Source document: https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1694833123834.pdf (India)
STUDENT SUPPORT MATERIAL Session : 2019-20 B I O L O G Y C l a s s X I I 3 2 0 0 0 8 - a n t a P , k a h c i a n u P , n a h t s i v e D r u p n a h o M r a e N , S S E R P G N I T N I R P Y R A H D U O H C 1 5 7 6 4 5 2 - 2 1 6 0 : F / T , 2 4 2 9 9 2 3 0 9 7 0 , 7 8 0 6 0 9 0 3 4 9 0 : .

b o M m o c .

s s e r p g n i t n i r p y r a h d u o h c .

w w w : e t i s b e W , m o c .


l i a m g @ s s e r p g n i t n i r p y r a h d u o h c - l i a m - E : Y B D E T N I R P & D E N G I S E D @KVSHQ @KVS_HQ Class-XII BIOLOGY STUDENT SUPPORT MATERIAL Class XII BIOLOGY Session 2019-20 Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan New Delhi Biology STUDENT SUPPORT MATERIAL ADVISORS ShriSantosh Kumar Mall, IAS, Commissioner, KVS (HQ), New Delhi Sh.

Saurabh Jain, IAS Additional.

Commissioner (Admn.)

KVS (HQ), New Delhi.

Sh.

U.N Khaware, Additional.


Commissioner (Acad) KVS (HQ), New Delhi.

CO-ORDINATION TEAM KVS (HQ)  Dr.E.

Prabhakar, Joint Commissioner (Training/Finance) KVS (HQ), New Delhi.

 Smt.

InduKaushik, Deputy Commissioner (Acad), KVS (HQ), New Delhi.

 ShriRavindra Kumar Sharma, Assistant Education Officer, KVS (HQ), New Delhi.

CONTENT TEAM                Mr. S.M.
Saleem, Deputy Commissioner, ChennaiRegion Ms. Chandana Mondal, Deputy Commissioner, Mumbai Region Mr V Sivaji ,Principal KV Kalpakkam Ms. Daisy, PGT (Bio), KV Meenambakkam Ms. C.K.
Vedapathi, PGT (Bio), KV IITChennai Ms. N. Meenakshi, PGT (Bio), KV No 1Tambaram Ms. K. Florence, PGT (Bio), KV No 1Madurai Ms. Usha Menon, PGT (Bio), KV AnnaNagar Ms. K. Manimekalai, PGT (Bio), KV, AFSAvadi Ms. Archana Upadhyaya, PGT (Bio), KV 2AFS Ms. Selvem, PGT (Bio), KV IITPowai Ms. Leena Jojo, PGT (Bio), KV BEG Pune Ms. Premlatha, PGT (Bio), KV Dehu Road Ms. Rohini Malik, PGT (Bio), KVGaneshkhind Mr. D. Srinivas, PGT (Bio), KV RHE,Pune REVIEW TEAM  Shri C. Mani, Deputy Commissioner, KVS Chennai Region.
 Shri T.Brahmanandam, Assistant Commissioner, KVS Chennai Region.

 Shri S. Laxmi Narayanan, Principal, KV Dindigul.

 MsSathyabama.P, PGT(Biology), KV CRPF Avadi.

 Ms N.Meenaxi , PGT (Biology),KV 1 Tambaram.

 Ms C. K. Vedapathi, PGT (Biology),KV IIT Chennai.

Typing, Type-setting & Designing M/s Choudhary Printing Press Near Mohanpur Devi Asthan, Punaichak, Patna-800 023 Mob.

: 0943096087, 09835492012 T/F: 0612-2546751 E-mail: choudharyprintingpress@gmail.com BIOLOGY INDEX 1.
Blue Print and Marking Scheme 2.

CBSE Question papers2019.

3.

Frequently asked Diagrams 4.

Chapter 1 to16 a.

Concept Map & Flowcharts b. Crossword Puzzles c. Question Bank with answers 5.

Practice question papers with answers 6.
Exam Tips BIOLOGY CHAPTERS Unit-VI Reproduction Chapter-1: Reproduction in Organisms Chapter-2: Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants Chapter-3: Human Reproduction Chapter-4: Reproductive Health Unit-VII Genetics and Evolution Chapter-5: Principles of Inheritance and Variation Chapter-6: Molecular Basis of Inheritance Chapter-7: Evolution Unit-VIII Biology in Human Welfare Chapter-8: Human Health and Disease Chapter-9: Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production Chapter-10: Microbes in Human Welfare Unit-IX Biotechnology Chapter-11: Biotechnology : Principles and Processes Chapter-12: Biotechnology and its Applications Unit-X Ecology Chapter-13: Organisms and Populations Chapter-14: Ecosystem Chapter-15: Biodiversity and Conservation Chapter-16: Environmental Issues BIOLOGY – CLASS XII(044) UNIT WISEWEIGHTAGE Unit Title Marks 1.
2.

3.

4.

5.

Reproduction Genetics and evolution Biology and human welfare Biotechnology and its applications Ecology and environment TOTAL 14 18 14 10 14 70 BIOLOGY (Code No.

044) QUESTION PAPER DESIGN Class – XI/XII (2019-20) 1) Board Examination – Theory Time: 3 Hours Typology of S. No.

Questions Very Short Short Answer (VSA) (2 Marks) 2 Marks Answer-I (SA-I) Short Answer-II (SA-II) (3 marks) Max.

Marks: 70 Long Total % Answer Marks Weightage (LA) (5 marks) 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.
Remembering- (Knowledge based Simple recall questions, to know specific facts, terms, concepts, principles, or theories, Identify, define, or recite, information) Understanding- (Comprehension - To be familiar with meaning and to understand conceptually, interpret, compare, contrast, explain, paraphrase information) Application (Use abstract information in concrete situation, to apply knowledge to new situations, Use given content to interpret a situation, provide an example, or solve a problem) Evaluating & Analysis - Classify, Compare, Contrast, or differentiate between different pieces of information, Organize and/or integrate unique pieces of information from a variety of sources) Creating - (Appraise, judge, and/or justify the value or worth of a decision or outcome, or to predict outcomes based on values) TOTAL 2 1 1 - 7 10% - - 2 2 4 4 1 1 21 30% 21 30% 2 1 1 1 12 17% 1 1 2 - 9 13% 5x1=5 7x2=14 12x3=36 3x5=15 70(27) 100% FREQUENTLY ASKED DIAGRAMS CHAPTER – 1 REPRODUCTION IN ORGANISMS 1.
FRUIT SHOWING SEEDS 2.

BINARY FISSION IN AMOEBA 3.

BUDDING IN YEAST 4.

TYPES OF GAMETES a) ISOGAMETES b).& c)ANISOGAMETES (a) (b) ( c) CHAPTER – 2 REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS 1.

(A) T. S. OF A YOUNG ANTHER (B) ENLARGED VIEW OF A MICROSPORANGIUM SHOWING WALL LAYERS (A) (B) 2.

STAGES OF MICROSPORE MATURING INTO A POLLEN GRAIN 3.

ANATROPOUS OVULE ( c) 4.

DIAGRAMMATIC REPRESENTATION OF DEVELOPMENT OF AN EMBRYOSAC 5.

FERTILISED EMBRYO SAC 6.

STAGES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DICOT EMBRYO 7.


L. S. OF MONOCOT SEED 8.

L. S. OF GRASS EMBRYO 9.

FALSE FRUIT OF APPLE 10.A DICOT EMBRYO CHAPTER –3 HUMAN REPRODUCTION 1.

DIAGRAMMATIC VIEW OF 2.

SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES SECTIONAL VIEW MALE RPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 3.

DIAGRAMMATIC VIEW OF FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 4.

STRUCTURE OF SPERM 5.

SECTIONAL VIEW OF OVARY 6.

OVUM SURROUNDED BY FEW SPERMS 7.

SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION OF OOGENESIS & SPERMATOGENESIS 8.
DIAGRAMMATIC REPRESENTATION OF VARIOUS EVENTS DURING MENSTRUAL CYCLE 9.

FERTILISATION - CLEAVAGE - IMPLANTATION CHAPTER –5 PRINCIPLES OF INHERITANCE 1.

MENDEL'S DIHYBRID CROSS CHAPTER –6 MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE 1.

Double stranded polynucleotide chain 2.

NUCLEOSOME 3.

REPLICATION FORK OF DNA BIOLOGY 4.

HERSHEY AND CHASE EXPERIMENT 5. tRNA- the adapter molecule BIOLOGY 6.

MESELSON & STAHL'S EXPERIMENT 7.

STRUCTURE OF TRANSCRIPTION UNIT 8.

LACOPERON BIOLOGY CHAPTER -7 EVOLUTION 1.


MILLER'S EXPERIMENT 2.

GRAPHS SHOWING OPERATION OF NATURAL SELECTION STABILISING DIRECTIONAL DISRUPTIVE BIOLOGY CHAPTER-8 HUMAN HEALTH & DISEASES 1.

REPLICATION OF RETROVIRUS (AIDS VIRUS) 2.

STRUCTURE OF ANTIBODY MOLECULE CHAPTER-10 MICROBES IN HUMAN WELFARE 1.

BIOGAS PLANT BIOLOGY CHAPTER – 11 BIOTECHNOLOGY-PRINCIPLES & PROCESSES 1.

Steps in the formation of rDNA by the action of ECORI 2.

Agarose Gel Electrophoresis 3.


Diagrammatic representation of rDNA formation 4.

Cloning Vector pBR322 (Recombinant DNA technology) BIOLOGY 5.

POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION{PCR} 6.

SIMPLE STIRRED-TANK BIOREACTOR 7.

SPARGED STIRRED-TANK BIOREACTOR BIOLOGY CHAPTER – 12 BIOTECHNOLOGY ITS APPLICATIONS 1.

MATURATION OF PROINSULIN INTO INSULIN 1.

RESPONSE OF ORGANISMS TO ABIOTIC FACTORS CHAPTER – 13 ORGANISMS & POPULATIONS 2.

REPRESENTATION OF AGE PYRAMIDS FOR HUMAN POPULATION BIOLOGY 3.
FACTORS AFFECTING POPULATION DENSITY 1.

FLOW OF ENERGY THROUGH A FOOD CHAIN CHAPTER – 14 ECOSYSTEM BIOLOGY 2.

ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS A. PYRAMID OF NUMBER B. PYRAMID OF ENERGY C. INVERTED PYRAMID OF BIOMASS D. AN IDEAL PYRAMID OF BIOMASS Dry weight (kg m-2) BIOLOGY CHAPTER – 15 BIODIVERSITY & ITS CONSERVATION 1.

REPRESENTATION OF GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY 2.

SPECIES-AREA RELATIONSHIP BIOLOGY CHAPTER – 16 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES 1.

SCRUBBER AND ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR 2.


EFFECT OF SEWAGE DISCHARGE ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF A RIVER 3.

RELATIVE CONTRIBUTION OF VARIOUS GREENHOUSE GASES TO GLOBAL WARMING BIOLOGY 3.
BIOMAGNIFICATION IN AN AQUATIC FOOD CHAIN BIOLOGY UNIT VI - REPRODUCTION CHAPTER -1 REPRODUCTION IN ORGANISMS (KEY POINTS) S.NO Term Explanation Pollination Syngamy Parthenogenesis Oviparous Viviparous Transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma The fusion of male and female gamete The female gamete undergoes development to form new organisms without fertilisation Fertilised eggs covered by a calcareous shell are laid in a safe place and after a period of incubation young ones hatch out Zygote develops into a young one inside the body of the female organism Cell differentiation Cellsundergocertainmodificationstoformspecialisedtissuesandorgan to form anorganism Clone Zoospore Morphologically and genetically similar individuals Microscopic motile structures Homogametes (isogametes) Similar in appearance Hetero gametes ( Anisogametes) Morphologically distinct Homothallic/monoecious Denote bisexual condition Heterothallic/dioecious Describe unisexual condition Staminate Flowers Male flower Pistillate Flowers Female flower Hermaphrodite Possess both male and female reproductive organs within the same body.
16 Meiocytes Gamete mother cell undergo meiosis 17 18 19 20 Pericarp Pollination Syngamy Neelakurinji Strobilanthus kunthiana Protective thick wall of the fruit Transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma The fusion of male and female gamete Flowers once in 12 yrs.
Found in Nilgiris BIOLOGY CHAPTER 1- REPRODUCTION IN ORGANISMS (FlowChart) (1) BIRTH LIFE SPAN-period from birth to natural death DEATH (2) REPRODUCTION- give rise to young ones similar to itself SEXUAL- involve fusion of male and female gametes ASEXUAL- with or without the involvement of gamete formation BINARY FISSION - cell divides into two halves and each rapidly grows into an adult BUDDING buds remain attached to parent separated mature into new SPORE FORMATIO N Eg: FUNGI ALGAE CONIDIA GEMMULE VEGETATIV Eg: PEMUCILLI UM Eg: SPONGE E PROPAGAT I ON vegetative parts capable of producing new plants BIOLOGY (3) VEGETATIVE PROPAGULES- Structures used for vegetative propagation Examples of vegetative propagules Eyes of Potato Rhizome of Ginger Bulbil of Agave leaf buds of Bryophyllum Offset of water hyacinth (4) SEXUAL REPRODUCTION PRE - REPRODUCTIVE period of growth and maturity juvenile- in animal REPRODUCTION-marked by Flowering in plants/Gamete formation in animals (oestrus cyclical changes in ovary, ducts, hormones in females of non- primate placental mammals or menstrual cycle - primates) POST REPRODUCTIVE - end of reproductive phase SENESCENCE - old age EVENTS IN SEXUAL REPRODUCTION PRE - FERTILISATION events FERTILISATION - fusion of POST - FERTILISATION - events GAMETOGENESIS - formation of gametes GAMETE INTERNAL- inside the female body EXTERNAL - outside the body ANTHEROZOID/ SPERM - male gamete EGG/OVUM female gamete ZYGOTE- Diploid and vital link between 2 generations EMBRYOGEN ESIS - development of embryo BIOLOGY CHAPTER : 1 REPRODUCTION IN ORGANISMS (Concept Map) (1) PHASES OF LIFE JUVENILE REPRODUCTIVE SENESCENCE PRE FERTILISATION FERTILISATION POST FERTILISATION INTERNAL EXTERNAL BINARY FISSION BUDDING SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN ORGANISMS ASEXUAL SPORULATION CYCLES GEMMULE ESTROUS MENSTRUAL FRAGMENTATION VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION BIOLOGY CHAPTER 1 : REPRODUCTION IN ORGANISMS (CROSS WORD) Across 1 4 ASEXUAL REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURE OF PENICILLIUM SEXUAL REPRODUCING ORGANISM BEGINS ITS LIFE VEGETATIVE PROPAGULE OFAGAVE VEGETATIVE PROPAGULE OFAGAVE 6 9 12 STAGE OF GROWTH AND MATURITY INANIMALS 13 FUSION OFGAMETES 16 BISEXUALANIMALS 17 BIOLOGICAL PROCESS GIVING RISE TOYOUNG ONES 18 DENOTE BISEXUALCONDITION 21 MALEGAMETE 22 ASEXUAL REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURE OF SPONAGE 23 FUSION OF GAMETES OCCURE INSIDE THEBODY 24 PERIOD FROM BIRTH TO NATURAL DEATH Down 2 CYCLICAL CHANGES IN FEMALES OF NON- PRIMATEMAMMALS 3 MICROSCOPIC MOTILESTRUCTURES GIVE BIRTH TO YOUNGONES 5 7 CELLS UNDERGO MODIFICATION TO FORM SPECIALISEDTISSUES 8 PROTECTIVE THICK WALL OF THEFRUIT 10 OFFSPRINGS PRODUCED WITHOUT GAMETE FORMATION 11 PROCESS WHICH INVOLVES FUSION OF MALE AND FEMALEGAMETES 14 PROCESS OF DEVELOPMENT OFEMBRYO 15 CELL DIVIDES INTO TWOHALVES 18 GAMETEMOTHERCELL 19 IDENTICALINDIVIDUALS 20 UNISEXUAL MALEFLOWER MALEGAMETE BIOLOGY CHAPTER: 1 REPRODUCTION IN ORGANISMS (QUESTION BANK) 1.
No organism is immortal, then why do we say there is no natural death in single – celled organisms?

2.

What is the significance of reproduction?

3.

Name the type of reproduction where in the off springs produced are identical to each other and to the parent.

4 Name the stage of growth and maturity in the life of animals before they can reproduce sexually.

5.

Name the scientific name of the plant which flower once in 12 years.

6.
6.

Name the type of fertilization where in the survival of the organism up to adulthood is threatened.

7.

Name the stage from where every sexually reproducing organism begins their life.

8.

What is a meiocyte?

9.

What do you mean by clones?

10.

What is a vegetative phase in plants?

11.

Name the type of plants that show clear cut vegetative, reproductive and senescent phases.

12.

Name the plant which flower only once in their lifetime.

13.
13.

In seed plants how the non-motile gametes are carried to female gamete?

14.

Differentiate between asexual and sexual method of reproduction.

15.

Gametes are always haploid.

How are the gametes produced from a haploid plant body and a diploid plant body?

16.

How do the following organisms reproduce?

Yeast, Amoeba.

17.

Life spans of organisms are not necessarily correlated with their sizes.

Explain 18.
Explain 18.

Name the asexual reproductive structures of the following: Chlamydomonas, Penicillum, Hydra,Sponge.

19.

Explain the following terms.

Isogametes, An isogametes, staminate flower, Pistillate flower.

20.

Why are Chara and Marchantia are referred to as monoecious and dioecious plants?

21.

What are hermaphrodite?

Give an example.

22.

Why do you refer Water Hyacinth as an invasive weed?

Why is it difficult to get rid off them?

23.


Why the number of male gametes produced is more than the number of female gamete?

24.

Name the gametes produced by staminate and pistillate flowers.

25.

Why are offsprings of oviparous animals at a greater risk as compared to offsprings of viviparous animals?

26.

Cell division is itself a mode of reproduction .Name two single celled organisms and explains this.

27.

What are zoospores ?

Why are they referred so?

28.


What do the following parts of a flower develop into after fertilization?

Ovary, zygote, ovary wall, ovules.

29.

Mention the three phases in the life cycle of plants and animals.

30.

Study the figure, label the parts 31.

What are vegetative propagules?

Name the vegetative propagules of the following plants.

Ginger, Agave, Bryophyllum , Water hyacinth.

32.

What are continuous breeders and seasonal breeders?

33.

Where does syngamy occur?

Explain with examples.

34.


Explain the features exhibited by the organisms showing external fertilization to enhance the chances of syngamy .What is the disadvantage of external fertilization?

35.

Differentiate between oestrus and menstrual cycle with examples.

36.

Write the sexuality in the following organisms.

(a)earthworm(b)Cockroach(c)Chara(d)Marchantia(e) Sweet Potato(f)Leech.

37.

What is parthenogenesis?

Give an example.

38.

What are oviparous and viviparous animals?

Give examples.

39.
Give examples.

39.

Give the term for the following figure A,B and C. BIOLOGY 40.

Give the term for kinds of gametes in the given figures A and B .

In the figure A give the specific terms for the gametes A B 41.

Child marriages are more prevalent in our society.i)As a student of biology how will you support a ban stating the biological reasons for the same and give valid reasons.

CHAPTER 1 :REPRODUCTION IN ORGANISMS Q.NO.
(MARKING SCHEME) Marks allotted Parent cell divides to give rise to new individuals Continuity of species Asexual reproduction Juvenile phase Strobilanthus kunthiana External fertilisation Zygote Gamete mother cell undergo meiosis Morphologically and genetically similar individuals Period of growth in plants Annual , biennial Bamboo 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ½ + ½ 1 ½ + ½ 1 Through Pollen grains BIOLOGY Single parent ,two parents ;with or without gamete formation , fusion of gametes Mitosis by haploid ,meiosis by diploid Yeast- Budding , Amoeba-binary fission Size of crow and parrot are not very different ,life span is 15 and 140 years Zoospores ,Conidia , Buds ,Gem mules Similar in appearance ,dissimilar in appearance, male flower , female flower Both sex organs in the same individual; male & female sex organs in separate individuals Bisexual animals earthworm or any other Drains oxygen from water, death of fishes=?
Fail to reach female gamete , to compensate loss during transport Male gamete , female gamete Viviparous animals – development of embryo inside female organism proper care and protection, chances of survival is more than in oviparous Binary fission in Amoeba cell divides into two halves , buds in yeast attached to parent gets separated and mature into yeast Asexual reproductive structures of Fungi , algae , microscopic motile structures Fruit , embryo, pericarp, seed Vegetative , reproductive , senescent phases A -Seed B – Pericarp 1 ½ x 4 1 x 2 1 x 2 1 x 2 ½ x 4 ½ x 4 1 x 2 1 + 1 1 x 2 1 x 2 1 x 2 1 x 2 ½ x 4 1 x 2 ½ x 4 ½ x 2 + 1 1 x 2 Structures used for vegetative propagation , Rhizome , bulbil ,leaf buds, offset 1 x ½ x 4 Reproductively active throughout their reproductive phase, exhibit only during favourable seasons External fertilization- outside amphibians , internal fertilization- internal reptiles Synchrony between sexes ,release of large number of gametes.
Vulnerable to predaters Female placental animals , exhibit cyclical changes; non-primate-cows , primate- monkeys ½ x 2 ½ x 2 1 x 3 6 x ½ Bisexual – leech , earthworm, chara, sweet potato; unisexual-cockroach , Marchantia 6 x ½ Femal gamete, undergoes development, to form new organism, without fertilization ,Rotifers Oviparous –fertilised eggs covered by hard calcareous shell ,incubation, young ones hatch out eg.

reptiles Viviparous – zygote develops into a young ones inside the body of female eg.
mammals (A) Fusion of gametes (B) zygote ( c) new individual (A) Heterogametes (B) Homogametes.Egg and Sperm (I) Genuine and valid reason ½ x 4 x 1 1 x ½ x 2 1 x 3 1 x 3 2 + BIOLOGY CHAPTER : 2 SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS (KEY POINTS) S.No Term Explanation Microsporogenesis Formation of microspores from a PMC through meiosis Megasporogenesis Formation of megaspores from the mega spore mother cell Monosporic development Embryo sac formation from a single megaspore Pollination Auto gamy Geitonogamy Xenogamy Artificial hybridisation Emasculation Bagging Syngamy Triple fusion Double Fertilisation 14 Post fertilization events 15 Free –nuclear endosperm Transfer of pollen grains from anther to the stigma of a pistil Transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of the same flower Transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of another flower of the same plant Transfer of pollen grains from anther to the stigma of a different plant Crossing different species to combine desirable characters to produce superior varieties Removal of anthers from flower bud before the anther dehisces Covering emasculated flowers with a bag to prevent contamination of its stigma with unwanted pollen Fusion of male and female gamete Fusion of three haploid nuclei Two types of fusions syngamy and triple fusion that takes place in an embryo sac Events of endosperm ,embryo development ,maturation of ovule into seed, ovary into fruit The stage of endosperm development wherein PEN undergoes successive nuclear divisions to give rise to free nuclei 26 27 28 Dormancy of seed Embryo enter a state of inactivity (Resting period of seed) False fruit True fruit Thalamus contributes to fruit formation Fruits develop from the ovary Parthenocarpic fruits Fruits develop without fertilisation Apomixis Polyembryony Filament Anther Dithecous Tapetum Sporogenous tissue Production of
 seeds without fertilization, in grasses More than one embryo in a seed Long slender stalk of stamen Bilobed structure of stamen Two theca in each lobe Innermost wall layer of micro sporangia Compactly arranged homogenous cells in the centre of microsporangia Microspore tetrad Cluster of four microspores Pollen grains Male gametophyte Exine Sporopollenin Germ pore Intine Generative cell Monocarpellary Multicarpellary Syncarpous Apocarpous Stigma Style Ovary Ovule Funicle Hilum Integuments Micropyle Chalaza Embryo sac Egg apparatus BIOLOGY Hard outer layer of pollen grain Most resistant organic material of exine Apertures in pollen grain Inner wall of the pollen grain Cell floats in the cytoplasm of vegetative cell Single pistil More than one pistil Fused pistils Free pistils Landing platform of pollen grains Elongated slender part beneath the stigma Basal bulged part of pistil Megasporangia Stalk of ovule Region ,the body of the ovule fuses with funicle Protective envelopes of ovule Small opening in the ovule Basal part of the ovule Female gametophyte Three cells at the micropylar end with two synergids and one egg cell Antipodals Three cells at the chalazal end Cleistogamous flower Flowers which do not open at all Zygote Diploid cell resulting out of fertilisation Primary endosperm cell Central cell after triple fusion becomes PEC Embryogeny Epicotyl Hypocotyl Scutellum Coleorrhiza Coleoptile Embryo development Portion of embryonal axis above the level of cotyledons Portion of embrgonic axis below the level of cotyledons Cotyledon of grass family situated towards one side of embryonal axis Undifferentiated sheath that encloses radical and root cap Hollow foliar structure that encloses a shoot apex and a few leaf primordia Non-albuminous seed or ex- albuminous No residual endosperm as it is completely consumed during embryo development Albuminous Perisperm Pericarp Retain a part of endosperm as it is not completely used up during embryo development Residual persistent
 nucellus Wall of the fruit BIOLOGY CHAPTER : 2 SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS (FLOW CHART) CHAPTER : 2 SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS (FLOW CHART) (1) Male reproductive structure - Androecium Stamen Anther – bilobed , dithecous Four microsporangia –Epidermis , endothecium , middle layers & tapetum Microsporangium - sporogenous tissue undergoes meiosis Microspore tetrad Microspore Exine - Sporopollenin Pollen grain Intine - cellulose, pectin Vegetative cell Generative cell – 2 male gametes (2) Female Reproductive structure - Ovary Ovule - Megasporangium Nucellar cell undergo meiosis to form Megaspore tetrad Embryo Sec - Female gametophyte develops from 1 Megaspore Egg apparatus - egg & synergids at micropylar end Antipodals at chalazal end Central cell with 2 polar nuclei BIOLOGY (3) Pollination –transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma Autogamy – same flower Geitenogamy- different flower Xenogamy – different plants (4) Agents of Pollination & characteristics of flower Wind - light , nonsticky, well exposed stamens Water - mucilaginous , long ribbon – like pollen Insects - large , colourful, fragrant, nectar producing (5) Outbreeding devices Non-synchronisation of pollen release and stigma receptivity Anther and stigma in different positions Self - incompatibility Unisexual flower (6) Artificial hybridization Emasculation, Bagging Pollination Retagging (7) Double fertilisation Male gamete+Egg ------- Zygote —Embryo Male gamete + two polar nuclei PEN — PEC (8) Post - fertilisation PEN -----Endosperm--free nuclear/nuclear development OVULE develops into ZYGOTE develops into Embryo Polyembryony - many embryos in a seed OVARY develops into FRUIT i s u o n m u b A l i s u o n m u b A - n o N l False fruit - thalamus becomes fruit Parthenocarpic fruit - fruit develop without fertilization c i t c i m o p A True fruit - ovary develops into fruit
 BIOLOGY CHAPTER 2 : SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS Stigma Style Ovary Ovules Megasporogenesis Megaspore mother cell Meiosis 4 Megaspores 3 degenerate 1 remains functional Gynoecium FLOWER Androecium Stamen Anthers Filaments Calyx Corolla ANGIOSPERM Bilobed & have 4 Microsporangia Micro- Sporogenesis EMBRYO Seed Meiosis Microspore Endosperm Mitosis Pollen grains Suspensor Embryogenesis by mitosis PEN Mitosis 3 times 8 Nucleated 7 celled embryo sac formed Zygote (2n) 2 Polar nuclai + 1egg 3 cells from Antipodal 2 Polar nuclei at centre 3 cells from egg appratus 1 egg 2 synergids Egg + 1 male gamete SYNGAMY TRIPLE FUSION Pollen Gemination DOUBLE FERTILIZATION Microspore Mother cell 1 vegetative cell& 2 male gemetes Pollination BIOLOGY 2 SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS (CROSS WORD) Female gametophyte Across 1 6 More than one embryo in aseed 9 Residual persistent nucellus 14 The cell that floats in the cytoplasm of the vegetative cell 16 Most resistant organic material 19 Thin and continuous layer made up of cellulose and pectin 20 Fused pistils 22 Basal bulged part of the postil 23 Fruits develop without fertilisation 24 The region where the body of the ovule fuses with funicle 25 The cells at the micropylar end guiding the entry of pollen tubes Down 2 3 4 5 Tissue that occupies the centre of each micro sporangium Production of seeds without fertilisation Hollow foliar structure enclosing leaf primordia The floral part that contribute to fruit formation in apple Innermost wall layer of anther 7 8 Mega sporangia 10 Cotyledon of grass family 11 The fusion of three haploid nuclei 12 13 Transfer of pollen grains from another to the flowers which do not open atall stigma of a different plant 15 Example of a false fruit 17 Removal of anthers from the flower bud 18 Cells at the chalazal end of the embryo sac 21 The region opposite to the micropylerend BIOLOGY CHAPTER.2 : SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS (QUESTION BANK) ONE MARK 1.
Why are pollen grains produced in enormous quantity in maize?

2.

What is the ploidy of the cells in the microspore tetrad?

3.

What is the ploidy of PEN?

4.

5.

How many eggs are present in an embryo sac?

Even though each pollen grain has two male gametes, why are at least 10 pollen grains and not 5 pollen grains required to fertilize 10 ovules present in a particular carpel?

6.

What are parthenocarpic fruits?

7.

What is scutellum?

8.

What is a pollen bank?

9.


Identify the given figure and label the parts.

TWO MARKS 10.

Of the eight nuclei of the embryo sac in flowering plants three are at the micropylar end.

How many are there at the chalazal end and how many nuclei located in the central cell?

11.

How could pollen grains be well preserved as fossils?

12.

What are the effects of pollen in some people and how are the pollen grains are being used as food supplements?

13.
13.

How many haploid nuclei and haploid cells are present in the female gametophyte of angiosperm?

14.

Why is the process of fertilization in flowering plant referred to as double fertilization?

Explain.

15.

How does geitonogamy differ from xenogamy in plants?

16.

What are the stages of embryogeny in a Dicotyledonous embryo?

17.

How long do the seeds remain alive after they are dispersed?

THREE MARKS 18.

Draw a diagram of the following and label any six / three parts.

(i) T.S.
(i) T.S.

of a mature anther.

(ii) Maturepollengrain.

(iii)A diagrammatic view of a typical anatropous ovule.

(iv)A diagrammatic representation of the mature embryo sac .

(v) Fertilized embryo sac (vi) Stages in embryo development in a dicot.

(vii) Dicot embryo.

(viii) L.S.

of an embryo of grass(ix) a longitudinal section of a flower showing growth of pollen tube.

BIOLOGY 19.

Explain the structure of microsporangium.

20.

Explain the structure of pollen grain.

21.


Explain artificial hybridization technique.

22.

Explain double fertilization schematically.

23.

What is pollination and explain its types?

24.

Endosperm development precedes embryo development.

Why?

25.

Explain free nuclear endosperm development.

26.

What are advantages of seeds to Angiosperms?

27.

What do you mean by seed dormancy?

What is its significance?

28.

Continued self-pollination result in inbreeding depression.
What are the out breeding devices developed in flowering plants to discourage self-pollination?

Which type of pollination seen in Papaya?

FIVE MARKS Explain the pollen pistil interaction with a sketch showing entry of pollen tube into asynergid.

29.

What are the characteristics of wind ,water and insect pollinated flowers?

30.

31.

Define triple fusion.

What is the product of this process?

What does the product develop into?

32.


Trace the development of a mature female gametophyte from a megaspore mother cell.

33.

Describe the development of male gametophyte in angiosperms.

34.

35.

Explain the following terms : Non-albuminous, Albuminous, Perisperm, Pericarp, seed dormancy.

Explain the following terms : False fruit ,True fruit, Parthenocarpic fruit, Apomixis, Polyembryony, 36.

Mr.Y, a farmer has kept heaps of seeds to be packed for future use in a room.
His children while playing poured water on to the seeds.

A) As a student of biology suggest the measures to be taken before storage and why?

B) What is the significance of seeds for a farmer?

BIOLOGY CHAPTER.2 : SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS (MARKING SCHEME) Q.

No.
Answer Mark Allotted Compensate to the losses during transfer of pollens Haploid Triploid One Double fertilisation Fruits formed without fertilisation Cotyledon of monocot Stored pollen a. Pollen sac b. pollen grains c. line of dehiscence d. filament Three – chalazal end, two – central cell Sporopollenin , highly resistant organic material forms exine Cause severe allergies and bronchial afflictions ,tablet and syrups 8-nucleate 7-celled Syngamy and triple fusion take place in an embryo sac Transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma of another flower of same plant, different palnt /genetically similar , different Proembryo , globular , heart-shaped , mature embryo In a few species lose viability within a few months ,live for several years in some species.
Diagram Wall layers , epidermis , endothecium , middle layers – protection , tapetum- nourishes , sporogenous tissue Exine- sporopollenin resistant organic material,intine –cellulose and pectin , , generative cell ,vegetative cell 1 + 1 x ½ x 2 Emasculation- removal of anther, bagging- to prevent contamination , dusting of desired pollen on stigma,rebagging Male gamete + egg------->Zygote---->Embryo(Syngamy).
Male gamete + two polar nuclei-->triple fusion --->PEN...endosperm Transfer of pollen grains auto gamy- same flower ,geitonogamy- different flower , xenogamy- different plant of same plant 1 x 3 1½ x 2 1 x 3 BIOLOGY 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 PEC divides to form endosperm tissue – filled with reserve food material , nutrition of the developing embryo PEN –>successive nuclear divisions , cell wall formation occurs later –endosperm Pollination and fertilization are independent of water-seed formation is more dependable ,better strategies for dispersal to new habitats ,hard seed coat provides protection to embryo Water content is reduced seeds become dry , metabolic activity slows down ,state of inactivity ,storage of seeds –food throughout the year / raise crop in next season Non –synchronisation of stigma receptivity and pollen release , different positions , self-incompatibility, unisexual flowers /xenogamy Wind-large amount of pollens ,light non-sticky ,well exposed stamens, feathery stigma Water – mucilaginous covering, long ribbon –like Insect-large, colourful, fragrant , nectar Dialogue by chemical components pollen grain ,germinates to produce pollen tube ,content move into pollen tube, grows through stigma ,style reaches ovary , generative cell divide into two male gametes enters through micropyle , filiform apparatus guides the entry Male gamete moves towards two polar nuclei located in central cell and fuses to produce triploid primary endosperm nucleus involves fusion of three nuclei – triple fusion , PEN – product , Endosperm MMC – meiosis , four megaspores , three degenerate , one functional develop into embryo sac ,mitosis of nucleus 2- nucleate , one mitosis 4-nucleate one mitosis 8 nucleate egg apparatus ,polar nuclei in central cell ,antipodals.
MMC- meiosis – microspore tetrad , pollen grains exine , sporopollenin , intine , germ pore , vegetative cell , generative cell, two male gametes No residual endosperm, retain endosperm, residual persistent nucellus, fruit wall , state of inactivity Thalamus become fruit, ovary becomes fruit , fruit formation without fertilisation, produce seeds without fertilization ,more than one embrgo in a seed (A) Measures to be taken before storage with reason (B) Significance of seeds for farmers 1 x 3 1 x 3 1 x 3 ½ x 6 1 x 5 2+1+1 8 x½+ 2 3+1+1 10 x ½ 10 x ½ 1 x5 1 x5 2 +1 BIOLOGY UNITVI CHAPTER 3: HUMAN REPRODUCTION (KEYPOINTS) S.NO Term Explanation Spermatogenesis The immature male germ cells produce sperms that begins at puberty (Production of sperm) Spermiogenesis The process of transformation of spermatids into sperm Spermiation Release of sperms from seminiferous tubule Oogenesis Ovulation Menarche Process of formation of a mature female gamete initiated during embryonic development The process during which the Graafian follicle ruptures to release the secondary oocyte (ovum) from the ovary The first menstruation that begins at puberty (Starting of first menstrual flow in females) Menstrual cycle Cycle of events starting from one menstruation till the next one after every 28 / 29 days Menopause Ceasation of menstrual cycle around 50 years of age Cleavage Implantation Parturition The mitotic division the zygote undergoes when it moves toward uterus and forms blastomeres Embedding of blastocyst in the endometrium of the uterus leads to pregnancy Vigorous contraction of the uterus at the end of pregnancy causing expulsion/delivery of the foetus (child birth) Foetal ejection reflex Mild uterine contractions induced by the signals for parturition from the fully developed foetus and the placenta Lactation The process by which the mammary gland start producing milk GnRH LH FSH hCG hPL Gonadotropin releasing hormone Luteinising hormone Follicle stimulating hormone Human chorionic
 gonadotropin Human placental lactogen BIOLOGY CHAPTER 3: HUMAN REPRODUCTION (FLOW CHART) (1) Male reproductive system Male accessory ducts – rete testis , vasa efferentia Testes – primary organ in scrotum Male accessory gland – seminal vesicle ,prostate gland , bulbourethral Testicular lobule -250 compartments Seminiferous tubule –highly coiled tubule- 3 Leydig cells – secrete androgen Spermatogonia – form sperms by meiosis Sertoli cells – provide nutrition to germ cells (2) Female reproductive system Accessory ducts – oviduct- (infundibulum ampulla , isthmus) , uterus-( perimetrium myometrium,endometrium Ovary – primary organ Mammary gland – alveoli, mammary tubule (3) Gametogenesis- formation of gametes Spermatogenesis – formation of sperms Oogenesis- formation of ovum Spermatogonia – at puberty Oogonia – During embryonic development Spermatids – undergo spermiogenesis After the entry of sperm – completes Meiosis II Spermatozoa/sperm Ovum BIOLOGY (4) Menstrual Cycle Menstrual phase – break down of endometrium Follicular phase- Ovary -Primary Follicle to Graafian follicle Ovulatory phase- release of ovum Luteal phase – Corpus luteum – progesterone – (5) Fertilisation and implantation Sperm Ovum Fertilisation Zygote Cleavage - blastomeres Trophoblast –Nutrition Placenta- supply O2 , nutrients , remove co2 and wastes products Morula Blastocyst Inner cell mass – embryo – ectoderm ,endoderm,mesoderm Foetal ejection reflex – signal from fully formed foetus Parturition –child birth Lactation – colostrum – milk produced during BIOLOGY CHAPTER : 3 HUMAN REPRODUCTION (CONCEPT MAP) Spermatogenesis Oogenesis Testi s Male reproductive system Menstural cycle Ovary Human reproduction Female reproductive system Fertilisation Zygote Implantation Pregnancy Parturition BIOLOGY CHAPTER 3 : HUMAN REPRODUCTION (CROSS WORD) Across 3 5 Embryo with eight to sixteen blastomers The layer wihich underoes cyclicalchanges during menstrual cycle Release of sperm from seminiferoustobule 7 10 The
 funnel shaped part of fallopiantube 12 First menstruation that begins at puberty 13 Process of delivery offoetus 15 The part of the sperm filled with enzymes that help infertilisation 20 The process of transformation of spermatidto sperm 21 Outer layer of the blastocyst 22 Provides nutrition to the male germcells 23 Secrete androgens 24 External thin membranous layer of uterus 25 Release of secondary oocyte from the ovary Down 1 Matured follicle 2 The structure which provides vascular connection between foetus and uterus Hormone which causes stronger uterine contractions The last part of the oviduct that joins the uterus 4 6 8 Mitotic division the zygote undergoes 9 Fluid filled cavity of a tertiary folicle 11 Energy source for swimming of the sperm 14 Pouch help in maintaining the low temperature of the tests 16 Milk produced during the initial few days of locations 17 Secrete progesterone 18 The membrane that surrounds the secondary oocyte 19 Ceasation of menstrual cycle BIOLOGY CHAPTER : 3 HUMAN REPRODUCTION (QUESTION BANK) Name the structure which secretes progesterone.
Name the structures which secrete estrogen.

Name the site of fertilization in human beings.

1.

Name the cells which secrete androgens 2.

What does the head of a sperm consists of?

3.

4.

5.

6.

What is the main function of Sertoli cells?

7.

8.

What promotes completion of second meiotic division in oogenesis?

9.

10.

How many spermatozoa will be produced from 100 primary spermatocytes and how many ova Testes normally remain suspended in scrotum in mammals.

Why?
Why?

Name the outermost layer of the blastocyst will be produced from 100 primary oocytes?

11.

Name the three layers of embryo that give rise to all tissues and also name the cells which have the potency to give rise to all the tissues and organs.

12.

What is oogenesis?

Where does it occur?

13.

What is ovulation?

What happens to Graafian follicle after ovulation?

14.

What is colostrum?

What is its importance?

15.

Draw a labeled diagram of the following and label six parts i) T.S.
of a testes ii) T.S.

of an ovary iii) Sperm iv) Ovum.

v) Embryo development (vi) Female reproductive system 16.

Mention any three differences between spermatogenesis and oogenesis.

17.

Differentiate between Leydig cells and Sertoli cells with reference to their location in the organ and their function 18.

What is parturition?

How is it induced?

Which hormones are involved in induction of parturition?

19.

What is seminiferous tubule?


Name the various types of cells present in it and explain its function.

20.

Explain different phases of spermatogenesis with schematic representation.

21.

Explain different phases of oogenesis with schematic representation 22.

Name the glands associated with male reproductive organs and state their functions.

23.

Explain the various phase of menstrual cycle with reference to changes in ovary and uterus and hormonal cycle.

24.

Explain the process of fertilization.


25.

Explain the stages of embryo development from fertilization to implantation.

26.

Draw a diagrammatic presentation of various events during a menstrual cycle.

27.

What is placenta?

What is its role?

Justify Placenta as an endocrine tissue.

28.

What are the main features of embryonic development at various months of pregnancy?
29 Is it correct to say that the sex of the child is determined by the woman and not by the man?Explain BIOLOGY CHAPTER.3 : HUMAN REPRODUCTION (MARKING SCHEME) Q.NO Answer Marks Allotted Leydig cells Haploid nucleus , acrosome Corpus luteum Ovarian follicles Ampullary-isthmic junction of fallopian tube Provide nutrition to germ cells Trophoblast Entry of sperm into cytoplasm of the ovum through zona pellucida membrane and plasma Scrotum helps in maintaining low temperature , necessary for spermatogenesis 400 spermatozoa , 100 eggs Ectoderm , endoderm , mesoderm , stem cells Formation of mature female gamete , Ovary The release of secondary oocyte from ovary , transforms into corpus luteum.
Milk produced during initial days of lactation , antibodies (IGA)to give resistance Diagram – six parts At puberty / during embryonic development ;four sperms / one egg ; equal division / unequal division Leydig–in interstitial space, form androgen, Sertoli– in seminiferoustubule, give nutrition to germ cells Delivery of foetus , foetal ejection reflex , oxytocin Highly coiled in testicular lobule ,male germ cells ,sertoli cells ; sperm formation, provide nutrition Spermatogonia – primary spermatocyte (meiosis I)– secondary spermatocyte(meiosis II) – spermatid – sperm 4+1 1 x 3 1 x 5 1 x 5 26 27 28 BIOLOGY Oogonia- primary oocyte , primary -->secondary---> tertiary graafian follicles –> secondary oocyte –> ovum Paired seminal vesicles , a prostate gland paired bulbourethral gland ; seminal plasma rich in fructose calcium enzymes , bulbourethral - lubrication of penis Menstrual phase – flow ;follicular phase – follicular growth regeneration of endometrium ;Ovulation ; secretary phase – corpus luteum LH ,FSH role Sperm come s in contact with zona pellucida , block entry of additional sperms , acrosome helps in entry , completion second meiotic division second polar body , ootid , haploid nucleus of sperm fuses with ovum Zygote – cleavage , blastomeres ,morula ,blastocyst ,trophoblast , inner cell mass ,attached to endometrium implantation, diiferentiate as embryo.
1 x 5 1 x 5 1 x 5 10 x ½ , 10 x ½ Schematic representation of menstrual cycle ovarian events , uterine events , hormones of pituitary , ovarian hormones 1 x 5 Structural and functional unit between foetus and mother , supply of nutrients and oxygen removal of wastes secretes, hCG, hPL ,estrogens, progestogens One month- heart , end of second month –limbs and digits , end of 12 weeks –major organ system – limbs genital organs.
fifth month- movements ,second trimester fine hair, eyelids separate eye lashes 1 + 1+3 1 x 5 2 +1 29 No, Genuine reason BIOLOGY UNITVI CHAPTER 4: REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH (KEY POINTS) S.NO Term Explanation 26 27 28 29 Amniocentesis A foetal sex determination test based on the chromosomal pattern in the amniotic fluid surrounding the developing embryo Lactational amenorrhea Absence of Menstruation during extensive breast feeding.
Sterilisation Surgical method to prevent pregnancy-tubectomy in female and vasectomy in males.
Artificial insemination Introduction of semen artificially into female reproductive tract Sexually transmitted diseases Diseases or infections which are transmitted through sexual intercourse Reproductive health Physical , emotional , behavioural and social well being Medical termination of pregnancy (MTP) Intentional or voluntary termination of pregnancy before full term or induced abortion In vitro fertilization Fertilization outside the body in almost similar conditions as that in the body In –vivo fertilization Fusion of gametes within the female WHO RCH MMR IMR IUD MTP STD VD RTI PID ART IVF ET ZIFT IUT GIFT ICSI AI IUI CDRI World Health Organisation Reproductive and Child Health Care programmes Maternal Mortality Rate Infant Mortality Rate Intra Uterine Devices Medical Termination of Pregnancy Sexually Transmitted Diseases Venereal Diseases Reproductive tract Infection Pelvic Inflammatory Diseases Assisted Reproductive Technology In Vitro Fertilization / In Vivo Fertilisation Embryo Transfer Zygote Intra Fallopian Transfer Intra Uterine Transfer Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection Artificial Insemination Intra Uterine Insemination Central Drug Research Institute BIOLOGY UNITVI CHAPTER 4: REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH (FLOW CHART) Contraceptives (1) Periodic abstinence – abstain from coitus during day 10 to 17 of menstrual cycle Withdrawal or Coitus interruptus – Avoiding insemination Lactational amenorrhea –ovulation and cycle do not occur during intense lactation.
Condoms – rubber/ latex , disposable ,both by male and female , semen would not enter Diaphragms , cervical caps , vaults-rubber,to cover cervix of females Non- medicated –Lippes loop phagocytosis of sperm in uterus Copper releasing – CuT ,Cu7 ,Multiload 375- suppress sperm motility ,fertilizing capacity Hormone releasing – Progestasert , LNG -20 – makes uterus unsuitable for implantation , cervix Inhibit ovulation ,implantation , alter quality of cervical mucus to prevent entry of sperm Saheli- non-steroidal ,once a week pill , few side effects Vasectomy – small part cut and tied up – incision on scrotum Tubectomy - small part is removed or tied up – incision in abdomen or through vagina Natural avoiding chances of sperm and ovum Barrier- ovum and sperm prevented from meeting IUDs- Intra uterine devices Pills – progestogen or progestogen estrogen Sterilisation- Blocks gamete transport (2) MTP- Medical termination of pregnancy Safe during first trimester (3) STD/VD/RTI - Sexually transmitted diseases Gonorrhoea, syphilis, genital herpes, chlamydiasis, genital warts, trichomoniasis, hepatitis –B,AIDS Symptoms –itching , fluid discharge, slight pain ,swelling in the genital region BIOLOGY ZIFT - Zygote or embryos upo 8 blastomers transferred into fallopian tube IUT - embryos with more that 8 blastomeres into uterus IVF - fertilisation outside the body followed by embryo transfer - test tube baby programme / In vivo fertilization GIFT - transfer of ovum into fallopian tube who cannot produce but can provide environment for fertilisation ICSI - intra cytoplasmic sperm injection - sperm is directly injected into ovum AI - Artificial insemination - inability to inseminate / low sperm count IUI - Intra uterine insemination - semen is artificially introduced into vagina or uterus (4) ART - Assisted Reproductive Technologies BIOLOGY UNIT VI CHAPTER 4: REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH (CONCEPT MAP) CHAPTER : 4 REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH CONCEPT MAP Pills Surgical STD IVF ET IUDs Contraceptives Human reproductive health ART Barrier Natural MTP IUI AI IUT ZIFT GIFT ICST BIOLOGY UNITVI CHAPTER 4: REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH (CROSS WORD) Across 7 Absence to menstruation during the period of intense lactation 9 A small part of the fallopian tube is removed and tiedup 10 Non medicatedIUDs Down 1 Barriers for females 2 3 Oral contraceptive for the females developed at CDRI Fertilisation outside the body 4 Hormone releasing IUDs 5 Unable to produce children 6 8 A foetal sex determination test Surgical method based on the chromosomal pattern BIOLOGY CHAPTER: 4 REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH (QUESTION BANK) 1.
Name the technique to know the genetic disorders in the foetus.

2.

What is MTP?

3.

List one drawback of surgical methods of birth control.

4.

Which period of pregnancy is safer for MTP?

5.

What are the measures one has to take to prevent from contracting STDs?

6.

7.

Explain the technique amniocentesis .How is this technique misused?

Describe the three different practices under natural methods of birth control.

8.

What are barrier methods of birth control?

Explain.

9.

Expand IUDs.


Explain the various methods of IUDs.

10.

What is sterilization?

Explain the various methods.

11.

How do oral contraceptives function?

What is the advantage of Saheli?

12.

What is an ideal contraceptive for women and explain its contraceptive role?

13.

Howdothenatural,barriers,IUD's,OralpillsandSurgicalmethodshelpinContraception?

Explain.

14.

WhatisSTD?ListoutthevariousSTD's.Howisittransmitted?Whatareitssymptoms?Whatare the complications the STD could lead to?
Explain the various methods of Assisted Reproductive Technologies.

Expand RCH,CDRI,MMR,IMR,AIDS,VD,RTI,IUT,IUI,AI,IVF,STD,MTP,IUD,ZIFT,GIFT,ART,ICSI,PID.

15.

16.

17.

Mrs. X was blamed for being childless though the problem was due to low sperm counts in the ejaculates of her husband.

Suggest a technique which could help the couple to have a child.

CHAPTER.4 : REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH (MARKING SCHEME) Q.NO.
Answer Marks Allotted Amniocentesis Medical termination of pregnancy Poor reversibility First trimester Avoid multiple partners , early detection Foetal sex determination based on chromosomal pattern in the amniotic fluid surrounding the developing embryo , female foeticide Periodic abstinence , withdrawal , lactational amenorrhea 1 1 1 1 1x 2 1x 2 1x 3 BIOLOGY Prevent physical meeting of sperm and egg condoms in males , diaphragms, cervical caps vaults in females , spermicidal creams , jellies foams 1 x3 Intra uterine devies , non- medicated , Cu releasing , hormone releasing 1 x 3 Surgical method , vasectomy in males- vas deferens cut / tied , tubectomy in females fallopian tube cut/ tied Progestogen or progestogen – estrogen combination taken for 21 days , inhibit ovulation, implantation, alter the quality of cervical mucus to prevent/ retard the entry of sperms .saheli – non steroidal once a week pill IUDs .
increase phagocytosis of sperms , suppress sperm motility, fertilizing capacity of sperm , uterus unsuitable for implantation , cervix hostile to sperms.

Natural -avoiding chances of ovum sperm meeting ;barrier–prevent ovum sperm meeting , IUD – phagocytosis, pills – inhibit ovulation , implementation; surgical prevent gamete transfer Sexually transmitted diseases VD ,RTI, Gonorrhoea, syphilis genital herpes etc.

, sharing injection needles ,trans fusion of blood etc.
itching, fluid discharge, slight pain, swellings.

PID abortions, still births, ectopic pregnancy, infertility.
IVF , ET, Test tube baby programme , ZIFT/, IUT/ ,GIFT/, ICSI/,IUI Reproductiveandchildhealthcareprogramme,Centraldrugresearchinstitute, Matrenal mortality rate , infant mortality rate ,Acquired immune deficiency syndrome , veneral disease,Reproductive tract infection ,Intra uterine transfer , intra uterine insemination ,Artificial insemination , in vitro fertilization , Sexually transmitted diseases , medical termination of pregnancy, Intra uterine devices ,Zygote intra fallopian transfer, gamete intra fallopian transfer, assisted reproductive technology , Intra cytoplasmic sperm injection Pelvic inflammatory diseases 1 x 3 1+1+1 1 x 3 1 x 5 1 x 5 1 x 5 Each 1 17 IVF and its detail process and importance 2+1 BIOLOGY UNIT-VII – GENETICS AND EVOLUTION CHAPTER – 5 : PRINCIPLES OF INHERITANCE AND VARIATION (KEY POINTS) S.No TERM Explanation 1.
2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

Heredity: Alleles: Phenotype: It can be defined as the transmission of characters from one generation to successive generations of living organisms.

The various forms of a gene are called alleles.

The external / observable characteristics of an organism constitute its phenotype.

Genotype: The genetic constitution of an organism is its genotype.
Homozygote: It is an individual organism in which the members of a pair of alleles for a Heterozygote: It is an individual organism in which the members of a pair of alleles of a character are different.

Dominant Recessive The form of the character which is expressed in the F1 hybrid is called dominant character: character.

The form of the character which is suppressed in the presence of the dominant character: character in a hybrid is called recessive character.
Monohybrid cross: It is a cross between individuals of the same species, in which the inheritance of contrasting pairs of a single trait is considered.

Dihybrid cross: It is a cross between two individuals of the same species, in which the inheritance of contrasting pairs of two traits is considered.
Glu – Val- glutamic acid valine BIOLOGY CHAPTER – 5 : PRINCIPLES OF INHERITANCE AND VARIATION (FLOW CHART) CHAPTER – 5 : PRINCIPLES OF INHERITANCE AND VARIATION (FLOW CHART) (1) SEX DETERMINATION XX XO Female Male Eg.
Grass Hopper XX XO Female Male Man ZZ ZW Male Female Male Heterogamety Birds Female Homogamety Female Homogomety Female Homogamety Female Heterogamety (2) GENETIC DISORDERS MENDELIAN DISORDERS CHROMOSOMNAL DISORDERS Sex linked recessive Haemophili a Autosome linked recessive Colour blindness Sickle cell anemia Autosomal dominant recessive Myotonic dystrophy Aneuploidy Polyploidy The gain or loss of a chromosome(s) An increase in whole set of chromosome Monosomy Trisomy Turner’s syndrome 45chromso me with 44 +X0 Down Syndrome Trisomy21 Phenylketon uria Thalassaemia Caused by defects in the synthesis of globin polypepide Alpha Beta Delta BIOLOGY CHAPTER – 5 : PRINCIPLES OF INHERITANCE AND VARIATION (CONCEPT MAP) Law of dominance Law of segregation Law of Independent Assortment Mendel’s law of inheritance POINT MUTATION TEST CROSS MONOHYBRID CODOMINANCE INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE ONE GENE MUTATION PRINCIPLES OF INHERITANCE INHERITANCE CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATION SEX DETERMINATION GENETIC DISORDERS TWO GENES DIHYRID CROSS XX Female Male XO Eg.Grasshopper XY XX Female Male Eg.Man ZZ Male ZW Female Eg.
Bird MENDELIAN CHROMOSOMAL Haemophilia Sickle- cell anaemia Phenylketonuria Thalassemia,Cystic Fibrosis DOWN’S SYNDROME KLINEFLTER’S SYNDROME TURNER’S SYNDROME BIOLOGY CHAPTER – 5 : PRINCIPLES OF INHERITANCE AND VARIATION (CROSS WORD) Down: 2.

Inborn error of metabolism inherited as autosomal recessive trait 3.

Which amino acid substitutes Glutamic acid in sickle cell anaemia an auto some recessive trait disorder 4.

Term used for 2 different types of gametes in terms of sex chromosome 8.

7.
7.

Specific name of pea plant 8.

Scientist who gave the experimental verification of chromosomal theory of inheritance 9.

Genetic name of fruit fly 10.

Term for segregation of chromatids during cell division cycle results in the gain or loss of chromosome(s) 12 The discrete unit that controls the characters and occurs in pairs Across: 1.

Sex linked recessive disease when in the clotting of blood is affected 5.
Well known Indian breed of cows in Punjab 6. Who proposed the graphical representation in a gentic cross Sudden change results in the alteration of DNA sequence 11.

Genetic disorder due to the presence of an additional copy of X chromosomes resulting in a karyotype of 47 13.

The structure in the nucleus that appeared double and divide just before each cell division 14.
Genes which code for a pair of contrasting traits ate also known as BIOLOGY CHAPTER – 5 : PRINCIPLES OF INHERITANCE AND VARIATION (QUESTION BANK) State the difference between a gene and an allele.

1.

2.

Write the possible genotypes Mendel got when he crossed F1 Tall pea plants with a dwarf pea plant.

3. Who had proposed the chromosomal theory of inheritance?

4.

Write the scientific name of the organism which T.H.

Morgan used in his genetic experiments.

5.

6.


List the advantages of selecting pea plant for his experiments by Mendel Briefly mention the contributions of T.H.Morgan in genetics 7.

What is a point mutation, give an example 8.

What is pedigree analysis, how is it useful?

9.

Themalefruitflyandfemalefowlareheterogametic,whilethefemalefruitflyandthe Male fowl are homogametic why are they termed so.

10.

Define and explain testcross 11.

Explain law of dominance with an example.

12.


With the help of an example differentiate between incomplete dominance and co-dominance.

13.

Explain the mechanism of sex determination in honeybees 14.

How does the Mandelian disorder phenylketonuriaoccur?

15.

Why did Mendel select garden pea plant for his experiments?

16.

Tabulate the different types of sex determination in organisms.

17.

Give the characteristic features of Turner's Syndrome.

18.
18.

What will be the genotype and phenotype of the offspring if a colour blind man marriesa carrier woman?

19.

Anita was happy when she gave birth to her first child.

Her in- laws were dissatisfied at her not givingbirthtoamalechildandblamedAnita.Anitatriedtoconvinceherinlawsthatshehadno role in the child’s gender.

They understood the biological reason but were yet to be satisfied.

Anita’s husband took up the matter and convinced the parents.
a) What values did Anita’s husband show in the above situation?

b) What governs sex determination in humans?

How is it different from birds?

c) Why can’t Anita be blamed for not giving birth to a male child?

BIOLOGY CHAPTER – 5 : PRINCIPLES OF INHERITANCE AND VARIATION (ANSWER KEY) Q No.
HINTS Alleles are different forms of a gene Tall and dwarf Sutton & Boveri Drosophila melanogaster Bisexual, one season breeding, contrasingtraits 1 Experiments with Drosophila-linkage & recombination Change of a single nitrogen base, Eg.

Sickle cell amaemia Method of analyzing inheritance of traits in humans.
Study inheritance of diseases for genetic counselling Produce dissimilar gametes-heterogametic, produce similar gametes-they are homogametic 10 Cross between dominant phenotype of unknown genotype with the recessive plant.

Ratio 1:1 shows genotype of dominant plant as hetrozygous.

11 When a pair of heterozygous alleles seen together, the allele which is expressed is the dominant one.

Tt Tall plants produced Neither of the hetrozygous pair expressed completely Eg.

Mirabilis sp.
Mirabilis sp.

Both the alternative forms are expressed when found together Eg.

blood groups.

Haplo-Diploid-unfertillised eggs become males, fertilized eggs become females.

Inborn error of metabolism-lacks enzyme for converting phenyl alanine to tyrosine.
Phenyl pyruvic acid is excreted Short life span, only 4 pairs of chromosomes, distinct male & female traits, cultured in the lab XX female, XY male, ZZ male, ZW female, XO male, XX female Female sterile with rudimentary overies, lack other sexual characters.

XO Manwith Xcfemalewithone Xcandexplanationthroughflowchart a) Stronganddeterminedpersonalitywithresponsibilitytowardsthefamilyandrespectforelders.
1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 2+1 3 3 b) Sexchromosomes.InhumanmalesitisXYandinfemaleitisXXInbirds,maleisZZwhile femaleisZW Humans:XX-XY Birds:ZW-ZZ Female gametes X X XX Male X Female gametes gametes Y Z W ZZ XX XY Male Z gametes ZW Z ZWXY ZZ c) Humanfemalsarehomogametici.e.producesonlyonetypeofgametescontaining22+X choromosome only.

Males are hetrogametic and produce two types of gametes 22+X and 22+Y.

It is the type of the male gamete which determines the sex of the foetus.
If X chromosomecontainingspaermfuseswiththeegg,itproducesafemalechildwhereasifY chromosome containing sperm fuses with the egg, it produces a malechild.
BIOLOGY CHAPTER: 6 MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE (KEY POINTS) Transcription- copying of genetic material from DNA to RNA Purines – Pyrimidine – Nucleotide – Nucleoside – DNA ligase - Exons – Introns – adenine and guanine cytosine , thymine and uracil consists pentose sugar phosphate group and nitrogenous base consists of nitrogenous base and pentose sugar Join the discontinuouesly, synthesiged fragments coding sequence intervening sequence Polynucleotide chain – consists sugar and phosphate along with Nitrogenous base Splicing – Capping – Codon – Anticodon – Lac operon – introns are removed in this process an unusual nucleotide is added to 5' end of the RNA formed by 3 nitrogen bases on mRNA that codes an amino acids has bases complementary to the code A gene regulation mechanism in E.coli.
conversion as per available energy source.
Bioinformatics – associated to Human Genome Programme Polymorphism – variation at genetic level Repetitive DNA – small stretches of DNA Satellite DNA – forms small peaks Translation – polymerization of amino acid to form a polypeptide Tailing – adenylate residues are added to the 3' end of hnRNA HGP ESTs BAC YAC SNPs VNTR UTR sRNA snRNA snRNA RNA DNA Human Genome Project Expressed Sequence Tags Bacterial artificial chromosome Yeast artificial chromosome single nucleotide polymorphism variable number of tandem repeats untranslated regions soluble RNA heterogeneous nuclear RNA small nuclear RNA ribonucleic acid deoxyribonucleic acid Proteases protein digesting enzyme Rnase Dnase NHC EM RNA digesting enzyme DNA digesting enzyme Non his tone chromosome electron microscope BIOLOGY CHAPTER:6 MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE (FLOWCHART) 1 - STRUCTURE OF DNA DNA Polynucleotide Pentose sugar Phosphate Group Nucleoside (sugar + base) With N-glycosidic linkage Nitrogen bases Purines and Pyrimidines, base pairing with Hydrogen bonds, Adenine forms two hydrogen bonds with Thymine and Guanine to Cytosine with three bonds Nucleotide (nucleoside +phosphate) with Phospho ester linkage Double helix-two chains with antiparallel polarity One in 5’ 3’ another 3 ’ 5’polarity Two chains coiled in a right hand fashion.
Pitch is 3.4 nm with 10bp in each turn TRANSCRIPTION tRNA transfers amino acids to ribosomes rRNA catalytic and structural role mRNA codons for protein synthesis Initiation Elongation Termination RNA Polymerase & Sigma factor RNA Polymerase& nucleoside triphosphates RNA Polymerase & Rho factor BIOLOGY 2 - SEARCH FOR GENETIC MATERAL Search for Genetic Material Experiments Transformation experiment by Frederick Griffith DNA is the Genetic material Proof by Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase (1952) Transformation – Griffith's experiment Frederick Griffith - 1928 Streptococcus pneumonia (bacteria) Smooth shiny colonies Rough colonies Virulent /non-virulent Pathogenic/ non- pathogenic Bacteriophages (viruses that infect Radioactive phages were allowed to attach to E. coli S strain injected into mice Mice died R strain injected into mice Mice live As the infection proceeded, the viral coats were removed from the bacteria by agitating them in a blender S strain ( heat killed) injected into mice ------ Mice live S strain ( heat killed)+ R strain (live) injected into mice Mice die Conclusion Transforming principle is transferred from the heat-killed S Strain had enabled the R strain to synthesise a smooth polysaccharide coat and become virulent Biop chemical nature of transforming principle was proved to be DNA by Owald Avery, Colin Mecleod and Myclyn McCarty The virus particles were separated from the bacteria by spinning them in a centrifuge.
Bacteria which was infected with viruses that had radioactive DNA were radioactive, indicating that DNA was the material that passed from the virus to the bacteria.

Bacteria that were infected with viruses that had radioactive proteins were not radioactive proving that not the protein, DNA is a genetic material.

BIOLOGY 3 SALIENT FEATURES OF GENETIC CODE Triplet Unambig uous and specific Code is degenerate contiguous No.
punctuations Universal AUG Dual functions 4 - DNA Replication METHODS PROOF Semi Conservative One strand parental (Conserved) The other strand is newly synthesized E coli was grown in a medium containing15 NH4Cl for several generations.
As a result15 N got incorporated into the newly synthesized These cells were then transferred to normal14NH4Cl containing medium First generation collected after 20mins /had hybrid DNA (1 heavy & 1 normal stand) Second generation collected after 40mins /had equal amounts of hybrid DNA and light DNA Proving that DNA replication is semi conservative BIOLOGY 5 Goals of HGP Identify genes in human DNA Determine the sequences of the 3 billion chemical base pairs Store the informat ion in database s Improve tools for data analysis Transfer related technologi es to other sectors, such as industries Address Address the ethical, legal, and social issues (ELSI) 6 DNA Fingerprinting developed by Alec Jeffreys Steps I D E T H A Isolation of DNA Digestion of DNA Separation of DNA By Electroph oresis Transferri ng separated DNA fragments to synthetic membranes ( blotting) Hybridisa tion using labeled VNTR probes Detection of hybridized DNA fragments by Autoradiography BIOLOGY 7 GENE REGULATION Lac operon Regulatory Gene (i) Promoter Operator Structural genes (z, y, and a).
Repressor Protein RNA polymerase Binds Repressor attaches at operator z y a Beta galactosidase Permease Trans acetylase Hydrolysis of lactose into glucose and galactose Trans acetylation of lactose in its active Transportation of lactose into the cell BIOLOGY 8 TRANSCRIPTION INEUKARYOTES Enzyme TRANSCRIPTION Steps Three RNA Polymerases RNA Polymerase I RNA Polymerase II RNA Polymerase III rRNA Precursor mRNA or hn RNA tRNA 5srRNA snRNAs Initiation Elongation Termination Precursor of mRNA Splicing Capping & tailing Processed hnRNA BIOLOGY 9 PROTEIN SYNTHESIS TRANSLATION Charging of tRNA- Aminoacylation of tRNA Initiation Elongation Termination Ribosome binds to mRNA at codon Ribosome moves codon to codon/ Aminoacids are joined, polypeptide formed The translation complex enters terminator codon Release factor binds Translation Terminated Polypeptide released BIOLOGY CHAPTER : 6 MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE (CONCEPT MAP) VNTR as probe Double helix Nucleiosides, nucleiotides, polarity Single strand mRNA, tRNA, rRNA Helicase, isomerase, polymerase, ligase DNA FINGER PRINTING Identify, determine the sequence, store, data analysis, transfer and ELSI HUMAN GENOME PROJECT REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION DNA RNA REPLICATION MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE TRANSCRIPTION Transcription unit Promoter Structural gene Terminator In Eukaryotes Transcriptional level Processing level Transport of mRNA Translational level TRANSLATION Charging of tRNA Aminoacylation of tRNA Untranslated regions (stop) Release factor GENETIC CODE Cistron Exon, Intron Splicing, Capping, tailing 61 codons code and 3 stop codons Unambiguous, specific, degenerate, universal, AUG initiator codon BIOLOGY CHAPTER : 6 MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE (CROSS WORD) ACROSS: DOWN: 5.
Causative organism of pneumonia 6.

An acidic substance present in nucleus 8.

Chromatin densely packed and inactive 9.

Helps in joining the fragments 12.

A set of positively charged base proteins 13.

Chromatin loosely packed and active 14.

Process of removing in tronsfrom processed RNA 1.

Formed by N-glyccosidiclinkage 2. largest known human gene at 2.4billon bases 3.

Substrate of lac-operon 4.

Process of protein synthesis from RNA 5.

Variation at genetic level 7.


Bacteria infected with viruses 10.

A segment of DNA coding for polypeptide 11.

Present in RNA ay the place of Thymine BIOLOGY CHAPTER:6 MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE (QUESTION BANK) Ifadenineconstitutes30%ofanisolatedDNAfragment,thenwhatistheexpected%ofthebasecytosineinit?

1.

2.

HowdoestheflowofgeneticinformationinHIVdeviatefromthecentraldogmaproposedbyFrancisCrick?

3.

How does HIV differ from abacteriophage?

4.

What is anucleoid?

5.


Name two amino acids that provide +ve charge to histoneproteins.

6.

Why do RNA viruses undergo mutation and evolution faster than most of the other viruses?

7.

NametheenzymeinvolvedinthecontinuousreplicationofDNAstrand.Mentionthepolarityofthetemplate strand.

8.

What is acistron?

9.

Which one out of Rho factor and sigma factor, acts as initiation factor during transcription in prokaryote?

10.

Write the function of RNA polymeraseII.

11.

What is meant by hnRNA?

12.


(a) .Differentiate between euchromatin and heterochromatin.

(b) What is the function of non-his tone chromosomal proteins?

13.

Why is DNA a better genetic material when compared to RNA?

14.

Answer the following questions based on Meselson and Stahl' sexperiment: a) Write the name of the chemical substance used as a source of nitrogen in the experiment by them.

b) WhydidthescientistssynthesizethelightandtheheavyDNAmoleculesintheorganisminthe experiment?
c) HowdidthescientistssynthesizemakeitpossibletodistinguishtheheavyDNAmoleculefromthelightDNA molecule?

Explain.

d) Write the conclusion the scientists arrived at, after completing the experiment.

15.

Monocistronicstructuralgenesineukaryoteshaveinterruptedcodingsequences,Explain.Howarethey different in prokaryotes?

16 Describe the initiation process of transcription in bacteria?

17 Explain the elongation process of transcription in bacteria?
18 Describe the termination process of transcription in bacterium?

19 Explain the role of 35S and 32P in the experiments conducted by Hershey and chase?

20 It is established that RNA is the first genetic material.

Explain giving three reasons?

21 (a) What are the transcriptional products of RNA polymeraseIII?

(b) Differentiate between 'capping' and 'tailing'?

(a) Expand hnRNA.

22.


DNA is the genetic material in most of the organisms, while RNA is the genetic material in a few viruses/ What are the four general/common functions performed by RNA in other organisms?

23 Write short notes on RNA polymerases of eukaryotic cells?

24 How do his tones acquire positive charge?

25 Explain the role of RNA polymerase in transcription in bacteria.

26.
26.

Identifygivingreasons,thesalientfeaturesofgeneticcodebystudyingthefollowingnucleotidesequencesof mRNA strand and the polypeptide translated from it?

27.

Ratan was a known sportsman in his school.

While returning home he found some unknown miscreants beating a young fellow.

Hetried to drive them off but by that time the fellow died of injury.

The police arrested Ratan and he was put on trial.

The judge being convinced by Ratan's plea, ordered for DNA finger printing reports.
a) Ratan'sfingerprintsonthedeadbodyweresufficienttoconvicthimbutthejudgeaskedforauthenticproof?

What values can be observed?

b) What is the basis of DNA fingerprinting?

c) Explain the steps in DNA fingerprinting.

BIOLOGY BIOLOGY BIOLOGY 95 BIOLOGY Chapter:7 Evolution (KEY POINTS) Homologous Organs with similar origin and structure (SOS)but differ in appearance and function(DAF) Eg.
Forelimbs of whale, bats, cheeta, horse Divergent Evolution Due to different needs some structures developed differently Analogous Organs with similar appearance and function (SAF)but differ in origin and structure (DOS) Eg.

Wings of butterfly and bat Convergent Evolution Biogenesis Similar adaptive features in different groups of organisms but towards the same function.
Life originates from pre-existing life Adaptive Radiation Evolution starting from a single point and radiating in different directions Fossil Preserved remains/imprints of plants and animals that lived millions of years ago Paleontology Systemic and scientific study of fossils Saltation Speciation Biological term for single step large mutation in a single leap/saltus.
Process of evolving / formation of new species from the existing one Differential reproduction Different reproductive rate to the different individuals in a population Biogeography Founder effect Study of distribution of various organisms in different parts of the earth Changes in the allelic frequencies in a new population due to migration of members Genetic drift Changes occurring in gene frequencies by chance Gene flow / Gene migration When individual migrate to another place or population, new genes / Stabilising natural selection Directional Disruptive alleles are added to new population and are lost from the old population in turn changing the frequencies when gene migration occurs many a times.
Large number of individuals acquire mean character value Large number of individuals acquire value other than mean value Large number of individuals acquire peripheral character value at both ends of the distribution curve Origin of Life Scientist Lemaitre Year 1927 Theory/Experiment Conclusion Big Bang theory The universe expanded from explosion of a primordial, hot substance Oparin and Haldane 1924 – 1929 Chemical evolution preceded organic evolution Simple organic molecules originated from inorganic precursors.
Stanley Miller and Urey 1952 Synthesis of biomolecules by creation of similar conditions as primitive atmosphere on laboratory scale Amino acids were synthesized from ammonia, methane and carbon dioxide inside specialized apparatus BIOLOGY CHAPTER 7 EVOLUTION (FLOW CHART) 1.

Paleontological evidences showed that lifeforms Varied over time and certain life forms are restricted to certain geological time span.

2.
2.

Comparative anatomical and morphological evidence show:- Homologous organs Analogous Organs Divergent evolution Convergen t evolution 1 EVIDENCES OF EVOLUTION Embryological support for evolution 3.
Biochemical - Evidences similarities in proteins and genes performing a given function among diverse organisms give clues to common ancestry 4 Evolution by Anthropological action Appearance of resistant organisms / cells Industrial Melanism Shown by Moth Biston betularia and Biston carbonaria Artificial selection of domesticated wild animals and crops by Man BIOLOGY 2 ADAPTIVE RADIATION ADAPTIVE RADIATION - Evolution of different species in a given geographical area starting from a point and radiating to other areas of geography( habitat) Darwin finches (a small black bird)with original seed – eating features 1.
Australian marsupials.

2.

Placental mammals in Australia 3 BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION Evolution of new colonies of bacteria within days Key concept of Darwin Lamarck Theory 1.

Evolution of life forms had occurred by the use and disuse of organs e.g.

Vestigial Organs (Wisdom Tooth) Inheritance of acquired character e.g.

Elongated neck of giraffe 2.


Branching decent Natural selection Organism with favourable heritable variations get better survival to reproduce and leave greater number of progeny 98 BIOLOGY 4 MECHANISM OF EVOLUTION Hugo deVries Darwin 1.

Mutation causes evolution but not minor variation 2.

Mutations are Random and directionless 3.

Single step mutation cause speciation(Saltation) 1.

Minor variation causes evolution 2.
Variations are small, gradual and directional HARDY- WEINBERG CONTRIBUTION Principle Allele frequencies within a population are stable and remain constant from generation to generation p2 +2 pq + q2 =1 Factors affecting Hardy Weinberg Principle Gene Migration /Gene flow Genetic drift Mutation Recombination Natural Selection Stabilising Directional Disruptive BIOLOGY 5 Brief account of Evolution Time Organism 3 billion years ago First non cellular form of life 2000 million years ago First cellular forms of life appeared 500 million years ago Invertebrate formed 320 million years ago Sea weeds and plants exists 350 million years ago Fishes with stout and strong fins could move on land and go back to water - Coelacanth called lobefins – evolved into the first amphibian HUMAN EVOLUTION DRYOPITHECUS RAMAPITHECUS AUSTRALOPITHECINES HOMO HABILIS HOMO ERECTUS NEANDERTHAL MAN HOMO SAPIENS More ape like Man like Hunted with stone weapons, ate fruit Did not eat meat , 650 -800cc brain capacity Ate meat ,900cc Used hides to protect their body , buried their dead,1400cc Modern man 15mya 15 mya 2 mya 1.4 mya 1.5 mya 1,00,000 -40,000 years 75,000 -10,000 years BIOLOGY CHAPTER - 7 - EVOLUTION (CONCEPT MAP) Panspermia Spontaneous Generation Origin of life Special Creation Abiogenesis EVOLUTION Stabilising Disruptive Directional Acquired Character Natural selection Mutation Dryopithecus Paleontological Ramapithecus Biochemical Evidences Embryological Anatomical & Morphological Australopithecines Homo habilis Homo erectus Homo sapiens Homology Analogy Divergent evolution Convergent evolution Speciation Population Hardy – Weinberg – equilibrium Factors affecting equilibrium Gene flow Genetic Drift Mutation Recombination Natural Selection BIOLOGY CHAPTER - 7 - EVOLUTION (CROSS WORD) Down: Across: 6. units of life thought by Greek thinkers.
7. demonstrated that life comes only from Pre-existing life study of fossils.

8.

12. used the word fittest of individual inan environment.

1. organs that have same structure and origin.

2. well known example for use and disuse of organ.

3. type of evolution shown by analogous structure.

4. well known organism of Australia for adaptive radiation.

5. dead remain of plant.

9.

French naturalist gave use and disuse of organ.

10. island where existed Darwin finches.


11. huge explosion unimaginable in physical terms.

BIOLOGY CHAPTER - 7 - EVOLUTION (QUESTION BANK) 1 Mark Questions 1.

Identify the examples of convergent evolution from the following: (a) Flippers of penguins and dolphins.

(b) Eyes of octopus and mammals (c ) Vertebrate brains 2.

What did Louis Pasteur' sex perimentson'killed yeast' demonstrate?

Name the theory that got 3. disproved on the basis of his experiment.
Coelacanth was caught in 1938 in South Africa.

Why is it very significant in the evolutionary history of vertebrates?

List the two characteristics of mutation that help inex plaining evolution according to De Vries.

4.

5.

Why are lichens regarded as pollution indicators?

6.

7.

Pick out the an cestral line of Angiosperms from the list give below: Conifers, Seedferns, Cycads, Ferns.

Mention the type of evolution that has brought the similarity as seen in potato tube rand sweet potato.
List the two main propositions of Oparin and Haldane How does paleontological evidence support evolution of organisms on Earth?

1.

2.

3.

What does the comparison between the eyes of Octopus and those of mammals say about their 2 Marks Questions 4.

5.

6.

7.

1.

2.

3. ancestry and evolution?

Categorise the following pairs of examples as convergent or divergent evolutions: (a) Eyes of octopus and mammals.

(b) Wings of butter fly and birds.

(c) Tuber of sweet potatoes and potato.


(d) Thorns in bougainvillea and tendrils in cucurbits.

How do Darwin's finches illustratead a ptiveradiation?

How does fitness of a population help in evolution?

How is generic drift different from genemigration?

Explain.

3 Marks Questions State the theory of a biogenesis.

How does Miller's experiment support this theory?


Evolution is the change of genefre quencies in a population in response to changes in environment in the time scale of years and not centuries.

Justify the statement with reference to DDT.

How does the theory of Hugode Vries support this?

How did Darw in theory of naturals election explain the appearance of new form son the earth?

5 Marks Question 1 a) How does Hardy Weinberg equation explain the genetic equilibrium?
b)Describe how this equilibrium gets disturbed which may lead to founder effect.

BIOLOGY CHAPTER - 7 - EVOLUTION (ANSWER KEY) Q.

No.

Value Points Marks (a), and (b) Life arise from preexisting life, Theory of spontaneous generation was disproved.

- Coelacanthhasevolvedintothefirstamphibians;theyarefishwithstoutand strong fins that could move on land and go back to water.

- They were thought to be extinct.


Mutations are: Random, Directionless Since, lichens do not grow in polluted areas, they are regarded as pollution indicators.

Seed ferns.

Sweet potato tubers and potato tubers are analogous structures, evolved for the same function; analogous structures results from convergent evolution.

The first form of life could have come from, pre-existing non-living organic molecules like RNA, proteins, etc.
Formation of life was preceded by chemical evolution that resulted in the formation of diverse organic molecules from inorganic constituents.

Paleontology is the study of fossils.

It indicates The geological time period in which the organisms existed.

The life forms varied over time and certain life forms are restricted to certain geological time span.

That new forms of life have appeared at different times in the history of earth.
Eyes of octopus and those of mammals are analogous structures, which have resulted from convergent evolution.

They have not evolved from common ancestors.

(a) Convergent evolution.

(b) Divergent evolution.

(c) Convergent evolution.

(b) Divergent evolution.

Adaptive radiation is the process of evolution of different species in a given geographical area starting from a point and literally radiating to other geographical areas.
Darwin's finches were the small black birds, which Darwin observed in Galapagos Islands.

Living in isolation for long, new kinds of finches must have evolved, which could survive in the new habitats.

Fitness, according to Darwin, refers ultimately only to reproductive fitness.

Those who are better fit in an environment would outbreed others and leave more progeny than others.

They will survive better and are selected by nature to reproduce and increase their population size.
Genetic drift Random changes in the allele frequencies of a population, occurring only by chance, constitute genetic drift.

Gene flow If refers to the change in allelic frequencies of a given population, when individuals migrate into the population or from the population.

1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 BIOLOGY 1 Theory of chemical evolution or a biogenesis was proposed by Oparin and Haldane.
It states that the first form of life could have come from pre-existing non-living organic molecules like RNA's etc., and that formation of life was preceded by chemical evolution, i.e.

Formation of diverse organic molecules from in organic constituents.

Miller's experiment: - He created conditions similar to the primitive earth in the laboratory.

- Electric discharge was produced in a closed flask, contain in gmethane, hydrogen, ammonia, and water vapor.
- The temperature was kept at 800oC - After a week, he observed formation of amino acids.

- Such molecules must have reacted among themselves to form giant, self- replicating molecules, and the first form of life 2.

3 1 As the environment changes the organism which are better adapted to the changed environment could survive better and reproduce.

- When DDT was used, initially most of the mosquitoes died, but a few survived.
-These few mosquitoes reproduce and their off springs were also resistant to DDT.

- Today, the population of mosquitoes mostly contains DDT resistance mosquitoes.

- The DDT resistant mosquitoes have envolved in a times cale of years or months and not centuries.

- So, evolution is not a directed process but stochastic process based on chance events.

- According to Hugode Varies, evolution occurs due to mutations.

Large differences arising suddenly in a population.
- According to himlarge, single-stepmutation, called saltation, must have been the cause of DDT- resistance in mosquitoes.

Darwin's theory of Natural selection: Any population has built in variation for every character.

Individuals with those characters which enable them to survive better would outbreed the others, who are less adapted.

Fitness, according to Darwin's is reproductive fitness, i.e., individuals who are better fit in an environment leaves more progeny than others.
These progenies now comes to possess more fit individuals, i.e., nature selects the better fit individuals and over a long period of time, through a number of generations, the population slowly becomes modified into a different form, or a species, which is called evolution a) Hardy-Weinberg Principle: It states that the allele frequencies in a population are stable and remain constant for generation to generation; it is called genetic equilibrium.

The sum total of all the allelic frequencies is one.
(b) Genetic drift: - Genetic drift refers to the changes in allele frequencies that occur only by chance events.

- Sometimes the changes in allele frequency is so different in the new sample of population, that they become a different species, - The orig inally drifted population becomes the founder and suchan effect is called founder effect.

3 3 3 5 BIOLOGY UNIT VIII - BIOLOGY IN HUMAN WELFARE CHAPTER: 8 HUMAN HEALTH & DISEASES (KEY POINTS) S.No.
Term Explanation PMNL CMI ELISA MALT SCID NACO MRI HLA Polymorpho-Nuclear Leukocytes Cell Mediated Immunity Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay Mucosal Associated Lymphoid Tissue Severe Combined Immuno Deficiency National AIDS Control Organisation Magnetic Resonance Imaging Human Leukocyte Antigen Carcinogens Cancer causing agents.

e.g., gamma rays, UV rays, dyes and lead.


Immunity Resistance to infection or antigen Immuno Suppressant` The chemical which suppress the immune response to antigen.

Interferon The glycoproteins produced by our body cells in response to a viral infection Incubation Period The time period between infection and the appearance of symptoms.

14 Metastasis 15 16 Oncogene Retrovirus The property in which the cancer cells spread to different sites through blood and develop secondary tumours.
Gene which causes cancer.

A virus having RNA as genetic material and forms DNA by reverse transcription and then replicate e.g., Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).

17 Syndrome Group of symptoms.

18 Vaccination: Inoculation of a vaccine to stimulate production of antibodies and provide immunity for one or more disease.

BIOLOGY CHAPTER 8 HUMAN HEALTH AND DISEASES (FLOW CHART) 1 HEALTH (Physical, mental, social well being) 2.

FACTORS AFFECTING HEALTH GENETIC FACTOR – e.g.


: Sickle cell anemia LIFE STYLE-e.g.

: Obesity INFECTIONS-e.g.

: Influenza 3 TYPES OF DISEASES INFECTIOUS(communicable) e.g.
Leprosy, common cold NON-INFECTIOUS(non communicable) TRANSMITTED BY- air, water, physical contact, animals CAUSES – stress, no/less physical activity, genetic, unsuitable diet, wrong life style, exposure to carcinogens TYPES OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES – viral, bacterial, fungal, worms, protozoan CONTROL MEASURES – balanced diet, good personal hygiene, awareness about diseases, vaccination, hygienic food and water CONTROL MEASURES – stress management, physical exercise, balanced diet, avoiding drugs, alcohol and tobacco 4 TYPES OF ACQUIRED IMMUNITY ACTIVE IMMUNITY PASSIVE IMMUNITY Antibody produced within own body when exposed To antigen, it is long lasting,does not cause allergy, takes time to activate.
e.g) Exposure to chicken pox, measles etc Antibodies transferred from another individual, not long lasting, sometimes cause allergy, provides immediate relief .e.g) Colostrum (IgA) given to baby.

antitoxin given for tetanus,preformed antibodies given for snake bite.
BIOLOGY 5 TYPES OF IMMUNE RESPONSES Humoral immunity Cell mediated iimmunity Response by antibodies produced by B cell.found in Blood/lymph , , IgA IgM IgE ,IgG are the types of antibody --Antibody It has 2 small light chains &2 long heavy chains(H2L2) Response produced by T-lymphocyte Role in organ transplantation BIOLOGY CHAPTER 8 HUMAN HEALTH AND DISEASES (CONCEPT MAP) Infectious Non-Infectious HUMAN DISEASES CAUSES Virus Bacteria Helminth Protozoa Genetic Stress Life style Carcinogens CONTROL MEASURES HUMAN HEALTH Stress control Exercises INNATE Non-Specific IMMUNE SYSTEM ACQUIRED Specific Allergy Autoimmunity Lymphoid Organs Responses Cell-mediated-Tcells Humoral-B cells Passive IgA Active Vaccines AIDS CHALLENGES CANCER DRUGS & ALCOHOL ABUSE Benign Malignant Clean food& water Personal hygiene Balanced diet Vaccines Barriers Physical Physiological Cellular Cytokine Skin Tear Macrophages interferons HIV ELISA Opioids Cannabinoid Nicotine Alkaloids STEROIDS DIURETICS (Misused by sportsmen) Addiction Cirrhosis Name of the drug Source Part of the plant Mode of Effect Ex.
BIOLOGY Opioids Papaver somniferum Latex intake Snorting/inj ection Diacetyl morphine- Heroin(smack) Binds with opioid receptors in the CNS &GI tract  Depressant – slows body function Cannabinoids Cannabis sativa Inflorescsence, flower tops, resins, leaves Inhalation/o rally Coca Alkaloid Erythroxylum coca snorting Barbiturates, amphetamines, benzodiazepines, morphine Nicotine /alkaloid Tobacco leaves Smoking, chewing Marijuana Hashish Coke/crack  Affects cardiovascular system  Binds with receptors in the brain  Stimulates CNS  Sense of euphoria /increased energy Interferes with transport of neurotransmit ter -dopamine  Excess- cause hallucinations -   Cope up with mental illness like depression ,insomnia  Stimulates adrenal gland to release adrenaline and nor-adrenaline  Raises BP and heart rate Increases risk of cancer of throat, lung, etc   Bronchitis, emphysema, CHD,  CO content in blood increases and reduces haembound oxygen  Addictive CHAPTER 8- HUMAN HEALTH AND DISEASES (CROSS WORD) Across Down 1.
Typhoid test 3. typhoid is caused by 7. phagocytose 8.

AIDS test 9. natural passive immunity 10. ascariasis is caused by 11. filariasis is caused by ringworm is caused by Infective stage of malaria parasite 2.

3.

4. malaria is caused by 5. amoebiasis is caused by 6. cold is caused by BIOLOGY CHAPTER 8- HUMAN HEALTH AND DISEASES (QUESTION BANK) 1.

2.

3.

Name the diagnostic test which confirms typhoid.

Name the two major groups of cells required to attain specific immunity.
You have heard of many incidences of Chickungunya in our country.

Name the vector of the disease.

Breast fed babies are more immune to diseases than the bottle fed babies.

Why?

Name the pathogen which causes malignant malaria.

4.

5.

6.

Which micro organism is used to produce hepatitis B Vaccine?

7.

What is the reason of shivering in malarial patient?

8.

Where are B-cells and T-cells formed?

How do they differ from each other?

9.

Given below are the pathogens and the diseases caused by them.
Which out of these pairs is not correct matching pair and why?

(a) Wuchereria .Filariasis (b) Microsporum .Ringworm (c) Salmonella .

Common Cold (d) Plasmodium .Malaria 10.

What would happen to the immune system, if thymus gland is removed from the body of 11. a person?

Lymph nodes are secondary lymphoid organs.

Describe the role of lymph nodes in our immune response.

12.

What Is the role of histamine in inflammatory response?

Name few drugs which reduce the symptoms of allergy.

13.
13.

What are Cannabinoids?

From which plant Cannabinoids are obtained?

Which part of the body is affected by consuming these substances?

14.

Mention any three causes of drug abuse.

Suggest some measures for the prevention and control of drug abuse.

15.

A person shows unwelcome immunogenic reactions while exposed to certain substances.

(a) Name this condition.

(b) What common term is given to the substances responsible for this condition?
(c) Name the cells and the chemical substances released which cause such reactions.

16.

What is innate immunity?

List the four types of barriers which protect the body from the entry of the foreign agents.

Fill the blanks 1,2,3,4,5,6 in the given table.

17.

Name of disease - Pneumonia Causative organism Streptococcus Symptoms (1) -.
Typhoid (2) High fever, weakness, headache, stomach pain (3) Rhinoviruses Nasal Congestion and discharge ,sore throat, cough, headache cough, headache Ascariasis Ascaris (4) Ringworm (5) BIOLOGY Dry, Scaly lesions on various body parts, Intense itching, redness.

(6) Entamoeba histolytic a Constipation, cramps, abdominal pain, Stools with excess mucous 18 19.

20.

Answer the following with respect to Cancer.


(a) How does a cancerous cell differ from a normal cell (b) Benign tumour is less dangerous than malignant tumour.

Why?

(c) Describe causes of cancer.

(d) Mention two methods of treatment of the disease.

The pathogen of a disease depends on RBCs of human for growth and reproduction.

The person with this pathogen suffers with chill and high fever.

(a) Identify the disease.

(b) Name the pathogen.

(c) What is the cause of fever?


(d) Represent the life cycle of the pathogen diagrammatically.

The immune system of a person is suppressed.

He was found positive for a pathogen in the diagnostic test ELISA.

(a) Name the disease, the patient is suffering from.

(b) Which pathogen is identified by ELISA test?

(c) Which cells of the body are attacked by the pathogen?

(d) Suggest preventive measure of the infection.

21.

Municipal corporation has deputed personnel to check for mosquito in your school.
i) Which are the places they should check for mosquitoes & their larvae?

ii) Name two diseases which are spread by mosquitoes and their larvae?

BIOLOGY CHAPTER 8 -HUMAN HEALTH AND DISEASES (ANSWER KEY) .
s.no Value points Widal test B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes Aedes mosquitoes The mother’s milk consists of antibodies (Ig A) such antibodies are not available to bottle fed babies Plasmodium falciparum Yeast After sporozoite infection, when RBC ruptures, a toxic substance haemozoin is released which cause chilling and high fever.

B-cells and T-cells are formed in bone marrow.


B-cells produce antibodies but T cells do not produce antibodies but help B-cells to produce them - Salmonella :Common cold is not a matching pair.

T-lymphocytes develop and mature in thymus gland, Immune system will become weak on removal of thymus gland Lymph nodes provide the sites for interaction of lymphocytes with the antigen.

When the microorganisms enter the lymph nodes, lymphocytes present there are activated and cause the immune response.
Histamine acts as allergy-mediator which cause blood vessels to dilate.

It is released by mast cells.

Antihistamine steroids and adrenaline quickly reduce the symptoms of allergy.

Cannabinoids are a group of chemicals which interact with Cannabinoid receptors present principally in the brain.

Cannabinoids are obtained from the inflorescences of the plant Cannabis sativa.
The substances affect the cardiovascular system adversely failure, family problems, Reasons to attract towards drug abuse: Curiosity, peer pressure, escape from frustration and false belief of enhanced performance.

Preventive measures: Avoid undue peer pressure Education and Counseling Seeking help from parents and peers.
Looking for danger signs Seeking professional and medical help Marks 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1+1=2 1+1=2 1+1=2 1+1=2 1+1=2 1+1+1=3 1+2=3 BIOLOGY (a) Allergy (b) Allergens (c) Mast Cells.

Histamine, Serotonin Innate Immunity is non-specific type of defense that is present at the time of birth.

(i) Physical Barriers: Skin, mucous-coated epithelium or respiratory, digestive and urino genital tract.

(ii) Physiological Barriers: Acidity of Stomach, lysozyme in saliva, tears, sweat.
(iii) Cellular Barrier: Macrophages, neutrophils, monocytes and natural killer lymphocytes.

(iv)Cytokine Barriers: Interferons produced by Viral infected cells, protect the non-infected cells from further Viral infection 1+1+1=3 1+ (4x1/2)=2 i) Alveoli filled with fluid, reduced breathing, fever, chills, cough and headache.

(ii) Salmonella typhi(iii) Common Cold(iv) Internal bleeding, muscular pain, anaemia, fever and blockage of the intestinal passage.
(v) Microsporum species/Trichophyton species/Epidermophyton Species.

(vi) Amoebiasis/amoebic dysentery.

6x1/2=3 (a) In normal cells, growth and differentiation is highly controlled and regulated (contact inhibition).

The cancerous cells have lost the property of contact inhibition, hence continue to divide giving rise to masses of cells(tumors).

(b) The benign tumor remains confined in the organ affected as it is enclosed in a connective tissue sheath and does not enter the metastatic stage.
(c) Cancer may be caused due to carcinogens which are physical(radiations), chemicals (Nicotine, Aflatoxin, Cadmium oxide, Asbestos) and biological (viral oncogens)(d) Surgery, radiotherapy, Chemotherapy (a) Malaria(b) Different species of Plasmodium viz P. vivax, P. Malariae and P.falciparum.

(c) Malaria is caused by the toxins (haemozoin) produced in the human body by the malarial parasite.

This toxin is released by the rupturing of RBCs.


(d) Life cycle of Plasmodium (i) AIDS (Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome) (ii) HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) (iii) Helper T-cells, macrophages, B-lymphocytes.

(iv) Preventive measures: (a) People should be educated about AIDS transmission.

(b) Disposable needles and syringes should be used (c) Sexual habits should be changed immediately (d) High-risk groups should be discouraged from donating blood.
(e) Routine screening may be done 2+1+1+1=5 1+1+1+2=5 1+1+1+2=5 21 I) Places like water tanks, flower pots, stagnant water.

ii)Dengue, malaria, filariasis, chikungunya 1+2=3 BIOLOGY UNIT VIII-BIOLOGY IN HUMAN WELFARE CHAPTER: 9 - STRATEGIES FOR ENHANCEMENT IN FOOD PRODUCTION (KEY POINTS) S.No.
Term Explanation ET IARI IRRI ICAR MOET NDRI Embryo Transfer Indian Agricultural Research Institute International Rice Research Institute Indian Council of Agriculture Research Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer National Dairy Research Institute Apiculture Rearing of honeybees for the production of honey, bee wax Explant A part of plant used for tissue culture Germplasm Collection The entire collection having all the diverse alleles for all the genes in the given organism.
Totipotency The ability to generate a whole plant from any cell/explant.
Breed Group of animals similar in most of the characters and related in descent Green revolution Crop production White revolution Milk production Blue revolution Fish production SCP Single cell protein Micro propagation Method of production of many plants through tissue culture Inbreeding Breeding between animals of same breed BIOLOGY CHAPTER: 9 -STRATEGIES FOR ENHANCEMENT IN FOOD PRODUCTION (FLOW CHART) (1) Animal Husbandry(care and breeding & raising of livestocks, which are useful to human) Dairy farm management Raising cattle to get milk.
Milk yield depend on selection of good breeds with high yielding potential, resistance to diseases.

Poultry Farm Management Chicken, ducks , turkey and geese are included in poultry.

Bee- keeping(Apiculture) Maintenance of honey bee for production of honey and wax..(Apis indica is the common species of honey Bee) (2) ANIMAL BREEDING Management of fisheries 1.

Pisciculture: Breeding, hatching and rearing of fish 2.
Aquaculture: Cultivating freshwater and saltwater organisms like fishes, prawns lobsters and edible oysters under controlled conditions .Inbreeding(Breeding between same breed for 4-6 generations) Outbreeding(breeding between unrelated animals) Out crossing Crossbreeding Mating of animals within the same breed, but no common ancestor on either side of their pedigree up to 4-6 generations.

Mating of superior females of one breed with superior males of another breed e.g.
:Hisardale –a breed of sheep developed by crossing Bikaneri ewes & marino rams Interspecific hybridization Mating between two different related species e.g.

: mule, a product of cross between a male donkey & female horse BIOLOGY (3) CONTROLLED ANIMAL BREEDING Artificial insemination: semen of superior male is collected and injected into the reproductive tract of selected female by breeder.

MOET- .Multiple ovulation embryo transfer.


(Technique for herd improvement by successful production of hybrid) Done in cattle, sheep, rabbits, buffalo, mare etc.

(4) PLANT BREEDING Plant breeding for disease resistance i) Viral - Tobacco mosaic, turnip mosaic (ii) Bacterial - Black rot of crucifers, Blight of rice (Iii) Fungal - Rust of wheat, red rot of sugarcane, late blight of potato.

1.

Conventional breeding screening germplasm for resistance to diseases, .

(e.g.
(e.g.

Parbhanikranti(b hindi) resistant to yellow mosaic virus 2.

Mutational breeding inducing mutation Artificially through chemicals or radiations , e.g.mung bean resistant to yellow mosaic virus and powdery mildew Plant breeding for resistance to Insect pests.Hairy leaves, Solid stem,Smooth leaved & nectarless.
High aspartic acid, low nitrogen and sugar content (5) OTHER PLANT BREEDING METHODS SCP (Single cell protein)- e.g-Spirulina ,(algae) Methylophilus methylotrophus (bacterium) Bio fortification-Breeding crops with higher levels of proteins, vitamins and minerals eg.

Maize twice the amount of lysine and tryptophan,.

.
.

Atlas 66 wheat with high protein content Iron fortified rice,Vit- A enriched carrots ,spinach, pumpkin ,Vit-C enriched bitter gourd ,tomato, iron & calcium rich spinach, protein enriched beans , peas.

Tissue culture- /Micropropagation .

Regeneration of whole plant from explant in culture medium(sucrose as carbon source, inorganic salts, vitamins, amino acids, auxin, cytokinin Somatic hybridization- Fusion of protoplast Of somatic cells of two different species.eg.
Pomato is obtained by somatic hybridisation of potato and tomato BIOLOGY S No.

1 2 3 4.

5 6.

7.

8.

9.

10 11.

12.

13.

14.


Variety Pusa swarnim (Karan rai) Brassica Pusa shubhra Pusa snowball K 1(cauliflower) Pusa Komal(cowpea) Pusa sadabahar(chilli) Pusa Gaurav(rapeseed mustard) Pusa Sem 2 Pusa Sem 3(flat bean) Pusa Sawani Pusa A-4(ladys finger) Himgiri(wheat) Atlas 66-(wheat) Maize BIOFORTIFIED Carrot, spinach, pumpkin Bitter gourd, mustard , tomato, bathua Spinach, bathua Broad, lablab, French beans & garden peas Resistance to Disease/pest White rust.
Black rot and curl blight black rot Bacterial blight CMV,TMV,leaf curl Aphids Fruit borer, jassids, aphids Shoot & fruit borer.

Leaf & stripe rust, hillbunt High protein content Twice the amount of lysine , tryptophan Vitamin A enriched Vitamin C enriched Iron & calcium enriched Protein enriched BIOLOGY CHAPTER: 9 -STRATEGIES FOR ENHANCEMENT IN FOOD PRODUCTION (CONCEPT MAP) ENHANCEMENT OF FOOD PRODUCTION 1.

Animal Breeding METHODS: 1.

Collection of germplasm 2.

Evaluation of parent 3.


Cross hybridization 4.

Selection & testing of recombinant 5.

Testing, release & commercialisation of new cultivar METHODS 2.

Plant Breeding 3.

Single Cell Protein (SCP) 4.

Tissue Culture Spirulina Methylophilus methylotrophus Micro propagation Objectives- 1.

Increasing the yield 2.


Improving the quality of the produce Inbreeding causes- Inbreeding depression Objectives- 1. for disease resistance (Mutation Breeding) 2. for resistance to insect pests 3. for biofortificaton Out breeding THREE TYPES 1.

Out crossing 2.

Cross breeding 3.
Inter specific hybridization Somaclona l culture Meristem culture Somatic hybridication BIOLOGY CHAPTER: 9 - STRATEGIES FOR ENHANCEMENT IN FOOD PRODUCTION (CROSS WORD) Across Down 2. method of producing thousands of plants through tissue culture 5. breeding between animals of same breed 6. technique to improve herd size 7. a microbe rich in SCP 8. alternative sources of proteins for human nutrition 9. plants which have genetically identical to parent 1. breeding crops with high level nutrients 3. breeding of unrelated animals 4. the capacity to generate a whole plant from any cell BIOLOGY CHAPTER:9 STRATEGIES FOR ENHANCEMENT IN FOODPRODUCTION (QUESTION BANK) Name two fungal diseases of Crop plants.
1.

Why is inbreeding necessary in animal husbandry?

2.

3.

Which product of Apiculture is used in cosmetics and polishes?

4.

5.

Write two qualities of Saccharum officinarum (Sugarcane) grown in South India.

6.

Semi-dwar f varieties of a crop plant were derived from IR-8.

Name that crop.

A new breed of sheep was developed in Punjab by crossing two different breeds of Sheep.

Name the two breeds which were crossed and the new breed developed.
Study the table given below and fill in the blanks marked A, B, C and D 7.

CROP Wheat VARIETY Himgiri Brassica (B) Resistant to diseases (A) White rust (C ) Chilli Pusa Komal Bacterial blight (D) Chilly mosaic Virus, Tobacco mosaic Virus and leaf curl 8.

Why are proteins synthesized from Spirulina called Single celled Proteins?

What is the significance of such a protein?

Differentiate between inbreeding and out breeding in animals.

Explain the process of Somatic hybridisation.

9.

10.

11.
9.

10.

11.

What is micropropagation?

Why are plants produce by this technique called somaclones?

Name any two food plants which are produced on commercial scale using this method.

12.

What is mutation?

Explain the significance of mutation in plant breeding.

Give an example of a disease resistant variety of cultivated plant induced by mutation.

13.

How can we improve the success rate of fertilisation during artificial insemination in 14. animal husbandry programmes?
Biofortification is the most practical means to improve public health.

Justify the statement with examples.

15.

What is meant by germplasm Collection?

Describe its significance in plant breeding programmes.

16.

To which product, following products are related(a)Blue revolution(b)white revolution(c) Green revolution 17.

Does apiculture offer multiple advantages to farmers?

List its advantages, if it is located near a place of commercial flower cultivation.
Name the most common species of bee which is reared in India.

18.

What is somatic hybridisation?

Describe the various steps in producing somatic hybrids from protoplasts.

Mention any two uses of somatic hybridisation.


BIOLOGY CHAPTER:9 STRATEGIES FOR ENHANCEMENT IN FOODPRODUCTION (ANSWER KEY) Q.No Value points Inbreeding increases homozygosity Brown rust of wheat, Smut of wheat, red rot of Sugar cane, Late blight of potato Beewax Paddy crop (rice) Thicker stem and higher sugar content By crossing Bikaneri ewes and Marino rams, the new breed Hisardale was developed A.

Leaf and Stripe rust,hillbunt.

C.Cowpea B. Pusa swarnim (Karanrai).


D. PusaSadabahar The protein rich food produced by microbes is called as single celled protein (SCP) Spirulina is a microorganism which has more protein.

It is a quick method of protein production because the growth rate of microbes is enormous.
Hence, it provides a protein rich diet for human beings When breeding is between animals of the same breed, it is called inbreeding, while cross between different breeds is called out breeding (i) Isolation of protoplast of Tomato cell and Potato cell.

(ii) Somatic hybridisation.

(iii) Pomato (iv) Somatic hybrid *The method of producing many plants through tissue culture is called micropropagation.
*The plants produced through micro propagation will be genetically identical to the original plant from which they were grown, hence are called soma clones.

*Tomato, banana, apple are produced on commercial scale using this method Mutation : Sudden inheritable change in the characters of an organism due to change in the sequence of bases in the gene(s).

Mutation results in a new character or trait, not found in the parental type.

It can also be induced by using mutagens like gamma radiations.
Such plant materials are used as such or used for breeding new The Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer (MOET) technology can improve the success rate of fertilisation.

In the procedure, a cow is given hormonal treatment (FSH), so that more than one ova/eggs (6-8) are produced per cycle.

After mating or artificial insemination the embryos at 8-32 celled stage, are transferred to different surrogate mother cows.

This technology has been successfully used for cattle sheep, rabbit, mares and buffaloes.
Marks 1 1 1 1 1 1+1=2 4x1/2=2 1+1=2 1+1=2 4x1/2=2 3x1=2 3 1+2=3 14 15 16 17 BIOLOGY Biofortification is the plant breeding programme designed to increase Vitamins, minerals, higher proteins and healthier fat content in crops.

This programme improves the quality of food products.

It is required to prevent hidden hunger.

Some of the examples of fortified crops are: (i) New hybrid of maize : has twice the amount of amino acid lysine and tryptophan.

(ii) Wheat : Atlas 66, having a high protein content.
(iii) Rice : 5 times iron than the normal amount.

IARI Delhi has released several crops which are rich in vitamins and minerals.

Consumption of such biofortified food will improve the public health.

The entire collection having all the diverse alleles for all genes of crop plant is called germ plasm collection.

In plant breeding programmes, the germplasm provides the entire set of genes and alleles, and the characteristics which they express.
The plant breeders select the most favourable characters of a particular gene and manipulate it and transfer it to a desirable parent.

(a) Fish production (b) Milk production (c) Crop production Apiculture or Bee-Keeping is the maintenance of hives of honeybees for the production of honey.

Apiculture is beneficial for farmers in many ways.

Honey bee also produces bee wax which is used in industries, such as in preparation of cosmetics and polishes of various kinds.
If Bee keeping is practiced in any area the commercial flowers are cultivated, it will be beneficial in the following ways.

(i) Bees are pollinators of many crop species including flowering crops such as sunflower.

(ii) It improves the honey yield, because honeybees collect the nectar from flowers for making honey.
Apis indica is the most common species which is reared in India 1+1+1=3 1+2=3 1+1+1=3 1+2+1+1=5 18 Somatic Hybridisation : The process of fusing protoplasts of Somatic cells of different varieties or species of plants to produce a hybrid.

1+2+2=5 Steps : (i) Removal of cell wall of fusing cells by digestion with a combination of pectinase and cellulase to form protoplasts.

(ii) Fusion between protoplasts of selected parents is induced by the use of polyethylene glycol(PEG).
(iii) The resulted product is cultured on a suitable medium to regenerate cell walls.

(iv) The cells obtained begin to divide to produce plantlets called somatic hybrids.

BIOLOGY Uses/Applications : (i) Somaclonal variations can be created (ii) Lines or varieties/species of plants which can not be sexually hybridised, they can be hybridised.

BIOLOGY CHAPTER: 10 MICROBES IN HUMAN WELFARE (KEY POINTS) S.No.
Term Explanation BOD GAP YAP KVIC LAB Biochemical Oxygen Demand Ganga Action Plan Yamuna Action Plan Khadi and Village Industries Commission Lactic Acid Bacteria Baculovirus Pathogens that attack insects and other arthropods Effluent The product of primary treatment of sewage.

Fermentors Flocs A very large vessel where microbes are grown on an industrial scale.

mass of mesh like structure formed by Bacteria and fungi.

Prions.

The proteinaceous infectious agent.


Methanogens - Bacteria producing methane.

STPs IARI IPM Sewage Treatment Plants Indian Agricultural Research Institute Integrated Pest Management BIOLOGY CHAPTER: 10 MICROBES IN HUMAN WELFARE (FLOW CHART) 1) Microbes in household LAB (Lacto bacillus) grows in milk and converts it into curd.
-It produces lactic acid, BAKER'S YEAST- Saccharomyc es cerevisiae -It causes fermentation &produces carbon dioxide TODDY- Traditional drink prepared by fermenting palm sap 2) FERMENTED BEVERAGES Yeast ferments malted cereal and fruit juice to produce ethanol CHEESE-Swiss cheese (large amounts of CO2 are produced by Propionibacteriu m sharmanii) Roquefort cheese— by fungi With distillation—whisky, brandy, rum Without distillation—wine, beer 3) CHEMICALS ACID Lipases Streptokinase Cyclosporin-A Statins Aspergillus niger-- citric acid Acetobacter aceti... acetic acid Clostridium butylicum-butyric acid Lactobacillus– lactic acid Used in detergent formulation to remove oil stain of laundry.
- produced by Streptococcus.

-used as a clot buster for removing clots from blood vessels.

- used as an immunosuppr essive agent in organ transplant.

-produced by Trichoderma polysporum.

--produced by Monascus purpureas --It lowers blood cholesterol BIOLOGY 4) ANTIBIOTICS (Penicillin -It is produced by Penicillium notatum) 5) Microbes to control pests and diseases Bacillus thuringiensis - produces protein, Which kills the caterpillars Trichoderma - fungi kills root borne pathogens Baculovirus–(genus.
Nucleopolyhedrovirus-) attacks specific insects and other arthropods.

Biological control-(lady bird beetle to get rid of aphids & dragon flies to eradicate mosquitoes.

6) Microbes -- production of Bio-Gas methanogens (e.g.)

Methanobacterium.

Act on cellular material to produce methane, seen in anaerobic sludge digesters, rumen of cattle, flooded rice field & in cattle dung.
7) Microbes as bio fertilizers Bacteria Symbiotic Bacteria(Rhizobium) Free living Bacteria azospirillum, azatobacter, fix atmospheric nitrogen and enrich soil nutrients.)

Cyanobacteria Anabaena, Nostoc, Oscillatoria enri ches organic matter of soil through photosynthesis Fungi (e.g.)

Glomus Fungi associates with roots of higher plants It absorbs phosphorous and give it to plant.

It gives resistance to root borne pathogen.

8) Microbes used in sewage treatment Primary Treatment Secondary Treatment 1.
Filtration 2.

Sedimentation 1.

Aerobic Digestion 2.

Anaerobic digestion CHAPTER: 10 MICROBES IN HUMAN WELFARE (FLOW CHART) 1) Microbes in household LAB (Lacto bacillus) grows in milk and converts it into curd.
-It produces lactic acid, BAKER'S YEAST- Saccharomyc es cerevisiae -It causes fermentation &produces carbon dioxide TODDY- Traditional drink prepared by fermenting palm sap 2) FERMENTED BEVERAGES Yeast ferments malted cereal and fruit juice to produce ethanol CHEESE-Swiss cheese (large amounts of CO2 are produced by Propionibacteriu m sharmanii) Roquefort cheese— by fungi With distillation—whisky, brandy, rum Without distillation—wine, beer 3) CHEMICALS ACID Lipases Streptokinase Cyclosporin-A Statins Aspergillus niger-- citric acid Acetobacter aceti... acetic acid Clostridium butylicum-butyric acid Lactobacillus– lactic acid Used in detergent formulation to remove oil stain - produced by Streptococcus.
-used as a clot buster for removing clots from bloodvessels.

- used as an immunosuppr essive agent in organ transplant.

-produced by Trichoderma polysporum.

--produced by Monascus purpureas --It lowers blood cholesterol BIOLOGY 4) ANTIBIOTICS (Penicillin -It is produced by Penicillium notatum) 5) Microbes to control pests and diseases Bacillus thuringiensis - produces protein.

Which kills the caterpillars Trichoderma fungi kills root borne pathogens Baculovirus–(genus.
Nucleopolyhedrovirus-) attacks specific insects and other arthropods.

Biological control-(lady bird beetle to get rid of aphids & dragon flies to eradicate mosquitoes.

6) Microbes -- production of Bio-Gas methanogens (e.g.)

Methanobacterium.

Act on cellular material to produce methane, seen in anaerobic sludge digesters, rumen of cattle, flooded rice field & in cattle dung.
7) Microbes as bio fertilizers Bacteria Symbiotic Bacteria(Rhizobium) Free living Bacteria Azospirillum, Azotobacter, fix atmospheric nitrogen and enrich soil nutrients.)

Cyanobacteria Anabaena, Nostoc, Oscillatoria enri ches organic matter of soil through photosynthesis Fungi (e.g.)

Glomus Fungi associates with roots of higher plants It absorbs phosphorous and give it to plant It gives resistance to root borne pathogen.

8) Microbes used in sewage treatment Primary Treatment Secondary Treatment 1.
Filtration 2.

Sedimentation 1.

Aerobic Digestion 2.

Anaerobic digestion BIOLOGY CHAPTER: 10 MICROBES IN HUMAN WELFARE (CONCEPT MAP) Fermented beveragas with Saccharomyes cerevisiae Medicines Antibiotics like Penicillin treats leprosy, Diptheria Whooping cough and plague Chemicals like citric acid, acetic and lactic acid Enzymes like lipases (removes oily stains), Pectinases (clarifies juice), streptokinase (clot buster) Bioactive Molecules e.g.
Cyclosporin A (Immunosuppressant & statin (blood cholesterol lowering agent) LAB Latic acid bacteria converts milk to curd, vit B12 Increases nutritional quality and checks diseases Baking cakes, pastries etc Saccharomyces cerevisiae HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTS INDUSTRIES Propionibacterium sharmanii Used in making cheese i.e, swiss and Roquefort MICROBES IN HUMAN WELFARE BIOGAS Methanogens (Methanobacterium) grow anaerobically on cellulosic material and produce Co2 and H2 along with methane in Biogas BIOCONTROL AGENTS Examples: Microbial: Bacilus thuringiensis Trichoderma Nucleopolyhedroviruses (Baculoviruses) Arthropods: Ladybird Beetle Dragonfly SEWAGE TREATMENT SEWAGE Primary Treatment BIOFERTILIZER Examples: Nostoc Anabaena Azospirillum mycorrhiza Secondary treatment or biological treatment Used in Reduce Soil Pollution Organic Farming BIOLOGY CHAPTER: 10 MICROBES IN HUMAN WELFARE (CROSS WORD) Across Down 4. produced by trichoderma polysporum 6.
Clot buster 7. mass of bacteria and fungal filaments 9. free living biofertilisers 1. first biological pesticide 2. proteinaceous infecting agent 3. to clarify bottled fruit juices 5. biofertiliser 8. impurity of waste water BIOLOGY CHAPTER: 10 MICROBES IN HUMAN WELFARE (QUESTION BANK) 1.

How does a small amount of curd added to fresh milk convert it into curd?

Mention a nutritional quality that gets added to the curd.

2.
2.

Why is secondary treatment of water in sewage treatment plant called biological treatment?

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

An antibiotic called Wonder Drug was used to treat the wounded soldiers of America during World War-II.

Name the drug and the scientist who discovered it.

You have observed that fruit juice in bottles bought from the market is clearer as compared to those made at home.

Give reason.

Alexander Fleming discovered.


Penicillin, but its full potential as an effective antibiotic was established by other scientists.

Name the two scientists.

Name the plant whose sap is used in making Toddy.

Mention the process involved in it.

Name two alcoholic drinks produced in each of the following ways.

(i) by distillation and(ii) without distillation.

Lactic Acid Bacteria(LAB)is commonly used in the conversion of milk into curd.
Mention any two other functions of LAB that are useful to humans.

How do mycorrhizae function as biofertilisers?

Explain with example.

Cyanobacteria(Nostoc,Anabaena)are used as biofertilisers in certain crop fields.

Name such one crop.

Also, mention the names of two other microorganisms which perform the same function.

11.

Which Ministry of Govt.

of India had initiated Ganga Action Plan and Yamuna Action Plan?

What are the objectives of these plans?

12.


Fill in the blanks spaces a, b, c, d, e, and f given in the following table S. No.

Name of Organism Commercial Product Application Penicillium notatum (b) Penicillin Lactic acid Streptococcus Clot buster enzyme Trichoderma polysporum Saccharomyces cerevisiae (f) (d) Ethanol (a) Making Curd (c) Immuno suppressive agent (e) Swiss cheese Food Product 13.

What is biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) test?


At what stage of Sewage treatment this test is performed?

BOD level of three samples of water labelled as A, B and C are 30 mg/ L, 10mg/Land 500 mg/L respectively.

Which sample of water is most polluted?

BIOLOGY 14.

What are biofertilisers?

A farmer is advised to add a culture of bacterium in the soil before sowing the crop.

Name the bacterium in the culture.

How is this bacterium useful to the crop?

15.

What are statins?


Name the microorganism that produces this substance.

How is it medically important?

16.

How does primary sludge differ from activated sludge?

What type of changes in the sludge is carried out in anaerobic sludge digester?

Give the composition of biogas produced in the wage treatment plant.
BIOLOGY CHAPTER: 10 MICROBES IN HUMAN WELFARE (ANSWER KEY) Q.No Value points Marks A large number of lactic acid bacteria are found in small amount of curd which multiply and convert the milk into curd by producing the lactic acid, The nutritional quality improves by increasing Vitamin B12 In this treatment Organic wastes of sewage water are decomposed by certain microorganisms in presence of water Penicillin, Alexander Fleming Bottle juices are clarified by the use of pectinase and proteases Ernest chain and Howard Florey Palm tree, by fermentation (i) Whisky, brandy, rum_ by distillation (ii) Wine, beer _ without distillation (i) LAB in human intestine synthesizes VitaminB12.
(ii) LAB in human stomach checks the growth of harmful microbes Mycorrhiza are fungi associated with the roots of plants.

Many members of genus Glomus form mycorrhiza.

These fungal symbiont absorbs water and minerals like phosphorus from the soil and provide them to the plant.

Paddy (Rice Crop), Rhizobium and Azotobacter The Ministry of Environment and Forests.

The objective of Ganga Action Plan and Yamuna Action Plan is to save these rivers from pollution.
It was proposed to build a large number of sewage treatment plants.

So that only treated sewage may be discharged into these rivers a) to kill disease causing bacteria (b) Lactobacillus (c) remove clots from blood vessels (d) Cyclosporin A (e) Beverage (f) Propionibacterium sharmanii 1 1 1 1 1 1 1+1=2 1+1=2 4x1/2=4 1+1=2 1+1+1=3 6x1/2=3 The BOD test measures the rate of uptake of oxygen by microorganisms in a sample of water.
Biological treatment or Secondary treatment Sample € is most polluted because it has highest BOD level among the three samples of water.

1+1+1=3 BIOLOGY 14 15 16 Biofertilisers are organisms that enrich the nutrient quality of the soil.

Azotobacter/Azospirillum (free living) This bacterium fixes atmospheric nitrogen into organic forms, which is used by the plants as nutrient.

Statins are cholesterol reducing agents.


They are produced by Monascus purpureus (Yeast) They act by Competitively inhibiting the enzymes responsible for synthesis of cholesterol and are used as blood cholesterol lowering agents.

Primary sludge is all solids like soil, small pebbles that settle down in settling tank during primary treatment of sewage.

Activated sludge is the sediment of bacterial ,flocs, in settling tank during biological treatment.
Flocs are masses of bacteria held together by slime and fungal filaments.

A part of activated sluge is used as inoculum in aeration tank and remaining is passed into a large tank called anaerobic sluge digester.

In this tank, other kind of bacteria which grow an aerobically, digest the bacteria, fungi and biomass in the sludge.
Biogas that produced in Sewage treatment plant is a mixture of methane, hydrogen and Carbon dioxide 1+1+1=3 1/2+1/2+ 1+1+=3 2+1+2=5 BIOLOGY CHAPTER:11 BIO TECHNOLOGY PRINCIPLES & PROCESSES (KEY POINT) S.No Term Explanation rDNA Recombinant DNA Gene cloning Gene transfer DNA technology used to produce multiple, exact copies of a single gene to obtain enough material for further study Incorporation of new DNA into an organism's cells, usually by a vector.
Genetic Engineering Altering the genetic material of cells or organisms to enable them to make new Substances or perform new functions ori The specific sequence of bases in a DNA which initiates replication.

Restriction enzymes They are molecular scissors capable of cutting DNA at specific site.

These are enzymes present in bacteria which prevent the multiplication of bacteriophages in their cells.
Plasmid Autonomously replicating extra chromosomal circular DNA molecules, distinct from the normal bacterial genome and non essential for cell survival under non selective conditions.

Some plasmids are capable of integrating into the host genome.

A n umber of artificially constructed plasmids are used as cloning vectors.

Cloning Vectors Vectors that introduce foreign DNA into host cells, where the DNA can be reproduced in large quantities.
Examples are plasmids, cosmids, and yeast artificial chromosomes, and bacterial artificial chromosomes.

Endonuclease Protein that recognizes specific, short nucleotide sequences and cuts DNA at those sites within the molecule.

Nucleases Enzymes that are specific to digest nucleic acids.

Exo nucleases An enzyme that cleaves nucleotides sequentially from free ends of a linear Nucleic acid substrate.
12 Palindromic sequences The sequence of base pairs that reads the same on both the strands when read in the same orientation (ie 5' to 3' in both the strands) 13 Gel Electrophoresis A method of separating large molecules (such as DNA fragments or BIOLOGY proteins)from a mixture of similar molecules.

An electric current is passed through a medium containing the mixture, and each kind of molecule travels through the medium at different rate, depending on its electrical chargeand size.
Agarose and acrylamide gels are the media commonly used for electrophoresis of proteins and nucleic acids.

14 Elution The extraction of separated fragments of DNA from the electrophoresis gel 15 Autoradiography A technique that uses X-Ray film to visualize radioactively labeled molecules or fragments of molecules, used in analyzing length and number of DNA fragments after they are separated by gel electrophoresis.
16 17 Transformation In this procedure bacterial cells take up DNA from the surrounding environment and get transformed.
Selectable markers A gene or other identifiable portion of DNA whose inheritance can be followed and used in the process of selection of transformed cells from non transformed ones 18 Insertional Inactivation The process by which a gene encoding a protein is inactivated by the insertion of a foreign DNA within the coding sequence of the protein 19 Ti Plasmid Tumour inducing Plasmid in Agrobacterum sp.

causing tumour in plant cells.


20 21 Tumour Uncontrolled growth of cells in the body of plants or animals.

Microinjection The process of introducing rDNA into animal cells using a micropipette 22 Biolistics/gene gun A direct gene transfer method for delivering foreign genes into any tissues and cells or even seedlings.

* The foreign DNA is coated or precipitated onto the surface of minute gold or tungsten particles * It is bombarded or shot on to the target tissue or cells using the gene gun.
23 Embryonic stem(ES)cells An embryonic cell having totipotency that can replicate indefinitely, transform into other types of cells ,and serve as a continuous source of new cells.These cells are derived from inner cell mass of the blastocyst or the 4-8 cell stage of embryo 24 25 26 27 28 29 Lysozyme Cellulase Chitinase The enzyme that digests the cell wall of bacteria The enzyme that digests cellulose of plant cell walls BIOLOGY The enzyme that can digest cell walls of fungi which contains chitin.
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Polymerase Chain Reaction where DNA can be amplified in a short time to produce multiple copies of DNA (can be made in vitro ) Recombinant protein Protein encoding gene expressed in a heterologous host Bioreactors Are vessels in which raw materials are Biologically converted into specific products using microbial,plant or animal cells 30 Downstream Processing The process of formulation,separation and purification of rDNA products made in Bioreactors.
31 Spooling The method of separating DNA precipitates in chilled ethanol ,after its isolation from the other cell contents 32 Disarmed pathogens Some bacteria or viruses,which are used to transfer recombinant DNA carrying the gene of interest to thehost cells.

33 Retrovirus RNA virus containing reverse transcriptase and can be used to transfer the gene of interest into the host chromosome.

34 35 Ligases Vector Enzymes that can join fragments of DNA.
A molecule,capable of replication in a host organism,into which a gene is inserted to construct a recombinant DNA molecule.

36 Competent Host Cell A cell which has been chemically treated to take up rDNA from its surroundings through pores in its cell wall.

37 Amplification An increase in the number of copies of a specific DNA fragment; can be in vivo or in vitro.
38 Sticky ends Single stranded overhanging ends of DNA formed by the restriction enzymes cutting the strands of DNA at specific palindromic sequences.

39 40 41 Denaturation Double stranded DNA is separated by applying high temperature of 95oC.

Annealing Extension Primers bind to the 3'ends of the separated DNA strands DNA polymerase extends the primers by adding complementary nucleotides .Taq polymerase is used here.
42 Taq Polymerase DNA polymerase obtained from bacteria Thermus aquaticus BIOLOGY CHAPTER : 11 BIO TECHNOLOGY PRINCIPLES & PROCESSES (FLOW CHART) 1 CORE TECHNIQUES Genetic Engineering Sterile conditions for culture of the host and collection of products 2 RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY Formation of Recombinant DNA .
(gene of interest + vector ) Gene Cloning in the vector (in vivo) Gene transfer to host cell for culturing and obtaining the product of the gene 3 STEPS IN CREATION OF rDNA Isolation of DNA from the organism by using enymes like lysozyme, chitinase, protease, RNAse and precipitating in chilled ethanol Cutting of DNA at recognition sites by Restriction enzymes .The same enzyme cuts the cloning vector at a similar recognition site producing sticky ends The cut fragment is separated using Gel Electrophoresis and amplified using PCR The gene (DNA fragment)is joined with the cloning vector DNA using Ligase The recombinant DNA thus formed is transferred into host cell using methods like Biolistics, microinjection, or pathogens like bacteria and retroviruses whose pathogenic properties have been removed The host cell containing the rDNA is cultured in Bioreactors to produce the Product The product is separated,purified,(downstream processing) formulated with preservatives followed by quality control testing.
4 ISOLATION OF GENE (DNA) OF INTEREST USING ENZYMES BIOLOGY Lysozyme to break bacterial cell wall Chitinase to break fungal cell wall Cellulase to break plant cell wall Protease to digest proteins RNAse to digest RNA, DNA is left 5 Characteristics of Restriction Enzymes: They are Endonucleases Have specific recognition sites which are palindromic Are named after the genus, species and order of isolation from their hostcell 6 Gel Electrophoresis: Negatively charged DNA are forced to move through a gel ,towards an anode, in an electric field.
The smaller fragments sieve through the gel faster and move faster to the anode The larger ones remain near the wells at the cathode end as they sieve slowly The separated fragments are stained with ethidium bromide and visualized under UV light The DNA fragments are cut out from the gel –a process known as Elution 7 PCR: POLYMERASECHAIN Denaturation of DNA (separation of DNA into single strands)by applying high temperature upto 95o C Annealing: Two sets of Primers (short stretches of RNA) attach to the single stranded DNA at complementary sites.
Taq Polymerase Extension: The primers extend by addition of nucleotides in the presence of thermos table DNA polymerase complementary to the DNA strand .The Primers are removed.
Repeat: This cycle gets repeated 30 times and the DNA fragment gets amplified about I billion times BIOLOGY 8 Methods of gene transfer Vectorless method Vector method Direct method –Direct uptake of DNA after treatment with Ca ions incubation in ice and heat shocktreatment -bacteria 10 Biolistics – Plant cells Microinjection – Animal cell Bacteriophages,plasmid for Bacteria,,Disarmed pathogen- Agrobacterium for plants , retrovirus for animals CHARACTERISTICS OF CLONING VECTORS: RECOGNITION SITES:for action of different restriction enzymes where the gene of interest can be inserted ORI - The sequence on DNA where replication starts .it should be capable of supporting several replications to make many copies MARKER GENES – the presence of these genes in the host will help in selecting the host cell which has the gene from the cells which do not carry the genes .
The r DNA carrying cells called tranformants can be selected and separated from the non transformants.

11 BIOREACTORS: PRODUCE RECOMBINANT PROTEIN USING RAW MATERIALS AND LIVING CELLS/ENZYMES SPARGED STIR TANK SIMPLE STIRRED TANK STERILE AIR BUBBLES SPARGED HAS CURVED BASEF ETTER MIXING STIRRER OXYGEN DELIVERY SYSTEM FOAM CONTROL TEMPERATURE CONTROL PH CONTROL SAMPLING PORTS DOWNSTREAM PROCESSING +QUALITY CONTROL TESTING before the product is made commercially available.
BIOLOGY CHAPTER : 11 BIO TECHNOLOGY PRINCIPLES & PROCESSES (CONCEPT MAP) Genetic engineering Maintain sterile conditions rDNA Gene cloning Gene transfer RESTRICTION ENZYMES, POLMERASE, VECTOR, LIGASE, HOST CELL LYSOZYME CELLULASE CHITINASE PROTEASES, ISOLATION OF DNA FRAGMENTATION USING RE AMPLIFICATION OF FRAGMENT FORMATION OF rDNA RECOGNITION PCR LIGASE Disarmed Pathogens Gene gun Microinjection TRANSFER OF HOST DNA TO HOST CELL Ca2+ treatment CULTURE TRANSFORMED HOST CELLS BIOREACTORS DOWNSTREAM PROCESSING P R I N C I P L E T O O L S P R O C E S S E S BIOLOGY CHAPTER : 11 BIO TECHNOLOGY PRINCIPLES & PROCESSES (CROSS WORD) ACROSS 1 Viruses infecting Bactria 6 Sequence of genes present in the Bacteria to defend against bacteriophage.
There may be more than one restriction sites added to vector depending on the need.

7 The process in which Two sets of Primers are added which bind tothe 3’end of each separated strand, Primers act as initiators of replication.

Separated band of DNA(gel electrophoresis)are cut out from agarose gel & extracted from the gel piece.

9 13 It codes for the protein; involved in the replication of the plasmid.
16 Sequences of vector recognised by restriction enzymes 23 Restriction endonuclease 24 Every endonuclease after recognising the palindromic sequence in the DNA, binds to it, cuts the opposite strands of DNA in the sugar-Phosphate backbone, a little away from the centre of the palindrome sites but between the same bases on both stretches at the end of each strand called single stranded overhanging stretches at the end of each strand called 25 Resriction enzymes cut DNA at specific portion within the DNA.
DOWN 2 Small chemically synthesised oligonucleotides of about 10-18 nucleotides that are complimentary to a region of template DNA.

3 DNA formed by combining DNAs from 2 different organisms 4 Cells are bombarded with high velocity micro particles of gold or tungsten coated with DNA 5 DNA molecules that can carry a foreign DNA A segment & replicate inside the host cell.

8 Restriction enzyme cuts the DNA from the ends.


10 inactivation Due to the addition of alien DNA the coding sequence of an enzyme like a-galactosidaseloose its property of converting X- gal/substrate -metabolising to produse blue colour.

Its due to inactivation.

11 Restriction endonuclease the Enzyme galactosidase.

12 Viruses infecting Bactria.


14 Helps to select the host cell which contain the rDNA or plasmid with specific gene 15 Bacteria which has taken the vector with alien DNA 17 Recombinant DNA is directly injected into the nucleus through microinjection.
18 Are vessels of large volumes (100-10001itres) in which raw materials are biologically converted into specific products 19 The double stranded DNA is split by applying high temperature 20 Small chemically synthesised oligonucleotides of about 10-18 nucleotides that are complimentary to a region of template DNA.

21 Hybrid vectors derived from plasmids which contain cossite of 22 phage.

in replicating a chromosome there is a specific DNA sequence called.

, which is responsible for initiating replication.


BIOLOGY CHAPTER : 11 BIO TECHNOLOGY PRINCIPLES & PROCESSES (QUESTION BANK) 1.

What are the two core techniques that enabled the birth of Biotechnology?

2.

3.

4.

How does genetic engineering help in overcoming the limitations of traditional hybridization procedures used in plants & animals?

How does the stickiness of cut ends of DNA help?

How can an alien piece of DNA made to multiply in a host cell?

5.
5.

What are the 'molecular scissors' in rDNA technology.

What are they used for in rDNA technology?

6.

List the major techniques in Genetic Engineering?

Who was the first to construct an rDNA?

7.

What are the three basic steps in genetically modifying an organism?

8.

What are recognition sequences often do nucleases?

Name the five key tools in rDNA technology.

9.

What are nucleases.

What are the two types?

10.

Show diagrammatically how end nucleases work?

(3) 11.
(3) 11.

How can the fragments of DNA be separated?

Explain 12.

Explain the features required for a cloning vector(3) 13.

How can the cloning vector pBR322 be used in separating the transform ants and recombinants?

.Explain(3) 14.

How is Agra bacterium tumifaciens used in rDNA technology.

Explain ii)What and how are other pathogens are used for the purpose ?State two other methods by which host organism can be transformed?
15 Sequentially state the process you would adopt for getting a recombinant protein?
(5) CHAPTER : 11 BIO TECHNOLOGY PRINCIPLES & PROCESSES (ANSWER KEY) .Q.No HINTS Genetic Engineering & Maintenance of sterile ambience It allows use to isolate & introduce only the desirable gene/genes without Introducing the undesirable genes Makes the joining easy ; Complimentary Linked to ori of the host genome Restriction enzymes, DNA at specific sites Creation of rDNA, gene cloning ,gene transfer, Stanley Cohen & Boyer Identification of desirable DNA, introduction into host, maintenance and then transfer to its progeny Marks ½+½ 1 1 1 ½+½ ½+½+½+½ ½+½+½+½ The sequence at which DNA is cut by a Restriction Endonuclease polymerases, ligase, vector, host ½+½+½+½ Enzymes that act on nuleic acids, Endonucleases ,Exnucleases Fig 11.1 Gel electrophoresis-Explain Agarose gel ori, cloning sites, selectable markers Tetracycline site can be cut ,to insert the desired insert ,the recombinants will lose resistance to tetracycline the transform ants will have resistance to both tetracycline and ampicillin Used as vector ,by modifying tumour inducing Ti plasmid, it is not pathogenic, transforms the host plant cell Retrovirus, disarmed Isolation of DNA(enzymes used),cutting the DNA, separation of fragments , PCR, introducing into host cell, obtaining gene product in the Bioreactor, downstream processing 1+½+½ 1+1+1 1+1+1 1+1+1 1+1+1 1+1+1 1+1 1+1+1+1+1 CHAPTER : 12 BIO TECHNOLOGY & ITS APPLICATION (KEY POINTS) S.N Term Explanation Green Revolution The increased production of food production by use of improved varieties of crops, better agricultural practices and use of Agrochemicals GMO Bt Bt Cotton Genetically Modified Organisms-organisms in which the genes are manipulated or foreign gene introduced into it Bacillus thuringienesis, a bacterium producing an insecticidal protein.
Cotton plant with Bt gene thereby made resistant to Bollworm insects Insecticidal protein Protein toxin that kills insect pests cry gene Gene coding for insecticidal toxin RNA interference Process which interferes with the translation of mRNA of the parasite in the host plant/cell ds RNA C peptide Double stranded RNA formed to prevent the translation of the mRNA of the parasite DNA in the host cell The peptide which is part of the Pro-insulin and removed before maturation of Insulin 10 Transgenic animals Animals with manipulated genes or a foreign gene that can be expressed are called as transgenic animals 11 GEAC 12 Biopiracy 13 Gene therapy Genetic Engineering Approval Committee –checks the validity and safety of GM research and GM organisms Unauthorised use of Bioresources of one nation by another company or organization without proper compensation being given The procedure by which a genetic disorder is treated by introduction of a functional gene in the body through cultured cells carrying the functional gene in children or embyo.
14 ADA Adenosine Deaminase –an enzyme required for the functioning of the immune system.

BIOLOGY 15 cDNA DNA which is made complementary to the mRNA 16 α-1-antitrypsin Human protein (made from transgenic animals)used in the treatment of Emphysema 17 ELISA Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay-a test based on detection of antibody produced against the pathogen using specific antigen– antibody reaction used It is used for diagnosis of diseases like AIDS.
18 Agrobactetrium vectors in The bacterium Agra bacterium tumifaciens transferring rDNA to plant cells)has the natural ability to transfer genes to plant cells.

(used 19 Indian Patents Bill A Bill passed by the Indian Parliament which takes issues such as terms for patent ,research and development initiatives etc.

20 Meloidegyne incognitia The nematode that affects roots of tobacco plants and reduce their yield, RNA interference is used against the nematode to protect tobacco plants.
21 22 cryIAb Gene coding for protein that controls corn borer.
cryIAc and cryIIAb Genes coding for protein that controls Bollworm insects BIOLOGY CHAPTER : 12 BIO TECHNOLOGY & ITS APPLICATION (FLOW CHART) AGRICULTURE MEDICINE TRANSGENIC ANIMALS 1 AGRICULTURE :APPLICATIONS CREATE GM CROPS RESISTANT TO PEST (Bt COTTON,BRINJAL ,SOYA ) GM CROPS TO REDUCE POST HARVEST LOSS (FLAVR SAVR TOMATO) GM CROPS TOLERANT TO COLD,SALINITY, WATER SCARCITY GM CROPS CAPABLE OF USING MINERALS EFFICIENTLY GM CROPS ENRICHED WITH NUTRIENTS (BIOFORTIFIED) 2 METHODS TO PRODUCE PEST RESISTANT PLANTS: CROPS WITH Bt GENE INSERTED IN ITS CELLS RNA INTERFERENCE (TOBACCO RESISTANT TO NEMATODE) 3 APPLICATIONS IN MEDICINE: FORMATION OF INSULIN BY r DNA TECHNOLOGY Gene for A peptide introduced into E Coli plasmid to produce A peptide Gene for B peptide introduced into another batch of E. Coli plasmid to produce B peptide The two peptide chains are joined by creating disulphide bonds to form mature Insulin 4 TREATMENT : FOR ADA DEFICIENCY Treatment Gene therapy Enzyme replacement therapy Bone marrow transplantation Bt cotton plants BIOLOGY B.thuringiensis (bacterium) Gene of Bacillus thuringiensis Protein crystals (inactive prototoxin but toxic insecticidal protein Ingestion by insects/boll worms Inactive proteins activated by the alkaline pH of the insect’s gut Activated toxin binds to the surface of midgut epithelial cells Creates pores, causes cell swelling, lysis of cells (cell death) – death of insect.
Plant protected from infection by insects 5 GENE THERAPY: BIOLOGY Lymphocytes cultured outside the body Gene for ADA introduced into lymphocytes using retro virus Lymphocytes with functional gene returned to patients’ body Lymphocytes produce ADA enzyme as long as they last in the body Cure could be permanent, if the gene is introduced into cells in the embryonic stages.

6 TECHNIQUES FOR MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS:.


PCR-for early diagnosis ELISA –based on Antigen-Antibody Reaction Radioactive DNA probes to identify mutated gene in cells 7 USES IN ANIMALS:- (GMO/ TRANSGENIC ANIMALS) To study normal functions of the body.

When an altered gene is introduced the altered effects can be studied.

Animals are made as models of human diseases to study their effects.
To produce Medicines, proteins required for treatment of disease,human milk- protein etc Animals modified to test safety of vaccines like Polio.
Animals with genes sensitive to the chemical, is exposed to the chemical to test the safety of the chemical BIOLOGY CHAPTER : 12 BIO TECHNOLOGY & ITS APPLICATION (CONCEPT MAP) GM CROP MEDICINES & DIAGNOSIS Molecular Diagnosis APPLICATIONS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY Genetically Engineered Insulin GENE Therapy TRANSGENIC ANIMALS Purpose ETHICAL ISSUES Biological Products Biopiracy Study Diseases Vaccine Safety Chemical Safety Study Physiology PEST RESISTANT PLANTS GEAC Bt Cotton RNA Interference ETHICAL ISSUES Bioplracy GEAC BIOLOGY CHAPTER : 12 BIO TECHNOLOGY & ITS APPLICATION (CROSS WORD) 1 Genetically modified plant 2 /animal/bacteria/fungi/, whose genes have been altered by manipulation.
Collection of methods that allows correction of gene defects diagnosed in a child or embryo.

Severe Combined Immuno Deficiency Bacillus thuringiensis 6 9 Adenosine deaminase 4 Across: 3 Crystal protein is a toxin coded by a gene cry & is poisonous to some insects- derived from Bacillus thuringiensis 5 Genetically engineered rice variety rich in vitamin A 7 Animals with foreign DNA 8 Transgenic tomato-which has blocked production of polygalacturonase.
10 .Use of bioresources by multinational companies & other organisation without proper autorisation from the countries & concerned people without compensatory payments.

Down: BIOLOGY CHAPTER : 12 BIO TECHNOLOGY & ITS APPLICATION BIOLOGY CHAPTER : 12 BIO TECHNOLOGY & ITS APPLICATION BIOLOGY CHAPTER : 12 BIO TECHNOLOGY & ITS APPLICATION PCR is a powerful diagnostic technique.

Justify.

(QUESTION BANK) Name the diagnostic test for AIDS when the concentration of HIV is (a) low (b)high.
State the principle used in ELISA?

1.

2.

3.

4.

What is GEAC .State its function?

1) (1) (1) (2) 5.

(2) How transgenic animals are made useful in chemical safety testing and studying diseases?

6.

Give a schematic representation of the transformation of a pro- insulin to insulin.

(2) 7.

8.

How is use of rDNA better than using traditional methods of agriculture?

Name four application of biotechnology 9.

Mention two applications of biotechnology in medicine with examples (2) (2) 10.
What problem was faced in production of insulin by rDNA technology and how was it resolved(2) 11.

What merits do the products made using Biotechnology have?

Give an example of one such product used in treatment.

12.

What are the three critical research areas of Biotechnology?

13.

How is Biotechnology used to produce Bt cotton?

Explain 14.

How has the Bt toxin been effective against insects?

15.

How can biotechnology help in increasing the yield of tobacco?

16.
16.

Name a natural genetic engineer and state how it has been used to create pest resistant tobacco.

17.

Insulin produced earlier had problems.

It has been overcome with rDNA technology.

Explain.

Why is Insulin not administered orally?

(3) 18.

Gene therapy is a better alternative to the other measures taken for ADA deficiency.

Why is it a better alternative?

What were the other methods used earlier?

How can it be done?

19.

GMO’s have been useful to mankind.


List about five useful GMO’s created so far.

and how they have been useful 20.

“Most of the industrialised nations are rich financially but poor in biodiversity and traditional knowledge.”Justify this statement with an example.

21.

How would you have used Biotechnology if you had the complete technology in Your hands?

(3) (3) (3) (3) (3).
(3) (5) (3) (5) BIOLOGY CHAPTER : 12 BIO TECHNOLOGY & ITS APPLICATION (ANSWER KEY) Q.No Hints Diagnosis at the time when symptoms are not shown(early stage )of AIDS /Cancer PCR,ELISA Antigen-antibody interaction Genetic Engineering Approval Committee, ensure safety and validity of experiments Made sensitive to chemicals, making them disease models for studying Marks ½+½ 1 1 1+1 1+1 Use of fertilizers ,pesticides minimized, only desirable traits can be selected for breeding, create tailor made plants for industries ½+½+½+½ (I) therapy,(ii) Diagnostics,(iii) Genetically modified crop in agriculture,(iv)Biofortified food,(transgenic animals) ½+½+½+½ Insulin production ,treatment of genetic disorders with gene therapy as in ADA deficiency To assemble mature insulin from Proinsulin, separate production of A and B chains of E Coli peptide and combined 11 No allergic reactions(Could cause allergy if made using other animals), á-1 antitrypsin in treatment of emphysema 1+1 1+1 1+1 BIOLOGY CHAPTER : 12 BIO TECHNOLOGY & ITS APPLICATION Providing the best catalyst in the form of a microbe/enzyme, creating optimal conditions for their action, downstream processing technologies Toxins of Bacillus introduced into cotton using r DNA, BT Toxin gene has been cloned from bacteria , and expressed in cotton.
The larva ingests the leaves of Bt cotton containing the toxin, the toxin is activated in the gut of the insect by enzymes, which solubilize the toxin, the toxin binds to the lining of epithelial cells create pores cause swelling and death of the insect (i) cause for tobacco reduction due to infection by parasitise, nematode Meloidegyne incogntia, in roots.
RNA interference, Agro bacterium as vectors, formation of complementary RNA double strand specific to nematode DNA, silencing of mRNA of nematode, makes tobacco pest resistant Agro bacterium tumifaciens, By RNA interference, and stopping of nematode protein production, agro bacterium as vectors to introduce genes into tobacco plants which results in ,formation of complementary RNA double strand specific to nematode DNA, silencing of mRNA of nematode, makes tobacco pest resistant 1+1+1 1+1+1 1+1+1 1+1+1 1+1+1 BIOLOGY 17 Obtained from animals caused allergic reactions, Insulin produced using 1+1+1 rDNA did not cause allergic reactions as animal proteins were not used here , Insulin being a protein gets digested if taken orally.
18 19 Permanent cure ,Bone marrow transplantation and enzyme replacement therapy, introducing cDNA of a functional ADA using retrovirus into the stem cells/early embryonic stages Crops tolerant to a biotic stress, reduced reliance on chemicals, reduced post harvest loss, enhanced nutritional value, physiologicsl models, huam lactalbumin producing cow(any 5) 20 (i)ethical issues 1+1+1 1+1+1+1+1 1+2 (iii) e.g basmati an Indian variety, patent obtained by a US company (iv) awareness of Biopiracy and need for Biopatent of the additional resources and wisdom 21 Any five applications of the students choice-values of societal needs problem awareness, selflessness reflected in the answers 1+1+1+1+1 BIOLOGY UNIT - 10 ECOLOCY CHAPTER : 13 ORGANISMS AND POPULATIONS (KEY POINTS) S.N Term Explanation Benthic Zone Angler Carrying capacity Ecological niche Aerenchyma.
Max.

no.
of an organism of a population that can be sustained by a given habitat or ecosystem Ranges of tolerance, resources utilizes & its functional role in an ecosystem In aquatic plants gives buoyancy to the aquatic plants due to presence of air chambers Eurythermal Tolerate & thrive in a wide range of temperatures Stenothermal Organisms restricted to a narrow range of temperatures Habitat Sexual deceit Phytophagus 10 Allen's rule 11 Psendocopulates Place where organism lives, reproduces Ophrys get its flower pollinated Animal feeding on plant sap & other parts of plants Mammals in colder climate have shorter ears & shorter limbs to minimise heat loss.
Male bee is attracted to what it perceives as female pseudo copulates" with the flower..e.g.

Mediterraneam orchid-ophrys-sexual deceit — pollinated-bees, buntlebees.-co-evolution-operates.
; (petal similar to female bee) 12 Brood parasitism Cuckoo/koel lays its eggs( resembles the egg of host)in the nest of crow & lets the host incubate them 13 Competitive release A species whose distribution is restricted to a small geographical area because of the presence of a competitively superior species, is found to expand its distributional range when the competing sps.

Is removed.
Is removed.

(Connell's elegant field experiments —rocky sea coasts of Scotland-larger competitively superior barnacle balanus dominates, & excludes smaller barnacle chathaarrialus), Abingdon Tortoise eliminated by goat due to greater grazing efficiency 14 Regulators 15 Conformers 16 Age pyramid 17 Natality Mortality Emigration Immigration 18 Logistic growth 19 20 Mutualism Amensalism 21 Predation 22 Competition 23 Gause's Principle 24 Resource partitioning, co-existence.
BIOLOGY Organisms maintain homeostasis by physiological & behavioral means Organisms change their osmotic concentration of the body fluids change with that of the ambient water osmotic concentration Age distribution (percent individuals of a given age group) is plotted for the population.

Shape of the pyramid- expanding, stable & declining Birth rate Death rate Moving out-population decreases Coming in population increases.
When the resources become limited ,population growth will be' s 'shaped,' sigmoid', no exponential Interaction in which both species are benefited Interaction between 2 different species —one harmed & the other neither benefitted nor harmed.

Interspecific interaction where an animal —predator kills & consumes the other weaker animal-prey.

Both the species suffer & it may exist between some sps.
(interspecific competition) or between individuals of different species(intraspecific competition) 'Competitive exclusion principle' states that two closely related species competing for the same resource cannot coexist indefinitely & the competitively inferior one will be eliminated eventually by the superior one Phenomenon- in which species facing competition might evolve mechanisms that promote co-existence rather than exclusion.
MacArthur showed that 5 closely related warblers living on the same tree were able to avoid competition &co-exist due to behavioural differences in their foraging activities.

25 Parasitism One sps.

Depends (parasite) on other sps.

(host) for food, shelter, and in the process host is damaged.

26 27 Endoparasite EctoParasite 28 Diapause BIOLOGY Parasite live inside the host's body.

E.g.
E.g.

Plasmodium Parasite feed on the external surface of the host organism for food & shelter-lice, copepods, ticks, cuscuta In unfavourable conditions, many sps.

In lakes & ponds are known to enter a stage of suspended development- diapauses.

It occurs both in summer & winter, e.g.

Zooplankton —diapauses in lakes & ponds 29 Hibernation Winter /summer sleep to evade stress/unfavorable conditions.

Winter-bear winter sleep.


Frog 30 Prey defence mechanism 31 Phenotypic adaptation 32 33 34 Endothermic Ectothermic ECOLOGY 35 Population 36 Species 37 Biotic community Insects & Frogs-camouflaged.

Monarch Butterfly- distasteful to birds(by eating.

Poisonous weed, -spl chemical inside body) Plants-thorns/spines-Acacia, Cactus Plants produce highly poisonous chemicals like cardiac glycosides, nicotine, caffeine, quinine, strychnine, opium- defence against grazers & browsers.
Non-genetic temporary nonheritable changes in physical or morphological characteristics/behaviour/physiology-in response to changes in environment.

E.g.

appearance of mountain sickness at high altitude —gradually disappear by increasing RBC, increasing breathing rate.

Warm blooded- regulate body temp.-Monkey Cold blooded-changes its body temp with that of envt.
Branch of Science —deals with interactions among organisms & between the organisms (biotic)& its Physical (abiotic) environment Sum total of all individuals of a species in a specific geographical area.

Group of individuals of one or more populations —resemble each other, interbreed among themselves successfully.
Assemblage of all the populations of different species present in an area that interact among themselves.3 types, Plant community, Animal community, & Microbial community 38 Ecosystem BIOLOGY Sum total of biotic & abiotic components of a particular geographical area being integrated through exchange of energy & recycling of nutrients are collectively called ecosystem 39 Biome Large unit of environment, consists of a major vegetation type & its associated fauna in a specific climatic zone 40 41 42 43 44 Biosphere All ecosystems of the world-collectively called Biosphere Factors of environment Abiotic(Temperature, water, light, Soil), Biotic(Pathogen, Parasites, Predators & Competitors) CAM Crassulacean Acid Metabolism-Photosynthetic pathway Adaptation-desert plants Waxy coating on leaf-cuticle, CAM(Stomata closes during day),Spines-in place of leaves--> reduce water loss Adaptation-Mammal- Cold climate Shorter ears & limbs-Allen's rule, Thick layer of fat-blubber below skin-insulator-reduce loss of heat.
45 Adaptation-desert-Lizards Absorb heat from sun when body temp.

drops below comfort zone., move to shade when ambient temp.

temp.

rise above comfort levels 46 Adaptation-high altitude- human Compensate low 02 by increasing RBC & total HB- increased breathing-vital capacity.

47 Population density No.

of individuals of a species per unit area or volume.

PD=N/S; N=individuals, S=Area 48 49 50 Birth rate Death rate Sex ratio 51 Exponential growth No.

of births per 1000 individuals of a population No.


of deaths per 1000 individuals of a population No.

of females per 1000 males of a population in a given time -common where the resources (food+ space) are not limited.
dN/dt=(b-d)N= dN/dt= rN; r=intrinsic rate of natural increase BIOLOGY CHAPTER : 13 ORGANISMS AND POPULATIONS (FLOW CHART) 1 MAJOR BIOMES Desert Gras sland Arctic & Alpine Tundra Coniferous Forest Temperate forest Tropical Forest 2 MAJOR BIOMES OF INDIA Tropical Rain Forest Decidu ous Forest Desert Sea Coast 3 MAJOR ABIOTIC FACTORS AFFECTING ORGANISMS: Temperature Water Light Soil Affects enzyme activity and hence physiological functions .
The Chemical composition and pH affects organisms Salt concentration(salinity ) varies from inland waters tohypersaline lagoons.

Composition, grain size determine percolation and water holding capacity pH, mineral composition and topography determine the vegetation and animals in the area Photosynthesis affected by intensity of light.
Photoperiodic flowering Foraging ,reproductive and migratory activities depends on Photoperiod 4.The quality (colour) of light reaching the deep oceans determine distribution of algae.

BIOLOGY 4 RESPONSES TO ABIOTIC FACTORS REGULATE e.g.

Mammals (Long term ) CONFORM e.g..Reptiles (Longterm) 5 Population attributes MIGRATE Ex Birds (Short Term) SUSPEND e.g.
Polar bears (Short Term) Birth Rate Death Rate Age group Sex Ratio 6 FACTORS AFFECTING POPULATION SIZE: Natality & Immigration Mortality & Emigration ADAPTATIONS BIOLOGY CAM Pathway - plants PHYSIOLOGICAL Internal fat oxidation (water is a byproduct) Ability to concentrate its urine (less water to remove excretory product) Help the kangaroo rat in North American deserts to meet out the water requirement for maintaining its physiology BIOCHEMICAL MORPHOLOGICAL Body increases red blood cell production, decreases the binding affinity of haemoglobin & increases breathing rate during ‘altitude sickness.’ Seen in animals living in extreme conditions – marine invertebrates and fish live in depth of ocean where the pressure is below 100 times that of atmospheric pressure, archaebacteria in hot springs, deep sea hydrothermal vents.
Thick cuticle, sunken stomata, reduction of leaves into spines (opuntia) to minimize water loss – plants Mammals living in colder climates have shorter ears and limbs to minimize heat loss.

(ALLEN’S RULE) BEHAVIOURAL Desert lizards – bask in the sun and absorb heat when their body temperature drops, move into shadow when the temperature increases BIOLOGY 8 RESPONSES TO ABIOTIC FACTORS POPULATION INTERACTIONS: Mutualism e.g.

Lichens Commensalism e.g..Sea Anemone & Clown Fish Predation e.g.
Lion & Deer Parasitisme e.g.x .Liver Fluke & Man Competition e.g.

Any two herbivores grazing for grass Ammensalism e.g.

Bacteria producing antibiotics that kills other microbes CHAP.
13 ORGANISMS AND POPULATION CONCEPT MAP BIOLOGY Water CHAPTER : 13 ORGANISMS AND POPULATIONS Temperature CONCEPT MAP) Migrate Sex ratio Conform Age pyramid Light Soil ABIOTIC FACTORS Regulate Suspend Responses to abiotic factors Birth & Death ratio POPULATION ATTRIBUTES ORGANISM POPULATION Natality BIOTIC FACTORS Adaptations Increase Immigration Plants, animal & microbes Morphological Physiological Behavioural Biochemical Population growth models Exponential growth curve Logistic growth curve Population density Decrease Mortality Death rate Population interaction Mutualism Parasitism Competition Commensalism Predation Amensalism BIOLOGY CHAPTER : 13 ORGANISMS AND POPULATIONS (CROSS WORD) Across: 3 It refers to the number of deaths in a population at a given period 7 It is the process of spending the winters or very cold conditions in an inactive or dormant state to escape in time.
9 10 It is the place where an organism lives.

these are the animals, which can tolerate only avery narrow range of temperature and are restricted in distribution.

15 refers to the number of births added to the initial population during a given period.

17 18 It refers to the total number of individual species, present per unit area or volume, at a given time, It is the process of spending the dry hot periods or summers in an inactive or dormant state to escape in time.
19 It is a stage of suspended development shown by many zooplankton species in fresh water bodies.

Down 4 5 6 8 Any morphological, physiological or behavioural attribute organism that enables it to survive and reproduce in its habitat.

It refers to the range of conditions an organism can tolerate, the resources it utilises and its distinct functional role in the ecological system.

It is the maximum number of individuals of a population (or s population) that can be sustained by a given habitat.
It refers to the number of individuals of the same spec come into a habitat from elsewhere during the time period under consideration, 11 It refers to the number of individuals of the same species tt left the habitat during the time period under consideration, 12 Those organisms which maintain a constant internal (within the body) environment (homeostasis), despite the fluctuations in the environment.
13 These are the animals, which can tolerate a very narrow range of salinity 1 2 These are the animals, which can tolerate a wide range of temperature and are geographically widely distributed.

14 It to the maintenance of a steady internal environment by organisms, 16 These are the animals, which can tolerate range of salinity.

It is an interaction between species where one is harmed and the other is unaffected.. CHAPTER : 13 ORGANISMS AND POPULATIONS (QUESTION BANK) Predators are prudent.

Why?

1.

2.
Why?

1.

2.

Will the distribution level of species be affected by gradual increase in temperature?

Say briefly 3.

How is orchid ophrys pollinated by sexual deceit?

4.

What is the relationship between egret and grazing cattle?

Why?

5.

Why is female mosquito not considered a parasite?

6.

What is brood parasitism?

7.

8.

9.

How is liver fluke adapted to parasitism?

Gause’s competitive exclusion principle, where does this apply?

How is competition avoided in Nature?

Give example.

10.
Give example.

10.

How have prey reduced impact of predation?

11.

How have plants developed defence against predators?

12.

How are the four levels of biological organisations in ecology interrelated?

13.

How does temperature affect distribution of animals?

Name two types based on their temperature tolerance.

14.

How does water affect aquatic animals?

Explain.

15.

What is the importance of light for organisms?

How do deep sea organisms get their energy?

16.


Which is the deepest dwelling algae- red, green or brown, why?

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 17.

What characteristic of solid etermine the vegetation?

How are these different at different places?

2 18.

What adaptation have parasites evolved?

19.

What do you mean by competitive release?

20 The following graph represents the organismic response to certain environmental condition (e.g.

temperature) Which one of these,’ a’ or ‘b’ depicts conformers?
What does the other line graph depict?

How do these organisms differ from each other with reference to homeostasis?

Mention the category to which humans belong.

21.

What are the roles of predators?

22 Give three example of mutualistic relationship.

23.

Name the major biomes and the factors by which they vary.

24.

What are the factors that lead to the variation in the conditions of the habitat?

25.

How does sconstancy in the internal environment help an organism?
How do organisms achieve it with regard to temperature?

Give example.

2 2 3 3 3 3 3 26.

What alternatives do organisms take it stressful external conditions are localized?

Give examples.

3 27.

What is altitude sickness?

How does the body overcome this?

28.

Give example of adaptation to desert condition shown by organisms.

3 5 29.

Give example of biochemical adaption shown by organisms.

What are the behavioral adaptations shown by organisms?

30.

Define population and population density.


How is it estimated?

What are the attributes that determine the population characteristics?

31.

What factors contribute to growth in population.

In what way logistic growth differs from exponential growth?

32.

Define adaptation.

What is the adaptation shown by –a) whales, b) kangaroo rat, c) polar 33. bear.

Why do cold regions not have small animals?

Lions are natural predators.


Can you compare this act with that of indiscriminate killing of animals by humans for their leather horns etc .Comment.

5 5 5 5 3 BIOLOGY CHAPTER : 13 ORGANISMS AND POPULATIONS (ANSWER KEY) Q.N0.
Value Points They keep the prey population in check without causing their extinction Yes the pattern of distribution will shift towards the poles with increase in temperature Sexual deceit Commensalism-egret benefits while the cattle are not affected It does not live in/on the body of the host One species lays eggs in the nest of another bird, let the host incubate them E.g.
Cuckoo lays eggs in the nest of a crow Flat body, suckers for adhering to the host Organisms living closely related and in case if resources are limiting Resource partitioning, two species adopt to have different grazing time to avoid competition.
Various defences-distasteful ,cryptically coloured to avoid detection Morphological-thorns and chemical-cardiac glycosides defences Marks 1 1 1 ½+½ 1 1 ½+½ 1 1 1+1 1+1 -Similar organisms make Populations -make communities make Biomes ½+½+½+½ Enzymes activity and therefore metabolic activities ,Eurythermal,stenothermal ½+½+½+½ pH of water salt concentration Salinity, Quality of light, photoperiod affect photosynthesis, affect reproductive, for aging activities, ii)scavenging and predation Red-has longest wavelength Soil composition, grainsize, percolation and water holding capacity-different based on climate and the weathering process Loss of unnecessary sense organs, presence of adhesive organs, suckers , loss of digestive system, high reproductive capacity A species whose distribution is restricted because of the presence of a competitively superior species, expands its distribution when the superior competitor is removed i) a = conformers = ½ ii)response of the regulators =1/2 iii)maintain homeostasis by physiological means, others either migrate, or suspend activities = 1/2x3 iv)regulators =1/2 Conduits of energy, checks prey population, maintains species diversity Lichens-algae and fungi, bird and cattle, wasp and fig tree, Desert, forest and grasslands-Precipitation, temperature, soil 1+1 1+1 1+1 1+1 1+1 1+1 3 1+1+1 1+1+1 1+1+ BIOLOGY 1½+1½ 1+1+1 1½+1½ 1½+1½ ½ x 6 1x5 1+1+1+1+1 1+1+1+1+1 Soil, temperature, water, light and biotic components like pathogens, parasites, predators and competitors.
Constant internal environment permits all biochemical reactions to proceed with maximal efficiency, ii)regulate by physiological means eg sweating to reduce temperature when the external temperature increases.
Suspend activities for a brief period till the stressful conditions go(Hibernate or aestivate),migrate–move away to a far off place and return when stressful period is over-birds At higher altitudes the body shows symptoms like nausea, fatigue, heart palpitations, due to insufficient oxygen in the body.

The body increases RBC production, decreases oxygen binding capacity of haemoglobin and Increases breathing rate.
Spines in place of leaves in cactus, deeply seated stomata, thick cuticle covering leaves, CAM photosynthetic pathway ,minimum loss of water in excretion, flattened green photosynthetic stems in place of leaves Presence of thermos table enzymes in thermophiles, presence of antifreeze proteins in cold water fishes, presence of molecules that can withstand high pressure conditions in the deep sea .Lizards bask in the sun when temperature of their body drops and move to shade, burrows when the temperature around starts increasing The organisms of the same species at a given time in a specific area.
Number of organisms is a measure of population density, or the biomass cover, ii) attributes are natality, mortality, immigration emigration, sex ratio and age distribution Increase Natality and Immigration .decrease mortality and emigration.

exponential growth takes place when resources are unlimited and therefore the reproductive potential is highest., logistic growth shows that the population cannot grow beyond the carrying capacity of the environment.
(Depict graphically) Adaptation is any attribute of an organism that allows the organism to survive and reproduce in its habitat.

i)Blubber a layer of fat to prevent heat loss from the body ii)the animal needs only the metabolic water to survive iii) hibernation in polar bears iv)they lose heat faster than the rate of production as their surface area is large compared to its volume.

No predators are prudent and with decrease in prey population the predator population also decreases.
This is a Natural chain that helps in keeping a check on population size.

Humans on the other hand kill for greed and not for basic needs.
It should be realized that every species has a significant role in Nature 1+1+1 BIOLOGY CHAPTER : 14 ECOSYSTEM (KEY POINTS) S.N Term Explanation Photosynthetic efficiency Some plants have more efficiency to trap sunlight-sugarcane Ecosystem Abiotic Biotic: Functional Components of Ecosystem Primary Production The unit including biotic and a biotic components and their interactions .

(Coined-Sir A. G. Tansley1935) Non-living (ex.


Temp, light, water, utrients) Living organisms (called biota) 1.

Productivity, 2.

Decomposition 3.

Energy flow 4.

Nutrient cycling Amount of biomass or organic matter produced per unit area.

Over a time period by plants during photosynthesis, expressed in terms of weight (e) or energy (kcal m-2).
Productivity Rate of biomass production-expressed in terms of g-2yr-1or(kcalm 2)yr-1 Gross primary productivity Net primary productivity -rate of production of organic matter during photosynthesis-GPP GPP- respiratory loss(R )=NPP-> available to heterotrophs (herbivore & decomposers) Secondary productivity Rate of formation of new organic matter by consumers 9 Decomposition 10 Detritus 11 Decomposition 12 Detritivores 13 Process of Decomposition 14 15 PAR Producers Decomposer & break down complex organic matter into inorganic substances like carbon dioxide, water & nutrients Dead plant remains such as leaves, bark flowers & dead remains of animals, including faecal matter.-raw material for decomposition, found above & below the ground.
Includes Fragmentation, leaching, catabolism, humification & mineralisation Use to breakdown detritus into smaller particles —fragmentation.
Fragmentation- Earthworm-breaks down detritus into smaller particles Leaching--Water soluble inorganic nutrients go down into soilhorizon, get precipitated as unavailable salts Catabolism-Bacterial & fungal enzymes convert degraded detritus into Inorganic substances(Simpler) Humification-Occur during decomposition in the soil, lead to accumulation of dark coloured amorphous substance resistant to microbial action, undergoes decomposition at extremely slow rate.
(Humus)' Mineralisation- Humus degraded by microbes & release inorganic-nutrient Photo synthetically Active Radiation Autotrophs-produce organic matter from in organic matter(producing chemical energy in the form of organic matter) 16 Consumers 17 Decomposers 18 Saprotrophs 19 Food chain 20 Food web BIOLOGY Heterotrophs-herbivore-carnivore / that depend on producers or other consumers for food.
Fungi & bacteria-heterotrophic organisms that break down( decompose )detritus Sapro- meaning decompose; decomposers secrete digestive enzymes that breakdown dead & waste materials into simple, inorganic material-subsequently absorbed by them.

Transfer of energy from producers to top consumers through a series of organisms, one organism holds only one position in the chain, thereby transferring matter/energy from one level to the next.

No.
No.

of food chain interconnected with each other like a web, one organism holds more than one position., there are series of branching lines, competition among different members of different trophic levels.
(complex network of many interconnected food chains and feeding relationships_ 21 Standing crop Each trophic level with certain mass of living material at a particular time Seral community Individual transitional community —seral stage/seral community Climax community Community that is in near equilibrium with the environment Pioneer community Species that invade a bare area.
22 23 24 25 Primary succession Establishment of a biotic community in a newly cooled lava, bare rock, newly created pond or reservoir.-slow processes (In water primary succession Phytoplankton->free floating angiosperm-rooted hydrophytes->sedges grasses-> trees->forest(climax) It begins in areas where natural biotic communities have been destroyed e.g.

abandoned farm land, buried or cut forests.

Since soil is available —faster process.


26 Secondary succession 27 Hydrarch succession Takes place in wetter areas(water bodies)& the series progress from hydric to mesic conditions 28 Xerarch succession 29 Gaseous cycle Takes place in dry areas (rocks)& series progress from xeric to mesic conditions.

Reservoir-atmosphere; nutrient —gas/vapour; quick/faster cycling eg.

C& N2-cycle 30 31 Sedimentary Cycle Reservoir-earth crust; Nutrient-nongaseous; slow; e.g.
P,S cycle Phosphorous Make shell, bone, teeth, biological membrane, nucleic acids, cellular energy transfer system.

32 Ecosystem services Robert Constanza-18 trillion US $ price tag of Nature's life support services.- ‘1.

Purify air,2.cycle nutrient,3.mitigate droughts .& floods, 4.generate fertilesoil, 5.provide wild life habitat, 6.Pollinate crop,7.Maintain biodiversity,8.Provide storage site for C, 9.provide aesthetic, cultural & spiritual.
33 Energy flow 34 Lindeman's 10% Law 35 Ecological pyramid 36 Pyramid of Number 37 Pyramid of Biomass 38 Pyramid of energy BIOLOGY Solar energy 100%-->plants 2-10%—>consumers; Energy is transferred in an Ecosystem & in each step food is degraded & major portion lost as heat energy at each step.

At each step of food chain when food energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next only 10% of energy is passed on to next level.-(1942).
The relation between producers & consumers in an.ecosystem —graphically represented in the form of pyramid Relationship between producers & consumers in an ecosystem represented in the form of a pyramid in terms of number.- upright(except tree ecosystem-inverted) Relationship between producers & consumers in an ecosystem represented in the form of a pyramid in terms of biomass.

(biomass in sea-inverted, e.g.


fish-Plankton) Relationship between producers & consumers in an ecosystem represented in the form of a pyramid in terms of flow of energy.- always upright never inverted 39 Ecological succession Sequential, gradual & predictable changes in the species composition in an area.

40 Sere 41 Biome 42 Carrying capacity(K) 43 Competition 44 Consumer Entire sequence of communities that successively changes in a given area.
:Any of the world's major ecosystems, classified according to the predominant vegetation and characterized by adaptations of organisms to that environment.

Terrestrial regions inhabited by certain types of life, especially vegetation.

eg.

Deserts, grassland and forests.

-maximum population of a particular species that a given habitat can support over a given period of time.
-two or more individual organisms of a single species(intraspecific competition) or two or more individuals of different species (interspecific competition) attempting to use the same /scarce resources in the same ecosystem.
-organism that cannot synthesize the organic nutrients it needs and gets its organic nutrients by feeding on the tissues of producers or of other consumers; generally divided into primary consumers(herbivores),secondary consumers(carnivores),tertiary(higher- level)consumers, omnivores, and detritivores (decomposers and detritus feeders).

45 46 Deforestation -removal of trees from a forested area without adequate replanting.
Desert -biome where evaporation exceeds precipitation and the average amount of precipitation is less than 25 centimeters(10inches)a year.

Such areas have little vegetation or have widely spaced , mostly low vegetation.
47 Desertification 48 Ecological niche 49 Environmental degradation 50 Extinction 51 Forest 52 Grassland 53 Habitat 54 Keystone species 55 Limiting factor BIOLOGY -conversion of range land, rain-fed cropland, or irrigated cropland to desert like land, with a drop in agricultural productivity of10% or more.

It is usually caused by a combination of overgrazing, soil erosion, prolonged drought, and climate change.

-total way of life or role of a species in an ecosystem.
It includes all physical, chemical, and biological conditions a species needs to live and reproduce in an ecosystem.

-depletion or destruction of a potentially renewable resource such as soil, grassland, forest, or wildlife by using it at a faster rate than it is naturally replenished.

If such use continues, the resource can become nonrenewable on a human time scale or nonexistent (extinct).

-complete disappearance of a species from the earth.
This happens when a species cannot adapt and successfully reproduce under new environmental conditions or when it evolves into one or more new species (speciation).

-biome with enough average annual precipitation(atleast76centimeters,or30inches) to support growth of various species of trees and smaller forms of vegetation.
-biome found in regions where moderate annual average precipitation (25to76centimeters,or10to30inches)is enough to support the growth of grass and small plants, but not enough to support large stands of trees.

-place or type of place where an organism or a population of organisms lives.

species that play roles affecting many other organisms in an ecosystem.

-single factor that limits the growth, abundance, or distribution of the population of a species in an ecosystem.
56 57 Native species -species that normally live and thrive in a particular ecosystem.

Pioneer community -first integrated set of plants, animals, and decomposers found in an area undergoing primary ecological succession.

58 Pioneer species 59 Primary succession 60 Secondary succession 61 Stratification -first hardy species, of microbes, mosses, and lichens, that begin colonizing a site as the first stage of ecological succession.
-sequential development of communities in a bare area that has never been occupied by a community of organisms.

-sequential development of communities in an area in which natural vegetation has been removed or destroyed but the soil is not destroyed and has remnants of vegetation.
Stratification in an ecosystem refers to the vertical distribution of different species occupying different levels BIOLOGY CHAPTER : 14 ECOSYSTEM (FLOW CHART) 1 STRUCTURE & FUNCTION Producers /Productivity &Energy Flow Consumers /Energy Flow & Nutrient Cycling Decomposers /Decomposition & Nutrient cycling Primary Productivity Biomass at the level of producer Secondary Productivity Biomass at the level of consumer Gross Primary Productivity Biomass production at the Producer level Net Primary Productivity (GPP-Respiration) Biomass available for the Primary Consumer BIOLOGY 2 ENERGY FLOW FROM SUN TO PRODUCERS TO CONSUMERS 10% law only (10% of the previous level is transferred to the successive level) Flow is unidirectional Loss of energy in the form of heat takes place at eachlevel Flow is from Producers through the Primary ,secondary, tertiary consumers Decomposers derive energy from dead bodies of both Producers and consumers 3 5 Food chain Detritus food chain Begins with detritus Grazing food chain Begins with producers Decomposition - Break down of complex organic matter into inorganic substances like co2, water and nutrients by decomposers Detritus – dead remains of plants and animals including faecal matter Detritivores (e,g., earthworm) break down detritus into small particles- FRAGMENTATION.
Water soluble inorganic nutrients go into the soil and precipitated as unavailable salts.

– LEACHING.

Occur simultaneously Detritus further degraded into simpler inorganic substances- CATABOLISM Dark amorphous substance - humus (Reservoir of nutrients) accumulated - HUMIFICATIION Further degradation of humus releases inorganic nutrients.

– MINERALISATION.
Occur in the soil during decomposition Slow decomposition – low temperature, anaerobiosis, rich chitin and lignin in detritus, Quicker decomposition – rich nitrogen, sugar (water soluble substances) warm and moist environment BIOLOGY CHAPTER : 14 ECOSYSTEM (CONCEPT MAP) SECONDARY PRIMARY MINERALISATION HUMIFICATION LEACHING CATABOLISM FRAGMENTATION AQUATIC TERRESTRIAL PRODUCTIVITY DECOMPOSITION ECOSYSTEM ENERGY FLOW NUTRIENT CYCLE GFC DFC XERARCH SUCCESSION PRIMARY GASEOUS HYDRARCH SECONDARY SEDIMENTARY BIOLOGY CHAPTER : 14 ECOSYSTEM (CROSS WORD) ACROSS: 19 It is the amount of nutrients 3 It is the amount of living particles.
2 An interconnected matrix of food chains, 6 It is the process by which humus is degraded to release inorganic nutrients 8 The graphic representation of the trophic levels of a food chain.

11 refers to the vertical distribution of different species occupying different levels.
12 The rate of production of biomass is called 16 Ecological succession is a community-controlled ph which the structure and composition of communities change in an orderly and manner, leading ultimately to the establishment of a climax community.

17 It is the process in which the complex organic matter is broken down into simpler organic substances and ultimately into inorganic corn such as nitrogen, phosphorus present in the soil at any given time.
20 It is defined as the rate of 4 /organic matter present in an organism/a trophic ecosystem The green plants of an ecosystem are called assimilation and formation of new organic matter by consumers.

21 All organisms/animals which depend directly or indirectly on plants for their food.

22 It is defined as the amount of biomass or organic matter produced per unit area over a time period by the plants during photosynthesis.
DOWN: 1 It is the continuous exchange of nutrients among organisms and between organisms and their physical environment 5 It refers to the transfer of energy (food) from the producers through a series of organisms 7 The species which invade a bare area and initiate the ecological succession is a functional 9 unit of nature consisting of biotic and a biotic factors, where the living organisms interact among themselves and also with their physical environment (a biotic factors).
10 Those organisms which feed on the detritus and break down into smaller 13 It is the mass of living matter inunitarea 14 The primary consumers, which depend only on plants for their food needs.

15 The entrie sequence of communities that successively change in a given ar ea in a cli max com muni ty, is cal l ed assur e. 18 The dead remains of plants and animals and a l so the faucal matter without compensatory payments.

BIOLOGY BIOLOGY BIOLOGY (QUESTION BANK) 1.

How is a food web formed?

2.


What is stratification in a forest?

3.

Define standing crop?

How is it measured?

4.

What is the importance of humus?

5.

Why is secondary succession faster than primary succession?

1 1 2 2 2 6.

Name the pioneers and climax of primary succession in water and on rocks.

2 7.

The type and number of animals and decomposers also change as succession proceeds.

why?

2 8.

Define ecological succession.

What is sere?

9.


What characteristic features are seen in Ecological succession?

10.

Why is there a restriction on trophic levels in a grazing food chain?

Is there such a limitation in the detritus food chain?

Explain.

11.

Schematically show the flow of energy in a grazing food chain from the sun.

12 Identify the type of the given ecological pyramid and give one example each of pyramid of number and pyramid of biomass in each case.

13.
13.

Justify the statement succession and evolution would have been parallel processes at that time when life started on earth.

14.

In general all pyramids are upright.

Explain.

What are the exceptions to this generalization?

15.

What are the limitations of ecological pyramids?

16.

What are the producers in grass land and oceans .How is GPP different from NPP?

Why is the productivity in oceans lesser than on land?

17.

Why is it reasonable to think that biodiversity should carry a hefty price tag?
Justify.

18. a, Why are Carbon and Phophorus essential to living organisms?

b, What are the natural reservoirs of these elements and in what form?

c, Give the important differences between the two cycles in nature ?

19.

With a flow chart explain the process of decomposition .What factors affect this process?

20.

What are the major functions of an ecosystem?

How do the structural components work as a unit to perform the function?

21.
21.

Humans do a disservice to nature by creating a desert from a forest.
Comment 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 (5) (5) 3 BIOLOGY CHAPTER 14 – ECOSYSTEM (ANSWER KEY) Marks HINTS Interconnecting food chains/one organism in different trophic levels The vertical levels of trees in a forest The mass of living matter at a given time measure of biomass ,dry weight of living matter at a given time The colloidal matter resistant to microbial action ,reservoir of nutrients, breaks down slowly Soil already formed, spores, seeds remnants of vegetation Phytoplanktons and forest, lichens and forest Vegetational changes, affect food and shelter for various types of animals Gradual fairly predictable change, in the species composition of a given area.
The entire sequence of communities that change in a given area during the succession There is increase in diversity, species increase and increase in number, increase in biomass 1 1 1+1 1+1 ½+½ ½+½+½+½ 1+1 1+1 ½+½+½+½ 1+1 ½+½+½+½ Energy decreases with successive levels.

10% only transferred to next level.


Sun----1%-------plants----2-10%-------herbivores------10% ------ carnivore Inverted pyramid =1 Inverted pyramid of biomass in a lake – phytoplankton--- zooplankton-- fish = 1/2 Inverted pyramid of number – tree-- insects -- birds = 1/2 Succession starts from the pioneer species giving way to serial communities before establishing the climax.
Evolution also involves change of environmental factors followed by change in the communities containing fittest species The producers are the most, in terms of energy, biomass and number and subsequent levels are fewer in number, energy and Biomass .Energy decreases with successive levels, The pyramid of Biomass in the oceans and pyramid of number in the case of a fruiting tree supporting hundreds of consumers, the pyramids can be inverted.
Decomposers are not taken into account, two trophic levels may be taken up by the same species which is not considered, a food web is not accommodated Grass, phytoplankton's, GPP is the rate of Biomass production /g/yr whereas NPP is the rate of Biomass converted into plant matter and available for the consumers (NPP=GPP-Respiration),Oceans have less solar energy available compared to land hence productivity is lower.
Ecosystem services include 1) maintaining soil 2) regulating rainfall 3) preventing erosion of soil,4) pollination 5)providing materials of medicinal, food and other values Carbon part of all organic compounds, Phosphorus for ATP, DNA etc Gaseous-Reservoir in atmosphere, Nitrogen cycle b)Sedimentary-Soil, eg-phosphorus.

No gaseous component in phosphorus and reservoirs of the two are atmosphere and sediments respectively Breakdown of complex organic matter by decomposers.
a)Process- i)fragmentation ii) leaching iii)catabolism.

Humification and mineralization–humification leads to accumulation of dark colour substance called humus.

Mineralisation result inrelease of in orgranic substances a)climatic factor– i)temp ii)soil b)chemical quality of detritus.

Higher temp and moist condition – high rate of decomposition.
Drysoil, High temp–Low rate Productivity-producers, nutrient cycling and energy flow through the food chains-GFC & DFC, decomposition by the detritivores and decomposers 1+1+1 1+1+1 1+1+1 1+1+1 1+2+2 2½ +2½ 1+1+1+1+1 1+1+1+1+1 QNo.

1 BIOLOGY 21 Ecosytem services include regulating the climate, hence livelihood and food of animals and people.
Conversion of range land fed cropland, rain or irrigated cropland to desert like and, with a drop in agricultural productivity of 10%ormore.It is usually caused by a combination of overgrazing, soilerosion, prolonged drought and climate change.

The soil becomes unsuitable for crops and vegetation food would also become scarce besides water and oxygen.
1+1+1 BIOLOGY CHAPTER:15 BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION (KEY POINTS) S.No Term Explanation Biodiversity Genetic diversity refers to the sum total of diversity that emits all levels of biological organization a single that shows high diversity at the genetic level over its disributional range Species diversity the diversity at the species level Ecological diversity the diversity at the ecosystem level Bioprospecting Sacred grooves Evil Quartet exploring molecular , genetic and species level diversity for product of economic importance tracts of forests were set aside and all the trees and wildlife within were venerated and given total protection Sobriquet use to describe 4 major causes of species extinction=Habitat loss & Fragmentation ,Over exploitation ,Alien species invasion & Co extinctions In-situ Conservation Conservation of species in their natural habitat that is on site conservation Ex-situ Conservation Conservation of threatened species in special settings where they are protected & given special care that is off site conservation .Eg-zoological parks ,Botanical gardens ,etc.
Biodiversity Hotspots Regions with very high levels of species richness Sacred Groves Tracts of forests where all trees & wild life within are venerated & given total protection 12 The Earth Summit 13 World Summit on Sustainable Development Meeting of several nations at Rio de Janeiro in1992 to discuss appropriate measures for conservation of Biodiversity Meeting of several nations In Johannesburg, South Africa in 2002 to reduce the rate of biodiversity loss 14 Endemism Species confined to a region & not found elsewhere BIOLOGY CHAPTER:15 BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION (FLOW CHART) 1 Biodiversity Genetic diversity Species Diversity Ecological Diversity Species richness Species evenness 2 Patterns of Biodiversity Latitudinal Gradients Species Area relationship 3 Diversity Loss Causes Reasons for conservation Summit Approaches Earth Summit World summit 4 Conservation 1.
Habitat loss and Fragmentation 2.

Over –Exploitation 3.
Invasion of Alien species4.Co-extinctions Narrow utilitarian Broad Utilitarian Ethical In – situ conservation Ex-situ conservation BIOLOGY CHAPTER:15 BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION (CONCEPT MAP) Species richness Global Biodiversity Species evenness Ex-situ conservation In-situ conservation Approaches Species diversity Ecological Genetic diversity Conservation of biodiversity BIODIVERSITY and CONSERVATION Patterns of Biodiversity Earth World summit Reasons Narrowly Utilitarian Broad Loss of Biodiversity Latitudinal Gradient Habitat loss and fragmentation Species area relationship Over exploitation Ethical Invasion of Alien species Co extinction BIOLOGY CHAPTER:15 BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION (CROSS WORD) Down: Across: 1. rivet popper hypothesis 4. priority area of conservation 7. long term ecosystem experiment 8. diversity of genes within aspeices 11. threatened animals and plants are taken out from habitat fruit eating animals species confined to specific region 2.
3.

5. estimation of species 6. extinct bird found inmauritis 9.

10. who popularized the term biodiversity 12. sacred grove found in rajasthan total areas of environment BIOLOGY CHAPTER:15 BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION BIOLOGY CHAPTER:15 BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION BIOLOGY CHAPTER:15 BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION Why is India said to have greater ecosystem than Norway?
(QUESTION BANK) Name the unlabeled areas ‘a’ and ‘b’ of the pie chart representing the biodiversity of plants showing their proportionate number of species of major taxa.

Write the importance of cryopreservation in conservation of biodiversity.

Write the basis on which an organism occupies a space in its community / natural surroundings?

The amazon rain forest is referred to as‘the lungs of the planet'.

Mention any one human activity which causes loss of biodiversity in this region.
About 20 species of a Cichlid fish became extinct when a particular fish was introduced in Lake Victoria of Africa.

Name the invasive fish.

What is the expanded form of IUCN?

Why is genetic variation important in the plant Rauwolfia vomitoria?

What is meant by ‘alienspecies’ invasion?

Name one plant and one animal alien species that are threat to our Indian native species.

Why should biodiversity be conserved?

List any two ethical arguments in this support.


State the use of biodiversity in modern agriculture.

Differentiate between in situ and ex situ approaches of conservation of biodiversity?

Explain taking one example, the effect of co-extinction on biodiversity?

In the biosphere, immense biological diversity exists at all levels of biological organization.

Explain any two levels of biodiversity?

What does the term genetic diversity refer to?


What is the significance of large genetic diversity in a population?

The sacred grooves of Aravalli hills and Ooty botanical garden, both aim at biodiversity conservation.

How do they differ in their approaches?

Explain.

Alien species are highly invasive and area threat to indigenous species.

Substantiate this statement with any three examples.

List the reasons that account for the greater biological diversity in tropics?
Explain giving one example, how co-extinction is one of the causes of loss of biodiversity.

List the three other causes also (without description).

Explain ‘Rivet popper hypothesis’ name the ecologists who proposed it.

What are the two types of desirable approaches to conserve biodiversity?

Explain with examples bringing out the difference between the two types.

a) Taking one example each of habitat loss and fragmentation, explain how the two are responsible for biodiversity loss.
b) Explain two different ways of biodiversity conservation.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

BIOLOGY 23.

24.

CHAPTER:15 BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION Isah Upanishad says ‘let no one species encroach over the rights and privileges of other species.

One can enjoy nature by giving up greed’.

But human activities have accelerated the rate of extinction of species in recent times.

(a) Name any four such mass activities.


(b) Describe how each of these activities leads to loss of biodiversity.

(c) What value is taught by the Upanishad?

During an excursion to a botanical garden, the teacher shows an old tree which was on the verge of extinction.

As soon as the teacher advanced with the students, some enthusiastic students climbed up the tree and started cutting the branches, collecting its leaves as precious collection.
Rajesh instead took photographs of the tree from various angles.

The boys mocked at Rajesh while the teacher appreciated him.

a) Why should we conserve biodiversity?

b) How can biodiversity be conserved?

BIOLOGY CHAPTER:15 BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION (ANSWER KEY) Q.

No.

Hints marks 1.

2 3 4 5.

6 7 8 9 India has a number of ecosystems like deserts, rainforests, coralreefs, mangroves, wetlands, estuaries and alpine meadows, hence, it has greater ecosystem diversity than Norway.
A= fungi, b = angiosperm=1/2+1/2 Gametes of threatened species can be preserved in viable and fertile conditions for long periods using cryopreservation.

feeding relationships with other organisms food habits / trophic a) Many plants are cut and land is cleared for cultivation of soybean.

b) Conversion of forest land into grassland for raising beef cattle.

Nile perch International union for conversion of nature and natural resources.
Genetic variation in Rauwolfia is shown in terms of potency and concentration of the active chemical reserpine produced by the plant.

The introduction of Nile perch into lake Victoria led to the extinction of more than 200 species of cichlid fish in that lake, Introduction of African catfish clarkias gariepinus for aquaculture poses a threat to the indigenous catfishes in Indian rivers.
Carrot grass and lantana introduced into our country have become invasive and caused environmental damage; they pose a threat to the native species of plants in our forests.

10 Biodiversity must be conserved as it plays an important role in many ecosystem services.

a) Spiritually or philosophically,we have to realize the every species has an intrinsic value, though it may not be of any economic value to uscurrently.
b) Morally, we have a duty to care for well-being of the species and pass onour biological legacy in good order to future generations.

11 • Human beings obtain food, fibers, medicines and many industrial products from plants.

• The wild relatives of our crops are useful as a source of disease-resistance, pest-resistance and many desirable characters; they are used in breeding of plants to raise plants with desirable traits.
• With increasing resources put into biopro specting, exploring molecular genetics and species level diversity for economically important products, rich biodiversity will be beneficial.

12 In situ ex situ - - It is the method of protecting the endangered species of the plants or animals in the natural habitat, either by protecting or cleaning up the habitat itself or by defending species from predators.
It helps in recovering populations in the surroundings where they have developed their distinct features.

- - It is the method of protecting endangered species of plants and animals by removing them from the unsafe or threatened habitat and placing under the care or humans.

It helps in recovering populations or preventing their extinction under simulated conditions that closely resemble their natural habitats.
1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 BIOLOGY 13 Co-extinction leads to loss of biodiversity because when a species become extinct, the plant and animal species associated with it in an obligatory manner, also become extinct.

- In case of a co-evolved plant-pollinator mutualists, extinction of one of them invariably leads to the extinction of the other.
14 - Humans depend on nature for food and shelter: -But over-exploitation of natural resources has led to extinction of many species in the last 500 years, e.g., Steller’s sea-cow and passenger pigeon, are lost due to over-exploitation.

- Many marine fish populations around the world are over-exploited thus enhancing the continued existence of some commercially important species.
Levels of biodiversity: - Genetic diversity refers to the diversity of genes within a species, e.g., there are more than 50,000 genetically different strains of rice in India.

- Species diversity refers to the number of different species within a species within a given region, e.g.,Western Ghats have a greater amphibian species diversity than Eastern Ghats.

- Ecological diversity refers to variation of habitats, community types and a biotic environments present in a given area.
- India has a greater ecosystem or ecological diversity than Scandinavia.

15 Genetic diversity refers to the diversity of genes within a species.

Genetic diversity is important for the following reasons: - Greater the genetic diversity among organisms of as pecies, more sustenance it has against environmental perturbations.

- Genetically uniform populations are highly prone to diseases and harsh environment.
16 The sacred groves are a part of in situ conservation while Ooty botanical garden is a part of ex situ approach.

17 18 - The Nile perch introduced into Lake Victoria in East Africa caused extinction of more than 200 species of cichlid fish in that lake.

- Parthenium,¬Lantna and Eichhornia caused environmental damage and posed threat to many species in our country.
Illegal introduction of African catfish, Clariasgariepinus for aquaculture purposes is posing a threat to the indigenous catfishes in our rivers.

- Speciation is a function of time; the temperate regions were subjected to frequent glaciation in the past, while the tropics have remained undisturbed and hence had longer time to evolve more species diversity.
- The tropical environments are less seasonal and relatively more constant and more predictable than temperate regional speciation has been promoted/favored by such constant environments and haven there is greater species diversity.

- There is more solar radiation available in the tropical region; this contributes directly to more productivity and indirectly to greater species diversity.
19 Co-extinction is a phenomenon in which when a species becomes extinct, the plant and animal species associated with it, in an obligatory manner, also become extinct .e.g., - In case of a co-evolved plants and its pollinator, if one of them becomes extinct, invariably the other one becomes extinct.

-If a host fish becomes extinct, the unique parasites depending on it would also become extinct.
Three other causes are: (I) Habitat loss and fragmentation (ii) Over-exploitation (iii) Invasion of lien species 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 20 Rivet- Popper Hypothesis BIOLOGY - It was proposed by PaulEhrlich.

- In an airplane all parts are joined together using thousands of rivets.

- If every passenger travelling in it, starts popping arrive to take home, it may not affect the flight safety initially, but as more and more rivets are removed, the plane becomes dangerously weak over a periods of time.
-Further, which rivet is removed may also be critical; i.e., loss of rivets on the wings.

Key species that drive major ecosystem function is obviously a more serious threat to flight safety than loss of a few rivets on the seats or windows inside the plane.

21 (a) The two desirable approaches to conserve bio diversity are: 3 5 1.

In situ conservation and 2.


Ex situ conservation In situ It is the method of protecting the endangered species of the plants or animals in the natural habitat, either by protecting or cleaning up the habitat itself or by defending species from predators.

It helps in recovering populations in the surroundings where they have developed their distinct features.

(b) It is the case of co-evolution.


ex situ It is the method of protecting endangered species of plants and animals by removing them from the unsafe or threatened habitat and placing under the care or humans.

It helps in recovering populations or preventing their extinction under simulated conditions that closely resemble their natural habitats.

- The orchid Oshryemploy’s sexual deceit’ to get pollinated by the specific bumblebee.
- One petal of its flower beer sun canny resemblance to the female of the bee, insize, color and markings.

- The male bee perceives it as a female psudocopulates with it; during the process of pollen brought by the bee from the bee from another orchid flower is dusted on the stigma.

- If the occurs as light change in the colors or patterns of the female bee, the pollination success will be reduced unless the orchid coevolves to maintain the resemblance of its petal to the female bee.
22 (a) habitat loss and fragmentation 5 - It is the primary cause for extinction.

- The tropical rain forests initially covered 14% of the land surface of the earth, but now they cover only 6% of land area.

- Total loss of a habitat deprives many animals and plant of their homes and they face extinction.

-When a large habitat becomes fragmented, animals requiring large territories and those with certain migratory habits start decreasing.
In situ It is the method of protecting the endangered species of the plants or animals in the natural habitat, either by protecting or cleaning up the habitat itself or by defending species from predators.

It helps in recovering populations in the surroundings where they have developed their distinct features.

ex situ It is the method of protecting endangered species of plants and animals by removing them from the unsafe or threatened habitat and placing under the care or humans.
It helps in recovering populations or preventing their extinction under simulated conditions that closely resemble their natural habitats.

BIOLOGY 23 (a) major causes for loss of species include: - Habitat loss and fragmentation.

- Over-exploitation by man for natural resources.

- Invasion of alien species, which compete with the native species and cause their extinction.

- Co-extinction of related plants and animals.


(b) Biodiversity loss (i) habitat loss and fragmentation - It is the primary cause for extinction.

- The tropical rain forests initially covered 14% of the land surface of the earth, but now they cover only 6% of land area.

- Total loss of a habitat deprives many animals and plants of their homes and they face extinction.

- When a large habitat becomes fragmented animals requiring large territories and those with certain migratory habits start decreasing.
(ii) Over-exploitation - When nature is over exploited by man for the natural resources, many species become extinct (iii)Invasion by Alien Species - The alien species become invasive and compete with native species and cause extinction of indigenous species.

(iv)Co-extinction - It is a phenomenon in which when a species becomes extinct, the plant and animal species associated with it in an obligatory manner, also become extinct.
(c) As per the Upanishad itself, you don’t have any right to dill other species; live and let others live.
24. a) Respect for nature, scientific attitude with a vision of the future 3 b) We should conserve Biodiversity since it provides us • Main source of food • Source of economically important fibers (cotton, flax, hemp, jute etc) • Plant products (gum, resin, dye, fragrance, waxes, wool, leather, honey, lac, pearl, ivory, silk, horns) • Drugs and medicine•Sportsandrecreation•Aestheticvalue•Culturalvalue•Scientific research • Eco system services c) In situ conservation: Sacred grove, Biosphere reserve (Terrestrial and Marine), National parks and Wild life sanctuaries etc) Ex situ conservation: a) Sacred plants, home gardens b) Seed banks, gene bank, cryopreservation c) Botanical garden, Zoological garden, Aquaria etc.
BIOLOGY CHAPTER:16 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES (KEY POINTS) S.No Term Explanation DU CPCB BOD CNG FOAM JFM PIL Dobson unit Central Pollution Control Board Biochemical Oxygen Demand Compressed Natural Gas Friends of Arcata Marsh Joint Forest Management Public interest litigation Air prevention & control 1981 Protect & control of air pollution act Environmental(protection) 1986 Protect & control the quality of environment act Water (prevention & control of pollution)act 1974 Protect & control of water pollution to safe guard water resources Chipko movement 1974 protection of forest Montreal protocol 1989 Control on emission of ozone depleting substances Pollution Undesirable changes in physical/chemical/biological characteristics of air/water/land Pollutants Agents which cause pollution Slash and Burn Agriculture (Jhum Cultivation Algal Bloom PhytoPlankton Bio magnification Eutrophication Snow blindness Cutting down trees and burn the plant remains.
Ash is used as a fertiliser and the land is then used for farmingor cattle grazing.

excessive growth of algae due to presence of nutrient in water Free floating aquatic organisms.

Increase in concentration of toxic substances at successive trophic levels.
Natural aging of lake by nutrient enrichment Inflammation of cornea due to high dose of UV-B radiation Amrita Devi Bishnoi wildlife protection award Award given by Govt of India for the individuals/ communities from rural areas that show extraordinary courage and dedication in protecting the wildlife.
BIOLOGY CHAPTER:16 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES (FLOW CHART) (1) AIR POLLUTION Caused by Particulate pollutant (2.5mm causes harm), gaseous pollutant damage to lungs Effect: Breathing, respiratory symptoms, inflammation, PREVENTION:using CNG, catalytic converter,phasing out of old vehicles introducing Bharatstage EURO II norms, reducing sulphur in petrol and diesel to 50ppm and35% CONTROL Electrostatic precipitator: to remove particulate matter Scrubber: to remove gases like SO2.
Catalytic converter:metal like platinum, palladium, and rhodium converts unburnt hydrocarbons into CO2 and H2O (2) NOISE POLLUTION SOURCE: Automobiles, Loudspeaker, crackers ,industry (150 db or more sound causes pollution, EFFECT: Hearing impairment, sleeplessness, increased heartbeat, alters breathing CONTROL: Using sound absorbent materials, delimiting horn free zones, permissible sound level of crackers &loudspeakers (3) WATER POLLUTION SOURCE: sewage and industrial effluent Diseases like typhoid, jaundice, cholera, dysentery.
Eutrophication,Bio magnification CONTROL: Integrated waste water treatment ( FOAM) BIOLOGY (4) SOLID WASTES SOURCE: Municipal wastes, hospital wastes, electronic wastes, pesticides, weedicides, human excreta EFFECT: causes diseases, soil pollution, kills beneficial insects & microbes (5) RADIOACTIVE WASTES CONTROL: recycling, reuse, incineration, used for land filling, preparing SOURCE: Nuclear energy used for generating electricity Radiation emitted cause mutations ,genetic disorders in organisms CONTROL: Storing in a shielded container after sufficient treatment &buried within the sea bottom or rocks about 500m deep below the earth surface.
(6) GREEN HOUSE EFFECT & GLOBAL WARMING CAUSE: Gases like CO2, methane, Melting of polar ice caps, CFC,N2O Absorbs solar radiation & increase the atmospheric results in rise in sea level & submerges of coastal areas.

control: Reducing the emission of greenhouse gases, planting more trees, increasing efficiency of energy usage.
SOURCE: CFC released from refrigerator, AC, jet aeroplane degrades the ozone (7) OZONE DEPLETION Effect: UV rays act on CFCs & release Cl- atoms which act as a catalyst & degrade ozone.

Causes cataract, damage to DNA, aging of skin, skin cancer UV –B casus snow blindness & inflammation of cornea.

CONTROL: preventing emission of CFC BIOLOGY (8) SOIL EROSION CAUSE: Over cultivation,unrestricted grazing,Deforestation,Irrigati on without proper drainage of EFFECT: decreases soil fertility.
water logging affect crops & draws salt to the surface of soil.

CONTROL: Planting more trees (9) DEFORESTATION CAUSE: Cutting trees for timber, fire wood Convertion of forest to agricultural land.

Slash & burn agriculture./jhum EFFECT: global warming due to excess carbon-dioxide Loss of biodiversity Damage to hydrological cycle Leads to soil erosion Desertification of land CONTROL: Reforestation.
Improper resource utilisation Soil erosion and desertification Water logging and soil salinity Over cultivation, unrestricted grazing, deforestation and poor irrigation practices Irrigation without proper drainage of water BIOLOGY CHAPTER:16 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES (CONCEPT MAP) H A R M F U L E F F E C T Physiological Disorders Psychological Disorders Hearing imparity Sleeplessness and stress Increased heart beats Alters breathing pattern C O N T R O L M E A S U R E S Sound absorbent Hospital and Permissible sound levels of crackers Fixed timing for use of found sposkore H A R M F U L E F E C T NOISE POLLUTION C O Respiratory Problems N T R O Reduced plant growth L And yield M E A S U R E S Premature death of plants AIRPOLLUTION Maintenance of Automobiles Use of lead free petrol and diesel Use of catalytic converters in automobiles Particulate matter Electrostatic preciplator Scrubber Pollutants Agents bring about pollution 1) Biodegradable 2) NonBiodegradable POLLUTION Any undesirable change in physical chemical or biological characteristics of air, land water and soil which harms the human beings.
Gaseout matter Radioactive Wastes Agro Chemicals SOIL POLLUTION Algal Bloom WATER POLLUTION IMPURITIE Hospital Wastes Biodegradable Bio-Magnification E-Wastes Recyclable Solid Wastes Non Biodegradable Increased concentration of toxicant at successive trophic level BOD-Its Importance Greater BOD more is pollutant Causes fish mortality Shows the presence of Organic matter Suspended Soils Dissolved materials Colloidal Materials Indicates rate of uptake of O2 by microbes in the water BIOLOGY CHAPTER:16ENVIRONMENTALISSUES (CROSS WORD) Across: Down: 1.
2. slash and burn cultivation increase in concentration of toxicant at successive toxic level 3. a cyclical zero waste procedure of cropping 4. caused by UV RADIATION 5. natural aging of lake 6. terror of West Bengal, problematic aquatic weed 7. natural phenomenon of heating of earth surface 8. caused by CFC BIOLOGY CHAPTER:16ENVIRONMENTALISSUES BIOLOGY CHAPTER:16ENVIRONMENTALISSUES BIOLOGY CHAPTER:16ENVIRONMENTALISSUES (QUESTION BANK) 1.
Why should the velocity of air between the plates of an electrostatic precipitator below?

2.

PM2.5 is responsible for causing greatest harm to human health.

What is it?

How is it harmful?

3.

What is the noise level that can cause permanent impairment of hearing ability of human beings?

4.

Why was the Montreal Protocol signed?

5.

6.

7.

8.

Jhum cultivation has been in practice from earlier days, but it is considered more problematic these days.

Why?
Why?

A radiation causes ageing of skin, skin cancer, and inflammation of cornea called snow blindness.

It also damages DNA.

Name the radiation.

Landfills are not much a solution for getting rid of solid wastes.

Why?

Electrostatic precipitator can remove over 99% particulate matter present in exhaust from a thermal power plant.

How?

9.

Why is a scrubber used?

Which spray is used on exhaust gases passing through a scrubber?

10.
10.

There is a sharp decline in dissolved oxygen downstream from the point of sewage discharge.

Why?

What are its adverse effects?

11.

Catalytic converters use expensive metals as catalysts.

(a) Name the metals generally used.

(b) What precaution should be observed while using catalytic converter?

12.

What are e-wastes?

Why are they creating more problems in developing countries in comparison to developed countries?

13.
13.

Water logging and salinity are some of the problems that have come in the wake of Green revolution.

How does water logging create problems of salinity?

14.

What is the relationship between BOD, micro-organisms and amount of biodegradable matter?

15.

Deforestation is creating a lot of problems in the environment.

List the consequences of deforestation.

16.

Enlist four harmful effects caused to the humans living in areas having polluted air.

Suggest two measures to reduce air pollution.

17.


People have been actively participating in the efforts for the conservation of forests.

(i) Name the award instituted in respect of Amrita Devi to promote such efforts.

(ii) Name the movement launched to protect the trees by hugging them.

(iii) Name the step Government of India has under taken in1980 to work closely with the local communities for protecting and managing forests.

18.
18.

Pollutant released due to human activities (like effluents from industries and homes)can radically accelerate the ageing process of the water body.

(a) Explain how this process occurs during natural ageing of lake.

(b) Give the term used for accelerated ageing of water bodies.

Also give the term used for the natural ageing of lake.

BIOLOGY 19.

In Arcata, the town’s people have created an integrated wastewater treatment process within a natural system.
A citizen group called FOAM helps in upkeep of this project.

(a) What are the main steps in waste water management done in this way?

(b) Ecosan in Kerala and Sri Lanka is also an initiative for water conservation.

How?

20.

What are the contributions of AhmedKhan in Bangalore and Ramesh Chandra Dagar in Sonipat?

21.

Since the use of poly bags has become so rampant in our day-to-day life, it is impossible to go back to non-plastic era.
Today, the plastic menace has spread from cities to small towns and village.

They are “Garbage Forever”.

i) What are the harmful effects of using poly bags?

ii) In your opinion, what steps should be taken to solve this problem?

22.

Nowadays, we see that people use CDs & DVDs for storing information, movies and songs.

Do you think these things create pollution?

CHAPTER:16 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES (ANSWER KEY) S.no Value point To allow the dust to fall.
PM2.5 stands for particulate matter of size 2.5 micrometres or less in diameter.

It’s responsible for causing greatest harm to human health as it can be inhaled deep into lungs and cause breathing problems.
150 dB or more To control emission of ozone depleting substances Enough time gap is not being given for the natural process of recovery of land from the effect of cultivation Ultraviolet B rays (UV-B rays) Marks 1 1m 1m 1m 1m 1m Landfill sites are getting filled very fast due to large amount of garbage generation.
Also underground water resources may get polluted due to seepage of chemicals 1+1=2m Electrode wire at thousand volts, produce corona to release electrons, electrons attach to dust particulars giving them net negative charge, charged dust particulars attracted/collected by collecting plates which are grounded 1+1=2m To remove gases like sulphur dioxide.
Spray of water or lime is used 1+1=2m Following discharge of sewage into river, micro organisms involved in biodegradation of organic matter present in sewage consume more oxygen.

This cause mortality of fish and other aquatic creature BIOLOGY (a) Catalysts : platinum - palladium and Rhodium (b) Motor vehicles equipped with catalytic converters should use unleaded petrol as lead inactivates the catalysts.
1+1=2m BIOLOGY a) Irreparable computers and other electronic wastes.

(b) Recycling in developing countries involves manual participation thus exposing workers to toxic substances.

In developed countries its mechanized so less dangerous Water logging draws salt to surface of soil.
Salt deposited on land surface as a thin crust or at the roots of the plants Increase in amount of biodegradable matter leads to rapid multiplication of micro organisms to degrade it, thereby increasing BOD level of the water body.

Enhanced CO2 concentration in atmosphere, Loss of biodiversity , Soil erosion Desertification ,Disturbed hydrological cycles.

Breathing problems, irritation and inflammation, Damage to lungs, Premature death.
Reduce emission from automobile exhaust , Growing more trees (i) Amrita Devi Bishnoi Wildlife Protection Award.

(ii) Chipko movement (iii) Joint Forest Management (JFM).

a) The phenomenon is eutrophication.

More nutrients in water, aquatic life increases organic remains deposited on lake bottom, lake grows shallower and warmer, gradually transforms into land due to deposition of silt and organic debris.
(b) Cultural or Accelerated eutrophication ,Natural ageing is Eutrophication a) Conventional sedimentation, filtering and chlorine treatment.

Absorption and assimilation of pollutants by algae fungi and bacteria.

(b) Ecosan derived from ecological sanitation.

Handling human excreta using dry composting toilets.

Its practical, hygienic and cost effective method.

a) Polyblend, a fine powder of recycled modified plastic is mixed with bitumen & used to lay roads.
This increases bitumen water repellent properties & increase road life by a factor of three b) Integrated organic farming is a cyclical, zero waste procedure, where waste fromprocessarecycledinasnutrientsforotherprocess.Heincludedbeekeeping, dairy management, water harvesting composting and agriculture in a chain of processes.
1+1=2m 2m 2m 3×1=3m 6×1/2=3 m 1+1+1=3 m 1+2+3=5 2+3=5 2+2=4 21 (I) Nondegradable, choke our sewage & drainage system, stray cattle eat sit & 2+2=4 choke its digestive system (II) Using paper, jute, cloth bags.

Minimise the use voluntarily.

Segregation of biodegradable & non-biodegradable material to safe disposal.

Educating people on health risk, production of biodegradable plastic bags by mixing cellulose during their manufacturing.

22 Yes, these contain heavy metals & toxic substances.
As the technology is changing these products are replaced by i pods, pen drives.

They constitute e-waste.

1+1+1=3 BIOLOGY ANSWERS OF CROSS WORD PUZZLES ANSWERS OF CROSS WORD PUZZLES CHAPTER:1 S.NO 1.

4.

6.

9.

12.

13.

16.

17.

18.

21.

22.

23.

24.

S.NO 1 6 9 14 16 19 20 22 23 24 25 S.NO 3.

5.

7.

10.

12.

13.

15.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.


ACROSS CONIDIA ZYGOTE BULBUL RHIZOME JUVENILE PHASE SYNGAMY HERMOPHRODITE REPRODUCTION MONOECIOUS ANTHEROZOID GEMMULE INTERNAL FERTILISATION LIFESPAN ACROSS EMBRYO SAC POLYEMBRYONY PERISPERM GENERATIVE CELL SPOROPOLLENIN INTINE SYNCARPOUS PARTHENOCARPY HILUM SYNERGID DOWN 21 CHALAZA ACROSS MORULA ENDOMETRIUM SPERMIATION INFUNDIBULUM MENARCHE PARTURITION ACROSOME SPERMIOGENESIS TROPHOBLAST SERTOLI CELL LEYDIG CELL PERIMETRIUM OVULATION S.NO 2.

3.

5.

7.

8.
3.

5.

7.

8.

10.

11.

14.

15.

18.

19.

20.

DOWN OESTRUS – CYCLE ZOOSPORES VIVIPAROUS CELL DIFFERENTIATION PERICARP ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION SEXUAL REPRODUCTION EMBRYO GENESIS BINARY FISSION MEIOCYTE CLONE STAMINATE CHAPTER:2 S.NO 2 3.

4.

5 7 8 10 11 12 13 15 17 18 S.NO 1.

2.

4.

6.

8.

9.

11.

14.

16.

17.

18.

19.


DOWN SPOROGENOUS TISSUE APOMIXIX COLEOPTILE THALAMUS TAPETUM OVARY SCUTELLUM TRIPLE FUSION CLEIOSTOGAMOUS XENOGAMY STRAWBERRY EMASCULATION ANTIPODALS DOWN GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE PLACENTA OXYTOCIN ISTHMUS CLEAVAGE ANTRUM MITOCHONDRIA SCROTUM COLOSTRUM CORPUS LUTEUM ZONA PELLUCIDA MENOPAUSE S.NO 7.

9.

10.

ACROSS LACTATIONAL AMENORRHEA TUBECTOMY LIPPES LOOP S.NO 1.

5.

6.

8.

11.

13.

14.


ACROSS HAEMOPHILIA SAHIWAL PUNNETT MUTATION KLINEFELTER SYNDROME CHROMOSOME ALLELES S.NO.

ACROSS 5.

6.

8.

9.

12.

13.

14.

PNEUMOCOCCUS DNA HETEROCHROMATIN LIGASE HISTONE EUCHROMATIN SPLICING S.NO 6.

7.

8.

12.

ACROSS SPORES PASTEUR PALEONTOLOGY DARWIN BIOLOGY CHAPTER:4 S.NO 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

8.

DOWN DIAPHRAGM INVITRO FERTILISATION SAHELI PROGESTASERT INFERTILITY STERILISATION AMNIOCENTESIS CHAPTER:5 S.NO 2.

3.

4.

7.

8.

9.

10.

12.


DOWN PHENYLKETONURIA VALINE HETEROGAMETY SATIVUM MORGAN DROSOPHILA ANEUPLOIDY FACTORS CHAPTER:6 S.NO.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

7.

10.

11.

DOWN NUCLEOSIDE DYSTROPHIN LACTOSE TRANSLATION POLYMORPHISM BACTERIOPHAGE CISTRON URACIL CHAPTER:7 S.NO 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

9.

10.

11.

DOWN HOMOLOGOUS GIRAFFE CONVERGENT MARSUPIALS FOSSIL LAMARCK GALAPAGOS BIGBANG S.NO.

ACROSS 1.

3.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.


WIDAL TEST SALMONELLA TYPHI MACROPHAGES ELISA TEST COLOSTRUM ASCARIS WUCHERERIA S.NO.

ACROSS 2.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

MICROPROPOGATION INBREEDING MOET SPIRULINA SCP SOMACLONES S.NO.

ACROSS 4.

6.

7.

9.

CYCLOSPORIN - A STREPTOKINASE FLOCS AZOSPIRILLUM S.NO.

ACROSS 1.

6.

7.

9.

13.

16.

23.

24.

25.

BACTERIOPHAGE RESTRICTION SITE ANNEALING ELUTION ROP RECOGNITION SITE MOLECULAR SCISSORS STICKY ENDS ENDONUCLEASE BIOLOGY S.NO.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.
2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

DOWN TRICHOPHYTON SPOROZOITES PLASMODIUM VIVAX ENTAMOEBA RHINO VIRUS S.NO.

1.

3.

4.

DOWN BIOFORTIFICATION OUTBREEDING TOTIPOTENCY S.NO.

1.

2.

3.

5.

DOWN BACILLUS THURIENGENSIS PRIONS PROTEASES NOSTOC CHAPTER: 11 S.NO.

2.

3.

4.

5.

8.

10.

11.

12.

14.

15.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.


DOWN PRIMERS rDNA BIOLISTICS CLONING VECTORS EXONUCLEASE INSERTIONAL MOLECULAR SCISSORS BACTERIOPHAGE SELECTABLE MARKER TRANSFORMANT MICROINJECTION BIOREACTORS DENATURATION PRIMERS COSMIDS ORIGIN S.NO.

ACROSS 3.

5.

7.

8.

10.

CRY PROTEIN GOLDEN RICE TRANSGENIC FLAVR SAVR BIOPIRACY S.NO.

ACROSS 3.

7.

9.

10.

15.

17.

18.

19.

MORTALITY HIBERNATION HABITAT STENOTHERMAL NATALITY POPULATION DENSITY AESTIVATION DIAPAUSE BIOLOGY CHAPTER:12 S.NO.

1.

2.
1.

2.

4.

6.

9.

DOWN GMO GENE THERAPY SCID Bt ADA CHAPTER:13 S.NO.

1.

2.

4.

5.

6.

8.

11.

12.

13.

14.

16.

DOWN EURYTHERMAL AMMENSALISM ADAPTATION ECOLOGICAL NICHE CARRYING CAPACITY IMMIGRATION EMIGRATION REGULATORS STENOHALINE HOMEOSTASIS EURYHALINE S.NO.

ACROSS 2.

6.

8.

11.

12.

16.

17.

19.

20.

21.

22.


FOOD WEB MINERALISATION ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS STRATIFICATION PRODUCTIVITY ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION DECOMPOSITION STANDING STATE SECONDARY PRODUCTIVITY CONSUMERS PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY CHAPTER:14 S.NO.

1.

3.

4.

5.

7.

9.

10.

13.

14.

15.

18.

DOWN BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLE BIOMASS PRODUCERS FOOD CHAIN PIONEER SPECIES ECOSYSTEM DETRITIVORES STANDING CROP HERBIVORES SERE DETRITUS BIOLOGY CHAPTER: 15 S.NO.

1.

4.

7.

8.

11.
1.

4.

7.

8.

11.

DOWN PAUL EHRLICH HOT SPOT DAVID TILMAN GENETIC EXSITU CHAPTER: 16 S.NO.

1.

2.

DOWN JHUM CULTIVATION BIOMAGNIFICATION S.NO.

ACROSS 2.

3.

5.

6.

9.

10.

12.

FRUGIVOROUS ENDEMISM ROBERT MAY DODO BIOSPHERES EDWARD WILSON ARAVALLI HILLS S.NO.

ACROSS 3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

ORGANIC FARMING SNOW BLINDNESS EUTROPHICATION WATER HYACINTH GREEN HOUSE EFFECT OZONE DEPLETION BIOLOGY PREPARATION FOR EXAMINATION/ EXAMINATION TIPS: 1.
Effectively use the text book and the SSM to master each concept and to review your ability to retain the concepts.

2.

Attend to your subject teacher carefully in the class and take down the class notes properly.

3.

Spend time every day working on the subject matter.

Develop the habit of studying and mastering the concept as and when the subject teacher completes teaching a concept.

4.

Facilitate understanding while revising the material.
This will help you in critical reasoning and enable you to summarize the section in your own words and style.

5.

Give your self regular break as it is an essential part of effective studying and better concentration.

6.

Try to move from simple to more abstract so that it is easy to master the different levels in understanding the concept.

7.

Practise the last five years question papers to focus on the area so fintereston examiner’s point of view.

8.
8.

Engage with the support material to help in the learning process.

The crossword puzzle given at the end of each chapter is a mind game to test your ability to recapitulate thing learnt.

9.

Practice and master on diagrammatic concepts and mind maps which would help you to recollect the concept.

10.

Take your own mock tests and self-evaluate your answers forget that explained by the subject teacher to get clarity on scoring points.

11.

Practice important diagrams with proper labeling.

12.
12.

Budget your time effectively before attempting the question paper.

13.

Take good care of your health.

14.

Study the Blue print and marking scheme intensely to have an idea as to how an answer script is evaluated.

15.

Be positive helpful, cheerful, sensible and responsible.

WISH YOU ALL THE BEST !

!!!

CLASS XII BIOLOGY DUR: 3HRS M.M.

:70 General Instructions: PRACTICE PAPER I There are a total of 27 questions and five sections in the question paper.

All questions are compulsory.

2.


Section A contains question numbers 1 to 5, multiple choice questions of one mark each.

Section B contains question numbers 6 to 12, short answer type I questions of two marks each.

Section C contains question numbers 13 to 21, short answer type II questions of three marks each.

Section D contains question number 22 to 24, case-based short answer type questions of three marks each.
Section E contains question numbers 25 to 27, long answer type questions of five marks each.

There is no overall choice in the question paper.

However, internal choices are provided in two questions of one mark, one question of two marks, two questions of three marks and all three questions of five marks.

An examinee is to attempt any one of the questions out of the two given in the question paper with the same question number.

SECTION A 1.
SECTION A 1.

What are the types of gametes produced in staminate and Pistil late flowers- a.

Female and male gametes respectively b.

Male and female gametes respectively c. Both male gametes d. Both female gametes OR How can Hepatitis B and genital herpes be prevented in humans?

a.

By avoiding blood transfusion without proper testing b.

By avoiding sexual inter course with multiple partners/ strangers c. Always using sterilized needles d. All the above 2.
What would be the fate of a Microspore if the tapetum is not developed in the Microsporangium?

a. Microspores will undergo meiosis b. Nourishment will be deprived to microspores c. There will be no change d. Microspores will undergo mitosis OR Identify the part in the human body and name the tissue where this event is likely to happen.

What is it called.

A. Fallopian tube, fertilization B. Ovary, Ovulation C. Uterus, Implantation D. Fimbria, ovulation 3.
In a cross between two Pisum sativum plants with axial flowers and terminal flowers , the offspring produced were equal number of plants with Axial and terminal flowers each.

What will be the genotype of the parents- a. AA, AA b. aa, Aa c. Aa, Aa d. aa, aa 4.

Why does the increased intake of certain drugs lead to addiction- a.

Increase in the tolerance level of receptors in the body leads to greater intake b.
Decrease in the tolerance level of receptors in the body leads to greater intake c. Drugs bind to the receptors in the CNS d. Drugs do not bind with the receptors in the brain anymore 5.

In an rDNA experiment PBR322 was used as vector and Bam HI as the enzyme to insert the gene of interest into it.

Bacteria was the host for cloning the gene .How will you select the recombinant bacteria from the non recombinants from this sample .

a.
a.

Non recombinant will not grow on tetracycline while recombinants will grow on tetracycline medium b.

Non recombinant will grow on tetracycline while recombinants will not grow on tetracycline medium c. Non recombinant will not grow on ampicillin while recombinants will grow on ampicillin medium d. Non recombinant will grow on ampicillin while recombinants will not grow on ampicillin medium SECTION B 6.

Bt corn is a transgenic plant.

How would , such a crop which is resistant to corn borer created ?
Explain briefly.

7.

How are sticky ends produced in r DNA technology.

Show diagrammatically the process and label the palindrome and RE used to produce such ends.

Why is this stickiness significant?

8.

How do DNA fragments get separated by gel electrophoresis?

Explain 9.

Mycorrhizae- Plant association is a mutualistic one.

How are the plants benefitted in this partnership?

10.

What would the anticodon end of the t RNA, carrying Methionine be?

Why would it be so?
Why would it be so?

OR How are drones and worker bees produced in a colony of honeybees?

11.

During the Industrial revolution a study of England’s Industrialized regions, it was found that the count of melanized moths in those areas was high compared to the white winged and vice versa in rural non industrialized areas.

How can you account for this observation based on your understanding of Charles Darwin’s theory?

12.
12.

The strength of linkage between two genes y and w is higher than between w and m. How did Thomas Morgan arrive at this conclusion based on his studies with Drosophila?

OR Bb heterozygotes of Pea plant produces round seeds with intermediate size starch grains.

What would be the Phenotype of off springs produced if such a plant is self - pollinated?

(Assuming that dominance is not an autonomous property of an allele) SECTION C 13.

Differentiate GPP from Secondary productivity.


Give one reason why the Primary productivity varies in different Ecosystems?

14.

A pond performs all the functions of an Ecosystem.

Explain how.

OR The Amazonian tropical rain forest has the greatest Biodiversity on Earth.

Give reasons why it is so ?

15.

Without the greenhouse effect the average temperature of the earth would have been a chilly -18oC.How is this phenomenon (green house effect) caused?
What is the correlation between this phenomenon and global warming?

16.

How is PCR a better method of diagnosis than the conventional method.

Name any two diseases that are diagnosed using PCR.

17.

How is gene therapy done in the embryonic stage and in the adult stage of an individual with ADA deficiency?

State basic difference in the two methods described?

18.

Tissue culture is used to get healthy plants from diseased plants.

Explain the process involved.


OR Artificial insemination helps to overcome several problems related to normal mating.

Justify.

Describe this procedure adopted in cattle.

19.

Both Phenylketonuria and Skin colour inheritance do not strictly follow Mendelian pattern.

How are they different from one another?

Explain 20.

How is the endosperm in coconut formed?

Why does it persist?

21.

How is gene therapy done in embryonic stage and adult stage of an individual with ADA deficiency?
State basic differences in the two methods described.

Section-D 22. a.

A blood test of a pregnant female shows presence of hormones not normally found in non pregnant females .What are they?

b.

Identify & Label the Primary and mature Graafian follicles in the diagram and give two differences that is observed in the two.

23.

Meselson & Stahl grew E Coli in a medium containing NH4Cl for several generations before transferring it to another medium to understand the mode of DNA replication.

a.
a.

Why were two different mediums used in the experiment ?

b.

What results were obtained after 1st generation and 2nd generation subsequently?

c. What did they prove?

24. a.

How is BOD a measure of the polluting power of water?

Explain.

b.

How does untreated sewage discharge effects the BOD of a pond water.

c. What is the role of STP’s in regulating the BOD?

SECTION- E 25.

What type of population growth curve is depicted by the equation dN/dT=rN Represent the growth curve.
How will the population of lady beetles be affected if there is emigration of 20 beetles and death of 25 beetles in 7 days.

(OR) Show Species-Area relationship curve and the expression for the same, on a log scale.

Explain each term in the equation.

For large areas the z value in SAR curve is between 0.6 to 1.2.

What does this mean?

26. i) Explain how a human body responds to a pathogen that invades it for the first time and then how the response differs in subsequent encounters.
ii) How do the lymph nodes provide immunity?

A disease resistant plant was produced using the conventional method.

What would have been the steps involved in the process.

Explain the significance of Parbhani kranti variety OR of lady’s finger?

27.

In a given population the frequency of alleles for brown fur is 0.6 and that for black fur is 0.4.

What is the possible frequency of homozygous brown and heterozygous brown in the population assuming that the population is in the Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.
State any four factors that can cause a change in the allele frequency in the population.

(5) In a bacterial culture ,how will the expression of the structural genes be affected if the bacteria is provided with galactose as a nutrient.

ii) What changes would happen in the DNA expression, if galactose is replaced with Lactose.

Explain.

OR CLASS XII BIOLOGY DUR: 3HRS M.M.

:70 MARKING SCHEME FOR PRACTICE PAPER I Q No.

Key points (HINTS) Marks allotted B.
Male & female respectively OR D. All the above b. Nourishment will be deprived to microspores or c. Uterus, Implantation b. aaxAa a.
With repeated use of the drug the tolerance level of receptors ,in our body increases ,receptors then respond only to greater intake(hence addiction) b. Nonrecombinants will grow in tetracycline/recombinants will not grow in tetracycline containing medium Introducing cry I AB gene of Bacillus thuingenesis into the corn plant by rdNA The stickiness helps in joining complementary ends Sieving effect of the agarose gel ,the electronegative DNA move towards the anode and separated by size , smallest moving the farthest.
More intake of phosphates, resistance to root borne pathogens, tolerance to salinity and drought, overall increase in growth UAC/,It is complementary to the codon of Methonine which is AUG OR Drones, haploid by parthenogenesis and worker bees diploid through fusion of egg and sperm.
Melanized moths was naturally selected as they were camouflaged on the barks of the tree, deposited with soot hence not eaten by predators, whereas birds easily spotted then on the background of lichen covered light trees easily .

Based on recombination frequency./ The recombinants between y and w was found to be lesser than the recombinants between w and m (y and m parental types were a high percentage.
They concluded that the two genes were closely linked physically located close to one another that recombination between them happened lesser number of times.)
OR Bb X Bb (Parents) Round intermediate size Offspring BB,Bb,bb Round large, Round intermediate ,wrinkled small (B shows dominance for shape but incomplete dominance for size of seed) 1 1 1 1 1 ½ X4 ½ X 4 2x1 2x1 2x1 2x1 13 GPP is rate of production of organic matter during Photosynthesis/rate of formation 2x1+1/2 26 27 +1/2 1x3= 3 1x3= 3 1x3= 3 ½ ½ x 3= 1 ½ ½ x 2= 1 1x3= 3 1+2=3 3x1 3x1 1x3 1x3 of new organic matter by consumers./It depends on plant species in a particular area ,environmental factors, nutrient availability ,(or any 2) Phytoplanktons are the producers-Producers/Nutrient cycled through flow of energy in food chain/decomposers cause decomposition OR High productivity due to more sunlight available/no seasonal fluctuation hence more chance of speciation/No glaciation henecemore niche specialization.
Heat radiated from earth is absorbed by the greenhouse gases ,retains heat/Increased greenhouse gases/ increases temperature leading to global warming Can help in early diagnosis even with little amount of DNA Explanation of 3 steps Any two diseases Embryonic cells are introduced with gene for ADA /Adults Lymphocytes cultured with cDNA of ADA gene introduced into it/and reintroduced into the body Tissue of meristem taken, grown in mimum culture medium containing a carbon source, hormones , tissue taken is explant is virus free/ OR Artificial insemination is advantageous as the semen can be used immediately or frozen and transported to a distant place from the bull./ The semen is introduced into the reproductive tract of the female.
Explain pleiotropism and polygenic inheritance and two differences Pollination and fertilization is independent of water/better dispersal strategies/sufficient food reserves Stability of DNA /RNA labile and mutates/RNA has catalytic role besides translation into proteins HCg/HPL, Relaxin /development of mammalian glands/no menstruation A & C ,No antrum and single layer of granulosa in Primary follicles DNA containing N15 and N 14 had different densities and could be separated easily by centrifugation-N 15 is heavier isotope and N14 the lighter one / to prove semi conservative method of DNA relication High BOD indicates more organic matter ,more use of oxygen, STP reduces BOD J shaped growth curve(Exponential growth curve)/Reduction of population OR Linear graph with equation NCERT Fig 15.2) Log S =log C+Z log A It means steeper slope of the curve hence more Species richness /area explored.
1x3 3+2 2+2+1 Primary immune response / Secondary immune response (explain each)/ Spleen has lymphocytes and phagocytes that filter blood by filtering pathogens engulf pathogens.

OR Collection of variability, evaluation& selection of parents, cross hybridisation among the selected parents, selection and testing of superior recombinants, Testing, release and commercialization of new cultivars.

/Resistance to TMV in behind Homozygous brown =p2=..62= -3.6 heterozygous brown =2pq=2x.6x.4=4.8.
Genetic drift, gene flow, mutation, recombination.

OR Inducer not present/repressor binds with operator/prevents transcription of structural genes/When lactose is present it acts as an inducer binds to repressor and removes it from the operator site and lac operon is switched off.

TIME: 3Hrs CLASS XII- BIOLOGY (044) MAX.MARKS:70 GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS: PRACTICE PAPER II There are a total of 27 questions and five sections in the question paper.

All questions are compulsory.

2.


Section A contains question numbers 1 to 5, multiple choice questions of one mark each.

Section B contains question numbers 6 to 12, short answer type I questions of two marks each.

Section C contains question numbers 13 to 21, short answer type II questions of three marks each.

Section D contains question number 22 to 24, case-based short answer type questions of three marks each.
Section E contains question numbers 25 to 27, long answer type questions of five marks each.

There is no overall choice in the question paper.

However, internal choices are provided in two questions of one mark, one question of two marks, two questions of three marks and all three questions of five marks.

An examinee is to attempt any one of the questions out of the two given in the question paper with the same question number.
SECTION A 1 Identify the vegetative propagule amongst the following- a) Zoospores b) Conidia c) sucker d) gemmules.

2 Development of fruit without undergoing fertilization is called a) Parthenogenesis b) Parthenocarpy c) Apomixis d) Polyembryony OR Some flowers selected for artificial hybridization, do not require emasculation but bagging is essential for them.
Select an appropriate reason- a) to prevent contamination of its stigma with unwanted pollen grains b) to prevent contamination with dust c) to protect from predators d) to ensure optimal temperature 1 1 3 Two closely related species competing for same resources cannot coexist indefinitely 1 (the inferior will be eliminated).

Which principle state this?


a) Rivet-Popper Hypothesis b) Gause’s Competitive Exclusion Principle c) Hardy Weinberg Principle d) Verhulst-Pearl logistic equation 4 A boy of 10 years had chicken pox.

He is not expected to have the same disease for the rest of his life because- 1 5 a.

He has undergone vaccination for chicken pox b.

His immune system have antibodies against the pathogen c. Immune system has memory of the first encounter to protest the body in future.
d. He will not have any immunity against the same disease Name the gene which exhibits multiple phenotypic expressions.

a.

Dominant gene b. Recessive gene c. Polymorphic genes d. Pleiotropic gene OR A garden pea plant produced axial white flowers.

Another of the same species produced terminal violet flowers.

Identify the dominant traits.

1 a) axial, violet flowers.


b) Axial, white flowers c) Terminal, violet flowers d) Terminal, white flowers SECTION B 6 Differentiate between perisperm and endosperm giving one example each.

7 a) Where do the signals for parturition originate from the humans?

b) Why is it important to feed the newborn babies on colostrums?

8 Write the full form of VNTR.

How is VNTR different from ‘Probe’?

9 According to Hardy- Weinberg’s principle the allele frequency of a population remains constant.
How do you interpret the change of frequency of alleles in a population?

10 Why is tobacco smoking associated with rise in blood pressure and emphysema?

Explain.

OR Write the functions of bone marrow as the primary lymphoid organ and lymph nodes as the secondary lymphoid organs.

11 Explain the two factors responsible for conferring stability to double helix structure of DNA.
12 How have transgenic animals proved to be beneficial in: (a) Production of biological products (b) Chemical safety testing OR Biopiracy should be prevented.

State why and how.

SECTION C 13 Name the source of Taq polymerase.

In which technique it is used?

Explain the advantage of its use in biotechnology 14 Scientist has succeeded in recovering healthy sugar plants from a diseased one.

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 (a) Name the part of the plant used as explants by the scientist.
(b) (c) Name this technology used for crop improvement.

Describe the procedure the scientists followed to recover the healthy plants.

OR (a) Mention the property that enables the explants to regenerate into a new plant.

(b) A banana herb is virus infected.

Describe the method that will help in obtaining healthy banana plants from this diseased plant.

15 a) A DNA segment has a total of 800 nucleotides, out of which 150 of them are 3 guanine containing nucleotides.
How many pyrimidine bases this DNA segment possesses?

b) Draw a diagrammatic sketch of a portion of DNA segment to support your answer.

OR Explain how sex is determined in honey bee?

Mention the number of chromosomes present in male and female.

16 (a) What do contraceptive pills contain and how do they act as contraceptives?

(b) What schedule should be followed for taking these pills?

How does GIFT differ from ZIFT?

17 How does industrial melanism support Darwin’s theory of natural selection?
Explain.

18 Name and describe the technique that helps in separating the DNA Fragments formed by the use of restriction endonuclease.

19 Particulate and gaseous pollutants along with harmless gases are released from the thermal power plants.

i)name any two harmless gases released.

ii)name the most widely used device of removing particulate pollutants from the air Explain how the device is used.

20 Plasmid is a boon to biotechnology.


Justify this statement quoting the production of human insulin as an example.

21 Taking one example of each of habitat loss & fragmentation, explain how the two are 3 3 3 3 3 3 responsible for biodiversity loss.

b) Explain two different ways of biodiversity conservation.
SECTION D Confurous graph of NCERT Page – 223 Figure – 13.3 Biogas Diagram Page – 186 Figure – 10.8 22 a) Explain the role of microbes in biogas production 1.5 b) Explain how sludge obtain from STF is used in biogas production 1.5 23.

Life cycle of Malaria.

Page -148 Figure – 8.1 24 A flower of tomato plant following the process of sexual reproduction produces 120 viable seeds.
Answer the following questions giving reasons: 5 a) What is the minimum number of pollen grains that must have been involved in the pollination of its pistil?

b) Name the process by which pollen grains are produced?

c) How many megaspore mother cells were involved?

d) Which layer of pollen grain protects it from microbial attack?

e) What is the origin of mega sporangia?

OR a) Explain the menstrual phase in a human female.

State the levels of ovarian and pituitary hormones during this phase.
b) Why is follicular phase in the menstrual cycle also referred as proliferative phase?

c) Explain the events that occur in a graafian follicle at the time of ovulation and after this process d) Draw a graafian follicle and label antrum and secondary oocyte.

26 A particular garden pea plant produces only violet flowers.

a) Is it homozygous dominant for the trait or heterozygous?

b) How would you ensure its genotype?

Explain with the help of crosses.


OR How are the process of DNA replication and transcription in prokaryotes similar?

Explain how they differ from each other.

27 Explain how Eutrophication brings out succession in lake.

OR a) What depletes ozone in stratosphere?

How does it affect human life?

b) Explain biomagnifications of DDT in an aquatic food chain.

How does it affect the bird population?


5 5 ************************************************************************** TIME: 3Hrs CLASS XII- BIOLOGY (044) MAX.MARKS:70 MARKING SCHEME FOR PRACTICE PAPER II Section A 1 c.Sucker 2 b. Parthenocarpy OR 1 1 a.

To prevent contamination of its stigma with unwanted pollen grains 3 4 5 b. Gause’s Competitive Exclusion Principle c. The immune system has memory of the first encounter to protest the body in future.

d. Pleiotrpic gene.

OR a. axial, violet flowers.


SECTION B Perisperm – persistant nucleus =1/2,diploid=1/2,eg., black pepper/beet=1/2 Endosperm – nutritive tissue for embryo = ½,triploid = ½, ex: maize/rice =1/2 a) from the fully developed foetus/placenta/foetal ejection reflex b) contains IgA antibodies to (passively) immunize the baby 1+1 Variable Number of Tandem Repeats.

=1 mark Probe- is labeled/radioactive (single stranded hybridized DNA fragments).
= 1 It indicates gene migration/ gene flow/gene drift/mutation/genetic recombination/ natural selection leading to evolution Tobacco has nicotine that stimulates the release of adrenaline/non adrenaline to raise blood pressure.

= 1 Smoking tobacco releases CO which reduces the concentration of haem bound oxygen.

This causes emphysema.


= 1 OR Bone marrow- lymphocytes are produced here, develop and mature into antigen sensitive lymphocytes ½+1/2 Lymph nodes- trap the microorganism/ antigens from the tissue fluid, the trapped antigens activate the lymphocytes (present in lymph nodes) to cause immune response ½+1/2 Presence of H bonds, the plane of one base pair stacks over the other, complementarity, presence of thymine in place of uracil.
Any two = 1+1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 12 (a) (Rosie – transgenic cow) produced human protein / alpha lactalbumin enriched milk, 2 alpha -1 antitrypsin used to treat emphysema.1/2+1/2 (a) (Toxicity testing) – More sensitive to toxic substances, results obtained in less time.
1/2+1/2 OR Biopiracy is an unauthorised exploitation of bio resources of developing/ under developed countries- hence to be prevented=1 By developing laws to obtain proper authorization / pay compensatory benefits =1 SECTION C (A) Thermus aquaticus (1) 13 PCR, It is a thermos table DNA polymeras, does not get denatured and remain active during PCR, extends the primers using the nucleotides provided in the reaction and the genomic DNA as template.
(1/2X4=2) 3 14 15 (a) Meristem (apical, axillary) = ½ (b)Explant/ Virus free meristem is growing in nutrient medium, under aseptic condition; tissue proliferates to form undifferentiated mass or callus, transferred to a medium containing auxins and cytokinins.

= 2 marks (c) Tissue culture or micro propagation.

= ½ [½+2+½ = 3marks] OR : (a) Totipotency.

= 1 (b) Extract the disease free meristem, in vitro culture to get virus free plants.

1+1 [1+1+1 = 3 marks] .


a) Pyrimidine = 400 =(1/2 mark), GΞC, G=150 hence C=150, G+C=150+150=300, So A+T=800-300=500, A=T, so =500/2=250, so pyrimidines = C+T=150+250=400// purine A and G always pair wit T and C respectively , A/G=T/C=1 (1/2 mark) b) 3 3 Polarity = ½ A-T =1/2 G-C =1/2 H- BOND= ½ OR Based on number of sets of chromosomes an individual receives.

Fertilized egg by sperm develops into females; unfertilized egg develops as a male (drone) by parthenogenesis.
Males have 16 chromosomes, females have 32 chromosomes 1+1/2+1/2+1/2+1/2 (Diagram with label can be considered.)

16 (a) progesterone / progesterone – estrogen combination; 3 Inhibit ovulation, inhibit implantation, alter quality of cervical mucus to prevent or retard Entry of sperm.

(any two) = 1+1 Taken daily for a period of 21 days starting OR GIFT- Ovum collected from donor is transferred into the fallopian tube of another female who cannot produce it.
ZIFT- early embryos (with 8 blastomeres) is transferred into the fallopian tube of a female who cannot conceive.

1+1 17 Before industrial revolution the environment was unpolluted the lichens on the barks of trees – pale white winged moths could easily camouflage, while the dark winged were spotted out by the birds for food – hence they could not survive.

After industrial revolution the lichens became dark.
This favoured the dark winged moths while the white winged were picked by birds the population of the former increases (naturally selected) =1/2x6=3 Gel electrophoresis =1/2 DNA are –vely charged, forced to move towards anode, electric field in agarose gel matrix, separate according to their size / sieving effect, Smaller fragments move faster and further than the larger.

=1/2x5.
18 3 3 i)niyrogen,oxygen = ½+1/2 ii)electrostatic precipitator = ½ electrode wires at several thousand volts produce corona release electrons attach dust particles & make it negatively charge =1/2 collected plates grounded & attract charged dust particles =1/2 Plasmid can be taken out from bacteria, tailored,can be used to insert a required gene, inserted into the bacteria, allowed to replicate in bacteria, to produce insulin=1/2x6 a)habitat loss: amazon rain forest destroyed for soyabean cultivation/ for growing grass land for grazing cattle/ colonization of pacific islands – extinction of 2000 species of native birds =1 fragmentation: b human activity – migratory birds & animals are affected.
b)exsitu:1/2 threatened organisms are taken out from the natural habitat and placed in special setting with care and protected =1/2 eg: zoological park/ botanical garden =1/2 insitu: ½ , threatened organisms are conserved in their natural habitat = ½, eg.

national parks/ biosphere reserves = 1/2 .


a) by physical counting, percent cover or total biomass, from relative density, counting pug marks, counting faecal pellets (any three) 1/2x3 b) Status of habitat, whether competition for survival exists or not, whether population is increasing or declining, natality, mortality, emigration, immigration.
OR Migrate temporarily from the stressful habitat to a hospitable area/ suspended activities/form thick walled spores/form dormant seeds/hibernate during winter/aestivate during summer/planktons diapauses (any six)=1/2x6=3 a)when BOD of sewage water is reduced, the effluent passes to settling tank where, bacterial flocs are allowed to sediment and this sediment is activated sludge=1/2x3 b) the major part of sludge is pumped into anaerobic sludge digester, here other anaerobic bacteria digest the flocs, during this digestion biogas is produced=1/2x3 Entamoebahistolytica=1 Constipation/abdominal pain/cramps/mucous stool/stool with blood clot.
(Any two) =½+½ Houseflies’ carrier from faeces to person via food products/ contaminated water.

3 3 3 3 3 =1[1+1+1= 3marks] SECTION D 25 Ans: a) 120, one pollen involves in fertilization of one ovule ½+1/2 b) meiosis – microsporogenesis ½+1/2 c)120, each MMC forms four megaspores out of which only one remain functional = ½+1/2 d) exine – outer layer, e) Placenta located inside the ovarian cavity.
OR a)menstrual phase occurs when released ovum not fertilized, break down of endometrial lining (of the uterus) and its blood vessel form the liquid that comes out through the vagina, lasts for 3-5 days= 1/2X3 level of ovarian and pituitary hormones fall=1/2 b) primary follicle grows into graafian follicle under the influence of LH& FSH, regeneration of endometrium= 1/2X2 c)graafian follicle ruptures to release the ovum (secondary oocyte), remaining parts of the Graafian follicle transform into corpus luteum=1/2X2 D) DIAGRAM Antrum Secondary oocyte 26 a) it could be homozygous dominant , heterozygous dominant =1/2+1/2=1 b) by test cross = ½ if parent homozygous: if the parent heterozygous VV x vv =1/2 Vv x vv = ½ (violet) (white) (violet) (white) Gamete V v =1/2 V vv =1/2 5 5 Vv =1/2 Vvvv (All violet) (violet) (white) 100% 50% 50% =1/2 =1/2 (1/2x10=5) Or Similarities- Both the processes involve- i. Unwinding of the helix and separating the two DNA strands.
ii.

Breaking the hydrogen bond between the bases /pairs.

iii.

Follow complimentary base pair rule.

iv.

Polymerization occurs in 5’ -3’ direction.

v. Linking/Polymerization of nucleotides.
DISSIMILARITIES (5X ½ +5 x1/2) DNA replication DNA nucleotides added are ATP, GTP, CTP, TTP Deoxyribose sugar is the part of Transcription RNA nucleotides added are ATP, GTP, CTP, UTP Ribose sugar is the part of nucleotide nucleotides Adenine pairs with thymine Both strands copied Resulting into two DNA molecules Adenine with uracil Only one strand copied Resuting in formation of an RNA molecule 27 Streams draining into the lake introduce nutrients – nitrogen and phosphorus, encourage the growth of aquatic organisms, as the lake’s fertility increases, plant and animal life begin to grow, organic matter deposited at the bottom of the lake, silt and organic debris pile up, lake grows shallower and warmer with warm water organisms, marsh plants take root in the shallows and begin to fill in the original lake basin, leads to large masses of floating plants, finally converting lake into land – hydrarch succession.
10X1/2=5 Or 5 a)chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) =1 UV (B) damages DNA causing mutation, skin cancer, inflammation of cornea, cataract, aging of skin, snow blindness 2 (any two) ½+1/2=1 b)if DDT leaches from the agricultural field gets into the water body, it gets into the food chain-- zoo planktons -- small fish -- large fish -- any fish eating bird// concentration of DDT increases, along the food chain, reaching a high level in the top carnivore bird= 1 1/2 DDT concentration disturbs ca++ metabolism- egg shells become thin --- premature breaking resulting in decline in bird population 1 1/2 ***************************************************************************** CLASS XII BIOLOGY Time: 3 Hours Max.
Marks: 70 PRACTICE PAPER III General Instructions: (i) There are a total of 27 questions and four sections in the question paper.

All questions are compulsory.

(ii) Section A contains questions number 1 to 5, very short-answer type questions of 1 mark each.

(iii) Section B contains questions number 6 to 12, short-answer type I questions of 2 marks each.

(iv) Section C contains questions number 13 to 24, short-answer type II questions of 3 marks each.
(v) Section D contains questions number 25 to 27, long-answer type questions of 5 marks each.

(vi) There is no overall choice in the question paper, however, an internal choice is provided in two questions of 1 mark, two questions of 2 marks, four questions of 3 marks and all the three questions of 5 marks.

In these questions, an examinee is to attempt any one of the two given alternatives.

(vii) Wherever necessary, the diagram drawn should be neat and properly labeled.

1.
1.

The thick wall around the fruit is called SECTION: A a) Periderem b) Perisperm c) Pericarp d) Ectocarp 2.

How the consecutive nucleotides are linked together in a polynucleotide strands?

a) 3 ‘-3’ Phosphodiaster linkage b) 5 ‘-3’ Phosphodiaster linkage c) N – Glycosidic Linkage d) Phosphoester Linkage 3.

What does Hardy- Weinberg equation p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 convey that the same total of allestic frequencies is a)Zero b) One c) Less than 1 d) More than 1 4.
Name the lymphoid tissue which is located within the lining of the major tracts.

a) Sperm b) Bhymphocites c) Tlymhocites d) NALT 5.

What is the significance of adding lysozyme at the time of isolating DNA from bacteria?

OR Why the crystals of Bt toxin produced by some bacteria do not kill the bacteria themselves?

SECTION: B 6. a) What are the characteristics of pollen grains of wind pollinated flowers?

7. b) How are the pollen grains of water – pollinated species protected?
8. a) Write the codon and anticodon for Methionine.

9. b) Differentiate between codon and an anticodon.

10.

How is tobacco smoking in Human can lead to oxygen deficiency in their body?

11.

Which part is best suited for producing virus-free plants and why?

OR Identify the disease and its causative organism for the following symptoms .

(a)Appearance of dry scaly lesions on skin, nails and scalp .

(b) Stools with excess mucous and blood clots.

12.

What are the consequences of deforestation?

13.


Differentiate between in-situ and ex-situ approaches of conservation of biodiversity.

OR List two criteria used for determining a hot spot.

14.

How did the people treat the waste water naturally in the town of Arcata?

SECTION: C 15.

How do pills act as contraceptives in human female?

OR Mention the role of the following structures.

(a) Fimbriae (b)Acrosome (c)Myometrium 16.

Explain monohybrid cross taking seed coat color as a trait in Pisum sativum .
Work out the cross up to F2 generation.

OR 17.

(a) Though 15.

15.

8% of the males are affected with colorblindness only 0.4 % of females are affected by this disorder Why?

(b) What is its pattern of inheritance?

(c) When does a female is affected with this disorder?

18.

How was the semi-conservative method of DNA replication proved by Meselson and Stahl?

19.

Explain embryological evidences of evolution by taking examples from plants.

20.
20.

Trace the life cycle of malaria parasite in the human body when bitten by an infected Anopheles mosquito.

OR Many children in Metro cities are suffering from allergy.

What is allergy?

What are the symptoms of allergy?

How is it caused?

21.

What are biocontrol agents?

Explain their applications taking two examples.

22.

What is single cell protein?

What is the significance of such a protein?

23.

Explain the vector less method of transfer of DNA into a host.

24.
24.

With the help of given diagrammatic representation explain the method of PCR- Diagram Page – 202 SECTION - D figure – 11.6 25.

Name the process involved in the production of nematode –resistant Tobacco plant using genetic engineering .Explain the strategy adopted to develop such plants.

Diagram – 12.2 Page - 210 26.

Mention the harmful effects of noise on human health.

OR Any newspaper of ill effects of noise.


Explain the causes and effects of global warming .What measures need to be taken to control global warming?

SECTION: E 27. a) Explain the role of accessory glands in human male reproductive system.

b) Draw a diagrammatic labeled sectional view of a seminiferous tubule (enlarged )of a human.

OR a) Label the parts A to F of the figure given below .What is the fate of ‘C’ after fertilization.

b) Why does a pollen grain possess two male gametes?

Explain.
Explain.

28. a) Explain the process of aminoacylation of tRNA .Mention its role in translation.

b) How do ribosomes act as cellular factory responsible for synthesizing proteins?

c) Describe initiation and termination phases of protein synthesis.

OR Describe the mechanism of inheritance of the ABO system of blood group, highlighting the principle of genetics involved in it.

29. a) Explain with the help of a graph the population growth curve when resources are i) limiting and ii) not limiting.
b) Nature has a carrying capacity of a species .Explain.

OR Describe the process of decomposition of detritus.

******************************************************************** CLASS XII BIOLOGY Max.

Marks: 70 Time: 3 Hours MARKING SCHEMEE FOR PRACTICE PAPER III S.No.
Value points 1 2 3 4 OR 5 OR 6 7 Male and female flowers in the same plant , in different plants 3’-5’ phosphodiester linkage a) Sum total of all the allelic frequencies is 1 MALT Atlas 66 Remove cell wall Exists as inactive protoxin Light , non sticky mucilaginous covering AUG,UAC ,Codon is the code on mRNA ,bases complementary to codon on t RNA Smoking-increases CO in blood , reduces the conc.
Of haem bound oxygen Meristem apical and axillary free of virus (a) Ringworm, Trichophyton ( any one ) (b) Amoebic dysentery , Entamoeba histolytica Enhanced CO2 Conc.,loss of biodiversity, disturbs hydrological cycle, causes soil erosion, lead to desertification ( any 4) Conserve and protect the whole ecosystem on-site ,taken out from their natural habitat and placed in special setting off-site High levels of species richness , high degree of endemism , accelerated habitat loss ( any two) (a) The conventional sedimentation, filtering and chlorine treatments are given.
(b) The biologists developed a series of six connected marshes over 60 hectares of marshland.
Appropriate plants, algae, fungi and bacteria were seeded into this area, which neutralize, absorb and assimilate the pollutants Removal of anther, are bagged before they open ,stigma is receptive desired pollen dusted , rebagged (a)Collection of the egg after ovulation (b)help in fertilization of the ovum (c) stronger contraction during delivery of the baby 8 9 OR 10 11 OR 12 13 OR 14 Parent Yellow x Green YY yy F1 generation Yy Yellow Selfing Y YY Yy y Yy yy Y y F2 generation YY Yy yy Phenotypic ratio – 3 : 1 Yellow Green Marks ½ x2 1 1 1 1 ½+1/2 +1 ½ x4 1+1 1+1 ½ x 4 ½ x4 1+1 1+`1 1 + 1 1+ 2 1 x3 1 1 ½ + ½ Genotypic ratio – 1 : 2 : 1 YY Yy yy (a)The gene for coloublindness is located on X chromosome .
Males have only one X chromosome.

(b ) Sex linked recessive disorder (c)Mother is atleast a carrier and father is affected.
E.coli in 15NH4 Cl , incorporated , transferred to 14 NH4Cl , CsCl density gradient centrifugation , after 20 min.intermediate density ,after 40 min.2 hybrid and 2 light DNA Protonema of moss thalloid, Acacia simple to compound , requirement of 1 x3 ½ x 6 1x3 15 16 17 18 OR OR 25 OR 26 OR water by Cycas Gingko Sporozoit injected, reach liver reproduce asexually, RBC reproduce asexually, haemozoin released, gametocytes male and female ,mosquito takes up , fertilization and devt .in mosquito Exagerrated response of immune system ,sneezing watery eyes running nose difficulty in breathing ,histamine and serotonin from mast cells Biological methods for controlling plant diseases and pests ,Bacillus thuringiensis dried spores sprayed, gut toxin released insect larvae die, Trichoderma root ecosystem free-living , Baculo viruses species specific narrow spectrum insecticidal application Alternate source of protein for animal and human nutrition , Spirulina can be grown easily on waste water from potato processing plant straw molasses animal manure sewage , food rich in protein minerals fats carbohydrate vitamins , reduces environmental pollution Taken from media directly -after made competent to take –treated with Ca2+ (ice, 42oC ,ice) ,microinjection directly injected into nucleus , biolistics gene gun bombarded with high velocity micro particles of gold or tungsten coated with DNA Denaturation heat unwinding, Annealing two sets of primer Extension Taq polymerase deoxynucleotides RNA interference Using Agro bacterium vector nematode specific genes introduced, produce sense and antisense RNA, complementary ds RNA, silenced mRNA, parasite could not survive Psychological and physiological disorder, damage ear drum, permanent impairing hearing ability, sleeplessness ,increased heart beat, altered breathing pattern , stress Increase in the level of green house gases, effect-odd climatic changes, melting of ice caps, rise in sea level (any two),control-cutting down of fossil fuel, reducing deforestation,planting trees,decreasing human population ( any two) a)Paired Seminal vesicles , a prostate gland paired bulbourethral gland , secretions constitute seminal plasma rich in fructose calcium certain enzymes .
secretions of bulbo urethral gland helps in lubrication of penis .
b) a)A- antipodal B- polar nuclei C- central cell D-egg E-synergids F-filiform apparatus develop into endosperm b) double fertilization a)amino acids are activated in the presence of ATP linked to tRNA peptide bond formation b)small subunit encounter m RNA translation begins ,two sites of large unit amino acids bind c)start codon AUG initiator tRNA , release factor binds to stop codon terminating translation I-gene sugar polymer on plasma membrane of RBC,A,B,AB,O, Ia,Ib, i- alleles – multiple allelism Ia dominant to i Ib is dominant to i-law of dominance IaIb are codominant ½ x 6 1 x 3 1 x 3 1 x 3 1 x 3 1 x 3 ½ x 6 ½ x 3 1+ ½ X 4 3 2 3 2 1 2 2 1x 5 27 OR 1 1 1 2 1 x 5 resources are unlimited ,reproduce fullest potential when resources are limited competition among organism fittest survive Nature has enough possible resources which can support maximum no.
of individuals beyond that no further growth is possible this limit is carrying capacity Fragmentation -Detritivores (e.g., earthworm) break down detritus into smaller particles.

Leaching, water soluble inorganic nutrients go down into the soil horizon and get precipitated as unavailable salts.

Catabolism.-Bacterial and fungal enzymes degrade detritus into simpler inorganic substances.

It is important to note that all the above steps in decomposition operate simultaneously on the detritus.
Humification and mineralisation occur during decomposition in the soil.

Humification -leadsto accumulation of a dark coloured amorphous substance called humus that is highly resistant to microbial action and undergoes decomposition at an extremely slow rate.

Being colloidal in nature it serves as a reservoir of nutrients.

The humus is further degraded by some microbes and release of inorganic nutrients occur by the process known as mineralisation.

Series BVM/2 amob Z§.

Roll No.

H$moS> Z§.

Code No.


SET-3 57/2/3 narjmWu H$moS >H$mo CÎma-nwpñVH$m Ho$ _wI-n¥ð >na Adí` {bIo§ & Candidates must write the Code on the title page of the answer-book.
 H¥$n`m Om±M H$a b| {H$ Bg àíZ-nÌ _o§ _w{ÐV n¥ð> 11 h¢ &  àíZ-nÌ _| Xm{hZo hmW H$s Amoa {XE JE H$moS >Zå~a H$mo N>mÌ CÎma-nwpñVH$m Ho$ _wI-n¥ð> na {bI| &  H¥$n`m Om±M H$a b| {H$ Bg àíZ-nÌ _| >27 àíZ h¢ &  H¥$n`m àíZ H$m CÎma {bIZm ewê$ H$aZo go nhbo, àíZ H$m H«$_m§H$ Adí` {bI| &  Bg àíZ-nÌ H$mo n‹T>Zo Ho$ {bE 15 {_ZQ >H$m g_` {X`m J`m h¡ & àíZ-nÌ H$m {dVaU nydm©• _| 10.15 ~Oo {H$`m OmEJm & 10.15 ~Oo go 10.30 ~Oo VH$ N>mÌ Ho$db àíZ-nÌ H$mo n‹T>|Jo Am¡a Bg Ad{Y Ho$ Xm¡amZ do CÎma-nwpñVH$m na H$moB© CÎma Zht {bI|Jo &  Please check that this question paper contains 11 printed pages.
 Code number given on the right hand side of the question paper should be written on the title page of the answer-book by the candidate.

 Please check that this question paper contains 27 questions.

 Please write down the Serial Number of the question before attempting it.

 15 minute time has been allotted to read this question paper.
The question paper will be distributed at 10.15 a.m. From 10.15 a.m. to 10.30 a.m., the students will read the question paper only and will not write any answer on the answer-book during this period.

Ord {dkmZ (g¡ÕmpÝVH$) BIOLOGY (Theory) {ZYm©[aV g_` : 3 KÊQ>o Time allowed : 3 hours A{YH$V_ A§H$ : 70 Maximum Marks : 70 57/2/3 1 P.T.O.
gm_mÝ` {ZX}e : (i) àíZ-nÌ _| Mma IÊS>m| _§o Hw$b 27 àíZ {XE JE h¢ & g^r àíZ A{Zdm`© h¢ & (ii) IÊS> A _| àíZ g§»`m 1 go 5 A{V bKw-CÎmar` àíZ h¢, àË`oH$ àíZ 1 A§H$ H$m h¡ & (iii) IÊS> ~ _| àíZ g§»`m 6 go 12 bKw-CÎmar` àíZ àH$ma I Ho$ h¢, àË`oH$ àíZ 2 A§H$m| H$m h¡ & (iv) IÊS> g _| àíZ g§»`m 13 go 24 bKw-CÎmar` àíZ àH$ma II Ho$ h¢, àË`oH$ àíZ 3 A§H$m| H$m h¡ & (v) IÊS> X _| àíZ g§»`m 25 go 27 XrK©-CÎmar` àíZ h¢, àË`oH$ àíZ 5 A§H$m| H$m h¡ & (vi) àíZ-nÌ _| g_J« na H$moB© {dH$ën Zht h¡, {\$a ^r 1 A§H$ dmbo Xmo àíZm| _|, 2 A§H$m| dmbo Xmo àíZm| _|, 3 A§H$m| dmbo Mma àíZm| _| Am¡a 5 A§H$m| dmbo g^r VrZm| àíZm| _| ^rVar M`Z-{dH$ën {XE JE h¢ & àË`oH$ narjmWu H$mo Eogo àíZm| Ho$ Xmo {dH$ënm| _§o go H$moB© EH$ àíZ hb H$aZm h¡ & (vii) Amdí`H$VmZwgma, {MÌm| H$m aoIZ gm\$-gwWam Ed§ `Wmo{MV bo~b hmoZm Mm{hE & General Instructions : (i) (ii) There are a total of 27 questions and four sections in the question paper.
All questions are compulsory.

Section A contains questions number 1 to 5, very short-answer type questions of 1 mark each.

(iii) Section B contains questions number 6 to 12, short-answer type I questions of 2 marks each.

(iv) Section C contains questions number 13 to 24, short-answer type II questions of 3 marks each.

(v) Section D contains questions number 25 to 27, long-answer type questions of 5 marks each.
(vi) There is no overall choice in the question paper, however, an internal choice is provided in two questions of 1 mark, two questions of 2 marks, four questions of 3 marks and all the three questions of 5 marks.

In these questions, an examinee is to attempt any one of the two given alternatives.

(vii) Wherever necessary, the diagram drawn should be neat and properly labelled.
57/2/3 2 IÊS> A SECTION A 1. nm¡Ym| VWm àm{U`m| go àË`oH$ H$m EH$-EH$ CXmhaU Xr{OE Omo Angmar {dH$mg àX{e©V H$aVo h¢ & 1 Mention one example each from plants and animals exhibiting divergent evolution.

2.

3.

Cëd~oYZ (EopåZ`mog|Q>o{gg) na d¡Ym{ZH$ à{V~§Y H$mo Ý`m`mo{MV {gÕ H$aZo Ho$ nj _| EH$ H$maU Xr{OE & 1 Give one reason to justify statutory ban on amniocentesis.
{H$Ýht Xmo H$m{`H$ amoYm| (\$s{µO`mobm°{OH$b ~¡[a`g©) Ho$ Zm_ {b{IE Omo ghO à{Vajm àXmZ H$aVo h¢ & AWdm {ZåZ{b{IV µ\$gbm| H$s {H$ñ_m§o _| go Xmo amoJ à{VamoYr {H$ñ_m| H$m M`Z H$s{OE : {h_{Jar, nygm Jm¡ad, nygm H$mo_b, nygm A-4 Name any two physiological barriers that provide innate immunity.

1 1 OR Select two disease resistant crop varieties from the list of crop varieties given below : Himgiri, Pusa Gaurav, Pusa Komal, Pusa A-4 4.
{ZåZ{b{IV Ho$ H$maU hmoZo dmbo _mZd AmZwd§{eH$ {dH$ma H$m Zm_ {b{IE : 1 (a) (b) {H$gr nwéf _| EH$ A{V[aº$ X-H«$mo_mogmo_ hmoZm {H$gr ñÌr _| EH$ X-H«$mo_mogmo_ H$m A^md hmoZm AWdm ~VmBE AgwJw{UVm (EÝ`wßbm°BS>r) H$m Š`m n[aUm_ hmoVm h¡ & 57/2/3 3 1 P.T.O.

Name a human genetic disorder due to the following : (a) An additional X-chromosome in a male (b) Deletion of one X-chromosome in a female OR State what does aneuploidy lead to.

5.
5.

{ÛVr`H$ AZwH«$_U H$s Xa àmW{_H$ AZwH«$_U Xa H$s Anojm A{YH$ Vrd« Š`m| hmoVr h¡ ?

Why is the rate of secondary succession much faster than that of primary succession ?

1 IÊS> ~ SECTION B 6.


O_©Zr Ho$ àH¥${V{dX² AboŠO|S>a dm°Z hå~moëQ> Ûmam X{jUr A_o[aH$m Ho$ O§Jbm| _| {H$E JE JhZ AÝdofU Ho$ g_` CZHo$ Ûmam {H$E JE ‘Xmo’ àojU {b{IE & 2 AWdm `{X {H$gr ‘N’ gmBµO H$s g_pîQ> _| OÝ_-Xa H$mo ‘b’ VWm _¥Ë`w-Xa H$mo ‘d’ Ûmam {Zê${nV {H$`m OmVm h¡, V~ BH$mB© g_` Ad{Y ‘t’ _| ‘N’ _| d¥{Õ AWdm õmg {ZåZ àH$ma go hmoJm : Cn`w©º$ g_rH$aU H$mo Bg àH$ma ^r {Zê${nV H$a gH$Vo h¢ : , {Og_| r = (b – d) ‘r’ Š`m {Zê${nV H$aVm h¡ ?
{H$gr g_pîQ> Ho$ {bE ‘r’ H$m n[aH$bZ H$aZo H$m H$moB© EH$ _hÎd {b{IE & 2 State ‘two’ observations made by German naturalist, Alexender von Humboldt during his extensive explorations in South American jungles.

57/2/3 OR 4 N)d–b(dtdNNrdtdN If in a population of size ‘N’ the birth rate is represented as ‘b’ and the death rate as ‘d’, the increase or decrease in ‘N’ during a unit time period ‘t’ will be : The equation given above can also be represented as : , where r = (b – d) What does ‘r’ represent ?
Write any one significance of calculating ‘r’ for any population.

7.

S>r.EZ.E.

AUw H$s EH$ ûm§¥Ibm _| 546 Ý`ypŠb`moQ>mBS>²g h¢ & `{X Bg_| EoS>oZrZ Ý`ypŠb`moQ>mBS²>g H$s g§»`m 96 h¡, Vmo Cg_| CnpñWV gmBQ>mogrZ Ý`ypŠb`moQ>mBS²>g H$s g§»`m {H$VZr hmoJr ?

A segment of DNA molecule comprises of 546 nucleotides.

How many cytosine nucleotides would be present in it if the number of adenine nucleotides is 96 ?

8.
8.

(a) AmnH$mo Aa§S> VWm go_ Ho$ ~rO {XE JE h¢ & ^«yU-nmof H$m AdbmoH$Z H$aZo Ho$ {bE Amn BZ_| go {H$gH$m M`Z H$a|oJo ?

(b) (a) (b) nm¡Ym| _| ^«yU-nmof H$m {dH$mg ^y«U go nhbo hmoVm h¡ & Ý`m`g§JVVm {gÕ H$s{OE & You are given castor and bean seeds.

Which one of the two would you select to observe the endosperm ?

The development of endosperm precedes that of embryo in plants.

Justify.

9.

10.
Justify.

9.

10.

Cg {d^oXH$mar g§aMZm H$m Zm_ {b{IE Omo H$mbr {_M© Ho$ n[anŠd ~rO _| Vmo CnpñWV hmoVr h¡, naÝVw _Q>a Ho$ n[anŠd ~rO _| AZwnpñWV hmoVr h¡ & `h g§aMZm {H$g àH$ma {dH${gV hmoVr h¡ ?

Name a distinguishing structure seen in a mature black pepper seed and not in a pea seed.

State how does it develop.

Š`m H$maU h¡ {H$ ~¡{gbg Wy[a¨{OE§{gg Ûmam CËnm{XV H$sQ>Zmer` àmoQ>rZ OrdmUw Ho$ {bE KmVH$ Zht h¡, naÝVw H$nmg JmobH$ eb^ H¥${_ Ho$ {bE àmUKmVH$ h¡ ?
ì`m»`m H$s{OE & Why does the insecticidal protein produced by Bacillus thuringiensis not kill the bacterium, but kills the cotton bollworm ?

Explain.

2 2 2 2 57/2/3 5 P.T.O.

N)d–b(dtdNNrdtdN 11.

12.

Cg n¡{bÝS´>mo{_H$ Ý`ypŠb`moQ>mBS> AZwH«$_ H$mo {b{IE {Ogo B©H$mo Ama-I (EcoRI) nhMmZVm h¡ & BgH$s H$m`©ñWbr ^r B§{JV H$s{OE & Write the palindromic nucleotide sequence that EcoRI reads, and indicate the site of its action.
_m°g VWm _|T>H$ XmoZm| H$mo {ZfoMZ Ho$ {bE _mÜ`_ Ho$ ê$n _| Ob H$s Amdí`H$Vm hmoVr h¡ & BZ XmoZm| Ordm| _| `w½_H$-g§b`Z H$hm± g§nÞ hmoVm h¡ Am¡a `h {H$g àH$ma gw{ZpíMV hmoVm h¡ ?

AWdm àm{U`m| H$s A§S>àOH$ VWm gOrdàOH$ lo{U`m| Ho$ EH$-EH$ CXmhaU XoVo hþE CÝh| dJuH¥$V H$aZo H$m AmYma {b{IE & Mosses and frogs both need water as a medium for fertilisation.

Where does syngamy occur and how is it ensured in both these organisms ?
Write the basis of categorising animals as oviparous or viviparous, giving one example of each.

OR IÊS> g SECTION C 13.

‘àgmar (~‹T>Vr) Am`w {na¡{_S>’ VWm ‘pñWa Am`w {na¡{_S>’ _| A§Va ñnï> H$s{OE & AnZo CÎma H$s AmaoIm| Ho$ gmW nwpîQ> H$s{OE & Differentiate between an ‘Expanding age pyramid’ and a ‘Stable age pyramid’.

Substantiate your answer with diagrams.

14.


EH$ {eew E.S>r.E.-A^md Ho$ gmW n¡Xm hþAm h¡ & (a) (b) OrdZn`©ÝV ñWm`r CnMma H$m EH$ g§^mì` VarH$m gwPmBE VWm CgH$s ì`m»`m ^r H$s{OE & Bg amoJ Ho$ {H$gr AÝ` g§^mì` CnMma H$m Zm_ {b{IE & A child is born with ADA-deficiency.

(a) Suggest and explain a procedure for possible life-long (permanent) cure.

(b) Name any other possible treatment for this disease.

57/2/3 6 2 2 2 3 3 15.


O¡d-àm¡Úmo{JH$s à`moJembmAm| _| gdm©{YH$ Cn`moJ {H$E OmZo dmbo ~m`mo[aEoŠQ>a H$m Zm_ {b{IE & Bg ~m`mo[aEoŠQ>a Ho$ A{Zdm`© g§KQ>H$m| H$m C„oI H$s{OE {Oggo A{YH$ _mÌm _| dm±{N>V CËnmX nmZo Ho$ {bE g§dY©Z _mÜ`_ H$mo AZwHy$bV_ n[apñW{V`m± CnbãY H$amB© Om gH|$ & Name the most commonly used bioreactor in biotechnology labs.
Mention the most essential components this bioreactor must have so as to provide the optimum conditions to the culture medium, resulting in production of large volume of desired product.

16.
16.

EH$ ~¢JZr \y$b dmbo bå~o _Q>a Ho$ nm¡Yo H$m gµ\o$X \y$b dmbo bå~o _Q>a Ho$ nm¡Yo go g§H$aU H$am`m J`m & F1 nr‹T>r _| gµ\o$X \y$b dmbo bå~o _Q>a Ho$ nm¡Yo, ~¢JZr \y$b dmbo bå~o _Q>a Ho$ nm¡Yo, ~¢JZr \y$b dmbo ~m¡Zo _Q>a Ho$ nm¡Yo VWm gµ\o$X \y$b dmbo ~m¡Zo _Q>a Ho$ nm¡Yo àmá hþE & Bg g§^mì`Vm H$mo Xem©Zo Ho$ {bE g§H$aU (H«$m°g) ~ZmBE & A tall pea plant bearing violet flowers is crossed with a tall pea plant bearing white flowers.
In the F1 progeny, there were tall pea plants with white flowers, tall pea plants with violet flowers, dwarf pea plants with violet flowers and dwarf pea plants with white flowers.

Work out the cross to show how is it possible.

17.

(a) A§V:àOZZ VWm ~{h:àOZZ _| A§Va ñnîQ> H$s{OE & (b) new àOZZ (newnmbZ) _| A§V:àOZZ Ho$ H$moB© VrZ bm^ VWm EH$ _hÎdnyU© hm{Z {b{IE & (a) Differentiate between inbreeding and outbreeding.
(b) List any three advantages and one important disadvantage of inbreeding practice in animal husbandry.

18.

19. hmS>u-drZ~J© {gÕmÝV H$s ì`m»`m H$s{OE & Explain Hardy-Weinberg principle.

‘‘_ogoëgZ VWm ñQ>mb Ûmam AnZo à`moJm| _| ZmBQ´>moOZ Ho$ ^mar g_ñWm{ZH$ Ho$ Cn`moJ go `h {gÕ hmo J`m {H$ S>r.EZ.E.
AY©-g§ajr H$s Vah à{VH¥${V H$aVm h¡ &’’ ì`m»`m H$s{OE {H$ do Bg {ZîH$f© na {H$g àH$ma nhþ±Mo & AWdm EH$ Agr_Ho$ÝÐH$s Ho$ amB~mogmo_ _| hmoZo dmbo ñWmZm§VaU (ê$nm§VaU) H$s {H«$`m{d{Y H$s ì`m»`m H$s{OE & 3 3 3 3 3 3 57/2/3 7 P.T.O.

‘‘Use of heavy isotope of nitrogen by Meselson and Stahl demonstrated semi-conservative mode of replication of a DNA molecule.’’ Explain how did they arrive at this conclusion.

Explain the mechanism of translation that occurs in the ribosomes in a prokaryote.

OR 20.
OR 20.

(a) (b) (c) (a) Ý`y_mo{Z`m VWm gm_mÝ` OwH$m_ Ho$ amoJH$maH$ Ordm| Ho$ Zm_ {b{IE & BZ amoJm| Ho$ bjUm§o _| Š`m A§Va h¡ ?

XmoZm| amoJm| Ho$ Xmo C^`{ZîR> bjU {b{IE & AWdm _bo[a`m Ho$ amoJH$maH$ Ord Am¡a amoJdmhH$ Ord Ho$ d¡km{ZH$ Zm_ {b{IE VWm Bg amoJ Ho$ bjU {b{IE & (b) B©{S>g ñnr.

Ûmam \¡$bZo dmbo Xmo amoJm| Ho$ Zm_ {b{IE & (a) Name the causative agents of pneumonia and common cold.

(b) How do these differ in their symptoms ?

(c) Mention two symptoms common to both.


OR (a) Write the scientific names of the causative agent and vector of malaria, and write its symptoms.

(b) Name any two diseases spread by Aedes sp.

21.

Kmg Ho$ ^y«U H$s AZwX¡¿`©/AZwàñW-H$mQ> H$m AmaoI ~ZmH$a CgHo$ ^mJm| H$mo Zm_m§{H$V H$s{OE & AWdm nwéf H$s ewH«$OZH$ Z{bH$m H$s H$mQ> Ho$ AmaoIr` Ñí` (Amd{Y©V) H$m aoIm{MÌ ~ZmBE VWm BgHo$ ^mJm| H$mo Zm_m§{H$V H$s{OE & Draw L.S.

of an embryo of grass and label its parts.


OR Draw a diagrammatic sectional view of a seminiferous tubule (enlarged) in humans and label its parts.

57/2/3 8 3 3 3 3 22.

A§S>OZZ n[aKQ>ZmAm| Ho$ C{MV AZwH«$_ H$mo àX{e©V H$aZo Ho$ {bE EH$ àdmh MmQ>© ~ZmBE & 3 Construct a flow chart exhibiting sequential events of oogenesis.

23. nwînr nmXnm| _| Q>onrQ>_ Ed§ ghm` H$mo{eH$mE± H$~ Am¡a H$hm± CËnÞ hmoVr h¢ ?
CZHo$ àH$m`m] H$m dU©Z H$s{OE & AWdm EH$ Amd¥V~rOr Ho$ Za `w½_H$moX²{^X _| {ZåZ{b{IV g§aMZmE± H$hm± CnpñWV hmoVr h¢ ?

àË`oH$ Ho$ H$m`© H$m CëboI H$s{OE & 3 3 (a) (b) (c) OZZ-{N>Ð ñnmoamonmobo{ZZ OZZ H$mo{eH$m When and where do tapetum and synergids develop in flowering plants ?

Mention their functions.

OR Where are the following structures present in a male gametophyte of an angiosperm ?

Mention the function of each one of them.


(a) Germ pore (b) Sporopollenin (c) Generative cell 24. àH¥${V _| H$m~©Z MH«$ H$m dU©Z H$s{OE & dZmoÝ_ybZ Bg MH«$ H$mo {H$g àH$ma à^m{dV H$aVm h¡ ?

3 Describe the carbon cycle in nature.

How does deforestation affect this cycle ?

57/2/3 9 P.T.O.

IÊS X SECTION D 25.
EH$ gm_mÝ` Xån{V H$mo dUm©ÝY {eew n¡Xm hmoVm h¡, O~{H$ W¡b¡gr{_`m J«ñV {eew H$m OÝ_ gm_mÝ` OZH$m| go hþAm & Cn`w©º$ àH$aUm| _| BZ Xmo {deofH$m| H$s AmZwd§{eH$Vm Ho$ n¡Q>Z© H$s VwbZm H$s{OE & H$maU XoVo hþE ñnîQ> H$s{OE {H$ `h {H$g àH$ma g§^d h¡ & AWdm (a) (b) hf©o Am¡a Mog Zo {OZ H$maUm| go AnZo à`moJ {H$E, CZH$m dU©Z H$s{OE & hf©o Am¡a Mog Ûmam {H$E JE à`moJm| na AmYm[aV {ZåZ{b{IV àíZm| Ho$ CÎma Xr{OE & CÝhm|Zo {OZ {d{H$aU g{H«$` g_ñWm{ZH$m| H$m Cn`moJ {H$`m, CZHo$ Zm_ (i) {b{IE Am¡a g_PmBE {H$ CZH$m Cn`moJ CÝhm|Zo {H$g àH$ma {H$`m & (ii) CÝh| g§dY© H$mo àM{H«$V H$aZo VWm {hbmZo H$s Amdí`H$Vm Š`m| n‹S>r ?
(iii) CZHo$ Ûmam {H$E JE àojUm| Ed§ CZHo$ AmYma na {H$E JE {ZîH$fmªo H$mo {b{IE & A normal couple has a colour-blind child, whereas a child suffering from thalassemia is born to normal parents.

Compare the pattern of inheritance of these two traits in the said cases.

State the reasons how is it possible.

OR (a) (b) State the reasons for which Hershey and Chase carried out their experiments.
Answer the following questions based on the experiments of Hershey and Chase : (i) Name the different radioactive isotopes they used, and explain how they used them.

(ii) Why did they need to agitate and spin their culture ?

(iii) Write their observations and the conclusions they arrived at.

5 5 26.
5 5 26.

~§Jbwê$ _| ßbmpñQ>H$ H$s ~moar Ho$ CËnmXZH$Vm© Ah_X ImZ Zo ßbmpñQ>H$ An{eîQ> H$s g_ñ`m H$m EH$ AmXe© hb Ty>±‹T> {ZH$mbm & R>mog An{eîQ> {ZnQ>mZ H$s MwZm¡{V`m| Ho$ g_mYmZ hoVw Ah_X ImZ Ûmam {H$E JE à`mgm§o H$s ì`m»`m nm±M MaUm| _| H$s{OE & 15=5 AWdm (a) (b) nm[apñW{VH$ {na¡{_S> Š`m {Zê${nV H$aVo h¢ ?
BZ {na¡{_S>m| H$s {H$Ýht Xmo gr_mAmo| H$m C„oI H$s{OE & EH$ CXmhaU H$s ghm`Vm go O¡d-_mÌm Ho$ EH$ CëQ>o {na¡{_S> H$m dU©Z H$s{OE & 3+2=5 57/2/3 10 A plastic sack manufacturer in Bengaluru, Ahmed Khan has managed to find an ideal solution to the problem of plastic waste.

Explain in five steps the efforts of Ahmed Khan to meet the challenges of solid waste management.

OR (a) What does an ecological pyramid represent ?

State any two limitations that these pyramids have.
(b) Describe an inverted pyramid of biomass with the help of an example.

27.

(a) (b) g{H«$` à{Vajm VWm {ZpîH«$` à{Vajm _| A§Va ñnï> H$s{OE & _mZd g_pîQ> H$mo ñdñW aIZo Ho$ {bE Q>rH$mH$aU Am¡a à{VajrH$aU Ho$ `moJXmZ na {Q>ßnUr H$s{OE & AWdm eham| _| O{ZV ì`W© Ob (dm{hV _b) H$mo àmH¥${VH$ Ob òmoVm| _| {dg{O©V H$aZo go nhbo {H$E OmZo dmbo {ÛVr`H$ CnMma H$m dU©Z H$s{OE & Bg àH«$_ Ûmam hmoZo dmbo EH$ AÝ` bm^ H$m C„oI H$s{OE & (a) Differentiate between active and passive immunity.
(b) Comment on the role of vaccination and immunization in keeping human population healthy.

OR Describe the process of secondary treatment given to municipal waste water (sewage) before it can be released into fresh waterbodies.

Mention another benefit provided by this process.

5 5 57/2/3 11 P.T.O.

STUDENT SUPPORT MATERIAL Session : 2019-20 B I O L O G Y C l a s s X I I m o c .

s s e r p g n i t n i r p y r a h d u o h c .

w w w : e t i s b e W , m o c .


l i a m g @ s s e r p g n i t n i r p y r a h d u o h c - l i a m E - 1 5 7 6 4 5 2 - 2 1 6 0 : F T / , 2 4 2 9 9 2 3 0 9 7 0 , 7 8 0 6 0 9 0 3 4 9 0 : .

b o M Class-XII BIOLOGY 3 2 0 0 0 8 - a n t a P , k a h c a n u P i , n a h t s v e D i r u p n a h o M r a e N , I I S S E R P G N T N R P Y R A H D U O H C : I Y B D E T N R P & D E N G S E D I @KVSHQ @KVS_HQ