Source document: https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1694823782930.pdf (Fiji)
To advanc science th productiv ce the industr hat supports i ve and sustain ry by excellen innovative ac nable nce in techno ctivities in sug logy transfer gar related ind emanating fr dustries and t rom research to make the F h results throu Fiji Sugar Indu ugh ustry The board d members in n office for th n Philip G. A Prof. John Dr. Krishn Apisai Ucu Seru Vula Jain Kuma Suresh Pa Atherton n R. Morrison namurthi uboi rika ar atel e reporting p period were: Chairma an er Membe er Membe er Membe er Membe er Membe er Membe The SAC m members dur ing the repor rting period w were: Dr. Krishn Prof. John Seru Vula Jain Kuma Philip G. A namurthi n R. Morrison rika ar Atherton an Chairma er Membe er Membe er Membe er Membe (L‐R) Patel Secre Dr. Krishnamu , Apisai Ucubo etary), Prof. Joh S RIF BOARD 20 arika, Jain Kum urthi, Seru Vula ton (Chairman oi, Philip Athert hn Morrison 009 mar, Jai Gawand ), Sanjay Praka der (CEO), Sure ash (Board esh Sugar Research Institute of Fiji SRIF Contents CEO’s Report (forward) Crop Improvement Germplasm, Crossing Selection program Promising varieties, New released variety, Tissue culture Analytical Laboratory Soil & leaf samples, Cane samples Dextran analysis, Quality assurance system Meteorology Rainfall – mill centres Earth temperatures, ENSO event, Relative humidity Sunshine, Soil moisture, Air temperatures, Evaporation Rainfall tables Crop Protection Fiji leaf gall disease Downy mildew disease, Ratoon stunting disease Cane weevil borer Disease control (Rouging) Nematology Crop Production Seed cane nursery, Early weed control Nitrogen replacement Zonal tillage, Soil compaction Intercropping Model farm GIS Estates Rehabilitation of abandoned farms Appendices Field activities & crop production (FACP) tables Approved varieties Staff Listing Financial Report Page Annual Report 2009 1 SRIF Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Forward 2009 The year 2009 was one of the better years for the Institute due to the financial support from the European Commission (EC).
The funds were utilized in two very critical areas, namely training and replacement of some old equipment.

For many years, the Institute neglected staff development due to limited funds, a situation which would have continued without the EC funds.

This much needed financial support is absolutely vital for the future of the Institute, particularly in view of the recent decline in cane and sugar production.
The poor mill performance, adverse weather conditions, increased fertilizer prices, rapid demographic growth and urbanization have all contributed to cane production decline.

However, it is increasingly evident that the government is providing almost unconstrained support to the industry.

The government’s proposed reform on land issues with regard to long-term leases for arable land for sugarcane and other agricultural products could help restore the confidence of growers in the industry.
The acquisition of long-term leases and the use of science and technology at the farm level could be the two most important parameters to mitigate declining cane and sugar yields.

The Institute continues to focus on its key cane crop protection and improvement, management through various research projects.

However, this year a more multi-disciplinary approach was taken with work programs.
This appears to and have improved cohesion strategic areas of in the have conditions industry with interaction increased encouraged amongst the researchers.

Thus, inter- departmental been barriers reduced, which augers well for a small institution that needs to have multi- skilled staff.

In addition, the preparation of research projects has assisted in ensuring that the research is relevant to our stakeholders and more targeted to industry needs.
The Institute aims to high provide performing varieties, well adapted to the agro-ecological Fiji.

Breeding of sugarcane varieties is a complex and lengthy process involving many intricate and difficult procedures.

Each step plays an important role and, during the year, the researchers with the assistance of Dr Krishnamurthi were able to study the pollen viability period and also improved the fuzz germination of poly crosses significantly to 59%.
The crossing team also made a number of experimental crosses with a different genera Erianthus arundinaceous closely which the is related species.

A number of saccharum varieties stages of selection were progressed to the next stage of selection.

The variety Kiuva was released for commercial planting during the year.

The release of varieties for commercial planting is based mainly on high sugar yield per unit area, longer ratoonability and resistance to diseases.
The protection of the industry against diseases and pest incursions is a high priority for the Institute and warrants a proactive approach.

The Institute has so industry far managed to keep the reasonably free of most of the major to pests and diseases.

However, various from to 2 Annual Report 2009 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji SRIF continue to enjoy the same protection will require advances in biotechnology.
The industry needs to be prepared for financial support to develop this aspect of the Institute by providing sufficient funds.

Routine screening of Fiji leaf gall (FLG) disease continued during the year and some preliminary progress has been made in isolating a fungus that appears to parasitize the cane weevil borer larvae and Rhabdoscelus obscurus adults.

The rouging unit inspected 10 830 hectares and eradicated 2791 FLG stools.
During the year, two Hot Water Treatment (HWT) plants were also constructed under EC funding.

Due to delays in construction, only 80 hectares of seed cane were established.

The primary nursery consisted of 6 hectares and the distribution nursery was is established on 72 hectares.

essential to encourage growers to take up seed cane from the nurseries next year.

Steady progress has been made on nematode studies and various types of nematodes have been identified in almost all soil types.
It is evident from the parasitic nematodes are much higher than the non-plant parasitic nematodes.

This project will be continued into the new year by looking at management technologies to reduce the levels of nematodes.

This year, due to the financial support from the EC, the Institute was able to commence studies on nitrogen replacement, weed control and soil compaction.
The preliminary results from compaction studies indicate that farms which have been worked with harvesters for several years have significant compaction below 25 cm studies plant that It depth.

The financial support provided by the EU made it possible to plant 164 intercrop trials and the results of these are very significant.

If the intercrop is well managed, the grower is able to make a small profit after taking out the cost of establishment of cane and intercrop per unit area.
However, with only a moderate production of intercrop, the grower should be able to recover up to 70% of the cost of establishment of cane and intercrop.

The Institute needs to remain focused to become a centre of excellence which is cost effective and produces marketable products for the industry.

The Institute has fostered close relationships with the EC and Bureau of Sugar Experimental Station Limited in Australia.
This year I would like to put on record thanks and appreciation to our entire network of staff from all categories in our substations and main office for their the support and Institute.

The industry is well served by this group of dedicated and loyal individuals, who undertake wide-ranging duties under difficult situations for the industry for which they receive almost no or little gratitude.
The SRIF staff work collectively by providing technical guidance to protect and advance the sugar industry on issues affecting its ability to be sustainable and profitable.

I would also like to thank the outgoing Chairman and two other board members who have completed their tenure on the Board for their useful contribution.
commitment to Jai S Gawander Chief Executive Officer Annual Report 2009 3 SRIF Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Germplasm Crossing Selection program Promising varieties New released variety Tissue Culture 4 Annual Report 2009 Sugar Research Insti itute of Fiji F SRIF Germ mplasm The Lauto Resea Aven sugar 1 give germplasm oka at Drasa Instit arch ue.

It con rcane, wild es a summa collection i a Estate and tute office ntains pure cane and hy ry of the co is located i d near Suga at Dras species o ybrids.
Tabl llections.

n ar sa of le Tab Nam Dras ble 1: Germ Typ me Hyb sa Nob Wild IJ/IK na den Hyb &BT Wild Hyb Pure Rob mplasm Col pe brids ble cane d canes K/IS brids d canes brids e sponts bustums Chin Gard KT & JRP Tota al lection r Number 8 3108 9 1179 0 330 4 324 1 4941 A su select and Dobu with cross lines.

was 2009 wild variet plots of th recog isolat cross b collection ted from th planted in uilevu.
These a view ses and de A germpla carried out and 76 nob canes w ties have be at Dobuilev he germplas gnize the i te them for sing.

n of 182 va he germplas the breed e varieties w to make evelopment sm collectio from 23-26 ble canes, 1 were collec een planted vu.

The cha m has been mportant v future use a arieties wer sm collectio ing plots i were selecte experimenta of parenta on expeditio 6 Septembe hybrid and cted.
Thes d in breedin aracterizatio n initiated t varieties an as parents i re on n ed al al on r, 4 se g on to d n Flow s wering beds There Dobu cross variet e were five f that uilevu sing in 2009 ties are prov flowering be provided .

Details of vided in table n eds located i fo flowers or ed the flowere e 2.
Ta Nu able 2: Flo umber of va rieties owering Be d details Va arieties flowe ered % flowered % Fe emale variet ies M s ale varieties M ale/Female varieties 454 323 71 112 144 67 Thr in 2 A t the ree new flow 2009 and 2 total of 699 ese Beds for wering beds old beds w varieties ar 2010 crossin were plante were retained re present i ng season.
ed d. in Cro ossing A t was wh flow som sea con of t temporary c s constructe ich was use wers for po me bi-parent ason starte ntinued till 1 the crosses m crossing she ed with ligh ed to accom oly crosses tal crosses.

ed on 01 15 July 2009 made is give 1) d (picture 1 m hting system le modate mal as as well a ng The crossin nd 1 May an ls 9.

The detia 3. en in table 3 Ta able 3: Typ pes of cros ses made Ty Cr ype of ross Po Bi Ex To olycrosses -parental xperimental otal No.
o crosse of es 61 56 80 18 7 77 18 81 % % Tota al es crosse 69 6 2 2 9 00 10 Pic hou cture 1: Tem use with lig mporary cr ghts rossing Annual l Report 2009 5 SRIF Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Some of the bi-parental crosses were set outdoors and supported on the posts.

The female varieties for poly crosses were labeled in the field and on-stool pollination was carried every morning after collecting pollen in the shed.
Pollen viability tests were carried out for pollen from Erianthus spp., S. robustum; commercials Yasawa, Vatu, Spartan, hybrids LF94-694, LF99-777, LF00-201, LF01-30 and LF97-273.

The number of pollen tube that grows on a sample of pollen cultured on the microscope slide will indicate its viability.

Kaba, Table 4: Pollen Viability Time Erianthus Robustum 5-5.30a.m.

6-6.30a.m.

70-80% 40-75% − 50% 8-8.30a.m.

45-50% 35-45% 12.30-1p.m.

1-2% 20-35% 3-3.30p.m.

− 5.30-6p.m.


0% Note: − no pollen shedding Fuzz Sowing 0% − Fuzz sowing commenced on 21st July and ended on 29th September.

A total of 785 packets of fuzz was sown that included fuzz from the past five years.

331 packets germinated (42.2 %) and produced 32396 seedlings.

The number of seedlings that germinated per cross varied substantially from as low as 1 to as high as 1095.
The percentage germination fuzz collected the during the 2009 crossing season is presented in table 5. for Picture 2: Pollen tube growth Table 5: Fuzz germination Pollen from Erianthus arundinaceous, S. robustum, commercial variety Kaba and advanced hybrid LF97-273 were also collected and studied at different time intervals.

The results showed that as time progresses from dawn, the pollen viability decreases.

Pollen viability is best early in the morning.


The pollen from S. robustum and Kaba lost its viability two hours after dawn while Erianthus arundinaceous, LF97-273 and Kaba maintained its viability for four to five hours.

The results from the viability tests will be used to compare seed sett in respective crosses.
Type of cross % germination 59 Polycrosses 15 Bi-parental 46 Experimental 2009 Experimental Crosses During the 2009 fuzz sowing season 66 experimental crosses were sown which included 11 crosses from 2008 crossing season and 55 crosses from 2009 crossing season.

Only 25 of the 2009 crosses germinated and the number of seedlings ranged between 5-500 per cross and most of these were crosses made with robustum .
6 Annual Report 2009 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji SRIF Selection Program LF2008 Series Planted Stage 1 This year LF2008 series seedlings were evaluated and LF2009 series seedling planted.

A total of 10527 varieties were brixed in LF2008 Stage 1 and 926 clones (8.7%) were selected and planted as Stage 2.

A total of 28952 seedlings were planted as LF2009 Stage 1 of which 2181 experimental were crosses.

The LF2009 Stage 1 trials have been planted in Waqadra, Nadi Estate and Lautoka.
seedlings from Stage 2 LF2007 Series Evaluated desirability.

The brixing of the LF2007 series varieties were done in early July and a preliminary selection of 282 varieties were made that was based on brix values and the agronomic Physical observations of these varieties were recorded and sampled for small mill analysis.

Based on the bio-chemical data recorded, 76 and varieties were selected primarily on sucrose (%POCS) and fibre content.
These varieties were advanced to stage 3observation plots and were planted on 11/09/09.

the observations Table 6: %POCS Range Selection Range (%POCS) ≥ 16 15.00 ≤ 15.99 14.00 ≤ 14.99 13.00 ≤ 13.99 ≤ 13.00 Total Varieties Selected 7 22 37 9 1 76 A total of 926 LF2008 series varieties were planted in Stage 2 single line plots at Field 9 in Waqadra, Nadi Estate.

The varieties in this trial will be evaluated in 2010.
Stage 3 LF2006 series The LF2006 series varieties were evaluated in mid September when the cane was 12 months old.

A total of 86 varieties were sampled for the small mill analysis.

Based on the bio chemical data, 14 varieties were selected and advanced to the stage 4 seedbed at Drasa in October.

Out of the 14 varieties planted, 11 are high POCS varieties and 3 are high fibre varieties.

Table 6 shows the 14 varieties that were advanced to stage 4 seedbed.
Table 7: LF06 Varieties Advanced Pol Fibre Pocs Variety Brix 16.0 10.4 20.2 Naidiri 81 15.0 10.2 19.5 76.4 Aiwa 14.8 8.6 19.1 74.1 LF91-1925 Ragnar 14.1 8.8 18.7 71.5 Test Varieties LF06-433 LF06-372 LF06-539 LF06-381 LF06-566 LF06-525 LF06-353 LF06-426 LF06-499 LF06-320 LF06-591 LF06-336 LF06-529 LF06- Annual Report 2009 7 SRIF Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Stage 4 LF2005 series planted Eleven varieties from LF2005 series were planted in stage 4 trial at Drasa in field 10.
The in mid trial was planted September and the seedcane was 12 months old at the time of planting.

The trial received above average rainfall.

Due to poor quality seedcane, some gaps were noted in the plots and supplying was carried out in the trial.

The plant crop of these trials will be analyzed in 2010.

LF2004 Series evaluated Large Population Trial Introduction into account The large population trial was planted for the first time in 2008.
This trial was taking established the problems and weighing sampling encountered with small plot trials.

The idea behind the large plot trials was to plant one trial on a poor soil that could be mechanically harvested and weighed at the mill weighbridge so that an improved assessment of the yield could be obtained.

It was also assumed that varieties that would perform well on poor soils would also perform well on the rich soils.
Results and Discussion This trial was planted in June 2008 at Legalega Research Station.

There were 16 test varieties and two standards (Ragnar and LF91-1925) planted in long rows that ranged from 150 to 340 meters in length.

Arsonists burnt this trial on two separate occasions and in the second fire, substantial damage was done as more than 80% of the trial was destroyed.

the varieties and Pre-harvest cane samples were taken from all from whatever cane that was left after burning.
The cane samples were analyzed to get some indication of the trial was biochemical data.

This harvested over a period of 10 days in mid October and the cane was 16 months old at the time of harvest.

Due to the damage caused by the fire, the plots could not be weighed as initially planned.

The plot weight of three varieties (LF04-116, 615 and 448) that were not damaged when the trial was burnt was recorded.

with poor short The stand of the varieties LF04-116 and 615 were poor.
LF04-116 has tall stalks but the stool population is low stalks while LF04-615 has (stunted) physical appearance.

LF04-448 has tall stalks (2-2.5m) and stood out among all the varieties because of its height and erect stand.

It gave a yield of 20.2 tonnes from 3 rows that were 340m long.

The biochemical results of this variety are presented in table 7.

Table 8: LF04-448 laboratory data Rep Brix pol Fibre %pocs 1 2 3 4 21.6 80.3 13.5 21.6 80.3 14.6 21.4 83.3 14.0 22.0 81.3 12.2 Avg.
21.7 81.3 13.6 14.5 14.3 15.4 14.7 14.7 8 Annual Report 2009 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji SRIF Newly Released Variety Kiuva One variety Kiuva that was bred from the cross between Mana and Vatu was released in 2009.

A field day was held in August 2009 to launch this variety.

The Prime Minister was the chief guest and a wide cross section of the sugar industry personnel was present during the launching.
A display of the research work conducted by the Institute was put up for the benefit of the invited guests.

Picture 2: Prime Minister addresses guests at launch of Kiuva Tissue culture Tissue culture work re-commenced during the year and some basic training on culture-medium preparation, lamina flow set-up and aseptic techniques of callus culture, was conducted.
The aim of tissue culture project is to produce varieties that can mask unfavorable characteristics like; disease and pests resistance, high sugar yield and many others.

Picture 1: Promising variety LF04- 448 One promising variety LF04-448 has been identified from the stage 4 large population trial.

This variety will be further evaluated in the G x E interaction trials at the mill centres from 2011.
Another promising variety LF94-694 was planted in the large mill trial that will be conducted at Rarawai in 2010.

This variety is high yielding with moderate sugar.

Development of high fibre varieties One high fibre variety LF02-541 was planted in Rarawai for Large mill trial in 2010.

Large Mill Trial The high fibre variety LF97-382 was tested in the large mill trial in 2009.

This variety does not have a positive agronomic desirability and is very trashy.

It is unlikely to be accepted by the growers.


Promising Varieties One promising variety LF94-694 was planted in the large mill trial that will be conducted at Rarawai in 2010.
Annual Report 2009 9 SRIF Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Soil & Leaf Samples Cane Samples Dextran Analysis Quality Assurance System 10 Annual Report 2009 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji SRIF Introduction to SRIF’s Analytical Laboratory provides Fertilizer Advisory Services the growers and further analytical services required for research projects within the institute.

Leaf samples are analyzed for major nutrients (Ca, Mg, K, Na, P and N) while soil samples are analyzed for soil pH and major nutrients.
Soil and leaf samples are mostly analyzed for blended fertilizer to recommendations determine the status of each nutrient in the sample.

Cane samples are mainly analyzed to determine %POCS (pure obtainable cane sugar) and % fibre for research the respective sections in four mill area.

Soil sampling for nitrogen mineralization and phosphorus absorption index project were carried out in Drasa, Saweni, Lovu and Lautoka sector.
conducted by trials and Soil salinity and sodicity assessment are carried out by the laboratory when requested by the Sugar Industry Tribunal to determine the suitability of reclaimed area for economical cane cultivation.

Other analysis the laboratory conducts on request, are cation exchange capacity, soil texture, organic matter and total nitrogen.

The laboratory also provides training attachment opportunities to graduates.
Soil and Leaf Samples The number of soil, leaf and cane samples received and analyzed for year 2009 is shown in Table 1.

There has been a reduction in number of leaf and soil samples received and a total of 500 were analyzed for research and advisory purposes.

A total of 101 soil and 30 leaf for samples were analyzed Fertilizer Recommendations.
Soil salinity and sodicity analysis were carried out on 138 farms that were affected during the January floods and the assessment reports were discussed with respective farms.

Cane samples A total of 2461 cane samples were analyzed for brix, pol, and fibre to determine %pocs in the small mill.

The cane samples were from plant breeding program trials and field audit.

The field audit samples were taken from farms to observe cane weevil borer damage.
Three stalk samples per sector were taken from four farms on hilly terrain; three stalk samples from four farms on slopes (rolling) three samples from four farms on flat terrain were analyzed in small mill.

Dextran analysis was conducted on 61 burnt cane samples from Lautoka mill yard.
terrain and; Table 1: Total number of Soil, Leaf & Cane Samples analyzed in 2009 District Lautoka Rarawai Labasa Penang Total Lautoka Total Routine Field Audit Total Soil Advisory Research 276 36 24 14 350 47 20 18 16 101 Leaf 30 131 Cane Samples 19 369 Disease Variety Total 323 56 42 30 451 49 500 331 331 1139 1139 991 1322 2130 2461 Annual Report 2009 11 SRIF Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Dextran – Alcohol Haze Method Quality Assurance System Dextran are glucose polymers with basic straight chains of linked glucose units and are formed by the action of bacteria (Leuconostoc mesenteriodes) on sucrose which create slimes and increases the juice.
Leuconostoc viscosity of cane mesenteriodes enters exposed cane tissues caused by mechanical harvesting, burning, cutting, disease and pests.

The presence of dextran creates problems during sugar manufacture and affects the quality of the final product.

The Alcohol haze method has been used to analyze dextran in burnt cane.

Green cane was used as a control for the analysis.


Four sets of analysis were done with standards and the results were used to plot the graph of dextran concentration against the number of days.

Upon analysis, it became apparent that the delay in processing harvested cane results in higher dextran levels.

When compared, burnt harvested cane showed higher dextran values compared to burnt standing, green standing and green harvested cane.

Dextran conc.
Dextran conc.

vs days delay Burnt harvested Burnt standing Green harvested Green standing ) g k / g m ( n o i t a r t n e c n o C 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 12 its instrumentation The Analytical Laboratory continues to and upgrade services on a regular basis.

The internal quality control program is well established due to set up of quality assurance program with members of SPACNET for accreditation of our laboratory to international standards.
The laboratory conducts the QC checks by having standard as well as random control samples and referring to the for QC accepted range of values samples.

Any value out of the range is investigated and corrective measures are under taken to ensure the criteria set for quality assurance is followed.

laboratory equipment The laboratory also carries out its internal quality assurance on calibration of and instruments, quality control checks, training and documentation.
Daily room checks calibration other temperature, balance as instruments scheduled and recorded.

of and carried out are The analytical laboratory joined the Australasian Soil and Plant Analysis Council exchange sample proficiency under SPACNET funding three years ago and has received certification in most of elements analyzed and assessed.
SPACNET program, four leaf and soil samples will be sent thrice annually to ASPAC members for analysis using different results will be methods and assessed and certified.

Under the the Annual Report 2009 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji SRIF Rainfall – Mill Centres ENSO event Relative Humidity Sunshine Earth Temperatures Soil Moisture Air Temperatures Evaporation Rainfall Tables Annual Report 2009 13 SRIF Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Introduction visibility, well-equipped cane growing areas.
The Sugar Research Institute of Fiji maintains daily climatological recording (DCR) stations and forty-three rainfall recording sites in the Basic observations of temperatures (Dry, Wet, Max, Min, Earth), rainfall, amount of clouds, sunshine, wind direction, wind force, evaporation are recorded at the DCR station at 9am daily.
At the end of the month the data is compiled Fiji daily Meteorological climatiological data plays a vital role in predicting weather forecast, producing climate summary and quarterly climate outlook for the sugarcane belt.

forwarded Station.

The and to Rainfall The enhanced South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ) brought heavy rainfall and than normal conditions were wetter experienced around the country from January to March.
Several sites recorded new daily and monthly rainfall in the first quarter of 2009.

Heavy rainfall from 6th to 14th January resulted in severe flooding on the main islands and caused major damages in the cane belt.

The transition months (April to May) saw considerable variation in rainfall activity as the SPCZ gradually migrated north and gave way to migrating mid-latitude systems.
While some sites experienced drier or wetter than normal conditions, majority of the sites experienced normal rainfall during this period.

The dry season (June to August) rainfall was marked by passage of upper troughs and frontal systems which saw Fiji receiving by low rainfall in June.

rainfall especially near normal rainfall with a few sites receiving above normal rainfall.

There were some parts of Fiji that received and considerably experienced short dry spells over the dry season.
There was noticeable change in the climate with an early stage of El Niño development that was apparent The transition months from dry to wet (September to high October) was marked variability in in September when the country was influenced by a series of eastward moving frontal systems.

October was considerably drier than normal as weak to moderate El Niño started to impact the country’s rainfall.
There were several sites that recorded significantly below average rainfall and were in a drought condition and many into warning status.

Although the El Niño phenomena appeared around June to August period, its lagged effect did not affect Fiji’s rainfall until October.

Large areas in the north- western parts of Viti Levu, southern Vanua Levu and parts of the Eastern Central Divisions received well below average rainfall and were in a state of Meteorological drought at the end of November.
The country experienced first Tropical Cyclone “Mick” on December 13.

Torrential rainfall associated with the cyclone caused flooding in low lying areas and major rivers of Nadi, Ba and Rewa.

The drought conditions that existed eased but some parts of the to Division Eastern experience drought conditions.
continued its 14 Annual Report 2009 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji SRIF Earth Temperature The earth temperatures at all depths (5cm, 10cm & 20cm) were slightly less than or equal to the long time mean values throughout the year.

El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) The 2009 El Niño event, which started around June 2009, became well established across the tropical Pacific in October 2009.
Until mid-October, the event had maintained only a weak magnitude but intensified to moderate strength to December period.

The major contributing factor for intensification in magnitude was the strong and persistent westerly wind anomalies especially in October.

the November over Relative Humidity Relative Humidity values were average to above average in most parts of the country for January ,March & November and average for February, April, May & June.
Below to above average humid average condition prevailed for July to October.

to below average Sunshine Generally the sunshine hours varied from below average to average at the four recording sites (Nadi, Suva, Rotuma and Nacocolevu.

In January & April, sunshine hours were below average and later the sunshine hours recorded were average.

Soil Moisture From January to March, the soil moisture was moderate to sufficient for good growth of cane.
The rest of the months, the soil moisture status was dry-limiting while drought like conditions prevailed from July-November which is very dry with limiting cane growth.

Air Temperature The maximum and minimum air temperatures were near average across most of the country in February.

A new monthly mean air temperature of 31.6ºC was recorded at Ono-i-Lau during this month.

From March to June the maximum and minimum air temperatures were average or above average across most of the country.
Two new daily high minimum and a new low minimum air temperature record were established during July.

The two new high minimum air temperatures records were 25.3oC at Lautoka and 23.8ºC at Rarawai (Ba).

Maximum air temperatures were below average at most in October.

Six air sites records were broken temperature during the month.

Both maximum and minimum air temperatures were cooler than normal at most sites in November.
Seven daily and seven mean monthly air temperature records were broken during the month.

minimum and Evaporation The sunken pan evaporation readings were below average throughout the year and varied from month to month.

The raised pan evaporation was above average throughout the year except in January it was below average.

The precipitation to evaporation ratios were low throughout the year generally except for the months of January and March (refer table 6).
Annual Report 2009 15 SRIF Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Table 1: Rainfall (mm) for all mills – 2009 Mills Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Total Lautoka Mill Monthly Rainfall 1280 262 384 110 116 72 34 65 223 42 52 237 2875 No.

of rain days 24 22 26 14 9 8 *40yrs Avg (1970-2009) 374 309 309 188 85 71 % of average 342 85 124 58 135 102 2 55 62 4 73 89 7 12 6 10 144 77 100 133 187 1960 291 42 39 127 147 Rarawai Mill Monthly Rainfall 944 358 353 91 150 77 28 27 237 57 48 223 2591 No.
of rain days 14 19 24 12 8 *40yrs Avg (1970-2009) 380 351 376 205 94 % of average 248 102 94 44 160 Penang Mill Monthly Rainfall 1255 305 184 188 276 No.
of rain days 24 19 24 16 11 *40yrs Avg (1970-2009) 426 335 384 255 153 8 82 93 79 12 97 4 43 66 68 7 55 % of average Labasa Mill Monthly Rainfall 805 454 259 211 94 111 93 16 153 14 106 163 2479 No.
of rain days 26 22 22 16 15 *40yrs Avg (1970-2009) 407 357 361 247 111 12 76 8 53 % of average 198 127 72 85 85 147 176 5 49 33 8 3 7 11 155 78 114 178 258 2288 197 12 59 63 108 *Note: The long term average rainfall data presented has been standardized to 40 years average for all the mill recording sites.
16 Annual Report 2009 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji SRIF Table 2: Rainfall data (mm) for Lautoka, Nadi and Sigatoka Districts 2009 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Total Sector Drasa 1535 360 261 193 100 No.

of rain days 18 17 18 7 Lovu 1569 332 291 184 No.

of rain days 17 15 12 6 5 82 5 Saweni 1335 307 344 138 104 103 No.

of rain days 15 16 14 6 5 Natova 1268 280 329 87 132 No.

of rain days 14 18 16 5 5 Legalega 1412 282 220 74 188 No.
of rain days 13 18 12 4 6 Meigunyah 813 187 271 40 149 No.

of rain days 11 16 11 4 6 Qeleloa 343 224 221 75 158 No.
of rain days Navo Dist/Office 622 336 490 117 251 156 150 138 304 44 44 289 2942 No.
of rain days 12 17 14 7 8 4 3 3 5 1 3 5 82 Malolo No.

of rain days 11 17 14 Nawaicoba 402 355 413 No.

of rain days 11 15 16 Yako 465 167 169 No.

of rain days 9 12 6 7 29 4 51 2 6 94 4 Lomawai 514 200 258 66 151 No.

of rain days 9 15 13 6 5 Cuvu 431 261 238 88 155 No.

of rain days 9 15 13 9 5 Olosara 423 282 188 100 179 No.
of rain days 10 16 9 8 5 Annual Report SRIF Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Table 3: Rainfall data (mm) for Rarawai Mill 2009 Sector Varoko (Sarava) Feb Mar 412 259 Apr May 115 138 Jan 1396 Jun 64 Jul Aug Sept 186 15 40 Oct Nov Dec 147 30 60 Total 2862 No.
of rain days 18 14 14 4 4 Mota 1069 394 469 110 132 No.

of rain days 17 16 15 4 5 Naloto (Nukuloa) 1029 343 550 115 109 No.

of rain days 18 14 14 Rarawai 944 280 337 No.

of rain days 13 14 AES - Rarawai 944 358 353 No.

of rain days 19 24 3 60 3 91 12 4 131 4 150 8 Koronubu 1774 337 313 127 112 No.

of rain days 19 15 12 5 Veisaru (Navatu) 1261 290 321 142 No.

of rain days 17 15 13 Varavu 1383 199 203 No.

of rain days 17 16 12 Tagi Tagi 1393 306 162 No.


of rain days 11 12 11 5 92 6 41 3 4 97 4 148 6 161 4 Yaladro (Tavua) 1539 301 370 122 172 No.

of rain days 11 12 11 3 4 5 97 5 81 4 75 5 77 8 59 5 69 5 61 4 53 3 47 3 Drumasi 1077 410 421 128 120 144 No.
of rain days 11 14 11 3 4 3 2 42 2 65 3 56 2 28 4 45 4 40 2 15 2 39 2 29 1 29 2 Table 4: Rainfall data (mm) for Penang Mill – Sector Nanuku Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total 1128 375 156 195 262 No.
of rain days 10 10 6 7 3 Malau 1255 305 184 188 276 No.

of rain days Ellington I 24 547 No.

of rain days Ellington II 16 1785 No.


of rain days Annual Report 2009 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji SRIF Table 5: Rainfall data (mm) for Labasa Mill 2009 Sector Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Total Rokosalase (Solove) 691 310 297 167 No.
of rain days 27 15 13 11 Naravuka (Bulivou) 496 259 353 230 No.

of rain days 16 9 16 13 71 12 90 7 53 5 69 5 123 6 257 12 Natua (Seaqaqa) 919 334 361 184 148 94 163 No.

of rain days 27 20 22 14 15 9 Seaqaqa Sub.

St. 1060 341 310 284 139 163 No.

of rain days 24 17 16 11 13 8 Waiqele 952 338 323 161 115 177 No.

of rain days 18 15 18 8 10 6 Wailevu 838 449 245 240 117 113 No.

of rain days 28 16 16 10 12 7 8 80 6 99 6 83 5 Vunimoli 1249 549 335 211 104 117 181 No.
of rain days 20 18 18 12 Korowiri 805 454 259 211 No.

of rain days 26 22 22 16 11 94 15 Nagigi (Bucaisau) 777 470 321 222 127 No.

of rain days 17 16 18 9 10 Daku 773 288 275 300 140 No.

of rain days 17 15 17 15 7 5 111 12 71 7 81 4 Kuru Kuru (Daku) 726 279 256 185 106 110 No.

of rain days 17 18 14 10 11 9 Wainikoro 871 333 285 253 104 101 No.

of rain days 15 12 15 13 14 8 Vunivutu (Wainikoro) 766 256 284 244 130 100 No.

of rain days 16 10 12 12 Papalagi (Wainikoro) 1241 783 707 179 No.
of rain days Annual Report 2009 19 SRIF Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Table 6: Meteorological data for Sugar Research Institute of Fiji, Lautoka 2009 Measurements Relative humidity (%) √ 40yrs Avg (1970-2009) Feb Mar 80 77 Apr May 75 74 Aug Sept 71 69 Jan 80 75 Jun 73 75 Jul 72 72 70 70 75 77 75 75 Oct 67 69 Nov 67 70 Dec 68 71 Air temperature (°C) Mean maximum √ 40yrs Avg (1970-2009) Mean minimum √ 40yrs Avg (1970-2009) Mean Highest maximum Lowest minimum Evaporation (mm) 82.7 77.6 113.1 116.4 132.0 160.8 179.8 101.8 114.1 100.8 102.1 99.3 Sunken pan 161.8 121.5 132.6 126.4 108.2 94.7 116.3 135.9 142.3 176.3 162.1 189.6 39yrs Avg (1970-2008) 150.6 160.4 156.9 182.3 217.8 224.5 284.3 316.1 376.8 565.5 561.4 477.6 Raised pan √ 39yrs Avg (1970-2008) 172.0 146.2 149.1 135.0 125.4 113.4 129.0 142.5 156.5 189.2 188.8 188.8 P:E ratio 0.50 Earth temperature (°C) 5 cm depth √ 40yrs Avg (1970-2009) 10 cm depth √ 40yrs Avg (1970-2009) 20 cm depth √ 40yrs Avg (1970-2009) 100 cm depth Mean Sunshine (hours) √ 40yrs Avg (1970-2009) 26.4 27.3 25.7
(hours) √ 40yrs Avg (1970-2009) Table 7: Transeau Ratio (Precipitation/Evaporation) and Moisture Status of Soil 2009 P.E <0.25 0.26-0.50 0.51-1.00 1.10-2.00 >2.00 Moisture status Months Drought conditions July, August, October, November Very dry - limiting moisture.
Slow growth.

June, December Dry - limiting moisture.

Slow growth.

April, May, September Moderate - sufficient moisture for moderate growth.

Good - sufficient moisture for good growth.


February January, March 20 Annual Report 2009 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji SRIF Fiji Leaf Gall Disease Downy Mildew Disease Ratoon Stunting Disease Cane Weevil Borer Disease Control (Rouging) Nematology Annual Report 2009 21 SRIF Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Fiji Leaf Gall Disease (FLGD) a from the stage The varieties two selection of the breeding program were screened for resistance to FLGD.
A total of 102 clones were screened together with the recommended 10 standards.

These clones were from the LF2007 series.

The leaf hopper, Perkensiella vitiensis established reasonable population in early parts of April that existed till the middle of July.

The declining population of the leaf hopper is attributed to the increasing use of herbicides in the sugar cane farms.

The use of herbicides has increased sharply in recent years.
Moreover, the low population densities of the leaf hopper can also be attributed to the low rainfall during the months of May, June and July.

The leaf hoppers require young lush growing sugar cane crop for breeding.

After collection the leaf hoppers are bred in captivity in cages that contain Erianthus maximus (Fiji 10) varieties which are extremely susceptible to FLGD.

The ratio of leaf hoppers that are kept in cage is 1 male to 2 females.

The life cycle of a leaf hopper from egg to adult is 39 days.
The most crucial stage is the 2nd to the 4th instar stages, the because during stages nymphs the virus.

After breeding in captivity, the nymphs were released to the test clones and the standards.

They were kept in insectary for the virus to get for 14 days transmitted.

varieties were The inspected on alternate days from the 15th day onwards.

transmit these The definitive diagnostic symptom of Fiji disease is raised whitish enations (galls) on the abaxial (back) side of the leaf blade and midrib.
The galls are the results of hypertrophy (expansion and multiplication) of the phloem and xylem cells in the vascular bundle resulting from viral infection and multiplication in the cells.

Galls generally measure from a few millimeters to 5cm, although some can be observed extending most of the length of the leaf.

Other symptoms associated with Fiji disease can also be noted.
These symptoms include death of the apical meristem, side shooting, a knife cut appearance to the edge of newly emerged leaves, stunting and death of the plant.

Growth of the stalk slows and the newly formed leaves are shorter and stiffer.

The top of the plant becomes fan like, and in some instances it appears as if the top of the plant has been bitten off.

Plants grown from infected setts are usually stunted, with small, stiff, dark green leaves and often die relatively quickly.
Control relies upon the use of resistant cultivars, planting of disease free seed material, inspection and rouging of diseased stools.

Fiji is not mechanically disease virus transmittable.

Out of the 102 LF2007 clones that were screened, majority of the varieties were resistant.

The table below shows the screening results.


Table 1: Resistance of clones screened for Fiji leaf gall disease Series Resistant Moderate resistant Susceptible LF 07 77 11 14 22 Annual Report 2009 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji SRIF Downy Mildew Disease (DOM) Downy mildew is caused by fungus Perenosclerospora saccahari and has been successfully eradicated and not recorded since 1996 but regular monitoring of farms is still done.

Farms that still grow maize near cane fields are prone to downy mildew.
The disease control unit keeps a vigil over any signs and symptoms of Downy mildew disease outbreak.

There was no screening for DOM resistance in 2009.

Ratoon Stunting Disease (RSD) Ratoon stunting disease is caused by bacteria Leifsonia xyli subsp.

xyli which affects the water transporting vessel (xylem) of the sugarcane plant.

Yield losses are higher when the cane is suffering moisture stress.
The screening of clones to ratoon for resistance stunting disease was put on hold as the micro plate reader used for ELISA was not working.

Cane weevil borer (CWB) A new experiment was initiated to study the impact of insect pathogen as a bio- pesticides on Rhabdoscelus obscurus larvae and adult.

The main objective of this project was to isolate fungus from the infected cane weevil borer in potato dextrose agar, malt extract agar and to study its effects on cane weevil borer larvae.
In addition another objective was to subculture the desired fungus for further experiment and to control cane weevil borer in a trial.

Fungus culturing was conducted to find out the exact pathogen to control cane weevil borer.

The experiment shows that the cultured fungus that appears green in colour is effective on cane weevil borer larvae and adult.

Currently, fungus culturing is in progress for further trials.

The future plan is to control cane weevil borer by using pathogens.
The graph given below shows the fungus effectiveness on Rhabdoscelus obscurus larvae in laboratory trial.
Fungus effects on R.obscurus larvae e a v r a 120 100 e g a t n e c r e P l f o n o i t a z i t i s a r a p 80 60 40 20 0 Treat Mean Treatment Figure 1: Parasitization of larvae Table 1: CWB Treatments T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 Control 5 larvae & 100ml of fungus 10 larvae & 100ml of fungus 15 larvae & 100ml of fungus 20 larvae & 100ml of fungus Picture 1: Fungus conidia observed under 2000x magnification Annual Report 2009 23 SRIF Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Disease Control rouging programme The disease control unit is involved in to intensive eradicate all traces of Fiji leaf gall disease (FLGD) from commercial fields.
However the disease remains endemic in wild canes and Saccharum edule (Duruka) the neighbourhood of commercial plantings and is always transmitted to the cultivated crop by the Fijian hopper, Perkensiella vitiensis.

sugarcane leaf in The rouging inspections are carried out on all planted cane and in some ratoon crop.

Table 2 summarizes the rouging inspection in all the cane district.

It has been observed that in some cases FLGD is latent in the plant crop and shows signs in early ratoon stage.
A total of 10820 hectares of cane were inspected during the year of which 1320 ha were plant and 9500 ha were ratoon crop (Table 3).

Table 2: Summary of rouging inspections in 2009 No.
of Farms Inspected Area Rouged (Ha) Ratoon Plant Mill District Lautoka Ba/Tavua Labasa Penang Nadi Sigatoka Total 446 621 734 977 762 470 4010 72.53 279.28 645.37 110.33 124.14 89.45 1321.1 1088.82 592.92 3117.7 1013 2533.8 1154.3 9500.54 Varieties Table 3: Cane varieties inspected in 2009 Plant (Ha) 0.88 33.46 0 42.03 61.73 543.45 358.84 0 39.72 11.75 16.18 41.36 56.52 1321.1 Aiwa Galoa Homer Kaba Mali Mana Naidiri Ono Ragnar Research Unapproved Vatu Waya Total No.
of Farms 16 158 4 151 235 5044 794 1 351 25 49 358 255 4010 Ratoon (Ha) 25.58 167.34 5.99 116.60 265.82 5659.95 852.21 0.99 610.93 2.80 53.32 608.90 325.40 9500.54 No.

of FLGD stools Rouged 1067 333 0 0 857 534 2791 FLGD Infected Stools 0 0 0 0 0 2789 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2791 24 Annual Report 2009 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji SRIF Nematology Preliminary investigation was carried out to determine the level of nematodes found in major soil types in different sectors.
Initially 16 sectors have been covered from Lautoka, Nadi and Sigatoka districts and 134 soil samples collected and analyzed.

The extracting tray method was used to extract the nematodes.

Ten genera of plant parasitic nematodes were identified in the 16 sectors.
They were Lesion Spiral (Pratylenchus (Helicotylenchus sp), Root knot Reniform (Meloidogyne (Rotylenchulus sp), Ring (Criconemella sp), Dagger (Xiphinema sp), Stubby (Paratrichodorus sp),Lance(Hoplolaimus sp), Pin (Paratylenchus sp) and Stunt 4 (Ttylenchorhynchus sp).

Table sp), sp), are summarizes the nematodes found in the surveyed samples.
The Lesion and Root knot devastating the most nematodes followed by Dagger, Stubby, Stunt and Ring with moderate causes and the least damaging are; Spiral and Reniform.

The proportion of plant parasitic nematodes in the soil samples collected was higher than the non plant parasitic nematodes.

The high population density of the plant parasitic nematodes the monocropping farming practice that is the cane belt.
The prevalent nematode damage and its effect on crops can be minimized by practicing crop rotation and intercropping with a leguminous plant.

Further sampling in other districts should be carried out and analyzed to determine nematode levels in Fiji’s sugarcane belt.

attributed to in is Table 4.
Nematodes found in Lautoka, Nadi and Sigatoka districts Sectors Common Soil Type Clay Clay Loam Silt Clay loam Sandy Clay Loam Silty Clay Loam Drasa Lovu Lautoka Saweni Legalega Meigunyah Clay Clay Loam Qeleoa Clay Loam Yako Clay Loam Malolo Nawaicoba Clay Loam Waqadra Lomawai Cuvu Olosara Natova Total % of total Clay Clay Loam Silty Clay Loam Sandy Clay Loam Clay Loam 30 386 90 580 134 220 1350 260 870 Destructive Nematodes present in the sectors Lesion Root Knot Ring Spiral Reniform Annual Report 2009 25 SRIF Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Seed Cane Nursery Early Weed Control Nitrogen Replacement Zonal Tillage Soil Compaction Intercropping Model Farm GIS Estates Rehabilitation of abandoned Farms FACP Tables Approved Varieties 26 Annual Report 2009 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji SRIF Seed Cane Nursery Program (SCN) Early weed control of and cane establishment The a healthy sugarcane crop is dependent on good seed proper quality management practices.
The seed cane should be free from diseases and have a good germination capacity.

The use of heat treatment to cure diseases of sugarcane was first used to control Sereh disease in sugar cane.

The seed material has to undergo heat treatment to ensure that most of the sugarcane disease is eliminated from the seed cane.

The first commercial use of heat treatment was for controlling chlorotic streak in 1935.
Heat treatment has for become an control of ratoon stunting disease and can be used in an integrated system of disease management.

important measure One of the major factors contributing to the yield decline of sugarcane is weed infestation on sugarcane farms.

A herbicide trial was established in 2009 at Lautoka.
The tillering assessments carried out at 3 and 5 months shows that the treatment combination of velper K4 (4kg/ha) with amine 720 mixture applied at 4 weeks after planting had more tillers and better stalk height compared to other treatments.

This assessment indicates that weeds need to be controlled at an early stage of its growth to get better yields.
functional during The establishment of the hot water treatment plants in Rarawai and Drasa has allowed the Sugar Research Institute to establish seed cane nursery plots from which seedcane will be made available to farmers.

The HWT plant for Labasa will be established in 2010 and should be the replanting season.

A total of 79.1 ha of seed cane were established in the major estates of which 6.3ha is mother plots (primary nursery) and 72.8ha as distribution plots (secondary nursery).
The Institute plans to establish 100ha of seed cane at the major estates with mother plots and distribution plots.

The long term plan of SRIF is to produce and provide premium quality disease free seed cane to the entire cane belt through the millers extension services.

Picture 2: Sprayed at four weeks.

Nitrogen replacement methods Fertilizer recommendation is given by the analytical laboratory after the leaf and soil analysis.
Nitrogen is the most important mineral which should be applied in correct amount to obtain maximum yield in different soil types.

Two nitrogen replacement trials were established in 2009 and are currently being evaluated for the ratoon crop.

The nitrogen replacement recommendation from the lab was based on leaf analysis and 1.3kg nitrogen replaced on every tonne harvested from previous season.
Annual Report 2009 27 SRIF Sugar Research Institute of Fiji The growth assessment done at 3 and 5 months shows that there is not much difference in tillers and stalk height of the two major treatments applied but the conclusion can only be made after the yield is obtained.

from both treatment Zonal tillage Mechanical harvesting and excessive tillage causes soil compaction which leads to the decline in sugarcane yield.
A zonal tillage trial was established in 2009 at Drasa estate that will be evaluated for plant crop in year 2010.

The ratoon cane that grew after harvest was sprayed with glyphosate 360 and zonal tillage was applied before and after wet season as the cane dried out.

Cotton king (set of serated discs) was used to till the zones on the raised beds.

Zonal tillage reduces farm input cost and soil compaction and this new cane farming system can be useful for the farmers.
Soil compaction A preliminary study was carried out at Drasa estate on plant cane to see the compaction rate.

This study indicates that there is substantial compaction of the soil layer below 25cm depth.

This is expected due to the plough pan that forms after years of cultivation using a tractor.

The introduction of mechanical harvesters 10 years ago has also contributed to the compaction.
The cane fields in Fiji have not been designed to accommodate the mechanical harvesters and the haul out trucks as there are no specifically marked out traffic zones.

The compaction of the soil has been more pronounced and silently going on for the past decade and its effects are now evident.

Further studies will be carried out on soil compaction.
Compaction Index (kPa) 0-300 300-600 600-900 900-1200 1200-1500 1500-1800 1800-2100 2100-2400 2400-2700 2700-3000 3000-3300 3300-3600 3600-3900 3900-4200 4200-4500 4500-4800 4800-5100 0 -0.03 -0.06 -0.09 -0.12 -0.15 -0.18 -0.21 -0.24 -0.27 -0.33 -0.36 -0.39 -0.42 S o i l d e p t h ( m ) 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 .

.

.

.

4 8 2 6 .

.

.

.

4 8 2 6 Distance across row profile (m) Figure1: Graph showing compaction at different depths.

Figure 2: Ploughing compacted field.


28 Annual Report 2009 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji SRIF Intercropping Introduction long is a peas, the This project was funded by European Union.

The report briefly covers the outcomes of inter cropping trials carried out by the Extension Officer’s who were involved in selecting at random and laying of inter-crop demonstration trials in farmer’s fields in the cane growing areas in Fiji.
farming practice Intercropping where two or more crops are grown simultaneously on land.

the same associated with is Intercropping sustainable agriculture.

The advantages of inter-cropping are many such as inter-crop recovering establishment cost per unit area, generate added farm income, maximum land utilization, weed control – reduced labour cost, reduces hill side soil erosion, retains moisture and improves soil health.
The total number of demonstration trials planted was 164 out of which 8 trials were abandoned because insect/pest damage, disease and vandalism.

After planting cane the intra rows were sprayed with Diuron to control weeds (2kg/ha).

As soon as the young cane shoots emerged after 9 to 12 days, selected inter-crop seeds were planted manually in the inter-rows by the farmer under the guidance of the extension officers.

Cow bean, cucumber, okra seeds germinated in 3-5 days and watermelon 12 days.
Three weeks after germinating the inter-crops were fertilized with blend B at 1 bag per hectare.

On the first sight of insect infestation the crop was sprayed with lannate at 2 litres per hectare and 2 rounds of application was done.

Upon maturity the fruits were harvested and sold in the markets, roadsides and in the community.

Inter-cropping can form an integral part of the farming system and can be practiced in both plant and ratoon cane and in any type of terrain.
Eight field theme days were held with “Intercropping: Potential & Benefit” to promote this concept.

It is anticipated that intercrop trials will serve as a catalyst to stimulate growers and make them more productive.
Table 1: District distribution of crops drought, cane and the of District Sigatoka Nadi Lautoka Rarawai Tavua Penang Labasa Seqaqa Total Trials 11 29 21 33 18 18 21 13 164 Cowpea 2 3 9 9 7 9 9 6 54 Long bean Watermelon Cucumber Okra 1 5 6 1 3 2 18 3 14 7 18 9 6 10 7 74 3 2 3 9 1 13 5 Annual Report 2009 29 SRIF Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Picture 1: Intercrop planting Picture 2: Manual weed control Picture 3: Flowering stage Picture 4: Fruiting stage (Cowpea) Picture 5: EU funded project Picture 6: Field day presentation Picture 7: Early weed control Picture 8: Field visit Lautoka 30 Annual Report 2009 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji SRIF Model Farm Sugarcane farming in Fiji is monocropped and is a long term generator.
income declining Due prices and increasing costs, there is a need farm income.

to diversify to sustain to is farming system The Sugar Research Institute of Fiji has established nine Model Farms in the cane belts of Fiji with financial assistance from the European Union.

the Integrated possible solution to meet the continuous increase of all commodities at present.
The benefits of diversification or integrated farming are many such as stability of food security, maximum land usage, self sufficiency and improve the life style of small holding farmers in Fiji who have limited resources.

income, The model farms were set up to serve as an educational tool to motivate the growers so that they could increase the total income from the farm.
Productive utilization of land through integration of crops, livestock’s and agriculture can give the best optimum production per unit area.

In other words integrated is resource farming management achieve strategy economic and sustained production to meet the diverse requirement of farm household.

system a to The farmers selected for the model farms were provided financial assistance together with a combination of selected commodities.
The Extension officers regularly visited the farms to monitor the progress and technical guidance was provided to the growers.

Two field days were held to demonstrate the potential and adopting recommended farming practices on the model farms.

benefits likely by Picture 9: Model Farm Picture 10: Model farm layout Eight model farms were set up in the various districts and are still ongoing.
The intention was to complete the model farms over a 3 year period and provide technical advice that would motivate the farmers to become self reliant on as many commodities they could produce.
Picture 11: Stone Banks to control soil erosion Annual Report 2009 31 SRIF Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Geographical Information System Status: satellite imagery, With the appointment of a GIS officer in late 2008, the Drasa Pilot project was carried on as a guide to complete the remaining sectors of the sugar industry.
Using cadastral boundaries and lease data, combined with the knowledge of extension officers and the growers; approximately 650 growers were identified and verified within Varoko and Rarawai sector.

This gave 81% completion of Varoko and Rarawai.

The achievement of this has been a tedious task as the there are high inaccuracies with cadastral and lease data, hence with future collaboration of all stakeholders, greater the targets can be achieved as repetitive work will be reduced.
other initiated The use of geospatial technology was projects for also undertaken by SRIF such as; nematode study, intercropping trials, seed cane nursery development and rehabilitation of abundant farms.

This incorporated the use of a Global Positioning System (GPS) to collect field data for record identification and mapping.

keeping, Thus, the soil series of 1400 samples was identified with ease and accuracy for nematode study.
The Institute plans to purchase more GPS units to assist with other projects in the coming year.

Figure 1: Extent of GIS work with completed sectors 32 Annual Report 2009 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji SRIF Estates The five millers owned estates that were managed by the Institute produced a total of 17,769 tonnes of cane from 258.2 hectares and the combined average yield was 68.8tpha.
Table 1: Estates production in 2009 tpha Estate Area under cane Cane Produced Drasa Waqadra Rarawai Labasa Penang Total 94.4 55.4 76.6 28.0 3.8 258.2 6344 4743 4750 1623 309 17769 67.2 85.6 62 57.9 81.3 68.8 Drasa Estate Drasa Estate has a total area of 127.5 hectares available for cane planting.

The total cane production at Drasa Estate in 2009 season was 6344 tonnes from an area of 94.4 hectares that gave a yield of 67.2 tonnes per hectare.
There was an increase in yield from 62tpha in 2008 to 67tpha in 2009.

Table 2 summarizes the cane production at Drasa estate in 2009.

There was an increase in burnt cane by 15% compared to 2008.

The major weather cultivation, fertilization event of the year was the devastating floods in January that caused a lot of damage to the cane crop.

In spite of the flooding, recovered the cane had considerably and cane production per hectare increased by 5.2 tpha compared to 2008 season.
Primary and secondary hot water treated seed cane nurseries were established on 23 hectares under the European Union funding and raised bed dual row planting on 7.8hectares.

All and harvesting was given out on contract.

harvested All cane mechanically.

The the percentage of burnt cane is a serious problem because of the penalty imposed on deteriorating cane that results in loss of revenue.
Rainfall received at Drasa Estate from January to December 2009 was 3105 mm and this was 414 mm more compared with 2009 season.

Above average rainfall was received in the month of January, February March and May.

Bulk of the rainfall (1535mm) was recorded in January that resulted in flooding in most of the fields.
was increase the in Table 2: Drasa Estate Cane Production 2009 Crop Plant 1R 2R OR Total Research Commercial ha tonnes 180 1.6 76 0.8 93 1.2 476 9.5 825 13.1 tpha 112.5 95.0 77.5 50.1 62.9 ha tonnes 291 3.0 620 8.1 181 2.6 4427 67.6 5519 81.3 tpha 97.0 76.5 69.6 65.5 67.9 Total ha tonnes 471 4.6 696 8.9 274 3.8 4903 77.1 6344 94.4 tpha 102.4 78.2 72.1 63.6 67.2 Annual Report 2009 33 SRIF Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Table 3: Drasa Estate production figures (2005-2009) Burnt Yea r 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 % Tonnes 4163 49 2701 67 4523 38 4254 40 3082 46 Tonnes 4082 5523 2819 2864 3262 Area ha 105.7 113.5 104.8 114.8 94.2 Green Total % Tonnes 8245 51 8224 33 7343 62 7118 60 6344 54 Yield tpha 78.0 72.5 70.1 62.0 67.0 Waqadra Estate Nadi Estate has a total area of 64.9 hectares available for cane planting.
The total production of cane in 2009 was 4743 tonne from 55.4 hectare that gave a yield of 85.6 tpha.

Table 4 below summarizes the cane production of 2009.

A total of 4243 tonnes of cane was harvested and delivered to the mill from 48.6 hectare, 20 tonnes were given as seed cane to 17 growers, 30 tonnes was used for planting in the estate and 450 tonnes was burnt and rejected.
There was an increase in the yield for commercial cane from 70 tpha in 2008 to 90 tpha in 2009 but it still remains lower than the potential of 120 tpha.

The increase in yield was mainly due to improved inter row cultivation and wide spread rainfall (1310mm) received during cane growing period from January to April 2009.
The timing and implementation of activities like planting, fertilization and weed control is very important and any adverse weather conditions during such practices have detrimental effect on the yield.
Table 4: Waqadra Estate Cane Production 2009 Crop Plant 1R 2R OR Total Research tonnes 154 ha 3.1 tpha 49.7 3.1 154 49.7 Commercial ha tonnes 128 1.4 1010 11.2 696 8.0 2101 31.7 3935 52.3 tpha 91.4 90.1 87.0 84.3 86.4 ha 4.5 11.2 8.0 31.7 55.4 Total tonnes tpha 282 62.6 1010 90.1 696 87.0 2755 86.9 4743 85.6 Table 5: Waqadra Estate production figures (2005-2009) Year 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Area ha 57.9 61.3 56.6 59.6 55.4 Burnt Green Tonnes 3223 4242 2971 2971 2844 % Tonnes 1033 1502 1176 1176 1899 75.7 73.8 71.6 69.8 59.9 Total % Tonnes 4256 5744 4147 4252 4743 24.3 26.2 28.4 30.2 40.1 Yield Tpha 73.5 93.7 73.3 69.6 85.6 34 Annual Report 2009 Sugar Research Insti itute of Fiji F SRIF Rara e awai Estate The tonne 62t/h used cane cause was of pro harve and r the fl Rarawai E es of cane ha.
Approxim to establish nursery.

ed by the flo a slight inc oduction als esting costs rehabilitating ood.

Estate prod with avera mately 230 t h hot water t Despite th ood in Janua rease in yie so increased s, burnt can g the crop d duced 4536 6 age yield of f s of cane was treated seed d s e damages ry, there ld.
The cost t due to high h s ne penalties y damaged by Pict Jan ture 1: uary 2009 Cane da flood amaged i n Tab ble 6: Raraw Cane Prod Cro p nt Plan 1R 2R OR Tota al ha 4.2 2.6 3.3 9.8 19.9 wai Estate Research tonnes 319 153 198 452 1122 tpha 76 59 60 46 56 uction 200 09 Commer rcial s ha tonne h 5 65 7 7.8 508 8 6 6.6 0 8 540 8.6 5 192 3.7 33 8 3628 6.7 56 tpha 84 77 63 57 64 To ton otal nnes 974 661 738 2377 4750 ha 12.0 9.2 11.9 43.5 76.6 a tpha 1 8 2 7 2 6 5 5 2 6 production urnt 2005-2009 reen ar Tab Yea ble 7: Raraw Area ha 88.8 83.2 79.5 74.6 76.6 wai Estate Bu Tonnes 2160 6033 2797 2206 1583 5 2005 2006 6 2007 7 2008 8 9 2009 n figures (2 Gr Tonnes 4414 2041 2292 2194 3167 % 32.9 74.7 55.0 50.1 33.3 ) Total Tonnes 6574 8074 5089 4400 4750 Yield d Tpha a 4 74 7 9 64 4 59 9 2 6 % 67.1 25.3 45.0 49.9 66.7 Pictu ure 2: Bed f former for dual row p planting Annual l Report 2009 35 3 SRIF Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Labasa Estate received a Labasa estate total of 2479mm rainfall this season, 329mm less rainfall than previous season.
Below average rainfall was recorded between July to November which affected cane re-planting in Labasa mill sectors.

Sixty one percent of rainfall was received in the first quarter of the year.

Harvesting commenced in the estate on the 7th of June, the day mill commenced crushing.

The estate harvested 1623 tonnes of cane, 391 the tonnes more previous year giving a yield of 59.7tonns per hectare.

All cane was harvested green.


A total of 10.0ha cane was planted under the hot water seedcane nursery project.

This seedcane will be distributed to the growers during the 2010 planting season.

A lot of emphasis was placed on weed control as weeds have been a major concern in the estate and with regular flooding the estate fields are infested with weeds that are dormant in the soils and keep growing periodically.

All cultivation work was than received a done manually and mechanically.
total of Labasa estate 2479mm rainfall this season, 329mm less rainfall than previous season.

Below average rainfall was recorded between July to November which affected cane re-planting in Labasa mill sectors.

Sixty one percent of rainfall was received in the first quarter of the year.

Harvesting commenced in the estate on the 7th of June, the day mill commenced crushing.

The estate harvested 1623 tonnes of cane, 391 the tonnes more previous year giving an yield of 59.7tonns per hectare.
All cane was harvested green.

A total of 10.0ha cane was planted under the hot water seedcane nursery project.

This seedcane will be distributed to the growers during the 2010 planting season.

A lot of emphasis was placed on weed control as weeds have been a major concern in the estate and with regular flooding the estate fields are infested with weeds that are dormant in the soils and keep growing periodically.

All cultivation work was done manually and mechanically.
than Table 8: Labasa Estate Cane Production 2009 Research Commercial Crop Plant 1R 2R OR Total ha tonnes nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil tpha nil nil nil nil nil ha tonnes 123 2.0 225 4.0 340 5.6 934 16.4 1623 28.0 tpha 61.5 56.3 60.7 57.0 58.0 Total ha tonnes 123 2.0 225 4.0 340 5.6 934 16.4 1623 28.0 tpha 61.5 56.3 60.7 57.0 58.0 Table 9: Labasa Estate production figures for the last five years (2005-2009) Year 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 36 Area ha 36.4 30.0 28.4 27.6 28.0 Burnt Green Tonnes nil 357 318 778 nil % Tonnes 3210 nil 1556 18.7 1567 16.9 454 63.0 1623 nil Total % Tonnes 3210 1913 1885 1232 1623 100.0 81.3 83.1 37.0 10.0 Yield tpha 88.2 63.8 66.4 44.6 58.0 Annual Report 2009 Sugar Research Insti itute of Fiji F SRIF Pena ang Estate Pena 4.1he block variet was and s 1925 Elling given prom harve retain suppr ng estate ectares that ks that are p ties.
In 200 harvested f sent to the m was give gton 1 secto n to him free mote this new ested green n moisture ress the grow has an t is divided planted with 09, 309 tonn rom an are mill and 1ton en to one or.

The see e of charge t w variety.

A and trash w in the s wth of weed area of f d into four r l commercia nes of cane e a of 3.78ha a - nne of LF91- farmer in n d cane was s d to plant and s All cane was was kept to o o soil and to ds.
Spo rows done dela ferti Ther the heav (2) the were ot weeding s and road e on time ayed becaus lizers.

re were two maintaining vy rain the there was n cane and e made to h and sprayi around the e and ferti e of late de ng the inte e estate wa ilization wa elivery of th er as as he o main probl g the estate whole field no contracto makeshift a arvest the c lems faced i e: (1) durin gets floode or to harves arrangement cane.
in ng ed st ts Table e 10: Pena ng Estate p production n figures (2 ) 2005-2009) r Year 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Area ha urnt Bu Tonnes 30 20 4.01 4.01 3.69 % 7.8 8.0 reen Gr Tonnes 238 353 237 337 309 % 100 92.2 92.0 100 100 Total Tonnes 238 383 257 337 309 Yield d Tpha a 3 6 5 9 7 6 84 4 4 84 Pro oduction Yie a) ld (tpha 500 400 300 200 100 0 100 80 60 40 20 0 2005 6 2006 2007 20 008 2009 2005 200 06 2007 2008 2 2009 Tonnes Yield Figure 1 1: Penang Esta n ate Production Figure 2: Penang Es tate Yield Annual l Report 2009 37 3 SRIF Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Rehabilitation of abandoned farms The drastic decline in annual cane production from 4.2 million tonnes to 2.2 million tones within the last decade raises many questions as to the survival of the sugar industry in Fiji.
Expiry of leases, the exodus of skilled workers and farmers, high cost of production, poor farm management practices and the ageing generation of growers are factors that have contributed to the decline in production.

The Institute embarked upon a project “Rehabilitation of Abandoned Farms (RAF) to revive the production.
With assistance from the European Union and support of the government, this project was launched at Nasolo village, Ba by the Prime Minister, Commodore Frank Bainimarama on the 14th of August, 2009.

The objective of this project was to bring under cane production the abandoned contribute towards increasing the cane and sugar production and motivate the growers.

land, cane The four (4) pilot farms selected were at Sosolevu Flats, Moto Sector in Ba.
These farms were covered with flood debris, silt and vaivai trees (raintree) of girth measuring 20 cm to more than 40 cm in diameter, smaller shrubs such as castor bean plant, African Tulip (waqa), rattle pod, prickly solanum and broom weed.

The most problematic was guinea grass, itch grass, para-grass and Johnson grass which were more than 6ft high.

This was compounded by dense sensitive creepers, especially giant red plants, centro, morning glory, convulvus and calopo vines.
The debris from the land was removed and the land prepared by ploughing and harrowing 3 times.

The farm area of 12ha has been planted with Kaba, Kiuva and Naidiri which will be harvested in 2010 and an estimated yield of 110/ha is expected from these farms.

The four farms in Nasolo should produce over 1500 tons annually once they are all replanted.
By undertaking this program incentive for SRIF will provide the farmers to stay in sugarcane farming by producing yields that are economically viable for a sustainable livelihood.

The rehabilitation of the abandoned farms at Nasolo by the Institute should boost the farmers morale and the this program will continuation of contribute towards increasing the cane production.

The response from the growers has been overwhelming and more growers are approaching the institute to rehabilitate their farms.
The rehabilitation project has demonstrated the services offered by SRIF to farmers in transferring technology, better farm management practices, reutilization of unutilized land into productive use and bringing about resurgence amongst growers in the ailing sugar industry, backed by the “hands on” approach.
Picture 1: plant cane on abandoned land 38 Annual Report 2009 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji SRIF Field Activities & Crop Production Tables (FACP Tables) Approved Varieties Annual Report 2009 39 SRIF Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Appendix 1: Main features of 2009 season compared with 2008 Total registrations Total farm basic allotments (tonnes) Total registered area (hectares) Total area cultivated (hectares) Total area harvested (hectares) Total farm harvest quotas (tonnes) Sugar make actual(tonnes) Tonnes 94 N.T sugar Yield tonnes 94 N.T.sugar per hectare Tonnes cane per tonnes sugar 94 N.T.
%POCS Cane purity average for season Tonnes cane harvested Tonnes cane crushed Lautoka 2008 6650 2009 5678 Rarawai 2008 5488 2009 5261 Labasa Penang All mills Open Open Open Open Open Open Open 56700 Open Appendix 2: Monthly rainfall(mm) for 2009 compared with average since commencement of records Mills No.
of years Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total Lautoka 2009 actual 101 yrs avg.

to 2009 Rarawai 2009 actual 124 yrs avg.

to 2009 2009 actual 121 yrs avg.

to 2009 Labasa Penang 2009 actual 112 yrs avg.
to Annual Report 2009 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji SRIF Appendix 3: Crop production details Lautoka Rarawai Labasa Penang All mills Areas harvested (hectares) Plant 888 1038 First ratoon 634 843 2nd ratoon 463 930 Other ratoons 13374 12477 12329 15140 15267 14461 Total Proportion of crop harvested according to area 9.4 Plant 6.8 First ratoon 6.5 2nd ratoon 77.4 Other ratoons Total 100.0 Yield tonnes per hectare harvested 59.4 Plant 53.2 First ratoon 45.9 2nd ratoon 41.4 Other ratoons Avg.
yield/ha 43.6 Main varieties crushed according to tonnes (%) 0.3 Ragnar Aiwa 0.1 Beqa Galoa Kaba Mali Mana Naidiri Vatu Waya LF91-1925 Expt./Others Total Appendix 4: Rainfall (mm) at mill centres Mill Lautoka Rarawai Labasa Penang For 12 months ended 31st December For 12 months ended 30th September Annual Report 2009 41 SRIF Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Appendix 5: Rainfall distribution affecting 2009 crop(mm) Month Jul 08 Aug 08 Sep 08 Oct 08 Nov 08 Dec 08 Jan 09 Feb 09 Mar 09 Apr 09 May 09 Jun 09 Period Early Mid Late Early Mid Late Early Mid Late Early Mid Late Early Mid Late Early Mid Late Early Mid Late Early Mid Late Early Mid Late Early Mid Late Early Mid Late Early Mid Late Early - 1st to 10th of the month Lautoka 73.8 0.0 48.0 0.7 0.3 0.1 0.0 20.0 6.4 2.8 41.2 59.3 48.0 42.7 125.5 56.3 42.2 20.8 635.3 522.6 122.0 93.8 112.7 55.5
 45.1 137.6 200.9 45.1 137.6 200.9 58.2 44.4 7.3 13.2 3.6 98.7 Rarawai Mid - 11th to 20th of the month Labasa Penang Late - 21st to end of the month 42 Annual Report 2009 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji SRIF Appendix 6: Hectares harvested Average for period of five seasons Last five seasons individually Mills 1981/ 1985 1986/ 1990 1991/ 1995 1996/ 2000 2001/ 2005 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Lautoka Plt 5904 4007 3634 2944 1042 854 850 507 1009 888 Rtn 18108 19743 20580 19701 19730 18220 16275 15869 14258 13573 Total 24012 23750 24214 22645 20772 19074 17125 16376 15267 14461 Rarawai Plt 4463 3574 2899 3164 1055 1045 1651 975 894 1038 Rtn 13836 14805 17360 14613 17585 16496 15476 15916 14828 14102 Total 18299 18379 20259 17777 18640 17541 17127 16891 15722 15140 Labasa Plt Rtn 2365 2512 3120 2597 1269 1808 1341 797 1366 990 16306 17181 19604 18348 15911 15232 15169 13839 14149 14150 Total 18671 19693 22724 20945 17180 17040 16510 14636 15515 15140 Penang Plt 1697 1396 1386 Rtn 4036 5029 4958 Total 5733 6425 6344 All mills Plt Rtn 52286 56758 62502 57336 57794 54366 51140 49868 47304 45815 Total 66715 68247 73541 67161 61702 58588 55438 52558 50907 49003 Appendix 7 : Tonnes of cane harvested Mills Average for period of five seasons 1991/ 1995 1986/ 1990 1996/ 2000 1981/ 1985 2001/ 2005 Last five
 seasons individually 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Lautoka 1254266 1048942 1283569 1216597 971454 890779 1051097 741231 770569 726046 Rarawai 984244 1006366 1017374 957507 878509 761704 1039474 738478 732165 659351 Labasa 980634 1015166 1166055 1017061 840388 910663 871031 769138 604314 679584 Penang 310406 332592 291206 309205 239044 225594 264498 229844 214572 181650 All mills 3529550 3403066 3758204 3500370 2929395 2788740 3226100 2478691 2321620 2246631 Annual Report 2009 43 SRIF Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Appendix 8 : Tonnes of cane per hectare harvested Last five seasons individually 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Mills Lautoka Rarawai Labasa Penang All Mills Plt Rtn Total Plt Rtn Total Plt Rtn Total Plt Rtn Total Plt Rtn Total Average for period of five seasons 1991/ 1995 64.7 51.2 52.4 61.2 48.1 50.1 59.3 50.4 51.3 57.2 43.1 46.0 61.2 48.1 50.2 1986/ 1990 65.4 54.2 55.5 64.3 52.0 54.2 58.9 51.5 51.5 63.1 48.6 51.1 62.6 55.8 53.3 1996/ 2000 64.2 51.4 53.7 62.1 52.9 53.9 56.5 47.4 48.6 62.6 51.2 53.3 61.8 50.0 52.1 1981/ 1985 61.7 48.0 51.4 65.1 51.3 53.3 63.9 50.8 52.5 63.3 50.5 54.3 63.5 49.5 52.6 2001/ Appendix 9 : Hectares harvested in relation to registered area and cultivated area (ha) Mills Lautoka Rarawai Labasa Penang Total 2009 hectares (A) Hectares harvested as % of various categories "A" Registered (1) Cultivated (2) Harvested (1) 24534 21267 19079 8924 73804 15914 17959 16989 4410 55272 14461 15140 15140 4262 49003 59 71 79 48 66 Appendix 10 : Plant cane harvested as percentage of total area harvested Mills Lautoka Rarawai Labasa Penang All mills Average for period of five
 seasons 1996/ 2000 13 18 12 19 15 1991/ 1995 15 14 14 23 16 2001/ 2005 5 6 7 11 7 1986/ 1990 17 19 13 22 17 Last five seasons individually Annual Report 2009 64.9 49.2 50.2 59.4 42.4 43.6 56.1 44.1 44.9 48.6 42.2 42.6 59.0 44.9 45.8 (2) 91 84 89 97 89 Sugar Research Insti itute of Fiji F SRIF Appe endix 11: P Plant and ra atoon yield ds and perc centage of total area harvested - 2009 Cr op Mills Lauto oka Raraw wai Labas sa Penan ng All Mi lls Plant First ratoo on Other rato oons All cane tc/ha % t % Area 4.4 c/ha % tc 64.9 Area 6.1 59.4 56.1 48.6 59.0 6.9 6.5 6.4 6.5 58.8 53.2 57.1 44.8 55.2 tc/ha t 48.8 41.7 42.7 42.0 44.2 % Area 89.5 87.5 84.3 86.5 87.0 tc/ha 50.2 43.6 44.9 42.6 46.0 ea % Are 00 10 10 00 10 00 10 00 10 00 5.6 9.2 7.1 6.5 Appe endix 12 : Seasonal % %POCS in cane s Mills Lauto oka Raraw wai Labas sa Penan ng ill All Mi Avg.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5.00 4.50 4.00 3.50 3.00 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00 9.50 9.00 8.50 8.00 Rough a average for r period of f five season ns Last five s seasons ind dividually 198 81/85 198 86/90 19 991/95 19 996/00 20 001/ %POCS % NA N 11.02 10.7 75 10.54 NA N 10.74 1980 1983 1986 1989 1 199 92 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 %POCS Linea ar (%POCS) Figure 1: Seao F onal POCS 19 81 – 2007.
Annual l Report 2009 45 4 SRIF Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Lautoka Rarawai Appendix 13: Weekly POCS in cane 2009 season Week ending Week no.
25-May-09 1 1-Jun-09 2 8-Jun-09 3 15-Jun-09 4 22-Jun-09 5 29-Jun-09 6 6-Jul-09 7 13-Jul-09 8 20-Jul-09 9 27-Jul-09 10 3-Aug-09 11 10-Aug-09 12 17-Aug-09 13 24-Aug-09 14 31-Aug-09 15 7-Sep-09 16 14-Sep-09 17 21-Sep-09 18 28-Sep-09 19 5-Oct-09 20 12-Oct-09 21 19-Oct-09 22 26-Oct-09 23 2-Nov-09 24 9-Nov-09 25 16-Nov-09 26 23-Nov-09 27 30-Nov-09 28 7-Dec-09 29 14-Dec-09 30 21-Dec-09 31 28-Dec-09 32 4-Jan-10 33 11-Jan-10 34 18-Jan-10 35 25-Jan-10 36 03-Feb-10 37 Season Average NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Labasa Penang NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 46 Annual Report 2009 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji SRIF Appendix 14 : Sugar produced (tonnes 94 N.T.
equivalent) from area harvested Mills Lautoka Rarawai Labasa Penang All mills 2003 103202 101324 75830 25453 305809 2004 110684 100664 87802 24716 323866 Tonnes sugar 94 N.T equivalent 2007 75656 78786 68255 21858 244555 2006 96875 106781 83970 30937 318563 2005 97315 84258 90347 24733 296653 2009 53313 57548 2008 77311 63954 53160 23231 217656 Mills Appendix 15 : Sugar per hectare harvested (tonnes 94 N.T equivalent) Average for period of five seasons 1991/ 1995 6.15 6.29 6.00 5.47 6.05 1986/ 1990 6.55 6.36 6.20 5.70 6.28 1981/ 1985 5.97 6.38 6.20 6.34 6.21 2001/ 2005 4.92 5.38 4.97 4.65 5.06 1996/ 2000 5.61 5.61 4.95 5.42 5.39 Lautoka Rarawai Labasa Penang Average 5.10 4.80 5.30 5.01 5.06 5.60 6.23 5.09 6.63 5.75 2009 3.68 3.80 4.62 4.66 4.66 4.70 4.65 5.06 4.06 3.43 5.28 4.28 Last five seasons individually 2005 2006 2007 2008 Appendix 16 : Length of season (weeks) - Start and finish of crushing (date) Rough average for period of five seasons Last five seasons individually Mills 1981/ 1985 1986/ 1990 1991/ 1995 1996/ 2000 2001/ 2005 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Lautoka 29.3 28.8 28.0 29.7 27.6 25.6 32.4 24.0 23.9 31.2 07 Jun 05 Jun 07 Jun 10 Jun 22 Jun 03 Dec 11 Jan 18 Nov 21 Nov 25 Jan Rarawai 26.4 26.2 25.3 26.5 24.2 20.9 30.8 23.8 25.7 31.5 01 Jun 31 May 18 Jun 23 Jun 03 Jul 25 Oct 01 Jan 18 Nov 15 Dec 03 Feb Labasa 27.9 26.6 29.4 30.7 24.1 29.1 29.0 29.1 26.0 28.1 01 Jun 06 Jun 06 Jun 30 Jun 09 Jun 15 Dec 25 Dec 25 Dec 22 Dec 18 Dec Penang 28.1 25.5 21.5 26.2 20.4 18.3 21.4 22.1 22.2 22.4 28 Jun 20 Jun 06 Jun 11 Jun 19 May 11 Nov 16 Nov 06 Nov 13 Nov 22 Oct All mills 28.4 26.8 26.1 28.2 24.1 23.5 28.4 24.8 24.5 28.3 Annual Report 2009 47 SRIF Su ugar Research I Institute of Fiji i eties Perce toka ares harves Laba sted asa 2009 2 x 17 : Varie Lau 2008 0.4 - - - - 0.1 0.5 - - 25 Appendix Varieties Ragnar Waya Mali Homer Spartan Galoa Aiwa Ono Yasawa Vomo Mana LF 91 - 192 Kaba Vatu Beqa Naidiri Exp.
Other var.

92.8 - 3.3 - - 2.5 0.2 0.2 ent of hecta Rarawai 09 2008 200 .3 0.

.8 0.

- - - - .1 - - - .5 .2 .4 - - .5 - .3 0.5 1.1 - - - - 0.5 - - - 90.2 0.1 5.1 - - 2.3 - 0.2 2009 2 0.4 - - - - 0.1 0.6 - - - 94.2 0.3 2.2 - - 1.8 - 0.2 93.

0.

3.

0.

0.

1.
2008 22.2 6.7 12.9 - - 4.8 0.5 - - - - - 0.3 24.6 0.3 27.1 - 0.6 Appendix x 18: Area planted in hectares a All M Mills Penang 9 2008 008 2009 5.8 - 3.9 - 6.9 0.4 4 - - - - 2.5 - 0.5 0.1 1 - - - - - - 91.9 94.6 6 0.1 - 2.4 6 0.6 12.5 1 0.1 0.3 - 9.2 4.2 2 0.2 - 0.3 - 0.2 - 0.9 - - - 0.3 - - - 92.8 9 - 0.8 0.3 - 4.8 - - 2009 5.3 2.3 3.3 - - 1.5 0.3 - - - 70.6 0.2 1.6 5.2 0.1 9.0 - 0.8 20.3 8.2 12.7 - - 5.9 0.3 - - - 0.1 0.1 0.3 20.7 0.3 28.5 - 2.5 Hectares p planted 2008 1009 1247 1365 295 3916 2009 767 1251 1337 208 3563 as % of reg Hectare % of reg 200 gistered an es planted gistered ar 08 20 4 5 8 3 5 nd cultivate ed areas tares plante Hect as f cultivated % of rea 2008 2 009 7 3.1 6 5.9 8 7.0 6 2.3 6 5.0 ed as d area 2009 5.3 7.0 7.9 4.7 6.2 Mills Lautoka Rarawai Labasa Penang Total 76000 73000 70000 67000 64000 61000 58000 55000 52000 49000 46000 48 1980 1982 Total l area ha arvested d (ha) 1984 1986 1 1988 1990 1 1992 1994 19 996 1998 20 00 2002 200 8 04 2006 2008 Figure 2: De eclining produ uction area An nnual Report 200 09 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji SRIF Mali Vatu Mana Waya Galoa Ragnar Varieties Appendix 19: Planting of varieties as percentage of total area planted over three years Year Rarawai 0.2 0.1 - 1.3 - 0.4 88.8 91.2 91.4 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5.8 5.4 5.7 2.4 2.1 1.3 - - - - - - - 0.4 - 1.5 0.8 1.2 Penang - - - - - - 84.8 94.4 98.7 - - - - - - 0.2 0.9 0.3 - - - - - - - - - 15.0 4.4 - - - - - - - - - - - 0.2 1.0 Lautoka - 0.4 6.3 - - - 90.8 93.5 80.2 0.2 0.1 - - - 0.2 - - - 0.5 0.5 0.4 1.0 0.1 0.3 3.9 2.7 0.1 2.3 2.2 1.9 - - - - - 1.3 - 0.3 1.7 1.3 - 1.0 Labasa 6.9 8.4 10.4 5.4 7.1 9.3 - - - 4.4 7.7 5.1 7.5 7.6 7.7 6.6 9.8 13.8 0.2 0.4 2.0 0.1 - - 0.1 0.3 - 68.1 57.7 50.1 - - - - - - - - 1.0 0.7 0.9 0.6 LF-91-1925 O/Varieties Homer Naidiri Kiuva All mills 3.0 - - 2.6 - - 51.4 - -
 1.9 - - 3.2 - - 2.8 - - 0.2 - - 0.3 - - 2.3 - - 31.6 - - - - - - - - - - - 0.7 - - Beqa Kaba Aiwa Annual Report 2009 49 SRIF Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Appendix 20 : Cane transport in Fiji (tonnes of cane harvested and actual method of delivery) Mills Year Delivered portable line Winch trailer or lorry to mainline Lorry direct to mill carrier Total Tonnes % of Total Tonnes % of Total Tonnes % of Total Tonnes % of Total Lautoka 2005 16695 2006 2007 2008 2009 11854 13652 15915 12464 Rarawai 2005 40601 Labasa 44731 32927 38797 23827 18563 3391 2910 1275 2006 2007 2008 2009 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Penang 2005 1191.3 2006 2007 2008 2009 3681 3010 3026 11145 All mills Annual Report 2009 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji SRIF Appendix 21: Percentage burnt cane of total tonnes crushed Year Lautoka 14.9 8.7 18.7 10.7 17.0 24.9 18.2 12.9 17.7 19.1 14.9 21.5 17.6 23.2 18.3 25.1 28.6 29.5 23.8 37.7
Rarawai Labasa Penang Annual Report 2009 Average SRIF Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Approved Varieties Sugarcane varieties approved for planting during 2010 are: - Mana, Aiwa, Beqa, Galoa, Kaba, Mali, Ragnar, Vatu, Yasawa, Waya, Spartan, Ono, Vomo, Homer, Naidiri, LF91-1925 and Kiuva varieties are recommended to growers based on their soil type, giving a choice of at least three varieties as laid down in the Master Award.
Lautoka Sectors Olosara Cuvu Lomawai Yako Malolo Qeleloa Varieties Soil types Rich alluvial soils Ragnar, Yasawa, Aiwa, Beqa, Vomo, Kaba, Naidiri, LF91-1925, Kiuva Medium soils Poor soils Flat : Fertile soils Medium soils Poor soils Sandy soils Flat : Fertile soils Medium soils Poor soils Sandy soils Flat : Fertile soils Medium soils Poor soils Sandy soils Kaba, Mali, Beqa, Ragnar, Mana, Aiwa, Naidiri, LF91-1925, Kiuva Mana, Mali, Kaba, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Ragnar, Yasawa, Vomo, Aiwa, Beqa, Kaba, Naidiri, LF91-1925, Kiuva Kaba, Mali, Beqa, Ragnar, Mana, Aiwa, Naidiri, LF91-1925, Kiuva Kaba, Mali, Mana, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Kaba, Mana, Galoa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Ragnar, Yasawa, Kaba, Vomo, Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925, Kiuva Kaba, Mali, Beqa, Ragnar, Mana, Aiwa, Naidiri, LF91-1925, Kiuva Kaba, Mali, Mana, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Kaba, Mana, Galoa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Ragnar, Yasawa, Vomo, Vatu, Aiwa, Beqa, Kaba, Naidiri, LF91-1925, Kiuva Kaba, Ragnar, Mali, Vatu, Beqa, Mana,Aiwa, Naidiri, LF91-1925, Kiuva Kaba, Mali, Mana, Homer, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Kaba, Mana, Galoa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Ragnar, Yasawa, Vomo, Vatu, Aiwa,Beqa,Kaba, Naidiri, LF91-1925, Kiuva Medium soils Kaba, Ragnar, Mali, Vatu, Beqa,Mana, Aiwa, Naidiri, LF91-1925, Kiuva Poor soils Kaba, Mali, Mana, Homer, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Sandy soils Kaba, Mana, Galoa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Flat : Fertile soil Ragnar, Yasawa, Vomo, Vatu, Kaba, Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925, Kiuva Medium soils Kaba, Mali, Vatu, Beqa, Ragnar, Mana, Aiwa, Naidiri, LF91-1925, Kiuva Kaba, Mali, Mana, Homer, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Poor soils Rich alluvial soils Ragnar, Yasawa, Vatu, Aiwa, Beqa, Kaba, Naidiri, LF91-1925, Kiuva Medium soils Poor soils Kaba, Mali, Vatu, Beqa, Ragnar, Mana,Aiwa, Naidiri, LF91-1925, Kiuva Kaba, Mali, Mana, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Nawaicoba Flat : Fertile soils Meigunyah Flat : Fertile soils Ragnar, Kaba, Yasawa, Vomo, Vatu, Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925, Kiuva Legalega Natova Lautoka Medium soils Poor soils Flat : Fertile soils Medium soils Poor soils Flat : Fertile soils
 Medium soils Poor soils Sandy soils Flat : Fertile soils Medium soils Poor soils Kaba, Ragnar, Mali, Vatu, Beqa, Mana,Aiwa, Naidiri, LF91-1925, Kiuva Kaba, Mali, Mana, Homer, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Ragnar, Yasawa, Vomo, Vatu, Aiwa, Beqa, Kaba, Naidiri, LF91-1925, Kiuva Kaba, Ragnar, Mali, Vatu, Beqa, Mana,Aiwa, Naidiri, LF91-1925, Kiuva Kaba, Mali, Galoa, Homer, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Ragnar, Yasawa, Vomo, Vatu, Aiwa,Beqa,Kaba, Naidiri, LF91-1925, Kiuva Kaba, Ragnar, Mali, Vatu, Beqa, Mana,Aiwa, Naidiri, LF91-1925, Kiuva Kaba, Mali, Mana, Homer, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Kaba, Mana, Galoa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Ragnar, Yasawa, Vomo, Vatu, Aiwa,Beqa,Kaba, Naidiri, LF91-1925,Kiuva Kaba, Ragnar, Mali, Vatu, Beqa, Mana,Aiwa, Naidiri, LF91-1925, Kiuva Kaba, Mali, Mana, Homer, Naidiri, LF91-1925 52 Annual Report 2009 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji SRIF Sectors Saweni Lovu Drasa Soil types Flat : Fertile soils Medium soils Poor soils Sandy soils Flat : Fertile soils Medium soils Poor soils Flat : Fertile soils Medium soils Poor soils Sandy soils Varieties Ragnar, Yasawa, Vatu, Vomo, Aiwa, Beqa,Kaba,Naidiri, LF91-1925, Kiuva Kaba, Ragnar, Mali, Vatu, Beqa, Mana,Aiwa, Naidiri, LF91-1925, Kiuva Kaba, Mali, Mana, Homer, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Kaba, Mana, Galoa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Ragnar, Yasawa, Vomo, Vatu, Aiwa,Beqa,Kaba, Naidiri, LF91-1925, Kiuva Kaba, Ragnar, Mali, Vatu, Beqa,Mana, Aiwa, Naidiri, LF91-1925, Kiuva Kaba, Mali, Mana, Homer, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Ragnar, Yasawa, Vatu, Kaba, Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925, Kiuva Kaba, Mali, Vatu, Beqa, Ragnar, Mana,Aiwa, Naidiri, LF91-1925, Kiuva Kaba, Mali, Mana, Homer, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Kaba, Mana, Galoa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Rarawai Sectors Varoko Mota Naloto Koronubu Veisaru Rarawai Varavu Tagitagi Yaladro Varieties Soil types Flat : Fertile soils Ragnar, Yasawa, Vatu, Aiwa, Beqa, Kaba, Naidiri, LF91-1925, Kiuva Kaba, Mali, Vatu, Beqa, Ragnar, Aiwa, Naidiri, LF91-1925, Kiuva Medium soils Poor soils Kaba, Mali, Mana, Homer, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Flat :
 Fertile soils Ragnar, Yasawa, Vatu, Aiwa, Beqa, Kaba, Naidiri, LF91-1925, Kiuva Kaba, Ragnar, Mali, Vatu, Beqa, Aiwa, Naidiri, LF91-1925,Kiuva Medium soils Poor soils Kaba, Mali, Mana, Homer, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Flat : Fertile soils Ragnar, Yasawa, Vatu, Aiwa, Beqa, Kaba, Naidiri, LF91-1925, Kiuva Kaba, Ragnar, Mali, Vatu, Beqa, Aiwa, Naidiri, LF91-1925, Kiuva Medium soils Poor soils Kaba, Mali, Mana, Homer, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Flat : Fertile soils Ragnar, Yasawa, Vatu, Aiwa, Beqa, Kaba, Naidiri,LF91-1925, Kiuva Kaba, Ragnar, Mali, Vatu, Beqa, Aiwa, Naidiri, LF91-1925, Kiuva Medium soils Poor soils Kaba, Mali, Mana, Homer, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Flat : Fertile soils Ragnar, Yasawa, Vatu, Aiwa, Beqa, Kaba, Naidiri, LF91-1925, Kiuva Medium soils Poor soils Flat : Fertile soils Ragnar, Yasawa, Vomo, Aiwa, Beqa, Kaba, Naidiri, LF91-1925, Kiuva Medium soils Poor soils Flat : Fertile soils Ragnar, Yasawa, Spartan, Aiwa, Beqa,Kaba, Naidiri, LF91-1925, Kiuva Medium soils Poor soils Flat : Fertile soils Ragnar, Yasawa, Vatu, Aiwa, Beqa, Kaba, Naidiri,LF91-1925, Kiuva Medium soils Poor soils Saline areas Flat : Fertile soils Ragnar, Yasawa, Vatu, Aiwa, Beqa, Kaba, Naidiri,LF91-1925, Kiuva Kaba, Mali, Vatu, Aiwa, Naidiri, LF91-1925, Kiuva Medium soils Kaba, Mali, Mana, Waya, Homer, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Poor soils Kaba, Mali, Vatu, Beqa, Ragnar, Aiwa, Naidiri, LF91-1925, Kiuva Kaba, Mali, Mana, Homer, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Kaba, Mana, Galoa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Kaba, Ragnar, Mali, Vatu, Beqa, Aiwa, Naidiri, LF91-1925, Kiuva Kaba, Mali, Mana, Homer, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Kaba, Ragnar, Mali, Vatu, Beqa, Aiwa, Naidiri,LF91-1925, Kiuva Kaba, Mali, Mana, Homer, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Kaba, Mali, Vatu, Beqa, Ragnar, Aiwa, Naidiri, LF91-1925, Kiuva Kaba, Mali, Mana, Homer, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Annual Report 2009 53 SRIF Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Labasa Sectors Waiqele Soil types Varieties Flat : Fertile soils Ragnar, Yasawa, Vomo, Vatu, Aiwa,Beqa,Kaba,Naidiri, LF91-1925,Kiuva Medium soils Spartan,
 Kaba, Mali, Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925, Kiuva Poor soils Mali, Kaba, Homer, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Wailevu Flat : Fertile soils Ragnar, Yasawa, Vomo, Vatu, Aiwa, Beqa, Kaba, Naidiri, LF91-1925, Kiuva Medium soils Spartan, Kaba, Mali, Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925, Kiuva Poor soils Mali, Kaba, Homer, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Saline soils Mali, Galoa, Vatu, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Vunimoli Flat : Fertile soils Ragnar, Yasawa, Vomo, Vatu, Aiwa, Beqa, Kaba, Naidiri, LF91-1925, Kiuva Medium soils Spartan, Kaba, Mali, Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925, Kiuva Poor soils Mali, Kaba, Homer, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Labasa Flat : Fertile soils Ragnar, Yasawa, Vomo,Vatu, Aiwa, Beqa,Kaba,Naidiri, LF91-1925,Kiuva Medium soils Spartan, Kaba, Mali, Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925, Kiuva Poor soils Mali, Kaba, Homer, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Saline soils Mali, Galoa, Vatu, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Bucaisau Flat : Fertile soils Ragnar,Yasawa,Vomo, Vatu, Aiwa,Beqa, Kaba, Naidiri, LF91-1925,Kiuva Medium soils Spartan, Kaba, Mali, Waya, Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925, Kiuva Poor soils Mali, Kaba, Waya, Homer, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Saline soils Mali, Galoa, Waya, Vatu, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Wainikoro Flat : Fertile soils Ragnar, Yasawa,Vomo, Vatu, Aiwa,Beqa, Kaba,Naidiri, LF91-1925,Kiuva Medium soils Spartan, Kaba, Mali, Waya, Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925, Kiuva Poor soils Mali, Kaba, Waya, Homer, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Saline soils Mali, Galoa, Waya, Vatu, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Daku Flat : Fertile soils Ragnar,Yasawa,Vomo,Vatu, Aiwa, Beqa,Kaba, Naidiri, LF91-1925, Kiuva Medium soils Spartan, Kaba, Mali, Waya, Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925, Kiuva Natua Solove Bulivou Poor soils Poor soils Poor soils Poor soils Mali, Galoa, Waya, Vatu, Homer, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Ragnar, Mali, Ono, Kaba, Aiwa, Beqa, Homer, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Ragnar, Mali, Ono, Kaba, Aiwa, Beqa, Homer, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Ragnar, Mali, Ono, Kaba, Aiwa, Beqa, Homer, Naidiri, LF91-1925 54 Annual Report 2009 Sugar Research Insti itute of Fiji F SRIF Penang P Sectors S Nanuku N
 s Soil types Varieties V Flat : Fertil e soils Medium so oils Poor soils Salt affecte ed areas Viti Vanua area Ragnar, Yasaw R wa, Vatu, Aiwa a, Beqa, Kaba a, Naidiri, LF91 1-1925, Kiuva Waya, Kaba, M W Mali, Vatu, Aiw wa, Naidiri, LF9 91-1925, Kiuv va Waya, Mana, K W Kaba, Mali, Ho omer, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Mana, Kaba, G M Galoa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Mana, Kaba, M M Mali, Ragnar, N Naidiri, LF91-1 1925 Malau M Rich alluvi al soils Ragnar, Yasa R wa, Vatu, Aiw wa, Beqa, Kab ba, Naidiri, LF F91-1925,Kiuv va Medium so oils Poor soils Salt affecte ed areas Waya, Ragnar W r, Kaba, Mali, V Vatu, Beqa, A Aiwa, Naidiri, L LF91-1925, Kiu uva Mana, Kaba, M M Mali, Homer, N Naidiri, LF91-1 925 Galoa, Kaba, M G Mana, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Ellington I & II E I Flat : Fertil e soils Medium so oils Poor soils Salt affecte ed areas Ragnar, Yasaw R wa, Vatu, Aiwa a, Beqa, Kaba a, Naidiri, LF91 1-1925, Kiuva Waya, Ragnar W r, Kaba, Mali, V Vatu, Beqa, A Aiwa, Naidiri, L LF91-1925, Kiu uva Mana, Kaba, M M Mali, Homer, N Naidiri, LF91-1 925 Galoa, Mana, G Kaba, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Varie eties releas sed in the l e last decade Picture 1: N Naidiri (2000 0) Picture 2: L LF91-1925 ( 2006) Picture e 3: Kiuva (2 2009) Annual l Report 2009 55 5 SRIF Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Staff Listing 2009 Name Jai Gawander Designation Name Chief Executive Officer Baskaran Pillay Designation Field Worker Sanjay Namal Prakash Finance & Admin Manager Chandra Segra Pillay Rouger Abinesh Chand Amit Raj Singh Extension Officer Scientific Officer Dhirendra Chand Rao Field Worker Dinesh Dutt Rouger Andreen Astika Kiran Technical Assistant/Grower Services Ilimeleki Katuba Field Worker Atish Chand Deepak Nilesh Naidu Extension Officer Finance Assistant Jai ram Mudliar Office Attendent/Driver Jonetani Talemaitoga Field Worker Field Worker Estate Driver Rouger Field Worker Head Rouger Esate Driver Rouger Rouger Lab Assistant Rouger Research Hand Rouger MV Driver Field Worker Rouger Rouger Security Head Rouger
 Rouger Rouger Rouger Rouger Security Field Worker Head Rouger General Hand Rouger MV Driver Rouger Desmond Vinod Kumar Technical Officer/Grower Services Kailas Kumar H. Devendra Kumar Sharma Extension Officer Kamal Nabi Doreen Ram Ram Senior Technical Assistant/Grower Services Krishan Chandra Jainesh Anish Ram Junior Technical Officer/Grower Services Lachman Jeetendra Patel Josese Lomani Karishma Mala Karuna Garan Maciu Talebulamaimaleya Matishwar Chand Rao Scientific Officer Extension Officer Lognadan Madho Senior Technical Assistant/Grower Services Manoj Datt Technical Officer TFO Clerk Scientific Officer Mosese Turaga Naleen Krishna Permal Samy Pushp Chand Muni Sangeeta Goundar Senior Technical Assistant Nalini Shartika Prasad Senior Technical Assistant/Grower Services Rahimat Ali Nemani Soli Sugubati Technical Officer/Grower Services Raj Kumar Nitika Natasha Pravashni Corporate Assistant Parmen Prakash Verma Pedro Rounds Prema Nadan Naidu Rajendra Krishna Rajnesh Prasad Extension Officer Scientific Officer Research Officer Technical Officer Extension Officer Raj Kumar d Raja Ram Rajendra Prasad Ram Kumar R.S Ramesh Chand Rohil Dutt Ram Renil Ritesh Kumar Senior Technical Assistant/Grower Services Salendra Naidu Rizwan Haque Ronal Rajnil Kumar Sada Sivan Swamy ICT/GIS Officer/Grower Services Sanmogam Gounder Field Worker Junior Corporate Officer Sat Narayan Samy Ground Attendent Technical Officer/Grower Services Satendra Singh Head Rouger Saimone Sabakera Johnson Senior Scientific Officer Semesa Narara Samuel Dyer Work Junior Technical Officer/Grower Services Serevi Nauvi Sanmogam Gounder Senior Technical Assistant/Grower Services Shiu Nadan Satye Vijay Raj Extension Officer Solomoni Tusasa Shireen Shabrina Sattar Senior Technical Assistant/Grower Services Subhas Chand Shiva Ram Ajay Anand Prasad Aporosa Rasavulu Arvind Mani Ashok Kumar Ashwin Prasad Aven Lal Avinesh Kumar Extension Officer Field Worker Security Estate Driver Field Worker Rouger Field Worker
 Rouger Subram Naidu Surendra Kumar Suresh Mani Surindar Singh Suruj Kumar.
Estate Sirdar/Headman Tarun Sami Vijay Datt Security Rouger Vijay Nand Sharma Head Rouger 56 Annual Report 2009 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Financial Statements For the year ended 31 December 2009 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Contents Board report Report of the independent auditor Statement of comprehensive income Statement of changes in funds employed Statement of financial position Statement of cash flows Notes to the financial statements Disclaimer 13 Statement o 14 –15 - 19 20 21 - 23 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Board report The Board members present their report together with the financial statements of the Institute for the year ended 31 December 2009 and the auditor's report thereon.
Board members The Board members in office at the date of this report are: Dr John Morrison - Chairman Sundresh Chetty Viliame Gucake Dr. Krishnamurthi Suresh Patel Mangaiya Reddy Seru Vularika State of affairs In the opinion of the Board the accompanying statement of financial position gives a true and fair view of the state of affairs of the Institute as at 31 December 2009 and the accompanying statement of comprehensive income and statement of cash flows give a true and fair view of the results and cash flows of the Institute for the year then ended.
Principal activity The functions of the Institute are outlined under the Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Act No 14 of 2005, which includes promoting by means of research and investigation, the technical advancement, efficiency and productivity of the sugar industry, and to provide its functions, powers, administration and finance and for related matters.
Events subsequent to balance date There has not arisen in the interval between the end of the year and the date of this report any item, transaction or event of a material and unusual nature likely, in the opinion of the Board members, to affect significantly the operations of the Institute, the results of those operations or the state of affairs of the Institute in subsequent financial years.

Dated at Lautoka this 25th day of September 2010.

Signed in accordance with a resolution of the Board.
Chairman Board member 1 Honourable Commodore Josaia Voreqe Bainimarama Minister responsible for the Sugar Industry PO Box 2212 Government Buildings Suva Dear Minister, Report of the independent auditor for Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Scope We have audited the financial statements of Sugar Research Institute of Fiji for the financial year ended 31 December 2009, consisting of the statement of financial position, statement of comprehensive income, statement of cash flows and accompanying notes, set out on pages 3 to 19.
The Board members are responsible for the preparation and presentation of the financial statements and the information they contain.

We have conducted an independent audit of these financial statements in order to express an opinion on them to you.

Our audit has been conducted in accordance with Section 12 of the Sugar Research Institute Act 2005 and Fiji Standards on Auditing, to provide reasonable assurance as to whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement.
Our procedures included examination, on a test basis, of evidence supporting the amounts and other disclosures in the financial statements, and the evaluation of accounting policies and significant accounting estimates.
These procedures have been undertaken to form an opinion as to whether, in all material respects, the financial statements are presented fairly in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards so as to present a view which is consistent with our understanding of the Institute's financial position, the results of its operations and its cash flows.

The audit opinion expressed in this report has been formed on the above basis.
Audit opinion In our opinion, the accompanying financial statements give a true and fair view of the financial position of the Institute for the year ended 31 December 2009 and of the results of its operations and its cash flows for the year then ended in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards.
25 September 2010 Nadi, Fiji Islands KPMG Chartered Accountants 2 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Statement of comprehensive income For the year ended 31 December 2009 Contributions and grants 5 1,872,481 1,544,081 Note 2009 $ 2008 $ Estate income Other income Total income 1,203,413 1,122,490 14,246 6,355 3,090,140 2,672,926 Cost of operations (2,226,955) (1,437,441) Administrative expenses Surplus from operations Finance expense Surplus before tax Income tax expense Surplus after income tax Other comprehensive income net of income tax Total comprehensive surplus for the year (859,347) (1,233,470) 6 7 3,838 (3,838) 2,015 (2,015) - - - - - - - - - - The above statement of comprehensive income is to be read in conjunction with notes to the financial statements set out on pages 6 to 19.
3 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Statement of financial position As at 31 December 2009 Assets Non-current assets Property, plant and equipment Total non-current assets Current assets Cash and cash equivalents Inventories Receivables and prepayments Receivable from related parties Total current assets Note 8 9 10 11 15(b) 2009 $ 2008 $ 1,719,825 1,719,825 774,040 - 14,126 3,502,060 4,290,226 831,816 831,816 2,105,699 1,953 134,655 2,802,060 5,044,367 Total assets 6,010,051 5,876,183 Current liabilities Deferred income Payable to related parties Employee benefits Trade and other payables Total current liabilities 12 15(c) 13 14 3,052,836 2,455,415 35,108 466,692 6,010,051 3,064,783 2,174,457 49,538 587,405 5,876,183 Total liabilities 6,010,051 5,876,183 Signed on behalf of the board Chairman Board Member The above statement of financial position is to be read in conjunction with notes to the financial statements set out on pages 6 to 19.
4 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Statement of cash flows For the year ended 31 December 2009 Operating activities Receipts from stakeholders and donors Payment to suppliers and employees Note 2009 $ 2008 $ 3,902,062 (3,977,535) 3,452,800 (1,994,541) Cash flows (used in) from operating activities (75,473) 1,458,259 Investing activities Proceeds from sale of property, plant and equipment Acquisition of property, plant and equipment Cash flows used in investing activities Financing activities Repayment of related party advance Cash flows used in financing activities 10,300 (1,066,487) (1,056,187) 1,380 (278,471) (277,091) (200,000) (200,000) (200,000) (200,000) Net increase in cash and cash equivalents (1,331,659) 981,168 Cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of the year Cash and cash equivalents at 31 December Material non cash investing activities 9 16 2,105,699 774,040 1,124,531 2,105,699 The above statement of cash flows is to be read in conjunction with notes to the financial statements set out on pages 6 to 19.
5 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Notes to the financial statements For the year ended 31 December 2009 1.

Reporting entity Sugar Research Institute of Fiji ("the Institute") is a body corporate domiciled in Fiji, established under the Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Act 2005.

The address of the Institute's registered office is Drasa Avenue, Lautoka, Fiji.
The functions of the Institute are outlined under Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Act No 14 of 2005, which includes promoting by means of research and investigation, the technical advancement, efficiency and productivity of the sugar industry, and to provide its functions, powers, administration and finance and for related matters.

2.
2.

Basis of preparation (a) Statement of compliance The financial statements have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) adopted by International Accounting Standards Board.

The financial statements were authorised for issue by the Board on _____________________.

(b) Basis of measurement The financial statements have been prepared on the historical cost basis except where stated.
The accounting policies have been consistently applied by the Institute and are consistent with those used in the previous period.

(c) Functional and presentation currency The financial statements are presented in Fiji dollars which is the Institute's functional currency.
(d) Use of estimates and judgments The preparation of financial statements requires management to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the application of accounting policies and the reported amount of assets, liabilities, income and expenses.

Actual results may differ from these estimates.

Estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis.

Revisions to accounting estimates are recognised in the period in which the estimate is revised and in any future period affected.
In particular, information about significant areas of estimation uncertainty and critical judgments in applying accounting policies that have the most significant effect on the amount recognised in the financial statements are described in the following notes: (i) (ii) Note 5 - Contributions and grants Note 8 - Property, plant and equipment (iii) Note 12 - Deferred income (iv) Note 13 - Employee benefits (v) Note 14 - Trade payables and other payables 6 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Notes to the financial statements For the year ended 31 December 2009 3.
Significant accounting policies The principal accounting policies adopted by the Institute are stated to assist in a general understanding of the financial statements.

These policies have been consistently applied except where otherwise indicated.

(a) Income tax Income tax expense comprises current and deferred tax.

Income tax expense is recognised in the profit or loss except to the extent that it relates to items recognised directly in equity, in which case it is recognised in equity.
Current tax is the expected tax payable on the taxable income for the year, using tax rates enacted or substantively enacted at the reporting date, and any adjustments to tax payable in respect of previous years.

Deferred tax is recognised using the balance sheet method, providing for temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for taxation purposes.
Deferred tax is measured at the tax rates that are expected to be applied to the temporary difference when they reverse, based on the laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the reporting date.

A deferred tax asset is recognised to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profits will be available against which the temporary differences can be utilised.
Deferred tax assets are reviewed at each reporting date and are reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that the related tax benefit will be realised.

(b) Foreign currency transactions Transactions in foreign currencies are translated to Fiji dollars at exchange rates at the dates of the transactions.

Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies at the reporting date are translated to the functional currency at the exchange rate at that date.
The foreign currency gain or loss on translation are recognised in profit or loss.

(c) Property, plant and equipment Recognition and measurement Items of property, plant and equipment are measured at cost less accumulated depreciation and impairment losses.

Cost includes expenditure that is directly attributable to the acquisition of the asset.

Purchased software that is integral to the functionality of the related equipment is capitalised as part of that equipment.
When parts of an item of property, plant and equipment have different useful lives, they are accounted for as separate items (major components) of property, plant and equipment.

7 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Notes to the financial statements For the year ended 31 December 2009 3.
Significant accounting policies (continued) (c) Property, plant and equipment (continued) Subsequent expenditure The cost of replacing part of an item of property, plant and equipment is recognised in the carrying amount of the item if it is probable that the future economic benefits embodied within the part will flow to the Institute and its cost can be measured reliably.

The costs of the day-to-day servicing of property, plant and equipment are recognised in the profit or loss as incurred.
Depreciation Depreciation is recognised in the profit or loss on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of each part of an item of property, plant and equipment.

The estimated useful lives are as follows: Computers Fixtures and fittings Motor vehicles Plant and Equipment 5 years 10 years 6.67 years 6.67 - 10 years Depreciation methods, useful lives and residual values are reassessed at reporting date.
(d) Impairment (i) Financial assets A financial asset is considered to be impaired if objective evidence indicates that one or more events have had a negative effect on the estimated future cash flows of the asset.

An impairment loss in respect of a financial asset measured at amortised cost is calculated as the difference between its carrying amount, and the present value of the estimated future cash flows.

Individually significant financial assets are tested for impairment on an individual basis.
All impairment losses are recognised in the profit or loss.

(ii) Non-financial assets The carrying amounts of the Institute's non-financial assets, other than inventories and deferred tax assets, are reviewed at each reporting date to determine whether there is an indication of impairment.

If any such indication exists, then the assets recoverable amount is estimated.

An impairment loss is recognised if the carrying amount of an asset or its cash-generating unit exceeds its recoverable amount.
A cash-generating unit is the smallest identifiable asset group that generates cash flows that are largely independent from other assets and groups.

Impairment losses are recognised in the profit or loss.

8 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Notes to the financial statements For the year ended 31 December 2009 3.
Significant accounting policies (continued) (d) Impairment (continued) (ii) Non-financial assets (continue) The recoverable amount of an asset or cash-generating unit is the greater of its value in use and its fair value less costs to sell.

In assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset.
Impairment losses recognised in respect of cash-generating units are allocated first to reduce the carrying amount of any goodwill allocated to the units and then to reduce the carrying amounts of the other assets in the unit (group of units) on a pro rata basis.

An impairment loss is reversed if there has been a change in the estimates used to determine the recoverable amount.
An impairment loss is reversed only to the extent that the asset's carrying amount does not exceed the carrying amount that would be determined, net of depreciation of amortisation, if no impairment loss had been recognised.

(e) Inventories Inventories are measured at the lower of cost and net realisable value.

Cost is based on the first-in-first-out principle and includes expenditure incurred in acquiring the inventories and bringing them to their existing condition and location.
(f) Financial instruments Non derivative financial instrument Non-derivative financial instruments comprise trade and other receivables, cash and cash equivalents and trade and other payables.

Financial instruments are recognised when the Institute becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument.
Financial assets are derecognised if the Institute's contractual rights to the cash flows from the financial assets expire or if the Institute transfers the financial asset to another party without retaining control or substantially all risks and rewards of the asset.

Financial liabilities are derecognised if the Institute's obligations specified in the contract expire or are discharged or cancelled.
9 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Notes to the financial statements For the year ended 31 December 2009 3.

Significant accounting policies (continued) (f) Financial instruments (continued) Non derivative financial instrument (continued) Cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents comprise cash at bank and on hand for the purposes of the statement of cash flows.

Receivables and other assets Receivables and other assets are measured at initial recognition at fair value.
Subsequently, appropriate allowances for estimated irrecoverable amounts are recognised in the profit or loss when there is objective evidence that the asset is impaired.

Financial liabilities Financial liabilities are classified according to the substance of the contractual arrangements entered into.

The Institute’s financial liabilities include trade and other payables.
All financial liabilities, except for derivatives, are recognised initially at their fair value plus transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition or issue of the financial liability and subsequently measured at amortised cost, using effective interest method, unless the effect of discounting would be insignificant, in which case they are stated at cost.

(g) Trade payables and other payables Trade and other payables are non-interest-bearing and are stated at cost.
A provision is recognised in the statement of financial position when the Institute has a legal or constructive obligation as a result of a past event, and it is probable that an outflow of economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation.

If the effect is material, provisions are determined by discounting the expected future cash flows at a pre-tax rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and, where appropriate, the risks specific to the liability.
(h) Revenue Grant income Grants are recognised in the statement of financial position initially as deferred income when there is reasonable assurance that it will be received and that the Institute will comply with the conditions attaching to it.

Grants that compensate the Institute for expenses incurred are recognised as revenue in the profit or loss on a systematic basis in the same periods in which the expenses are recognised.
Grants that compensate the Institute for the cost of an asset are recognised in the profit or loss as other operating income on a systematic basis over the useful life of the asset.

10 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Notes to the financial statements For the year ended 31 December 2009 3.
Significant accounting policies (continued) (i) Employee benefits Superannuation Obligations for contributions to the Fiji National Provident Fund (FNPF) are recognised as an expense in the profit or loss when they are incurred.

Short-term benefits Short-term employee benefit obligations are measured on an undiscounted basis and are expensed in the profit or loss as the related service is provided.

(j) Finance expenses Finance expense comprise bank charges.
(k) Comparative information Where necessary, comparative figures have been adjusted to conform to changes in current year presentation.

4.

Financial risk management Overview Credit risk Liquidity risk The Institute has exposure to the following risks: (i) (ii) (iii) Market risk (iv) Operational risk This note presents information about the Institute’s exposure to each of the above risks, the Institute’s objectives, policies and processes for measuring and managing risk.
Further quantitative disclosures are included throughout these financial statements.

Risk management framework The Board members have overall responsibility for the establishment and oversight of the Institute’s risk management framework.The Board is responsible for developing and monitoring the Institute’s risk management policies.
The Institute’s risk management policies are established to identify and analyse the risks faced by the Institute, to set appropriate risk limits and controls, and to monitor risks and adherence to limits.

Risk management policies and systems are reviewed regularly to reflect changes in market conditions and the Institute’s activities.
The Sugar Research Institute of Fiji, through its training and management standards and procedures, aims to develop a disciplined and constructive control environment in which all employees understand their roles and obligations.

11 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Notes to the financial statements For the year ended 31 December 2009 4.
Financial risk management policies (continued) The Board oversees how management monitors compliance with the Institute’s risk management policies and procedures, and reviews the adequacy of the risk management framework in relation to the risks faced by the Institute.
(i) Credit risk Credit risk is the risk of financial loss to the Institute if a stakeholder to a financial instrument fails to meet its contractual obligations, and arises principally from the Institute’s receivables from industry related entities.

Trade and other receivables The Institute’s exposure to credit risk is influenced mainly by the individual characteristics of each party.
However, management also considers the demographics of the Institute’s stakeholders, including the default risk of the industry as these factors may have an influence on credit risk, particularly in the currently deteriorating economic circumstances.

The Institute establishes an allowance for impairment that represents its estimate of incurred losses in respect of trade and other receivables.
The main components of this allowance are a specific loss component that relates to individually significant exposures, and a collective loss component established for groups of similar assets in respect of losses that have been incurred but not yet identified.

The collective loss allowance is determined based on historical data of payment statistics for similar financial assets.
The maximum exposure to credit risk is as follows: Cash and cash equivalents Other receivables Receivables from related parties 2009 $ 774,040 297 3,502,060 4,276,397 2008 $ 2,105,699 119,975 2,802,060 5,027,734 12 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Notes to the financial statements For the year ended 31 December 2009 4.

Financial risk management policies (continued) (ii) Liquidity risk Liquidity risk is the risk that the Institute will not be able to meet its financial obligations as they fall due.
The Institute’s approach to managing liquidity is to ensure, as far as possible, that it will always have sufficient liquidity to meet its liabilities when due, under both normal and stressed conditions, without incurring unacceptable losses or risking damage to the Institute’s reputation.
2009 $ 2009 $ 2008 $ 2008 $ Less than 1 year More than 1 year Less than 1 year More than 1 year Financial assets Cash and cash equivalents Receivables Receivable from related parties Financial liabilities Payable to related parties Employee benefits Trade and other payables 774,040 297 3,502,060 4,276,397 2,455,415 35,108 466,692 2,957,215 - - - - - - - 2,105,699 119,975 2,802,060 5,027,734 2,174,457 49,538 587,405 2,811,400 - - - - - - - (iii) Market risk Market risk is the risk that changes in interest rates will affect the Institute’s income or the value of its holdings of financial instruments.
The objective of market risk management is to manage and control market risk exposures within acceptable parameters, while optimising the return.

Fair value interest risk arises from the potential for a change in interest rates to cause a fluctuation in the fair value of financial instruments.

The objective is to manage the interest risk to achieve stable and sustainable net interest earnings in the long term.
In managing the risk, the Institute seeks to achieve a balance between reducing risk to earnings and market value from adverse interest rate movements, and enhancing net interest income through correct anticipation of the direction and extent of interest rate changes.

13 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Notes to the financial statements For the year ended 31 December 2009 4.
Financial risk management policies (continued) (iv) Operational Risk Operational risk is the risk of direct or indirect loss arising from a wide variety of causes associated with the Institute's processes, technology and infrastructure, and from external factors other than credit, market and liquidity risks such as those arising from legal and regulatory requirements and generally accepted standards of corporate behaviour.

Operational risks arise from all the Institute's operations.
The Institute's objective is to manage operational risk so as to balance the avoidance of financial losses and damage to the Institute's reputation with overall cost effectivness and to avoid control procedures that restrict initiative and creativity.

The primary responsibility for the development and implementation of controls to address operational risk is assigned to senior management.
The responsibility is supported by the development of overall standard for the management of operational risks in the following areas: - - - - - - - - - requirements for apprporiate segregation of duties, including the independent authorisation of transactions requirements for the reconciliation and montoring of transactions compliance with regulatory and other legal requirements requirements for the periodic assessment of operational risks faced, and the adequacy of controls and procedures to address the risks identified requirements for the reporting of operational losses and proposed remedial action development of contingency plans training and professional development ethical and business standards risk mitigation, including insurance where this is effective.
5.
Contributions and grants Contributions from stakeholders and grants that compensate the Institute for revenue and capital expenditure are recognised from deferred income as follows: AusAid Contribution from the Fiji Government European Union Fiji Sugar Corporation (FSC) Sugar Cane Growers Council 14 2009 $ 75,390 501,004 421,833 441,851 432,403 1,872,481 2008 $ 38,589 315,434 600,773 315,434 273,851 1,544,081 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Notes to the financial statements For the year ended 31 December 2009 6.
Surplus from operations (a) Surplus from operations has been arrived at after including the following items: Auditors remuneration - audit Auditors remuneration - other services Board allowances Board fees Depreciation FSC costs Gain on sale of property, plant and equipment Insurance Legal fees Professional fees Travel (b) Personnel expenses Fiji National Provident Fund contributions Training and Productivity Authority of Fiji Key management compensation - short term benefits Wages and salaries 2009 $ 8,500 4,172 832 31,480 178,478 208,134 10,300 57,064 11,311 - 61,990 58,111 6,206 145,913 468,464 678,694 2008 $ 8,500 6,275 1,450 52,619 119,909 573,513 194 42,700 29,784 67,458 54,205 59,628 6,061 188,541 396,665 650,895 The average number of employees for the year ended 31 December 2009 was 31 (2008: 31) 7.
Finance expense Bank charges 3,838 2,015 15 $ l a t o T $ $ $ $ $ & t n a l P t n e m p i u q e s g n i t t i f & s e r u t x i F ) 0 0 0 , 4 ( 6 6 0 , 9 0 1 , 1 7 8 4 , 6 6 0 , 1 - 7 6 8 , 5 2 1 8 5 8 , 0 3 2 - 1 1 1 , 8 9 6 2 9 , 9 3 1 - 9 1 3 , 2 2 7 0 6 8 , 8 6 2 ) 0 0 0 , 4 ( 7 2 7 , 5 1 1 0 2 2 , 0 4 4 - 7 2 2 , 5 8 3 4 , , 1 7 1 , 2 5 2 7 , 6 5 3 7 3 0 , 8 3 2 9 7 1 , 1 9 9 7 4 9 , 1 5 5 5 6 6 , 3 3 9 0 0 2 r e b m e c e D 1 3 t a e c n a l a B ) 0 0 0 , 4 ( 0 5 2 , 7 7 2 8 7 4 , 8 7 1 8 2 7 , 1 5 4 - - - - - 3 9 0 , 0 3 7 9 4 , 3 3 0 9 5 , 3 6 - 8 8 9 , 5 8 1 7 0 1 , 2 2 1 0 2 5 , 0 6 0 8 7 , 0 2 ) 0 0 0 , 4 ( 5 9 0 , 8 0 3 0 0 3 , 7 7 - 9 4 6 4 9 0 , 2 3 4 7 , 2 6 1 8 , 1 3 8 7 6 8 , 5 2 1 3 3 8 , 9 0 1 1 3 3 , 6 3 5 7 0 2 , 5 5 8 7 5 , , 9 1 7 , 1 5 2 7 , 6 5 3 7 4 4 , 4 7 1 4 8 0 , 3 8 6 7 4 6 , 4 7 4 2 2 9 , , y t r e p o r P .
8 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Notes to the financial statements For the year ended 31 December 2009 9.

Cash and cash equivalents 2009 $ 2008 $ Cash at bank Cash on hand Cash and cash equivalents in the statement of cash flows 773,838 202 774,040 2,105,611 88 2,105,699 10.

Inventories Inventories- glassware, chemicals and tools - 1,953 11.

Receivables and prepayments Receivable from AusAid Other receivables Prepayments 12.
Deferred income Balance at the beginning of the year Funds received or receivable during the period Utilised during the period Balance at 31 December This is comprised as follows: Contribution from stakeholders AusAid grant European Union grant 13.
Employee benefits - 297 13,829 14,126 119,400 575 14,680 134,655 3,064,783 1,860,534 (1,872,481) 3,052,836 1,027,481 3,581,383 (1,544,081) 3,064,783 2,336,241 - 716,595 3,052,836 1,838,883 87,472 1,138,428 3,064,783 Accrued annual leave 35,108 49,538 17 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Notes to the financial statements For the year ended 31 December 2009 14.

Trade and other payables Trade payables Other payables VAT payable 15.
Related parties 2009 $ 2008 $ 73,847 104,952 287,893 466,692 37,614 110,196 439,595 587,405 Related parties of the Institute include key stakeholders in the Fiji Sugar Industry, namely, the Government of Fiji, Fiji Sugar Corporation, South Pacific Fertilizers Limited, Sugar Cane Growers Fund and Sugar Cane Growers Council.

Transactions with these parties and outstanding balances at year end are disclosed below.
(a) Board members The following were Board members of the Institute until 30 September 2009: Philip Atherton - Chairman Dr. Krishnamurthi Jain Kumar Dr John Morrison Suresh Patel Apisai Ucuboi Seru Vularika The following are the current Board members of the Institute: Dr John Morrison - Chairman Sundresh Chetty Viliame Gucake Dr. Krishnamurthi Suresh Patel Mangaiya Reddy Seru Vularika Board members emoluments and board expenses are disclosed under Note 6.
(b) Amounts receivable from related parties Fiji Sugar Corporation Sugar Cane Growers Council 2009 $ 2008 $ 2,795,366 706,694 3,502,060 2,095,366 706,694 2,802,060 18 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Notes to the financial statements For the year ended 31 December 2009 15.
Related parties (continued) (c) Amounts payable to related parties Fiji Sugar Corporation Sugar Cane Growers Fund (d) Transactions with related parties Revenue Grant income - Fiji Sugar Corporation Grant income - Fiji Government Grant income - Sugar Cane Growers Council Estate income - Fiji Sugar Corporation Expenses Fiji Sugar Corporation costs (e) Key management personnel 2009 $ 2008 $ 2,455,415 - 2,455,415 1,974,457 200,000 2,174,457 441,851 501,004 432,403 1,203,413 2,578,671 315,434 315,434 273,851 1,122,490 2,027,209 208,134 573,513 Key management personnel include the chief executive officer and finance and administration manager of the Institute.
Transactions with key management personnel are no favourable than those available, or which might be reasonably be expected to be available, on similar transactions to third parties on an arm's length.

Key management compensation is disclosed under Note 6(b).

16.

Non cash investing activities Motor vehicles received in kind from European Union 2009 $ - 2008 $ 243,000 17.
Capital commitments and contingencies Capital commitments and contingent liabilities as at 31 December 2009 amounted to $Nil (2008: $Nil).

18.
18.

Events subsequent to balance date There has not arisen in the interval between the end of the year and the date of this report any item, transaction or event of a material and unusual nature likely, in the opinion of the Board members, to affect significantly the operations of the Institute, the results of those operations or the state of affairs of the Institute in subsequent financial years.
19 Disclaimer The additional financial information presented on pages 21 to 23 is in accordance with the books and records of Sugar Research Institute of Fiji which have been subjected to the auditing procedures applied in our statutory audit of the Institute for the year ended 31 December 2009.

It will be appreciated that our statutory audit did not cover all details of the additional financial information.
Accordingly, we do not express an opinion on such financial information and no warranty of accuracy or reliability is given.

In accordance with our firm policy, we advise that neither the Firm nor any member or employee of the Firm undertakes responsibility arising in any way whatsoever to any person (other than the Institute) in respect of such information, including any errors or omissions therein, arising through negligence or otherwise however caused.
25 September 2010 Nadi, Fiji Islands KPMG Chartered Accountants 20 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Statement of Operations For the year ended 31 December 2009 Income Contribution from the Fiji Government Fiji Sugar Corporation (FSC) contribution Grant received from AusAid Grant received from European Union Sugar Cane Growers Council contribution Estate income Gain on sale of property, plant and equipment Sundry income Total income Less cost of operations Bank charges Depreciation Electricity EU Cost General supplies Comunication expenses Material costs Meal allowance Miscellaneous expenses Motor vehicle running expenses Other maintenance costs Overhead expenses Other running costs Postage Rent Repairs and maintenances Subcontract expenses Travel Wages and salaries Total cost of operations Balance carried forward 2009 $ 2008 $ 501,004 441,851 75,390 421,833 432,403 1,203,413 10,300 3,946 3,090,140 3,838 178,478 1,534 536,964 6,395 19,729 224,469 - 245 205,691 - 520 284 277 16,100 35,257 567,020 9,429 424,563 2,230,793 315,434 315,434 38,589 600,773 273,851 1,122,490 194 6,161 2,672,926 2,015 119,909 1,034 - 12,994 7,843 86,737 1,556 4,816 148,799 3,655 12,842 2,186 1,117 10,627 80,877 507,369 1,501 433,579 1,439,456 2,230,793 1,439,456 The above detailed statement of operations is to be read in conjunction with the disclaimer report set out on page 20.
21 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Statement of Operations For the year ended 31 December 2009 Balance brought forward 2,230,793 1,439,456 2009 $ 2008 $ Administrative expenses Accommodation and meals Auditors remuneration - audit Auditors remuneration - other services Board fees Board allowances Business licenses Electricity Fees- Science Audit Committee Fiji National Provident Fund contributions FSC costs General expenses Hire of services ICT consumables ICT license Communication expenses Insurance Legal fees Medical expense Media and publication Freight Professional fees Rent Repairs and maintenance Stationery Subscriptions Subsistence allowance Training Balance carried forward 31,965 8,500 4,172 31,480 832 310 3,271 2,000 58,111 208,134 12,552 23,498 5,404 8,345 18,277 57,064 11,311 8,055 572 10,267 - 29,603 34,304 9,678 2,842 - 1,340 581,887 23,045 8,500 6,275 52,619 1,450 - 3,000 28,778 59,628 573,513 4,233 6,159 5,113 745 17,341 42,700 29,784 1,160 13,224 933 67,458 30,845 15,463 8,846 9,705 2,139 2,455 1,015,111 The above detailed statement of operations is to be read in conjunction with the disclaimer report set out on page 20.
22 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Statement of Operations For the year ended 31 December 2009 Balance brought forward 581,887 1,015,111 2009 $ 2008 $ Training and Productivity Authority of Fiji Travel Tuition fees Visa permit Water Wages and salaries Total administrative expense Total expenditure Surplus for the year 6,206 61,990 4,838 1,145 13,467 189,814 859,347 6,061 54,205 - 141 6,325 151,627 1,233,470 3,090,140 2,672,926 - - The above detailed statement of operations is to be read in conjunction with the disclaimer report set out on page 20.
23 Mail Address P.O.Box 3560 Lautoka, Fiji Islands Telephone : (679) 666 1839 Facsimile : (679) 666 1082 Bankers Westpac Banking Corporation Lautoka, Fiji Islands Solicitors Faiz Khan Lawyers Lautoka, Fiji Islands Auditors KPMG Lautoka, Fiji Islands e-mail: info@srif.org.fj Copyright © Sugar Research Institute of Fiji, 2009.

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