Source document: https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1694819345043.pdf (Australia)
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, ENQUIRY ON BREASTFEEDING 1 SUBMISSION FROM VIRGINIA THORLEY, OAM LACTATION CONSULTANT, CULTURAL HISTORIAN OF THE HISTORY OF MEDIC~NE AUTHORISED: ar/~3@7 Submission no.

97 Breastmilk is the species-specific food of human infants and other forms of infant nutrition are substitutes for it.

They are unable to supply truly equivalent components and the individualized protection provided by living cells and other anti-infective components in mother's milk.
Breastfeeding is the method of delivering breastmilk, in the process providing more than milk alone.

The act of breastfeeding provides skin-to- skin contact that raises levels of the hormone oxytocin, associated with bonding.

Providing expressed breastmilk by bottle provides most of the nutrients and a significant proportion of the anti-infective properties, but limits the mother-baby interaction.

Statistical Issues.
Statistical Issues.

Australian statistics pertaining to breastfeeding rates are not comparable across time and place because of different definitions of 'breastfed' and 'partially breastfed' and differing methodologies.

The World Health Organization (WHO) definitions, published in 1991, are a desirable standard.

Antenatal Education.


Antenatal information about breastfeeding needs to be delivered early, to portray breastfeeding as normal, and to cover issues of individual importance, such as what the particular group perceives as 'barriers' to breastfeeding.

There is a need to cater better for minority groups.

Delive y and Early Postpartum Issues.

Practices encountered in hospitals can impact on breastfeeding initiation and continuation.
Putting the mother and her newborn in skin-to- skin contact soon after delivery is a positive intervention, as is the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative.

Negative interventions include: separating the mother and newborn, restricting the frequency and duration of breastfeeding, supplementing infants without a sound medical reason, and conflicting advice from staff.

Post-discharge Issues.


No matter how good the services are in the antenatal and perinatal periods, provision of accessible and ongoing support to breastfeeding mothers is essential if breastfeeding duration is to be extended.

Compliance by manufacturers and distributors with international and national marketing codes needs to continue to be monitored.
There is a need for an agreement to be formalised between the Australian Government and the bottle and teat sector, to apply the relevant sections of the Intematioml Code of Marrketing of Breast Milk Substitutes.

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, ENQUIRY ON BREASTFEEDING 2 P That a consistent methodology be used for all future infant feeding statistics, with clear definitions (preferably the WHO definitions) and consistency in the infant ages at which statistical information is collected.
P That antenatal education be made more readily available to parents early in the pregnancy and that it include information on breastfeeding that addresses known barriers to breastfeeding in community perceptions.

9 That positive information about breastfeeding be included across the curriculum in formal education, in years P-12, including in mathematics classes.

O.

That hospitals be encouraged to offer mothers early skin-to-skin contact with their newborns, in the first hour.
P That interventions found to have negative impacts on breastfeeding success (such as those referred to in the Ten Steps to Successkl Breastfeeding) are discouraged, through provision of adequate education of frontline staff in maternity hospitals, including on what constitutes 'medical reasons' for supplementation.
9 That the Commonwealth provide funding to support the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) at a more realistic level for at least the next three years, including by supporting an increase in hours for staffing the national office.

O.

That the Commonweafth provide funding to support post-discharge services, such as the Australian Breastfeeding Association's telephone helpline, so that they can continue this cost-effective service.

O.
O.

That the bottle and teat industry be included in a new Agreement with the Australian Government, on similar lines to the MAW Agreement, so that the WHO Code can be implemented in Australia more hlly,.

O.

That workplaces be given tax incentives to provide on-site cr&ches, or cluster cr&ches (shared by several buildings), to facilitate the return to work by women who are still breastfeeding.
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, ENQUIRY ON BREASTFEEDING 3 INTRODUCTION Breastfeeding is the biological norm for human infants, and mother's milk is species- specific to the human infant and no other.

Other forms of feeding human infants, though culturally acceptable and at times in recent history the dominant mode, provide less-than- optimal nutrition, different proteins, fats and carbohydrates, and a lack of living cells and other protective factors.'
The optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding is now considered to be 'about six months', with no deficits in growth likely.2 'Ondischarge' breastfeeding figures for Australian populations cannot be compared with any rigour, because of inconsistencies in me tho do lo^.

These include differences in ages at which the data were collected, and inconsistent definitions.

In the last 50 years the typical age for hospital discharge of healthy mothers and babies has ranged from 2 weeks down to 8 hours.
Even today, 'ondischarge' breastfeeding prevalence is not a good measure, as age of discharge is commonly 2 days in the public system and 5-6 days for privately insured women, and 8 hours for women delivering in Birth Centres.

Other methodological factors, such as definitions, also make comparability of Australian infant- feeding statistics problematic across time and place.374 'Ever breastfed' is a particularly useless descriptor.
Adoption of the World Health Organization's definitions of 'breastfeeding' in a11 Australian surveys would create consist en^^.^ 2.0 ANTENATAL EDUCATION 2.1 WHEN MOTHERS MAKE THEIR INFANT-FEEDING CHOICES Mothers tend to make their infant-feeding choice before the first pregnancy or early in that pregnancy.6 The decision is complex but appears to be based on overt or subtle influences received during the woman's lifetime to date, and includes images of infant- feeding seen in the media.7 Educational information on breastfeeding has been used in health promotion campaigns in Australia fiom the early-2oth century till today and an information component on breastfeeding is usually included in antenatal classes.
Knowledge, alone, is not the sale factor in decision-making, for knowledge is received in a cultural and emotional context.'

Thus, factors of relevance to the mother, such as perceived barriers to breastfeeding, need to be addressed, both in the provision of education on breastfeeding to mothers and health professionals, and in the community in examining and reducing these barriers.

In South Australia among a low-socioeconomic population^ and in ~asrnania,~'.
concerns about breastfeeding away fkom home in public places has been identified as a barrier.

This may not be a concern in other regions.


2.2 BREASTFEEDING EDUCATION, P-12 As many mothers make their inhnt-feeding decisions prior to the first pregnancy, and as some pregnancies occur during adolescence, it is desirable to introduce breastfeeding as a HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, ENQUIRY ON BREASTFEEDING 4 normal part of school curricula in a number of subject areas (Prep - Year 12), so that the parents of the future are aware of it as a normal part of life.
Examples of the use of breastfeeding-related information in subject areas, include in the teaching of statistics in Mathematics, in segments on Science subjects on the environment and landfill issues, and in English at all levels of ability.
2.3 'EARLY-BIRD' ANTENATAL CLASSES 'Early-bird' antenatal classes, that is, provided to women in the first trimester of pregnancy, should be more readily available, and should particularly target low- socioeconomic, Indigenous, and non-English-speaking background (NESB) women, at least in locations where these groups have low breastfeeding rates.

(It is understood that some women in these target groups may not begin their antenatal care early in pregnancy.)
Antenatal classes, especially 'early-bird' ones, should be time-tabled to allow for employment commitments, evenings providing more accessibility.
2.4 ANTENATAL CLASS CONTENT Antenatal classes on breastfeeding should include information about breastfeeding as the normal way to nourish a baby, practical information on positioning and attaching the baby (preferably modeling this, using dolls), realistic expectations about infant behaviour, and a discussion of any barriers to breastfeeding that the group may perceive.

Information about community resources to support breastfeeding should be included.
In nuclear families, the father may be the primary influence on whether the mother continues or abandons breastfeeding.

Including fathers, or another relevant family member, in breastfeeding education may be important.
3.0 DELIVERY AND EARLY POSTNATAL ISSUES 3.1 EARtY SKIN-TO-SKIN CONTACT Skin-to-skin contact between humans has been shown to raise oxytocin levels and enhance bonding.12 It is believed to facilitate breastfeeding initiation and may influence the continuance of breastfeeding, possibly through raising mother's confidence.

Uninterrupted skin-to-skin contact at birth constitutes Step 4 of the Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding (see table, below).
Providing skin-to-skin contact between mothers and newborns immediately afier delivery is both desirable and achievable in the Australian context.13 3.2 AVOIDING INTERVENTIONS THAT MAY IMPACT NEGATIVELY ON BREASTFEEDING INITIATION AND THE MOTHER'S CONFIDENCE Inappropriate interventions include: routine separation of the mother and infant; restriction of the frequency and duration of breastfeeds; supplementation with artificial HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, ENQUIRY ON BREASTFEEDING 5 baby milks (ABMs) commonly called 'infant formula'; use of feeding bottles and artificial nipples with newborns; lack of understanding by staff of when supplementation is genuinely 'medically necessary'; and availability of substitute milks on the wards.. A further negative factor that mothers continue to re ort is conflicting advice from health professionals, which they complain confused them.'
, IS Hospitals which have implemented the Baby-Friendly Hospitals Initiative (see below) have been required to provide accurate and consistent education for staff on breastfeeding, and these institutions strive to limit incidences of conflicting advice.

?

3.3 THE BABY-FRIENDLY HOSPITAL INITIATIVE The Baby-Friendly Hospital initiative (BFHI), begun in 199 1 by UNICEF with pilot hospitals across a number of countries, is based on the Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding.
These Ten Steps are: The Ten Steps to Successfut Breastfeeding 1.

Have a written breastfeeding policy that is routinely communicated to all health care staff.

2.

Train all health care staff in skills necessary to implement this policy.

3.

Inform a11 pregnant women about the benefits and management of breastfeeding.

4.

Help mothers initiate breastfeeding within half an hour of birth.

5.

Show mothers how to breastfeed and how to maintain lactation even if they should be separated from their infants.
6.

Give newborns no food or drink other than breastmilk, unless medically indicated.

7.

Practice rooming-in; allow mothers and infants to remain together - 24 hours a day.

8.

Encourage breastfeeding on demand.

9.

Give no artificial teats or dummies to breastfeeding infants.

10.

Foster the establishment of breastfeeding support groups and refer mothers to them at discharge from hospital.
Research in a comparable industrialized country, Belarus, across a number of hospitals which either had implemented the BFWI or had not, has demonstrated that those sites which had implemented the Ten Steps (above) had higher breastfeeding prevalence at any age during the first 12 months, compared with the other hospitals.
Those hospitals which had not implemented the Ten Steps had higher prevalances of gastroenteritis and atopic eczema in the first 12 months after delivery.16 HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, ENQUIRY ON BREASTFEEDING The BFHI in Australia is auspiced by the Australian College of Midwives, Inc.

Currently, the program struggles to provide this important service with only a part-time national manager, and assessors give their time to do hospitat assessments for only a token remuneration.
This is financially difficult for some individuals who are self- employed and put aside better-paid work has to be set aside to take on an assessment.

An injection of funds to support the program at a more realistic level for the next three years would enable an increasing number of hospitals to be assessed for the first time, or reassessed when their three years expires.

4.0 POST-C GE ISSUES: C W G TO WlBROVING BREASTFEEDING DURATPON.
4.1 STEP 10 OF THE TEN STEPS TO SUCCESSFUL BREASTFEEDING If breastfeeding is so good, why do so mmy mothers abandon breastfeeding in the first month, even mothers who had intended to breastfeed for much longer?
Reasons include: lack of a knowledgeable support person to provide reassurance at home, not understanding what is normal in a newborn and interpreting normal infant behaviour (such as feeding more ftequently than expected or crying if feeds are spaced by maternal choice) as indicating a failed supply, and sore nipples l 7 Appropriate social and familial support are needed by many mothers to enable breastfeeding to continue.I8 Step 10 of the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative provides for post-discharge support for breastfeeding mothers and their babies, with the intention of referring her to services that are available seven days a week, fn Australia, Step 10 is generally better achieved than in a number of other countries.
This is bwause hospitals that do not themselves provide post-discharge breastfeeding clinics or telephone follow-up are able to refer mothers to community child-health facilities (formerly popularly known as 'baby clinics') and, for after-hours advice, the Australian Breastfeeding Association (ABA) in all States, the ACT and the Northern Territory.

This service keeps costs as low as possible as all counsellors are volunteers.
As the only Australia-wide 24/7 information and counselling service, the ABA helpline deserves financial support to enable it to continue.

However, facilities for mothers fiom sections of the population who are less able to reach out for the available support, or to access it effectively, are in need of improvement.

These groups have regularly been shown to have lower-thm-average breastfeeding rates.
These include women who are: a) Adolescent b) Functionally illiterate c) From Indigenous cultures d) From non-English-speaking (NESB) backgrounds.

For these women, I recommend the following modes of delivery of information and support on breastfeeding.

a) Factual information: 19,20 HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, ENQUIRY ON BREASTFEEDmG 7 i. Multi-media presentations of information, i.e.

not just printed materials ii.


Low-literacy printed materials, set no higher than Grade 5 or 6 levels on the SMOG readability test or other tests with which SMOG correlates.

iii.

CuItwa1ly-appropriate printed and audio-visual materials, e.g.

for Indigenous, NESB and adolescent parents.

Printed breastfeeding information in community languages.

iv.

b) One-on-one support: i.

The training of peer counsellors from target groups, such as Indigenous, adolescent, and a variety of NESB groups.

ii.
ii.

Training of suitable male peer counsellors to discuss breastfeeding man- to-man with the mother's male partner, either antenatally (e.g.

while the mother is attending an antenatal class), or post-discharge.

I have seen this in South Africa, in Western Cape Province, where La Leche League conducts the training of peer counsellors, including a small number of males.
4.2 MARKETING CODES, AND MONITORING Artificial feeding was developed in various times and places to save the lives of individual babies who were unable to obtain breastfeeding, but from the mid-19~ century it began to develop as an industry, using manufacturing techniques.

Manufactured products required a market and through much of the 2oth century manufacturers were able to make claims without the restriction of a marketing code.
Consequently, mass marketing and questionable marketing practices were identified as a factor in the decline of breastfeeding.2' Australia was a signatory to the 1981 International Code of Marketing of Breast Milk Substitutes '(WHO Code') and subsequent World Health Assembly resolutions that apply or extend the WHO Code provisions.

The 1992 Marketing in Australia of Infant Formula (MAIF) has applied part of the WHO Code in Australia.
One of the weaknesses of the MAIF Agreement is the lack of inclusion of the bottle and teat industry, who distribute products that are also 'within the scope' of the WHO Code.

There is also a lack of specific wording covering the retail sector, such as harmacies.

These have been mentioned in A P M F reports as areas of concern!

Extending the scope of the MAIF Agreement to include the retail sector, and setting up a new Agreement for the bottle and teat sector, is clearly necessary.
Ideally, since they are major providers of feeding bottles, such an Agreement should include manufacturers of breast pumps.

4.4 INCENTIVES FOR TEE ESTaBLISHMENT OF WORKPLACE CRECHES In the mid-1980 there was a beginning of interest in workplace crkhes as a means of facilitating the return to work of valued employees after maternity leave and to enable them to continue breastfeeding their infants.

This interest has subsequently dropped from sight.


Simply providing facilities for pumping and storing breastmilk limits, rather than increases, mothers' choices - and it does not solve the issue of conveniently situated childcare.

I recommend a tax incentive to employers who provide: HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, ENQUIRY ON BmASTFEEDING 8 a) On-site cr&ches b) A designated car parking spot for carers who are bringing a baby to the mother for breastfeeding during her break.
Pickering LK, Morrow AL, Ruiz-Palacios GM, Schanler RJ, eds.

Protecting infants through human milk: Advancing the scientific evidence.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 554.

New York: Kluwer AcademidPlenum Publishers, 2004.

Kramer MS, Kakuma R. Optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding.

Cochrane database Syst rev 2002;(1):CM)035 17.

Webb K, Marks GC , Lund-Adams M, et al.


Towards a national system of monitoring breastfeeding in Australia: recommendations for population indicators, definitions and next steps.

Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia, 200 1.

Thorley V. Problems of accountability of 20th-century infant feeding statistics: an historical audit.

Poster presentation.

International Breastfeeding Conference, Hobart, Tasmania, 28-30 September 2005.
[Published on CD, Australian Breastfeeding Association, September 2005.1 World Health Organization.

Indicators for assessing breastfeeding practice.

Geneva: World Health Organization, 1991.

WRO/CDD/SER/91.14.

Wagner CL, Wagner MT.

The breast or bottle?

Determinants of infant feeding behaviors.

Special issue; Clinical Aspects of Human Milk and Lactation.

Clinics in Perinatology 1999;26(2):505-525.


Henderson L, Kitzinger J, Green J, Representing infant keding: content analysis of British media portrayals of bottle feeding and breast feeding.

Br Med J 2000;321(7270): 1196-98.

Van Esterik P, Social and demographic aspects: The cultural context of breastfeeding and breastfeeding policy.

United Nations University Press.

Food and Nutrition Bulldin 1996; 17(4).


McIntyre EA, EfiIIer J, Turnbull D. Determinants of infant feeding practices in a low-socio-economic area: Identifying environmental barriers to breastfeeding, Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 1999;23: 207-209. lo Tasmanian Breastfeeding Support Coalition, Breastfeeding -Breaking Down the Barriers Project (report), 2000. "

Wilson E. 'Breastfeeding: Breaking down the barriers'.
Breastfeeding: Ancient Art - Modem miracle, Australian Breastfeeding Association, International Breastfeeding Conference, Brisbane, 13-1 5 September 2001, pp.

146-151. l 2 Uvnas-Moberg K, Eriksson K. Breastfwding: Physiological, endocrine and behavioural adaptations caused by oxytocin and local neurogenic activity in the nipple and mammary gland, Acta Paediatrica 1996;85(5):525-530. l 3 Cantrill R, Creedy D, Dykes F. Barely attached.
International Breastfeeding Conference, Hobart, Tasmania, 28-30 September 2005. published on CD, Australian Breastfeeding Association, 20051 l 4 Grieve V, Howarth T. The counselling needs of breastfeeding women.

Breastfeeding Review 2000;8(2):9-15.

I5 COX SG, Turnbull CJ, Breastfeeding - a gradual return to mother's autonomy.

Breastfeeding Review 2000;8(2):5-8. l6 Kramer MS, Chalmers B, Hodnett ED, et al.
Promotion of Breastfeeding Intervention Trial (PROBIT): a randomized trial in the Republic of Belarus.

JAMA 2001;285(4):413-420. l7 Grieve V, EIawarth T, 2000, op.

cit.

l B Wagner and Wagner, 1999, op.cit.

19 Thorley V. Readability of selected breastfeeding information for mothers: late-twentieth century.

Birth Issues 2004; 13(1): 11-17.

20 Thorley V. Readability of selected breastfeeding information for mothers: early twenty-first century.

Birth Issues 2006; 15(2):47-53.


21 Thorley V. Commercial interests and advice on infant feeding: marketing to mothers in postwar Queensland, Iiealtth dt History 2003;5(1):65-89.

22 Annual Report of the Advisory Panel on the Mwketing in Australia of infant Formula, July 1997 - June 1998.

Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia, 1 999, p. 1 1.