Source document: https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696591514687.pdf (Vanuatu)
i | P a g e Source: Vanuatu National Statistics Office ii | P a g e Table of Contents Preface .................................................................................. v Foreword ............................................................................ vi Key findings and policy implications ................................ vi Introduction ........................................................................ 4 Marriage, families and households ................................... 7 Health and wellbeing ....................................................... 17 Education .......................................................................... 29 Work and employment .................................................... 39 Women and Men in Vanuatu: Gender analysis of the 2009 Population and Housing Census Simil Johnson Government Statistician Migration ........................................................................... 50 Authors and contributors Information and technology ............................................ 53 Income, assets and housing ............................................. 59 Annexes ............................................................................. 64 References ......................................................................... 70 Statistical tables ................................................................ 71 Roger Smithy Assistant Statistician Benuel Lenge Head of Dissemination Andy Calo Statistician Kim Robertson Advisor Jessica Gardner UNFPA Consultant Vanuatu National Statistics Office (VNSO) Private Mail Bag 9019 PORT VILA Vanuatu Tel: (678) 22110/22111 Fax: (678) 24583 Email: stats@vanuatu.gov.vu Web: www.vnso.gov.vu Published October 2011 iii | P a g e Acronyms APGR Annual Population Growth Rate DHS EFA GPI ICT IMR JMP Demographic Health Survey Education For All Gender Parity Index Information and Communication Technology Infant Mortality Rate Joint Monitoring Programme MDGs Millennium Development Goals MICS PAA Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey Priorities and Action Agenda SMAM Single mean age at marriage SPC TFR Secretariat of the Pacific Community Total fertility rate UNESCO United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization UNFPA United Nations Population Fund UNICEF United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund UNSD VNSO WHO WSS United Nations Statistics Division Vanuatu National Statistics Office World Health Organization Water Supply and Sanitation U5MR Under 5 Mortality Rate iv | P a g e Preface Women and Men in Vanuatu presents an analysis of the 2009 Vanuatu Population and Housing Census results from a gender perspective.
It is aimed at government officials and decision-makers in Vanuatu, providing crucial evidence to design gender- sensitive policies and programmes and monitor their effectiveness.

The population and housing census is a rich source of data for in-depth analysis.

Collecting information on all individuals and households provides the possibility to compare a wide range of characteristics.
As in all areas of official government statistics, data analysis is done with respect to people’s confidentiality and individuals cannot be identified.

This report is written for a broad audience, including people who have no experience in using statistics.

It presents key findings with clear explanations to help readers interpret the data and understand its limitations.

It should serve as a useful resource for anyone interested in economic and social development in Vanuatu.
From a personal view, I am very proud to be able to present this publication to you.

This is the first time we have attempted a publication of this type in Vanuatu and I am impressed with the quality of the end product.

I acknowledge the excellent contribution of my staff, particularly Roger Smithy, Benuel Lenge, Andy Calo and Kim Robertson.
I also acknowledge the valuable support of the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) in funding this initiative and the guidance of Jessica Gardner, Technical Consultant to the project.

Women and Men in Vanuatu is an important addition to a series of publications from the 2009 population and housing census.
It complements the other products - 2009 National Population and Housing Census: Basic Tables Report (Volume1) and Analytical Report (Volume 2) – published by the Vanuatu National Statistics Office earlier this year.

Finally, I would like to extend my appreciation to the women and men in Vanuatu who participated in the census, for without them, this publication would not have been possible.
Simil Johnson Government Statistician November 2011 v | P a g e Foreword It is a pleasure to introduce this monograph, “Women and Men in Vanuatu”.

This publication is based on results from our 5th national population and housing census, conducted in 2009.

This is not the first report to be published on the census results.
2009 National Population and Housing Census: Basic Tables Report (Volume1) and Analytical Report (Volume 2) were published by the Vanuatu National Statistics Office in 2011, both providing detailed information and analysis of the census results.

This monograph differs from earlier reports in that it focuses on gender issues, exploring the differences and similarities between women and men, girls and boys to reveal more about the roles they play in society.
This is the first time such a report has been prepared for Vanuatu and it has been written for a broad audience, including people who have no experience in using statistics.

As well of being of general interest, it is expected that the report will be of value to decision makers and government officials.

The Vanuatu National Statistics Office intends to publish other thematic reports based on the 2009 population and housing census, on subjects such as youth and disability.
I would like to take this opportunity to acknowledge with sincere gratitude the contribution of the Vanuatu Government to this project as well as the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) which provided technical assistance.

It is also worth reiterating the value of the support of the people of Vanuatu for their cooperation in completing the census itself and to the others involved in assisting with the design, collection, processing and dissemination of the census results.
To the staff of the National Statistics Office, I would like to commend your contributions to this publication.

I am very satisfied to see the special efforts being made to ensure that results from the census are widely used.
Honorable Moana Carcasses Calosil Minister of Finance and Economic Management Republic of Vanuatu November, 2011 vi | P a g e Key findings Marriage, families and households Most households in Vanuatu (41%) contain a nuclear family – two parents and their children Average household size is getting smaller – from 5.1 to 4.8 people between 1999 and 2009 Around 17% of households in Vanuatu contain multigenerational families There are more men than women in Vanuatu; for every 100 females, 104 males Urban centres have the biggest difference in the number of males and females with 107 males for every 100 females Women get married at a younger age than men Nearly a quarter (23.9%) of widowed men aged 60 or above live in the house of one of their adult children, compared with only 8.4% of men who are not widowed Health and wellbeing Men are much more likely to smoke and consume alcohol and kava than women Population growth and a high dependency ratio maintain pressure on limited health resources Disability is more common among women and more likely to affect their education outcomes Child mortality is falling but remains high compared to other Pacific countries The proportion of teenage mothers has reduced since 1999, but remains high in Torba Teenage mothers are less likely to have a secondary education There is some evidence of gender being a factor in access to water and sanitation Life expectancy has risen to 72.7 years for women and 69.6 years for men The majority of health professionals are women (60%), mainly nurses and midwives and not higher skills jobs like doctors and surgeons 1 | P a g e Education The gender gap in literacy is narrowing, but a trend towards lower literacy in boys is emerging More boys than girls are not going to school, particularly in Shefa, Torba and Malampa provinces Lack of formal education is more likely due to rural / urban location than gender Overall, more women than men have had no schooling at all 3,030 (4.5%) of adult men have a tertiary qualification and 2,237 women (3.3%) have one
 Work and employment Most adult women and men are employed in producing goods for own consumption with 49% of women doing this type of work and 41% of men Women are less likely than men to be self-employed or employers Men hold most jobs in both the private and public sector Of the 18,000 full-time home makers in Vanuatu, almost 15,000 are women The proportion of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector has almost doubled over the last 20 years Occupations related to crops, vegetables or livestock dominate for both men and women, but there are some significant differences in the top 10 occupations Women’s share of senior positions is increasing Unemployment is highest amongst urban women Almost half the people who worked overseas in the last year were women Migration More women migrated within the country than men during the last 5 years Female migration mainly occurs between rural areas More men migrate to urban centres International migration is insignificant in Vanuatu 2 | P a g e Information and technology Although internet use and computers are not widespread, almost every household has at least one mobile phone More men than women use the internet Men hold most of the ICT-related jobs Lone male parents with only boys in school are more likely to own a computer than those with girls only Income, assets and housing More lone female headed households (those without a spouse present) rely on sale of goods than their equivalent male households.
Single male households are more likely to receive a wage or salary than those headed by single women Households headed by a lone female head (i.e.
no spouse present) own more cash crops than lone male headed households Overall, lone male headed households own more possessions – canoes, cars, boats, televisions, fridges, etc – than lone female headed households Lone female headed households in urban centres are more likely to own gas stoves and fridges than male headed households 3 | P a g e Introduction What is gender?
Gender relates to the roles women and men, girls and boys, play in society and where similarities and differences exist beyond those based on biological sex.

Gender can be a factor in all areas and of employment, access to household income and assets, health, migration and the use of technology.

Gender is not about women only; it is about both men and women.
education, work including life, Sustained social and economic growth and development is only possible if both women and men are fully involved Sex Gender Refers to the relatively fixed biological and physiological characteristics that define men and women Female and Male Biology defines Relatively fixed Refers to the relatively fluid socially constructed roles, behaviours, activities, and attributes considered appropriate for men and women Feminine and Masculine Social norms define Often changing over time National Priorities for Gender and Development The Vanuatu Priorities and Action Agenda (PAA) outlines the vision for the country, the actions required to get there and how progress will be measured.
The specific indicators of progress towards addressing gender concerns are: Ratio of girls to boys in primary*, secondary* and tertiary education Ratio of girls to boys in pre-school education* Ratio of women to men received tertiary scholarships Share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector* Proportion of seats held by women in national parliament Proportion of departments or ministries headed by women * Available from the population and housing census 4 | P a g e Gender issues In many societies, women have historically been at a disadvantage when it comes to opportunities for education and employment, in the ownership and control of assets, such as land and housing, and having a voice in making decisions in the home, the community and in the country as a whole.
Expected to be content with playing the traditional role of mother and homemaker, many women have not had the same opportunities as men to go to school and university and get a well-paid job.

When it comes to health and wellbeing, men are often at a disadvantage, with shorter life expectancy than women and risks to health, such as smoking and drinking alcohol, more often taken by men.

Around the world, societies are changing.


Electricity, piped water, time-saving tools around the home, new and affordable technologies have all played a role in changing the way we live.

This is one of the many impacts on gender roles.

Changing social norms and increasing economic pressure have seen an increasing number of women become economically active to meet the rising costs of living.
Sex-disaggregated data and gender analysis Poor availability of sex-disaggregated data is a common criticism of national statistical systems.

Often sex-disaggregated data are collected, but are not analyzed or published in a form that meets the needs of data users.

The Vanuatu National Statistics Office aims to improve the availability of sex- disaggregated data in all its statistical releases.
This is demonstrated in the census publications already released where a rich source of sex-disaggregated data is available.

About this report This report goes beyond previous releases of census results with an in-depth look at the data from a gender perspective.

Most importantly, it links the statistics with national priorities and actions for gender equality and communicates the information in a way that can be easily understood by people with a limited experience in using statistics.
It focuses on data from the 2009 population census with occasional reference to information from the 1999 population census.

There is also some reference to international data which is provided to enable the Vanuatu information to be seen in regional and global context.

5 | P a g e Information has not been taken from administrative sources that may exist within various government agencies, or from other surveys that may have been conducted in Vanuatu.
The focus is on gender and gender issues are explored under seven separate themes.

These themes have been chosen because of the availability of census data and their relevance to current policy issues.

The themes are Marriage, families and households Health and wellbeing Education Work and employment Migration Technology Income, assets and housing Information is presented under each theme with an emphasis on describing key findings with clear text and graphs.
Where possible, the information is linked to known government priorities and targets.

Every attempt has been made to ensure the information is not misleading, and is factually correct.

Any conclusions are based on the data.

The publication avoids detailed technical explanations in an attempt to make it engaging and interesting for non-statisticians.

Many of the conclusions will be known but perhaps have not been easily quantified in the past.

Some may even be a surprise.


It is hoped that the results presented are of value and stimulate further research and inquiry into the complex issues surrounding gender.

6 | P a g e Marriage, families and households Society is shaped by its population and their characteristics – the number of people, their age, sex, marital status, number of children, living arrangements and so on.

Gender issues are inherently linked with marriage, families and households.
This section provides a broad picture of the population in Vanuatu at the time of the 2009 census, with emphasis on gender-relevant issues.
Key findings There are more men than women in Vanuatu; for every 100 females, 104 males Tafea is the only province where females outnumber males Urban centres have the biggest difference in the number of males and females with 107 males for every 100 females Women tend to get married at a younger age than men Nearly a quarter (23.9%) of widowed men aged 60 or above live in the house of one of their adult children, compared with only 8.4% of men who are not widowed Around 17% of households in Vanuatu contain multigenerational families Average household size is getting smaller – from 5.1 to 4.8 people between 1999 and 2009 Most households in Vanuatu (41%) contain what is known as a nuclear family – two married parents and children National goals and priorities The Vanuatu Government is currently developing a national population policy, expected to be launched in late 2011.
The policy is likely to focus on priorities such as: managing rural-urban migration, urbanization its contribution to development improving the integration of population issues into sector plans and national development strategies closing the remaining data gaps that impede integrated population- development planning reducing unemployment and under-employment rates among youth (15-24 years of age) reducing gender inequality and violence against women reducing the teenage fertility rate, maternal mortality and morbidity 7 | P a g e reducing infant and child mortality in urban areas and selected provinces reducing hardship and poverty among the elderly, especially women in rural areas What basic information does the population and housing census gather about population, marriage and family relationships?
The 2009 census gathered the following for all members of the household: sex – male or female age and date of birth marital status ethnic origin religion relationships between members of the household (spouse, daughter, grandparent, etc) Men and women, girls and boys in Vanuatu There are more men than women in Vanuatu - females make up 48% of the total Vanuatu population.

These differences are reflected in both urban and rural society.
Vanuatu population by sex and urban/rural location, 2009 Vanuatu Urban Males number 119,091 Females 114,932 % 51.8 48.2 number 29,618 27,577 % 51.8 48.2 Rural number 89,473 84,355 % 50.6 49.4 Total 234,023 100.0 57,195 100.0 176,828 100.0 The difference between the number of males and females is usually expressed as a sex ratio.

A sex ratio of 100 means that there are equal numbers of males and females; lower than 100: more females than males and; higher than 100: more males than females.
In 2009, the sex ratio for the whole of Vanuatu was 104 –for every 100 females there are 104 males.

Tafea is the only place where females outnumber males: 99 males for every 100 females.

Vanuatu Sex ratio* 104 (urban) (rural) Shefa* Sanma* Penama Torba Malampa Tafea 107 102 106 106 102 102 101 99 * Sex ratio = males / females x 100 8 | P a g e Urban centres have the highest difference with males outnumbering females by 107 to 100.
This reflects the fact that men tend to migrate to urban centres more than women, as discussed in the migration section, starting on page 50.

The sex ratio at birth is 111 males per 100 females – higher than the overall sex ratio of 104 males per 100 females.

There is no evidence to suggest bias in reporting of boys over girls, or a gender preference for boys, but it is possible that this exists given the sex ratio is high in favor of males until age 15 years.
No research has been carried out on the coverage of the 2009 census and whether it was an accurate count of the population.

These high sex ratios in favour of males in younger age groups suggest that this question should be asked: where are the missing girls?"

Vanuatu has a relatively young population with numbers of people concentrated in the younger age groups.

The median age - half the population below this age and half above – for males is 19 years and for females it is 20.
The relative size and age distribution of women and men, girls and boys in Vanuatu is illustrated by a population pyramid.

Total population by sex and age, Vanuatu, 2009 Marriage and families Marriage is important to Vanuatu society.

It usually represents the creation of a new household and children to follow.

More women than men are in defacto relationships (living together but not married), divorced or separated.

Men aged 15 and above are more likely to be single (never married) than women.
9 | P a g e Age is an obvious factor in marital status.

The legal age of marriage in Vanuatu is currently 18 years for males and 16 years for females.

However, permission from either parents or guardians is required for anyone wishing to marry under age 211.

There are noticeable gender differences in the age of marriage and the proportion of older people who are widowed.

On average, women marry at younger age compared with men for their first marriage.
The 2009 population census revealed that women marry at an average age of 22 years, whereas men tend to marry around 25 years of age.

The trend is similar for all provinces of Vanuatu, with the biggest age difference in Penama and the smallest in Tafea province.

1 Laws of the Republic of Vanuatu Consolidated Edition (2006).

Control of Marriage Act (Cap 45).


http://www.paclii.org/vu/legis/consol_act/coma194/ 10 | P a g e A small proportion of girls aged less than 16 (1.4%) and boys aged less than 18 (1.2%) – the minimum legal ages for marriage – gave their marital status as “legally married”.

Five of the 35 girls who were married by age 15 had already given birth.

A much higher proportion of older women are widowed than men.
Although Vanuatu still has a young population, the proportions of elderly, particularly women, will increase as longevity improves.

For every 100 widowers in Vanuatu, 76 are women and 24 are men.

As women tend to live longer, and men may be more likely to remarry, there are striking gender differences in the proportion of men and women who are widowed in different age groups.

11 | P a g e More than one third of women aged in their seventies are widows (34.9%) versus only 12.5% of men.
For women aged 80 and above, 43.8% are widows compared to only 17.5% of men in the same age group.

Number and proportion of people with marital status of widowed, by age and sex, Vanuatu, 2009 Men Women Total 64,362 4,246 2,026 930 Widowed Number % of total 0.5% 6.5% 12.5% 17.5% 326 275 253 163 Total 64,882 3,899 1,782 923 Widowed Number % of total 2.2% 1,426 20.1% 784 34.9% 622 43.8% 404 Age 15-59 60-69 70-79 80+ Older widows are more vulnerable to poverty.
As aging occurs, health problems may become a barrier to earning an income and well-being might depend on the support of relatives and others.

The living arrangements of widows aged 60 and above indicate a greater reliance on other family members.

Those who are widowed are much more likely to live in the household of one of their adult children (i.e.

their child is the household head).


This is especially the case for men, with nearly a quarter (23.9%) of widowed men living in their child’s house compared with only 8.4% of men who are not widowed.

There is also a significant difference for women, with more than a third (33.9%) of female widows aged 60+ living in their child’s household versus 18.5% of those not widowed.

12 | P a g e Households In Vanuatu there were 47,373 private households at the time of the 2009 census.
Of these, 76% were in the rural areas and 24% were in urban centres.
Urban % of total Rural % of total Total % of total Total private households 11,606 24% 35,767 76% 47,373 100% Households with children Nuclear family Extended family Single head with children Single grandparent with grandchildren Single head with extended family Households without children Single person Couple Other Most households in Vanuatu (41%) contain what is known as a nuclear family – two married parents and children.
Extended families are also common (27%) with multiple generations and relatives living under one roof.

There are more than 8,000 multigenerational households in Vanuatu - about 17% of all private households.

A multigenerational household is one that contains either: Important to know A household is defined as those living persons together who usually eat together and share the work of preparing the food and/or the cost of work of providing it.
Household head, child and grandchild Household head with parent and child Household head with parent and grandchild Household head with parent, child and grandchild Household head with parent The existence of multigenerational households is fairly even between urban and rural areas, comprising around 17% of all private households.

Multigenerational households are more common in the provinces of Torba and Tafea, comprising 23% and 21% of total households respectively, and less common in Penama at 13%.
13 | P a g e Multigenerational households by urban/rural and province, Vanuatu, 2009 Number of private households 47,373 11,606 35,767 1,766 9,213 6,620 7,991 15,930 5,853 Vanuatu Urban Rural Torba Sanma Penama Malampa Shefa Tafea Multigenerational households as % of total households in area 8,218 17% 1,941 17% 6,277 18% 398 23% 1,482 16% 836 13% 1,289 16% 2,978 19% 1,235 21% Households with three generations Head with child and grandchild as % of total households in area Head with parent and child as % of total households in area Head with parent and grandchild as % of total households in area Households with four generations Head with parent, child and grandchild as % of total households in area 286 0.6% 64 0.6% 222 0.6% 20 1.1% 44 0.5% 41 0.6% 37 0.5% 101 0.6% 43 0.7% Household head with parent as % of total households in area 472 1.0% 135 1.2% 337 0.9% 21 1.2% 76 0.8% 61 0.9% 84 1.1% 178 1.1% 52 0.9% 14 | P a g e There are many contributing factors that influence household size.
Historically, large families or households were seen as an advantage – the larger the household, the more the members could provide for others, particularly the young and the old.

There has been a trend towards smaller families and households throughout the world and Vanuatu is no exception.

The number of people living in one household has reduced from an average of 5.1 in 1999 to 4.8 in 2009.
Sanma province has experienced the steepest decline from an average household size of 7.4 household members in 1999 to 4.8 in 2009.

The average number of children per woman (total fertility rate) is 4.1 in 2009.

Changes in family size are explored further in the chapter below on health and wellbeing.

Gender issues in households It is a challenge to analyse gender differences for information that is collected about the household as a whole.
This leads many gender analysts to look at differences between households based on the sex of the “household head”.

However, as there is no clear definition of who should be the household head – it is up to each household to decide – this analysis may be misleading.

The boxed below provides more information on the household head concept.

15 | P a g e Who is the “household head”?


In order to gather information about the composition of the household – who lives there and how they are related to each other – statisticians often ask for someone to identify as the “household head”.

In Vanuatu, it is up to each household to decide who their household head is.

Except for the fact that the household head must be currently living at that address at the time of the census, there is no way to know how the decision was made.
The household head might be the main breadwinner in the house, or the oldest adult male, if one is present, or the responsible adult who is interviewed by the census collector.

The concept of “household head” implies that hierarchical relationships exist between adults in the household; that one person is in charge of all the major decisions.

In many households, this may not be the case, with decision-making and responsibilities shared equally between couples or household members.
Presenting statistics according to the sex of the household head can be misleading.

The United Nations 2010 Principles and Recommendations for Population and Housing Censuses (UNSD, 2008) discourage such analysis, suggesting that the household head concept should only be used to determine household composition, and not in analysing census results.

However, it may be the only viable option for exploring whether gender impacts on household characteristics.
Total Male head Female head All private households 76% 24% 100% Households with children Nuclear family Extended family Single head with children Single grandparent with grandchildren Single head with extended family Households without children Single person Couple 79% 93% 93% 24% 20% 33% 77% 63% 93% 21% 7% 7% 76% 80% 67% 23% 37% 7% Urban Rural Female head Male head Female head Male head 18% 17% 16% 25% 5% 2% 12% 22% 19% 26% Other 63% 37% 32% 17% 31% 20% 16 | P a g e Health and wellbeing Good health is an essential ingredient for quality of life, social harmony and economic prosperity.
There are a number of important gender issues when it comes to health outcomes available from the census.

This includes demand for health services, risks to health - such as smoking and alcohol consumption – and reproductive and sexual health.
Key findings Population growth and a high dependency ratio maintain pressure on limited health resources The proportion of teenage mothers has reduced since 1999, but remains high in Torba Teenage mothers are less likely to have a secondary education Life expectancy has risen to 72.7 years for women and 69.6 years for men Child mortality is falling but remains high compared to other Pacific countries There is some evidence of gender being a factor in access to water and sanitation Men are much more likely to smoke and consume alcohol and kava than women The majority of health professionals are women (60%), mainly nurses and midwives and not higher skills jobs like doctors and surgeons Disability is more common among women and more likely to affect their education outcomes National goals and priorities Health is a key development issue for Vanuatu with the Government working towards the provision of better health services, especially in rural areas.
According to the 2011 update of the Priorities and Action Agenda (PAA), goals include: reducing child and maternal mortality providing equitable access to primary health services ensuring there are adequately skilled health professionals; and addressing gender concerns in the areas of maternal health, family planning and sexually transmitted diseases.

Furthermore, Vanuatu’s Reproductive Health Policy (2008-2010) outlines eight policy goals, with clear objectives for each.
The indicators used to measure the implementation of this important health policy are outlined in the policy document.

The national population policy, currently under development and due for release in 2011, includes similar goals related to fertility and mortality.

17 | P a g e The nature of a population and housing census – being to provide a snapshot of Vanuatu society at a point in time – is not a good source of sensitive and detailed health data.
The main data sources for monitoring general and reproductive health are the records maintained through the Ministry of Health and specialised household surveys.

The population census does include questions on a number of health related issues and, because everyone in the country is included, it provides a good source of baseline information.

What information does the population and housing census gather about health?
Health-related questions in the Vanuatu census are focused on births, age, risks to health – smoking and the consumption of alcohol and kava – and living conditions, such as access to adequate water and sanitation and the use of bednets to prevent transmission of insect-borne disease.
The health-related information gathered through the census includes: number and sex of children born to each woman aged 15+ and how many of these children have died whether or not people aged 15+ smoke, drink alcohol or drink kava number of children under the age of 5 who sleep under bednets* household access to water and sanitation * not reported here because information is collected at household level and it is not possible to determine gender differences Importantly, the census also provides key statistics on the population, which can be used by policymakers to improve access to health services.
Census results can show: where demand is changing, such as through population growth or aging where there are higher levels of child births and deaths, which may point to the need for improved family planning, maternal and child health services the relationships between fertility, mortality and characteristics such as literacy, education level and employment Detailed information about health issues and outcomes, such as types of illness and disease, are not usually collected via a census.
This comes from records kept by hospitals and health services and specialised surveys, such as the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS), conducted in 2007, and the Demographic Health Survey (DHS), which will be conducted in Vanuatu in 2012.

18 | P a g e Changing demands for health services Vanuatu continues to experience high population growth, particularly in urban centres, placing pressure on the supply of basic services, such as health care.
At the current growth rate (2.3% per year), the population of Vanuatu would double to reach more than half a million people by 2040.

During an individual’s lifetime, the need for health care is typically at its highest during the early stages and in later years.

Therefore, in addition to monitoring population growth and age distribution (see the population pyramid on page 9), indicators such as the dependency ratio can guide policymakers in estimating changing demands for health services.
Annual population growth rate (%) Vanuatu (urban) (rural) Shefa* Sanma* Torba Penama Malampa Tafea 2.3 3.5 1.9 3.7 2.4 1.9 1.5 1.2 1.1 * includes the urban centres of Port Vila (Shefa) and Luganville (Sanma) The dependency ratio is a comparison of the number of people at working age (age 15-64) versus those who are at ages where they are likely to depend on others for their care and wellbeing (ages 0-14 and 65 and above).
In 1999, there were 85 dependent people for every 100 working age and this has decreased to 81 in 2009.

As women tend to play a more significant role in family and home care, this high level of dependency may impact gender roles within households.

19 | P a g e Reproductive health The total fertility rate (TFR) is the total number of live births a woman will have over her reproductive life.
A TFR of 2.1 is generally taken as replacement level fertility: that is, the number of children is exactly enough to replace the number of parents.

In 2009, the TFR for Vanuatu was 4.1 children per woman.

The rate has been steadily decreasing over the last 50 years.

Fertility rates are lower in urban areas (3.2) than rural areas (4.4) and highest in the provinces of Tafea (5.2) and Penama (4.7).

Reducing teenage pregnancy is a priority in Vanuatu.
The number of women having children at a young age (15-19 years) has reduced significantly in recent years.

In 2009, there were 11,855 women aged 15-19 in Vanuatu.

Of these, 8% (944) have already had one or more children.

the In 1999 proportion was closer to 13%.

of incidence teenage While pregnancy varies according to urban or rural residence, a major factor that is associated with this is education.
the Education teenager’s mother tends to be an important determinant while the education of the teenager herself tends to be strongly affected by the incidence of pregnancy.

of in the The provinces of Torba, Sanma and Malampa have the highest share of teenage mothers, with the proportion in Torba being almost 14%, the highest country.

Young mothers often have a primary school education or lower and those who are not mothers are far more likely to have a secondary qualification.
It is important for policymakers to ensure family and reproductive health issues are included in the primary level curriculum.

20 | P a g e Life expectancy gap gender Life has expectancy improved since 1999 and the is narrowing.

As at 2009, life expectancy at birth is 72.7 years for women and 69.6 years for men.

This has improved from 70 and 67 respectively for females and males from the 1999 census.
around While the life expectancy is ten years shorter than in more developed countries such as Australia and New Zealand, it compares favourably with many other Pacific countries and territories.

Child mortality Reducing child mortality – the probability of children dying before they reach age 5 years – is an essential goal for development and achieving a good quality of life.

In Vanuatu, child mortality is reducing, but action is still needed to reach national goals.
In the last decade, there has been a significant improvement both the Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) – probability of children dying before they reach the age of 12 months - and the Under 5 Mortality Rate.

Improvements apply equally to males and females, although the child mortality rates are higher for boys than girls which is common in most countries.
Under 5 mortality rate probability of a child dying before reaching age 5 (expressed as a rate per 1,000 live births) Infant mortality rate number of infants dying before reaching one year of age (per 1,000 live births) 1999 2009 32 33 31 27 27 26 24 26 22 21 22 19 Both sexes Males Females Both sexes Males Females Important to know The IMR makes up almost 90% of the Under 5 Mortality Rate, meaning that children who die most before age five are doing so before age one.
In fact, most are neonatal deaths, i.e.

within the first 28 days.

21 | P a g e The United Nations Child Mortality Report (2010) estimates the Under 5 Mortality Rate for the Oceania region2 at 59 per 1,000 live births.

At 24, the rate in Vanuatu is less than half this regional figure.

While Vanuatu compares well with other Pacific Island countries, the child mortality rate is still well short of that for developed countries.
For example, the United Nations estimates Australia’s Under 5 mortality Rate as 5 per 1,000 live births.

Water and sanitation Clean drinking water, appropriate sanitation and good general hygiene are essential ingredients to maintaining good health.

In its commitment to the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), Vanuatu aims to halve the proportion of people without access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation by 2015. sources” rural households rely on Overall, 18% of “unimproved drinking water.
Unimproved sources are those most at risk of pollution and disease – unprotected wells, rivers, lakes and springs – or are environmentally unsustainable (bottled water).

for For rural households headed by lone women, only 14% rely on unimproved sources of drinking water.

Whereas, for rural households headed by lone men, the proportion is 16%.

In urban areas, there is no difference between male and female lone head households.
2 The report designates the following countries as in the Oceania region: Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Micronesia (Federated States of), Nauru, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu 22 | P a g e In Vanuatu, particularly in the rural areas, sanitation facilities are poor.

The most common type of toilet facility are private pit latrines (37% of households).
More than one quarter of households (28%) rely on toilet facilities that are shared between households.

Shared facilities of any type are considered a poor standard of sanitation, according to international definitions3.

The overriding factor influencing quality of sanitation is urban versus rural location.

However, analysing the data by the sex of the household head reveals some difference between male and female headed households.

Those households headed by lone males (i.e.


no spouse present) have slightly better access to improved sanitation facilities (36%) than their female counterparts (34%).

It is more common for the lone female headed households to have shared toilet facilities, possibly reflecting a lower standard of housing for women than men.

Note: International recommendations for sanitation classify types of toilets as improved and unimproved.
According to the WHO / UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP), “an improved sanitation facility is defined as one that hygienically separates human excreta from human contact”.

In Vanuatu, “improved” toilets include private flush toilets; private water sealed toilets; and private ventilated improved pit latrines.

“Unimproved” toilets include private pit latrines; those of any type that are shared between households; or no toilet facilities.
For more explanation on the approach taken to analyse gender differences at the household level, please refer to the Income, assets and housing chapter.

3 Refer to the World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations Children’s’ Fund (UNICEF) Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (www.

wssinfo.org).

23 | P a g e Risks to health - smoking, alcohol and kava The 2009 population census results show that more men smoke cigarettes and consume alcohol and kava than women.
Smoking is clearly a health issue amongst men in Vanuatu, but much less so for women.

Overall, nearly half of men aged 15 and above are smokers (45%), whereas only 4% of women smoke.

The majority of men in rural areas smoke (51%) and in urban areas, 44% of men smoke.

Hardly any rural women smoke (3%) and only 8% of women in urban areas.

There is relationship between smoking and level of education - the higher education men have, the less likely they are to smoke.
24 | P a g e Men are far more likely than women to consume alcohol.

Overall, 22% of men in Vanuatu reported that they consume alcohol compared to only 3% of women.

Urban men and women are more likely to consume alcohol than their rural counterparts - 42% of urban men and 8% of urban women.

Only 1% of rural women report that they consume alcohol.

Alcohol is more freely available in urban areas.

In some rural areas the consumption of alcohol has been banned.
Important to know The census only collects data on whether or not cigarettes, alcohol and kava are consumed, not the level of consumption.

As is the case with alcohol, men are much more likely to consume kava than are women.

Over half the men in both urban and rural areas consume kava.

Kava consumption is fairly widespread in Vanuatu, with more people drinking than alcohol.

This kava pattern is also evident with women, although the rates are much lower.
25 | P a g e Prevalence of disability Around 13% of the total population reported a disability, with the prevalence being slightly higher amongst women (13%) then men (12%).
Total population - prevalence of disability (%) % that have never been to school (aged 6+) % that do not work (aged 15-64) Males Females Males Females Males Females 88.2 87.2 9 10 27 45 11.0 12.0 16 22 18 38 0.8 0.8 38 49 46 55 No disability No difficulties in all four domains Some disability Some difficulties in any one or more of the domains Severe disability cannot do at all in any one or more of the domains Total 100.0 100.0 Government services in the disability area are usually directed towards the severely disabled.
Schooling for the severely disabled is clearly an issue that needs policy attention.

For women, about half of this group have not been to school.

This compares to one in ten for women who have no disability.

The proportion of severely disabled men who have never been to school is also high, but less than it is for severely disabled women.
Important to know The census asks each person if they have any difficulties in four functional areas: 1. seeing 2. hearing 3. walking or climbing stairs 4. remembering or concentrating For each of these areas, people are asked whether they have (a) no difficulties; (b) some difficulties or (c) cannot do at all.

Any difficulty should be of a permanent nature and not due to temporary illness or injury.

Those that answer (b) “some difficulties” are considered to have some form of disability.
Those that answer (c) “cannot do at all” are considered to be severely disabled.

This approach is based on international standards for collecting data on disability prevalence through population censuses.

A similar picture emerges for the working patterns of people with a severe disability, although the differences are not as marked as for schooling.

The 2009 population census collected information on different types of disability (see adjacent box).
For each of the four types of disability – seeing, hearing, walking or climbing stairs, remembering or concentrating – a slightly higher proportion of females than males are affected, as the chart below illustrates.

26 | P a g e Health professionals – gender differences The majority of Vanuatu’s health professionals are women (60%), but most of these are nurses and midwives and not the higher skilled doctors, surgeons and other health professionals.
Doctors in Vanuatu are much more likely to be men than women - 78% of the country’s 63 doctors counted in the census are men.

Women comprise 66% of the 462 nursing and midwife staff in Vanuatu.

* Includes paramedics, dentists, optometrists, dieticians, pharmacists, physiotherapists and other health care workers.

27 | P a g e Most doctors (72%) are based in urban centres - not surprising due to the location of hospitals.
However, most nurses are located in rural areas (62%), implying that first level health services outside of urban areas are most likely to be provided by women.

A small number of people (13) identified their main occupation as a traditional medicine professional.

The majority of these were men (62%).

28 | P a g e Education learning, fundamental knowledge and skills Education is central to the social and economic development of Vanuatu.
From early childhood through informal education to adult formal and provides that influence all aspects of work and personal life.

Key amongst these are the ability to read and write (literacy), work with numbers (numeracy) and the skills needed to function in everyday society.
Key findings Gender gap in literacy is narrowing, but a trend towards lower literacy in boys is emerging Overall, more women than men have no schooling Current school attendance rates suggest Vanuatu is heading towards gender parity in education More young boys than girls are not going to school, particularly in Shefa, Torba and Malampa provinces Lack of formal education is more likely due to rural / urban location than gender 4.5% of adult men (3,030) have a tertiary qualification, but only 3.3% of women (2,237) Males are slightly more multilingual than females National goals and priorities The Ni-Vanuatu education system is non- compulsory.
It comprises five general levels: Preschool age 4-5 Primary Grade 1 (age 6) to Grade 8 (age 13); Grade 1-6 in Government and Church schools are fee free Secondary Year 9 (age 14) to Year 13 (age 18) for the English system; Year 14 (age 19) for the French system Vocational Technical education combined with practical experience in Vanuatu or another country University age 18+ Institute in Vanuatu or another country Vanuatu is committed to ensuring that all girls and boys get, at least, a primary school education.
This is reflected in the Priorities and Action Agenda (PAA) (2006-2015) and the Government’s Education For All (EFA) policy.

Equal representation of females and males - referred to as gender parity - among primary, secondary and tertiary students is also a national priority, as to improving early childhood education, increasing adult literacy and making primary school education compulsory by 2015.
The Vanuatu PAA includes performance indicators for education: net enrolment of males and females in pre-school, primary, secondary and tertiary education and training institutions dropout rates including the proportion of students starting class 1 who reach class 5 unit costs for secondary and tertiary education 29 | P a g e None of these indicators come from census data, but rather from records kept by schools, education institutions and the Ministry of Education.
However, there are some related indicators that can be calculated from population and housing census data, including: attendance in pre-school, primary, secondary and tertiary education adult education attainment levels adult and youth literacy rates What information does a population and housing census gather about education?
For all people aged five years or above, the 2009 Vanuatu population and housing census gathered information on: current attendance in formal education, level and language of instruction the highest level of education that each person has achieved ability to read and write in English, French, Bislama and other languages How many are currently studying, have finished school or have never been to school?
When it comes to education, everyone is either (a) currently a student (full-time or part-time), (b) has already left or finished their education; or (c) has never been to school.

To achieve the national goal for all Ni-Vanuatu to receive at least a primary school education, the aim over time is to bring the proportion of people who have never been to school down to zero.

According to the 2009 census, 13% of girls/women aged 5+ have never been to school.
For males the figure is better with 10% of boys/men having never been to school.

30 | P a g e If the data is broken down by age, more pronounced gender gaps start to appear.

For those at current primary school age, there are now more boys than girls that have never been to school.

For the older generations, it is girls and women who have more often missed out on an education.
The sharp decline in the proportion of the school age population by 10 year age groups shows the positive effects of increasing access to education are being felt by younger generations.

Population that has never been to school, by age and sex (Population aged 5+), Vanuatu, 2009 75+ 65-74 55-64 45-54 35-44 25-34 15-24 6-14 % females never been to school % males never been to school 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Examining the situation by province shows starker gender differences.
It also suggests that the problem of boys not attending school may be more serious than first appears.

For example, in Torba province, where a lack of schooling is relatively high for all age groups, boys who have never been to school outnumber girls both the youngest age groups (ages 6-24).

The data suggests that the trend of boys not going to school has been going on for some time and policy action is needed.
Torba, 2009 Population that has never been to school, by age and sex (Population aged 5+) % females no school % males no school 75+ 65-74 55-64 45-54 35-44 25-34 15-24 6-14 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 31 | P a g e What is the level of education for men and women in Vanuatu?

An important development indicator is the highest level of education each adult has attained – also referred to as adult educational attainment (UNESCO, 2004).
This information is gathered from all men and women aged 15+ through the population and housing census.

85% men and 81% of women in Vanuatu have some primary school education or higher.

There is little difference between men and women in terms of primary education, but a higher proportion of men have a secondary school, university or vocational qualification.

Note that some of these people may still be studying and go on to achieve higher levels of education.
Percentage with no schooling Percentage with primary schooling Percentage with secondary schooling Percentage with university degrees Percentage with vocational certificates Total Vanuatu, 2009 Women Men (aged 15+) (aged 15+) 19.0% 15.3% 51.5% 51.3% 25.3% 27.4% 3.3% 4.5% 0.9% 1.5% 100% 100% Differences in the highest level of education between men and women are more evident by province, as shown in the table below.
Almost half the women (46%) in Tafea, and a large proportion (38%) of the men, have no schooling; in Shefa province (includes the capital of Port Vila) the highest proportion of men (37.7%) and women (36.4%) with a secondary school education can be found.
32 | P a g e Highest level of education by province and sex, Vanuatu, 2009 Torba Sanma Penama Malampa Shefa Tafea Men Women Men Women Men Women Men Women Men Women Men Women No schooling Primary schooling Secondary schooling University degrees Vocational certificates Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 33 | P a g e Gender differences in current school attendance When it comes to currently attending primary school in Vanuatu, boys have a slight advantage over girls.
The Gender Parity Index (see box) for primary school attendance is 0.99 for Vanuatu.

This means that the proportion of boys attending primary school is slightly more than the proportion of girls.

The graph below shows how the GPI differs between rural and urban locations, as well as in each of the provinces.
Vanuatu in context Gender Parity Index Primary Attendance / Enrolment Afghanistan Nigeria Cambodia Samoa France Vanuatu Australia New Zealand China 2009 0.67 0.88 0.95 0.98 0.99 0.99 1.00 1.01 1.04 Data source for all except Vanuatu: United Nations Millennium Development Goal Database (mdgs.un.org).

34 | P a g e What is the Gender Parity Index (GPI)?
The gender parity index (GPI) at the primary school level indicates whether male and female children are equally likely to attend primary school, or whether there is a gender gap in their participation (UNESCO, 2004).

It is also calculated for secondary school and pre-school attendance.

The GPI a comparison between males and females based on the gross attendance ratio (proportion of children of any age attending primary/secondary school of the total number of official primary/secondary school age).
What does it mean?

A GPI of 1.0 indicates gender parity - the outcome policymakers are typically aiming for.

A GPI of less than 1.0 indicates gender disparity in favour of males (more males than females attending school); more than 1.0 indicates disparity in favour of females (more females than males).

The overall GPI for current secondary school attendance in Vanuatu is 1.02, indicating that at the time of the census in 2009, more girls than boys were attending secondary school.
However, as with all national averages, the variation at the provincial level is hidden.

For the Tafea province, the secondary school GPI is 0.89, where males are more likely to attend secondary school.

For Penama, the figure is 1.10, where is it the female population who tend to benefit more from a secondary school education.

Early childhood education is an important priority in Vanuatu, providing young children with the skills they need to get a good start in Grade 1 at primary school.
The gender parity index is 0.97 for Vanuatu, with provincial variations in Sanma (0.84) where less boys are much more likely to attend pre-school, and in Tafea (1.18), where it is girls who are much more likely to attend.

35 | P a g e The graphs below show the proportion of boys and girls, at every age from 5 through to 24, who were attending school at the time of the census.

The differences between boys and girls are most evident from around age 17, when boys’ attendance starts to overtake that of girls.
The differences between urban and rural areas are more pronounced than those between boys and girls, however.

Around 70% of boys and girls aged 5 were attending pre-school.

Attendance rates are highest (around 90%) for those of primary school age, then a steady decline in school attendance through the late teenage years and early twenties.
Vanuatu Urban Rural 36 | P a g e Literacy and language The 2009 census shows that literacy rates in Vanuatu are reasonably high, with almost 85% of everyone aged 5+ being literate in at least one language (Bislama, English, French or other).

For the adult population (aged 15 and over), 89% of men and 86% of women are literate.

Youth literacy rates (age 15- 24) are higher still: 92% for both sexes, indicating the gender gap in literacy is narrowing over time.
Important to know The census relies on self- assessment and does not actually test a person’s ability to read and write.

How is literacy measured by the population census?

Census collectors ask if each person in a household can read and write a simple sentence in English, French, Bislama or any other language(s).

A person is considered literate if they can read and write in at least one language.

Gender differences are more apparent when looking at how literacy varies between age groups.
From around 30 years of age, men are increasingly more literate than women.

The largest difference occurs at ages 75-79, with 69% of men versus 46% of women being literate.

This is likely a result of earlier attitudes and policies that did not emphasise education for girls.

37 | P a g e The trend towards similar literacy levels in the younger generations indicates that equality in access to education has improved.
Policymakers should, however, pay attention to the trend towards slightly lower literacy in boys.

The official languages of Vanuatu are: Bislama, English and French.

A large number of local languages are also spoken.

There is a small difference between men and women’s literacy rates by language.

As with overall literacy, men have higher rates in each of the three official languages.

When it comes to literacy in multiple languages – a prerequisite for many jobs – men have a slight advantage.
More than half of males and females in Vanuatu are literate in both Bislama and English and a third in both Bislama and French.

Almost one in every four people are literate in all three of the official languages.

annex.

Data tables on education are in the For more statistical information on education and employment, please refer to the employment chapter.

38 | P a g e Work and employment In many societies, women are at a disadvantage when it comes to opportunities for work and employment.
Expected to be content with playing the traditional role of mother and homemaker, many women do not get the same opportunities as men to complete higher education and training and get a well-paid job.

As societies change, with new technologies impacting the way we live, so too are gender roles.
Key findings Most women and men are employed in producing goods for own consumption with 49% of women doing this type of work and 41% of men Women are less likely than men to be self-employed or employers Men hold most jobs in both the private and public sector Of the 18,000 full-time home makers in Vanuatu, almost 15,000 are women The proportion of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector has almost doubled over the last 20 years Occupations related to crops, vegetables or livestock dominate for both men and women, but the rest of the Top 10 occupations are quite different Women’s share of senior positions is increasing Unemployment is highest amongst urban women Almost half the people who worked overseas in the last year were women National goals and priorities Private sector development and employment creation is one of the main priorities for strengthening economic growth in Vanuatu.
There is emphasis on creating a favourable business environment for the creation of jobs, particularly in the tourism and the manufacturing sectors.

As employment opportunities increase, people enjoy higher living standards and tax revenue is available for better education, health and other social services.

There is emphasis on strengthening provincial and municipality level governance.
The government has shown a strong commitment to decentralization of establishing positions in provinces and municipalities to provide more opportunities for public sector employment in rural areas.

39 | P a g e What information does a population and housing census gather about work and employment?

For everyone aged 15 years and over, the census gathers data on: Employment status e.g.
employee, employer Occupation - a set of jobs with similar task, duties and skills Industry - classification of economic activity Reasons for being economically inactive, such as being a homemaker, student or retired Unpaid family work (volunteers, own account workers) How many people worked for money overseas in the last 12 months Gender and work in Vanuatu Everyone who is employed has an employment status.

This provides some indication of the type of employment arrangements they are subject to.
There are seven categories of employment status in Vanuatu: (a) employee (either private or public sector); (b) employer; (c) self-employed; (d) producing goods for sale; (e) producing goods for own consumption; (f) volunteer); and (g) unpaid family worker.

The majority of both women and men are employed in producing goods for own consumption4 with 49% of women doing this type of work and 41% of men.
4 This is usually referred to as subsistence farming, where work time is spent tending livestock, catching fish or growing fruit and vegetables, for example, in order to feed themselves and their families.

40 | P a g e When it comes to paid employment, a larger proportion of men are employees (29%) compared to women (23%).

More men are self-employed (7%) than women (5%) and more are employers (2%) than women (1%).
The pattern of men holding a greater share of most types of employment is evident in both urban and rural areas.

One significant exception is those producing goods for sale.

In urban areas, most people producing goods for sale are women (69%) with almost one third (31%) being men.

In rural areas the majority are men (57%).
Employment by type, sex and urban/rural, Vanuatu, 2009 Men Women Urban population aged 15+ Employee (Government) Employee (Private sector) Employer Self-employed Voluntary work Unpaid family work Producing goods for sale Producing goods for own consumption Employee (Government) Employee (Private sector) Employer Self-employed Voluntary work Unpaid family work Producing goods for sale Rural population aged 15+ Producing goods for own consumption Men Women 41 | P a g e Men occupy more than 60% of the jobs in both the private and the public (government) sectors.
The private sector, comprising more than 18,500 employees, is male dominated, with 64% being men and 36% women.

The government sector is one third the size of the private sector, with around 6,500 employees.

The share of women and men is not equal, with 61% of jobs being held by men and 39% by women.

Although women hold a smaller share of jobs within the government and private sectors, their level of qualification is generally higher than their male counterparts.
Slightly more men in these sectors have a tertiary education, as is the case for the total population.

However, the share of women who have completed a senior secondary qualification is greater than men.

This is indicative of a pattern that is fairly common throughout the world, where women require better qualifications than men to attain a similar type of job.
Education level of employees in Government and Private sectors Vanuatu, 2009 Government employees Women Men Private sector employees Men Women 1,631 42% 926 38% 8,473 74% 4,516 69% 1,660 43% 1,142 47% 2,161 19% 1,655 25% Lower level schooling Completed senior secondary Tertiary 562 15% 340 14% 746 7% 376 6% Total 3,853 100% 2,408 100% 11,380 100% 6,547 100% Lower level: No school completed; Preschool/nursery school; some primary; Primary leaving certificate; Form 3 certificate or Year 10 leaving certificate Completed senior secondary: Senior secondary certificate; university entrance; some college but no degree Tertiary: Bachelor’s degree; Master’s degree; Doctoral degree; or Vocational certificate 42 | P a g e Economic inactivity More women are economically inactive than men, meaning that they are not employed, unemployed or available for work.
People may be economically inactive for a range of reasons, such as being retired, a student, homemaker or simply unable or choosing not to work.

Most women who are economically inactive are full-time homemakers (61%), with almost 25% of men also reporting homemaking as the reason they are not available for work.

The main reason men are not available for work is being a student (37.5%), followed by being a full-time homemaker (24.6%).
Women are far more likely to undertake the role of full-time home maker than men.

Of the nearly 18,000 full time home makers in Vanuatu, almost 15,000 are women.

There is also pattern associated with age.

Between the ages of 30 and 49 years, when families are most likely to dependent children at home, at least 85% of full-time home makers are women.
have 43 | P a g e Sectors of employment The share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector is an indicator of women’s ability to get employment outside of the traditional agricultural sector.

It is one of the three Millennium Development Goal indicators under Goal 3: Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment.

In Vanuatu, 40% of working men and women are in the non-agricultural sector.

Men hold the greater share of jobs in all sectors.


Important to know The economy is divided into three sectors: Agriculture including farming, fishing and logging Industry including manufacturing and mining Services including tourism, retail sales and transportation The non-agricultural sector is all economic activity in the other two sectors: industry and services.

Wage employment is defined as remuneration (pay) based on hours worked or items produced, independent of profits or expectations of profits.
Salary employment - people paid an annual salary - is also included.

As the adjacent table illustrates, the proportion of men (59%) and women (41%) in the non-agricultural sector is similar to the proportions often found in some high-income countries.

The share of women with jobs in the non- agricultural sector has almost doubled over the last 20 years.

There was a dramatic increase between 1989 and 1999, but the women’s share has stabilised over the last decade.
Vanuatu in context Share of women in wage employment in the non-agriculture sector Year Share (%) Senegal Fiji Solomon Islands Papua New Guinea Malaysia Vanuatu Japan Australia New Zealand 2001 2005 1999 2000 2008 2009 2009 2009 2009 10.6 29.6 30.8 32.1 39.2 41.2 42.3 47.2 50.6 Source: all data except Vanuatu is from the United Nations Millennium Development Goal Database; Vanuatu Population and Housing Census 2009.
44 | P a g e Occupations of men and women The following two tables rank the “top 10” occupations for both men and women.

While occupations related to crops, vegetables or livestock dominate for both men and women; there are some significant differences.

Women are much more likely to be childhood educators or teachers than men.

They are also more likely to be cleaners, work in handicrafts or salespersons.
On the other hand, men are more likely to be taxi or van drivers, work in protective services, be block layers or kava growers.
Top 10 occupations for men Top 10 occupations for women Rank Occupation 1 Subsistence crop farmers 2 Field crop and vegetable growers Number of men 8,397 8,332 3 Subsistence mixed crop and 6,099 livestock farmer 4 Crop farm labourers 5 Block layer 6 Kava grower 7 Car, taxi and van drivers 8 Copra cutter 9 Protective services workers 10 Early childhood educators 4,688 4,058 2,676 1,855 1,482 1,444 826 Rank Occupation 1 Subsistence crop farmers 2 Field crop and vegetable growers 3 Subsistence mixed crop and livestock farmer 4 Cleaner 5 Crop farm labourers 6 Early childhood educators and teachers 7 Copra cutter 8 Handicrafts 9 Sales person 10 Market seller Number of women 7,852 7,520 5,202 3,236 3,197 1,258 1,009 800 758 688 45 | P a g e Women in decision-making positions Traditionally, women have not occupied senior positions in the workplace.
If legislators (i.e.

elected officials), senior officials and managers are taken as a group, less than one third (29%) are women.

While this is still a long way from equal representation, it is a significant improvement from 1999, where only one in five (21%) of women occupied senior positions.
Education level of legislators, senior officials and managers, Vanuatu, 2009 Qualification Lower level Completed senior secondary Tertiary Total Men Number 662 499 309 1,470 % 45% 34% 21% 100% Women % Number 42% 242 40% 232 19% 108 582 100% Lower level: No school completed; Preschool/nursery school; some primary; Primary leaving certificate; Form 3 certificate or Year 10 leaving certificate Completed senior secondary: Senior secondary certificate; university entrance; some college but no degree Tertiary: Bachelor’s degree; Master’s degree; Doctoral degree; or Vocational certificate More men in the position of legislators, senior officials and managers have tertiary qualifications than women, as is the case across the entire Vanuatu adult population (refer to the chapter on education).
However, a higher proportion of women have completed senior secondary education than men.

46 | P a g e Professionals and technical jobs are male dominated, but women are progressively occupying a greater share.

In the last ten years, women’s share of professional and technical workers in Vanuatu increased from 39% to 43%.

Professionals include: Technical workers include: Civil engineers Nurses/ Midwives Teachers Medical doctors Accountants Lawyers…etc.
Mechanics Ship’s engineers Dental assistants Farming advisor...etc.

Unemployment Urban unemployment rates are much higher than rural unemployment rates.

This may seem on the surface to be an anomaly as most jobs are in urban areas.

However, there are strict rules about counting unemployed and spending time looking for work is one of them.

In rural areas, if there are no jobs available, then there is no point looking and those people who were not looking are not counted as unemployed.
The rural to urban drift is often driven by the lure of the possibility of work in urban areas, and the reality is that the work is not always available.

People are considered unemployed if they: Did not work or have a job prior to the census Spent time looking for work, and Were available to work if a job was offered to them In the 2009 census 4,518 adults met the criteria (2,301 male and 2,217 female).
Another 948 adults didn’t have a job but were not looking because they thought no work was available, didn’t have transport or weather prevented them from looking.

47 | P a g e The situation is worse for urban women than men.

Their unemployment rate is approaching 15% whereas for men it is just under 10%.

The low rural unemployment rate for both men and women at just over 2% may mask a desire for paid work which cannot be fulfilled.
Unemployment is highest amongst urban women Unemployment rate, Vanuatu by sex and location, 2009 Vanuatu Urban Rural Torba Sanma Penama Malampa Shefa Tafea Total 4.6 11.9 2.3 0.2 4.1 0.5 1.9 7.7 6.6 Male 4.1 9.9 2.2 0.3 3.8 0.5 1.7 6.5 6.4 Female 5.2 14.7 2.4 0.1 4.4 0.5 2.2 9.4 6.8 Higher share of men amongst the jobless Male and female share of unemployed population by location, Vanuatu, 2009 Male Female Male National Average Female National Average 60.2% 39.8% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Urban Rural Torba Sanma Penama Malampa Shefa Tafea Youth unemployment The young often aspire to work outside of the traditional agricultural sector.
Youth unemployment rates are relatively low at around 9% for both men and women aged 15-24 years.

48 | P a g e Working overseas Employment in other countries is often seen as attractive form of temporary employment.

Programmes, such as the seasonal employment scheme with Australia and New Zealand, provide opportunities for short term work mainly in horticulture and other agricultural activities.
Almost 8,000 people reported that they worked overseas at some point during the twelve months before the census in 2009.

Of these, 56% were men and 44% women.

Most of the overseas workers were aged 15-19, with a large proportion of both young men and women taking the opportunity to work overseas.

Overall, more men worked overseas, but there were a substantial number of women who did too.

Most of the men and women who worked overseas did so in New Zealand (84% of men and 88% of women).
49 | P a g e Migration Migration, the act of moving to live from one place to another, takes place either within the country – internal migration – or across national borders - international migration.

In Vanuatu, most migration is internal, with movements mainly occuring from rural to urban areas where better education and employment opportunities are to be found.

Migration from one rural area to another is also common, especially for women moving to the home island of their spouse.
Closely linked with internal and international migration are remittances – the sending of money back home to provide financial support for family or friends.

Remittances are an important source of income for many families, but are the main source for only 1.4% of households (655) in Vanuatu.
Key findings More women migrate within the country than men Female migration mainly occurs between rural areas More men migrate to urban centres International migration is insignificant in Vanuatu National goals and priorities Migration contributes to the social and economic development of the country.

While there is currently little explicit emphasis on migration in Vanuatu’s National Priorities and Action Agenda (PAA), it will be a focus of the national population policy currently under development.
Gender is an important factor in migration, with different proportions of men and women becoming migrants or being impacted by migration.

Understanding the causes, processes and impacts of migration on women and men, girls and boys,can play an important role in achieving development goals.

Currently, little is known about the relationships between gender and migration in Vanuatu, nor the policies needed to maximize the benefits while reducing the socio-economic costs.
50 | P a g e What information does a population and housing census gather about migration?

The following information, gathered for all people age five years and above, can be used to determine whether someone is a migrant: place of usual residence place of residence five years prior to the census place of birth How mobile are men and women in Vanuatu?

Migration is not new to Vanuatu.

Historically, people migrated to work as labourers on different islands.
Prior to that, there was the dark history of forced migration to work on sugar cane plantations in Australia and Fiji.

The Second World War was also important in terms migration in that it created our urban centres.

Locals helped the American army set up their base on the island of Efate and Santo, and these sites subsequently became commercial centres now known as Port Vila and Luganville.
Previous analysis of the 2009 census results (Analytical Report Volume 2) shows that the net migration rate for Vanuatu is close to zero and that no significant international migration occurred during the period 1999-2009.

It is unlikely, therefore, that significant gender issues exist as a result of international migration.

Despite being a country of geographically dispersed islands and high transport costs, there is a significant amount of migration within Vanuatu.
Just over 15% of females and 15% of males (aged 5 years and over) were living in a different place at the time of the 2009 census, compared to where they were living five years before.

More than a third of women (36%) and 30% of men were living at a different place to where they were born.

Only four percent of the population were away from home on census night and were counted at a place that was not their usual residence.

People away from home are not considered migrants.


In Vanuatu, women make up more than half the people (53%) who have migrated within the country since birth.

More men than women are living away from their birthplace in urban areas, but the opposite is true in rural areas, where the majority of the population live.

51 | P a g e Laws and customs relating to inheritance of property may influence internal migration patterns.
Many provinces follow a patrilineal system, where males inherit assets from their fathers, which may explain why more women migrate than men.

Migration differs from province to province.

For Penama, Malampa and Tafea there are proportionally more women (over 60%) than men who were born elsewhere.

For the other provinces, the difference is not as marked.

One of the reasons for this is likely to be that it is more common for women to move to their husband’s village on marriage than the other way around.
52 | P a g e Information and technology Important to know Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) are an important factor in social and economic development.

As technologies become more affordable and effective, they have the capacity to affect economic growth and change the way people interact and get access to information.

Males and females should have equal opportunities to use technologies in education and work and develop the necessary ICT skills.
Access to information – through radio, television and the internet – plays a vital role in the development of Vanuatu.

Important messages on health, education and community development reach people through these media.

Women and men should have equal access to information for informed decision-making.
Key findings More men than women use the internet Men hold most of the ICT-related jobs Information and Communications Technology (ICT) may include any computing and communication device or application, such as: Computers Internet Cellular/mobile phones Radio/radio telephone Television In 2008, the government ended the monopoly in the telecommunications sector, contributing to cheaper mobile phone and internet services and a considerable improvement in coverage.
Lone male parents with only boys in school are much more likely to own a computer than those with only girls in school Although internet use and computers are not widespread, almost every household has at least one mobile phone National goals and priorities the strengthening of The Priorities and Action Agenda telecommunications infrastructure and the development of technical ICT skills amongst the national goals.
The Government also prioritises the provision of equitable access the telecommunications industry.

regulation of infrastructure telephone includes through (PAA) to The Government has developed a Universal Access Policy to extend mobile coverage to remote areas of Vanuatu and maximise the impact of ICT on economic growth and social development.
Government initiatives in the ICT sector should include a focus on gender to ensure that both women and men are given equal opportunity to develop and use ICT skills.
53 | P a g e Technology related performance indicators in the PAA include the following: Telephone lines and cellular subscribers per 100 population* Personal computers in use per 100 population* Internet users per 100 population* * These indicators – also referred to as teledensity – are Millennium Development Goal indicators under Goal 8: Develop a global partnership What information does a population and housing census gather about technology?
The census gather the following information related to information and technology: Access to internet (for everyone aged 15 and above) Household ownership of mobile phone, telephone, computer, radio and television Those working in ICT-related occupations In Vanuatu, computer use and access to the internet is not widespread.

However, almost everybody uses a mobile phone.

More men use the internet than women.

Not suprisingly, internet use is much higher in urban centres than rural areas.
Of all the urban men aged 15 and above, 17% used the internet in the week before the census, compared to 15% of urban women.

This gender difference may be a reflection of the trend for men to have higher education levels than women (see Education chapter) as well as the greater proportion of men in ICT-related occupations.
Internet use for population aged 15 and above by sex and location, Vanuatu, 2009 Total Men (aged 15+) Total Women (aged 15+) Men who used the internet (aged 15+) Women who used the internet (aged 15+) Number % of total men Number % of total women Vanuatu Urban Rural Province Torba Sanma Penama Malampa Shefa Tafea 54 | P a g e There was no difference between rural men and women’s use of the internet, both at 3% of the total population (aged 15 and above).
People in rural areas are being left behind in the technology revolution, due to the high costs of establishing infrastructure and a lack of demand.

Language may also be a barrier to internet use.

For example, those people not literate in English or French (17% of men; 19% of women) may struggle to use computers and the internet as systems and applications are not available in Bislama.
ICT related occupations and industry As technology plays an increasingly important role in Vanuatu’s society and economy, both women and men should have the opportunity to work in ICT-related jobs.

In 2009, the share of women in ICT-related occupations was relatively low compared to men.

The ICT industry employs 637 people in Vanuatu.

Of these, the majority are men (65%) and only 35% are women.

This is regardless of what type of job they occupy within that industry (e.g.
includes cleaners, security guards as well as professional and technical staff).

Most ICT managers, professionals and engineers were men (76%).

For IT Technicians, the male share was even greater, with 85% being men and only 15% women.

Policies may be needed to address this gender imbalance in ICT-related occupations.

For example, initiatives that encourage women and girls to take up ICT-related courses and to work in the ICT industry.
55 | P a g e Share of men and women in ICT-related occupations Vanuatu, 2009 Men Women Total Number % of total Number % of total Number % of total ICT managers, professionals and engineers IT Technicians Total 32 76% 104 85% 10 19 24% 42 100% 15% 123 100% 136 82% 29 15% 165 100% Mobile phones, personal computers and other ICT-related assets Most households in Vanuatu have at least one mobile phone.

In urban centres, 88% of households reported owning mobile phone(s) and 66% of households in rural areas.
lower.

Ownership The proportion of households owning other ICT-related assets is of much computers is limited in Vanuatu, with less than a quarter of urban households (23%) and only 4% of rural households with a computer at home.

56 | P a g e Exploring gender differences in the ownership of assets is a challenge as this information is gathered for households only and not individuals.

The complexities for gender analysis are explained further in the chapter on households from page 7.
For the purposes of comparison, we can look at ownership of assets by households that are headed by men or women without no spouse present – referred to as lone female or lone male headed households.

These types of household make up about 25% of all households in Vanuatu.

Lone male headed households are more likely to own ICT-related assets than lone female headed households.

For example, 10% of lone male households own a computer, whereas only 6% of lone female headed households.
However, for households in urban centres - the main users of technology - it is lone female headed households that are more likely to own mobile phones and televisions.

Lone male households in urban centres are still more likely to own computers than female headed households.

57 | P a g e An interesting trend in computer ownership is noticed when looking at those lone headed households that have either boys or girls attending school.
In urban areas, lone male parents with boys only attending school(age 5-19), were far more likely to own a computer than lone male parents with only girls in school.

For female lone parents, there was less difference, but computer ownership was slightly higher when boys only were studying (15%), versus girls only (13%).

58 | P a g e Income, assets and housing Information on income, ownership of assets and housing provides evidence to monitor social and economic development.
Census data can shed light on the living conditions, main sources of income and the types of assets owned by each household.

Access to and control of assets is an important gender issue in most societies, with laws and customs often putting women at a disadvantage.
Although gender analysis of household level data is difficult for reasons explained in the chapter on Marriage, families and households (page 7), it is possible to glean some information about the differences and similarities between the income and assets of women and men.

Key findings More lone female headed households (those without a spouse present) rely on sale of goods than their equivalent male households.
Single male households are more likely to receive a wage or salary than those headed by single women Households headed by a lone female head (i.e.
no spouse present) own more cash crops than lone male headed households Overall, lone male headed households own more possessions – canoes, cars, boats, televisions, fridges, etc – than lone female headed households Lone female headed households in urban centres are more likely to own gas stoves and fridges than male headed households National goals and priorities Household characteristics are an indication of socio-economic development.
In line with national goals for gender equality, economic prosperity, social wellbeing and environmental sustainability, there are a number of priorities related to households.

Knowing the number of people per household, the number of rooms and the type of assets that are owned – e.g.

motor vehicle, television, fridge/freezer, livestock – provide insights into the living conditions and quality of life in Vanuatu.
Data on building materials used and the age of dwellings are used to monitor the overall quality of housing.

This information helps to shape national and local plans and actions, including disaster management strategies, policies on building codes and projects to establish and maintain water and sanitation infrastructure.

59 | P a g e Vanuatu’s Priorities and Action Agenda (PAA) includes policy objectives for environmental management relating to sanitation, waste disposal and urban planning.
National priorities also focus on ensuring appropriate infrastructure and utilities are provided, such as clean drinking water, sanitation, electricity for lighting and cooking and telecommunications through land lines and mobile phones.

The 2009 population and housing census results provide an insight into household access to these shared systems.

What information does a population and housing census gather about households?
Population and housing censuses gather information about “households” – that is a group of persons living under the same roof who usually eat together and share the work of preparing the food and/or the cost of providing it.

Information is collected about: type of living quarters – e.g.
detached house, apartment building materials used for walls, floor and roof and the age of the building number of rooms main source of drinking and washing water main toilet facility main source of lighting and cooking energy main form of household waste disposal any livestock and cash crops house and land tenure involvement in marine and freshwater fishing main source of income for the household assets of the household such as motor vehicle, fridge/freezer, TV, radio, gas stove, etc More information about family and household composition is in the chapter on marriage, families and households from page 7.
Collecting information at the household level requires the assumption that everyone in the household has equal access to the assets.

It does not tell us whether particular individuals own and control certain assets, while others do not.

For example, a household may have ten goats, but they might be owned by one household member and when sold, the profits might not necessarily be shared with the rest of the people in the house.
As described in the first chapter on households, it is a challenge to analyse gender differences for information that is collected about the household as a whole.

This leads many gender analysts to look at differences between households based on the sex of the “household head”.

However, as there are no clear definitions on who should be the household head – it is up to each household to decide – this analysis may be 60 | P a g e misleading.
The boxed text on page 16 provides more information on the household head concept.

For the purposes of determining gender differences between household income and assets in Vanuatu, analysis is focused on households with a single or lone head.

About 25% (12,100) of households in Vanuatu have a lone head – that is, a household with no spouse present.

Of these, 61% are headed by women and 39% by men.


Household income The main source of income for Vanuatu is from the sale of fish, crops and handicrafts, with almost half of all households (46%) relying on this source.

The second most common type of income is wages/salary, with one third of households benefiting from this more reliable source (33%).

Differences in the main source of income are evident between male and female headed households.
More lone and single female headed households rely on sale of goods than their equivalent male households.

Sale of goods is a more insecure form of income, most likely offering no secondary benefits such as access to sick leave or pension schemes.

The most common source of income for single men with no children is a wage or salary, with 38% of single men indicating this as their main income.
But, for single women, it is the second most common source with only 27% of single female households benefiting from a reliable wage or salary.

However, these single men tend to have a higher level of education than the single women.

61 | P a g e Policymakers should ensure that job creation schemes target both men and women and provide security for those in informal employment.
It may be necessary to develop adult education and employment policies aimed at single and lone women with children to address this gender imbalance.

Except for cash crops, households with a lone male head tend to own more assets than households headed by lone women.

Ownership of ICT-related assets is covered in the chapter on Information and technology (page 53).

Not surprisingly, asset ownership is quite different between urban and rural areas.
Few urban households have canoes, cash crops and generators compared to rural households.

Urban households headed by lone women are more likely to own gas stoves, DVDs and fridges than lone male headed households.

However, lone male headed households are more likely to own motor vehicles.

62 | P a g e Almost all lone headed households in rural areas have cash crops and relatively few other assets.

A greater proportion of lone male headed households own assets than lone female headed households.
63 | P a g e Glossary Adolescent mothers Women aged 15-19 years who have given birth to a child.

Age Dependency ratio The ratio of persons defined as dependent (under 15 years and over 64 years) to persons defined as economically productive (15 –64 years).

Agriculture Including farming, fishing and logging.

Average age at first marriage (SMAM) Approximation of average age at marriage, based on proportion of population never married (single).
Defacto marriage Couples who live together without being legally married.

Divorced The final termination of a marital union, canceling the legal duties and responsibilities of marriage and dissolving the bonds of matrimony between the parties (unlike annulment which declares the marriage null and void).

Education attainment Highest level of formal schooling attended and successfully completed.

Employed population Population aged 15 years and over working for cash or pay.
Employer Person or business that employs one or more people especially for wage or salary.

64 | P a g e Female lone headed household A household that identified a woman as its household head and that woman had no spouse currently living in the household.

Gender Refers to the relatively fluid socially constructed roles, behaviours, activities and attributes considered appropriate for men and women Gender parity index Is an index designed to measure the relative access to education of males and females.
Health professionals Includes paramedics, dentists, optometrists, dieticians, pharmacists, physiotherapists and other health care workers.

Household Those persons who usually eat together and share the work of preparing the food and/ or the cost of work for providing it.

Household head Person who identifies as the head of the household.

It may be the main breadwinner in the house, or the oldest adult male, if one is present, or the responsible adult who is interviewed by the census collector.
Household size Number of persons living together in one household.

Information and communication technologies (ICT) This includes any computing and communication device or application.

Industry A basic category of business activity.

Including manufacturing and mining.

65 | P a g e Infant mortality rate The number of deaths of infants under the age of 12 months, per 1,000 live births in a given year.
Internal migration The temporary or permanent relocation or movement of population inside the boundaries of a national state.

International migration When peoples cross state boundaries and stay in the host state for some minimum length of time.

Jobless population People without jobs or applicable to persons without jobs especially to those who are seeking employment.

Kava Kava (Piper methysticum) is a shrub belonging to the pepper family, Piperaceae.
The root or stump of the shrub contains kavalactones, which have sedative and muscle-relaxant effects.

Life expectancy The average number of additional years a person could expect to live if current mortality trends were to continue for the rest of that person's life, usually in terms of years from birth.

Literacy rate Proportion of the population who reported they could read and write a simple sentence in any language.

Primary basic education Grade 1 to grade 8.


66 | P a g e Population census A count of a given area resulting in an enumeration of the entire population and the compilation of demographic, social and economic information pertaining to that population at a specific time.

Male lone headed household A household that identified a man as its household head and that man had no spouse currently living in the household.

Median age The age at which exactly half the population is older and half is younger.
Economically inactive Those people who did nothing in the reference week (the week prior to the census) to provide for themselves or their families or household, eg: full time student, retired, disabled.

Person This is any individual member of the household or institution who is present on the census night and counted in the census.

Pre-school Early childhood education for children ages 4 to 5 years old.
Producing goods for home consumption Performing a variety of tasks such as farming, gardening, fishing or producing handicrafts for own consumption and often described as subsistence by the household.

Producing goods for sale Performing a variety of tasks such as farming, gardening, fishing or producing handicrafts, the goods from which are then sold.

67 | P a g e Professional workers Includes occupations such as teachers, medical doctors, nurses/midwives, lawyers, accountants and civil engineers.
Sanitation The type of toilet facilities used by the household.

Secondary education Year 9 up to year 13 for English system and up to year 14 for French system.

Services Including tourism, retail sales and transportation.

Sex Refers to the relatively fixed biological and physical characteristics that define men and women.

Sex ratio The ratio of males to females in a given population, usually expressed as the number of males for every 100 females.

Subsistence See producing goods for home consumption.
Technical workers Includes occupations such as mechanics, ship engineers, dental assistants and farming advisors.

Total fertility rate The average number of children per woman.

Under 5 mortality rate Probability of a child dying before reaching age 5 (expressed as a rate per 1,000 live births).
68 | P a g e Unemployed population People aged 15 years and over who did not work in the week prior to the census (other than those who had a job but were not at work during the reference week), but spend time looking for work, and were available to work if a job was offered to them.

University An educational institution of learning at tertiary level either in Vanuatu or another country.
Unpaid family work Those persons aged 15 years and over who do work but did not receive wage, salary, commission or other commission of remuneration from their family business.

Vocational education Technical education combined with practical experience in Vanuatu or another country.

Voluntary work Those persons aged 15 years and over who work without pay, commission or profit for an organization.
Wage and salary employment Remuneration (pay) based on time worked or items produced, independent of profits or expectations of profits.

69 | P a g e References Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC).

2011.

PRISM Database.

www.spc.int/prism United Nations Education, Science and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) Institute of Statistics.

2004.

Guide to the Analysis and Use of Household Surveys and Census Education Data.

United Nations Inter-Agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation.

2010.
2010.

Levels and Trends in Child Mortality Report 2010.

New York.

United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD).

2008.

Principles and Recommendations for Population and Housing Censuses, Revision 2.

New York.

UNSD.

2011.

Millennium Development Goals Indicators and Database.

mdgs.un.org Vanuatu Ministry of Education.

2010.

Education Sector Review.

Port Vila.

Vanuatu Ministry of Health.

2008.

Vanuatu Reproductive Health Policy (2008- 2010).

Port Vila.
Port Vila.

Vanuatu Ministry of Youth Development, Sports and Training.

2010.

Vanuatu Technical Vocational Education and Training Policy.

Port Vila.

Vanuatu National Statistics Office (VNSO).

2000.

The 1999 Vanuatu National Population and Housing Census: Main Report.

Port Vila.

VNSO.

2011.

2009 National Population and Housing Census: Basic Tables Report (Volume1).

Port Vila.

VNSO.

2001.

2009 National Population and Housing Census: Analytical Report (Volume 2).

Port Vila.

Vanuatu Government.


2006.

Vanuatu Priorities and Action Agenda 2006-2015.

Port Vila.

World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations Children’s’ Fund (UNICEF).

2011.

Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation.
www.wssinfo.org 70 | P a g e Statistical tables Table 1: Total population by sex, urban/rural and provincial location, Vanuatu 1999 2009 Total Male Female Total Male Female VANUATU 186,678 95,682 90,996 234,023 119,091 114,932 URBAN 40,094 20,723 19,371 57,195 29,618 27,577 RURAL 146,584 74,959 71,625 176,828 89,473 87,355 PROVINCE TORBA 7,757 3,937 3,820 9,359 4,727 4,632 SANMA 36,084 18,676 17,408 45,855 23,623 22,232 PENAMA 26,646 13,724 12,922 30,819 15,543 15,276 MALAMPA 32,705 16,653 16,052 36,727 18,446 18,281 SHEFA 54,439 28,119 26,320 78,723 40,550 38,173 TAFEA 29,074 14,573 14,474 32,540 16,202 16,338 71 | P a g e Table 2: Number of households by household type, sex of household head and urban/rural location, Vanuatu, 2009 Total Urban Rural Male head Female head Total Male head Female head Total One person household Couple Nuclear family Nuclear family + not related Lone head - child(ren) Lone head - extended family Lone head - grandchild(ren) Lone head - parents (in law) Lone head + other Extended family - grandchildren Extended family - grandchildren + other Extended family - other Not related | P a g e Table 3: Marital status of people aged 15+ by sex, 5 year age groups, urban/rural location, Vanuatu, 2009 Never married Legally Married Male Female Male Female Male Defacto Divorced Female Male Female Male Separated Widowed Female Male Female VANUATU URBAN RURAL PROVINCE TORBA SANMA PENAMA MALAMPA SHEFA TAFEA | P a g e Table 4: Women by age, number of children, urban/rural location, Vanuatu, 2009 Female population with indicated total number of children ever born alive Total no.
women Total children ever born 0 or more Total 71,486 189,333 20,214 8,221 8,925 8,459 7,649 5,907 4,248 2,855 1,620 982 968 15 - 19 11,855 1,144 9,872 767 154 23 - - - - - - - 20 - 24 11,126 9,865 5,170 3,082 1,864 670 189 49 5 2 - - - 25 - 29 9,291 17,632 1,866 1,951 2,500 1,656 834 299 101 21 15 1 - 30 - 34 7,903 23,136 767 846 1,558 1,823 1,533 778 327 144 52 18 13 35 - 39 7,095 25,790 504 423 986 1,435 1,538 994 615 315 140 59 40 40 - 44 5,709 23,461 362 309 573 936 1,074 969 715 396 183 99 60 45 - 49 5,175 22,863 342 267 428 721 928 873 640 453 225 147 126 50 - 54 3,626 16,716 240 138 332 427 548 588 502 345 205 127 118 55 - 59 3,102 15,263 224 140 181 305 412 522 448 379 226 128 119 60 - 64 2,127 10,658 210 92 128 172 229 320 316 242 168 116 120 65 - 69 1,772 9,298 182 70 88 117 186 224 261 238 147 111 134 70+ 2,705 13,507 475 136 133 174 178 291 318 320 259 176 238 74 | P a g e Table 5: Total women given birth by age and highest level of education attained, Vanuatu, 2009 Age group 15 - 19 20 - 24 25 - 29 30 - 34 35 - 39 40 - 44 45 - 49 50 - 54 55 - 59 60 - 64 65 - 69 70+ No school completed 113 591 767 862 1,005 903 933 Pre school 9 26 41 45 58 43 63 Some primary 235 1,156 1,372 1,336 1,279 1,151 1,150 Primary leaving certificate 317 1,873 2,363 2,443 2,281 1,754 1,512 Form 3 certificate 66 314 341 Yr.10 leaving certificate 100 897 1,101 Snr Secondary certificate University entrance Some college but no degree Bachelors degree Masters degree Doctorate degree Vocational certificate Others 35 6 21 - - - 4 - 530 96 54 57 5 - 36 12 712 127 103 104 11 - - 3 4 13 31 13 5 4 4 4 1 5 7 Total 906 5,647 7,127 6,836 6,328 5,103 4,616 3,185 2,733 1,815 1,514 2,105 75 | P a g e Table
 6a: Female population 15 years and over by 5 year age group and whether given birth by urban/rural location, Vanuatu, 2009 15 - 19 20 - 24 25 - 29 30 - 34 35 - 39 40 - 44 45 - 49 50 - 54 55 - 59 60 - 64 65 - 69 70+ Age group VANUATU Total 11,855 11,126 9,291 7,903 7,095 5,709 5,175 3,626 3,102 2,127 1,772 2,705 Yes 944 5,861 7,378 7,092 6,545 5,314 4,808 3,330 2,860 1,903 1,576 2,223 No 10,911 5,265 1,913 811 550 395 367 296 242 224 196 482 URBAN Total 3,338 3,580 2,605 2,217 1,879 1,532 1,343 887 650 371 235 Yes 194 1,468 1,835 1,907 1,666 1,385 1,213 773 577 299 202 No 3,144 2,112 770 310 213 147 130 114 73 72 33 308 218 90 RURAL Total 8,517 7,546 6,686 5,686 5,216 4,177 3,832 2,739 2,452 1,756 1,537 2,397 Yes 750 4,393 5,543 5,185 4,879 3,929 3,595 2,557 2,283 1,604 1,374 2,005 No 7,767 3,153 1,143 501 337 248 237 182 169 152 163 392 76 | P a g e Table 6b: Female population 15 years and over by 5 year age group and whether given birth by provincial location, Vanuatu, 2009 15 - 19 20 - 24 25 - 29 30 - 34 35 - 39 40 - 44 45 - 49 50 - 54 55 - 59 60 - 64 65 - 69 70+ Age group TORBA Total 455 427 349 275 286 211 190 127 117 85 70 119 Yes No 62 300 309 261 276 204 184 117 109 82 63 108 393 127 40 14 10 7 6 10 8 3 7 11 SANMA Total 2,510 2,118 1,872 1,566 1,318 1,035 929 610 518 380 291 330 Yes No 249 1,213 1,525 1,418 1,227 973 875 568 470 340 257 273 2,261 905 347 148 91 62 54 42 48 40 34 57 PENAMA Total 1,481 1,146 1,104 921 907 716 664 508 481 299 297 575 Yes No 108 651 927 840 841 671 620 490 456 284 273 479 1,373 495 177 81 66 45 44 18 25 15 24 96 MALAMPA Total 1,712 1,443 1,389 1,177 1,136 942 899 653 605 425 337 643 Yes No 153 851 1,156 1,060 1,060 893 855 605 568 388 308 534 1,559 592 233 117 76 49 44 48 37 37 29 109 SHEFA Total 4,290 4,534 3,329 2,946 2,569 2,091 1,827 1,286 984 635 508 670 Yes No 270 2,050 2,422 2,555 2,297 1,902 1,644 1,127 884 542 441 524 4,020 2,484 907 391 272 189 183 159 100 93 67 146 TAFEA Total 1,407 1,458 1,248 1,018 879 714 666 442
 397 303 269 368 Yes No 102 796 1,039 958 844 671 630 423 373 267 234 305 1,305 662 209 60 35 43 36 19 24 36 35 63 77 | P a g e Table 7: Male headed households with main toilet facility, household type and urban location, Vanuatu, 2009 Flush - Private Flush - Shared Male headed households Water sealed - private Water sealed shared VIP - private VIP - shared Pit latrine - private Pit latrine - share None One person household 248 149 11 26 26 34 44 24 3 Couple Nuclear family 357 1,259 147 652 23 113 37 191 31 207 48 245 38 306 38 138 - 1 Nuclear family + not related 25 6 - 3 3 3 3 1 Lone head - child(ren) 78 36 8 17 14 16 12 8 Lone head - extended family 270 130 17 41 23 40 39 27 Lone head - grandchild(ren) - 1 - - 2 1 1 Lone head - parents (in law) 8 3 - 1 1 1 2 - - Lone head + other 22 23 4 4 11 4 7 6 Extended family - grandchildren 127 58 11 18 34 17 40 15 - - - - - - - Extended family - grandchildren + other 256 61 25 29 29 35 59 25 1 Extended family - other 1,091 489 79 127 141 136 186 95 Not related 32 5 - 2 - - 2 - - - VIP : Ventilated improved pit latrine 78 | P a g e Table 8: Female headed households with main toilet facility, household type and urban location, Vanuatu, 2009 Female headed households Flush – Private Flush - Shared Water sealed - private Water sealed shared VIP - private VIP - shared One person household Couple Nuclear family Nuclear family + not related Lone head - child(ren) Lone head - extended family Lone head - grandchild(ren) Lone head - parents (in law) Lone head + other Extended family - grandchildren Extended family - grandchildren + other Extended family - other Not related VIP : Ventilated improved pit latrine - - 2 6 21 - 17 13 61 1 52 54 - - 1 5 3 32 - 10 1 14 1 41 48 1 - - 1 3 18 - 15 9 45 - 28 50 - - 4 8 5 15 - Pit latrine - private 10 2 19 - 48 49 - - 3 1 4 25 - Pit latrine - share None 7 8 37 - 21 35 - 1 - 6 3 39 - - - - - - 1 - - - -
 - - - 79 | P a g e Table 9: Male headed households with main toilet facility, household type and rural location, Vanuatu, 2009 Male headed households Flush - Private Flush - Shared Water sealed - private Water sealed shared VIP - private VIP - shared Pit latrine - private Pit latrine - share None One person household 110 15 77 40 197 96 619 155 13 Couple 129 31 707 169 116 823 42 265 153 846 246 16 305 2,442 1,301 7,240 1,789 177 11 2 11 2 26 6 48 5 1 Nuclear family Nuclear family + not related Lone head - child(ren) 38 4 39 12 110 58 322 60 7 Lone head - extended family Lone head - grandchild(ren) Lone head - parents (in law) 68 19 74 15 189 90 492 132 10 - - 4 2 10 5 24 4 1 1 5 1 8 1 22 3 - - Lone head + other 7 3 2 4 9 6 31 7 1 Extended family - grandchildren Extended family - grandchildren + other 81 14 192 56 460 176 1,074 210 15 101 17 115 34 334 128 609 182 11 Extended family - other 314 83 291 147 941 397 2,159 559 47 Not related 5 - 1 - 5 2 4 4 - 80 | P a g e Table 10: Female headed households with main toilet facility, household type and rural location, Vanuatu, 2009 Flush - Private Flush - Shared Female headed households Water sealed shared VIP - private Water sealed - private VIP - shared Pit latrine - private Pit latrine - share None One person household Couple Nuclear family Nuclear family + not related 51 20 61 24 126 67 356 122 9 3 34 3 12 3 20 - 11 4 67 2 31 44 381 7 112 1 2 1 - 2 - 1 1 12 2 - Lone head - child(ren) 67 24 101 56 363 208 927 325 28 Lone head - extended family Lone head - grandchild(ren) Lone head - parents (in law) 116 26 191 58 470 210 1,049 326 16 2 3 10 3 37 15 101 31 4 - 1 - - 9 5 10 2 Lone head + other 4 1 4 2 7 8 13 10 Extended family - grandchildren Extended family - grandchildren + other Extended family - other Not related 5 3 5 1 14 3 34 9 4 1 3 1 9 2 23 6 22 4 14 4 37 19 150 48 1 2 - 2 - 4 3 - - - - - - 81 | P a g e Table 11: Male headed households with main source of drinking water, household type and urban location,
 Vanuatu, 2009 Piped private Piped share Village stand pipe Male headed households Well protect Well unprotect HH tank Share tank Bottled water River, lake, spring Other One person household 238 225 2 17 2 25 25 16 1 14 Couple 323 248 1 34 2 46 27 22 3 13 Nuclear family Nuclear family + not related 1,275 1,106 8 103 29 204 193 80 14 100 21 10 - 2 - 9 2 - - - Lone head - child(ren) 80 74 1 8 2 7 11 5 - 1 Lone head - extended family Lone head - grandchild(ren) Lone head - parents (in law) 287 209 - 9 3 24 34 8 1 12 2 1 - 1 - - 1 - 3 4 1 2 - 5 - 1 - - - - Lone head + other 29 35 - 1 - 7 5 - - 4 Extended family - grandchildren Extended family - grandchildren + other 145 102 2 15 5 26 12 5 - 8 261 139 - 16 6 46 37 3 1 11 Extended family - other 1,090 755 6 63 18 202 121 35 4 50 Not related 30 7 - 1 - 1 2 - - - 82 | P a g e Table 12: Female headed households with main source of drinking water, household type and urban location, Vanuatu, 2009 Piped private Piped share Village stand pipe Well protect Well unprotect HH tank Share tank Bottled water River, lake, spring Other Female headed households One person household Couple Nuclear family Nuclear family + not related Lone head - child(ren) Lone head - extended family Lone head - grandchild(ren) Lone head - parents (in law) Lone head + other Extended family - grandchildren Extended family - grandchildren + other Extended family - other Not related 103 51 207 16 177 409 9 3 14 22 27 175 15 128 58 284 2 246 313 6 1 26 33 16 183 6 - - - - 1 1 - - - - 1 2 - 3 1 13 - 15 24 1 - - 1 2 6 - 2 - 6 - 4 8 - - - 1 1 7 - 9 5 29 1 34 55 - - - 5 3 19 - 16 4 39 - 31 40 - 1 3 4 2 19 3 8 5 9 - 22 14 - - - 1 1 7 - 1 - - - 1 3 - - - - - 1 - 4 - 2 - 14 14 - - 1 - - 3 - 83 | P a g e Table 13: Male headed households with main source of drinking water, household type and rural location, Vanuatu, 2009 Male headed households Piped private Piped share Village stand pipe Well protect Well unprotect HH tank Share tank Bottled water River, lake, spring Other
 - 13 10 - 8 1 2 12 1 3 1 5 11 - 6 1 One person household Couple Nuclear family Nuclear family + not related Lone head - child(ren) Lone head - extended family Lone head - grandchild(ren) Lone head - parents (in law) Lone head + other 6 13 3 3 - - 2 - 3 2 - 2 - Extended family - grandchildren Extended family - grandchildren + other Extended family - other Not related 84 | P a g e Table 14: Female headed households with main source of drinking water, household type and rural location, Vanuatu, 2009 One person household Couple Nuclear family Nuclear family + not related Lone head - child(ren) Lone head - extended family Lone head - grandchild(ren) Lone head - parents (in law) Lone head + other Extended family - grandchildren Extended family - grandchildren + other Extended family - other Not related Piped private Piped share 58 4 84 4 163 251 13 - 5 9 12 44 1 223 24 199 2 539 558 49 10 17 21 12 51 2 Female headed households Village stand pipe Well protect Well unprotect 5 - 11 - 22 26 1 1 - 1 - 1 - 49 1 26 1 109 152 12 3 - - 3 16 - 12 - 6 - 30 26 2 - - - - 4 - HH tank 132 17 96 2 352 503 43 6 12 18 5 66 2 Share tank Bottled water River, lake, spring Other 269 17 185 6 572 661 63 2 14 18 12 90 1 7 - 7 1 30 16 2 - - 1 - - 1 72 3 55 3 253 230 17 4 1 6 5 23 5 9 1 1 - 29 39 4 1 - - - 3 - 85 | P a g e Table 15: Smokers 15+ age group by sex, urban/rural and provincial location, Vanuatu, 2009 Total Male Female VANUATU 34,294 31,225 3,069 URBAN RURAL PROVINCE TORBA SANMA 9,619 8,088 1,531 24,675 23,137 1,538 1,415 1,338 77 7,055 6,414 641 PENAMA 4,323 4,080 243 MALAMPA 4,717 4,543 174 SHEFA TAFEA 12,822 11,012 1,810 3,962 3,838 124 86 | P a g
 e Table 16: Smokers age 15 years and over by sex and highest level of education attained, Vanuatu, 2009 No school completed Primary Male Female Male Female Senior secondary Male Female Tertiary Male Female Vocational Male Female VANUATU URBAN RURAL PROVINCE TORBA SANMA PENAMA MALAMPA SHEFA TAFEA - 15 1 6 150 4 12 65 34 40 244 29 1 2 1 3 38 3 87 | P a g e Table 17: Use of alcohol by 15+ age, sex, urban/rural and provincial location, Vanuatu, 2009 Table 18: Use of kava by 15+ age, sex, urban/rural and provincial location, Vanuatu, 2009 Total Male Female Total Male Female VANUATU 13,780 11,721 2,059 VANUATU 43,087 37,232 5,855 URBAN RURAL PROVINCE TORBA SANMA 6,818 5,469 1,349 6,962 6,252 710 107 103 4 1,695 1,542 153 URBAN RURAL PROVINCE TORBA SANMA 11,881 9,529 2,352 31,206 27,703 3,503 2,163 1,657 506 7,917 7,067 850 PENAMA 387 353 34 MALAMPA 1,401 1,239 162 SHEFA TAFEA 8,906 7,273 1,633 1,284 1,211 73 PENAMA 5,938 5,423 515 MALAMPA 6,149 5,533 616 SHEFA TAFEA 16,157 12,979 3,178 4,763 4,573 190 88 | P a g e Table 19: Prevalence of disability by seeing, severity, sex and urban/rural location, Vanuatu, 2009 Seeing Some difficulties Cannot do at all Total Male Female Total Male Female VANUATU URBAN RURAL PROVINCE TORBA SANMA PENAMA MALAMPA SHEFA TAFEA | P a g e Table 20: Prevalence of disability by hearing, severity, sex and urban/rural location, Vanuatu, 2009 Hearing Some difficulties Cannot do at all Total Male Female Total
 Male Female VANUATU URBAN RURAL PROVINCE TORBA SANMA PENAMA MALAMPA SHEFA TAFEA | P a g e Table 21: Prevalence of disability by walking, severity, sex and urban/rural location, Vanuatu, 2009 Walking Some difficulties Cannot do at all Total Male Female Total Male Female VANUATU URBAN RURAL PROVINCE TORBA SANMA PENAMA MALAMPA SHEFA TAFEA | P a g e Table 22: Prevalence of disability by remembering, severity, sex and urban/rural location, Vanuatu, 2009 Remembering or concentrating Some difficulties Cannot do at all Total Male Female Total Male Female VANUATU URBAN RURAL PROVINCE TORBA SANMA PENAMA MALAMPA SHEFA TAFEA | P a g e Table 23: Health care workers by occupation type and sex, Vanuatu, 2009 Occupation type Men Women Total Doctors Medical technicians and assistants Nurses and midwives Assistant nurses Traditional and complementary medicine professionals Other Health Professionals and workers* 49 13 113 42 18 50 14 6 241 66 8 46 63 19 354 108 26 96 *Includes paramedics, dentists, optometrists, dieticians, pharmacists, physiotherapists and health care workers 93 | P a g e Table 24: Children aged 6 - 13 who attended primary school, by sex, urban/rural and provincial location, Vanuatu, 2009 Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3 Grade 4 Grade 5 Grade 6 Grade 7 Grade 8 VANUATU Male 3,403 3,550 2,997
 3,162 1,948 2,083 665 475 Female 3,118 3,049 2,625 2,722 1,762 1,995 791 537 URBAN Male 559 613 525 563 448 495 244 158 Female 562 539 479 543 353 479 285 189 RURAL Male 2,844 2,937 2,472 2,599 1,500 1,588 421 317 Female 2,556 2,510 2,146 2,179 1,409 1,516 506 348 PROVINCE TORBA Male 166 136 135 164 71 73 29 12 Female 130 147 110 134 79 69 22 20 SANMA Male 660 712 547 586 336 409 123 117 Female 629 618 473 473 349 376 156 96 PENAMA Male 475 482 437 469 273 317 73 36 Female 470 464 374 381 250 260 97 72 MALAMPA Male 588 628 538 614 396 379 109 56 Female 493 496 462 511 366 367 130 66 SHEFA Male 889 899 805 880 637 688 272 216 Female 831 785 768 779 494 701 323 223 TAFEA Male 625 693 535 449 235 217 59 38 Female 565 539 438 444 224 222 63 60 94 | P a g e Table25: Population aged 5years and over attending primary school by sex, urban/rural and provincial location, Vanuatu, 2009 Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3 Grade 4 Grade 5 Grade 6 Grade 7 Grade 8 VANUATU Male 4,244 3,646 3,098 3,350 2,312 2,754 1,392 1,521 Female 3,929 3,120 2,720 2,859 1,982 2,534 1,392 1,470 URBAN Male 733 625 535 581 478 565 382 404 Female 742 550 498 550 365 527 385 432 RURAL Male 3,511 3,021 2,563 2,769 1,834 2,189 1,010 1,117 Female 3,187 2,570 2,222 2,309 1,617 2,007 1,007 1,038 PROVINCE TORBA Male 184 144 143 176 98 120 71 57 Female 153 152 114 142 86 105 64 84 SANMA Male 810 735 566 607 386 512 239 321 Female 766 627 489 495 391 458 247 280 PENAMA Male 560 491 447 486 320 418 182 174 Female 554 467 382 398 283 335 186 206 MALAMPA Male 727 642 549 628 451 517 245 258 Female 638 507 471 522 391 443 245 223 SHEFA Male 1,143 915 814 919 690 818 471 544 Female 1,084 799 788 795 519 813 455 524 TAFEA Male 820 719 579 534 367 369 184 167 Female 734 568 476 507 312 380 195 153 95 | P a g e Table 26: Children aged 14 - 19 years who attend secondary school, by sex, urban/rural and provincial location, Vanuatu, 2009 Year 9 Year 10 Year 11 Year 12 Year 13 Year 14 Male Female Male Female Male Female Male
 Female Male Female Male Female VANUATU 766 805 1,174 1,183 432 460 468 452 129 125 URBAN RURAL PROVINCE TORBA SANMA PENAMA 291 475 20 150 107 MALAMPA 99 312 493 28 182 106 94 SHEFA TAFEA - - 22 4 8 91 - 21 14 7 - 2 2 - 17 - 22 17 5 - - - - 20 2 96 | P a g e Table27: Adults aged 20 years and over who completed secondary school or higher by sex, urban/rural and provincial location, Vanuatu, 2009 SECONDARY Male Female Male TERTIARY VOCATIONAL Female Male Female Male OTHERS Female VANUATU URBAN RURAL PROVINCE TORBA SANMA PENAMA MALAMPA SHEFA TAFEA | P a g e Table 28: Population aged 5 years and over by current education status, sex, urban/rural and provincial location, Vanuatu, 2009 Full time Part time Left school Never been to school Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female VANUATU URBAN RURAL PROVINCE TORBA SANMA PENAMA MALAMPA SHEFA TAFEA | P a g e Table 29: Adults aged 15 years and over who completed primary school or higher by sex, urban/rural and provincial location, Vanuatu, 2009 PRIMARY SECONDARY TERTIARY VOCATIONAL OTHERS Male Female Male Female
 Male Female Male Female Male Female VANUATU URBAN RURAL PROVINCE TORBA SANMA PENAMA MALAMPA SHEFA TAFEA | P a g e Table 30: Highest level of education attained by sex and urban/rural location, Vanuatu, 2009 Vanuatu Urban Rural No schooling Primary schooling Secondary schooling Male 10,337 34,545 18,488 Female 12,746 34,624 17,023 Male 878 7,094 8,807 Female 940 7,131 8,213 Male 9,459 27,451 9,681 Female 11,806 27,493 8,810 University degrees 2,924 2,155 1,633 1,200 1,291 955 Vocational certificates 1,004 576 448 291 556 285 Total 67,298 67,124 18,860 17,775 48,438 49,349 Table 31: Highest level of education attained, by sex and provincial location, Vanuatu, 2009 Torba Sanma Penama Malampa Shefa Tafea Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female No schooling Primary schooling Secondary schooling University degrees Vocational certificates Total 100 | P a g e Table 32: Children aged 14 - 19 who attend secondary school, by sex, urban/rural and provincial location, Vanuatu, 2009 Year 9 Year 10 Year 11 Year 12 Year 13 Year 14 Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female 766 291 475 20 150 107 99 VANUATU URBAN RURAL PROVINCE TORBA
 SANMA PENAMA MALAMPA SHEFA TAFEA - 7 3 1 - - 276 246 69 83 79 97 22 22 2 133 161 51 42 41 27 4 4 2 182 106 94 171 156 24 30 39 40 3 8 - - - - 20 - 17 291 301 460 498 262 287 277 266 97 91 94 111 104 22 18 25 19 2 - - 2 99 101 | P a g e Table 33: Population aged 5 years and over attending pre-school by sex, urban/rural and provincial location, Vanuatu, 2009 Pre - school Total Male Female VANUATU URBAN RURAL PROVINCE TORBA SANMA PENAMA MALAMPA SHEFA TAFEA 5,953 3,131 2,822 1,165 626 539 4,788 2,505 2,283 349 177 172 1,393 767 626 889 428 461 1,073 589 484 1,630 854 776 619 316 303 102 | P a g e Table 34: Population aged 5+ with the able to read and write a simple sentence by language, sex, urban/rural and provincial location, Vanuatu, 2009 English French Bislama Other language Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female VANUATU 64,710 60,603 36,769 35,476 73,641 70,336 50,483 47,749 URBAN RURAL PROVINCE TORBA SANMA PENAMA 8,028 7,401 4,303 4,138 8,979 8,531 8,208 7,898 MALAMPA 8,945 8,786 5,979 5,916 11,466 11,663 5,169 5,187 SHEFA TAFEA 27,424 25,575 14,395 13,946 29,826 28,234 22,046 20,674 5,844 5,342 4,193 4,012 6,670 6,238 5,148 4,782 103 | P a g e Table 35: Labour force status by sex, urban/rural and provincial location, Vanuatu, 2009 VANUATU URBAN RURAL TORBA SANMA PENAMA MALAMPA SHEFA TAFEA Sex Male 53,646 12,432 41,214 2,192 10,553 7,428 8,957 18,055 6,461 Female 40,814 8,320 32,494 1,838 8,082 6,398 7,060 12,198 5,238 Male 3,987 2,018 1,969 126 711 319 394 2,051 386 Female 2,502 1,217 1,285 63 479 254 287 1,222 197 Male 11,761 6,998 4,763 83 2,337 342 557 7,912 530 Female 6,756 4,605 2,151 39 1,116 159 245 4,915
 282 Male 953 546 407 7 94 52 65 687 48 Female 416 282 134 1 30 19 34 317 15 Male 3,570 1,174 2,396 39 455 763 611 1,436 266 Female 2,304 713 1,591 12 185 689 342 906 170 Male 1,232 183 1,049 46 176 188 424 287 111 Female 739 118 621 27 94 115 257 200 46 Male 4,556 238 4,318 169 566 966 1,291 897 667 Female 3,761 205 3,556 95 417 975 1,059 688 527 Male 5,645 144 5,501 243 1,235 1,437 1,294 1,216 220 Female 4,401 315 4,086 103 952 853 883 1,429 181 Male 21,942 1,131 20,811 1,479 4,979 3,361 4,321 3,569 4,233 Female 19,935 865 19,070 1,498 4,809 3,334 3,953 2,521 3,820 Total Employee - government Employee - private Employer Self employed Voluntary work Unpaid family work Producing goods for sale Producing goods for own consumption 104 | P a g e Table 36: Employees by sector (private/public), sex and highest level of education attained, Vanuatu, 2009 Qualification Lower Primary Completed Senior Secondary Tertiary Total Government - Employee Male Female 926 1,631 1,142 1,660 340 562 2,408 3,853 Private - Employee Male 8,473 2,161 746 11,380 Female 4,516 1,655 376 6,547 105 | P a g e Table 37: Economically inactive by sex, urban/rural and provincial location, Vanuatu, 2009 Didn't want to work Full time home maker Student Disabled Believe no work available Retired/Old age Weather/No transport Other Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female VANUATU - 32 7 19 3 16 - 13 - - 6 - 494 494 250 222 244 272 7 127 32 32 9 92 44 52 252 235 44 62 URBAN RURAL PROVINCE TORBA
 SANMA PENAMA MALAMPA SHEFA TAFEA 106 | P a g e Table 38: Population working for pay or profit by sector, aged 15 years and over, sex and urban/rural location, Vanuatu, 2009 Employment type Total Total Male Female URBAN Total Male Female RURAL Total Male Female Employee - government Employee - private Employer Self employed Producing goods for sale Total 42,295 25,916 16,379 18,012 10,880 7,132 24,283 15,036 9,247 107 | P a g e Table 39: Top ten occupation for men and women, Vanuatu, 2009 Male Subsistence crop farmers Field crop and vegetable growers Subsistence mixed crop and livestock farmer TOP TEN OCCUPATIONS Total Female 8,397 Subsistence crop farmers Field crop and vegetable growers 8,332 Crop farm labourers Block layer Kava grower Car taxi and van drivers Copra cutter Protective services workers Primary, early childhood educators and teachers TOTAL 6,099 Subsistence mixed crop and livestock farmer 4,688 Cleaner 4,058 Crop farm labourers Primary, early childhood educators and teachers 2,676 1,855 Copra cutter 1,482 Handicrafts 1,444 Sale person Market seller 826 39,857 TOTAL Total 7,852 7,520 5,202 3,236 3,197 1,258 1,009 800 758 688 31,520 108 | P a g e Table 40: Legislators, senior officials and managers by sex and highest level of education attained Occupation Qualification Male Female Legislators, senior officials and managers Completed senior secondary Lower primary Tertiary Total 662 499 309 242 232 108 1,470 582 Table 41: Professionals and technical workers by sex and highest level of education attained Occupation Qualification Male Female Professionals and technical workers Completed senior secondary Lower primary Tertiary Total 1,625 1,838 738 1,272 1,435 496 4,201 3,203 109 | P a g e Table 42:
 Unemployed population by 15 years and over, sex, urban/rural and provincial location, Vanuatu, 2009 Place of residence Sex 15 - 19 20 - 24 25 - 29 30 - 34 35 - 39 40 - 44 45 - 49 50 - 54 55 - 59 60 - 64 65 - 69 70+ Age group VANUATU Male 562 599 357 195 177 128 96 67 69 22 13 16 Female 477 563 386 256 190 128 92 55 32 11 9 18 URBAN Male 279 414 228 103 111 71 52 41 42 10 4 7 Female 304 399 265 169 106 84 57 27 15 4 2 3 RURAL Male 283 185 129 92 66 57 44 26 27 12 9 9 Female 173 164 121 87 84 44 35 28 17 7 7 15 PROVINCE TORBA Male 5 Female 1 - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SANMA Male 89 115 63 34 40 31 20 10 5 2 1 4 Female 107 113 52 34 28 17 13 4 5 1 1 1 PENAMA Male 13 9 5 3 1 1 2 1 Female 13 5 7 MALAMPA Male 46 SHEFA TAFEA Female Male Female Male Female 33 288 260 121 63 27 24 366 347 82 74 19 27 199 237 70 63 1 16 22 108 152 34 47 - 14 17 90 101 32 44 3 14 10 52 73 30 25 2 7 9 46 49 21 19 - 4 6 36 30 16 15 - - 1 3 40 12 23 12 - - 4 1 10 3 6 6 - - 2 4 5 2 5 2 - 1 1 2 6 4 5 10 110 | P a g e Table 43: Unemployed population by 15 years and over, sex, urban/rural and provincial location, Vanuatu, 2009 Total Male Female VANUATU URBAN RURAL PROVINCE TORBA SANMA PENAMA MALAMPA SHEFA TAFEA 948 414 534 15 188 28 34 612 71 571 257 314 10 114 17 23 368 39 377 157 220 5 74 11 11 244 32 111 | P a g e Table 44: Population aged 15 years and over in private households who used the internet by sex, age, urban/rural and provincial location, Vanuatu, 2009 Total Men Total Women Men who used the internet Women who used the internet VANUATU 69,594 70,048 5,063 4,227 URBAN RURAL PROVINCE TORBA SANMA PENAMA MALAMPA SHEFA TAFEA | P a g e Table 45: Population aged 15 years and over working in ICT-related occupations and by sex, Vanuatu, 2009 ICT managers, professionals and engineers IT Technicians
 Total ICT: Information and Communication Technology Men Women Total 32 104 136 10 19 29 42 123 165 Table 46: Population aged 15 years and over working in ICT-related industries by sex, Vanuatu, 2009 ICT Industry Radio broadcasting Television programming and broadcasting activities Wired telecommunications activities Wireless telecommunications activities Satellite telecommunications activities Other telecommunications activities Computer programming, consultancy and related activities Data processing, hosting and related activities; web portals Other information service activities Total ICT: Information and Communication Technology Men Women Total 40 13 165 61 12 23 7 90 5 17 7 67 54 - 18 4 50 4 416 221 57 20 232 115 12 41 11 140 9 637 113 | P a g e Table 47: Household heads by sex who own mobile phones, computers, television, radios and telephone, urban/rural and provincial location, Vanuatu, 2009 Mobile Phones Computers Television Radio Telephone Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female VANUATU 28,634 7,266 2,953 756 13,939 3,697 13,385 3,114 1,521 395 URBAN RURAL PROVINCE TORBA SANMA PENAMA 3,475 1,212 85 27 931 349 1,382 408 53 16 MALAMPA 4,887 1,087 124 22 1,623 321 1,654 301 69 14 SHEFA TAFEA 10,637 3,285 2,165 591 7,395 2,275 6,069 1,722 1,122 296 3,090 615 139 31 891 207 849 184 66 23 114 | P a g e Table 48: Male headed households with main source of income, household type and urban location, Vanuatu, 2009 None Wages/salary One person household Couple Nuclear family Nuclear family + not related Lone head - child(ren) Lone head - extended family Lone head - grandchild(ren) Lone head - parents (in law) Lone head + other Extended family - grandchildren Extended family - grandchildren + other Extended family - other Not related Total 58 20 75 2 12 25 1 - 7 11 20
 65 - 296 Male Land lease 1 - 4 - 2 1 - - - Remittances House rent Sale of fish/crops and handicrafts other Own business 10 10 23 - 3 3 - 1 - 27 15 44 - 7 14 1 - - 6 28 81 - 2 9 1 - 1 29 22 56 2 3 8 - - 1 52 88 184 2 19 47 - 5 4 - 4 12 21 6 36 382 536 2,645 38 141 480 2 10 68 230 404 2 6 19 25 4 40 1,992 35 6,963 2 - 12 7 - 67 39 - 178 47 - 221 26 4 161 166 2 645 115 | P a g e Table 49: Female headed households with main source of income, household type and urban location, Vanuatu, 2009 Female headed households None Wages/salary Land lease Remittances House rent Sale of fish/crops and handicrafts other Own business 15 3 9 1 29 40 2 1 2 1 1 185 101 527 11 375 693 7 4 34 56 41 - - 1 - - 1 - - - 1 - 17 - 2 1 21 17 - - 1 1 1 10 - 7 - 32 25 - - 1 1 1 9 - 10 4 22 32 2 - 1 2 2 17 4 6 1 22 26 - - 1 2 1 21 13 27 1 44 47 5 - 4 3 6 10 - 114 374 19 2,427 2 - 5 4 - 65 6 - 83 7 - 91 1 5 86 18 - 189 One person household Couple Nuclear family Nuclear family + not related Lone head - child(ren) Lone head - extended family Lone head - grandchild(ren) Lone head - parents (in law) Lone head + other Extended family - grandchildren Extended family - grandchildren + other Extended family - other Not related Total 116 | P a g e Table 50: Male headed households with main source of income, household type and rural location, Vanuatu, 2009 Male headed households None Wages/salary Land lease Remittances House rent Sale of fish/crops and handicrafts other Own business One person household Couple Nuclear family Nuclear family + not related Lone head - child(ren) Lone head - extended family Lone head - grandchild(ren) Lone head - parents (in law) Lone head + other 147 156 750 6 45 84 10 7 7 332 345 2,511 27 124 247 5 2 24 6 7 27 2 - 4 - - - 23 29 108 - 10 18 3 3 - 6 4 32 1 1 1 - - 1 611 1,049 9,437 57 374 600 24 23 31 97 112 1,063 4 52 63 5 3 4 100 142 1,025 15 44 72 2 4 3 Extended family - grandchildren 109 283 14 49 7 1,529 129 158 Extended family - grandchildren + other Extended family - other
 Not related Total 55 276 11 21 7 970 64 127 273 1 1,650 1,236 10 5,422 15 - 86 45 1 310 7 - 67 2,742 5 17,452 271 2 1,869 349 2 2,043 117 | P a g e Table 51: Female headed households with main source of income, household type and rural location, Vanuatu, 2009 Female headed households None Wages/salary Land lease Remittances House rent Sale of fish/crops and handicrafts other Own business One person household Couple Nuclear family Nuclear family + not related Lone head - child(ren) Lone head - extended family Lone head - grandchild(ren) Lone head - parents (in law) Lone head + other 131 5 22 - 150 212 22 1 4 120 16 169 4 239 398 7 2 19 - - 1 - 4 3 - - - 61 1 1 - 49 78 16 - 1 3 - 1 - 3 8 1 - - Extended family - grandchildren 7 16 1 2 - - - 4 - 213 - 1 17 Extended family - grandchildren + other Extended family - other Not related Total 2 9 5 - 561 92 7 1,098 - - - 9 118 | P a g e 428 37 401 12 1,356 1,461 139 17 21 58 5 24 1 175 147 12 2 4 35 3 51 2 123 155 9 5 - 36 5 7 28 6 4 159 4 4,099 15 - 454 23 - 417