, fishers, hunters and gatherers 61 – Market-oriented skilled agricultural workers 92 – Agricultural forestry and fishery labourers 91 – Cleaners and helpers 71 – Building and related trades workers (excluding electricians) 52 – Sales workers 51 – Personal service workers 23 – Teaching professionals 73 – handicraft and printing workers 81 – Stationary
 plant and machine operators 14 – hospitality retail and other services managers 96 – Refuse workers and other elementary workers 12 – Administrative and commercial managers 83 – Drivers and mobile plant operators 42 – Customer services clerks 26 43 152 52 38 15 39 33 22 20 19 12 9 3 10 MALE FEMALE TOTAL Youth Monograph: Young people in Vanuatu TaBlE 15 OCCUPATIONS IN RURAl AREAS WITh hIgh ShARE OF YOUNg WOMEN AgED 15-29 YEARS, VANUATU: 2009 OCCUPATIONS NUMBER FEMALE SHARE % 73 – handicraft and printing workers 91 – Cleaners and helpers 41 – general and keyboard clerks 53 – Personal care workers 52 – Sales workers 81 – Stationary plant and machine operators 23 – Teaching professionals 22 – health professionals 12 – Administrative and commercial managers 51 – Personal service workers 34 – legal social cultural and related associate professionals 63 – Subsistence farmers fishers hunters and gatherers 92 – Agricultural forestry and fishery labourers 248 637 44 80 383 185 593 32 41 219 47 4867 1169 93 85 76 73 70 68 62 59 51 50 49 47 43 The top 15 occupations for rural young people aged 20- order of prominence is different for each sub age group The 24 years are similar.
However, more young people in this above order applies to the 15-19 year-olds (see Table 36 in age group are working as customer services, teaching Attachment 2).
However, by age 20-24 years, sales workers professionals and in the building related trades Also more and building & related trades workers and personal service young people are able to work as drivers and protective workers have outranked cleaners & helpers (see Table 37 in services workers For those rural young people aged 25-29 years, the important occupations in addition to the top three identified above are: teaching professionals, building & related trades workers excluding electricians, sales workers, cleaners and helpers, personal service workers, drivers and mobile plant operators, and customer services clerks Attachment 2).
By age 25-29 years, building & related trades workers account for the largest number in this age group, followed by sales workers; personal service workers, and with drivers & mobile plant operators pushing cleaners and helpers into fifth place (see Table 38 in Attachment 2).
Differences in occupations held by young males and females In the urban areas, four major occupations of young people Young women in rural areas are concentrated in a limited in each of the youth age group are: cleaners & helpers; sales number of occupations, as shown in Table 15.

The workers; building & related trade’s workers (excluding occupations with the largest concentration of young women electricians), and personal service workers.
However the Youth Monograph: Young people in Vanuatu 44 45 TaBlE 16 OCCUPATIONS IN URBAN AREAS WITh hIgh ShARE OF YOUNg WOMEN AgED 15-29 YEARS, VANUATU: 2009 OCCUPATIONS NUMBER FEMALE SHARE % 91 – Cleaners and helpers 41 – general and keyboard clerks 53 – Personal care workers 52 – Sales workers 22 – health professionals 33 – Business and administration associate professionals 24 – Business and administration professionals 42 – Customer services clerks 51 – Personal service workers 23 – Teaching professionals 43 – Numerical and material recording clerks 12 – Administrative and commercial managers 44 – Other clerical support workers 631 148 49 793 31 119 80 253 406 116 43 57 45 89 79 73 73 67 62 62 61 58 56 55 49 46 are handicraft and printing workers (93%), cleaners and The main occupations with the highest concentration of helpers (85%), sales workers (70%), stationary plant and rural young men aged 15-29 years are: drivers and mobile machine operators (68%) and teaching professionals (62%).
plant operators (100%), protective services workers (98%), The numbers of young women are equal or close to equal for business and administration associate professionals (94%), administrative and commercial managers (51%), personal science and engineering associate professionals (93%), and service workers (50%), and legal social cultural and related building and related trades workers (excluding electricians) associate professionals (49%).

(90%).
(90%).

Other occupations with a large proportion of rural The occupations with the highest share of urban young women are shown in Table 16 Young women have a high share of the jobs in low-skilled work such as cleaners and helpers, and personal service workers.
However, they also account for a large share of the high skill jobs such as business and administration associate professionals and young men are: refuse workers and other elementary workers (84%), legal social cultural and related associate professionals (83%), health associate professionals (81%), metal machinery and related trades workers (79%), market-oriented skilled forestry, fishery and hunting workers (81%) and stationary plant and machine operators (71%).
professionals and teaching professionals Young women also The main occupations with the highest concentration have a significant share of middle-skill clerical jobs such as of urban young men are: building and related trades data entry, receptionists and customer services.
workers (excluding electricians) (98%), drivers and mobile 44 45 Youth Monograph: Young people in Vanuatu TaBlE 17 ToP 10 oCCUPaTIoNs oF yoUNG PEOPlE AgED 15-29 YEARS, VANUATU: 2009 TOP 10 OCCUPATIONS NUMBER 31 – Subsistence crop farmers 611 – Field crop & vegetable growers 633 – Subsistence mixed crop & livestock farmers 921 – Water & land farm labourers 6,204 5,862 4,214 2,896 710 – Building & related trades workers excluding electricians, not otherwise 1,893 Classified 615 – Kava growers 911 – Cleaners & painters 230 -Teachers not otherwise classified 616 – Copra cutters 522 – Salespersons 1,539 1,438 1,110 973 641 are in, using the three-digit occupation classification.
The top 10 occupations held by young people aged 15-29 years 26 in Vanuatu are shown in Table 17 in rank order The most important occupations are linked to agriculture.
The first non-agricultural occupation grouping is the general category of building and related trade workers, followed by cleaners, teachers and salespersons The main occupations apart from those in agriculture are based in the services sector The top 50 occupations are listed in Table 39 in Attachment 2 More detail on the occupations of young people in urban and rural areas.
The top 10 occupational groups held by young people in urban and rural areas are listed in Table 18 and 19 Some occupations require formal training to perform the work, such as the building trades, teachers, agricultural machinery mechanics and client information workers such as tour guides.
However, most of the jobs require skills which can be learnt on-the-job provided the job holder has good foundation skills in literacy and numeracy This applies especially to plant operators (97%), metal machinery and related cashiers and sales and service workers Other jobs such as trades workers (97%), electrical and electronic trades cleaners, some types of work on construction sites, security workers (95%) and protective services workers (91%).
guards and taxi drivers may require only a limited set of Other occupations with smaller numbers but with a high skills and hence offer little or no career prospects The top 50 concentration of urban young males are: information and occupations held by young people in urban areas are listed in communications technicians (88%), refuse workers and Table 39 in Attachment 2 other elementary workers (87%), science and engineering professionals (84%), science and engineering associate The more specific information on the occupations held professionals (81%).
In urban areas, young handicraft and by young people in rural areas offer detail on the type of printing workers are mostly male (80%) but in rural areas activities young people are engaged in This detail about the they are mostly females (93%).
More detail information on types of occupations As noted above, more detailed information is available from the census on the specific type of occupations young people type of activities undertaken suggests that productivity of these jobs could improve by school-based training and in- the-field extension support.

Specific occupations which could benefit from this support are: field crop & vegetable growers, subsistence mixed crop & livestock farmer, kava grower and copra cutter.
These occupations employ some 12,350 young Youth Monograph: Young people in Vanuatu people 46 47 TaBlE 18 ToP 10 UrB aN oCCUPaTIoNs OF YOUNg PEOPlE 15-29 YEARS, VANUATU: 2009.
TaBlE 19 ToP 10 rUral oCCUP aTIoNs FOR YOUNg PEOPlE 15-29 YEARS, VANUATU: 2009 TOP 10 URBAN OCCUPATIONS NUMBER TOP 10 RURAL OCCUPATIONS NUMBER 710 – Building & related trades workers (excluding electricians), not otherwise classified 911 – Cleaners & Painters 522 – Salespersons 510 – Service & sales workers not otherwise classified 541 – Firemen, Prison guards & Security guards 832 – Car taxi & Van drivers 422 – Client information workers 523 – Cashiers 723 – Machinery mechanics & repairers 520 – Entrepreneurs 997 700 501 374 368 336 305 276 226 206 631 – Subsistence crop farmers 611 – Field crop & vegetable growers 633 – Subsistence mixed crop & livestock farmer 921 – Farm labourers 615 – Kava growers 616 – Copra cutters 230 – Teachers not otherwise classified 6,121 5,811 4,055 2,713 1,519 965 932 710 – Building & related trades workers (excluding electricians), not otherwise 896 classified 911 – Cleaners & Painters 731 – Carving, handicraft workers 738 267 Identifying skills young people need • Paramedical practitioners (0), The census list of occupations held by young people can also • Veterinarians, pharmacists & physiotherapists (3), be used to identify potential skill shortages This information • Computer applications professionals (0), and can be used by the Vanuatu National Training Council and • Database designers & system administrators (4).
training providers to help ensure that young people have In relation to technicians and associate professionals, very the opportunity to obtain the skills required to work in few young people are in the following occupations: these occupations Training providers can also use this information to work out which employers to approach to • Agricultural & life science technicians (2), arrange work placements for their students The information • Health associate professionals not otherwise classified is also valuable for career counsellors and other teachers, in (2), advising students on their career options • Medical & pharmaceutical technicians (9), and • Veterinary technicians & assistants (0).
For example, few or no persons aged 15-29 years are recorded in the census for the following professional occupations: • Mathematicians & statisticians (0), • Electronics & telecommunications engineers (5), 26 The three-digit occupation code is from the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO-08) 46 47 Youth Monograph: Young people in Vanuatu TaBlE 20 TOP 15 OCCUPATIONS WITh ThE lARgEST ShARE OF YOUNg PEOPlE AgED 15-29 YEARS, RURAl AND URBAN, VANUATU: 2009 TOP 15 RURAL OCCUPATIONS 911 – Cleaners & Painters 523 – Cashiers 422 – Client Information Workers 634 – Subsistence Fishers 421 – Bank Officers Debt Collectors, lender, Brokers, Agents 510 – Service & Sales Workers Not Otherwise Classified 921 – Water & land Farm labourers 835 – Ship Crew & Super Cargo Freight handlers 517 – Kava Bar Workers 622 – Aquaculture Workers 612 – Animal Producers 615 – Kava growers 713 – Building Structure Cleaners 511 – Sightseeing Tour guides 531 – Babysitter & Teachers’ Aides TOP 15 URBAN OCCUPATIONS 523 – Cashiers 422 – Client Information Workers 510 – Service & Sales Workers Not Otherwise Classified 351 – Computer Network & Systems Technicians 741 – Building & Related Electricians 522 – Salespersons 524 – Contact Centre Salespersons Door To Door Salespersons & Service Station Attendants 520 – Entrepreneurs 752 – Cabinet Makers & Related Workers 260 – legal Social & Cultural Professionals Not Otherwise Classified 710 – Building & Related Trades Workers Excluding Electricians, Not Otherwise Classified 835 – Ship Crew & Super Cargo Freight handlers 421 – Bank Officers, Debt Collector lenders, Brokers Agents 515 – Building Caretakers 723 – Agricultural & Industrial Machinery Mechanics & Repairers NUMBER YOUTH SHARE % NUMBER YOUTH SHARE % Youth Monograph: Young people in Vanuatu 48 49 Youth share of occupations these jobs are: farm labourers working for others, kava bar In terms of the share of young people in each occupation, workers, building cleaners and babysitters.
some occupations are much more ‘youth friendly’ than others The listings in Table 20 show which jobs have a large proportion of young people working in them These jobs may be good entry points to the labour market Examples are: cashiers, client information workers, service workers, sales persons, bank officers, building trades, agricultural machinery mechanics, teachers’ aides and entrepreneurs.
In urban areas, a number of jobs with both a high share of young people and with good prospects for career progression or self-employment can be identified.
These include: computer network and systems technicians, bank officers, electricians, cabinet makers, building trades workers, legal social and cultural professionals, agricultural and industrial machinery mechanics & repairers Similar to the rural jobs In rural areas, the main occupations with a large share of identified above, the urban jobs that require good foundation young people are: labourers, salespersons, subsistence skills and could offer on-the-job training and valuable work mixed crop and livestock farmers, field crop and vegetable experience are: cashiers, client information workers, service growers, machinery mechanics and repairers, clerk officers, & sales workers, entrepreneurs and ship crew.
those engaged in community security and religious activities, bakers, bank and market sellers.

Many jobs with a high share of young people in them (e.g.

cleaner, sales, security guards or taxi drivers) are likely to be low paid and have few, if any, opportunities to acquire further skills.
Other jobs such as building trades workers and mechanics offer better However, other urban jobs with a high share of young people in them such as service station attendants, cargo freight handlers and building caretakers are likely to offer low pay, low job security and have few, if any, opportunities to acquire further skills prospects for acquiring skills and providing the basis for self- The census data is a rich source of information for youth employment and far more analysis can be done than the summary presented here Researches on young people could further explore the relationship between educational attachments, qualifications and occupations as well as for specific groups of youth such as the disabled, those living in remote areas, household’s composition and so on.
employment From the list of occupations held by young people, it is possible to identify rural jobs that offer opportunities for career progression These are jobs that require good foundation skills in literacy and numeracy, provide on-the- job training and offer valuable work experience, applicable to other jobs.
These jobs are: cashiers, client information workers, service workers, sales persons, bank officers, ship’s crew and tour guides Rural occupations with a large share of young people which are likely to be productive sources of livelihood or generating income are aquaculture workers, animal producers and kava growers However, other rural jobs may offer few if any career prospects based on opportunities for further training Examples of 48 49 Youth Monograph: Young people in Vanuatu CHAPTER SEvEN Young people’s access to information & communication nformation and communication technologies who are not literate in any language (8%) or not literate in English or French may find it beyond their capacity to use Young people’s access to information through public computers and the Internet as systems and applications are media such as radio and newspapers and the Internet is not available in Bislama crucial for their capacity to participate in their communities and in provincial and national initiatives, programmes and ICT related occupations projects as well as continuing education, training and skills I development Information and communication technologies (ICT) will only increase in importance in the future, requiring more In Vanuatu, computer use and access to the Internet is not widespread.
However, many households have access to a mobile phone This applies to nine out of ten households in urban areas and two in three households in rural areas The differences in Internet use between young men and women are very small.

Not suprisingly, Internet use is much What relevant information on ICT did the census gather?
The census gathered the following about information and technology: higher in urban centres than rural areas Table 21 shows • Access to Internet (for everyone aged Internet use for young women and men aged 15-29 years 15 and above) according to their place of residence The lack of access to the Internet in rural areas accounts for the low proportion of both young men and women (3%) in rural areas who had used the Internet Torba province in particular had fewer young people using the Internet compared with the other rural provinces, (refer to Figure 19) Young people in rural areas are being left behind in the technology revolution, mostly due to the high costs of establishing infrastructure and a lack of skills Language may also be a barrier to Internet use.
For example, young people • Household ownership of mobile phone, telephone, computer, radio and television • Those working in ICT-related occupations Youth Monograph: Young people in Vanuatu 50 51 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 ) % ( e g a t n e c r e P FEMALES MALES 76 76 10 10 0 1 5 5 4 4 4 4 Torba sanma Penama Malampa shefa Tafea province Figure 19: Distribution of Internet users aged 15-29 years, Vanuatu: 2009. young people to gain new skills to operate and maintain the Table 22 on page 52 lists seven of the main occupations technology.
The Vanuatu Government’s new e-government servicing the ICT sector, the total number of jobholders and computer network, for example, will require a range of new the youth (aged 15-29 years) share of each occupation.
As skills to manage and maintain the network already noted, young people are well-represented among TaBlE 21 REGION vANUATU URBAN RURAL PROvINCE TORBA SANMA PENAMA MALAMPA SHEFA TAFEA INTERNET USERS AgED 15-29 YEARS BY SEx, URBAN / RURAl AND PROVINCE, VANUATU: 2009 MALES AGED 15-29 WHo USED INTERNET FEMALES AGED 15-29 WHo USED INTERNET NUMBER % oF ToTAL MALES NUMBER % oF ToTAL FEMALES Youth Monograph: Young people in Vanuatu TaBlE 22 ICT rElaTED oCCUPaTIoN aND yoUTH PEr CENTaGE sHarED ICT RELATED OCCUPATIONS NUMBER YoUTH SHARE (%) Information & Communications Technology Service Managers Electronics & Telecommunications Engineers Computer Applications Professionals Database Designers & System Administrators Computer Network & Systems Technicians Broadcasting & Audio Visual Technicians Computer repairers 19 13 0 8 123 86 24 37 39 0 50 50 43 50 100 88 l s d o h e s u o h l l a f o % 75 50 25 0 66 60 52 24 31 23 4 13 2 Mobile phone Television radio Computer Telephone Figure 20: ICT related assets owned by households, by urban/rural, Vanuatu, 2009. the largest ICT occupation group of computer network & systems technicians, accounting for half of their number.
The Young people’s access to mobile phones, radios, computers broadcasting & audio visual technicians also have a young Most households in Vanuatu have at least one mobile phone age profile.

Table 22 shows that there are only 24 people whose main work is repairing computers in Vanuatu The census records 3,709 computers in 8% of households.

Computers are widely used in government offices as well.
Young people account for half of the total number of computer repairers In urban centres, 88% of households reported owning mobile phone(s) and in rural areas 66% of households.

The proportion of households owning other ICT-related assets is much lower.

Ownership of computers is limited in Vanuatu, with less than a quarter of urban households (23%) and only 4% of rural households having a computer at home.
Youth Monograph: Young people in Vanuatu 52 53 Conclusion his monograph has presented for the first time These 2009 census results provide the basis for community a detailed profile of young people in Vanuatu, leaders to understand better the challenges their young making full use of the 2009 census results The people in Vanuatu are facing.
Policy makers in education, analysis has shown that not all young Ni-Vanuatu are the health and community welfare can see how the census can same They differ among each other in major ways in terms be used to identify the obstacles and potential risks faced by of where they live, whether they can read, write and count, young people.
The analysis also shows how non-government what level of schooling they have completed and whether they are in work or not These differences affect what type of livelihood they have access to, the age at which they marry and the age of women at the birth of their first child as well T as the number of children they are likely to have organisations with a youth focus, youth representatives and young people themselves can use census data to identify where change is needed and what priorities should be set for making these changes This analysis of young Ni-Vanuatu does not exhaust the range Also highlighted in this analysis are the large differences of uses the census data can be put to A unique feature of the between young men and young women in relation to their census is the potential to provide detailed information on exposure to potential health risks involved in consuming the characteristics of the population at the local level This cigarettes, alcohol or kava.
Particular attention was given to means, in relation to young people, that the census data disabled young people in terms of their numbers, location can be used to provide comprehensive youth profiles for and access to schooling provinces and local government areas With further analysis Information about the economic status of young people in rural and urban areas was presented in some detail The situation of young people not in work was discussed both in the census results can also show how household assets affect the chances of young people in terms of access to education and work terms of the narrow definition of the youth unemployment These census results also show the scope for devising rate and the broader profile based on ‘not in employment, specific indicators of youth progress, using the census as a education or training’ source of baseline data These indicators would need to be The nature of the work young people are engaged in was another focus.
This profile of young people in employment covered both rural and urban occupations It made extensive use of detailed data on occupations, by age and sex.
regularly updated, using inter-censal sample surveys and future census results 52 53 Youth Monograph: Young people in Vanuatu AT TACHMENT ONE statistical Tables TaBlE 23 DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNg MAlES BY MARITAl STATUS, BY SINglE YEARS OF AgE, VANUATU: 2009 AGE (YEAR) NEvER MARRIED (%) MARRIED (%) DE-FACTo (%) OTHER 27 (%) TOTAL (%) TOTAL NUMBER ‘Other’ refers to divorced, separated or widowed Youth Monograph: Young people in Vanuatu 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 4 8 11 17 20 26 27 28 28 27 28 25 54 55 TaBlE 24 AGE (YEAR) DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNg FEMAlES BY MARITAl STATUS, BY SINglE YEARS OF AgE, VANUATU: 2009 NEvER MARRIED (%) MARRIED (%) DE-FACTo (%) OTHER 28 (%) TOTAL (%) TOTAL NUMBER ‘Other’ refers to divorced, separated or widowed TaBlE 25 AGE (YEARS) 15 - 19 20 - 24 25 - 29 30 - 34 35 - 39 40 - 44 45+ PERCENTA gE NEVER MARRIED POPUlATION BY URBAN AND RURAl, AgE AND SEx VANUATU: 2009 URBAN RURAL MALE (%) FEMALE (%) MALE (%) FEMALE (%) 96 76 42 18 10 8 7 89 50 24 11 8 6 6 55 97 68 31 12 9 5 5 87 40 17 10 6 6 5 Youth Monograph: Young people in Vanuatu 54 TaBlE 26 FEMalE s wHo HaVE EVEr GIVEN BIr TH By sINGlE yE ars (15-30 YEARS), VANUATU: 2009 AGE (YEARS) EvER GIvEN BIRTH (%) TOTAL NUMBER 15 16 17 18 19
EvER GIvEN BIRTH (%) TOTAL NUMBER TaBlE 27 AGE 26 27 28 29 30 YOUNg PEOPlE AgE 15-30 YEARS WhO SMOKED CIgARETTES IN ThE lAST WEEK, BY SINglE YEARS OF AgE AND SEx, VANUATU: 2009 MALE-YES (%) TOTAL NUMBER FEMALE-YES (%) TOTAL NUMBER Youth Monograph: Young people in Vanuatu 57 TaBlE 28 AGE 27 28 29 30 TaBlE 29 AGE 26 27 28 29 30 YOUNg PEOPlE AgE 15-30 YEARS WhO CONSUMED Al COhOl IN ThE lAST WEEK, BY SINglE YEARS OF AgE AND SEx, VANUATU: 2009 MALE-YES (%) TOTAL NUMBER FEMALE-YES (%) TOTAL NUMBER TABlE 29: YOUNg PEOPlE AgE 15-30 YEARS WhO CONSUMED KAVA IN ThE lAST WEEK, BY SINglE YEARS OF AgE AND SEx, VANUATU: 2009 MALE-YES (%) TOTAL NUMBER FEMALE-YES (%) TOTAL NUMBER Youth Monograph: Young people in Vanuatu 56 TaBlE 30 AGE 5-9 10-14 15 - 19 20 - 24 25 - 29 30 - 34 35 - 39 40 - 44 45 - 49 50 - 54 55 - 59 60 - 64 65 - 69 70+ % NUMBER PoPUlaTIoN By UsU al Pla CE oF RESIDENCE FIVE YEARS AgO, BY AgE AND SEx, VANUATU: 2009 MALE (%)
 FEMALE (%) TaBlE 31 NO SCHOOLING OR LESS THAN PRIMARY SCHOOL (G6) CoMpLETED YOUNg PEOPlE AgE 15-24 YEARS WhO hAVE NOT COMPlETED PRIMARY EDUCATION, BY SEx, VANUATU: 2009 MALE (%) NUMBER FEMALE (%) NUMBER TOTAL (%) NUMBER 30 22,442 28 22,981 29 45,423 TaBlE 32 AGE (YEARS) 15 - 19 20 - 24 25 - 29 TOTAL YOUNg PEOPlE AgE 15-29 WhO hAVE NEVER ATTENDED SChOOl, BY A gE AND SE x, VANUATU: 2009 MALE (%) FEMALE (%) 9 10 10 9 8 10 10 9 Youth Monograph: Young people in Vanuatu 58 59 AT TACHMENT TWO Occupational profile of young people TaBlE 33 TOP 15 OCCUPATIONS OF RURAl YOUNg PEOPlE AgED 15-19 YEARS, BY SEx, VANUATU: 2009 RURAL OCCUPATIONS 63 – Subsistence farmers, fishers, hunters and gatherers 61 – Market-oriented skilled agricultural workers 92 – Agricultural forestry and fishery labourers 91 – Cleaners and helpers 71 – Building and related trades workers (excluding electricians) 52 – Sales workers 51 – Personal service workers 23 – Teaching professionals 73 – handicraft and printing workers 81 – Stationary plant and machine operators 14 – hospitality retail and other services managers 96 – Refuse workers and other elementary workers 12 – Administrative and commercial managers 83 – Drivers and mobile plant operators 42 – Customer services clerks MALE 1,744 1,417 466 36 187 21 56 21 4 21 25 37 16 33 18 FEMALE 1,472 945 330 220 16 88 51 73 85 48 16 2 22 0 10 TOTAL 3,216 2,362 796 256 203 109 107 94 89 69 41 39 38 33 28 58 59 Youth Monograph: Young people in Vanuatu TaBlE 34 TOP 15 OCCUPATIONS OF RURAl YOUNg PEOPlE AgED 20-24 YEARS, BY SEx, VANUATU: 2009 MAIN RURAL oCCUp ATIoNS AT TWo-DIGIT LEvEL 63 – Subsistence farmers, fishers, hunters and gatherers 61 – Market-oriented skilled agricultural workers 92 – Agricultural, forestry and fishery labourers 71 – Building and related trades workers (excluding electricians) 23 – Teaching professionals 91 – Cleaners and helpers 52 – Sales workers
 51 – Personal service workers 42 – Customer services clerks 81 – Stationary plant and machine operators 83 – Drivers and mobile plant operators 73 – handicraft and printing workers 54 – Protective services workers 96 – Refuse workers and other elementary workers 53 – Personal care workers MALE 1,878 1,750 568 390 123 36 53 88 84 39 96 7 49 48 15 FEMALE 1,735 1,327 TOTAL 3,613 3,077 429 19 239 238 144 93 63 73 1 89 6 6 34 997 409 362 274 197 181 147 112 97 96 55 54 49 TaBlE 35 TOP 15 OCCUPATIONS OF RURAl YOUNg PEOPlE AgED 25-29 YEARS, BY SEx, VANUATU: 2009 MAIN RURAL oCCUp ATIoNS AT TWo-DIGIT LEvEL 63 – Subsistence farmers, fishers, hunters & gatherers 61 – Market-oriented skilled agricultural workers 92 – Agricultural forestry & fishery labourers 23 – Teaching professionals 71 – Building & related trades workers (excluding electricians) 52 – Sales workers 91 – Cleaners and helpers 51 – Personal service workers 83 – Drivers and mobile plant operators 42 – Customer services clerks 81 – Stationary plant and machine operators 73 – handicraft and printing workers 96 – Refuse workers and other elementary workers 72 – Metal machinery and related trades workers 54 – Protective services workers MALE 1,803 1,724 510 221 316 87 41 77 145 76 26 9 62 49 48 FEMALE 1,660 1,202 TOTAL 3,463 2,926 410 281 22 151 179 75 0 41 64 74 3 2 1 920 502 338 238 220 152 145 117 90 83 65 51 49 Youth Monograph: Young people in Vanuatu 60 61 TaBlE 36 TOP 15 OCCUPATION OF URBAN YOUNg PEOPlE AgED 15-19 YEARS, BY SEx, VANUATU: 2009 MAIN URBAN oCCUp ATIoNS AT TWo-DIGIT LEvEL MALE FEMALE TOTAL 91 – Cleaners & helpers 52 – Sales workers 71 – Building & related trades workers (excluding electricians) 51 – Personal service workers 63 – Subsistence farmers, fishers, hunters & gatherers 42 – Customer services clerks 83 – Drivers & mobile plant operators 72 – Metal machinery & related trades workers 75 – Food processing, wood working, garment & other craft & related trades workers 92 – Agricultural forestry &
 fishery labourers 54 – Protective services workers 96 – Refuse workers & other elementary workers 61 – Market-oriented skilled agricultural workers 53 – Personal care workers 74 – Electrical & electronic trades workers TaBlE 37 TOP 15 OCCUPATIONS OF URBAN YOUNg PEOPlE AgED 20-24 YEARS, BY SEx, VANUATU: 2009 MAIN URBAN oCCUp ATIoNS AT TWo-DIGIT LEvEL MALE FEMALE TOTAL 2 – Sales workers 71 – Building & related trades workers (excluding electricians) 51 – Personal service workers 91 – Cleaners & helpers 42 – Customer services clerks 83 – Drivers & mobile plant operators 54 – Protective services workers 72 – Metal machinery & related trades workers 63 – Subsistence farmers, fishers, hunters & gatherers 41 – general & keyboard clerks 75 – Food processing, wood working, garment & other craft & related trades workers 23 – Teaching professionals 92 – Agricultural forestry & fishery labourers 33 – Business & administration associate professionals 26 – legal social & cultural professionals Youth Monograph: Young people in Vanuatu TaBlE 38 TOP 15 OCCUPATIONS OF URBAN YOUNg PEOPlE AgED 25-29 YEARS, BY SEx, VANUATU: 2009 MAIN URBAN oCCUp ATIoNS AT TWo-DIGIT LEvEL MALE FEMALE TOTAL 71 – Building & related trades workers (excluding electricians) 52 – Sales workers 51 – Personal service workers 83 – Drivers & mobile plant operators 91 – Cleaners & helpers 54 – Protective services workers 42 – Customer services clerks 23 – Teaching professionals 33 – Business & administration associate professionals 72 – Metal machinery & related trades workers 63 – Subsistence farmers, fishers, hunters & gatherers 41 – general & keyboard clerks 92 – Agricultural forestry & fishery labourers 75 – Food processing, wood
 working, garment & other craft & related trades workers 24 – Business & administration professionals The two tables below list the top 50 occupations at the three-digit level held by urban and rural young people aged 15-29 years.
The tables show for each occupation group the numbers of young people employed & youth share of total employment in that occupation group URBAN TaBlE 39 TOP 50 OCCUPATIONS OF URBAN YOUNg PEOPlE AgED 15-29 YEARS, VANUATU: 2009 TOP 50 URBAN OCCUPATIONS NUMBER YoUTH SHARE (%) 710 – Building & Related Trades Workers (excluding ) electricians, Not Otherwise Classified 911 – Cleaner & Painter 522 – Salespersons 510 – Service & Sales Workers Not Otherwise Classified 997 700 501 374 47 35 51 58 Youth Monograph: Young people in Vanuatu 62 63 541 – Fireman, Prison guards & Security guards 832 – Car Taxi & Van Drivers 422 – Client Information Workers 523 – Cashiers 723 – Agricultural & Industrial Machinery Mechanics & Repairers 520 – Entrepreneurs 921 – Water & land Farm labourers 230 – Teachers Not Otherwise Classified 633 – Subsistence Mixed Crop & livestock Farmer 410 – general & Keyboard Clerks Not Otherwise Classified 751 – Baker 334 – Executive legal Medical Secretaries & Supervisors 241 – Accountants & Financial Advisors 421 – Bank Officers, Debt Collector, lenders, Brokers Agents 512 – Chef Cook 741 – Building & Related Electricians 517 – Kava Bar Workers 440 – Clerk Officer 631 – Subsistence Crop Farmers 120 – Managers & Directors 260 -legal Social & Cultural Professionals Not Otherwise Classified 521 – Market Sellers 962 – Elementary Workers 515 – Building Caretakers 431 – Accounting & Bookkeeping Clerks 531 – Babysitter & Teachers’ Aides 611 – Field Crop & Vegetable growers 341 – Community Security & Religious Activities 351 – Computer Network & Systems Technicians 833 – heavy Truck & lorry Drivers, Bus Drivers 835 – Ship Crew & Cargo Freight handlers 511 – Sightseeing Tour guides 411 – general Office Clerks 343 – Chefs Interior Designs & Other Artists 712 – Air Conditioning & Refrigeration Mechanics 713 – Building Structure Cleaners 524 – Contact Centre Salespersons, Door To Door Salespersons & Service Station Attendants 752 – Cabinet Makers & Related Workers Youth Monograph: Young people in Vanuatu RURAL TaBlE 39 TOP 50 OCCUPATIONS OF RURAl YOUNg PEOPlE AgED 15-29 YEARS, VANUATU: 2009 TOP 50 RURAL OCCUPATIONS NUMBER YoUTH SHARE (%) 631 – Subsistence Crop Farmers 611 – Field Crop & Vegetable growers 633 – Subsistence Mixed Crop & livestock Farmers 921 – Water & land Farm labourers 615 – Kava growers 616 – Copra Cutters 230 – Teachers Not Otherwise Classified 710 – Building & Related Trades Workers (excl.
electricians), Not Otherwise Classified 911 – Cleaners & Painters 731 – Carving Persons, handicraft Workers 422 – Client Information Workers 520 – Entrepreneurs 832 – Car Taxi & Van Drivers 962 – Elementary Workers 510 – Service & Sales Workers Not Otherwise Classified 522 – Salespersons 815 – Bleaching Dyeing & Fabric Cleaning Machine Operators 521 – Market Sellers 541 – Fireman, Prison guards & Security guards 517 – Kava Bar Workers 723 – Agricultural & Industrial Machinery Mechanics & Repairers 819 – Copra Drying Oven, Kiln Machine Operators 145 – Copra Buyer Manager level 531 – Babysitter & Teachers’ Aides 512 – Chef Cook 341 – Community Security & Religious Activities 120 – Managers & Directors 610 – Skilled Agricultural Workers Not Otherwise Classified 612 – Animal Producers 751 – Bakers 511 – Sightseeing Tour guides 622 – Aquaculture Workers 220 – health Professionals Not Otherwise Classified Youth Monograph: Young people in Vanuatu 64 65 833 – heavy Truck & lorry Drivers, Bus Drivers 634 – Subsistence Fishers 421 – Bank Officers Debt Collectors, lender, Brokers, Agents 713 – Building Structure Cleaners 410 general & Keyboard Clerks Not Otherwise Classified 835 – Ship Crew & Super Cargo Freight handlers 011 – Commissioned Armed Forces Officers 523 – Cashiers 241 – Accountants & Financial Advisors 46 46 43 43 41 37 37 34 32 29 55 53 46 30 49 45 60 36 64 65 Youth Monograph: Young people in Vanuatu references Adult Education (ASPBAE) and Australia and Vanuatu Education Policy Advocacy Coalition (VEPAC) Education Experience Survey and Literacy Assessment: Asia South Pacific Association for Basic and , Shefa Province, Vanuatu, 2011.
Growing Up Global: The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries Lloyd, C (editor); 2005, , Washington, USA.

Report (Volume 2), Vanuatu National Statistics Office, 2010, Port Vila, 2009.

2009 National Population and Housing Census, Analytical Vanuatu National Statistics Office, 2011, , Port Vila, Gender Monograph “Women and men in Vanuatu” 2011 Education at a Glance OECD, 2011, , Indicator A1.2a.

demographic indicators for selected years.


Secretariat of the Pacific Community, 2011, Pacific Island Populations - Estimates and projections of UNICEF Pacific & Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC), 2011, , The State of Pacific Youth Report 2011 Vanuatu Education Management Information System 2009, Ministry of Education.

World Bank.

2006, World Development Report 2007: Development and the Next Generation.
http://en wikipedia org/wiki/NEET Youth Monograph: Young people in Vanuatu 66 67 glossary Adolescent mothers: Internal migration: Primary basic education: Women aged The temporary or Grade 1 to 15-19 years who have given birth to permanent relocation or movement of a child Agriculture: population inside the boundaries of a Includes farming, fishing national state International migration: grade 8 Population census: A count of a given area resulting in an enumeration and logging De-facto relationship: couples who live together without being legally married Education attainment: Highest level of formal schooling attended and successfully completed Employed population: Population aged 15 years and over working for cash or profit Employer: When of the entire population and the peoples cross state boundaries compilation of demographic, social and stay in the host state for some and economic information pertaining minimum length of time Jobless population: to that population at a specific time.
Economically inactive: People without Those people jobs, available for work but no longer who were not working and not looking for work Kava: Kava (Piper methysticum) is a looking for work., eg: full time student, retired, disabled.
Person: shrub belonging to the pepper family, Any individual member of Piperaceae The root or stump of the the household or institution who shrub contains kavalactones, which is present on the census night and Person or business that employs one or more people especially for wage or salary Household: Those persons who usually eat together and share the work of preparing the food and/ or the cost of have sedative and muscle-relaxant effects Literacy rate: Proportion of the population who reported they could read and write a simple sentence in any language Not in Employment, Education and work for providing it Information and communication Training (NEET): counted in the census Pre-school: Early childhood education for children aged 4 to 5 years old Producing goods for home consumption: Performing a variety of tasks such as farming, gardening, fishing or producing handicrafts for technologies (ICT): A widely used own consumption and often described This includes any acronym for people currently “not in as subsistence by the household computing and communication device education, employment, or training”.
or application 66 67 Youth Monograph: Young people in Vanuatu Producing goods for sale: Performing a variety of tasks such as farming, gardening, fishing or producing handicrafts, the goods from which are then sold Professional workers: Includes occupations such as teachers, medical doctors, nurses/midwives, lawyers, accountants and civil engineers Secondary education: every 100 females Subsistence: See producing goods for home consumption Technical workers: Includes occupations such as mechanics, ship engineers, dental assistants and farming advisors Total fertility rate: The average Year 7 up to year number of children per woman Unemployed population: Unpaid family work: Those persons aged 15 years and over who do work but did not receive wage, salary, commission, profit or other form of remuneration from their family enterprise Vocational education: Technical education combined with practical experience in Vanuatu or another country Voluntary work: 13 for English system and up to year 14 for French system Services: Including tourism, retail sales and transportation Sex: People aged Those persons aged 15 years and over who did not work in the week prior to the census (other than those who had a job but were not at work during the reference week), 15 years and over who work without pay, commission or profit for an organization.
Wage and salary employment: Refers to the relatively fixed but spend time looking for work, and biological and physical characteristics were available to work if a job was that define men and women.

Sex ratio: offered to them University: Remuneration (pay) based on time worked or items produced independent of profits or expectations The ratio of males to An educational institution of profits.
females in a given population, usually of learning at tertiary level either in expressed as the number of males for Vanuatu or another country Youth Monograph: Young people in Vanuatu 68