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Uganda Demographic and Health Survey 2016 GOVERNMENT OF UGANDA Uganda Demographic and Health Survey 2016 Uganda Bureau of Statistics Kampala, Uganda The DHS Program ICF Rockville, Maryland, USA January 2018 The 2016 Uganda Demographic and Health Survey (2016 UDHS) was implemented by the Uganda Bureau of Statistics.
The funding for the 2016 UDHS was provided by the Government of Uganda, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), and the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA).

ICF provided technical assistance through The DHS Program, a USAID-funded project providing support and technical assistance in the implementation of population and health surveys in countries worldwide.
Additional information about the 2016 UDHS may be obtained from the Directorate of Population and Social Statistics, Uganda Bureau of Statistics, Colville Street, P.O.
Box 7186, Kampala, Uganda; Telephone +256-414-706000; E-mail: ubos@ubos.org; Internet: www.ubos.org Information about The DHS Program may be obtained from ICF, 530 Gaither Road, Suite 500, Rockville, MD 20850, USA; Telephone: +1-301-407-6500; Fax: +1-301-407-6501; Email: info@DHSprogram.com; Internet: www.DHSprogram.com Cover photo “Uganda Kobs (Kobus thomasi)” ©2008 Bernard DuPont, used under Creative Commons licence (CC BY-SA 2.0).

Recommended citation: Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS) and ICF.

2018.
2018.

Uganda Demographic and Health Survey 2016.

Kampala, Uganda and Rockville, Maryland, USA: UBOS and ICF.
CONTENTS TABLES AND FIGURES ........................................................................................................................... ix FOREWORD ............................................................................................................................................. xix ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS .................................................................................................. xxi READING AND UNDERSTANDING TABLES FROM THE 2016 UGANDA DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEY (UDHS) .......................................................... xxiii SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS INDICATORS .............................................................. xxxi MAP OF UGANDA ................................................................................................................................ xxxii 1 2 3 INTRODUCTION AND SURVEY METHODOLOGY .............................................................. 1 Survey Objectives ................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Sample Design ..................................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Questionnaires ..................................................................................................................... 3 1.3 Anthropometry, Anaemia Testing, Malaria Testing, and Vitamin A Deficiency Testing ... 5 1.4 Pretest .................................................................................................................................. 8 1.5 Training of Field Staff ......................................................................................................... 8 1.6 Fieldwork ............................................................................................................................. 9 1.7 Data Processing ................................................................................................................... 9 1.8 Community
9 1.8 Community Mobilisation ..................................................................................................... 9 1.9 Response Rates .................................................................................................................... 9 1.10 2.4 HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS AND HOUSEHOLD POPULATION .............................. 11 Drinking Water Sources and Treatment ............................................................................ 12 2.1 Sanitation ........................................................................................................................... 12 2.2 Other Household Characteristics ....................................................................................... 13 2.3 2.3.1 Housing Characteristics ....................................................................................... 13 2.3.2 Exposure to Smoke inside the Home ................................................................... 13 Household Wealth ............................................................................................................. 13 2.4.1 Household Durable Goods ................................................................................... 13 2.4.2 Wealth Index ........................................................................................................ 14 Hand Washing ................................................................................................................... 14 Household Population and Composition ........................................................................... 14 Children’s Living Arrangements and Parental Survival .................................................... 15 Birth Registration .............................................................................................................. 15 Education ........................................................................................................................... 16 2.9.1 Educational Attainment
 ....................................................................................... 16 School Attendance ............................................................................................... 17 2.9.2 2.10 Disability ........................................................................................................................... 17 2.10.1 Disability by Domain and Age ............................................................................ 17 2.10.2 Disability among Adults by Other Background Characteristics .......................... 18 2.11 Child Discipline ................................................................................................................. 18 2.12 Deaths and Injuries ............................................................................................................ 19 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS ............................................................................. 45 Basic Characteristics of Survey Respondents .................................................................... 45 3.1 Education and Literacy ...................................................................................................... 46 3.2 Mass Media Exposure and Internet Usage ........................................................................ 47 3.3 Employment ...................................................................................................................... 48 3.4 Contents • iii 3.5 3.6 3.7 Occupation ......................................................................................................................... 49 Health Insurance Knowledge and Coverage ...................................................................... 49 Tobacco Use ...................................................................................................................... 50 MARRIAGE AND SEXUAL ACTIVITY
 .................................................................................. 71 Marital Status ..................................................................................................................... 71 4.1 Polygyny ............................................................................................................................ 72 4.2 Age at First Marriage ......................................................................................................... 72 4.3 Age at First Sexual Intercourse ......................................................................................... 73 4.4 Recent Sexual Activity ...................................................................................................... 74 4.5 FERTILITY ................................................................................................................................... 85 Current Fertility ................................................................................................................. 85 5.1 Children Ever Born and Living ......................................................................................... 87 5.2 Birth Intervals .................................................................................................................... 87 5.3 Insusceptibility to Pregnancy ............................................................................................. 88 5.4 Age at First Birth ............................................................................................................... 89 5.5 Teenage Childbearing ........................................................................................................ 89 5.6 Sexual and Reproductive Behaviours before Age 15 ........................................................ 90 5.7 FERTILITY PREFERENCES ..................................................................................................... 99 Desire for Another Child
 ................................................................................................... 99 6.1 Ideal Family Size ............................................................................................................. 100 6.2 Fertility Planning Status .................................................................................................. 101 6.3 Wanted Fertility Rates ..................................................................................................... 102 6.4 FAMILY PLANNING ................................................................................................................ 111 7.1 Contraceptive Knowledge and Use ................................................................................. 111 Source of Modern Contraceptive Methods ...................................................................... 113 7.2 Informed Choice .............................................................................................................. 113 7.3 Discontinuation of Contraceptives .................................................................................. 114 7.4 Demand for Family Planning .......................................................................................... 114 7.5 7.5.1 Decision Making about Family Planning ........................................................... 115 7.5.2 Future Use of Contraception .............................................................................. 116 7.5.3 Exposure to Family Planning Messages in the Media ....................................... 116 Contact of Nonusers with Family Planning Providers ..................................................... 116 7.6 INFANT AND CHILD MORTALITY ...................................................................................... 133 Infant and Child Mortality ............................................................................................... 134 8.1 Biodemographic Risk Factors
 ......................................................................................... 135 8.2 Perinatal Mortality ........................................................................................................... 135 8.3 High-risk Fertility Behaviour .......................................................................................... 136 8.4 MATERNAL HEALTH CARE ................................................................................................. 141 Antenatal Care Coverage and Content ............................................................................ 142 9.1 9.1.1 Skilled Providers ................................................................................................ 142 9.1.2 Timing and Number of ANC Visits ................................................................... 142 Components of ANC Visits ............................................................................................. 143 Protection against Neonatal Tetanus ............................................................................... 143 Delivery Services ............................................................................................................. 144 Institutional Deliveries ....................................................................................... 144 9.4.1 9.4.2 Skilled Assistance during Delivery .................................................................... 145 9.4.3 Delivery by Caesarean ....................................................................................... 146 9.2 9.3 9.4 iv • Contents 10 11 12 9.5 9.6 9.7 Postnatal Care .................................................................................................................. 146 Postnatal Health Check for Mothers .................................................................. 146 9.5.1 9.5.2 Postnatal Health Check for Newborns ............................................................... 147 Problems in Accessing Health Care
 ................................................................................ 147 Female Circumcision and Obstetric Fistula ..................................................................... 148 CHILD HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT .............................................................................. 165 10.1 Birth Weight .................................................................................................................... 165 10.2 Vaccination of Children................................................................................................... 166 Symptoms of Acute Respiratory Infection ...................................................................... 168 10.3 10.4 Fever 168 10.5 Diarrhoeal Disease ........................................................................................................... 169 10.5.1 Prevalence of Diarrhoea ..................................................................................... 169 10.5.2 Feeding Practices ............................................................................................... 169 10.5.3 Treatment of Diarrhoea ...................................................................................... 170 10.5.4 Knowledge of ORS Packets ............................................................................... 170 10.6 Treatment of Childhood Illness ....................................................................................... 170 10.7 Disposal of Children’s Stools .......................................................................................... 170 Early Childhood Development ........................................................................................ 171 10.8 10.8.1 Early Childhood Education ................................................................................ 171 10.8.2 Support for Learning .......................................................................................... 171 10.8.3 Children’s Books and Playthings
 ....................................................................... 172 10.8.4 Inadequate Care for Children ............................................................................. 172 10.8.5 Early Child Development Index ........................................................................ 172 11.2 NUTRITION OF CHILDREN AND ADULTS ........................................................................ 193 11.1 Nutritional Status of Children .......................................................................................... 193 11.1.1 Measurement of Nutritional Status among Young Children .............................. 193 11.1.2 Data Collection .................................................................................................. 195 11.1.3 Levels of Child Malnutrition ............................................................................. 195 Infant and Young Child Feeding Practices ...................................................................... 195 11.2.1 Breastfeeding ..................................................................................................... 196 11.2.2 Complementary Feeding .................................................................................... 197 11.2.3 Minimum Acceptable Diet ................................................................................. 198 11.3 Anaemia Prevalence in Children ..................................................................................... 200 11.4 Presence of Iodized Salt in Households ........................................................................... 201 11.5 Micronutrient Intake and Supplementation among Children........................................... 201 11.6 Adults’ Nutritional Status ................................................................................................ 202 11.6.1 Nutritional Status of Women ............................................................................. 202 11.6.2 Nutritional
 Status of Men ................................................................................... 203 11.7 Anaemia Prevalence in Adults......................................................................................... 203 11.8 Micronutrient Intake among Mothers .............................................................................. 204 11.9 Vitamin A Deficiency in Children ................................................................................... 204 MALARIA ................................................................................................................................... 225 12.1 Ownership of Insecticide-Treated Nets ........................................................................... 225 12.2 Household Access to and Use of ITNs ............................................................................ 227 12.3 Use of ITNs by Children and Pregnant Women .............................................................. 228 12.4 Malaria Prophylaxis in Pregnancy ................................................................................... 229 Case Management of Malaria in Children ....................................................................... 230 12.5 Prevalence of Low Haemoglobin in Children ................................................................. 231 12.6 Prevalence of Malaria in Children ................................................................................... 231 12.7 Contents • v 13 14 15 16 HIV/AIDS-RELATED KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, AND BEHAVIOUR ...................... 247 13.1 HIV/AIDS Knowledge, Transmission, and Prevention Methods .................................... 248 13.1.1 Awareness of HIV/AIDS ................................................................................... 248 13.1.2 Knowledge of HIV/AIDS Prevention ................................................................ 248 13.2 Knowledge about Mother-to-Child Transmission ........................................................... 249 13.3
249 13.3 Discriminatory Attitudes towards People Living with HIV ............................................ 249 13.4 Multiple Sexual Partners ................................................................................................. 250 Paid Sex ........................................................................................................................... 251 13.5 Coverage of HIV Testing Services .................................................................................. 251 13.6 13.6.1 Awareness of HIV Testing Services and Experience with HIV Testing ........... 251 13.6.2 HIV Testing of Pregnant Women ...................................................................... 252 13.7 Male Circumcision .......................................................................................................... 253 13.8 Self-reporting of Sexually Transmitted Infections .......................................................... 253 13.9 HIV/AIDS-related Knowledge and Behaviour among Young People ............................ 254 13.9.1 Knowledge ......................................................................................................... 254 13.9.2 First Sex ............................................................................................................. 254 13.9.3 Premarital Sex .................................................................................................... 255 13.9.4 Multiple Sexual Partners .................................................................................... 255 13.9.5 Coverage of HIV Testing Services .................................................................... 255 WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT ................................................................................................ 275 14.1 Married Women’s and Men’s Employment .................................................................... 276 14.2 Control over Women’s Earnings ..................................................................................... 276
276 Control over Men’s Earnings .......................................................................................... 277 14.3 14.4 Women’s and Men’s Ownership of Assets ..................................................................... 278 Bank Accounts and Mobile Phones ................................................................................. 278 14.5 14.6 Participation in Decision Making .................................................................................... 279 14.7 Attitudes toward Wife Beating ........................................................................................ 280 14.8 Negotiating Sexual Relations .......................................................................................... 281 ADULT AND MATERNAL MORTALITY ............................................................................. 305 15.1 Data ................................................................................................................................. 305 15.2 Direct Estimates of Adult Mortality ................................................................................ 306 15.3 Trends in Adult Mortality ................................................................................................ 307 15.4 Direct Estimates of Maternal Mortality ........................................................................... 307 Trends in Pregnancy-Related Mortality ........................................................................... 308 15.5 16.3 DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ........................................................................................................... 313 16.1 Measurement of Violence ................................................................................................ 314 Experience of Physical Violence ..................................................................................... 315 16.2 16.2.1 Perpetrators of Physical Violence ...................................................................... 316 Experience of Sexual
 Violence ........................................................................................ 316 16.3.1 Prevalence of Sexual Violence .......................................................................... 317 16.3.2 Perpetrators of Sexual Violence ......................................................................... 317 16.4 Experience of Different Forms of Violence .................................................................... 317 16.5 Marital Control by Spouse ............................................................................................... 318 Forms of Spousal Violence .............................................................................................. 319 16.6 16.6.1 Prevalence of Spousal Violence ......................................................................... 319 16.6.2 Injuries due to Spousal Violence ....................................................................... 321 16.6.3 Violence Initiated by Women and Men against Their Spouse ........................... 322 16.7 Help Seeking among Those Who Have Experienced Violence ....................................... 322 REFERENCES.......................................................................................................................................... 365 vi • Contents APPENDIX A: SAMPLE DESIGN ........................................................................................................ 369 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 369 Sample Frame .................................................................................................................. 369 Sample Design and Implementation ................................................................................ 370 Sample Probabilities and Sampling Weights ................................................................... 372 A.1 A.2 A.3 A.4 APPENDIX B: ESTIMATES OF SAMPLING ERRORS
 ................................................................... 377 APPENDIX C: DATA QUALITY TABLES ......................................................................................... 419 APPENDIX D: PERSONS INVOLVED IN THE 2016 UGANDA DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEY .................................................................................................................... 425 APPENDIX E: QUESTIONNAIRES ..................................................................................................... 431 Household Questionnaire .............................................................................................................. 433 Biomarker Questionnaire .............................................................................................................. 463 Woman’s Questionnaire ................................................................................................................ 483 Man’s Questionnaire ..................................................................................................................... 557 Fieldworker Questionnaire ............................................................................................................ 589 Contents • vii TABLES AND FIGURES 1 2 3 INTRODUCTION AND SURVEY METHODOLOGY .............................................................. 1 Results of the household and individual interviews ............................................. 10 Table 1.1 HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS AND HOUSEHOLD POPULATION .............................. 11 Household drinking water .................................................................................... 21 Table 2.1 Availability of water ............................................................................................ 22 Table 2.2 Household sanitation facilities ............................................................................. 22 Table 2.3 Household characteristics
 .................................................................................... 23 Table 2.4 Household possessions ......................................................................................... 24 Table 2.5 Wealth quintiles ................................................................................................... 24 Table 2.6 Hand washing ...................................................................................................... 25 Table 2.7 Household population by age, sex, and residence ................................................ 26 Table 2.8 Household composition ....................................................................................... 27 Table 2.9 Children’s living arrangements and orphanhood ................................................. 28 Table 2.10 Birth registration of children under age 5 ............................................................ 29 Table 2.11 Educational attainment of the female household population ............................... 30 Table 2.12.1 Educational attainment of the male household population .................................. 31 Table 2.12.2 School attendance ratios ...................................................................................... 32 Table 2.13 Disability by domain and age .............................................................................. 33 Table 2.14 Disability among adults by background characteristics ....................................... 34 Table 2.15 Child discipline .................................................................................................... 36 Table 2.16 Child discipline opinions and knowledge ............................................................ 37 Table 2.17 Deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents ................................................... 38 Table 2.18 Types of road traffic accidents ............................................................................. 39 Table 2.19 Injuries
 due to road traffic accidents .................................................................... 40 Table 2.20 Deaths and injuries from non-road traffic accidents ............................................ 41 Table 2.21 Types of non-road traffic accidents and injuries .................................................. 42 Table 2.22 Injuries due to non-road traffic accidents............................................................. 43 Table 2.23 Deaths from other causes ..................................................................................... 44 Table 2.24 Death registration ................................................................................................. 44 Table 2.25 Figure 2.1 Figure 2.2 Figure 2.3 Figure 2.4 Figure 2.5 Figure 2.6 Household drinking water by residence ............................................................... 12 Household toilet facilities by residence ............................................................... 13 Household wealth by residence............................................................................ 14 Population pyramid .............................................................................................. 15 Birth registration by region .................................................................................. 16 Secondary school attendance by household wealth ............................................. 17 CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS ............................................................................. 45 Background characteristics of respondents .......................................................... 51 Table 3.1 Educational attainment: Women .......................................................................... 53 Table 3.2.1 Educational attainment: Men ............................................................................... 54 Table 3.2.2 Literacy: Women ................................................................................................. 55 Table
55 Table 3.3.1 Literacy: Men ....................................................................................................... 56 Table 3.3.2 Exposure to mass media: Women ........................................................................ 57 Table 3.4.1 Exposure to mass media: Men ............................................................................. 58 Table 3.4.2 Internet usage: Women ........................................................................................ 59 Table 3.5.1 Tables and Figures • ix Table 3.5.2 Table 3.6.1 Table 3.6.2 Table 3.7.1 Table 3.7.2 Table 3.8 Table 3.9.1 Table 3.9.2 Table 3.10.1 Table 3.10.2 Table 3.11 Table 3.12 Figure 3.1 Figure 3.2 Figure 3.3 Figure 3.4 Figure 3.5 Internet usage: Men .............................................................................................. 60 Employment status: Women ................................................................................ 61 Employment status: Men ..................................................................................... 62 Occupation: Women ............................................................................................ 63 Occupation: Men .................................................................................................. 64 Type of employment: Women ............................................................................. 65 Health insurance coverage: Women .................................................................... 66 Health insurance coverage: Men .......................................................................... 67 Tobacco smoking: Women .................................................................................. 68 Tobacco smoking: Men ........................................................................................ 69 Average number of cigarettes smoked daily: Men .............................................. 70 Smokeless tobacco use and any tobacco use ........................................................ 70
70 Education of survey respondents ......................................................................... 46 Secondary education by region ............................................................................ 46 Secondary education by household wealth .......................................................... 47 Exposure to mass media ....................................................................................... 47 Employment status by wealth .............................................................................. 49 MARRIAGE AND SEXUAL ACTIVITY .................................................................................. 71 Current marital status ........................................................................................... 75 Table 4.1.1 Type of marriage .................................................................................................. 75 Table 4.1.2 Number of women’s co-wives ............................................................................. 76 Table 4.2.1 Number of men’s wives ....................................................................................... 77 Table 4.2.2 Age at first marriage ............................................................................................ 78 Table 4.3 Median age at first marriage by background characteristics ................................ 79 Table 4.4 Age at first sexual intercourse .............................................................................. 80 Table 4.5 Median age at first sexual intercourse by background characteristics ................. 81 Table 4.6 Recent sexual activity: Women ............................................................................ 82 Table 4.7.1 Recent sexual activity: Men ................................................................................. 83 Table 4.7.2 Figure 4.1 Figure 4.2 Figure 4.3 Marital status ........................................................................................................ 71 Women’s median age
 at marriage by education .................................................. 73 Median age at first sex and first marriage ............................................................ 74 FERTILITY ................................................................................................................................... 85 Current fertility .................................................................................................... 91 Table 5.1 Fertility by background characteristics ................................................................ 91 Table 5.2 Trends in age-specific fertility rates ..................................................................... 92 Table 5.3.1 Trends in age-specific and total fertility rates ...................................................... 92 Table 5.3.2 Children ever born and living .............................................................................. 92 Table 5.4 Birth intervals ...................................................................................................... 93 Table 5.5 Postpartum amenorrhoea, abstinence, and insusceptibility .................................. 94 Table 5.6 Median duration of amenorrhoea, postpartum abstinence, and postpartum Table 5.7 insusceptibility ..................................................................................................... 95 Menopause ........................................................................................................... 96 Age at first birth ................................................................................................... 96 Median age at first birth ....................................................................................... 97 Teenage pregnancy and motherhood ................................................................... 98 Sexual and reproductive health behaviours before age 15 ................................... 98 Table 5.8 Table 5.9 Table 5.10 Table 5.11 Table 5.12 Figure 5.1 Figure 5.2 Trends
 in fertility by residence ............................................................................ 86 Trends in age-specific fertility ............................................................................. 86 4 5 x • Tables and Figures 6 7 Figure 5.3 Figure 5.4 Figure 5.5 Fertility by region ................................................................................................ 86 Fertility by household wealth ............................................................................... 87 Median age at first birth by education ................................................................. 89 FERTILITY PREFERENCES ..................................................................................................... 99 Fertility preferences according to number of living children ............................. 104 Table 6.1 Desire to limit childbearing: Women ................................................................. 105 Table 6.2.1 Desire to limit childbearing: Men ...................................................................... 106 Table 6.2.2 Ideal number of children according to number of living children ..................... 107 Table 6.3 Mean ideal number of children according to background characteristics .......... 108 Table 6.4 Fertility planning status ...................................................................................... 109 Table 6.5 Wanted fertility rates .......................................................................................... 109 Table 6.6 Figure 6.1 Figure 6.2 Figure 6.3 Figure 6.4 Figure 6.5 Trends in desire to limit childbearing ................................................................ 100 Desire to limit childbearing by number of living children ................................. 100 Ideal family size ................................................................................................. 101 Ideal family size by number of living children
 .................................................. 101 Trends in wanted and actual fertility .................................................................. 103 FAMILY PLANNING ................................................................................................................ 111 Knowledge of contraceptive methods ................................................................. 118 Table 7.1 Knowledge of contraceptive methods according to background characteristics .. 119 Table 7.2 Current use of contraception according to age ................................................... 120 Table 7.3 Current use of contraception according to background characteristics .............. 121 Table 7.4.1 Trends in the current use of contraception ......................................................... 123 Table 7.4.2 Knowledge of fertile period ............................................................................... 123 Table 7.5 Knowledge of fertile period by age .................................................................... 123 Table 7.6 Timing of sterilisation ........................................................................................ 124 Table 7.7 Source of modern contraception methods .......................................................... 124 Table 7.8 Use of social marketing brand pills and condoms ............................................. 124 Table 7.9 Informed choice ................................................................................................. 125 Table 7.10 Twelve-month contraceptive discontinuation rates ........................................... 125 Table 7.11 Reasons for discontinuation ............................................................................... 126 Table 7.12 Need and demand for family planning among currently married women ......... 127 Table 7.13.1 Need and demand for family planning for all women and for sexually active Table 7.13.2 unmarried women
 .............................................................................................. 128 Decisionmaking about family planning ............................................................. 130 Future use of contraception ................................................................................ 131 Exposure to family planning messages .............................................................. 131 Contact of nonusers with family planning providers ......................................... 132 Table 7.14 Table 7.15 Table 7.16 Table 7.17 Figure 7.1 Figure 7.2 Figure 7.3 Figure 7.4 Figure 7.5 Figure 7.6 Figure 7.7 Contraceptive use ............................................................................................... 112 Trends in contraceptive use ............................................................................... 112 Modern contraceptive use by region .................................................................. 112 Use of modern contraceptive methods by education ......................................... 113 Contraceptive discontinuation rates ................................................................... 114 Trends in demand for family planning ............................................................... 115 Unmet need by wealth ....................................................................................... 115 8 INFANT AND CHILD MORTALITY ...................................................................................... 133 Early childhood mortality rates .......................................................................... 137 Table 8.1 Five-year early childhood mortality rates according to background Table 8.2 characteristics ..................................................................................................... 137 Tables and Figures • xi 9 10 Table 8.3 Table 8.4 Table 8.5 Table 8.6 Figure 8.1 Figure 8.2 Figure 8.3 Ten-year early childhood mortality rates according to
 additional characteristics ..................................................................................................... 138 Perinatal mortality .............................................................................................. 139 High-risk fertility behaviour .............................................................................. 140 Early childhood mortality rates by women’s status ........................................... 140 Trends in early childhood mortality rates .......................................................... 134 Under-5 mortality by household wealth ............................................................. 135 Perinatal mortality by mother’s education ......................................................... 135 MATERNAL HEALTH CARE ................................................................................................. 141 Antenatal care .................................................................................................... 149 Table 9.1 Number of antenatal care visits and timing of first visit .................................... 150 Table 9.2 Components of antenatal care ............................................................................ 151 Table 9.3 Tetanus toxoid injections ................................................................................... 152 Table 9.4 Place of delivery ................................................................................................ 153 Table 9.5 Assistance during delivery ................................................................................. 154 Table 9.6 Caesarean section ............................................................................................... 155 Table 9.7 Duration of stay in health facility after birth ...................................................... 156 Table 9.8 Timing of first postnatal check for the mother ................................................... 156 Table 9.9 Type of
 provider of first postnatal check for the mother ................................... 157 Table 9.10 Timing of first postnatal check for the newborn ................................................ 158 Table 9.11 Type of provider of first postnatal check for the newborn ................................. 159 Table 9.12 Content of postnatal care for newborns ............................................................. 160 Table 9.13 Problems in accessing health care ...................................................................... 161 Table 9.14 Female circumcision .......................................................................................... 162 Table 9.15 Fistula knowledge and experience ..................................................................... 163 Table 9.16 Figure 9.1 Figure 9.2 Figure 9.3 Figure 9.4 Figure 9.5 Figure 9.6 Trends in antenatal care coverage ...................................................................... 142 Trends in place of birth ...................................................................................... 144 Health facility births by region .......................................................................... 144 Health facility births by education ..................................................................... 145 Skilled assistance at delivery by birth order ...................................................... 145 Postnatal care by place of delivery .................................................................... 146 CHILD HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT .............................................................................. 165 Child’s size and weight at birth.......................................................................... 174 Table 10.1 Vaccinations by source of information .............................................................. 175 Table 10.2 Vaccinations by background characteristics ...................................................... 176 Table 10.3 Possession and observation of
 vaccination cards, according to background Table 10.4 characteristics ..................................................................................................... 177 Prevalence and treatment of symptoms of ARI ................................................. 178 Source of advice or treatment for children with symptoms of ARI ................... 179 Prevalence and treatment of fever ...................................................................... 180 Prevalence and treatment of diarrhoea ............................................................... 181 Feeding practices during diarrhoea .................................................................... 182 Oral rehydration therapy, zinc, and other treatments for diarrhoea ................... 183 Source of advice or treatment for children with diarrhoea ................................. 184 Knowledge of ORS packets or pre-packaged liquids......................................... 185 Disposal of children’s stools .............................................................................. 186 Early childhood education ................................................................................. 187 Support for learning ........................................................................................... 188 Learning materials ............................................................................................. 189 Inadequate care .................................................................................................. 190 Early child development index .......................................................................... 191 Table 10.5 Table 10.6 Table 10.7 Table 10.8 Table 10.9 Table 10.10 Table 10.11 Table 10.12 Table 10.13 Table 10.14 Table 10.15 Table 10.16 Table 10.17 Table 10.18 xii • Tables and Figures 11 12 Figure 10.1 Figure 10.2 Figure 10.3 Figure 10.4 Figure 10.5 Figure 10.6 Childhood vaccinations
 ...................................................................................... 166 Trends in childhood vaccinations ...................................................................... 167 Vaccination coverage by region ......................................................................... 167 Diarrhoea prevalence by age .............................................................................. 169 Feeding practices during diarrhoea .................................................................... 169 Prevalence and treatment of childhood illness ................................................... 170 NUTRITION OF CHILDREN AND ADULTS ........................................................................ 193 Nutritional status of children ............................................................................. 206 Table 11.1 Initial breastfeeding ........................................................................................... 208 Table 11.2 Breastfeeding status by age ................................................................................ 209 Table 11.3 Infant and young child feeding (IYCF) indicators on breastfeeding status ....... 209 Table 11.4 Median duration of breastfeeding ...................................................................... 210 Table 11.5 Foods and liquids consumed by children in the day or night preceding the Table 11.6 interview ............................................................................................................ 211 Minimum acceptable diet ................................................................................... 212 Table 11.7 Prevalence of anaemia in children ..................................................................... 213 Table 11.8 Presence of iodized salt in household ................................................................ 214 Table 11.9 Micronutrient intake among children .................................................................
215 Table 11.10 Therapeutic and supplemental foods .................................................................. 217 Table 11.11 Table 11.12.1 Nutritional status of women ............................................................................... 218 Table 11.12.2 Nutritional status of men .................................................................................... 219 Table 11.13.1 Prevalence of anaemia in women ....................................................................... 220 Table 11.13.2 Prevalence of anaemia in men ........................................................................... 221 Micronutrient intake among mothers ................................................................. 222 Table 11.14 Prevalence of vitamin A deficiency in children ................................................. 223 Table 11.15 Prevalence of vitamin A deficiency in children by adjustment method ............. 224 Table 11.16 Figure 11.1 Figure 11.2 Figure 11.3 Figure 11.4 Figure 11.5 Figure 11.6 Figure 11.7 Figure 11.8 Figure 11.9 Trends in nutritional status of children .............................................................. 195 Stunting in children by mother’s education ....................................................... 195 Breastfeeding practices by age ........................................................................... 197 IYCF indicators on Minimum Acceptable Diet (MAD) .................................... 199 Trends in childhood anaemia ............................................................................. 200 Anaemia in children by region ........................................................................... 201 Nutritional status of women and men ................................................................ 202 Trends in women’s nutritional status ................................................................. 203 Trends in anaemia status among women ........................................................... 204 MALARIA
204 MALARIA ................................................................................................................................... 225 Household possession of mosquito nets ............................................................. 233 Table 12.1 Source of mosquito nets ..................................................................................... 234 Table 12.2 Access to an insecticide-treated net (ITN) ......................................................... 234 Table 12.3 Access to an ITN ................................................................................................ 235 Table 12.4 Use of mosquito nets by persons in the household ............................................ 236 Table 12.5 Use of existing ITNs .......................................................................................... 237 Table 12.6 Use of mosquito nets by children ....................................................................... 238 Table 12.7 Use of mosquito nets by pregnant women ......................................................... 239 Table 12.8 Use of intermittent preventive treatment (IPTp) by women during pregnancy .... 240 Table 12.9 Prevalence, diagnosis, and prompt treatment of children with fever ................. 241 Table 12.10 Source of advice or treatment for children with fever ....................................... 242 Table 12.11 Type of antimalarial drugs used ......................................................................... 243 Table 12.12 Coverage of testing for anaemia and malaria in children ................................... 244 Table 12.13 Haemoglobin <8.0 g/dl in children .................................................................... 245 Table 12.14 Prevalence of malaria in children ....................................................................... 246 Table 12.15 Tables and Figures • xiii Figure 12.1 Figure 12.2 Figure 12.3 Figure 12.4 Figure 12.5 Figure 12.6 Figure 12.7 Figure 12.8 Figure 12.9 Household ownership of ITNs
 ........................................................................... 226 Trends in household ownership of ITNs ............................................................ 226 ITN ownership by region ................................................................................... 227 Trends in ITN access and use ............................................................................ 228 ITN use .............................................................................................................. 228 Trends in IPTp use by pregnant women ............................................................ 229 Trends in ACT use by children with fever ......................................................... 230 Prevalence of malaria in children by region ...................................................... 232 Prevalence of malaria in children by household wealth ..................................... 232 13 HIV/AIDS-RELATED KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, AND BEHAVIOUR ....................... 247 Knowledge of HIV or AIDS .............................................................................. 257 Table 13.1 Knowledge of HIV prevention methods ............................................................ 258 Table 13.2 Comprehensive knowledge about HIV .............................................................. 259 Table 13.3 Knowledge of prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV ................... 259 Table 13.4 Discriminatory attitudes towards people living with HIV ................................. 260 Table 13.5 Table 13.6.1 Multiple sexual partners and higher-risk sexual intercourse in the past 12 months: Women ............................................................................................ 261 Table 13.6.2 Multiple sexual partners and higher-risk sexual intercourse in the past Table 13.7 Table 13.8.1 Table 13.8.2 Table 13.9 Table 13.10 Table 13.11 12 months: Men
 ................................................................................................. 262 Payment for sexual intercourse and condom use at last paid sexual intercourse .......................................................................................................... 263 Coverage of prior HIV testing: Women ............................................................. 264 Coverage of prior HIV testing: Men .................................................................. 265 Pregnant women counselled and tested for HIV ................................................ 266 Male circumcision .............................................................................................. 267 Self-reported prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and STI symptoms ........................................................................................................... 268 Table 13.12 Women and men seeking treatment for STIs ..................................................... 269 Comprehensive knowledge about HIV among young people ............................ 269 Table 13.13 Age at first sexual intercourse among young people ......................................... 270 Table 13.14 Table 13.15 Premarital sexual intercourse among young people ........................................... 270 Table 13.16.1 Multiple sexual partners and higher-risk sexual intercourse in the past 12 months among young people: Women .......................................................... 271 Table 13.16.2 Multiple sexual partners and higher-risk sexual intercourse in the past Table 13.17 Figure 13.1 Figure 13.2 Figure 13.3 Figure 13.4 Figure 13.5 Figure 13.6 Figure 13.7 12 months among young people: Men ............................................................... 272 Recent HIV tests among young people .............................................................. 273 Trends in knowledge of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) ........................ 249
 Discriminatory attitudes towards people living with HIV by education ............ 250 Sex and condom use with non-regular partners ................................................. 250 Trends in recent HIV testing .............................................................................. 251 Recent HIV testing among women by region .................................................... 252 Recent HIV testing by education ....................................................................... 252 Trends in male circumcision .............................................................................. 253 14 WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT ................................................................................................ 275 Employment and cash earnings of currently married women and men ............. 283 Table 14.1 Control over women’s cash earnings and relative magnitude of women’s Table 14.2.1 cash earnings ...................................................................................................... 284 Control over men’s cash earnings ...................................................................... 285 Women’s control over their earnings and over those of their husbands ............ 286 Ownership of assets: Women ............................................................................. 287 Table 14.2.2 Table 14.3 Table 14.4.1 xiv • Tables and Figures Ownership of assets: Men .................................................................................. 288 Table 14.4.2 Ownership of title or deed for house: Women ................................................... 289 Table 14.5.1 Ownership of title or deed for house: Men ........................................................ 290 Table 14.5.2 Ownership of title or deed for land: Women ..................................................... 291 Table 14.6.1 Ownership of title or deed for land: Men ........................................................... 292 Table 14.6.2 Ownership and
 use of bank accounts and mobile phones: Women ................... 293 Table 14.7.1 Ownership and use of bank accounts and mobile phones: Men ........................ 294 Table 14.7.2 Table 14.8 Participation in decision making ........................................................................ 295 Table 14.9.1 Women’s participation in decision making by background characteristics ....... 296 Table 14.9.2 Men’s participation in decision making by background characteristics ............ 297 Table 14.10.1 Attitude toward wife beating: Women ............................................................... 298 Table 14.10.2 Attitude toward wife beating: Men .................................................................... 299 Attitudes toward negotiating safer sexual relations with husband ..................... 300 Table 14.11 Ability to negotiate sexual relations with husband ............................................ 301 Table 14.12 Indicators of women’s empowerment ................................................................ 302 Table 14.13 Current use of contraception by women’s empowerment .................................. 302 Table 14.14 Ideal number of children and unmet need for family planning by women’s Table 14.15 empowerment ..................................................................................................... 303 Reproductive health care by women’s empowerment ....................................... 303 Early childhood mortality rates by women’s status ........................................... 304 Table 14.16 Table 14.17 Figure 14.1 Figure 14.2 Figure 14.3 Figure 14.4 Control over woman’s earnings ......................................................................... 277 Ownership of assets ........................................................................................... 278 Women’s participation in decision making........................................................ 280 Attitudes towards wife beating
 .......................................................................... 281 ADULT AND MATERNAL MORTALITY ............................................................................. 305 Adult mortality rates .......................................................................................... 310 Table 15.1 Adult mortality probabilities .............................................................................. 310 Table 15.2 Maternal mortality ............................................................................................. 310 Table 15.3 Maternal mortality ratio ..................................................................................... 311 Table 15.4 Figure 15.1 Figure 15.2 Adult mortality rates by age ............................................................................... 306 Trends in pregnancy-related mortality ratio (PRMR) with confidence intervals .............................................................................................................. 309 DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ........................................................................................................... 313 Experience of physical violence: Women .......................................................... 325 Table 16.1.1 Experience of physical violence: Men ............................................................... 327 Table 16.1.2 Persons committing physical violence: Women ................................................ 329 Table 16.2.1 Persons committing physical violence: Men ...................................................... 329 Table 16.2.2 Experience of sexual violence: Women ............................................................. 330 Table 16.3.1 Experience of sexual violence: Men .................................................................. 332 Table 16.3.2 Persons committing sexual violence: Women ................................................... 334 Table 16.4.1 Persons committing sexual violence: Men
 ......................................................... 334 Table 16.4.2 Age at first experience of sexual violence ......................................................... 335 Table 16.5 Experience of different forms of violence ......................................................... 335 Table 16.6 Table 16.7 Experience of violence during pregnancy .......................................................... 336 Table 16.8.1 Marital control exercised by husbands ............................................................... 338 Table 16.8.2 Marital control exercised by wives .................................................................... 340 Forms of spousal violence: Women ................................................................... 342 Table 16.9.1 Table 16.9.2 Forms of spousal violence: Men ........................................................................ 343 Table 16.10.1 Spousal violence by background characteristics: Women ................................. 344 15 16 Tables and Figures • xv Table 16.10.2 Spousal violence by background characteristics: Men ...................................... 346 Table 16.11.1 Spousal violence by husband’s characteristics and empowerment indicators ... 348 Table 16.11.2 Spousal violence by wife’s characteristics and empowerment indicators ......... 349 Table 16.12.1 Violence by any husband/partner in the past 12 months: Women ..................... 350 Table 16.12.2 Violence by any wife/partner in the past 12 months: Men ................................ 351 Table 16.13.1 Experience of spousal violence by duration of marriage: Women .................... 352 Table 16.13.2 Experience of spousal violence by duration of marriage: Men .......................... 352 Table 16.14 Injuries due to spousal violence ......................................................................... 353 Table 16.15.1 Violence by women against their husbands by women’s background characteristics
 ..................................................................................................... 354 Table 16.15.2 Violence by men against their wives by men’s background characteristics ...... 356 Table 16.16.1 Violence by women against their husband by husband’s characteristics and empowerment indicators .................................................................................... 358 Table 16.16.2 Violence by men against their wife by wife’s characteristics and empowerment indicators .................................................................................... 359 Table 16.17.1 Help seeking to stop violence: Women .............................................................. 360 Table 16.17.2 Help seeking to stop violence: Men ................................................................... 362 Sources for help to stop the violence ................................................................. 364 Table 16.18 Figure 16.1 Figure 16.2 Figure 16.3 Figure 16.4 Figure 16.5 Women and men’s experience of violence by marital status ............................. 316 Fear of current or most recent partner ................................................................ 318 Types of spousal violence .................................................................................. 319 Spousal violence by husband’s alcohol consumption ........................................ 321 Help seeking by type of violence experienced ................................................... 323 Table A.1 Table A.2 APPENDIX A: SAMPLE DESIGN ........................................................................................................ 369 Distribution of residential households by region and type of residence ............ 370 Distribution of enumeration areas and their average size in number of households ......................................................................................................... 370 Sample allocation of clusters and households
 by region and type of residence.... 371 Sample allocation of expected interviews with women and men by region and type of residence ......................................................................................... 372 Sample implementation: Women ....................................................................... 374 Sample implementation: Men ............................................................................ 375 Table A.5 Table A.6 Table A.3 Table A.4 APPENDIX B: ESTIMATES OF SAMPLING ERRORS ................................................................... 377 List of indicators for sampling errors, Uganda DHS 2016 ................................ 379 Sampling errors: Total sample, Uganda DHS 2016 ........................................... 381 Sampling errors: Urban sample, Uganda DHS 2016 ......................................... 383 Sampling errors: Rural sample, Uganda DHS 2016 .......................................... 385 Sampling errors: Kampala sample, Uganda DHS 2016 ..................................... 387 Sampling errors: South Central sample, Uganda DHS 2016 ............................. 389 Sampling errors: North Central sample, Uganda DHS 2016 ............................. 391 Sampling errors: Busoga sample, Uganda DHS 2016 ....................................... 393 Sampling errors: Bukedi sample, Uganda DHS 2016 ........................................ 395 Sampling errors: Bugisu sample, Uganda DHS 2016 ........................................ 397 Sampling errors: Teso sample, Uganda DHS 2016 ........................................... 399 Sampling errors: Karamoja sample, Uganda DHS 2016 .................................... 401 Sampling errors: Lango sample, Uganda DHS 2016 ......................................... 403 Sampling errors: Acholi sample, Uganda DHS 2016 ........................................ 405 Sampling errors: West Nile sample, Uganda DHS 2016 ................................... 407 Sampling errors:
 Bunyoro sample, Uganda DHS 2016 ..................................... 409 Sampling errors: Tooro sample, Uganda DHS 2016 ......................................... 411 Sampling errors: Ankole sample, Uganda DHS 2016 ....................................... 413 Table B.1 Table B.2 Table B.3 Table B.4 Table B.5 Table B.6 Table B.7 Table B.8 Table B.9 Table B.10 Table B.11 Table B.12 Table B.13 Table B.14 Table B.15 Table B.16 Table B.17 Table B.18 xvi • Tables and Figures Table B.19 Table B.20 Sampling errors: Kigezi sample, Uganda DHS 2016 ......................................... 415 Sampling errors for adult, maternal, and pregnancy-related mortality rates, Uganda DHS 2016 ............................................................................................. 417 APPENDIX C: DATA QUALITY TABLES ......................................................................................... 419 Household age distribution ................................................................................ 419 Age distribution of eligible and interviewed women ......................................... 420 Age distribution of eligible and interviewed men .............................................. 420 Completeness of reporting ................................................................................. 421 Births by calendar years ..................................................................................... 421 Reporting of age at death in days ....................................................................... 422 Reporting of age at death in months .................................................................. 423 Completeness of information on siblings ........................................................... 423 Sibship size and sex ratio of siblings ................................................................. 423 Pregnancy-related mortality trends .................................................................... 424 Table C.1 Table C.2.1 Table C.2.2 Table C.3
 Table C.4 Table C.5 Table C.6 Table C.7 Table C.8 Table C.9 Tables and Figures • xvii FOREWORD T he 2016 Uganda Demographic and Health Survey (2016 UDHS) was designed as a follow-up to the 1988-89, 1995, 2000-01, 2006, and 2011 Uganda DHS surveys.
The data collection for the 2016 UDHS was implemented between 15 June and 18 December 2016 by the Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS) in collaboration with the Ministry of Health (MOH).

The Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) Program is a global programme coordinated by ICF in Rockville, Maryland, USA.
Technical and financial support for the 2016 UDHS was provided by the Government of Uganda, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), and the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA).

The main purpose of the 2016 UDHS is to provide the data needed to monitor and evaluate population, health, and nutrition programmes on a regular basis.
Increasing emphasis by planners and policymakers on the utilisation of objective indicators for policy formulation, planning, and measuring progress has increased the reliance on regular household survey data, given the inadequate availability of appropriate information from administrative statistics and other routine data collection systems.

The 2016 UDHS provides a comprehensive overview of population and maternal and child health issues, and the data are freely accessible to all stakeholders.
The 2016 UDHS covers household and respondent characteristics, fertility and family planning, infant and child health and mortality, maternal health and maternal and adult mortality, child and adult nutrition, malaria, HIV/AIDS, disability, road traffic accidents, child discipline, early childhood development, and domestic violence.
The survey also included measuring the height and weight of children and adults, testing children and adults for anaemia, and testing children for malaria and vitamin A deficiency; these measures will provide data for analysis of nutrition indicators throughout the country.

The Uganda Bureau of Statistics would like to acknowledge the efforts of a number of organisations and individuals who contributed immensely to the success of the survey.
All stakeholders have exerted themselves in the achievement of reliable, accurate, and up-to-date data.

The Ministry of Health chaired both the Technical Working Committee, which offered guidance on the implementation of the survey, and the Steering Committee that oversaw the implementation of the 2016 UDHS.

The Makerere University School of Public Health (MakSPH) undertook quality control for the overall survey.
In addition, the Makerere University Department of Biochemistry and Sports Science, under the College of Natural Sciences, conducted laboratory testing for vitamin A deficiency, while external quality control was done by the Molecular Biology Laboratory (MoLab) of the Makerere University College of Health Sciences, with ICF providing technical support.

The Bureau thus extends its appreciation to the stakeholders for providing important technical support.
Finally, I would like to thank the management and staff of UBOS who were involved in the survey through coordination, implementation, or monitoring according to the UBOS Strategic Plan.

I would also like to thank all of the participating respondents and communities for providing information during the survey fieldwork and hence making the 2016 UDHS a success.

We urge the public to use the findings from this survey to make informed decisions and help guide policy development.
Also, those in academia are encouraged to undertake further analytical work to provide an understanding of key topical areas.
Ben Paul Mungyereza Executive Director Uganda Bureau of Statistics Foreword • xix ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ACT AIDS AIS ANC ARI BBSS BCG BMI CAPI CBR CPR CRP CSPro DBS DHS DPT EA ECDI GAR GBV GFR GPI HepB Hib HIV HRP-II HSSP HTC ICD-10 ICF IFSS IPTp IPV IRS ITN IUD IYCF LAM LLIN LPG artemisinin-based combination therapy acquired immune deficiency syndrome AIDS Indicator Survey antenatal care acute respiratory infection Biological Behavioural Surveillance Survey Bacille Calmette-Guérin body mass index computer-assisted personal interviewing crude birth rate contraceptive prevalence rate C-reactive protein Censuses and Surveys Processing dried blood spot Demographic and Health Survey diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus vaccine enumeration area Early Child Development Index gross attendance ratio gender-based violence general fertility rate Gender Parity Index hepatitis B Haemophilus influenzae type b human immunodeficiency virus histidine-rich protein II Health Sector Strategic Plan HIV testing and counselling International Classification of Diseases-10 ICF (originally, Inner City Fund) internet file streaming system intermittent preventive treatment during pregnancy inactivated polio vaccine indoor residual spraying insecticide-treated net intrauterine contraceptive device infant and young child feeding lactational amenorrhoea method long-lasting insecticidal net liquid petroleum gas MAD MakSPH minimum acceptable diet Makerere University School of Public Health Abbreviations and Acronyms • xxi MAM MICS MMR MoLab MTCT NAP NAR NDP NGO NPHC ORS ORT PCV Pf PHIA PMTCT PRMR Pv RBP RBP-EIA RDT RHF SAM SD SDGs SDM SE SP STI TFR TOT UAC UBOS UDHS UNAIDS UNICEF USAID VAD VIP VMMC WG WHO moderate acute malnutrition Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey maternal mortality ratio Molecular Biology Laboratory of the Makerere University College of Health Sciences mother-to-child transmission National Action Plan net attendance ratio National Development Plan nongovernmental organization National Population and Housing Census oral rehydration salts oral rehydration therapy pneumococcal conjugate vaccine Plasmodium falciparum Population-Based HIV Impact Assessment prevention of mother-to-child transmission pregnancy-related mortality ratio Plasmodium vivax retinol binding protein retinol binding protein enzyme immunoassay rapid diagnostic test recommended homemade fluids severe acute malnutrition standard deviation Sustainable Development Goals standard days method standard error sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine sexually transmitted infection total fertility rate training of trainers Uganda AIDS Commission Uganda Bureau of Statistics Uganda Demographic and Health Survey Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS United Nations Children’s Fund United States Agency for International Development vitamin A deficiency ventilated improved pit voluntary medical male circumcision Washington Group on Disability Statistics World Health Organization xxii • Abbreviations and Acronyms READING AND UNDERSTANDING TABLES FROM THE 2016 UGANDA DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEY (UDHS) T he new format of the 2016 UDHS final report is based on approximately 200 tables of data.
They are located for quick reference through links in the text (electronic version) and at the end of each chapter.

Additionally, this more reader-friendly version features about 90 figures that clearly highlight trends, subnational patterns, and background characteristics.

Large, colourful maps display breakdowns for regions in Uganda.

The text has been simplified to highlight key points in bullets and to clearly identify indicator definitions in boxes.
While the text and figures featured in each chapter highlight some of the most important findings from the tables, not every finding can be discussed or displayed graphically.

For this reason, UDHS data users should be comfortable reading and interpreting tables.

The following pages provide an introduction to the organization of UDHS tables, the presentation of background characteristics, and a brief summary of sampling and understanding denominators.
In addition, this section provides some exercises for users as they practice their new skills in interpreting UDHS tables.
Reading and Understanding Tables from the 2016 UDHS • xxiii Example 1: Exposure to Mass Media: Women A Question Asked of All Survey Respondents Table 3.4.1 Exposure to mass media: Women 1 Percentage of women age 15-49 who are exposed to specific media on a weekly basis, by background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic 3 Reads a newspaper at least once a week Watches television at least once a week Listens to the radio at least once a week Accesses all three media at least once a week Accesses none of the three media at least once a week 2 Number of women Age 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total 15- Step 1: Read the title and subtitle—highlighted in orange in Example 1.
They tell you the topic and the specific population group being described.

In this case, the table is about women age 15-49 and the frequency of their exposure to different types of media.

All eligible female respondents age 15-49 were asked these questions.

Step 2: Scan the column headings—highlighted in green in Example 1.

They describe how the information is categorized.

In this table, the first three columns of data show different types of media that women access at least once a week.
The fourth column shows women who access all three types of media, while the fifth column shows women who do not access any of the three types of media at least once a week.

The last column lists the number of women age 15-49 interviewed in the survey.

xxiv • Reading and Understanding Tables from the 2016 UDHS Step 3: Scan the row headings—the first vertical column highlighted in blue in Example 1.

These show the different ways the data are divided into categories based on population characteristics.
In this case, the table presents women’s exposure to media by age, urban-rural residence, region, special area, educational level, and wealth quintile.

Most of the tables in the UDHS report will be divided into these same categories.

Step 4: Look at the row at the bottom of the table highlighted in pink.

These percentages represent the totals of all women age 15-49 and their access to different types of media.
In this case, 9.9%* of women age 15-49 read a newspaper at least once a week, 21.1% watch television at least once a week, and 58.6% listen to the radio at least once a week.

Step 5: To find out what percentage of women with more than secondary education access all three media at least once a week, draw two imaginary lines, as shown on the table.

This shows that 27.7% of women age 15-49 with more than secondary education access all three types of media at least once a week.
Step 6: By looking at patterns by background characteristics, we can see how exposure to mass media varies across Uganda.

Mass media are often used to communicate health messages.

Knowing how mass media exposure varies among different groups can help programme planners and policy makers determine how to most effectively reach their target populations.

*For the purpose of this document data are presented exactly as they appear in the table including decimal places.
However, the text in the remainder of this report rounds data to the nearest whole percentage point.

Practice: Use the table in Example 1 to answer the following questions: a) What percentage of women in Uganda do not access any of the three media at least once a week?

b) Which age group of women are most likely to listen to the radio at least once a week?

c) Compare women in urban areas to women in rural areas – which group is more likely to read a newspaper at least once a week?
d) What are the lowest and highest percentages (range) of women who do not access any of the three media types at least once a week by region?

e) Is there a clear pattern in exposure to television at least once a week by education level?

f) Is there a clear pattern in exposure to newspapers at least once a week by wealth quintile?

newspaper at least once a week, compared to 24.5% of women in the highest wealth quintile.

f) Yes.
f) Yes.

Exposure to newspapers increases as household wealth increases; 2.0% of women in the lowest wealth quintile read a television at least once a week, compared to 59.8% of women with more than secondary education.

e) Yes.

Exposure to television increases as a women’s level of education increases; 6.3% of women with no education watch Karamoja region.
d) Women with no exposure at least once a week to media ranges from a low of 12.7% in Kampala region to a high of 64.9% in c) Women in urban areas, 19.7% read a newspaper at least once a week, compared to 6.4% of women in rural areas b) Women age 20-24: 61.8% of women in this age group listen to the radio weekly a) 35.0% Answers: Reading and Understanding Tables from the 2016 UDHS • xxv Example 2: Prevalence and Treatment of Symptoms of ARI A Question Asked of a Subgroup of Survey Respondents Table 10.5 Prevalence and treatment of symptoms of ARI 1 Among children under age 5, percentage who had symptoms of acute respiratory infection (ARI) in the 2 weeks preceding the survey; and among children with symptoms of ARI in the 2 weeks preceding the survey, percentage for whom advice or treatment was sought, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Among children under age 5: Among children under age 5 with symptoms of ARI: 2 Percentage with symptoms of ARI1 Number of children Percentage for whom advice or treatment was sought from a health facility or provider2 Percentage for whom treatment was sought same or next day Number of children Background characteristic Age in months <6 6-11 12-23 24-35 36-47 48-59 Sex Male Female Mother's smoking status Smokes cigarettes/tobacco Does not smoke Cooking fuel Electricity or gas Kerosene Charcoal Wood/straw3 Other fuel No food cooked in household 8.2 12.4 11.6 9.8 7.4 7.4 9.7 9.0 8.1 9.4 (12.0) * 6.4 10.3 * * 1,480 1,582 2,859 2,890 2,819 2,863 69.0 76.8 84.7 79.1 87.1 80.6 38.0 36.8 38.8 39.7 37.0 40.7 79.9 81.5 7,252 7,241 105 14,388 a b * 80.6 46 10 3,421 11,002 3 11 * * 86.6 79.5 * * 38.7 38.6 * 38.5 * * 42.5 38.1 * * Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Mother's education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total 7.1
Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total (88.4) 81.0 80.6 75.7 70.0 85.5 82.7 94.6 93.4 * 70.3 (73.5) (80.5) 89.9 76.1 (87.8) 80.8 78.5 85.5 (92.0) 80.1 78.0 78.2 84.9 85.8 80.7 46.7 37.1 35.3 38.9 (64.8) 38.7 39.0 38.7 36.1 59.8 29.6 48.2 52.1 * 22.0 (33.0) (38.4) 45.1 30.3 (59.7) 45.4 36.8 38.3 (46.2) Note: An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases.

1 Symptoms of ARI include short rapid breathing which was chest-related and/or by difficult breathing which was chest-related 2 Includes advice or treatment from the following sources: public sector, private medical sector, shop, market, and itinerant drug seller.
Excludes advice or treatment from a traditional practitioner 3 Includes grass, shrubs, crop residues xxvi • Reading and Understanding Tables from the 2016 UDHS Step 1: Read the title and subtitle.

In this case, the table is about two separate groups of children: all children under age 5 (a) and children under age 5 with symptoms of acute respiratory infection (ARI) in the two weeks before the survey (b).

Step 2: Identify the two panels.


First, identify the columns that refer to all children under age 5 (a), and then isolate the columns that refer only to those children under age 5 with symptoms of ARI in the two weeks before the survey (b).

Step 3: Look at the first panel.

What percentage of children under age 5 had symptoms of ARI in the two weeks before the survey?

It’s 9.3%.

Now look at the second panel.


How many children under age 5 are there who had symptoms of ARI in the two weeks before the survey?

It’s 1,354 children or 9.3% of the 14,493 children under age 5 (with rounding).

The second panel is a subset of the first panel.

Step 4: Only 9.3% of children under age 5 had symptoms of ARI in the two weeks before the survey.
Once these children are further divided into the background characteristic categories, there may be too few cases for the percentages to be reliable.

• For what percentage of children under age 5 who had symptoms of ARI in the two weeks before the survey from Kampala region was advice or treatment sought from a health facility or provider?

It’s 88.4%.

This percentage is in parentheses because there are between 25 and 49 children (unweighted) in this category.
Readers should use this number with caution—it may not be reliable.

(For more information on weighted and unweighted numbers, see Example 3.)

• For what percentage of children under age 5 who had symptoms of ARI in the two weeks before the survey from Bunyoro region was advice or treatment sought from a health facility or provider?

There is no number in this cell—only an asterisk.

This is because there are fewer than 25 unweighted cases.

Results for this group are not reported.


The subgroup is too small, and therefore the data are not reliable.

Note: When parentheses or asterisks are used in a table, the explanation will be noted under the table.

If there are no parentheses or asterisks in a table, you can proceed with confidence that enough cases were included in all categories that the data are reliable.
Reading and Understanding Tables from the 2016 UDHS • xxvii Example 3: Understanding Sampling Weights in UDHS Tables A sample is a group of people who have been selected for a survey.

In the 2016 UDHS, the sample is designed to represent the national population age 15- 49.

In addition to national data, most countries want to collect and report data on smaller geographical or administrative areas.

However, doing so requires a minimum sample size per area.
For the 2016 UDHS, the survey sample is representative at the national and regional levels, and for urban and rural areas.
Table 3.1 Background characteristics of respondents Percent distribution of women age 15-49 by selected background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Women Weighted percent Weighted number Unweighted number To generate statistics that are representative of the country as a whole and the 15 regions, the number of women surveyed in each region should contribute to the size of the total (national) sample in proportion to size of the region.
However, if some regions have small populations, then a sample allocated in proportion to each region’s population may not include sufficient women from each region for analysis.

To solve this problem, regions with small populations are oversampled.

For example, let’s say that you have enough money to interview 18,506 women and want to produce results that are representative of Uganda as a whole and its regions (as in Table 3.1).
However, the total population of Uganda is not evenly distributed among the regions: some regions, such as South Central region, are heavily populated while others, such as Karamoja region, are not.

Thus, Karamoja region must be oversampled.

Total 15-49 18,506 100.0 A sampling statistician determines how many women should be interviewed in each region in order to obtain reliable statistics.

The blue column (1) in the table at the right shows the actual number of women interviewed in each region.
Within the regions, the number of women interviewed ranges from 741 in Karamoja region to 1,615 in South Central region.

The number of interviews is sufficient to get reliable results in each region.

With this distribution of interviews, some regions are overrepresented and some regions are underrepresented.

For example, the population in South Central region is about 14% of the population of Uganda, while Karamoja region contributes only 2% of the population of Uganda.
But as the blue column shows, the number of women interviewed in South Central region accounts for only about 9% of the total sample of women interviewed (1,615 / 18,506) and the number of women interviewed in Karamoja region accounts for 4% of the total sample of women interviewed (741 / 18,506).

This unweighted distribution of women does not accurately represent the population.
In order to get statistics that are representative of Uganda, the distribution of the women in the sample needs to be weighted (or mathematically adjusted) such that it resembles the true distribution in the country.

Women from a small region, like Karamoja, should only contribute a small amount to the national total.

Women from a large region, like South Central, should contribute much more.
Therefore, The DHS Program statisticians mathematically calculate a “weight” which is used to adjust the number of women from each region so that each region’s contribution to the total is proportional to the actual population of that region.

The numbers in the purple column (2) represent the “weighted” values.

The weighted values can be smaller or larger than the unweighted values at the regional level.
The total national sample size of 18,506 women has not changed after weighting, but the distribution of the women in the regions has been changed to represent their contribution to the total population size.

How do statisticians weight each category?

They take into account the probability that a woman was selected in the sample.
If you were to compare the green column (3) to the actual population distribution xxviii • Reading and Understanding Tables from the 2016 UDHS of Uganda, you would see that women in each region are contributing to the total sample with the same weight that they contribute to the population of the country.

The weighted number of women in the survey now accurately represents the proportion of women who live in South Central region and the proportion of women who live in Karamoja region.
With sampling and weighting, it is possible to interview enough women to provide reliable statistics at national and regional levels.

In general, only the weighted numbers are shown in each of the UDHS tables, so do not be surprised if these numbers seem low: they may actually represent a larger number of women interviewed.

Reading and Understanding Tables from the 2016 UDHS • xxix Sustainable Development Goals Indicators—Uganda DHS 2016 Indicator 2.
Zero hunger Sex Male Female Total DHS table number(s) 2.2.1 Prevalence of stunting among children under 5 years of age 2.2.2 Prevalence of malnutrition among children under 5 years of age a) Prevalence of wasting among children under 5 years of age b) Prevalence of overweight among children under 5 years of age 3.
Good health and well-being 3.1.1 Maternal mortality ratio1 3.1.2 Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel 3.2.1 Under-five mortality rate2 3.2.2 Neonatal mortality rate2 3.6.1 Death rate due to road traffic injuries3 3.7.1 Proportion of women of reproductive age (aged 15-49 years) who have their need for family planning satisfied with modern methods 3.7.2 Adolescent birth rates per 1,000 women a) Girls aged 10-14 years4 b) Women aged 15-19 years5 3.a.1 Age-standardized prevalence of current tobacco use among persons aged 15 years and older6 3.b.1 Proportion of the target population covered by all vaccines included in their national programme7 4.
Quality education 30.9 8.9 4.1 4.9 na na 72 31 46 na na na 9.4 36.5 26.9 5.6 3.0 2.6 na na 56 23 7 53.9 2 132 0.8 35.0 28.9 7.3a 3.5a 3.7a 336 74.2 64 27 53 na na na 11.1 na 11.1 11.1 15.4 9.6 8.2 8.2 2.18 7.13 5.1 5.1 5.1a 3.10.1, 3.10.2 35.8 10.3 4.2.1 Proportion of children under 5 years of age who are developmentally on track in health, learning and psychosocial well-being, by sex8 62.0 64.6 63.3 10.18 5.
Gender equality 5.2.1 Proportion of ever-partnered women and girls aged 15 years and older subjected to physical, sexual or psychological violence by a current or former intimate partner in the previous 12 months9,10 a) Physical violence b) Sexual violence c) Psychological violence 5.3.1 Proportion of women aged 20-24 years who were married or in a union before age 15 and before age 18 a) before age 15 b) before age 18 5.6.1 Proportion of women aged 15-49 years who make their own informed decisions regarding sexual relations, contraceptive use and reproductive health care12 5.b.1 Proportion of individuals who own a mobile telephone13 6.
Clean water and sanitation 6.1.1 Proportion of the population using safely managed drinking water services14 6.2.1 Proportion of population using safely managed sanitation services, including a handwashing facility with soap and water15 7.

Affordable clean energy 7.1.1 Proportion of population with access to electricity 7.1.2 Proportion of population with primary reliance on clean fuels and technology16 8.
Decent work and economic growth 8.7.2 Proportion of adults (15 years and older) with an account at a bank or other financial institution or with a mobile-money-service provider13 16.

Peace, justice, and strong institutions 16.2.1 Percentage of children aged 1-17 years who experienced any physical punishment and/or psychological aggression by caregivers in the past month17 16.9.1 Proportion of children under 5 years of age whose births have been registered with a civil authority 17.
Partnerships for the goals 17.8.1 Proportion of individuals using the Internet18 na na na na na na na 65.8 90.8 31.7 57.5 2.1 39.6 22.5 16.6 29.3 7.3 34.0 58.5 45.5 74.2 17.7 18.0 0.2 na na na na na na 16.12.1 16.12.1 16.12.1 16.12.1 4.3 4.3 na 55.7a na 14.7.1, 14.7.2 77.9 20.8 26.7 0.6 2.1 2.3 2.4 2.4 21.9 12.9 17.4a 14.7.1, 14.7.2 85.2 32.2 22.5 84.6 32.2 8.6 84.9 32.2 2.16 2.11 15.6a 3.5.1, 3.5.2 na = Not applicable 1 Expressed in terms of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births in the 7-year period preceding the survey 2 Expressed in terms of deaths per 1,000 live births for the 5-year period preceding the survey 3 Calculated per 100,000 population 4 Equivalent to the age-specific fertility rate for girls age 10-14 for the 3-year period preceding the survey, expressed in terms of births per 1,000 girls age 10-14 5 Equivalent to the age-specific fertility rate for women age 15-19 for the 3-year period preceding the survey, expressed in terms of births per 1,000 women age 15-19 6 Data are not age-standardized and are available for women and men age 15-49 only.
7 Data are presented for children age 12-23 months receiving all vaccines included in their national programme appropriate for their age: BCG, three doses of DPT-HepB- Hib, four doses of oral polio vaccine, three doses of pneumococcal vaccine, and one dose of measles vaccine.

8 Measured for children age 36-59 months 9 Data are available for women age 15-49 who have ever been in union only.

10 In the DHS, psychological violence is termed emotional violence.

11 Data are available for women age 15-49 only.


12 Data are available for currently married women who are not pregnant only.

13 Data are available for women and men age 15-49 only.

14 Measured as the percentage of population using an improved water source: the percentage of de jure population whose main source of drinking water is a household connection (piped), public tap or standpipe, tube well or borehole, protected dug well, protected spring, or rainwater collection.
Households using bottled water for drinking are classified as using an improved or unimproved source according to their water source for cooking and handwashing.
15 Measured as the percentage of population using an improved sanitation facility: the percentage of de jure population whose household has a flush or pour flush toilet to a piped water system, septic tank or pit latrine; ventilated improved pit latrine; pit latrine with a slab; or composting toilet and does not share this facility with other households.

16 Measured as the percentage of the population using clean fuel for cooking.

17 Data are available for children age 1-14 only.


18 Data are available for women and men age 15-49 who have used the internet in the past 12 months.

a The total is calculated as the simple arithmetic mean of the percentages in the columns for males and females Sustainable Development Goals Indicators • xxxi xxxii • Map of Uganda INTRODUCTION AND SURVEY METHODOLOGY 1 T he 2016 Uganda Demographic and Health Survey (UDHS) was implemented by the Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS).
Data collection took place from 20 June to 16 December 2016.

ICF provided technical assistance through The DHS Program, which is funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and offers financial support and technical assistance for population and health surveys in countries worldwide.
Other agencies and organisations that facilitated the successful implementation of the survey through technical or financial support were the Government of Uganda, the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), and the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA).

1.1 SURVEY OBJECTIVES The primary objective of the 2016 UDHS project is to provide up-to-date estimates of basic demographic and health indicators.
Specifically, the 2016 UDHS collected information on:  Key demographic indicators, particularly fertility and under-5, adult, and maternal mortality rates  Direct and indirect factors that determine levels of and trends in fertility and child mortality  Contraceptive knowledge and practice  Key aspects of maternal and child health, including immunisation coverage among children, prevalence and treatment of diarrhoea and other diseases among children under age 5, and maternity care indicators such as antenatal visits and assistance at delivery  Child feeding practices, including breastfeeding, and anthropometric measures to assess the nutritional status of women, men, and children  Knowledge and attitudes of women and men about sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and HIV/AIDS, potential exposure to the risk of HIV infection (risk behaviours and condom use), and coverage of HIV testing and counselling (HTC) and other key HIV/AIDS programmes  Anaemia in women, men, and children  Malaria prevalence in children as a follow-up to the 2014-15 Uganda Malaria Indicator Survey  Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) in children  Key education indicators, including school attendance ratios, level of educational attainment, and literacy levels  The extent of disability  Early childhood development  The extent of gender-based violence The information collected through the 2016 UDHS is intended to assist policymakers and program managers in evaluating and designing programs and strategies for improving the health of the country’s population.
Introduction and Survey Methodology • 1 1.2 SAMPLE DESIGN The sampling frame used for the 2016 UDHS is the frame of the Uganda National Population and Housing Census (NPHC), conducted in 2014; the sampling frame was provided by the Uganda Bureau of Statistics.

The census frame is a complete list of all census enumeration areas (EAs) created for the 2014 NPHC.

In Uganda, an EA is a geographic area that covers an average of 130 households.
The sampling frame contains information about EA location, type of residence (urban or rural), and the estimated number of residential households.

At the time of the NPHC, Uganda was divided administratively into 112 districts, which were grouped for this survey into 15 regions.

The sample for the 2016 UDHS was designed to provide estimates of key indicators for the country as a whole, for urban and rural areas separately, and for each of the 15 regions.
Estimates are also presented for three special areas: the Lake Victoria islands, the mountain districts, and greater Kampala.
The 2016 UDHS regions include the following districts:  South Central: Butambala, Gomba, Mpigi, Bukomansimbi, Kalangala, Kalungu, Lwengo, Lyantonde, Masaka, Rakai, Sembabule, and Wakiso  North Central: Buikwe, Buvuma, Kayunga, Kiboga, Kyankwanzi, Luwero, Mityana, Mubende, Mukono, Nakaseke, and Nakasongola  Kampala: Kampala  Busoga: Bugiri, Namutumba, Buyende, Iganga, Jinja, Kaliro, Kamuli, Luuka, Mayuge, and Namayingo  Bukedi: Budaka, Butaleja, Kibuku, Pallisa, Tororo, and Busia  Bugisu: Bulambuli, Kapchorwa, Kween, Bududa, Manafwa, Mbale, Sironko, and Bukwo  Teso: Amuria, Bukedea, Katakwi, Kumi, Ngora, Soroti, Kaberamaido, and Serere  Karamoja: Abim, Amudat, Kaabong, Kotido, Moroto, Nakapiripirit, and Napak  Lango: Alebtong, Amolatar, Dokolo, Lira, Otuke, Apac, Kole, and Oyam  Acholi: Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Lamwo, Pader, Kitgum, and Nwoya  West Nile: Adjumani, Arua, Koboko, Maracha, Moyo, Nebbi, Yumbe, and Zombo  Bunyoro: Buliisa, Hoima, Kibaale, Kiryandongo, and Masindi  Tooro: Bundibugyo, Kabarole, Kasese, Ntoroko, Kyenjojo, Kamwenge, and Kyegegwa  Kigezi: Kabale, Kisoro, Kanungu, and Rukungiri  Ankole: Buhweju, Bushenyi, Ibanda, Isingiro, Kiruhura, Mbarara, Mitooma, Ntungamo, Rubirizi, and Sheema The 2016 UDHS special areas include the following:  Islands: islands and shoreline areas in Kalangala, Mayuge, Buvuma, Namayingo, Rakai, Mukono, and Wakiso districts 2 • Introduction and Survey Methodology  Mountains: Bundibugyo, Kasese, Ntoroko, Bukwo, Bulambuli, Kapchorwa, Kween, Kisoro, Sironko, Mbale, and Kaabong districts  Greater Kampala: Kampala district and urban areas in Mukono and Wakiso districts The 2016 UDHS sample was stratified and selected in two stages.
In the first stage, 697 EAs were selected from the 2014 Uganda NPHC: 162 EAs in urban areas and 535 in rural areas.

One cluster from Acholi subregion was eliminated because of land disputes.

Households constituted the second stage of sampling.

A listing of households was compiled in each of the 696 accessible selected EAs from April to October 2016, with some listing overlapping with fieldwork.

Maps were drawn for each of the sampled clusters and all of the listed households.
The listing excluded institutional living arrangements such as army barracks, hospitals, police camps, and boarding schools.

To minimise the task of household listing, each large EA (i.e., more than 300 households) selected for the 2016 UDHS was segmented.

Only one segment was selected for the survey with probability proportional to segment size, and the household listing was conducted only in the selected segment.

Thus, a 2016 UDHS cluster is either an EA or a segment of an EA.
In total, a representative sample of 20,880 households (30 per EA or EA segment) was randomly selected for the 2016 UDHS.

The allocation of the sample EAs featured a power allocation with a small adjustment because a proportional allocation would not have met the minimum number of clusters per survey domain required for a DHS survey.

The sample EAs were selected independently from each stratum using probability proportional to size.
The 20,880 selected households resulted in 18,506 women successfully interviewed, with an average of 1,200 complete interviews per domain.

All women age 15-49 who were either permanent residents of the selected households or visitors who stayed in the household the night before the survey were eligible to be interviewed.
In one-third of the sampled households, all men age 15-54, including both usual residents and visitors who stayed in the household the night before the interview, were eligible for individual interviews.

In the subsample of households selected for the male survey, anaemia testing was performed among eligible women age 15-49 and men age 15-54 who consented to being tested and among children age 6-59 months whose parents or guardians consented.
In the same subsample, blood samples were collected from children age 6-59 months whose parents or guardians consented to malaria testing with rapid diagnostic test (RDT) kits and laboratory testing of vitamin A deficiency.

Height and weight information was also collected from eligible women and men, as well as children age 0-59 months.
In addition, a subsample of one eligible woman in two-thirds of households (those households not selected for the male survey and biomarker collection) and one eligible man in one-third of households (those households selected for the male survey and biomarker collection) was randomly selected to be asked questions about domestic violence.
1.3 QUESTIONNAIRES Four questionnaires were used in the 2016 UDHS: the Household Questionnaire, the Woman’s Questionnaire, the Man’s Questionnaire, and the Biomarker Questionnaire.

The questionnaires, based on The DHS Program’s model questionnaires, were adapted to reflect the population and health issues relevant to Uganda.

In addition, information on the survey fieldworkers was collected through a self- administered Fieldworker Questionnaire.
Input was solicited from various stakeholders representing government ministries and agencies, nongovernmental organisations, and development partners.

After the preparation of the questionnaires in English, the questionnaires were then translated into eight major languages: Ateso, Ngakarimojong, Luganda, Lugbara, Luo, Runyankole-Rukiga, Runyoro-Rutoro, and Lusoga.
The Household, Woman’s, and Man’s Questionnaires were programmed into tablet computers to facilitate computer-assisted personal interviewing (CAPI) for data collection purposes, with the capability to choose any of the nine languages for each questionnaire.

The Biomarker Questionnaire was completed on paper during data collection and then entered into the CAPI system.

Introduction and Survey Methodology • 3 The Household Questionnaire listed all members of and visitors to the selected households.
Basic demographic information was collected on the characteristics of each person, including his or her age, sex, marital status, education, and relationship to the head of the household.

Parents’ survival status was determined for children under age 18.

The data on age and sex of household members obtained in the Household Questionnaire were used to identify women and men who were eligible for individual interviews, anthropometry measurements, and anaemia testing.
The Household Questionnaire was also used to identify children for anthropometry measurements, anaemia and malaria testing, and blood sample collection for vitamin A testing.

In addition, the questionnaire collected information on characteristics of the household’s dwelling unit, such as source of water, type of toilet facilities, and materials used for the floor of the dwelling unit, as well as ownership of various durable goods.
The questionnaire further collected information on ownership and use of bed nets, child discipline, road traffic accidents and other causes of injury/death, and deaths in the households.

An additional module based on the Short Set of questions developed by the Washington Group on Disability Statistics to estimate the prevalence of disabilities among persons age 5 or above was also included in the Household Questionnaire.

The Woman’s Questionnaire collected information from all eligible women age 15-49.
These women were asked questions on:  Background characteristics: age, education, and media exposure  Reproduction: children ever born, birth history, and current pregnancy  Family planning: knowledge and use of contraception, sources of contraceptive methods, and information on family planning  Maternal and child health, breastfeeding, and nutrition: prenatal care, delivery, postnatal care, breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices, vaccination coverage, prevalence and treatment of diarrhoea, symptoms of acute respiratory infection (ARI), fever, knowledge of oral rehydration salts (ORS), and use of oral rehydration therapy (ORT)  Marriage and sexual activity: marital status, age at first marriage, number of unions, age at first sexual intercourse, recent sexual activity, number and type of sexual partners, use of condoms, knowledge and experience of obstetric fistula, and female genital cutting  Fertility preferences: desire for more children, ideal number of children, gender preferences, and intention to use family planning  Husbands’ background characteristics and women’s work: husbands’ age, level of education, and occupation and women’s occupation and sources of earnings  STIs and HIV/AIDS: knowledge of STIs and AIDS and methods of transmission, sources of information, behaviours to avoid STIs and HIV, and stigma  Knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours related to other health issues such as injections and smoking  Adult and maternal mortality  Domestic violence (questions asked of one woman per household)  Early childhood development The Man’s Questionnaire was administered to all men age 15-54 in the subsample of households selected for the male survey.
The Man’s Questionnaire collected much of the same information elicited with the Woman’s Questionnaire but was shorter because it did not contain a detailed reproductive history or questions on maternal and child health.
4 • Introduction and Survey Methodology The Biomarker Questionnaire recorded anthropometric measurements, anaemia and malaria testing results, and blood sample collection for vitamin A testing in the laboratory, as well as the signature of the fieldworker (health technician) who conducted the interview and obtained consent.

For this survey, interviewers used tablet computers to record all questionnaire responses during the interviews.
The tablet computers were equipped with Bluetooth® technology to enable remote electronic transfer of files, such as assignments from the team supervisor to the interviewers, individual questionnaires among survey team members, and completed questionnaires from interviewers to team supervisors.

The CAPI data collection system employed in the 2016 UDHS was developed by The DHS Program with the mobile version of CSPro.
The CSPro software was developed jointly by the U.S. Census Bureau, Serpro S.A., and The DHS Program.

The purpose of the Fieldworker Questionnaire was to collect basic background information on the people who were collecting data in the field, including team leaders, field data managers, interviewers, and health technicians.

The survey protocol, including biomarker collection, was reviewed and approved by the ICF Institutional Review Board.
1.4 ANTHROPOMETRY, ANAEMIA TESTING, MALARIA TESTING, AND VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY TESTING The 2016 UDHS incorporated four biomarkers: anthropometry, anaemia testing, malaria testing, and vitamin A testing.

Biomarkers were collected in the one-third of households selected for the male survey.
In contrast with the data collection procedure for the household and individual interviews, data related to biomarkers were initially recorded on a paper Biomarker Questionnaire and subsequently entered into interviewers’ tablet computers.

Anthropometry.

Height and weight measurements were recorded for children age 0-59 months, women age 15-49, and men age 15-54.

Anaemia testing.
Anaemia testing.

Blood specimens for anaemia testing were collected from eligible women and men who voluntarily consented to be tested and from all children age 6-59 months for whom consent was obtained from their parents or the adult responsible for the children.

Blood samples were obtained from a drop of blood taken from a finger prick (or a heel prick in the case of children age 6-11 months).
A drop of blood from the prick site was drawn into a microcuvette, and haemoglobin analysis was carried out on site with a battery-operated portable HemoCue analyser.

Results were provided verbally and in writing.

Parents of children with a haemoglobin level below 8 g/dl were instructed to take the child to a health facility for follow-up care.
Likewise, adults with haemoglobin levels below certain cut-off points (8 g/dl for nonpregnant women, 7 g/dl for pregnant women, and 8 g/dl for men) were referred for follow-up care.

All households in which anaemia testing was conducted were given a brochure that explained the causes and prevention of anaemia.

Malaria testing.

Malaria testing was carried out only among children age 6-59 months; no adults were tested.
With the same finger (or heel) prick used for anaemia testing, a drop of blood was tested immediately using the SD Bioline Pf/Pv RDT, which is a qualitative test for the detection of histidine-rich protein II (HRP-II) antigen of Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) and/or Plasmodium vivax (Pv) in human whole blood.

Plasmodium falciparum is the predominant Plasmodium species found in Uganda.

A tiny volume of blood is captured with a disposable sample applicator and placed in the well of the testing device.
All health technicians were trained to perform RDTs in the field according to the manufacturers’ instructions.

Technicians read, interpreted, and recorded the RDT results after 15 minutes, following the instructions in the kit insert.

The RDT results were recorded as Pf positive, Pv positive, Pf/Pv positive, or negative, with faint test lines being considered positive.
As with anaemia testing, malaria RDT results were provided to the child’s parent or guardian in oral and written form and were recorded on the Household Questionnaire.
Introduction and Survey Methodology • 5 Children who tested positive for malaria were offered a full course of treatment according to the standard procedures for treating malaria in Uganda if they did not have a severe case of the disease (diagnosed by symptoms or the presence of severe anaemia), were not currently on treatment, and had not completed a full course of artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) during the preceding 2 weeks.
Nurses on each field team were instructed to ask about signs of severe malaria and about any medications the child might be taking.

The nurses then provided the age-appropriate dose of ACT and instructions for administering the medicine to the child.1,2 The anaemia brochure also contained information on malaria and was given to all households in which malaria testing was conducted.

Vitamin A deficiency testing.


Blood collection for vitamin A testing was carried out only among children age 6-59 months; no adults were tested.

Using the same finger (or heel) prick used for anaemia and malaria testing, a drop of blood was collected on a filter paper card as a dry blood spot sample (DBS).

The protocol for blood specimen collection and analysis was based on the anonymous linked protocol developed for the DHS Program.
This protocol allows for merging of vitamin A test results with the sociodemographic data collected in the individual questionnaires after removal of all information that could potentially identify an individual.

Interviewers explained the blood collection procedure, the confidentiality of the data, and the fact that the test results would not be made available to respondents.
If a parent or guardian consented to the testing, up to five blood spots from the finger/heel prick were collected on a filter paper card to which a barcode label unique to the child was affixed.

A duplicate label was attached to the Biomarker Questionnaire.

A third copy of the same barcode was affixed to the Dried Blood Spot Transmittal Sheet to track the blood samples from the field to the laboratory.
Children’s parents or guardians were asked if they would consent to the laboratory storing their child’s blood sample for future unspecified testing.

If parents or guardians did not consent to additional testing on the sample, it was indicated on the Biomarker Questionnaire that they refused additional tests on their child’s specimen, and the words “no additional testing” were written on the filter paper card.
Blood samples were dried overnight, and the filter paper cards were packaged for storage the following morning.

Samples were periodically transported to the laboratory of the Department of Biochemistry at Makerere University in Kampala.

Upon arrival at the laboratory, each blood sample was logged into the CSPro vitamin A Test Tracking System database, given a laboratory number, and stored at -20°C until tested.
The vitamin A testing protocol stipulated that blood could be tested only after questionnaire data collection had been completed, the data had been verified and cleaned, and all unique identifiers other than the anonymous barcode number had been removed from the data file.

After finalisation of testing, the vitamin A test results for the 2016 UDHS were entered into a spreadsheet with a barcode as the unique identifier for each result.
The barcode was used to link the vitamin A test results with the data from the individual questionnaires.

VAD was assessed using the retinol binding protein enzyme immunoassay (RPB-EIA) method.

Rather than measuring retinol, this test measures retinol-binding protein (RPB), a surrogate marker for retinol that is more stable than retinol.

The RBP-EIA has been rigorously evaluated on both venous blood and capillary blood in the form of a DBS sample (Hix et al.

2004; Hix et al.

2006).


1 The dosage of ACT was based on the age of the recipient.

The proper dosage for a child age 4 months to age 3 years is one tablet of artemether-lumefantrine (co-formulated tablets containing 20 mg artemether and 120 mg lumefantrine) to be taken twice daily for 3 days, while the dosage for a child age 3-7 is two tablets of artemether-lumefantrine to be taken twice daily for 3 days.
2 Children who exhibited signs of severe malaria (based on symptoms or haemoglobin testing result of severe anaemia) were referred to the nearest medical facility for treatment.

6 • Introduction and Survey Methodology To run the RPB-EIA, two 6-mm (1/4-inch) discs punched out of the centre of two DBS drops on each card were first eluted by soaking overnight in a pre-prepared buffer.
The following day, the concentration of RBP in the DBS eluates was determined using a commercial enzyme immunoassay kit manufactured by the Scimedx Corporation (Denville, New Jersey, USA).

Because the elution does not remove 100% of the RPB that is in the dried blood spot on the filter paper card, it was necessary to use a correction factor that makes the concentration of RBP measured in the DBS sample equal to the concentration of RBP measured in a serum sample from the same individual.
The Biochemistry Laboratory performed a validation comparing RPB from DBS and serum samples for 50 individuals and found that, on average, the concentration of RPB in the serum sample was 11% higher than the concentration of RBP in the eluted DBS sample.

Therefore, a correction factor of 1.1 was applied to the RBP measurements of DBS samples for all individuals tested in the 2016 UDHS.

This provides the unadjusted RBP measure.


Because RBP levels decrease during infection/inflammation and, if not corrected for, may lead to overestimation of the prevalence of VAD, C-reactive protein (CRP) was used to correct the unadjusted RBP values for the influence of infection or inflammation.

To obtain a correction factor to adjust RBP levels for the effects of infection and inflammation, 24% of the DBS samples were tested for CRP.
To measure CRP, one 3.2-mm (1/8-inch) disc was punched from the centre of the DBS.

The punched disc was placed into a micro-centrifuge tube, and 500 µL of CRP assay buffer was added.

The tubes were vortexed for 15 seconds and centrifuged at 5,000 rpm for 2 minutes.

Samples were incubated overnight at 4°C.

The following day, samples were removed from the refrigerator and rotated at 350 rpm at room temperature for 1 hour.
The eluted samples were then tested in duplicate using a commercial test kit (Bender MedSystems GmbH, Vienna, Austria).

The cut-off used to define infection or inflammation was set at 3 mg/L of CRP: a CRP above 3 mg/L means that the person has infection/inflammation, and a CRP of 3 mg/L or below means that the person does not have infection/inflammation.
In the subsample tested for CRP, children were classified into two groups: the healthy group (A; CRP 3 mg/L or below) and the group with infection or inflammation (B; CRP above 3 mg/L).

Adjustment factors were then calculated as the ratio of the geometric mean of the RBP concentrations for the healthy group versus the group with raised CRP (the difference between the mean log RBP value for Group A and the mean log RBP value for Group B was back-transformed to provide the adjustment factor).
RBP values for the group with raised CRP were then multiplied by the adjustment factor to provide adjusted values.

The method suggested by Thurnham et al.

(2003) was used to adjust the RBP values for infection/inflammation in the subsample that was not tested for CRP.

To adjust the prevalence of VAD for all children—including those who were not tested for CRP—the VAD prevalence was determined after increasing their RBP values by the difference between the means of the RBP values for the CRP subsamples.
First, the mean RBP values of the CRP subsample were calculated.

Next, the RBP values for Group B were multiplied by 1.255 and added to the Group A RBP values, and a new mean RBP value for the subsample was calculated.3 Then all RBP values for the children who were not tested for CRP were adjusted by the difference between the new mean and the original mean as a percentage of the original mean.

The corrected prevalence of VAD among all children was calculated using the newly adjusted RBP values.
When vitamin A status is assessed using serum retinol, the concentration of retinol used to indicate VAD in children is 0.7 µmol/L.

Current research suggests that a concentration of 0.7 µmol/L of retinol is equivalent to a concentration of 0.825 µmol/L of RBP (Engle-Stone et al.

2011; Gorstein et al.

2008).

Thus, the cut-off to define VAD in children in the 2016 UDHS is 0.825 µmol/L of RBP.
3 The multiplication factor (1.255) is an estimate of the percentage reduction of RBP (and vitamin A) in the presence of infection, based on CRP results from previous studies (Thurnham et al.

2003).

Introduction and Survey Methodology • 7 1.5 PRETEST The UDHS technical team, composed of staff from UBOS and ICF, participated in a 2-day training of trainers (TOT) workshop conducted 17 and 18 March 2016.
Immediately following the workshop, the pretest training took place between 21 March and 8 April 2016 at the Imperial Golf View Hotel in Entebbe Municipality.
The UDHS technical team and ICF technical specialists trained 45 participants to administer the paper and electronic Household, Woman’s, and Man’s Questionnaires with tablet computers and eight participants to take anthropometric measurements; collect blood samples for haemoglobin, malaria, and vitamin A testing; and complete the paper Biomarker Questionnaire.
All trainees had some experience with household surveys, either involvement in previous Uganda DHS surveys or involvement in other similar surveys such as the Uganda National Panel Survey.

The pretest fieldwork, which took place 13-15 April 2016, was conducted in clusters surrounding the training venue in Entebbe Municipality that were not included in the 2016 UDHS sample area, which covered approximately 240 households.
The UDHS technical team and ICF conducted debriefing sessions with the pretest field staff on 16 April 2016; modifications to the questionnaires were made based on lessons learned from the exercise.

Teams then spent an additional week upcountry testing the translations.

1.6 TRAINING OF FIELD STAFF UBOS recruited and trained a total of 173 fieldworkers (108 women and 65 men) to serve as supervisors, CAPI managers, interviewers, health technicians, and reserve interviewers for the main fieldwork.
Health technicians were trained separately from interviewers.

The main training took place from 14 May to 14 June 2016 at the Imperial Golf View Hotel in Entebbe Municipality.
The training course included instruction on interviewing techniques and field procedures, a detailed review of questionnaire content, instruction on administering the paper and electronic questionnaires, mock interviews between participants in the classroom, and practice interviews with actual respondents in areas outside the 2016 UDHS sample.
Twenty-one individuals were recruited and trained on collecting biomarker data, including taking height and weight measurements, testing for anaemia by measuring haemoglobin levels, testing for malaria using RDTs, and preparing dried blood spots for subsequent vitamin A testing.

The biomarker training was held from 21 May to 14 June 2016 at the same venue with interviewers.
The training included lectures, demonstrations of biomarker measurement or testing procedures, field practice with children at a health clinic, and standardisation of height and weight measurements.

To help place the importance of the 2016 UDHS into context for the trainees, the training also included presentations by staff from the Ministry of Health, UN Women, and UNICEF on Uganda-specific policies and programmes related to child immunisation, domestic violence, and early childhood development.
A two-day field practice was organised on 11 and 13 June 2016 to provide trainees with additional hands- on practice before the actual fieldwork.

Training participants were evaluated through classwork, in-class exercises, quizzes, and observations conducted during field practice.

A total of 84 participants were selected to serve as interviewers, 21 as health technicians, 21 as field data managers, and 21 as team leaders.
The selection of team leaders and field data managers was based on experience in leading survey teams and performance during the pretest and main training.

Team leaders and field data managers received additional instructions and practice on performing supervisory activities with the CAPI system.
Supervisory activities included assigning households and receiving completed interviews from interviewers, recognising and dealing with error messages, receiving system updates and distributing updates to interviewers, completing biomarker questionnaires and DBS transmittal sheets, resolving duplicated cases, closing clusters, and transferring interviews to the central office via a secure Internet file streaming system (IFSS).
In addition to the CAPI material, team leaders and field data managers also received training on their roles and responsibilities.

8 • Introduction and Survey Methodology 1.7 FIELDWORK Data collection was conducted by 21 field teams, each consisting of one team leader, one field data manager, three female interviewers, one male interviewer, one health technician, and one driver.
The health technicians were responsible for anthropometric measurements, blood sample collection for haemoglobin and malaria testing, and DBS specimen collection for vitamin A testing.

Electronic data files were transferred from each interviewer’s tablet computer to the team supervisor’s tablet computer every day.

The field supervisors transferred data to the central data processing office via IFSS.
Senior staff from the Makerere University School of Public Health, the Ministry of Health, and UBOS and a survey technical specialist from The DHS Program coordinated and supervised fieldwork activities.

Data collection took place over a 6-month period, from 20 June 2016 through 16 December 2016.

1.8 DATA PROCESSING All electronic data files for the 2016 UDHS were transferred via IFSS to the UBOS central office in Kampala, where they were stored on a password-protected computer.
The data processing operation included registering and checking for inconsistencies, incompleteness, and outliers.

Data editing and cleaning included structure and consistency checks to ensure completeness of work in the field.

The central office also conducted secondary editing, which required resolution of computer-identified inconsistencies and coding of open-ended questions.

The data were processed by four staff (two programmers and two data editors) who took part in the main fieldwork training.
They were supervised by three senior staff from UBOS.

Data editing was accomplished with CSPro software.

Secondary editing and data processing were initiated in August 2016 and completed in January 2017.

1.9 COMMUNITY MOBILISATION Prior to the onset of fieldwork, the UBOS Communication and Public Relations Team conducted advocacy and mobilisation activities that were designed to encourage promotion of the 2016 UDHS and encourage maximum community support and participation.
Radio and television talk shows and community meetings were conducted to mobilise the general public and create public awareness.

The advocacy also included field visits to the local communities before fieldwork began in a given area.

During these visits, the advocacy teams discussed the survey objectives, implementation, content, and how the community would benefit from the exercise.

1.10 RESPONSE RATES Table 1.1 shows response rates for the 2016 UDHS.
A total of 20,791 households were selected for the sample, of which 19,938 were occupied.

Of the occupied households, 19,588 were successfully interviewed, which yielded a response rate of 98%.

In the interviewed households, 19,088 eligible women were identified for individual interviews.

Interviews were completed with 18,506 women, yielding a response rate of 97%.
In the subsample of households selected for the male survey, 5,676 eligible men were identified and 5,336 were successfully interviewed, yielding a response rate of 94%.

Response rates were higher in rural than in urban areas, with the rural- urban difference being more pronounced among men (95% and 90%, respectively) than among women (98% and 95%, respectively).
Introduction and Survey Methodology • 9 Table 1.1 Results of the household and individual interviews Number of households, number of interviews, and response rates, according to residence (unweighted), Uganda DHS 2016 Result Urban Rural Total Residence Household interviews Households selected Households occupied Households interviewed Household response rate1 Interviews with women age 15-49 Number of eligible women Number of eligible women interviewed Eligible women response rate2 Interviews with men age 15-54 Number of eligible men Number of eligible men interviewed Eligible men response rate2 4,843 4,625 4,469 96.6 4,619 4,379 94.8 1,280 1,150 89.8 1 Households interviewed/households occupied 2 Respondents interviewed/eligible respondents 15,948 15,313 15,119 98.7 14,469 14,127 97.6 4,396 4,186 95.2 20,791 19,938 19,588 98.2 19,088 18,506 97.0 5,676 5,336 94.0 10 • Introduction and Survey Methodology HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS AND HOUSEHOLD POPULATION 2 Key Findings  Drinking water: Seventy-eight percent of households in Uganda have access to an improved source of drinking water, an increase from 70% in 2011.
 Sanitation: About 2 in 10 households (19%) in Uganda use improved toilet facilities.

 Electricity: Twenty-nine percent of the households in Uganda have electricity.

Electricity is more common among urban households (59%) than rural households (18%).

 Household population and composition: The broad base of the population pyramid shows that the majority of Uganda’s population is young, which is characteristic of developing countries with high fertility and low life expectancy.
 Orphans: Thirty-two percent of households in Uganda have foster or orphaned children.

There are more households with single orphans (12%) than double orphans (2%).

 Child discipline: Eighty-five percent of children age 1-14 experienced a violent discipline method within the previous month.

 Death registration: Of deaths reported to have occurred in the previous year, only 24% were registered with the civil authority.
nformation on the socioeconomic characteristics of the household population in the 2016 UDHS provides context to interpret demographic and health indicators and can furnish an approximate indication of the representativeness of the survey.

In addition, this information sheds light on the living I conditions of the population.
The chapter presents information on sources of drinking water, sanitation, exposure to smoke inside the home, wealth, hand washing, household population and composition, birth registration, educational attainment, school attendance, family living arrangements, disability, child discipline, and persons injured or killed in accidents.
Housing Characteristics and Household Population • 11 2.1 DRINKING WATER SOURCES AND TREATMENT Improved sources of drinking water Include piped water, public taps, standpipes, tube wells, boreholes, protected dug wells and springs, and rainwater.

Households that use bottled water for drinking are classified as using an improved source only if the water they use for cooking and hand washing comes from an improved source.
Sample: Households Use of unimproved water sources increases the prevalence of waterborne disease and the burden of service delivery through an increased demand for health care.

Just over three quarters (78%) of households in Uganda have access to an improved source of drinking water (Table 2.1).

Access to improved water sources is more predominant in urban (91%) than rural (74%) households.

The 2016 UDHS asked all households whether they treat their water to ensure that it is safe for drinking.
About half (52%) of households use an appropriate water treatment method.

The most commonly used method is boiling (47% of households); more urban households (70%) than rural households (39%) reported boiling their water.

More than half of households in rural areas (54%) do not treat their drinking water at all.
Figure 2.1 Household drinking water by residence More than half (55%) of rural households spend at least 30 minutes (round trip) to fetch drinking water, as compared with about a quarter (23%) of urban households.

More than half of urban households (54%) use piped water for drinking: 23% have water piped into their dwelling/yard, 18% have water that is piped to a neighbour, and 13% use a public tap/standpipe.
Rural households, on the other hand, rely mainly on tube wells or boreholes (45%) or on an unimproved source (26%) (Figure 2.1).

Table 2.2 presents information on the availability of water in the last 2 weeks among households using piped water or water from a tube well or borehole.

Sixty-seven percent of households in Uganda reported having water with no interruption of at least a single day in the 2 weeks preceding the survey.
Urban households (50%) are more likely than rural households (24%) to report water being unavailable for at least 1 day.

Trends: The proportion of households using an improved source of drinking water increased steadily from 1995 (49% of households) to 2000-01 (57%) to 2006 (68%) to 2011 (70%) to 2016 (78%).
2.2 SANITATION Improved toilet facilities Include any non-shared toilet of the following types: flush/pour flush toilets to piped sewer systems, septic tanks, and pit latrines; ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrines; pit latrines with slabs; and composting toilets.
Sample: Households 12 • Housing Characteristics and Household Population 82336182813639204516141623122926TotalUrbanRuralPercent distribution of households by source of drinking water Unimproved sourceOther improvedsources*Protected well orspringTube well orboreholePublic tap/standpipePiped to neighbourPiped water into dwelling/yard/plot/ neighbour’s yard* Rain water, bottled/sachet water Figure 2.2 Household toilet facilities by residence About 2 in 10 households (19%) in Uganda use improved toilet facilities (Table 2.3).
This is a slight improvement from 15% in 2011.

Urban households are more prone to use shared facilities (46%) than rural households (11%).

More than half of households in Uganda (55%) use unimproved toilet facilities, with nearly two-thirds (65%) of rural households and one quarter (25%) of urban households using such facilities (Figure 2.2).
2.3 OTHER HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS 2.3.1 Housing Characteristics Respondents were asked about access to electricity; the dwelling’s flooring materials were observed by the interviewer.

Slightly less than a third (29%) of households in Uganda have electricity.

Nearly 6 in 10 urban households (59%) have electricity, as compared with just under 2 in 10 rural households (18%) (Table 2.4).

Urban and rural households use different flooring materials.
Most urban households (59%) have floors made of cement screed, and most rural households (55%) have floors made of earth/sand.

2.3.2 Exposure to Smoke inside the Home Exposure to any type of smoke, for example resulting from cooking or smoking tobacco, can lead to diverse hazardous health effects.

Ninety-five percent of the households in Uganda use a solid type of fuel for cooking, with wood being predominant (69%); 25% of households use charcoal.
The health problems accruing from exposure to smoke can be aggravated if cooking takes place inside the dwelling rather than in a separate building or outdoors.

Nearly 9 in 10 (86%) households do their cooking outside the house: 62% in a separate building and 24% outdoors (Table 2.4).

2.4 HOUSEHOLD WEALTH 2.4.1 Household Durable Goods Possessing durable consumer goods is an indicator of a household’s wealth.
The survey collected information on household effects, ownership of means of transport, and ownership of agricultural land and farm animals (Table 2.5).

Urban households are more likely to own various household effects other than bicycles; the difference is especially striking for televisions (44% of urban households versus 7% of rural households).

Rural households are more likely to own agricultural land and farm animals.
Housing Characteristics and Household Population • 13 192716204611552565728TotalUrbanRuralNo facility/bush/fieldUnimprovedfacilityShared facilityImproved facilityPercent distribution of households bytype of toilet facilities 2.4.2 Wealth Index Wealth index Households are given scores based on the number and kinds of consumer goods they own, ranging from a television to a bicycle or car, and housing characteristics such as source of drinking water, toilet facilities, and flooring materials.
These scores are derived using principal component analysis.

National wealth quintiles are compiled by assigning the household score to each usual (de jure) household member, ranking each person in the household population by her or his score, and then dividing the distribution into five equal categories, each comprising 20% of the population.

Sample: Households Figure 2.3 Household wealth by residence Table 2.6 presents wealth quintiles according to urban-rural residence and region.
The table also includes the Gini coefficient, a measure of disparity in wealth.

The Gini coefficient ranges from 0-1, with 0 implying an equal distribution of wealth and 1 implying a totally unequal distribution.

Nearly 6 in 10 (59%) households in urban areas are in the highest wealth quintile, in sharp contrast to about 1 in 10 (9%) in rural areas; close to half (48%) of households in rural areas are in the lowest or second lowest quintile (24% each) (Figure 2.3).
2.5 HAND WASHING Interviewers asked to observe the place where household members most often wash their hands; this place was observed in 59% of households.

Among households in which the place for hand washing was observed, 44% had soap and water, 32% had water but no soap, and 21% had no water, no soap, and no other cleansing agent (Table 2.7).
2.6 HOUSEHOLD POPULATION AND COMPOSITION Household A person or group of related or unrelated persons who live together in the same dwelling unit(s), who acknowledge one adult male or female as the head of the household, who share the same housekeeping arrangements, and who are considered a single unit.

De facto population All persons who stayed in the selected households the night before the interview (whether usual residents or visitors).
De jure population All persons who are usual residents of the selected households, whether or not they stayed in the household the night before the interview.

How data are calculated All tables are based on the de facto population unless otherwise specified.
14 • Housing Characteristics and Household Population 8246248231920599UrbanRuralPercent distribution of de jure population by wealth quintilesWealthiestFourthMiddleSecondPoorest Figure 2.4 Population pyramid The 2016 UDHS included 19,588 households; 87,929 individuals slept in these households the night before the interview, among whom 45,532 were women and 42,397 were men (Table 2.8).

The population pyramid in Figure 2.4 shows the de facto household population by 5-year age groups and sex.
The broad base of the pyramid shows that a large proportion of Uganda’s population is young—children under age 15 constitute 50% of the total population.

This kind of distribution is characteristic of developing countries with high fertility and low life expectancy.

Table 2.9 shows that 3 in every 10 households (31%) are headed by women, similar to the proportions found in the 2000-01 (28%), 2006 (30%), and 2011 (30%) UDHS surveys.

The average household size is 4.5 persons.


Households are smaller in urban areas (3.9 persons) than in rural areas (4.8 persons).

Single- member households are more common in urban (19%) than rural (12%) areas.

2.7 CHILDREN’S LIVING ARRANGEMENTS AND PARENTAL SURVIVAL Orphan A child with one or both parents who are dead.

Sample: Children under age 18 One-third (32%) of households in Uganda include foster or orphaned children.

Fourteen percent of households have orphans.


There are more households with single orphans (12%) than double orphans (2%) (Table 2.9).

Half of children under age 18 (52%) are living with both biological parents; the proportion of children living with both biological parents decreases with increasing child age (Table 2.10).

2.8 BIRTH REGISTRATION Registered birth Child has a birth certificate or child does not have a birth certificate, but his/her birth is registered with the civil authorities.
Sample: De jure children under age 5 Apart from being the first legal acknowledgment of a child’s existence, birth registration is fundamental to the realisation of a number of rights and practical needs, including but not limited to access to health care and immunisation, education, and other social services.
Housing Characteristics and Household Population • 15 1050510<55-910-1415-1920-2425-2930-3435-3940-4445-4950-5455-5960-6465-6970-7475-7980+Percent distribution of household populationFemaleMale Figure 2.5 Birth registration by region Percentage of de jure children under age 5 whose births are registered with the civil authorities About one-third (32%) of children under age 5 had their births registered with the civil authority (Table 2.11).
There is regional variation in the proportion of births that are registered, ranging from 11% in Bugisu region to 57% in Kigezi region (Figure 2.5).

The proportion of births that are registered is larger in the highest wealth quintile (39%) than in lower quintiles (30-32%).

Birth registration increased from 21% in 2006 to 30% in 2011 and held stable at 32% in 2016.
2.9 EDUCATION 2.9.1 Educational Attainment Median educational attainment Half of the population has completed less than the median number of years of schooling, and half of the population has completed more than the median number of years of schooling.

Sample: De facto household population age 6 and older The majority of Ugandans have either no formal education or only some primary education (Tables 2.12.1 and 2.12.2).
Nineteen percent of women and 13% of men age 6 and older have never had any formal education.

Fifty-four percent of women and 54% of men have not completed primary education.

Eight percent of women and 9% of men have completed primary school.

A slightly higher percentage of both women (13%) and men (15%) have an incomplete secondary school education.

Only 6% of women and 8% of men have completed secondary school or gone on to higher education.
Women have completed a median of 3.4 years of school, while men have completed a median of 3.9 years.

Trends: The proportion of women age 6 and older with no education decreased from 36% in 1995 to 19% in 2016; women’s median years of education increased from 0.9 years to 3.4 years in the same period.

There has also been some improvement among men; the proportion of men with no education has decreased from 19% to 13%, and median number of years of schooling has increased from 2.7 to 3.9.
Patterns by background characteristics  Urban women (5.6 years) and men (6.1 years) spend longer in school than rural women (2.9 years) and men (3.5 years).

 Median number of years of education is lowest among women and men in Karamoja region (both 0.0) and highest among women and men in Kampala region (7.4 years and 8.7 years, respectively).

 Among both women and men, median number of years of education increases with increasing wealth.
16 • Housing Characteristics and Household Population 2.9.2 School Attendance Net attendance ratio (NAR) Percentage of the school-age population that attends primary or secondary school.
Sample: Children age 6-12 for primary school NAR and children age 13-18 for secondary school NAR Gross attendance ratio (GAR) The total number of children attending primary school divided by the official primary school-age population and the total number of children attending secondary school divided by the official secondary school-age population.
Sample: Children age 6-12 for primary school GAR and children age 13-18 for secondary school GAR Figure 2.6 Secondary school attendance by household wealth Eighty-three percent of boys and 84% of girls age 6- 12 are attending primary school (Table 2.13).

By region, the primary school net attendance ratio (NAR) ranges from 79% to 91% with the exception of Karamoja region (37%).

The NAR drops to 20% in secondary school for both boys and girls.
The secondary school NAR rises steadily with increasing household wealth among boys as well as girls (Figure 2.6).

The gross attendance ratio (GAR) is similar for boys and girls at both the primary level (118% and 116%, respectively) and the secondary level (28% and 24%, respectively).

Gender Parity Index (GPI) The ratio of female to male students attending primary school and the ratio of female to male students attending secondary school.

The index reflects the magnitude of the gender gap.
Sample: Primary school students and secondary school students The primary school Gender Parity Index (GPI) (0.98) implies that there is almost no gender gap.

However, the secondary school GPI (0.86) indicates that more males attend secondary school than females.

Patterns by background characteristics  The disparity in attendance between females and males at the primary level is minimal in all regions other than Karamoja region (0.67) and Ankole region (0.88).
2.10 DISABILITY 2.10.1 Disability by Domain and Age The 2016 UDHS included The DHS Program disability module, a series of questions based on the Washington Group on Disability Statistics (WG) Short Set that are based on the framework of the World Health Organization’s International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health.
The questions address six core functional domains—seeing, hearing, communication, cognition, walking, and self-care— Housing Characteristics and Household Population • 17 591927352081117264220LowestSecondMiddleFourthHighestTotalNet attendance ratio for secondary school among children age 13-18GirlsBoysPoorestWealthiest and provide basic necessary information on disability comparable to that being collected worldwide via the WG disability tools.
The respondent to the Household Questionnaire provided information for all household members and visitors age 5 and older on whether they had no difficulty, some difficulty, a lot of difficulty, or did not have the ability at all in each domain.

This information was gathered for 72,143 people.

Functional domains Seeing, hearing, communicating, remembering or concentrating, walking or climbing steps, and washing all over or dressing.
Sample: De facto household population age 5 or above About three quarters (74%) of the de facto household population age 5 and older have no difficulty in any of the domains.

Twenty percent have some difficulty in at least one domain, 6% have a lot of difficulty in at least one domain, and 0.6% cannot function at all in at least one domain.
The proportion who have a lot of difficulty or cannot function at all in at least one domain ranges from 3% to 8% among those age 5-49 and then increases to 16% among those age 50-59 and 38% among those age 60 or above (Table 2.14).

2.10.2 Disability among Adults by Other Background Characteristics Functional domains Seeing, hearing, communicating, remembering or concentrating, walking or climbing steps, and washing all over or dressing.
Sample: De facto household population age 15 or above Table 2.15 presents disability data among the de facto household population age 15 and older by additional background characteristics.

Nine percent of women and 7% of men age 15 and older have a lot of difficulty or cannot function at all in at least one domain.

2.11 CHILD DISCIPLINE The 2016 UDHS Household Questionnaire included questions from the UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) module on Child Discipline.
The questions were asked about one randomly selected de jure child age 1-14 per household.
Non-violent disciplinary approaches Include one or more in the past 1 month:  taking away privileges, forbidding something the child liked, or not allowing the child to leave the house  explaining that the child’s behavior was wrong  giving the child something else to do Sample: De jure children age 1-14 Psychological aggression Includes one or both in the past 1 month:  shouting, yelling, or screaming at the child  calling the child dumb, lazy, or a similar term Sample: De jure children age 1-14 18 • Housing Characteristics and Household Population Physical punishment Includes one or more in the past 1 month:  shaking the child  spanking, hitting, or slapping the child on the bottom with a bare hand  hitting the child on the bottom or other part of the body with a belt, hairbrush, stick, or other similar hard object  hitting or slapping the child on the face, head, or ears  hitting the child on the hand, arm, or leg  beating the child up, that is, hitting the child over and over as hard as one can Sample: De jure children age 1-14 Severe physical punishment Includes one or both in the past 1 month:  hitting or slapping the child on the face, head, or ears  beating the child up, that is, hitting the child over and over as hard as one can Sample: De jure children age 1-14 Eighty-five percent of children experienced at least one violent disciplinary action during the month before the interview.
Only 10% of children experienced only non-violent forms of discipline.

Children in households where the household head had more than a secondary education were more likely (18%) to experience only non-violent disciplinary methods than children in households where the head had less education (8-10%) (Table 2.16).

Fifty percent of respondents believe that a child needs physical punishment in order to be raised or educated properly.
Eighty-seven percent of respondents are aware that Uganda has a law that prohibits child abuse (Table 2.17).

2.12 DEATHS AND INJURIES Household respondents were asked if any member of the household had died or been seriously injured in a road traffic accident in the past 12 months.

If a person was involved in more than one accident, only the most recent was discussed.
Motorcycle accidents accounted for the greatest proportion (67%) of road traffic accidents leading to death or serious injury (Table 2.19).

Respondents were also asked about deaths and serious injuries in the past year from causes other than road traffic accidents.

For more information, see Tables 2.18 to 2.25.

About a quarter (24%) of deaths among household members in the past year were registered with the civil authority (Table 2.25).
Housing Characteristics and Household Population • 19 LIST OF TABLES For more information on household population and housing characteristics, see the following tables: Hand washing Household population by age, sex, and residence Household composition Household drinking water Availability of water Household sanitation facilities Household characteristics Household possessions  Table 2.1  Table 2.2  Table 2.3  Table 2.4  Table 2.5  Table 2.6 Wealth quintiles  Table 2.7  Table 2.8  Table 2.9  Table 2.10 Children’s living arrangements and orphanhood  Table 2.11 Birth registration of children under age 5  Table 2.12.1 Educational attainment of the female household population  Table 2.12.2 Educational attainment of the male household population  Table 2.13  Table 2.14 Disability by domain and age  Table 2.15 Disability among adults by background characteristics  Table 2.16 Child discipline  Table 2.17 Child discipline opinions and knowledge  Table 2.18 Deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents  Table 2.19 Types of road traffic accidents  Table 2.20  Table 2.21 Deaths and injuries from non-road traffic accidents  Table 2.22 Types of non-road traffic accidents and injuries  Table 2.23  Table 2.24 Deaths from other causes  Table 2.25 Death registration Injuries due to non-road traffic accidents Injuries due to road traffic accidents School attendance ratios 20 • Housing Characteristics and Household Population Table 2.1 Household drinking water Percent distribution of households and de jure population by source of drinking water and by time to obtain drinking water, percentage of households and de jure population using various methods to treat drinking water, and percentage using an appropriate treatment method, according to residence, Uganda DHS 2016 Characteristic Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total Households Population Source of drinking water Improved source Piped into dwelling/yard/plot Piped to neighbour Public tap/standpipe Tube well/borehole Protected dug well Protected spring
 Rain water Bottled/sachet water, improved source for cooking/hand washing1 Unimproved source Unprotected dug well Unprotected spring Tanker truck/bicycle with jerrycans Surface water Bottled/sachet water, unimproved source for cooking/hand washing1 Other source Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Time to obtain drinking water (round trip) Water on premises2 Less than 30 minutes 30 minutes or longer Don’t know/missing 47.5 29.3 22.7 0.5 8.8 35.7 55.2 0.4 18.7 34.0 46.8 0.4 44.9 28.7 26.0 0.5 8.0 33.8 58.0 0.2 16.1 32.7 51.0 0.3 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Water treatment prior to drinking3 Boiled Bleach/chlorine added Strained through cloth Ceramic, sand, or other filter Solar disinfection Let it stand and settle Other No treatment Percentage using an appropriate treatment method4 Number 5,027 14,561 19,588 19,459 69,360 88,819 1 Households using bottled water or sachet water for drinking are classified as using an improved or unimproved source according to their water source for cooking and hand washing.
2 Includes water piped to a neighbour 3 Respondents may report multiple treatment methods, so the sum of treatment may exceed 100%.

4 Appropriate water treatment methods include boiling, bleaching, filtering, and solar disinfecting.
Housing Characteristics and Household Population • 21 Table 2.2 Availability of water Among households and de jure population using piped water or water from a tube well or borehole, percentage with lack of availability of water in the last 2 weeks, according to residence, Uganda DHS 2016 Availability of water in last 2 weeks Households Urban Rural Not available for at least 1 day Available with no interruption of at least 1 day Don’t know/missing 50.3 48.2 1.5 24.3 75.2 0.5 Total 32.5 66.7 0.8 Population Urban Rural 49.3 49.8 0.9 23.5 76.3 0.2 Total 30.4 69.2 0.4 Total Number using piped water or water from a tube well1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 3,791 8,224 12,014 14,425 39,534 53,959 1 Includes households reporting piped water or water from a tube well or borehole as their main source of drinking water and households reporting bottled water as their main source of drinking water if their main source of water for cooking and hand washing is piped water or water from a tube well or borehole Table 2.3 Household sanitation facilities Percent distribution of households and de jure population by type of toilet/latrine facilities and percent distribution of households and de jure population with a toilet/latrine facility by location of the facility, according to residence, Uganda DHS 2016 Type and location of toilet/latrine facility Improved sanitation Flush/pour flush to piped sewer system Flush/pour flush to septic tank Flush/pour flush to pit latrine Ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrine Pit latrine with slab Composting toilet Unimproved sanitation Shared facility1 Flush/pour flush to piped sewer system Flush/pour flush to septic tank Flush/pour flush to pit latrine Ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrine Pit latrine with slab Composting toilet Unimproved facility Flush/pour flush not to sewer/septic tank/pit latrine Pit latrine without slab/open pit Bucket Hanging toilet/hanging latrine Other Open defecation (no facility/bush/ field) Total Number of households/population Location of the facility In own
 dwelling In own yard/plot Elsewhere Households Population Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total Total Number of households/population with a 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 toilet/latrine facility 4,912 13,386 18,298 18,964 64,449 83,413 1 Facilities that would be considered improved if they were not shared by two or more households 22 • Housing Characteristics and Household Population Table 2.4 Household characteristics Percent distribution of households and de jure population by housing characteristics, percentage using solid fuel for cooking, percentage using clean fuel for cooking, and percent distribution by frequency of smoking in the home, according to residence, Uganda DHS 2016 Housing characteristic Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total Households Population Electricity Yes No Total Flooring material Earth/sand Dung Wood planks Palm/bamboo Parquet or polished wood Concrete Ceramic tiles Cement screed Carpet Stones Bricks Other 1.0
0.2 0.1 54.6 20.3 0.5 0.1 0.1 2.2 0.8 20.0 1.0 0.1 0.2 0.2 47.3 17.2 0.4 0.1 0.1 2.3 2.2 28.2 1.7 0.2 0.2 0.2 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Rooms used for sleeping One Two Three or more Total Place for cooking In the house In a separate building Outdoors No food cooked in household Other Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Cooking fuel Electricity LPG/cylinder gas/biogas Kerosene Charcoal Wood Straw/shrubs/grass Agricultural crop Other No food cooked in household Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Percentage using solid fuel for cooking1 Percentage using clean fuel for cooking2 Frequency of smoking in the home Daily Weekly Monthly Less than once a month Never Total Number of households/population LPG = Liquefied petroleum gas 1 Includes charcoal, wood, straw/shrubs/grass, and agricultural crops 2 Includes electricity and LPG/cylinder gas/biogas Housing Characteristics and Household Population • 23 Table 2.5 Household possessions Percentage of households possessing various household effects, means of transportation, agricultural land, and livestock/farm animals by residence, Uganda DHS 2016 Possession Urban Rural Total Residence Household effects Radio Television Mobile phone Computer Non-mobile telephone Refrigerator Cassette/CD/DVD player Table Chair
 Sofa set Bed Cupboard Clock Means of transport Bicycle Animal-drawn cart Motorcycle/scooter Car/truck Boat with a motor Boat without a motor Ownership of agricultural land Ownership of farm animals1 Number of households 5,027 14,561 19,588 1 Local cattle, exotic/cross-breed cattle, horses, donkeys, mules, goats, sheep, chickens, other poultry, or pigs Table 2.6 Wealth quintiles Percent distribution of the de jure population by wealth quintiles, and the Gini coefficient, according to residence and region, Uganda DHS 2016 Residence/region Lowest Second Wealth quintile Middle Fourth Highest Total Number of persons Gini coefficient Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Total 0.32
0.33 0.25 0.38 0.37 0.32 0.37 0.34 0.31 0.30 0.32 0.07 0.31 24 • Housing Characteristics and Household Population Table 2.7 Hand washing Percentage of households in which the place most often used for washing hands was observed by whether the location was fixed or mobile and total percentage of households in which the place for hand washing was observed, and among households in which the place for hand washing was observed, percent distribution by availability of water, soap, and other cleansing agents, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Percentage of households in which place for washing hands was observed: Among households in which place for hand washing was observed, percentage with: And place for hand washing was a fixed place And place for hand washing was mobile Total Number of households Soap and water1 Water and cleansing agent other than soap only2 Water only Cleansing agent other than soap only2 No water, no soap, no other cleansing agent Soap but no water3 0.6
Background characteristic Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Number of households in which a place for hand washing was observed 3,482 8,110 1,645 1,462 774 913 834 938 377 254 157 313 772 464 832 611 1,247 136 1,205 1,360 1,515 2,024 2,210 2,557 3,286 11,592 1 Soap includes soap or detergent in bar, liquid, powder, or paste form.
This column includes households with soap and water only as well as those that had soap and water and another cleansing agent.

2 Cleansing agents other than soap include locally available materials such as ash, mud, or sand.
3 Includes households with soap only as well as those with soap and another cleansing agent Housing Characteristics and Household Population • 25 Table 2.8 Household population by age, sex, and residence Percent distribution of the de facto household population by various age groups, and percentage of the de facto household population age 10-19, according to sex and residence, Uganda DHS 2016 Age <5 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80+ Don’t know/missing Male 17.3 16.3 11.1 9.6 9.7 9.1 7.2 5.4 4.1 3.0 1.9 1.5 1.3 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.2 Urban Female 15.6 14.4 11.9 10.2 11.4 10.2 6.8 5.1 3.6 2.4 2.7 1.4 1.4 0.9 0.7 0.4 0.7 0.0 Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Rural Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Dependency age groups 0-14 15-64 65+ Don’t know/missing Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Child and adult populations 0-17 18+ Don’t know/missing Total Adolescents 10-19 Number of persons • Housing Characteristics and Household Population Table 2.9
 Household composition Percent distribution of households by sex of head of household and by household size, mean size of households, and percentage of households with orphans and foster children under age 18, according to residence, Uganda DHS 2016 Characteristic Urban Rural Total Residence Household headship Male Female Total Number of usual members 9+ Total Mean size of households 100.0 3.9 100.0 4.8 100.0 4.5 Percentage of households with orphans and foster children under age 18 Double orphans Single orphans1 Foster children2 Foster and/or orphan children 1.7 10.2 24.6 27.8 2.3 12.2 29.1 33.0 2.1 11.7 27.9 31.7 Number of households 5,027 14,561 19,588 Note: Table is based on de jure household members, i.e., usual residents.
1 Includes children with one dead parent and an unknown survival status of the other parent 2 Foster children are those under age 18 living in households with neither their mother nor their father present, and the mother and/or the father are alive.
Housing Characteristics and Household Population • 27 Table 2.10 Children’s living arrangements and orphanhood Percent distribution of de jure children under age 18 by living arrangements and survival status of parents, percentage of children not living with a biological parent, and the percentage of children with one or both parents dead, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Living with mother but not with father Living with father but not with mother Not living with either parent Background characteristic Living with both parents Father alive Father dead Mother alive Mother dead Both alive Only father alive Only mother alive Both dead Age 0-4 <2 2-4 5-9 10-14 15-17 Sex Male Female Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total <15 Total < 1.0
Missing informa- tion on father/ mother Total Percent- age not living with a biological parent Percent- age with one or both parents dead1 Number of children Note: Table is based on de jure members, i.e., usual residents.
1 Includes children with father dead, mother dead, both dead, and one parent dead but missing information on survival status of the other parent 28 • Housing Characteristics and Household Population Table 2.11 Birth registration of children under age 5 Percentage of de jure children under age 5 whose births are registered with the civil authorities, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Percentage of children whose births are registered and who: Background characteristic Had a birth certificate Did not have a birth certificate Total percentage of children whose births are registered Number of children Age <2 2-4 Sex Male Female Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total Housing Characteristics and Household Population • 29 Table 2.12.1 Educational attainment of the female household population Percent distribution of the de facto female household population age 6 and over by highest level of schooling attended or completed and median years completed, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Age 6-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65+ Don’t know/ missing Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North
 Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total No education Some primary Completed primary1 Some secondary Completed secondary2 More than secondary Don’t know/ missing Total Number Median years completed 37.3 4.7 2.9 4.1 7.6 14.0 18.2 21.5 27.7 38.6 44.4 48.5 65.7 * * * * * * * 2,540
* 5.6 2.9 5.5 4.2 7.4 3.5 3.1 3.6 3.4 0.0 2.7 2.7 2.1 2.7 3.0 3.2 3.0 3.8 2.9 7.4 1.4 2.4 3.1 4.1 6.6 3.4 An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
1 Completed 7th grade at the primary level 2 Completed 6th grade at the secondary level 30 • Housing Characteristics and Household Population Table 2.12.2 Educational attainment of the male household population Percent distribution of the de facto male household population age 6 and over by highest level of schooling attended or completed and median years completed, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Age 6-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65+ Don’t know/ missing Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total No education Some primary Completed primary1 Some secondary Completed secondary2 More than secondary Don’t know/ missing Total Number Median years completed (12.8) (25.2) (8.1) (12.3) (3.7) (0.0) (38.0) 100.0 50 (5.2) 17.1
Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases.
1 Completed 7th grade at the primary level 2 Completed 6th grade at the secondary level Housing Characteristics and Household Population • 31 Table 2.13 School attendance ratios Net attendance ratios (NAR) and gross attendance ratios (GAR) for the de facto household population by sex and level of schooling, and the Gender Parity Index (GPI), according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total Net attendance ratio1 Gross attendance ratio2 Male Female Total Gender Parity Index3 Male Female Total Gender Parity Index3 PRIMARY SCHOOL SECONDARY SCHOOL 33.8 16.0 30.5 26.0 43.1 27.2 17.7 21.1 16.6 3.4 3.7 10.6 8.8 14.3 20.6 22.8 16.3 13.7 21.5 41.7 6.3 10.2 17.8 26.6 38.0 19.7 0.90 0.97 1.01 0.89
The NAR for primary school is the percentage of the primary school-age (6-12 years) population that is attending primary school.
The NAR for secondary school is the percentage of the secondary school-age (13-18 years) population that is attending secondary school.

By definition, the NAR cannot exceed 100%.

2 The GAR for primary school is the total number of primary school students, expressed as a percentage of the official primary school-age population.

The GAR for secondary school is the total number of secondary school students, expressed as a percentage of the official secondary school-age population.
If there are significant numbers of overage and underage students at a given level of schooling, the GAR can exceed 100%.

3 The Gender Parity Index for primary school is the ratio of the primary school NAR(GAR) for females to the NAR(GAR) for males.

The Gender Parity Index for secondary school is the ratio of the secondary school NAR(GAR) for females to the NAR(GAR) for males.
32 • Housing Characteristics and Household Population Table 2.14 Disability by domain and age Percent distribution of the de facto household population age 5 and over by the degree of difficulty in functioning according to domain, and percent distribution by the highest degree of difficulty in at least one domain by age, Uganda DHS 2016 Domain and age No difficulty Some difficulty Degree of difficulty A lot of difficulty Cannot do at all Don’t know/ missing Domain Difficulty seeing Difficulty hearing Difficulty communicating Difficulty remembering or concentrating Difficulty walking or climbing steps Difficulty washing all over or dressing Difficulty in at least one domain1 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60+ Age 15 and over Total If a person was reported to have difficulty in more than one domain, only the highest level of difficulty is shown.
A lot of difficulty or cannot do at all Number of persons Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Housing Characteristics and Household Population • 33 Table 2.15 Disability among adults by background characteristics Percentage of the de facto household population age 15 and over who have difficulty in functioning according to domain, and by the highest degree of difficulty in functioning in at least one domain, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Marital status Never married Married Widowed Divorced Missing Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Don’t know Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total Some difficulty, a lot of difficulty, or cannot do at all Difficulty in at least one domain1 No difficulty in any domain Seeing Hearing Communi- cating Remem- bering or concen- trating Walking or climbing steps WOMEN Washing all over or dressing Don’t know/ missing Some difficulty A lot of difficulty Cannot do at all A lot of difficulty or cannot do at all Number of persons 83.2 67.4 21.3 57.8 * * * * 1.2
11.8 11.9 9.7 8.2 3.7 8.8 2.1 1.2 4.6 1.9 * * * * * * * * * Continued… 34 • Housing Characteristics and Household Population Table 2.15—Continued Background characteristic Marital status Never married Married Widowed Divorced Missing Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Education No education Primary
 Secondary More than secondary Don’t know Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total Some difficulty, a lot of difficulty, or cannot do at all Difficulty in at least one domain1 No difficulty in any domain Seeing Hearing Communi- cating Remem- bering or concen- trating Walking or climbing steps MEN Washing all over or dressing Don’t know/ missing Some difficulty A lot of difficulty Cannot do at all A lot of difficulty or cannot do at all Number of persons 82.0 63.8 29.2 57.1 (76.8) 5.6 22.6 55.0 25.7 (14.0) 4.4 7.2 28.6 11.6 (4.8) 2.8 2.5 7.9 4.9 (2.4) 7.1 12.8 34.5 16.0 (12.2) 4.1 13.3 44.6 17.8 (10.6) 1.2 3.2 20.4 4.9 (2.4) 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 (2.9) 13.8 27.6 38.9 31.3 (15.5) 3.5 8.1 26.8 10.1 (4.8) 0.5 0.4 5.0 1.5 (0.0) 4.0 8.5 31.8 11.6 (4.8) 16.7
Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases.
An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.

1 If a person was reported to have difficulty in more than one domain, only the highest level of difficulty is shown.
Housing Characteristics and Household Population • 35 Table 2.16 Child discipline Percentage of de facto children age 1-14 who, during the month before the interview, experienced child discipline of any kind, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Only non-violent discipline Psychological aggression Any physical punishment Severe physical punishment Any violent discipline method1 Number of children age 1-14 Percentage of children age 1-14 who experienced: Sex Male Female Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Education of household head No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Don’t know Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total MICS Indicator 8.3 - Violent Discipline • Housing Characteristics and Household Population Table 2.17 Child discipline opinions and knowledge Percentage of respondents to the child
 discipline module who believe that physical punishment is needed to bring up, raise, or educate a child properly, and percentage who know that there is a government law in Uganda that prohibits child abuse, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Sex Male Female Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Age of respondent <25 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-59 60+ Missing Relation to selected child Mother Father Other Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total Percentage who believe that a child needs to be physically punished Percentage who know that there is a law against child abuse 49.4 50.3 38.0 52.6 6.6 5.6 22.8 86.8 48.8 46.8 74.3 60.5 52.7 42.0 42.4 78.5 67.7 79.4 68.8 48.7 54.7 13.9 46.6 46.9 51.1 49.1 52.2 49.3 * * 85.3 90.6 86.7 82.8 86.7 89.8 92.7 84.0 85.2 86.2 90.1 90.3 87.0 Number of respondents Note: An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
Housing Characteristics and Household Population • 37 Table 2.18 Deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents Number of road traffic fatal injury deaths per 100,000 population, number of non-fatal road traffic injuries per 100,000 population, and number of road traffic accident injuries and deaths per 100,000 population, according to sex and background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Age1 <15 15-24 25-34 35-44 45-59 60+ Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total Deaths due to road traffic accidents per 100,000 population Persons with non-fatal road traffic injuries per 100,000 population Number of deaths and injuries due to road traffic accidents per 100,000 population Women Men Total Women Men Total Women Men Total De facto household population For those who died, age is their age at death.
Age is missing for 59 people.
38 • Housing Characteristics and Household Population Table 2.19 Types of road traffic accidents Among persons who were severely injured or killed in road traffic accidents in the past 12 months, percent distribution of type of road traffic accidents, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Car Truck Bus Motorcycle Bicycle Pedestrian Other Don’t know Total Type of road traffic accident Background characteristic Age1 <15 15-24 25-34 35-44 45-59 60+ Missing Sex Male Female Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Survival status Alive Dead Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total 4.6 7.2 10.3 13.0 12.8 8.0 * 10.6 6.6 16.3 7.1 12.7 9.4 20.9 7.5 6.9 4.9 7.3 19.7 3.4 4.8 3.6 9.6 13.2 13.1 8.8 6.6 12.2 19.9 1.2 3.1 2.5 4.7 3.8 2.6 * 3.0 3.3 2.1 3.4 1.1 1.8 2.0 8.6 5.8 4.1 4.4 2.8 1.7 2.7 4.0 1.5 1.8 3.6 2.3 0.0 2.8 2.0 0.9 0.4 0.5 0.6 1.5 1.2 * 0.6 0.8 1.1 0.5 0.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 1.9 1.9 0.0 1.1 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.0 1.6 44.4 71.6 75.9 67.6 64.3 53.5 * 66.1 70.6 65.9 67.8 70.6 69.8 65.7 74.0 56.0 81.0 55.7 59.1 53.0 72.1 68.0 68.9 69.9 59.3 73.3 84.1 71.1 69.7 8.8 (43.9) 3.0 (6.4) 0.6 (2.0) 68.0 (37.6) * 15.9 12.6 9.6 17.2 13.3 15.8 3.8 7.1 19.0 6.3 22.7 15.2 37.7 17.5 11.2 13.9 10.1 21.4 13.9 7.0 10.7 3.5 15.3 (4.0) 31.0 20.6 13.9 11.7 7.7 15.1 9.2 1.9 2.5 2.4 5.0 3.4 * 3.2 4.1 3.7 3.4 1.1 1.5 4.9 1.8 11.4 0.0 9.9 3.2 3.6 1.0 7.2 4.6 3.5 1.6 1.1 1.8 1.3 2.4 1.4 0.0 0.7 1.1 0.0 4.4 * 0.4 1.7 1.3 0.6 1.2 0.7 1.7 0.0 0.0 3.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.2 1.4 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.9 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 * 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 * 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Number killed or injured (6.1) 0.8 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0) 100.0 (100.0) Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases.
An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.

1 For those who died, age is their age at death.
Housing Characteristics and Household Population • 39 Table 2.20 Injuries due to road traffic accidents Among persons who were severely injured in a road traffic accident in the past 12 months, percentage with different types of injuries, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Paralysis Brain damage Disfig- urement Loss of limb Loss of limb function Loss of eyesight Chronic pain Burn Cuts Broken bone Emo- tional trauma Bruising Other Number injured Type of injury Age <15 15-24 25-34 35-44 45-59 60+ Missing Sex Male Female Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total 1.1 1.2 0.7 2.6 1.0 3.0 * * * * * * * * * 62.3 61.0 64.8
67.5 66.2 63.8 56.6 53.6 49.9 * * * * * Note: Percentages may sum to more than 100 because multiple responses were allowed.
An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
40 • Housing Characteristics and Household Population Table 2.21 Deaths and injuries from non-road traffic accidents Number of non-road traffic fatal injury deaths per 100,000 population, number of non-fatal non-road traffic injuries per 100,000 population, and number of non-road traffic accident injuries and deaths per 100,000 population, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Age1 <15 15-24 25-34 35-44 45-59 60+ Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total Deaths due to non-road traffic fatal injuries per 100,000 population Persons with non-fatal non-road traffic injuries per 100,000 population Number of deaths and injuries due to non-road traffic accidents per 100,000 population Women Men Total Women Men Total Women Men Total De facto household population For those who died, age is their age at death.
Age is missing for 59 people.
Housing Characteristics and Household Population • 41 Age1 <15 15-24 25-34 35-44 45-59 60+ Missing Sex Male Female Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Survival status Alive Dead Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total Table 2.22 Types of non-road traffic accidents and injuries Percent distribution of people injured or killed in the past 12 months in incidents other than road traffic accidents, by type of incident, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Violence/ assault Fire/ burning Animal bite Accidental fall Drowning Poisoning Accident while working Other Don’t know Total Type of incident 3.5 12.4 25.4 28.3 16.0 6.5 * 14.6 7.2 11.9 11.7 10.0 10.5 23.4 11.6 11.9 6.7 16.2 8.6 13.3 8.6 12.4 5.6 13.1 11.7 9.0 16.8 8.9 14.8 43.2 14.5 7.9 6.0 6.9 3.9 * 19.7 29.1 25.0 22.8 27.0 30.8 24.5 43.3 21.8 10.1 16.3 45.5 26.3 21.9 29.6 11.2 18.7 14.7 16.0 28.7 15.7 22.7 9.4 18.0 15.0 16.6 17.7 16.4 * 11.7 16.9 7.1 15.7 13.7 8.0 5.6 7.2 20.3 15.0 12.2 18.0 18.8 24.5 15.6 20.7 16.2 9.2 7.7 15.7 13.3 4.4 33.5 32.7 30.3 31.8 35.1 63.1 * 36.6 32.9 35.3 35.2 27.6 32.9 35.3 25.2 35.8 48.8 47.0 18.5 29.6 28.2 29.4 49.5 33.0 45.9 40.4 21.5 45.1 27.0 0.4 2.4 1.7 0.3 1.6 1.0 * 1.3 0.8 1.3 1.0 1.6 1.0 0.7 0.4 0.0 4.3 0.5 2.2 0.0 0.0 1.0 2.2 2.2 1.9 0.0 12.7 2.3 2.3 0.4 0.7 2.2 0.2 2.1 0.0 * 0.8 0.8 1.1 0.7 0.0 2.5 0.8 0.0 2.7 0.0 0.9 1.3 0.0 3.3 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 5.4 10.1 9.9 10.5 13.6 5.6 * 9.5 6.0 7.5 8.3 7.7 5.9 4.2 7.9 4.8 9.7 3.6 0.0 8.0 11.8 3.7 7.6 10.7 9.9 20.7 2.8 9.9 9.2 3.4 9.3 5.9 5.4 7.1 1.3 * 5.3 5.0 8.0 4.3 7.6 8.2 5.4 4.5 0.9 5.3 3.2 5.9 2.6 1.7 7.3 3.2 5.3 6.6 6.2 0.3 4.8 12.1 1.0 0.0 1.8 0.8 0.0 2.2 * 0.6 1.3 2.7 0.3 4.8 0.2 0.0 0.0 1.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 1.4 0.0 7.0 Number killed or injured 643 269 201 143 157 114 1 943 586 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
 100.0 100.0 * (28.4) 23.6 (6.8) 13.7 (12.8) 35.5 (18.8) 0.8 (14.3) 0.8 (0.0) 8.3 (0.0) 5.1 (8.5) 0.7 (10.4) 100.0 (100.0) Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases.
An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.

1 For those who died, age is their age at death.
42 • Housing Characteristics and Household Population Table 2.23 Injuries due to non-road traffic accidents Among persons who were severely injured in incidents other than road traffic accidents in the past 12 months, percentage who had various types of injuries, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Paralysis Brain damage Disfigure- ment Loss of limb Loss of limb function Loss of eyesight Chronic pain Burn Cuts Broken bone Emotional trauma Other Number injured Type of injury Age <15 15-24 25-34 35-44 45-59 60+ Missing Sex Male Female Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total 1.1 3.4 3.0 4.3 7.5 7.3 * * * * * * * * 18.6 28.6 24.2 21.9 25.6 30.8 25.9 39.9 21.1 11.0 16.7 39.5 24.2 20.4 25.9 11.6 19.9 15.1 14.1 29.4 16.4 22.3 21.9 20.7 18.3 23.3 28.0 22.4 28.6 36.5
 43.1 42.4 47.2 26.1 * * * * Note: Percentages may sum to more than 100 because multiple responses were allowed.
An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
Housing Characteristics and Household Population • 43 Table 2.24 Deaths from other causes Number of deaths from other causes (not due to road traffic accidents or non-road traffic accidents) per 100,000 population, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Age2 <15 15-24 25-34 35-44 45-59 60+ Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total Deaths from other causes1 per 100,000 population Men Women Total De facto household population Other causes of death include illness, age, witchcraft, related to birth, and other/unknown.
2 Age at death.

Age is missing for 59 people.
Table 2.25 Death registration Percent distribution of deaths of household members in the 12 months preceding the survey by registration status, according to cause of death, Uganda DHS 2016 Cause of death Road traffic accident Non-road traffic accident Other causes of death1 Total Death registration with the civil authority Don’t know No Yes (37.5) 34.3 22.8 24.2 (47.8) 58.6 67.0 65.7 (14.7) 7.1 10.2 10.1 Total (100.0) 100.0 100.0 100.0 Number of deaths 47 85 1,046 1,177 Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases.
1 Other causes of death include illness, age, witchcraft, related to birth, and other/unknown.

44 • Housing Characteristics and Household Population CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS 3 Key Findings  Education: One-third (33%) of women and two-fifths (41%) of men age 15-49 have completed some secondary-level education or higher.

 Literacy: Nearly 7 in 10 women (68%) and 8 in 10 men (79%) are literate.
 Exposure to mass media: Only 5% of women and 10% of men have access to three specified types of mass media (newspaper, television, and radio) on a weekly basis.

 Internet use: Overall, 9% of women and 23% of men age 15-49 have used the Internet in the past 12 months.

 Employment: Seventy-three percent of women age 15- 49 are currently employed, as compared with 92% of men age 15-49.

Half of working women (50%) and men (49%) work in agriculture.
 Health insurance: Health insurance coverage is low, with 94% of women and men age 15-49 having no coverage.

 Tobacco: Less than 1% of women and 9% of men age 15-49 smoke tobacco.

T his chapter presents information on the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of the survey respondents such as age, education, place of residence, marital status, employment, and wealth status.
This information is useful for understanding the factors that affect use of reproductive health services, contraceptive use, and other health behaviours.

3.1 BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SURVEY RESPONDENTS A total of 18,506 women age 15-49 and 5,336 men age 15-54 (5,043 men age 15-49) were interviewed in the 2016 UDHS.

Forty-four percent of both women and men are in the 15-24 age group, while 30% of women and 29% of men are in the 25-34 age group (Table 3.1).
The majority of respondents age 15-49 are Catholic (37% of women and 40% of men) or Anglican (31% of women and 33% of men).

Fourteen percent of both women and men are Muslim, and 8% of women and 10% of men are Pentecostal.

Among respondents age 15-49, women are more likely than men to be either married or living together with a partner (61% versus 54%), divorced or separated (11% versus 5%), or widowed (3% versus 0.3%).

A higher proportion of men (41%) than women (26%) have never been married.
Approximately three quarters of women (73%) and men (75%) age 15-49 live in rural areas.

The most populous of the 15 regions in Uganda is South Central region (14% of women and 13% of men), and the least populous is Karamoja region (2% of both women and men).

Characteristics of Respondents • 45 3.2 EDUCATION AND LITERACY Literacy Respondents who have attended higher than secondary school are assumed to be literate.
All other respondents, shown a typed sentence to read aloud, are considered literate if they could read all or part of the sentence.

Sample: Women and men age 15-49 Figure 3.1 Education of survey respondents One-third of women (33%) and two-fifths of men (41%) age 15-49 have attained some secondary-level education or above (Tables 3.2.1 and 3.2.2).

Ten percent of women and 4% of men have no education.
Advanced education is relatively rare; only 8% of women and 12% of men have more than a secondary education (Figure 3.1).

Nearly 7 in 10 women (68%) and 8 in 10 men (79%) are literate (Tables 3.3.1 and 3.3.2).

Trends: A comparison of median years of schooling between the 1995 and 2016 UDHS surveys indicates that educational attainment has increased among both women and men age 15-49; the improvement has been more dramatic among women, narrowing the gap between women and men.
Median number of years of schooling completed in 1995 was 3.0 among women and 5.1 among men, as compared with 5.7 among women and 6.3 among men in 2016 (Tables 3.2.1 and 3.2.2).

The proportion of women with no education decreased substantially during the same period from 31% to 10%.

Among men, the proportion with no education decreased from 11% to 4%.
Figure 3.2 Secondary education by region Percentage of women age 15-49 with a secondary education or higher Patterns by background characteristics  Urban women are more educated than their rural counterparts.

Five percent of urban women have no education, as compared with 11% of rural women.

Seventeen percent of urban women have more than a secondary education, compared with 5% of rural women.

 There is considerable regional variation in educational attainment.
The largest proportion of women and men with no education is found in Karamoja region (66% of women, 40% of men).

Kampala region has the smallest proportion of women with no education (2%), and Acholi and West Nile regions have the smallest proportion of men with no education (0.3% each).

The proportion of women who have completed secondary school or higher ranges from 2% in Karamoja region to 28% in Kampala region (Figure 3.2).
46 • Characteristics of Respondents 10445421313242623812WomenMenPercent distribution of women and men age 15-49 by highest level of schooling attended or completedMore than secondaryCompleted secondarySome secondaryPrimary completePrimary incompleteNo education Figure 3.3 Secondary education by household wealth  The proportion of respondents who have completed secondary school or higher increases with increasing wealth.
Twenty-eight percent of women and 39% of men in the highest wealth quintile have completed secondary school or higher, as compared with 1% of women and 4% of men in the lowest wealth quintile (Figure 3.3).

 Literacy among women decreases with age, from 80% among those age 15-19 to 49% among those age 45-49.

 Respondents living in urban areas are more likely to be literate than those living in rural areas, and the gap in literacy rates between women and men is higher in rural than in urban areas.
Eighty-four percent of urban women and 86% of urban men are literate, as compared with 62% of rural women and 76% of rural men.

3.3 MASS MEDIA EXPOSURE AND INTERNET USAGE Exposure to mass media Respondents were asked how often they read a newspaper, listened to the radio, or watched television.

Those who responded at least once a week are considered regularly exposed to that form of media.
Sample: Women and men age 15-49 Access to information is essential in increasing people’s knowledge and awareness of what happens around them.

Data on women’s and men’s exposure to mass media are especially important in the development of educational programmes and the dissemination of all types of information, particularly information on health, family planning, nutrition, HIV/AIDS, and other essential health topics.
Figure 3.4 Exposure to mass media Radio is the dominant medium of information for both women and men across Uganda: 59% of women and 70% of men listen to the radio at least once a week (Tables 3.4.1 and 3.4.2).

Men are more likely (10%) than women (5%) to access all three forms of media (newspaper, television, and radio) on a weekly basis (Figure 3.4).

Slightly more than one- third (35%) of women and nearly one quarter (24%) of men do not access any of the three media on a weekly basis.
The Internet is also a critical tool through which people access and share information.

Internet use includes accessing web pages, email, and social media.

Men are more than twice as likely as women (23% versus 9%) to have used the Internet in the past 12 months (Tables 3.5.1 and 3.5.2).

Trends: There were no clear trends between 2000-01 and 2016 in women’s and men’s exposure to the three forms of mass media.
For example, the percentage of women who did not access any of the forms of media at least once a week decreased from 45% in 2000-01 to 25% in 2006 to 21% in 2011 before Characteristics of Respondents • 47 1127284771439LowestSecondMiddleFourthHighestPercentage of women and men age 15-49 with secondary education complete or higherWomenMenWealthiestPoorest1021595351631701024Readsnews-paperWatchestele-visionListens toradioAll threemediaNone ofthesemediaPercentage of women and men age 15-49 who are exposed to media on a weekly basisWomenMen increasing to 35% in 2016.
In 2000-01, 22% of men did not access any of the types of media at least once a week, as compared with 24% in 2016.

Patterns by background characteristics  Rural women are more likely than their urban counterparts to have no regular exposure to any form of mass media (40% versus 21%).

The same pattern holds true for men (28% versus 12%).

 Exposure to the three forms of mass media increases with increasing education.
The proportion of women with exposure to all three forms of media rises from 0.2% among those with no education to 28% among those with more than a secondary education.

Among men, the corresponding increase is from 0% to 35%.

 Only 13% of women and 10% of men in the highest wealth quintile lack regular exposure to any form of mass media, as compared with 65% of women and 49% of men in the lowest quintile.
  Internet use in the past 12 months is more common in urban areas (21% of women and 47% of men) than in rural areas (4% of women and 14% of men).

Internet usage among women and men increases with increasing education and wealth quintile.

Fifty- five percent of women and 68% of men with more than a secondary education used the Internet in the past 12 months, as compared with 0% of women and 2% of men with no education.
Similarly, 28% of women and 54% of men in the highest wealth quintile used the Internet during the past 12 months, compared with 0.4% of women and 5% of men in the lowest wealth quintile.

3.4 EMPLOYMENT Currently employed Respondents who were employed in the 7 days before the survey.

Sample: Women and men age 15-49 Men are more likely (92%) to be currently employed than women (73%) (Tables 3.6.1 and 3.6.2).
Four percent of women and 3% of men reported that they were not currently employed but had worked in the past 12 months.

Trends: The proportion of women who are currently employed has fluctuated, increasing from 73% in 2000-01 to 81% in 2006, decreasing to 69% in 2011, and then increasing slightly to 73% in 2016.

The proportion of men who are currently employed increased from 63% in 2000-01 to 94% in 2006, decreased slightly to 91% in 2011, and remained stable at 92% in 2016.
48 • Characteristics of Respondents Patterns by background characteristics Figure 3.5 Employment status by wealth  The proportion of women currently employed increases steadily with age, doubling between age 15-19 (48%) and age 45-49 (98%).

Employment among men increases sharply with age, from 77% among those age 15-19 to 94% to 98% among those in the older age groups.

 Women and men in the highest wealth quintile are least likely to be currently employed (Figure 3.5).
3.5 OCCUPATION Occupation Categorised as professional/technical/managerial, clerical, sales and services, skilled agricultural/forestry/fishery, craft and trade, plant/machine operator, and elementary occupations Sample: Women and men age 15-49 who were currently employed or had worked in the 12 months before the survey Half of women (50%) and men (49%) in Uganda who are currently employed or worked in the 12 months before the survey work in skilled agriculture, forestry, and fishery (Tables 3.7.1 and 3.7.2).
Seventeen percent of women are engaged in sales and services, and 15% work in elementary occupations.

Among men, 13% work in elementary occupations or as craft and trade workers.

Twenty-one percent of employed women in Uganda are not paid for the work they do.

Women engaged in agricultural work are much more likely (33%) than women not working in agriculture (9%) to not be paid for their work.

Six in 10 (62%) women who worked in the past year are self-employed (Table 3.8).
Trends: The proportion of women employed as agriculture, forestry, and fishery workers fell from 68% in 2011 to 50% in 2016; the corresponding decrease among men was from 75% to 49%.

The proportion of women and men who worked in professional, technical, and managerial occupations doubled between 2011 and 2016 (from 5% to 10% among women and from 5% to 11% among men).
Patterns by background characteristics  Urban women are most likely to work in sales and services (32%) and in the elementary occupations (21%), while urban men are most likely to be engaged in professional, technical, and managerial occupations (22%) or as craft and trade workers (21%).

In rural areas, however, the majority of both women and men work in agriculture (61% each).
 The proportion of women and men working in professional, technical, and managerial occupations rises sharply with increasing education.

3.6 HEALTH INSURANCE KNOWLEDGE AND COVERAGE Only about one quarter (24%) of women and one-third (34%) of men age 15-49 have heard of health insurance.

The vast majority of women and men (94% each) do not have health insurance (Tables 3.9.1 and 3.9.2).
Trends: The percentage of women and men with health insurance increased slightly from 1% and 2%, respectively, in 2011 to 6% each in 2016.

Characteristics of Respondents • 49 79787472669494949090LowestSecondMiddleFourthHighestPercentage of women and men age 15-49 who are currently employedWomenMenWealthiestPoorest 3.7 TOBACCO USE Almost no women (0.8%) age 15-49 smoke any kind of tobacco (Table 3.10.1).

Men are more likely (9%) to smoke tobacco (Table 3.10.2).
Most of the men who use tobacco are regular smokers; 7% of all men say they are daily smokers, while 2% report they smoke occasionally.

Nearly half (49%) of men who are daily smokers reported that they smoke on average less than five cigarettes per day (Table 3.11).

Trends: The percentage of women and men age 15-49 who smoke tobacco decreased from 3% and 26%, respectively, in 2000-01 to 0.8% and 9%, respectively, in 2016.
Patterns by background characteristics  The proportion of men who smoke tobacco generally increases with age; only 1% of men age 15-19 smoke tobacco, as compared with 22% of those age 40-44 and 20% of those age 45-49.

 Men in West Nile region are most likely to smoke tobacco (24%), while those in Bukedi and Bugisu regions are least likely to do so (3% and 4%, respectively).
 Tobacco smoking among men decreases with increasing education, from 24% among those with no education to 3% among those with more than a secondary education.
LIST OF TABLES For more information on the characteristics of survey respondents, see the following tables: Background characteristics of respondents Internet usage: Women Internet usage: Men  Table 3.1  Table 3.2.1 Educational attainment: Women  Table 3.2.2 Educational attainment: Men  Table 3.3.1 Literacy: Women  Table 3.3.2 Literacy: Men  Table 3.4.1 Exposure to mass media: Women  Table 3.4.2 Exposure to mass media: Men  Table 3.5.1  Table 3.5.2  Table 3.6.1 Employment status: Women  Table 3.6.2 Employment status: Men  Table 3.7.1 Occupation: Women  Table 3.7.2 Occupation: Men  Table 3.8  Table 3.9.1 Health insurance coverage: Women  Table 3.9.2 Health insurance coverage: Men  Table 3.10.1 Tobacco smoking: Women  Table 3.10.2 Tobacco smoking: Men  Table 3.11 Average number of cigarettes smoked daily: Men  Table 3.12 Smokeless tobacco use and any tobacco use Type of employment: Women 50 • Characteristics of Respondents Table 3.1 Background characteristics of respondents Percent distribution of women and men age 15-49 by selected background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Age 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 Disability status1 A lot of difficulty or unable to function in at least one domain Some or no difficulty in all domains Religion Catholic Anglican Muslim Pentecostal Seventh Day Adventist Other Ethnic group Acholi Alur Baganda Bagisu Bakiga Bakonzo Banyankore Banyoro Basoga Batoro Iteso Lango Lugbara Other Marital status Never married Married Living together Divorced/separated Widowed Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Weighted percent Women Weighted number Unweighted number Weighted percent Weighted number Unweighted number Men 23.0 20.7 16.5 13.7 10.9 8.7 6.5 3.8 96.2 37.1 31.1 13.7 8.3 1.6 8.2 4.8 2.7 14.9 4.5
Continued… Characteristics of Respondents • 51 Table 3.1—Continued Background characteristic Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total 15-49 50-54 Total 15-54 Weighted percent Women Weighted number Unweighted number Weighted percent Weighted number Unweighted number Men 17.5 18.4 18.7 19.9 25.5 3,247 3,397 3,460 3,683 4,720 3,884 3,640 3,485 3,454 4,043 17.0 17.9 19.1 21.9 24.1 100.0 18,506 18,506 100.0 na
 na na na na na na na 859 899 963 1,102 1,213 5,037 299 5,336 1,008 993 968 1,019 1,055 5,043 293 5,336 Note: Education categories refer to the highest level of education attended, whether or not that level was completed.
na = Not applicable 1 Disability questions are included in the Household Questionnaire.

Domains are seeing, hearing, communicating, remembering or concentrating, walking or climbing steps, and washing all over or dressing.

If a person was reported to have difficulty in more than one domain, only the highest level of difficulty is shown.
52 • Characteristics of Respondents Table 3.2.1 Educational attainment: Women Percent distribution of women age 15-49 by highest level of schooling attended or completed, and median years completed, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic No education Some primary Completed primary1 Some secondary Completed secondary2 More than secondary Highest level of schooling Age 15-24 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total Completed 7th grade at the primary level 2 Completed 6th grade at the secondary level Median years completed Number of women 924
1,963 1,025 1,690 1,169 921 1,099 365 1,010 924 1,247 1,014 1,357 732 1,498 203 1,481 2,048 3,247 3,397 3,460 3,683 4,720 18,506 Total Characteristics of Respondents • 53 Table 3.2.2 Educational attainment: Men Percent distribution of men age 15-49 by highest level of schooling attended or completed, and median years completed, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic No education Some primary Completed primary1 Some secondary Completed secondary2 More than secondary Highest level of schooling Age 15-24 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total 15-49 50-54 Total 15- 8.6
15.7 4.1 13.5 20.5 10.1 8.3 4.5 13.6 9.9 2.9 8.6 28.4 3.3 5.9 5.6 10.9 30.5 12.4 13.9 12.5 1 Completed 7th grade at the primary level 2 Completed 6th grade at the secondary level Median years completed Number of men Total • Characteristics of Respondents Table 3.3.1 Literacy: Women Percent distribution of women age 15-49 by level of schooling attended and level of literacy, and percentage literate, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Age 15-24 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total No schooling, primary or secondary school Higher than secondary schooling Can read a whole sentence Can read part of a sentence Cannot read at all No card with required language Blind/ visually impaired 46.6
Total Percentage literate1 Number of women Refers to women who attended schooling at higher than the secondary level and women who can read a whole sentence or part of a sentence Characteristics of Respondents • 55 Table 3.3.2 Literacy: Men Percent distribution of men age 15-49 by level of schooling attended and level of literacy, and percentage literate, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Age 15-24 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total 15-49 50-54 Total 15-54 No schooling, primary or secondary school Higher than secondary schooling Can read a whole sentence Can read part of a sentence Cannot read at all No card with required language Blind/ visually impaired 7.2 2.7 13.2 19.0 18.1
Blind/ visually impaired Total Percentage literate1 Number of men Refers to men who attended schooling at higher than the secondary level and men who can read a whole sentence or part of a sentence 56 • Characteristics of Respondents Table 3.4.1 Exposure to mass media: Women Percentage of women age 15-49 who are exposed to specific media on a weekly basis, by background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Age 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 Residence Urban Rural
 Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total Reads a newspaper at least once a week Watches television at least once a week Listens to the radio at least once a week Accesses all three media at least once a week Accesses none of the three media at least once a week Number of women Characteristics of Respondents • 57 Table 3.4.2 Exposure to mass media: Men Percentage of men age 15-49 who are exposed to specific media on a weekly basis, by background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Age 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja
 Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total 15-49 50-54 Total 15-54 Reads a newspaper at least once a week Watches television at least once a week Listens to the radio at least once a week Accesses all three media at least once a week Accesses none of the three media at least once a week Number of men • Characteristics of Respondents Table 3.5.1 Internet usage: Women Percentage of women age 15-49 who have ever used the Internet, and percentage who have used the Internet in the past 12 months; and among women who have used the Internet in the past 12 months, percent distribution by frequency of Internet use in the past month, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background
 characteristic Ever used the Internet Used the Internet in the past 12 months Among women who have used the Internet in the past 12 months, percentage who, in the past month, used the Internet: Number of women Almost every day At least once a week Less than once a week Not at all Total Number of women Age 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total (74.3) 56.5 38.0 56.3 46.6 60.7 40.0 (46.2) (30.5) (37.9) * (27.3) (36.4) * (52.6) (34.1) 41.9 40.1 35.3 28.7 60.3 * 29.4 41.4 60.4 * (23.8) 15.1 24.1 56.4 50.2 34.8 26.6 28.9 32.5 33.5 26.1 (11.8) 28.7 31.1 27.0 36.2 26.4 25.9 (28.8) (37.8) (40.0) * (29.3) (31.5) * (28.3) (31.5) 35.7 35.0 24.3 40.9 27.2 * 22.0 32.7 27.6 * (43.4) 25.2 35.4 28.3 29.5 24.4 15.8 12.4 11.4 12.1 9.3 (9.9) 12.0 22.2 13.7 13.9 9.8 22.7 (12.4) (27.9) (20.1) * (22.7) (16.8) * (15.2) (24.7) 16.4 20.9 32.4 21.6 10.1 * 38.1 19.5 9.2 * (17.7) 36.8 27.2 12.9 15.4 6.6 5.6 3.4 4.3 4.5 0.0 (4.0) 2.8 8.8 3.0 3.3 3.2 11.3 (12.6) (3.8) (2.1) * (20.7) (15.3) * (4.0) (9.7) 5.9 4.0 8.0 8.8 2.4 * 10.5 6.3 2.8 * (15.2) 22.9 13.3 2.4 4.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 (100.0) 288 543 388
 192 108 49 28 100.0 100.0 1,056 540 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) * (100.0) (100.0) * (100.0) (100.0) 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 * 100.0 100.0 100.0 * (100.0) Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases.
An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
Characteristics of Respondents • 59 Table 3.5.2 Internet usage: Men Percentage of men age 15-49 who have ever used the Internet, and percentage who have used the Internet in the past 12 months; and among men who have used the Internet in the past 12 months, percent distribution by frequency of Internet use in the past month, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Ever used the Internet Used the Internet in the past 12 months Among men who have used the Internet in the past 12 months, percentage who, in the past month, used the Internet: Number of men Almost every day At least once a week Less than once a week Not at all Total Number of men Age 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total 15-49 50-54 Total 15- (57.5) 55.4 31.2 52.0 35.0 66.9 33.3 (3.1) (27.1) (42.7) * (45.1) 33.9 (36.2) 51.7 30.0 (35.5) 38.5 20.5 31.1 65.2 * 22.0 36.8 61.3 (30.0) 19.2 20.1 29.1 57.6 43.9 * 43.8 38.8 34.5 33.6 30.8 27.8 21.6 (26.5) 29.6 37.8 31.4 26.8 23.4 48.3 (67.3) (31.4) (39.2) * (26.1) 41.3 (46.4) 31.5 40.5 (39.8) 32.4 40.2 39.9 24.0 * 26.7 40.6 26.5 (34.1) 45.7 48.8 35.2 28.8 33.5 *
 33.9 20.2 12.3 12.0 16.6 16.9 21.2 (16.1) 10.4 21.5 12.7 26.0 7.6 17.2 (22.8) (33.7) (7.0) * (21.1) 12.5 (3.5) 10.4 19.1 (9.4) 24.7 26.3 23.1 9.6 * 36.0 15.4 8.7 (14.7) 21.0 21.1 23.7 11.0 15.6 * 15.4 8.9 7.7 7.4 5.2 4.0 2.5 (0.0) 4.5 9.5 3.9 12.2 2.1 1.1 (6.7) (7.9) (11.1) * (7.7) 12.2 (13.8) 6.4 10.4 (15.3) 4.5 13.0 6.0 1.2 * 15.3 7.2 3.6 (21.2) 14.1 10.0 12.0 2.6 6.9 * 6.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 (100.0) 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) * (100.0) 100.0 (100.0) 100.0 100.0 (100.0) 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 * 100.0 100.0 100.0 (100.0) 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 * Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases.
An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
60 • Characteristics of Respondents Table 3.6.1 Employment status: Women Percent distribution of women age 15-49 by employment status, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Age 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 Disability status2 A lot of difficulty or unable to function in at least one domain Some or no difficulty in all domains Marital status Never married Married or living together Divorced/separated/widowed Number of living children 0 1-2 3-4 5+ Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total Employed in the 12 months preceding the survey Currently employed1 Not currently employed Not employed in the 12 months preceding the survey Total Number of women “Currently employed” is defined as having done work in the past 7 days.
Includes persons who did not work in the past 7 days but who are regularly employed and were absent from work for leave, illness, vacation, or any other such reason.

2 Disability questions are included in the Household Questionnaire.

Domains are seeing, hearing, communicating, remembering or concentrating, walking or climbing steps, and washing all over or dressing.

If a person was reported to have difficulty in more than one domain, only the highest level of difficulty is shown.
Characteristics of Respondents • 61 Table 3.6.2 Employment status: Men Percent distribution of men age 15-49 by employment status, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Age 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 Disability status2 A lot of difficulty or unable to function in at least one domain Some or no difficulty in all domains Marital status Never married Married or living together Divorced/separated/widowed Number of living children 0 1-2 3-4 5+ Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total 15-49 50-54 Total 15-54 Employed in the 12 months preceding the survey Currently employed1 Not currently employed Not employed in the 12 months preceding the survey Total Number of men “Currently employed” is defined as having done work in the past 7 days.
Includes persons who did not work in the past 7 days but who are regularly employed and were absent from work for leave, illness, vacation, or any other such reason.

2 Disability questions are included in the Household Questionnaire.

Domains are seeing, hearing, communicating, remembering or concentrating, walking or climbing steps, and washing all over or dressing.

If a person was reported to have difficulty in more than one domain, only the highest level of difficulty is shown.
62 • Characteristics of Respondents Table 3.7.1 Occupation: Women Percent distribution of women age 15-49 employed in the 12 months preceding the survey by occupation, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Profes- sional/ managerial/ technical/ assistant professional Clerical support Service and sales Skilled agriculture/f orestry/fishe ry Plant and machine operator/ass embler Craft and related trade Elementary occupations Missing Background characteristic Age 15-19
0.1 0.3 0.2 Background characteristic Age 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 Marital status Never married Married or living together Divorced/separated/ widowed Number of living children 0 1-2 3-4 5+ Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Number of women Characteristics of Respondents • 63 Table 3.7.2 Occupation: Men Percent distribution of men age 15-49 employed in the 12 months preceding the survey by occupation, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Profes- sional/ managerial/ technical/ assistant professional Clerical support Service and sales Skilled agriculture/f orestry/fishe ry Plant and machine operator/ass embler Craft and related trade Elementary occupations Missing 4.1
Background characteristic Age 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 Marital status Never married Married or living together Divorced/separated/ widowed Number of living children 0 1-2 3-4 5+ Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total 15-49 50-54 Total 15-54 Total Number of men 1,075 911 738 729 486 500 317 1,831 2,669 257 1,957 932
• Characteristics of Respondents Table 3.8 Type of employment: Women Percent distribution of women age 15-49 employed in the 12 months preceding the survey by type of earnings, type of employer, and continuity of employment, according to type of employment (agricultural or nonagricultural), Uganda DHS 2016 Employment characteristic Agricultural work Nonagricultural work Total Type of earnings Cash only Cash and in-kind In-kind only Not paid Total Type of employer Employed by family member Employed by non-family member Self-employed Total Continuity of employment All year Seasonal Occasional Total Number of women employed during the last 12 months Note: Total includes women with missing information on type of employment who are not shown separately.
Characteristics of Respondents • 65 Table 3.9.1 Health insurance coverage: Women Percentage of women age 15-49 who have heard of health insurance, and among women who have heard of health insurance, percentage with specific types of health insurance coverage, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Percentage who have heard of health insurance Number of women Social security Other employer- based insurance Mutual Health Organization/ community- based insurance Privately purchased commercial insurance Number of women who have heard of health insurance Other None Percentage with specific types of health insurance 122
860 549 477 309 180 238 183 29 113 151 119 122 257 293 469 41 389 885 150 1,601 1,642 954 238 465 643 979 2,022 4,347 Background characteristic Age 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total 66 • Characteristics of Respondents Table 3.9.2 Health insurance coverage: Men Percentage of men age 15-49 who have heard of health insurance, and among men who have heard of health insurance, percentage with specific types of health insurance coverage, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Percentage who have heard of health insurance Number of men Social security Other employer- based insurance Mutual Health Organization/ community- based insurance Privately purchased commercial insurance Other None Number of men who have heard of health insurance Percentage with specific types of health insurance * 0.0 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 1.1 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.3 3.1 2.9 5.8 5.8 2.6 5.6 6.9 1.3 6.9 3.3 5.4 0.0 0.0 1.6 7.6 * 3.4 3.8 (5.2) 2.8 2.3 1.2 1.2 2.2 1.7 7.9 (0.0) 0.5 2.0 9.7 0.9 1.2 0.4 1.4 7.1 3.5 1.2 3.3 2.1 0.6 0.3 0.6 2.5 1.9 3.5 1.6 1.2 1.0 0.7 2.0 0.0 1.5 0.0 0.0 * 0.0 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 0.0 5.8 2.7 0.0 0.9 2.0 (2.6) 1.8 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.0 2.5 1.0 1.2 1.3 0.0 1.2 0.2 0.4 0.0 1.2 0.9 1.3 2.3 0.9 0.7 0.3 1.1 2.6 1.5 0.0
 0.4 0.0 * 2.4 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.4 1.1 0.4 1.3 (0.0) 0.7 0.5 1.2 0.0 0.4 0.6 0.7 1.0 0.7 1.2 0.8 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 * 0.0 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 0.7 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 97.0 95.6 96.4 92.2 90.7 94.3 89.8 90.6 96.7 91.9 95.4 90.1 98.5 98.5 97.9 92.4 * 94.2 96.2 (94.8) 97.2 95.9 90.7 95.7 96.8 96.2 88.8 (97.4) Background characteristic Age 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total 15-49 50-54 Total 15-54 Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases.
An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
Characteristics of Respondents • 67 Table 3.10.1 Tobacco smoking: Women Percentage of women age 15-49 who smoke various tobacco products, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Age 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total Percentage who smoke:1 Other type of tobacco2 Any type of tobacco Cigarettes Number of women Includes daily and occasional (less than daily) use 2 Includes pipes full of tobacco, cigars, cheroots, cigarillos, and water pipes/shisha 68 • Characteristics of Respondents Table 3.10.2 Tobacco smoking: Men Percentage of men age 15-49 who smoke various tobacco products, and percent distribution of men by smoking frequency, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Cigarettes 2 Other type of tobacco3 Any type of tobacco Daily smoker Occasional smoker4 Non-smoker Total Number of men Percentage who smoke:1 Smoking frequency Age 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga
 Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total 15-49 50-54 Total 15- Includes daily and occasional (less than daily) use 2 Includes manufactured cigarettes and hand-rolled cigarettes 3 Includes pipes, cigars, cheroots, cigarillos, and water pipes/shisha 4 Occasional refers to less often than daily use.
Characteristics of Respondents • 69 Table 3.11 Average number of cigarettes smoked daily: Men Among men age 15-49 who smoke cigarettes daily, percent distribution by average number of cigarettes smoked per day, according to residence, Uganda DHS 2016 Average number of cigarettes smoked per day1 Residence Urban Rural Total 15-49 50-54 Total 15-54 <5 50.3 48.7 49.0 43.0 48.1 5-9 25.5 24.9 25.0 31.4 25.9 10-14 15-24 18.2 10.9 12.2 6.6 11.5 3.2 6.4 5.8 1.8 5.3 1 Includes manufactured cigarettes and hand-rolled cigarettes ≥25 0.0 1.5 1.2 4.8 1.7 Don’t know/ missing 2.8 7.5 6.7 12.3 7.5 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Number of respondents who smoke cigarettes daily1 60 284 344 55 399 Table 3.12 Smokeless tobacco use and any tobacco use Percentage of women and men age 15-49 who currently use smokeless tobacco, according to type of tobacco product, and percentage who use any type of tobacco, Uganda DHS 2016 Tobacco product Women Snuff, by mouth Snuff, by nose Chewing tobacco Other type of smokeless tobacco Any type of smokeless tobacco1 Any type of tobacco2 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.6 1.6 Men 0.8 0.6 0.2 0.0 1.2 10.3 Number 18,506 5,037 Note: Table includes women and men who use smokeless tobacco daily or occasionally (less than daily).
1 Includes snuff by mouth, snuff by nose, and chewing tobacco 2 Includes all types of smokeless tobacco shown in this table along with cigarettes, pipes, cigars, cheroots, cigarillos, and water pipes/shisha 70 • Characteristics of Respondents MARRIAGE AND SEXUAL ACTIVITY 4 Key Findings  Age at first marriage: On average, women marry more than 4 years earlier than men.

The median age at first marriage is 18.7 years among women age 25-49 and 23.3 years among men age 25-49.
 Polygyny: Twenty-five percent of married women reported that their husband has multiple wives.

 Sexual initiation: The median age at first sexual intercourse is 1.6 years earlier than the median age at first marriage among women and 4.8 years earlier among men age 25-49, indicating that both women and men engage in sex before marriage.

M women’s and men’s lives.

arriage and sexual activity help determine the extent to which women are exposed to the risk of pregnancy.
Thus, they are important determinants of fertility levels.

However, the timing and circumstances of marriage and sexual activity also have profound consequences for 4.1 MARITAL STATUS Currently married Women and men who report being married or living together with a partner as though married at the time of the survey.
Sample: Women and men age 15-49 Figure 4.1 Marital status In Uganda, 61% of women and 54% of men age 15-49 are married or living together with a partner as though they are married (Table 4.1.1 and Figure 4.1).

By age 45- 49, only 2% of women and 1% of men have never been married.

Women are more likely than men to be divorced or separated (11% versus 5%).

More than 1 in 10 women age 45-49 (14%) are widowed, as compared with 1 in 50 men (2%).
At age 15-19, the proportion of women who are in union is 10 times that of men (20% versus 2%).

Early marriage increases the risk of teenage pregnancy, which can have a profound effect on the health and lives of young women and can contribute to high fertility rates.
Marriage and Sexual Activity • 71 Percent distribution of women and men age 15-49 Never married26%Married or living together61%Divorced/ separated11%Widowed3%WomenNever married41%Married or living together54%Divorced/ separated5%Widowed0%Men Women and men who are formally married (not including those living together with a partner) were asked what type of marriage they are in.

Types of marriage (civil, customary, and religious) are not mutually exclusive.
About 8 in 10 formally married women (79%) and men (83%) age 15-49 have had a customary marriage ceremony, and 1 in 4 formally married women (26%) and men (25%) have had a religious ceremony (Table 4.1.2).

Trends: The percentage of women who are married or living together with a partner has declined from 73% in 1995 to 67% in 2000-01 to 63% in 2006 and 2011 and, finally, 61% in 2016.
Similarly, there has been an overall decrease in the percentage of men married or living together with a partner; this percentage fell from 62% in 1995 to 59% in 2000-01 and 56% in 2006 before increasing slightly to 57% in 2011 and decreasing once again to 54% in 2016.

4.2 POLYGYNY Polygyny Women who report that their husband or partner has other wives are considered to be in a polygynous marriage.
Sample: Currently married women age 15-49 Twenty-five percent of women reported that their husband or partner has other wives (Table 4.2.1).

The percentage of men reporting multiple wives was about half that of women (13%) (Table 4.2.2).

Trends: The percentage of women who report being in a polygynous union has decreased slightly from 30% in 1995 to 29% in 2000-01 to 28% in 2006 to 25% in 2011 and 2016.
The percentage of men who report having multiple wives has fluctuated, from 14% in 1995 to 18% in 2000-01 to 16% in 2006 and 2011 and 13% in 2016.

Patterns by background characteristics  Older women are much more likely than younger women to have co-wives.

The percentage of women with co-wives peaks among those age 45-49 at 35% (Table 4.2.1).

 Women living in rural areas are more likely to report co-wives (26%) than their counterparts living in urban areas (20%).
 Women in Karamoja region are most likely to report co-wives (58%), and women in Kigezi region are least likely to do so (8%).

The pattern is the same among men, with those living in Karamoja region being most likely to report having multiple wives (27%) and those living in Kigezi region least likely (5%).

 Less educated people are more likely to be in polygynous unions.
One-third (37%) of women with no education report that their husband has more than one wife, as compared with 13% of women with more than a secondary education.

Similarly, twice as many men with no education (14%) report having multiple wives as men with more than a secondary education (7%).

4.3 AGE AT FIRST MARRIAGE Median age at first marriage Age by which half of respondents have been married.
Sample: Women age 20-49 and 25-49 and men age 20-49, 25-49, 20-54, and 25-54 72 • Marriage and Sexual Activity Women tend to marry considerably earlier than men in Uganda.

The median age at first marriage is 18.7 years among women age 25-49 and 23.3 years among men age 25-49 (Table 4.3).

While 43% of women age 25-49 marry before age 18, a far smaller proportion of men age 25-49 (10%) marry that young.
Trends: Median age at first marriage has increased slightly since 2000-01 among women age 25-49 (from 17.8 years to 18.7 years) and men age 25-54 (from 22.3 years to 23.3 years).

During the same period, the percentage of women age 25-49 who were married before age 18 declined from 53% to 43%, while there was only a minimal change in the percentage among men age 25-54, which remained between 8% and 10%.
Figure 4.2 Women’s median age at marriage by education Patterns by background characteristics  Among women age 25-49, those living in urban areas marry later than those living in rural areas.

The median age at first marriage is 2.1 years older among urban than rural women (20.4 years versus 18.3 years) (Table 4.4).

 The median age at first marriage among women age 25-49 ranges from 17.3 years in Lango region to 21.3 years in Kampala region.

 Educated women marry much later.


There is a 6.3-year difference in the median age at first marriage between women with no education (17.5 years) and those with more than a secondary education (23.8 years) (Figure 4.2).

4.4 AGE AT FIRST SEXUAL INTERCOURSE Median age at first sexual intercourse Age by which half of respondents have had sexual intercourse.
Sample: Women age 20-49 and 25-49 and men age 20-49, 25-49, 20-54, and 25-54 The median age at first intercourse among women age 20-49 in Uganda is 17.1 years (Table 4.5).

Eighteen percent of women age 20-49 have had sex by age 15 and 62% by age 18.

By age 20, 83% of women age 20-49 have had sexual intercourse.

On average, women in Uganda have their first sexual intercourse at younger ages than men.

The median age at first intercourse among men age 20-49 is 18.4 years.
Eleven percent of men age 20-49 first have sex by age 15, and 43% do so by age 18.

By age 20, 70% of men have had sexual intercourse.

Age at first marriage is widely considered a proxy indicator for the age at which women begin to be exposed to the risks inherent in sexual activity.

A comparison of the median age at first intercourse with the median age at first marriage can be used as a measure of whether respondents engage in sex before marriage.
Marriage and Sexual Activity • 73 17.517.920.323.8NoeducationPrimarySecondaryMore thansecondaryMedian age at first marriage among women age 25-49 Among women age 25-49 in Uganda, the median age at first intercourse is 1.8 years below the median age at first marriage (16.9 years versus 18.7 years), indicating that many women engage in sex before marriage (Figure 4.3).
Thus, women in Uganda are exposed to the risk of pregnancy and begin childbearing at an even earlier age than indicated by the median age at first marriage.

Figure 4.3 Median age at first sex and first marriage Trends: The median age at first sexual intercourse has changed only minimally since 2000-01 among women age 20-49 (16.7 years versus 17.1 years) and men age 20-54 (18.8 years versus 18.4 years).
The proportion of women age 20-49 engaging in sex before age 18 has decreased from 68% to 62%, while the proportion of men age 20-54 having sex before age 18 has increased from 37% to 43%.

Patterns by background characteristics  On average, rural women age 20-49 start having sex about a year earlier than urban women.

The median age at first sex is 17.8 years among urban women, as compared with 16.8 years among rural women (Table 4.6).
 The median age at first sexual intercourse among women age 20-49 ranges from 15.9 years in Bunyoro region to 18.6 years in Karamoja region.

 More educated women wait longer before having sex.

Among women age 20-49, there is a 3.8-year difference in median age at first sex between those with no education (16.0 years) and those with more than a secondary education (19.8 years).

 Among women age 20-49, age at first sexual intercourse increases steadily with increasing household wealth.
The median age at first sex among women in the lowest wealth quintile is 1.6 years younger than the median age among those in the highest quintile (16.5 years versus 18.1 years).

4.5 RECENT SEXUAL ACTIVITY The survey also collected data on recent sexual activity.

Half of women and men age 15-49 (52% each) reported having sexual intercourse during the 4 weeks before the survey.

More than 1 in 10 women (15%) and nearly 2 in 10 men (18%) have never had sexual intercourse.
For more information on recent sexual activity, see Tables 4.7.1 and 4.7.2.
LIST OF TABLES For more information on marriage and sexual activity, see the following tables:  Table 4.1.1 Current marital status  Table 4.1.2 Type of marriage  Table 4.2.1 Number of women’s co-wives  Table 4.2.2 Number of men’s wives  Table 4.3 Age at first marriage  Table 4.4 Median age at first marriage by background characteristics  Table 4.5 Age at first sexual intercourse  Table 4.6 Median age at first sexual intercourse by background characteristics  Table 4.7.1 Recent sexual activity: Women  Table 4.7.2 Recent sexual activity: Men 74 • Marriage and Sexual Activity 16.918.718.523.3Median age at first sexMedian age at firstmarriageMedian age in yearsWomen age 25-49Men age 25-49 Table 4.1.1 Current marital status Percent distribution of women and men age 15-49 by current marital status, according to age, Uganda DHS 2016 Age Never married Married Living together Divorced Separated Widowed Total Marital status Percentage of respondents currently in union Number of respondents 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 Total 15-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 Total 15-49 50-54 Total 15- WOMEN MEN Table 4.1.2 Type of marriage Among formally married women and men age 15-49, the percentage in types of marriage, according to age, Uganda DHS 2016 Type of marriage1 Customary marriage Civil marriage WOMEN Religious marriage Number of respondents2 2.1 1.3 2.4 2.3 1.6 1.4 1.6 1.8 * 0.1 1.7 2.5 1.5 1.2 3.5 1.8 0.8 1.7 91.2 87.9 80.6 78.8 74.4 70.0 72.8 78.8 MEN * 95.9 89.1 84.6 82.9 74.1 72.5 82.7 76.6 82.0 8.9 16.0 22.0 25.6 32.9 36.5 36.2 26.3 * 4.9 15.3 21.6 24.6 39.2 41.1 25.2 40.6 26.8 241 964 1,081 1,097 901 758 570 5,614 10 167 284 430 282 325 219 1,716 209 1,925 Age 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 Total 15-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 Total 15-49 50-54 Total 15-54 Note: An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
1 These categories are not mutually exclusive.

2 Respondents include only those who are formally married; those who are living with a partner as though married are excluded.
Marriage and Sexual Activity • 75 Table 4.2.1 Number of women’s co-wives Percent distribution of currently married women age 15-49 by number of co-wives, and percentage of currently married women with one or more co-wives, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Age 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total Number of co-wives 0 1 2+ Don’t know Total Percentage with one or more co- wives1 Number of women 11,223
2,353 857 2,163 2,208 2,192 2,185 2,476 11,223 1 Excludes women who responded “don’t know” when asked if their husband has other wives 76 • Marriage and Sexual Activity Table 4.2.2 Number of men’s wives Percent distribution of currently married men age 15-49 by number of wives, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Number of wives 2+ 1 Age 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total 15-49 50-54 Total 15-54 (94.1) (5.9) Total Number of men Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases.
Marriage and Sexual Activity • 77 Table 4.3 Age at first marriage Percentage of women and men age 15-49 who were first married by specific exact ages and median age at first marriage, according to current age, Uganda DHS 2016 Current age 15 18 20 22 25 Percentage first married by exact age: Percentage never married Number of respondents Median age at first marriage 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 20-49 25-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 20-49 25-49 20-54 25-54 2.8 7.3 10.4 13.0 15.5 16.9 12.2 11.6 13.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 na 34.0 36.9 42.3 46.4 48.3 44.5 40.4 42.7 na 5.5 8.3 12.9 6.6 11.6 7.6 8.7 9.7 8.4 9.3 WOMEN na na 71.1 72.4 76.3 77.8 73.3 na 73.7 MEN na na 37.8 38.7 34.2 42.5 38.9 na 38.4 na 38.1 na 56.4 57.0 60.5 65.0 67.1 61.5 60.1 61.5 na 15.9 21.7 23.6 18.1 27.1 18.9 20.6 22.2 20.4 21.7 na na 85.4 84.3 85.9 89.0 85.1 na 85.7 na na 63.9 60.9 62.0 63.9 61.3 na 62.5 na a 19.4 19.2 18.7 18.3 18.2 18.7 18.9 18.7 a a 23.3 23.3 23.5 23.0 23.3 a 23.3 a 23.3 Note: The age at first marriage is defined as the age at which the respondent began living with her/his first spouse/partner.
na = Not applicable due to censoring a = Omitted because less than 50% of the women or men began living with their spouse or partner for the first time before reaching the beginning of the age group 78 • Marriage and Sexual Activity Table 4.4 Median age at first marriage by background characteristics Median age at first marriage among women age 20-49 and age 25-49, and median age at first marriage among men age 25-54, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total Women age 20-49 25-49 Men age 25-54 a 18.4 a 19.0 a 18.8 17.8 18.2 18.6 19.7 17.6 18.1 18.1 18.8 18.7 19.8 18.9 18.3 18.6 a 17.5 18.0 a a 17.9 18.0 18.4 19.0 a a 22.7 24.1 23.4 a 22.6 23.0 22.3 22.8 22.6 22.0 23.7 22.9 23.2 22.5 24.7 23.8 22.6 22.6 a 22.6 22.4 23.9 a 22.5 22.4 22.9 23.1 a 23.3 Note: The age at first marriage is defined as the age at which the respondent began living with her/his first spouse/partner.
a = Omitted because less than 50% of the respondents began living with their spouse/partners for the first time before reaching the beginning of the age group Marriage and Sexual Activity • 79 Table 4.5 Age at first sexual intercourse Percentage of women and men age 15-49 who had first sexual intercourse by specific exact ages, percentage who never had sexual intercourse, and median age at first sexual intercourse, according to current age, Uganda DHS 2016 Percentage who had first sexual intercourse by exact age: Current age 15 18 20 22 25 WOMEN Percentage who never had intercourse Median age at first intercourse Number 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 20-49 25-49 15-24 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 20-49 25-49 15-24 20-54 25-54 10.3 13.7 17.1 18.4 22.1 22.7 23.3 18.3 20.0 11.9 16.7 17.0 10.5 9.6 9.2 5.8 10.0 11.1 9.1 16.8 11.1 9.2 na 55.4 59.0 64.3 69.0 66.7 67.5 62.0 64.4 na na 50.1 43.2 40.6 39.6 41.5 38.4 43.3 41.0 na 43.2 41.1 na 80.4 80.3 82.7 86.4 85.0 85.5 82.6 83.4 na na 74.8 71.6 67.2 63.6 69.4 68.3 69.9 68.3 na 69.8 68.3 na na 88.9 91.2 92.7 91.6 92.8 na 91.1 na MEN na na 86.6 79.4 78.7 84.3 83.5 na 82.6 na na na na 94.6 94.3 95.2 93.9 95.3 na 94.6 na na na 94.3 89.8 88.2 89.7 89.4 na 90.7 na na a 17.6 17.3 16.9 16.6 16.7 16.7 17.1 16.9 a a 18.0 18.4 18.5 18.6 18.4 18.6 18.4 18.5 a 18.4 18.5 na = Not applicable due to censoring a = Omitted because less than 50% of the respondents had sexual intercourse for the first time before reaching the beginning of the age group 80 • Marriage and Sexual Activity Table 4.6 Median age at first sexual intercourse by background characteristics Median age at first sexual intercourse among women age 20-49 and age 25- 49, and median age at first sexual intercourse among men age 20-54 and age 25-54, according to background
 characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total Women age Men age 20-49 25-49 20-54 25- a a = Omitted because less than 50% of the respondents had intercourse for the first time before reaching the beginning of the age group Marriage and Sexual Activity • 81 Table 4.7.1 Recent sexual activity: Women Percent distribution of women age 15-49 by timing of last sexual intercourse, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Within the past 4 weeks Within 1 year1 One or more years Missing Timing of last sexual intercourse Never had sexual intercourse Age 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 Marital status Never married Married or living together Divorced/separated/ widowed Marital duration2 0-4 years 5-9 years 10-14 years 15-19 years 20-24 years 25+ years Married more than once Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Education No
 education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total Excludes women who had sexual intercourse within the last 4 weeks 2 Excludes women who are not currently married Total Number of women • Marriage and Sexual Activity Table 4.7.2 Recent sexual activity: Men Percent distribution of men age
 15-49 by timing of last sexual intercourse, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Within the past 4 weeks Within 1 year1 One or more years Missing Timing of last sexual intercourse Never had sexual intercourse Age 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 Marital status Never married Married or living together Divorced/separated/ widowed Marital duration2 0-4 years 5-9 years 10-14 years 15-19 years 20-24 years 25+ years Married more than once Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total 15-49 50-54 Total 15- Excludes men who had sexual intercourse within the last 4 weeks 2 Excludes men who are not currently married 11.7
15.7 24.6 12.6 16.1 29.0 18.5 18.0 24.2 17.6 11.7 18.0 19.9 8.4 13.1 13.1 8.8 20.2 18.7 5.6 20.8 17.8 17.6 18.4 14.1 17.5 0.6 16.6 Total Number of men Marriage and Sexual Activity • 83 FERTILITY 5 Key Findings  Total fertility rate: The total fertility rate is 5.4 children per woman, which is a decline from 6.9 children per woman in 2000-01.
 Birth intervals: The median birth interval increased from 29.2 months in 2000-01 to 31.9 months in 2016.

 Age at first birth: The median age at first birth among women age 25-49 is 19.2 years.

 Teenage childbearing: One quarter (25%) of women age 15-19 have begun childbearing.

T he number of children that a woman bears depends on many factors, including the age she begins childbearing, how long she waits between births, and her fecundity.
Postponing first births and extending the interval between births have played a role in reducing fertility levels in many countries.

These factors also have positive health consequences.

In contrast, short birth intervals (of less than 24 months) can lead to harmful outcomes for both newborns and their mothers, such as preterm birth, low birth weight, and death.
Childbearing at a very young age is associated with an increased risk of complications during pregnancy and childbirth and higher rates of neonatal mortality.

This chapter describes the current level of fertility in Uganda and some of its proximate determinants.

It presents information on the total fertility rate, birth intervals, insusceptibility to pregnancy (due to postpartum amenorrhoea, postpartum abstinence, or menopause), age at first birth, and teenage childbearing.
5.1 CURRENT FERTILITY Total fertility rate The average number of children a woman would have by the end of her childbearing years if she bore children at the current age-speciﬁc fertility rates.

Age-specific fertility rates are calculated for the 3 years before the survey, based on detailed birth histories provided by women.

Sample: Women age 15-49 The total fertility rate (TFR) in Uganda is 5.4 children per woman (Table 5.1).
Women in rural areas have on average almost two more children than women in urban areas (TFR of 5.9 versus 4.0 children).

Age- specific fertility starts at two births per 1,000 women among those in the 10-14 age group, rises sharply to 132 births per 1,000 women age 15-19, peaks among women age 20-24 (260 births per 1,000 women), and declines thereafter, reaching 14 births per 1,000 women among those in the 45-49 age group.

Fertility • 85 Trends: The TFR has declined in Uganda over time.
Between 2000- 01 and 2016, the TFR decreased by 1.5 children (6.9 in 2000-01 versus 5.4 in 2016).

The TFR among women in rural areas declined from 7.4 in 2000-01 to 5.9 in 2016.

In urban areas, the TFR has had a less consistent pattern, fluctuating around 4.0 (Figure 5.1).

Since 2000-01, the largest decline in fertility has been among women age 20-24 (Table 5.3.1 and Figure 5.2).
Figure 5.1 Trends in fertility by residence Figure 5.2 Trends in age-specific fertility Patterns by background characteristics Figure 5.3 Fertility by region Total fertility rate for the 3 years before the survey  The TFR ranges from a low of 3.5 children per woman in Kampala region to a high of 7.9 children per woman in Karamoja region (Table 5.2 and Figure 5.3).

 The number of children per woman declines with increasing education.
Women with no education have an average of 6.4 children, as compared with 3.6 children among women with more than a secondary education.

86 • Fertility 6.96.76.25.44.04.43.84.07.47.16.85.92000-01 UDHS2006 UDHS2011 UDHS2016 UDHSTotal fertility rate for the 3 years before each surveyNote: In the 2000-01 UDHS, areasmaking up the districts of Amuru, Nwoya, Bundibugyo, Ntoroko, Gulu, Omoro, Kasese, Kitgum, Lamwo, Agago, and Pader were excluded from the sample.
These areas contained about 5% of the national population of Uganda.

Thus, the trends need to be viewed in that light.RuralTotalUrban05010015020025030035015-1920-2425-2930-3435-3940-4445-49Age groupBirths per 1,000 women2000-01 UDHS2006 UDHS2011 UDHS2016 UDHSNote: In the 2000-01 UDHS, areasmaking up the districts of Amuru, Nwoya, Bundibugyo, Ntoroko, Gulu, Omoro, Kasese, Kitgum, Lamwo, Agago, and Pader were excluded from the sample.

These areas contained about 5% of the national population of Uganda.
Thus, the trends need to be viewed in that light.

 Women in the lowest wealth quintile have 3.3 more children on average than women in the highest wealth quintile (7.1 versus 3.8 children) (Figure 5.4).

Figure 5.4 Fertility by household wealth 5.2 CHILDREN EVER BORN AND LIVING The 2016 UDHS collected data on the number of children ever born to women age 15-49 and whether each child was still alive at the time of the survey.
On average, women age 15-49 have given birth to 3.08 children, of whom 2.75 were still living at the time of the survey.

Number of children ever born increases with women’s age; women age 45-49 have given birth to 7.09 children, and 5.95 children were still living at the time of the survey.

Currently married women age 15-49 have had an average of 4.08 children, of whom 3.66 were still living at the time of the survey (Table 5.4).
5.3 BIRTH INTERVALS Median birth interval Number of months since the preceding birth by which half of children are born.

Sample: Non-first births in the 5 years before the survey Short birth intervals (less than 24 months) are associated with increased health risks for both mothers and newborns.

In Uganda, the median birth interval is 31.9 months (Table 5.5).

About 1 in 4 non-first births (24%) occurred less than 24 months after the preceding birth.
Trends: The median birth interval has increased slightly from 29.2 months in 2000-01 to 29.7 months in 2006, to 30.2 months in 2011 and to 31.9 months in 2016.

Patterns by background characteristics  Births intervals increase with the mother’s age.

The median birth interval among women age 40-49 (38.6 months) is 14.4 months longer than the interval among women age 15-19 (24.2 months).
 The median birth interval is about 6 months longer if the child from the preceding birth is living than if the child has died (32.2 versus 25.9 months).

 The median birth interval is 5.1 months longer in urban areas than in rural areas (36.2 versus 31.1 months).

 There are regional variations in birth intervals.

Kampala region has the longest median birth interval (39.9 months), and Karamoja region has the shortest interval (28.6 months).
Fertility • 87 7.16.35.64.93.8LowestSecondMiddleFourthHighestTFR for the 3 years before the surveyPoorestWealthiest 5.4 INSUSCEPTIBILITY TO PREGNANCY Postpartum amenorrhoea The period of time after the birth of a child and before the resumption of menstruation.

Postpartum abstinence The period of time after the birth of a child and before the resumption of sexual intercourse.
Postpartum insusceptibility The period of time during which a woman is considered not at risk of pregnancy either because she is postpartum amenorrhoeic and/or abstaining from sexual intercourse postpartum.

Sample: Women age 15-49 Median duration of postpartum amenorrhoea Calculated as the number of months after childbirth by which time half of women have begun menstruating.
Sample: Women who gave birth in the 3 years before the survey Median duration of postpartum insusceptibility Calculated as the number of months after childbirth by which time half of women are no longer protected against pregnancy by either postpartum amenorrhoea or abstinence from sexual intercourse.

Sample: Women who gave birth in the 3 years before the survey Postpartum amenorrhoea refers to the interval between childbirth and the return of menstruation.
During this period, the risk of pregnancy is reduced.

Among women who are not using contraception, exposure to the risk of pregnancy in the period following childbirth is determined by two major factors, namely breastfeeding and sexual abstinence.

Postpartum protection from conception can be prolonged by the length and intensity of breastfeeding or by delayed resumption of sexual activities (postpartum abstinence).
Following births in the 3 years before the survey, the median duration of postpartum amenorrhoea is 9.6 months, while the median duration of abstinence from sexual intercourse is 2.9 months.

The median duration of insusceptibility to pregnancy following births in the 3 years before the survey is 10.9 months (Table 5.6).
Trends: The median duration of postpartum insusceptibility has declined slightly over the past 16 years, from 12.2 months in 2000-01 to 11.7 months in 2006, 11.0 months in 2011, and 10.9 months in 2016.

Patterns by background characteristics  Women in Karamoja (18.0 months) and West Nile (17.5 months) regions have the longest median durations of postpartum insusceptiblity, while women in Kampala region have the shortest median duration (5.7 months) (Table 5.7).
 The median duration of postpartum insusceptibility decreases with increasing education and wealth.

Menopause Women are considered to have reached menopause if they are neither pregnant nor postpartum amenorrhoeic and have not had a menstrual period in the 6 months before the survey, if they report being menopausal or having had a hysterectomy, or if they have never menstruated.

Sample: Women age 30-49 88 • Fertility Women who have reached menopause are no longer able to become pregnant.
Nine percent of women age 30-49 are menopausal.

As expected, the percentage of women who are menopausal increases with age, rising from 3% among those age 30-34 to 40% among those age 48-49 (Table 5.8).

5.5 AGE AT FIRST BIRTH Median age at first birth Age by which half of women have had their first child.

Sample: Women age 20-49 and 25-49 The age at which childbearing begins has a direct influence on a woman’s cumulative fertility, particularly when there is little or no contraceptive use.
The earlier a woman begins childbearing, the greater her likelihood of having many children.

Also, having children at too young an age can have negative repercussions for the mother’s health and can put her child’s health at risk.

The median age at first birth among women age 20-49 in Uganda is 19.4 years, and the median age at first birth among women age 25- 49 is 19.2 years (Table 5.9).
Figure 5.5 Median age at first birth by education Patterns by background characteristics  Women age 25-49 in urban areas have their first birth, on average, 1 year later than women in rural areas (20.2 years versus 18.9 years) (Table 5.10).

 The median age at first birth among women age 25-49 ranges from 18.2 years in Lango region to 21.3 years in Karamoja region.
 The median age at first birth increases from 18.3 years among women with no education to 24.4 years among women with more than a secondary education (Figure 5.5).

5.6 TEENAGE CHILDBEARING Teenage childbearing Percentage of women age 15-19 who have given birth or are pregnant with their first child.

Sample: Women age 15-19 Teenage pregnancy and motherhood has been a major health and social concern in Uganda for some time.
The 2016 UDHS results showed that 25% of women age 15-19 have begun childbearing; 19% have had a live birth, and 5% are pregnant with their first child (Table 5.11).

Trends: The percentage of women age 15-19 who have given birth or are pregnant with their first child declined between 2000-01 (31%) and 2006 (25%) and has remained stable since, at 24% in 2011 and 25% in 2016.
Patterns by background characteristics  The proportion of women age 15-19 who have begun childbearing increases dramatically with age, rising from 3% among women age 15 to 54% among women age 19.

Fertility • 89 18.318.620.324.4NoeducationPrimarySecondaryMore thansecondaryMedian age at first birth among women age 25-49  Teenagers in rural areas are more likely to have started childbearing than those in urban areas.
Twenty-seven percent of women age 15-19 in rural areas have begun childbearing, as compared with 19% of young women in urban areas.

 Teenage childbearing varies by region.

The percentage of women age 15-19 who have begun childbearing ranges from 16% to 17% in Kigezi and Kampala regions to 30% to 31% in North Central, Bukedi, Teso, and Tooro regions.

 The proportion of women age 15-19 who have begun childbearing decreases with increasing education and wealth.
5.7 SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOURS BEFORE AGE 15 Among women and men age 15-19, 10% of women and 17% of men had sexual intercourse by age 15.

Only 3% of women and no men age 15-19 were married by age 15.

One percent of women age 15-19 gave birth before age 15, and no men in that age group fathered a child before age 15 (Table 5.12).
LIST OF TABLES For more information on fertility levels and some of the determinants of fertility, see the following tables:  Table 5.1 Current fertility  Table 5.2 Fertility by background characteristics  Table 5.3.1 Trends in age-specific fertility rates  Table 5.3.2 Trends in age-specific and total fertility rates  Table 5.4 Children ever born and living  Table 5.5 Birth intervals  Table 5.6 Postpartum amenorrhoea, abstinence, and insusceptibility  Table 5.7 Median duration of amenorrhoea, postpartum abstinence, and postpartum insusceptibility  Table 5.8 Menopause  Table 5.9 Age at first birth  Table 5.10 Median age at first birth  Table 5.11 Teenage pregnancy and motherhood  Table 5.12 Sexual and reproductive health behaviours before age 15 90 • Fertility Table 5.1 Current fertility Age-specific and total fertility rates, general fertility rate, and crude birth rate for the 3 years preceding the survey, according to residence, Uganda DHS 2016 Age group Urban Rural Total Residence 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 TFR (15-49) GFR CBR [1] 92 197 194 152 102 47 [14] 4.0 146 37.0 [2] 145 289 270 229 162 73 [14] 5.9 205 39.3 [2] 132 260 247 209 147 67 [14] 5.4 189 38.7 Note: Age-specific fertility rates are per 1,000 women.
Estimates in brackets are truncated.

Rates are for the period 1-36 months prior to the interview.

Rates for women age 10-14 are based on retrospective data from women age 15-17.
TFR: Total fertility rate, expressed per woman GFR: General fertility rate, expressed per 1,000 women age 15-44 CBR: Crude birth population rate, expressed per 1,000 Table 5.2 Fertility by background characteristics Total fertility rate for the 3 years preceding the survey, percentage of women age 15-49 currently pregnant, and mean number of children ever born to women age 40-49, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total Percentage of women age 15-49 currently pregnant Mean number of children ever born to women age 40-49 Total fertility rate Note: Total fertility rates are for the period 1-36 months prior to the interview..
Fertility • 91 Table 5.3.1 Trends in age-specific fertility rates Age-specific fertility rates for 5-year periods preceding the survey, according to age group, Uganda DHS 2016 Mother’s age at birth 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 0-4 [2] 134 265 254 223 151 74 [16] Number of years preceding survey 5-9 10-14 15-19 8 150 292 297 245 197 [109] 12 162 308 310 263 [232] 17 193 325 315 [298] Note: Age-specific fertility rates are per 1,000 women.

Estimates in brackets are truncated.


Rates exclude the month of the interview.

Rates for women age 10-14 for the 0-4 year period are based on retrospective data from women age 15-19.
Table 5.3.2 Trends in age-specific and total fertility rates Age-specific and total fertility rates (TFR) for the 3-year period preceding several surveys, according to mother’s age at the time of the birth, Uganda DHS 2016 Mother’s age at birth 2000-01 UDHS 1997-98 to 2000-01 2006 UDHS 2003 to 2006 2011 UDHS 2008 to 2011 2016 UDHS 2013 to 2016 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 TFR (15-49) Notes: Age-specific fertility rates are per 1,000 women.
Rates for the 45-49 age group may be slightly biased due to truncation.
Table 5.4 Children ever born and living Percent distribution of all women and currently married women age 15-49 by number of children ever born, mean number of children ever born, and mean number of living children, according to age group, Uganda DHS 2016 Age 0 1 2 3 Number of children ever born 5 4 6 7 8 9 10+ Total Mean number of children ever born Mean number of living children Number of women 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 Total 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 Total ALL WOMEN CURRENTLY MARRIED WOMEN • Fertility Table 5.5 Birth intervals Percent distribution of non-first births in the 5 years preceding the survey by number of months since preceding birth, and median number of months since preceding birth, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 7-17 18-23 24-35 36-47 48-59 60+ Total Months since preceding birth Median number of months since preceding birth Number
 of non-first births Background characteristic Age 15-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 Sex of preceding birth Male Female Survival of preceding birth Living Dead Birth order 2-3 4-6 7+
 Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total Note: First-order births are excluded.
The interval for multiple births is the number of months since the preceding pregnancy that ended in a live birth.
Fertility • 93 Table 5.6 Postpartum amenorrhoea, abstinence, and insusceptibility Percentage of births in the 3 years preceding the survey for which mothers are postpartum amenorrhoeic, abstaining, and insusceptible, by number of months since birth, and median and mean durations, Uganda DHS 2016 Months since birth Percentage of births for which the mother is: Amenorrhoeic Abstaining Insusceptible1 Number of births <2 2-3 4-5 6-7 8-9 10-11 12-13 14-15 16-17 18-19 20-21 22-23 24-25 26-27 28-29 30-31 32-33 34-35 Total Median Mean na na Note: Estimates are based on status at the time of the survey.
na = Not applicable 1 Includes births for which mothers are either still amenorrhoeic or still abstaining (or both) following birth 94 • Fertility Table 5.7 Median duration of amenorrhoea, postpartum abstinence, and postpartum insusceptibility Median number of months of postpartum amenorrhoea, postpartum abstinence, and postpartum insusceptibility following births in the 3 years preceding the survey, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Mother’s age 15-29 30-49 Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total Postpartum amenorrhoea Postpartum abstinence Postpartum insusceptibility1 (2.5) (3.0) * (2.8) 3.2 3.5 4.3 10.3 (2.9) 3.2 4.9 (2.1) (2.5) a (1.2) (2.1) 3.4 * 3.7 2.9 2.9 (2.9) Note: Medians are based on status at the time of the survey (current status).
Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases.

An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
a = Omitted because less than 50% of women had a birth before reaching the beginning of the age group 1 Includes births for which mothers are either still amenorrhoeic or still abstaining (or both) following birth Fertility • 95 Table 5.8 Menopause Percentage of women age 30-49 who are menopausal, according to age, Uganda DHS 2016 Age 30-34 35-39 40-41 42-43 44-45 46-47 48-49 Total Percentage menopausal1 Number of women 3.2 4.8 7.6 9.4 18.7 24.6 40.0 9.4 2,543 2,011 703 634 532 504 441 7,369 1 Percentage of women who are (1) not pregnant, and (2) have had a birth in the past 5 years and are not postpartum amenorrhoeic, and (3) for whom one of the following additional conditions applies: (a) whose last menstrual period occurred 6 or more months preceding the survey, or (b) declared that they are in menopause or have had a hysterectomy, or (c) have never menstruated Table 5.9 Age at first birth Percentage of women age 15-49 who gave birth by specific exact ages, percentage who have never given birth, and median age at first birth, according to current age, Uganda DHS 2016 Percentage who gave birth by exact age Current age 15 18 20 22 25 Percentage who have never given birth Number of women Median age at first birth 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 20-49 25-49 1.2 4.5 6.6 7.2 8.0 9.5 7.3 6.8 7.6 na 28.4 31.7 35.2 38.9 38.0 33.9 33.3 35.2 na 54.1 54.6 59.8 63.4 62.7 57.9 57.9 59.2 na na 73.6 75.9 79.2 78.8 74.7 na na na 88.2 88.6 89.9 89.8 87.9 na 76.2 88.8 80.6 25.9 7.1 2.9 1.8 2.5 1.4 9.7 3.7 4,264 3,822 3,051 2,543 2,011 1,608 1,207 14,242 10,420 a 19.7 19.6 19.2 18.9 19.0 19.3 19.4 19.2 na = Not applicable due to censoring a = Omitted because less than 50% of women had a birth before reaching the beginning of the age group 96 • Fertility Table 5.10 Median age at first birth Median age at first birth among women age 20-49 and age 25-49, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Women age 20-49 Women age 25-49 Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central
 Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total a 19.0 a 19.2 a 18.6 18.7 19.0 19.1 a 18.3 18.8 19.2 19.1 19.0 a 19.9 18.3 19.3 a 18.3 18.6 a a 18.7 18.8 18.9 19.4 a a = Omitted because less than 50% of the women had a birth before reaching the beginning of the age group Fertility • 97 Table 5.11 Teenage pregnancy and motherhood Percentage of women age 15-19 who have had a live birth or who are pregnant with their first child, and percentage who have begun childbearing, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Percentage of women age 15-19 who: Background characteristic Have had a live birth Are pregnant with first child Percentage who have begun childbearing Number of women Age 15-17 Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total 326
Table 5.12 Sexual and reproductive health behaviours before age 15 Among women and men age 15-19, percentage who initiated sexual intercourse, were married, and had a live birth/fathered a child before age 15, according to sex, Uganda DHS 2016 Had sexual intercourse before age 15 Married before age 15 Gave birth/ fathered a child before age 15 Number of respondents 10.3 16.7 2.8 0.0 1.2 0.0 4,264 1,288 Sex Women Men 98 • Fertility FERTILITY PREFERENCES 6 Key Findings  Desire for another child: Fifteen percent of currently married women age 15-49 want to have another child soon, and 40% want to wait at least 2 years before having another child.
 Limiting childbearing: Overall, 38% of women do not want another child or are sterilised.

 Ideal family size: Men report 5.4 children as their ideal family size, as compared with 4.8 children among women.

 Unwanted births: Of all births in the past 5 years and current pregnancies, 59% were wanted at the time of conception, 32% were mistimed, and 9% were not wanted.

 Wanted fertility: The total wanted fertility rate (4.3) is lower than the actual fertility rate (5.4).
On average, women in Uganda are currently having one child more than they want.

nformation on fertility preferences can help family planning program planners assess the desire for children, the extent of mistimed and unwanted pregnancies, and the demand for contraception to space or limit births.

This information may suggest the direction that fertility patterns will take in the future.
I This chapter presents information on whether and when married women and men want more children, ideal family size, whether the last birth was wanted, and the theoretical fertility rate if all unwanted births were prevented.

6.1 DESIRE FOR ANOTHER CHILD Desire for another child Women and men were asked whether they wanted more children and, if so, how long they would prefer to wait before the birth of the next child.

Women and men who are sterilised are assumed not to want any more children.
Sample: Currently married women and men age 15-49 Three quarters of currently married women age 15-49 want to wait at least 2 years before having another child (40%), want no more children at all (35%), or are sterilised (3%) (Table 6.1).

Fifteen percent of currently married women age 15-49 want to have another child soon.

Twenty percent of currently married men age 15-49 want to have another child soon, 46% want to wait at least 2 years before having another child, and 29% want no more children.
Fertility Preferences • 99 Figure 6.1 Trends in desire to limit childbearing Trends: The proportion of currently married women who want no more children (including women who are sterilised) increased from 32% in 1995 to 38% in 2000-01 and has since fluctuated slightly, from 41% in 2006 to 43% in 2011 and 38% in 2016.

Proportions among currently married men have followed a similar trend, increasing from 21% in 1995 to 25% in 2000- 01 and 30% in 2006 before holding steady at 30% in 2011 and 29% in 2016.
Over time, the proportion of men who want no more children or are sterilised is consistently lower than that of women (Figure 6.1).

Figure 6.2 Desire to limit childbearing by number of living children Patterns by background characteristics  The more children a woman already has, the more likely she is to want no more children.

Eight in 10 (80%) currently married women with six or more children want no more children or are sterilised, as compared with 4% of women who have one child (Figure 6.2).
 Men are generally more likely to want to have another child than women, regardless of how many children they already have.

One in 10 (11%) currently married men with six or more children want another child soon, compared with only 3% of women with six or more children.

 A slightly higher proportion of currently married women in rural areas (39%) than urban areas (34%) want to limit childbearing (Table 6.2.1).
 The percentage of currently married women who want to limit childbearing varies geographically, from 19% in Karamoja region to 48% in Acholi region.

 There are large differences among women by education in desire to limit childbearing.

More than half (56%) of currently married women with no education want no more children, as compared with about a quarter (26%) of women with more than a secondary education.
6.2 IDEAL FAMILY SIZE Ideal family size Respondents with no children were asked “If you could choose exactly the number of children to have in your whole life, how many would that be?” Respondents who had children were asked “If you could go back to the time when you did not have any children and could choose exactly the number of children to have in your whole life, how many would that be?” Sample: Women and men age 15-49 100 • Fertility Preferences 323841433821253030291995 UDHS2000-01UDHS2006 UDHS2011 UDHS2016 UDHSPercentage of currently married women and currently married men age 15-49 who want no more children or are sterilisedNote: In the 2000-01 UDHS, areasmaking up the districts of Amuru, Nwoya, Bundibugyo, Ntoroko, Gulu, Omoro, Kasese, Kitgum, Lamwo, Agago, and Pader were excluded from the sample.
These areas contained about 5% of the national population of Uganda.

Thus, the trends need to be viewed in that light.WomenMen1412254259800123456+Number of living childrenPercentage of currently married women age 15-49 who want no more children or are sterilised Figure 6.3 Ideal family size If women could choose their family size, they would prefer to have 4.8 children on average, while men would like to have 5.4 children (Table 6.3).
Ideal family size is slightly higher among women and men who are currently married (Figure 6.3).

Trends: From 2000-01 to 2016, the ideal family size in Uganda remained between 4.8 and 5.0 children among women and between 5.4 and 5.7 children among men.

Figure 6.4 Ideal family size by number of living children Patterns by background characteristics  The more children respondents already have, the more children they consider ideal.
Women who have no children or one child consider 4.0 children to be ideal on average.

In contrast, women with six or more children consider 6.3 children to be ideal (Figure 6.4).

Among men and women with the same number of children, men consistently consider a slightly higher number of children to be ideal than women.

 Older women want larger families.

Ideal family size increases from 4.1 children among women age 15-19 to 6.3 children among women age 45-49 (Table 6.4).
 Family size norms vary across regions.

Women in Kampala region want 4.1 children, while women in Karamoja region want 7.2 children.

 Ideal number of children decreases more dramatically with increasing education than with increasing wealth.

Women with no education want 6.3 children and women with more than a secondary education want 4.0 children, a difference of two children.
Women in the lowest wealth quintile want 5.3 children and women in the highest quintile want 4.2 children, a difference of one child.

6.3 FERTILITY PLANNING STATUS Planning status of births/current pregnancies Women reported whether their births in the 5 years before the survey or current pregnancies were wanted at the time (planned birth), at a later time (mistimed birth), or not at all (unwanted birth).
Sample: Current pregnancies and births in the 5 years before the survey to women age 15-49 Fertility Preferences • 101 4.85.15.46.0AllCurrently marriedMean ideal number of children among women and men age 15-49WomenMen4.04.04.34.85.25.76.34.74.64.85.35.76.57.80123456+Number of living childrenMean ideal number of children WomenMen According to mothers’ reports, about 6 in 10 births or current pregnancies were wanted (59%), and 3 in 10 (32%) were mistimed (that is, wanted at a later date).
Just under 1 in 10 (9%) births or current pregnancies were not wanted at all (Table 6.5).

Trends: The proportion of births or current pregnancies wanted at the time of conception dropped from 70% in 1995 to 60% in 2000-01 and has since remained relatively constant at about 6 in 10 births (54%- 59%).

The proportion of births or current pregnancies that were mistimed increased from 21% in 1995 to 24% in 2000-01 and 33% in 2006 and has remained at 32% in 2011 and 2016.
The proportion of unwanted births or pregnancies has fluctuated, rising from 8% in 1995 to 15% in 2000-01 and then decreasing slightly to 13% in 2006, 12% in 2011, and 9% in 2016.

Patterns by background characteristics  Women with four or more children are much more likely (19%) than women with no children and those with one or two children (1-3%) to describe births in the last 5 years or current pregnancies as unwanted (Table 6.5).
 Women age 20-24 (63%) and age 25-29 (65%) are most likely to report that births or current pregnancies were wanted.

The proportion of births or current pregnancies that are mistimed decreases with the mother’s age, from 44% among women under age 20 to 10% among those age 45-49.

Notably, the proportion of unwanted births or current pregnancies increases with the mother’s age, from 2% among women less than age 20 and age 20-24 to 46% among those age 40-44 and age 45-49.
6.4 WANTED FERTILITY RATES Unwanted birth Any birth in excess of the number of children a woman reported as her ideal number.

Wanted birth Any birth fewer than or equal to the number of children a woman reported as her ideal number.

Wanted fertility rate The average number of children a woman would have by the end of her childbearing years if she bore children at the current age-speciﬁc fertility rates, excluding unwanted births.
Sample: Women age 15-49 The wanted fertility rate reflects the level of fertility that would result if all unwanted births were prevented.

The total wanted fertility rate in Uganda is 4.3 children, as compared with the actual total fertility rate of 5.4 children (Table 6.6).

In other words, on average, women in Uganda are currently having one child more than they want to have.
102 • Fertility Preferences Figure 6.5 Trends in wanted and actual fertility Trends: The total wanted fertility rate in Uganda declined slightly from 5.3 children in 2000-01 to 5.1 children in 2006 to 4.7 children in 2011 to 4.3 children in 2016.

In the same time period, the gap between wanted and actual fertility was stable at 1.5 to 1.6 in 2000-01, 2006, and 2011 before decreasing to 1.1 in 2016 (Figure 6.5).
Patterns by background characteristics  The total wanted fertility rate is consistently lower than the actual total fertility rate, but the size of the gap varies by women’s background characteristics (Table 6.6).

 While women in rural areas want more children (4.6 children) than those in urban areas (3.4 children), the gap between wanted and actual fertility is twice as large in rural areas (1.3 children) as in urban areas (0.6 children).
 There is variation in the gap between wanted and actual fertility by region, from highs of 1.6 to 1.8 children in Busoga, Bukedi, Acholi, and Bunyoro regions to lows of 0.4 to 0.5 children in Kampala and Karamoja regions.

(While the gap for Kampala and Karamoja regions is similar, their wanted and actual fertility rates are the lowest and highest nationwide, respectively.)
 The gap between wanted and actual fertility narrows with wealth, falling from 1.6 children in the lowest wealth quintile to 0.5 children in the highest quintile.
LIST OF TABLES For more information on fertility preferences, see the following tables:  Table 6.1 Fertility preferences according to number of living children  Table 6.2.1 Desire to limit childbearing: Women  Table 6.2.2 Desire to limit childbearing: Men  Table 6.3  Table 6.4 Mean ideal number of children according to background characteristics  Table 6.5 Fertility planning status  Table 6.6 Wanted fertility rates Ideal number of children according to number of living children Fertility Preferences • 103 5.35.14.74.31.61.61.51.16.96.76.25.42000-01UDHS2006 UDHS2011 UDHS2016 UDHSWanted and actual number of children per womanTotal wanted fertilityDifferenceTFRNote: In the 2000-01 UDHS, areasmaking up the districts of Amuru, Nwoya, Bundibugyo, Ntoroko, Gulu, Omoro, Kasese, Kitgum, Lamwo, Agago, and Pader were excluded from the sample.
These areas contained about 5% of the national population of Uganda.

Thus, the trends need to be viewed in that light.
Table 6.1 Fertility preferences according to number of living children Percent distribution of currently married women and currently married men age 15-49 by desire for children, according to number of living children, Uganda DHS 2016 Desire for children 0 1 Number of living children 3 4 2 WOMEN1 5 6+ Total 15-49 Total 15-54 Have another soon2 Have another later3 Have another, undecided when Undecided Want no more Sterilised4 Declared infecund Total Number of women Have another soon2 Have another later3 Have another, undecided when Undecided Want no more Sterilised4 Declared infecund Total Number of men MEN5 na na na na na na na na na 18.6 42.7 1.3 3.5 33.0 0.4 0.5 100.0 84 100.0 354 100.0 406 100.0 385 100.0 352 100.0 294 100.0 820 100.0 2,695 100.0 2,954 na = Not applicable 1 The number of living children includes the current pregnancy.
2 Wants next birth within 2 years 3 Wants to delay next birth for 2 or more years 4 Includes both female and male sterilisation 5 The number of living children includes one additional child if the respondent’s wife is pregnant (or if any wife is pregnant for men with more than one current wife).
104 • Fertility Preferences Table 6.2.1 Desire to limit childbearing: Women Percentage of currently married women age 15-49 who want no more children, by number of living children, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total 0 0.0 1.4 (0.0) (0.3) (0.0) * (5.7) * (0.0) * (0.0) (0.0) (0.0) (2.9) * * (0.0) * (2.5) (0.0) (3.6) 1.1 0.4 (0.0) Number of living children1 6+ Total 69.5 56.5 57.7 58.5 83.4 45.5 54.6 72.0 45.8 29.7 58.9 69.4 54.6 69.2 66.6 59.8 63.3 49.2 62.3 80.6 58.2 57.2 64.3 (72.1) 53.6 58.4 55.4 59.5 70.1 59.0 82.4 79.3 81.0 76.9 (88.5) 79.2 83.7 86.4 71.1 40.7 79.0 91.2 77.8 87.7 80.0 78.0 81.5 80.0 78.5 87.4 77.5 79.8 85.0 * Note: Women who have been sterilised are considered to want no more children.
Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases.

An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.

1 The number of living children includes the current pregnancy.
Fertility Preferences • 105 Table 6.2.2 Desire to limit childbearing: Men Percentage of currently married men age 15-49 who want no more children, by number of living children, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Residence Urban Rural Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total 15-49 50-54 Total 15-54 0 * 0.0 * (0.0) * * * * * * * 0.0 * 0.0 1 0.5 2.1 * 2.2 1.8 0.7 1.2 3.6 0.0 0.0 3.3 1.7 * 2.8 Number of living children1 3 2 4 5 6+ Total 7.3 9.1 * 6.9 7.8 13.5 9.1 6.8 8.1 5.5 11.4 8.4 * 8.6 22.5 17.1 * 15.2 16.5 31.8 9.0 25.2 13.5 12.1 27.9 18.7 * 19.3 35.5 27.1 * 31.8 20.2 33.7 22.0 30.1 34.6 28.8 30.4 29.3 * 31.7 50.5 40.5 * 40.9 39.3 (56.1) 20.6 50.2 47.0 38.5 (57.1) 42.4 (79.0) 45.1 55.1 53.7 43.3 54.6 53.8 60.5 50.5 47.7 58.0 65.3 47.6 54.0 78.4 58.9 26.2 29.9 29.6 31.2 23.5 29.9 24.4 30.1 32.6 29.9 28.3 29.0 78.2 33.4 Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases.
An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
106 • Fertility Preferences Table 6.3 Ideal number of children according to number of living children Percent distribution of women and men age 15-49 by ideal number of children, and mean ideal number of children for all respondents and for currently married respondents, according to number of living children, Uganda DHS 2016 Ideal number of children 0 1 Number of living children 4 3 2 5 6+ Total 0 6+ Non-numeric responses Total Number of women Mean ideal number of children for women 15-49:2 All women Number of women Currently married women Number of currently married women 0 6+ Non-numeric responses Total Number of men Mean ideal number of children for men 15-49:2 All men Number of men Currently married men Number of currently married men Mean ideal number of children for men 15-54:2 All men Number of men Currently married men Number of currently married men WOMEN1 MEN3 The number of living children includes the current pregnancy.
2 Means are calculated excluding respondents who gave non-numeric responses.

3 The number of living children includes one additional child if the respondent’s wife is pregnant (or if any wife is pregnant for men with more than one current wife).
Fertility Preferences • 107 Table 6.4 Mean ideal number of children according to background characteristics Mean ideal number of children for all women age 15-49 according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Mean Number of women1 Age 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total Number of women who gave a numeric response 108 • Fertility Preferences Table 6.5 Fertility planning status Percent distribution of births to women age 15-49 in the 5 years preceding the survey (including current pregnancies), by planning status of the birth, according to birth order and mother’s age at birth, Uganda DHS 2016 Birth order and mother’s age at birth Wanted then Wanted later Wanted no more Planning status of birth Birth order 1 2 3 4+ Mother’s age at birth <20 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 Total Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Number of births 3,812 3,187 2,618 7,496 3,022 5,132 4,047 2,729 1,552 569 63 17,114 Table 6.6 Wanted fertility rates Total wanted fertility rates and total fertility rates for the 3 years preceding the survey, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total Total wanted fertility rate Total fertility rate Note: Rates are calculated based on births to women age 15-49 in the period 1-36 months preceding the survey.
The total fertility rates are the same as those presented in Table 5.2.

Fertility Preferences • 109 FAMILY PLANNING 7 Key Findings  Modern contraceptive use: Use of modern contraception among currently married women increased from 14% in 2000-01 to 35% in 2016.

Injectables remain the most used method.

 Contraceptive discontinuation: In the 5 years preceding the survey, 45% of episodes of contraceptive use were discontinued within 12 months.
The main reason for discontinuation was method-related health concerns or side effects (35%).

 Demand for family planning: The total demand for family planning among currently married women increased from 54% in 2000-01 to 67% in 2016.

Only 52% of demand is satisfied by modern methods.

 Unmet need for family planning: Twenty-eight percent of currently married women and 32% of sexually active unmarried women have an unmet need for family planning.
 Future use of contraception: Sixty-four percent of currently married women who are not using contraception intend to use a family planning method in the future.

C ouples can use contraceptive methods to limit or space the number of children they have.

This chapter presents information on knowledge of contraceptive methods, use and sources of contraceptive methods, informed choice of methods, and rates of and reasons for discontinuing contraceptives.
It also examines the potential demand for family planning, exposure to family planning messages in the media, and how much contact nonusers have with family planning providers.

7.1 CONTRACEPTIVE KNOWLEDGE AND USE Knowledge of contraceptive methods is nearly universal in Uganda, with 99% of both women and men having heard of at least one method of contraception.

For more information on contraceptive knowledge by method and by background characteristics, see Table 7.1 and Table 7.2.
Contraceptive prevalence rate Percentage of women who use any contraceptive method Sample: All women age 15-49, currently married women age 15-49, and sexually active unmarried women age 15-49 The contraceptive prevalence rate (CPR) is 39% among currently married women age 15-49.

Most currently married women using contraception use a modern method (35%).

Among sexually active unmarried women, 51% use a contraceptive method and 47% use a modern method (Table 7.3).
Family Planning • 111 Modern methods Include male and female sterilisation, injectables, intrauterine devices (IUDs), contraceptive pills, implants, female and male condoms, the standard days method, the lactational amenorrhoea method, and emergency contraception.

Figure 7.1 Contraceptive use Figure 7.2 Trends in contraceptive use The most commonly used modern methods of contraception among currently married women are injectables (19%) and implants (6%).
Among sexually active unmarried women, injectables are also the most common method (21%), followed by male condoms (14%) (Figure 7.1).

Trends: Use of contraception among currently married women increased from 23% in 2000-01 to 39% in 2016.

The increase was most pronounced for use of modern methods, which rose from 18% in 2000-01 to 35% in 2016 (Figure 7.2).
Patterns by background characteristics  Among currently married women, the use of modern contraception is higher among those in urban areas (41%) than among those in rural areas (33%) (Table 7.4.1).

 By region, modern contraceptive use is lowest among women in Karamoja region (7%) and highest among women in Bugisu and Kigezi (43% each), North Central (42%), Lango (41%), and South Central (40%) regions (Figure 7.3).
Figure 7.3 Modern contraceptive use by region Percentage of currently married women age 15-49 112 • Family Planning 3935192262345147211446114Any methodAny modern methodInjectablesMale condomPillImplantsIUDFemale sterilisationTraditional methodPercentage of women age 15-49 currently using a contraceptive methodCurrentlymarried womenSexually activeunmarriedwomen1818263556442000-01UDHS2006UDHS2011UDHS2016UDHSPercentage of currently married women currently using a contraceptive methodAny traditional methodAny modern methodNote: In the 2000-01 UDHS, areasmaking up the districts of Amuru, Nwoya, Bundibugyo, Ntoroko, Gulu, Omoro, Kasese, Kitgum, Lamwo, Agago, and Pader were excluded from the sample.
These areas contained about 5% of the national population of Uganda.

Thus, the trends need to be viewed in that light.

Figure 7.4 Use of modern contraceptive methods by education  Modern contraceptive use increases with increasing education: 23% of currently married women with no education use a modern method of contraception, as compared with 43% of women with more than a secondary education (Figure 7.4).
Knowledge of the Fertile Period Only 22% of women age 15-49 have correct knowledge about the fertile period during the ovulatory cycle.

Among women using the rhythm method, 34% know that a woman is more likely to conceive halfway between two menstrual periods (Table 7.5).

For more information on knowledge of the fertile period by age, see Table 7.6.
7.2 SOURCE OF MODERN CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS Source of modern contraceptives The place where the modern method currently being used was obtained the last time it was acquired.

Sample: Women age 15-49 currently using a modern contraceptive method Most women (59%) who currently use a modern method of contraception last obtained it from the public sector (including 42% who last obtained their method from a government health centre), while 39% obtained their method from the private sector (Table 7.8).
The importance of the public versus private sector varies by method.

The public sector is the predominant source for female sterilisation (86%), IUDs (70%), and implants (83%) but not for pills (24%).

Nine in 10 (93%) women who use pills and 6 in 10 (62%) women who use condoms use a socially marketed brand (Table 7.9).
7.3 INFORMED CHOICE Informed choice Informed choice indicates that women were informed at the time they started the current episode of method use about the method’s side effects, about what to do if they experience side effects, and about other methods they could use.
Sample: Women age 15-49 who are currently using selected modern contraceptive methods and who started the last episode of use within the 5 years before the survey Two-thirds (67%) of all women currently using modern methods of contraception were informed about side effects or other problems associated with the method they used, and 57% were informed about what to do if they experienced side effects.

A higher proportion of women (74%) were informed about other available methods.
Overall, 53% of all women currently using modern contraceptives were informed about the entire method information index (the side effects of the method, what to do if they experience side effects, and other available methods) at the time they started the current episode of use (Table 7.10).

Women obtaining a method from the public sector were more likely to be informed of the entire method information index (60%) than those who obtained their method from the private sector (42%).
Family Planning • 113 23344143No educationPrimarySecondaryMore thansecondaryPercentage of currently married women age 15-49 7.4 DISCONTINUATION OF CONTRACEPTIVES Contraceptive discontinuation rate Percentage of contraceptive use episodes discontinued within 12 months.
Sample: Episodes of contraceptive use in the 5 years before the survey experienced by women who are currently age 15-49 (one woman may contribute more than one episode) Figure 7.5 Contraceptive discontinuation rates Nearly half (45%) of episodes of contraceptive use in the 5 years preceding the survey were discontinued within 12 months (Table 7.11).

Contraceptive discontinuation rates are highest for pills (67%) and injectables (52%) and lowest for implants (21%) (Figure 7.5).
The most common reason for discontinuation is health concerns or side effects (35%).

Other prominent reasons cited for discontinuation were the desire to become pregnant (26%), becoming pregnant while using the method (10%), and infrequent sex or the husband being away (9%) (Table 7.12).
7.5 DEMAND FOR FAMILY PLANNING Unmet need for family planning Proportion of women who (1) are not pregnant and not postpartum amenorrhoeic and are considered fecund and want to postpone their next birth for 2 or more years or stop childbearing altogether but are not using a contraceptive method, or (2) have a mistimed or unwanted current pregnancy, or (3) are postpartum amenorrhoeic and their last birth in the last 2 years was mistimed or unwanted.
Sample: All women age 15-49, currently married women age 15-49, and sexually active unmarried women age 15-49 Demand for family planning: Unmet need for family planning + current contraceptive use (any method) Proportion of demand satisfied: Proportion of demand satisfied by modern methods: Current contraceptive use (any method) Unmet need + current contraceptive use (any method) Current contraceptive use (any modern method) Unmet need + current contraceptive use (any method) Sixty-seven percent of currently married women have a demand for family planning; 27% want to limit births and 40% want to space births.
Thirty-nine percent of currently married women are already using contraception.

However, 28% have an unmet need for family planning.

If all currently married women who say they want to space or limit their children were to use a family planning method, the contraceptive prevalence rate would increase from 39% to 67%.

Currently, only 58% of the family planning needs of married women are being met (and only 52% of demand is satisfied by modern methods) (Table 7.13.1).
114 • Family Planning 6752214645PillInject-ablesImplantsMalecondomAllmethodsPercentage of contraceptive episodes discontinued within 12 months among women age 15-49 Figure 7.6 Trends in demand for family planning Trends: Total demand for family planning in Uganda among currently married women increased from 58% in 2000-01 to 67% in 2016 (Figure 7.6).

The proportion of demand satisfied by modern methods increased from 18% to 35% over the same period.
Unmet need has decreased slightly since 2000-01, from 35% to 28%.

Patterns by background characteristics  Unmet need for family planning among currently married women is higher in rural (30%) than urban (23%) areas.

 Karamoja region has the lowest demand for family planning (27%); other regions range from 60% to 72%.

 Unmet need is highest in West Nile (43%) and Acholi (39%) regions.
It is lowest in Karamoja and Kigezi regions (20% each), although for different reasons: both demand (27%) and use (7%) are low in Karamoja region, while demand (66%) and use (47%) are high in Kigezi region.

Figure 7.7 Unmet need by wealth  Unmet need decreases with increasing wealth, from 37% among women in the lowest wealth quintile to 22% among women in the highest wealth quintile (Figure 7.7).
 For more information on need and demand for family planning among all women and sexually active unmarried women, see Table 7.13.2.

While sexually active unmarried women are more likely than married women to have a demand for family planning (83% versus 67%), the proportion with unmet need is similar between the two groups (32% versus 28%).
7.5.1 Decision Making about Family Planning Sixty-two percent of currently married women who are using family planning reported that the decision to use contraception is usually made jointly with their husband, 31% said that it is mainly their own decision, and 7% said that it is mainly their husband’s decision.
Among currently married women who are not using family planning, however, 44% reported that they mainly make the decision to not use contraception jointly with their husband, whereas 41% reported that it is mainly their own decision and 12% reported that it is mainly their husband’s decision (Table 7.14).
Family Planning • 115 01020304050607080901002000-01UDHS2006UDHS2011UDHS2016UDHSPercentage of currently married women age 15-49Unmet needMetneed, traditional methodsMet need,modernmethods586467Total demand62Note: In the 2000-01 UDHS, areasmaking up the districts of Amuru, Nwoya, Bundibugyo, Ntoroko, Gulu, Omoro, Kasese, Kitgum, Lamwo, Agago, and Pader were excluded from the sample.

These areas contained about 5% of the national population of Uganda.
Thus, the trends need to be viewed in that light.3732292322LowestSecondMiddleFourthHighestPercentage of currently married women age 15-49 with unmet needPoorestWealthiest 7.5.2 Future Use of Contraception Sixty-four percent of currently married women who are nonusers of contraception intend to use family planning in the future, while one-third (33%) do not.
Intention to use contraception in the future among nonusers increases from 56% among those with no children to a peak of 73% among those with two children before declining to 58% among those with four or more children (Table 7.15).

7.5.3 Exposure to Family Planning Messages in the Media The survey also collected information on exposure to family planning messages in the media and other sources among women and men age 15-49.
The radio is the most common source for family planning messages in Uganda, with 65% of women and 69% of men having heard a family planning message on the radio in the past few months.

Among women, 20% report having seen a family planning message on television and 11% saw one in a newspaper or magazine, while among men these proportions are 23% and 20%, respectively.

Three percent of women and 6% of men were exposed to a family planning message on a mobile phone.
On the other hand, 31% of women and 26% of men have not been exposed to family planning messages through any of these four media sources in the past few months (Table 7.16).

7.6 CONTACT OF NONUSERS WITH FAMILY PLANNING PROVIDERS Contact of nonusers with family planning providers Respondent discussed family planning in the 12 months before the survey with a fieldworker or during a visit to a health facility.
Sample: Women age 15-49 who are not currently using any contraceptive methods Seven in 10 (72%) women age 15-49 who are not using a contraceptive method said they had not discussed family planning with a fieldworker or health facility staff member in the 12 months before the survey.

Seven percent were visited by a fieldworker who discussed family planning with them.
One in four (25%) visited a health facility in the past 12 months and reported discussing family planning with a health facility staff member, and 41% had visited a health facility but not discussed family planning with a health facility worker (Table 7.17).

Patterns by background characteristics  Women in rural areas are more likely than women in urban areas to have discussed family planning during a health facility visit (27% and 20%, respectively) (Table 7.17).
 The proportion of women who did not discuss family planning either with a fieldworker or at a health facility ranges from 38% in Karamoja region to 87% in Kampala region.

 The percentage of women who did not discuss family planning with a fieldworker or at a health facility increases with increasing education and wealth.
116 • Family Planning LIST OF TABLES For more information on family planning, see the following tables:  Table 7.1  Table 7.2  Table 7.3  Table 7.4.1  Table 7.4.2  Table 7.5  Table 7.6  Table 7.7  Table 7.8  Table 7.9  Table 7.10  Table 7.11  Table 7.12  Table 7.13.1 Need and demand for family planning among currently married women  Table 7.13.2 Need and demand for family planning for all women and for sexually active Knowledge of contraceptive methods Knowledge of contraceptive methods according to background characteristics Current use of contraception according to age Current use of contraception according to background characteristics Trends in the current use of contraception Knowledge of fertile period Knowledge of fertile period by age Timing of sterilisation Source of modern contraception methods Use of social marketing brand pills and condoms Informed choice Twelve-month contraceptive discontinuation rates Reasons for discontinuation  Table 7.14  Table 7.15  Table 7.16  Table 7.17 unmarried women Decisionmaking about family planning Future use of contraception Exposure to family planning messages Contact of nonusers with family planning providers Family Planning • 117 Table 7.1 Knowledge of contraceptive methods Percentage of all respondents, currently married respondents, and sexually active unmarried respondents age 15-49 who have heard of any contraceptive method, according to specific method, Uganda DHS 2016 Women Currently married women Sexually active unmarried women1 Men All men Currently married men Sexually active unmarried men1 All women Method Any method Any modern method Female sterilisation Male sterilisation Pill IUD Injectables Implants Male condom Female condom Emergency contraception Standard days method (SDM) Lactational amenorrhoea method (LAM) Other modern method Any traditional method Rhythm Withdrawal Other traditional method 99.0 98.9 84.3 65.3 93.5 80.1 95.9 90.5 97.4 80.6 37.7 41.9 64.0 0.8 81.5 64.9 71.9 5.3 99.8 99.7 90.7 72.6 96.9 86.9 98.8 96.4 98.5 84.2
na na Mean number of methods known by respondents 15-49 Number of respondents Mean number of methods known by respondents 15-54 Number of respondents 9.7 18,506 10.5 11,223 na na na na na = Not applicable 1 Had last sexual intercourse within 30 days preceding the survey 118 • Family Planning Table 7.2 Knowledge of contraceptive methods according to background characteristics Percentage of currently married women and currently married men age 15-49 who have heard of at least one contraceptive method and who have heard of at least one modern method, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Heard of any method Women Heard of any modern method1 Number Heard of any method Men Heard of any modern method1 Age 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total 15-49 50-54 Total 15- na na 99.9
98.6 99.8 100.0 100.0 99.4 99.8 99.7 99.7 99.9 99.7 na na na na (97.1) (97.1) Number Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases.
na = Not applicable 1 Female sterilisation, male sterilisation, pill, IUD, injectables, implants, male condom, female condom, emergency contraception, standard days method (SDM), lactational amenorrhoea method (LAM), and other modern methods Family Planning • 119 Table 7.3 Current use of contraception according to age Percent distribution of all women, currently married women, and sexually active unmarried women age 15-49 by contraceptive method currently used, according to age, Uganda DHS 2016 Any method Any modern method Female sterili- sation Male sterili- sation Pill IUD Inject- ables Implants Male condom Female condom Emer- gency contra- ception SDM LAM Other Any tradi- tional method Rhythm With- drawal Other Not currently using Total Number of women Modern method Traditional method ALL WOMEN CURRENTLY MARRIED WOMEN SEXUALLY ACTIVE UNMARRIED WOMEN1 0.0
Age 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 Total 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 Total 15-19 20-24 25+ Total Note: If more than one method is used, only the most effective method is considered in this tabulation.
SDM = Standard days method LAM = Lactational amenorrhoea method 1 Women who have had sexual intercourse within 30 days preceding the survey 120 • Family Planning Table 7.4.1 Current use of contraception according to background characteristics Percent distribution of currently married women and sexually active unmarried women age 15-49 by contraceptive method currently used, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Any method Any modern method Female sterili- sation Male sterili- sation Pill IUD Inject- ables Implants Male condom Female condom Emer- gency contra- ception SDM LAM Other Any tradi- tional method Rhythm With- drawal Other Not currently using Total Number of women Modern method Traditional method CURRENTLY MARRIED WOMEN Number of living children 0 1-2 3-4 5+ Disability status1 A lot of difficulty or unable to function in at least one domain Some or no difficulty 8.1 37.0 44.5 42.6 6.2 33.3 40.3 37.6 39.6 34.0 in all domains 38.9 34.8 Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary 21.0
Continued… Family Planning • 121 Table 7.4.1—Continued Background characteristic Wealth quintile
 Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total Residence Urban Rural Total Any method Any modern method Female sterili- sation Male sterili- sation Pill IUD Inject- ables Implants Male condom Female condom Modern method Traditional method Any tradi- tional method Rhythm With- drawal Other Not currently using SDM LAM Other SEXUALLY ACTIVE UNMARRIED WOMEN2 Emer- gency contra- ception 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.6 0.7 0.4 Number of women 2,163 2,208 2,192 2,185 2,476 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 11,223 75.5 65.1 60.3 54.5 51.2 61.0 42.5 53.2 100.0 100.0 49.4 100.0 328 588 915 Note: If more than one method is used, only the most effective method is considered in this tabulation.
SDM = Standard days method LAM = Lactational amenorrhoea method 1 Disability questions are included in the Household Questionnaire.

Domains are seeing, hearing, communicating, remembering or concentrating, walking or climbing steps, and washing all over or dressing.

If a person was reported to have difficulty in more than one domain, only the highest level of difficulty is shown.
2 Women who have had sexual intercourse within 30 days preceding the survey 122 • Family Planning Table 7.4.2 Trends in the current use of contraception Percent distribution of currently married women age 15-49 by contraceptive method currently used, Uganda 2000-2016 Method Any method Any modern method Female sterilisation Male sterilisation IUD Pill Injectables Implants Male condom Other modern methods Any traditional method Rhythm Withdrawal Other Not currently using Total Number of women 2000-01 UDHS 22.8 18.2 2.0 0.0 0.2 3.2 6.4 0.3 1.9 4.2 4.6 2.5 1.1 1.0 77.2 100.0 4,881 2006 UDHS 2011 UDHS 2016 UDHS Note: In the 2000-01 UDHS, areas making up the districts of Amuru, Nwoya, Bundibugyo, Ntoroko, Gulu, Kasese, Kitgum, Lamwo, Agago, and Pader were excluded from the sample.
These areas contained about 5% of the national population of Uganda.

Trends should be viewed in that light.
Table 7.5 Knowledge of fertile period Percent distribution of rhythm users, SDM users, and all women age 15-49 by knowledge of the fertile period during the ovulatory cycle, Uganda DHS 2016 Perceived fertile period rhythm method Users of SDM All women Users of Just before her menstrual period begins During her menstrual period Right after her menstrual period has ended Halfway between two menstrual periods Other No specific time Don’t know Total Number of women 11.2 0.0 45.8 33.7 1.1 3.0 5.2 100.0 163 (2.6) (1.0) (45.2) (45.4) (2.9) (2.9) (0.0) 100.0 53 9.8 1.2 44.2 21.8 0.7 9.9 12.2 100.0 18,506 Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases.
SDM = Standard days method Table 7.6 Knowledge of fertile period by age Percentage of women age 15-49 with correct knowledge of the fertile period during the ovulatory cycle, according to age, Uganda DHS 2016 Percentage with correct knowledge of the fertile period Number of women 13.8 22.8 25.5 24.4 24.5 24.6 24.8 21.8 4,264 3,822 3,051 2,543 2,011 1,608 1,207 18,506 Age 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 Total Note: Correct knowledge of the fertile period is defined as “halfway between two menstrual periods.” Family Planning • 123 Table 7.7 Timing of sterilisation Percent distribution of sterilised women age 15-49 by age at the time of sterilisation and median age at sterilisation, according to the number of years since the operation, Uganda DHS 2016 Years since operation <2 2-3 4-5 6-7 8-9 10+ Total <25 0.0 0.0 0.0 (2.9) (3.7) 7.3 1.7 Age at time of sterilisation 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 Total Number of women Median age1 5.5 7.7 11.8 (12.7) (11.5) 44.5 14.2 25.6 20.9 22.8 (38.0) (33.8) 36.0 27.6 37.0 47.5 47.8 (26.5) (51.0) 12.3 37.4 26.2 21.3 14.3 (19.9) (0.0) 0.0 16.4 5.7 2.5 3.3 (0.0) (0.0) 0.0 2.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 95 79 53 34 28 52 341 36.3 36.2 35.7 (32.8) (35.1) a 34.6 Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases.
a = Not calculated due to censoring 1 Median age at sterilisation is calculated only for women sterilised before age 40 to avoid problems of censoring.
Table 7.8 Source of modern contraception methods Percent distribution of users of modern contraceptive methods age 15-49 by most recent source of method, according to method, Uganda DHS 2016 Source Public sector Government hospital Government health centre Family planning clinic Mobile clinic Community health worker/VHT Other Private medical sector Private hospital/clinic Pharmacy/drug shop Private doctor Mobile clinic Community health worker Other private medical Other source Shop Church Friend/relative Other Total Number of women Female sterilization 85.6 45.3 39.1 0.6 0.6 0.0 0.0 14.4 13.6 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 IUD 70.3 19.7 40.3 6.7 2.9 0.0 0.8 29.7 28.8 0.5 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Injectables Implants Pill 23.7 4.8 13.9 4.0 0.4 0.5 0.0 76.0 49.5 24.7 1.3 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 Male condom 42.4 9.0 29.6 0.9 0.4 2.3 0.1 40.3 16.3 22.8 0.2 0.5 0.6 0.0 12.3 10.0 0.0 2.3 5.0 SDM (22.8) (2.5) (11.3) (2.2) (4.2) (2.6) (0.0) (31.6) (22.1) (3.8) (4.1) (0.0) (1.5) (0.0) (18.6) (0.0) (0.0) (18.6) (27.0) Total Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases.
Note: Total includes other modern methods not listed separately, but excludes lactational amenorrhoea method (LAM).
SDM = Standard days method Table 7.9 Use of social marketing brand pills and condoms Percentage of pill and condom users age 15-49 using a social marketing brand, according to residence, Uganda DHS 2016 Among pill users Among condom users1 Percent- age using Pilplan Plus Percent- age using Micro- gynon Percent- age using Soft Sure Percent- age using New Fem Any social marketing brand pill Number of women Percent- age using Engabu Percent- age using Lifeguard Percent- age using Trust Percent- age using Condom O Percent- age using Protector Any social marketing brand condom Number of women Background characteristic Residence Urban Rural Total Note: Table excludes pill and condom users who do not know the brand name.
Condom use is based on women’s reports.
1 Among condom users not also using the pill 124 • Family Planning Table 7.10 Informed choice Among current users of selected modern methods age 15-49 who started the last episode of use within the 5 years preceding the survey, percentage who were informed about possible side effects or problems of that method, percentage who were informed about what to do if they experienced side effects, percentage who were informed about other methods they could use, and percentage who were informed of all three, according to method and initial source, Uganda DHS 2016 Among women who started last episode of modern contraceptive method within the 5 years preceding the survey: Percentage who were informed about side effects or problems of method used Percentage who were informed about what to do if side effects experienced Percentage who were informed by a health or family planning worker of other methods that could be used Percentage who were informed of all three (Method Information Index) Number of women 66.7 56.7 81.2 63.3 78.5 72.0 74.5 70.9 79.5 73.6 (69.4) * 59.5 59.8 * 55.3 (63.7) * 67.2 53.2 45.3 70.4 52.8 72.0 63.6 67.2 62.2 74.0 64.1 (58.4) * 47.4 47.4 * 43.2 (56.8) * 57.3 72.9 67.1 91.0 69.5 85.5 79.9 81.4 79.8 79.5 66.3 (84.0) * 64.7 64.4 * 64.7 (71.8) * 74.0 45.8 42.9 67.8 48.1 68.1 59.8 62.6 59.0 64.9 53.2 (58.4) * 42.0 41.8 * 39.2 (56.8) * 52.9 198 254 189 2,379 821 2,350 433 1,736 85 52 35 9 1,480 1,291 7 141 42 10 3,841 Method/source Method Female sterilisation Pill IUD Injectables Implants Initial source of method1 Public sector Government hospital Government health centre Family planning clinic Mobile clinic Community health worker/VHT Other public sector Private medical sector Private hospital/clinic Private doctor Pharmacy/drug shop Other private medical sector Other Total Note: Table includes users of only the methods listed individually.
Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases.

An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
VHT = Village Health Team 1 Source at start of current episode of use Table 7.11 Twelve-month contraceptive discontinuation rates Among women age 15-49 who experienced an episode of contraceptive use within the 5 years preceding the survey, the percentage of episodes discontinued within 12 months, according to reason for discontinuation and specific method, Uganda DHS 2016 Method failure Desire to become pregnant Other fertility- related reasons2 Side effects/ health concerns Wanted more effective method Other method- related reasons3 Other reasons Any reason4 Switched to another method5 Number of episodes of use6 (0.0) 0.2 1.5 1.0 6.2 2.7 15.2 15.2 6.7 3.4 (0.0) 7.6 10.5 2.2 10.7 10.1 12.0 8.3 5.5 8.8 (0.0) 0.0 4.8 1.6 10.0 12.6 5.0 3.6 2.6 5.1 (0.0) 13.8 26.0 13.6 27.5 2.2 0.0 0.2 3.6 18.1 (0.0) 0.7 1.6 0.4 3.5 3.4 2.6 7.6 13.0 2.7 (0.0) 3.3 2.1 0.1 5.5 5.3 1.0 1.0 1.5 2.2 (0.0) 2.4 5.2 1.6 3.9 9.7 3.3 4.4 5.1 4.7 (0.0) 27.9 51.8 20.5 67.3 45.9 39.0 40.4 38.2 45.0 (0.0) 5.2 3.8 3.0 9.4 4.7 2.7 8.5 14.0 205 328 5,317 1,370 822 913 328 655 537 5.0 10,475 Method Female sterilisation IUD Injectables Implants Pill Male condom Rhythm Withdrawal Other1 All methods Note: Figures are based on life table calculations using information on episodes of use that began 3-62 months preceding the survey.
Figures in parentheses are based on 125 to 249 women exposed to method use.

1 Includes lactational amenorrhoea method (LAM), male sterilisation, female condom, emergency contraception, and standard days method (SDM) 2 Includes infrequent sex/husband away, difficult to get pregnant/menopausal, and marital dissolution/separation 3 Includes lack of access/too far, costs too much, and inconvenient to use 4 Reasons for discontinuation are mutually exclusive and add to the total given in this column.
5 A woman is considered to have switched to another method if she used a different method in the month following discontinuation or if she gave “wanted a more effective method” as the reason for discontinuation and started another method within 2 months of discontinuation.

6 All episodes of use that occur within the 5 years preceding the survey are included.
Episodes of use include both episodes of use that were discontinued during the period of observation and episodes of use that were not discontinued during the period of observation.
Family Planning • 125 Table 7.12 Reasons for discontinuation Percent distribution of discontinuations of contraceptive methods in the 5 years preceding the survey by main reason stated for discontinuation, according to specific method, Uganda DHS 2016 Reason IUD Injectables Implants Pill Male condom Emergency contra- ception SDM Rhythm Withdrawal Other All methods Became pregnant while using Wanted to become pregnant Husband/partner disapproved Wanted a more effective method Health concerns/side effects Lack of access/too far Costs too much Inconvenient to use Up to God/fatalistic Difficult to get pregnant/ menopausal Infrequent sex/ husband away Marital dissolution/ separation Other Don’t know Missing Total Number of 7.1 (14.4) (31.2) (15.4) (37.9) (1.0) (5.2) (14.4) (16.0) (39.4) (0.0) (0.0) (4.7) (0.0) (0.0) (6.7) (0.0) (4.0) (0.0) (0.0) (0.0) (0.0) (0.0) (2.7) (0.0) (0.0) (7.1) (0.0) (0.0) (0.0) (0.0) discontinuations 193 4,041 743 764 565 40 48 239 502 312 7,446 Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases.
SDM = Standard days method 126 • Family Planning Table 7.13.1 Need and demand for family planning among currently married women Percentage of currently married women age 15-49 with unmet need for family planning, percentage with met need for family planning, total demand for family planning, and percentage of the demand for family planning that is satisfied, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Unmet need for family planning Met need for family planning (currently using) Total demand for family planning1 Background characteristic For For For spacing For limiting Total spacing For limiting Total spacing For limiting Total Number of women Percentage of demand satisfied2 Percentage of demand satisfied by modern methods3 Age 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 Disability status4 A lot of difficulty or unable to function in at least one domain Some or no difficulty in all domains 29.7 28.3 23.0 18.3 10.1 3.1 1.1 0.7 1.0 3.9 11.5 20.2 23.8 21.4 9.6 14.0 18.6 9.9 Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total 17.0
Note: Numbers in this table correspond to the revised definition of unmet need described in Bradley et al.
2012.

1 Total demand is the sum of unmet need and met need.

2 Percentage of demand satisfied is met need divided by total demand.

3 Modern methods include female sterilisation, male sterilisation, pill, IUD, injectables, implants, male condom, female condom, emergency contraception, standard days method (SDM), lactational amenorrhoea method (LAM), and other modern methods.

4 Disability questions are included in the Household Questionnaire.
Domains are seeing, hearing, communicating or concentrating, walking or climbing steps, and washing all over or dressing.

If a person was reported to have difficulty in more than one domain, only the highest level of difficulty is shown.
Family Planning • 127 Table 7.13.2 Need and demand for family planning for all women and for sexually active unmarried women Percentage of all women and sexually active unmarried women age 15-49 with unmet need for family planning, percentage with met need for family planning, total demand for family planning, and percentage of the demand for family planning that is satisfied, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Unmet need for family planning Met need for family planning (currently using) Total demand for family planning1 Background characteristic For spacing For limiting Total For spacing For limiting Total For spacing For limiting Total Number of women ALL WOMEN Percent- age of demand satisfied by modern methods3 Percent- age of demand satisfied2 Age 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 Disability status4 A lot of difficulty or unable to function in at least one domain Some or no difficulty in all domains Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total 30.3
Continued… 128 • Family Planning Table 7.13.2—Continued Unmet need for family planning Met need for family planning (currently using) Total demand for family planning1 Background characteristic For spacing For limiting Total For spacing For spacing SEXUALLY ACTIVE UNMARRIED WOMEN5 For limiting Total For limiting Total Number of women Percent- age of demand satisfied by modern methods3 Percent- age of demand satisfied2 Age 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34
 35-39 40-44 45-49 Disability status4 A lot of difficulty or unable to function in at least one domain Some or no difficulty 42.8 24.5 17.6 16.1 5.5 6.2 (3.1) 2.3 1.9 6.1 10.2 20.9 38.5 (34.8) 45.1 26.4 23.7 26.3 26.4 44.7 (37.9) 41.1 49.7 51.0 27.1 22.0 7.4 (0.0) 1.6 5.8 8.1 35.1 26.5 22.4 (25.2) 42.7 55.6 59.2 62.2 48.5 29.7 (25.2) 83.9 74.3 68.7 43.1 27.5 13.6 (3.1) 3.9 7.7 14.2 45.3 47.4 60.8 (60.0) 87.7 82.0 82.9 88.5 75.0 74.4 (63.1) 218 237 176 117 74 57 37 48.6 67.8 71.4 70.3 64.8 40.0 (39.9) 45.9 61.1 68.5 65.4 62.5 35.1 (34.7) (19.1) (2.4) (21.5) (35.4) (19.0) (54.4) (54.5) (21.3) (75.8) 30 (71.7) (69.9) in all domains 23.1 9.2 32.3 38.2 12.3 50.5 61.3 21.5 82.8 885 61.0 56.7 Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total 18.2 25.6 6.7 10.3 24.8 35.9 47.0 33.2 10.5 13.6 57.5 46.8 65.1 58.8 17.2 23.9 82.3 82.7 20.2 19.0 21.3 24.8 (21.0) (16.4) 30.3 * 17.2 (39.1) (32.8) 26.5 26.3 * (23.9) 18.8 11.2 17.8 15.3 26.2 19.6 20.0 25.1 21.8 26.6 25.6 18.7 22.9 4.1 9.2 6.5 2.3 (10.6) (5.7) 7.3 * 20.7 (7.6) (16.3) 8.6 15.0 * (20.6) 10.0 11.1 4.1 33.5 10.5 4.0 2.5 14.0 16.9 7.5 8.8 4.4 9.0 24.3 28.2 27.9 27.1 (31.6) (22.1) 37.6 * 37.9 (46.7) (49.1) 35.2 41.3 * (44.5) 28.8 22.3 21.9 48.8 36.8 23.6 22.5 39.1 38.7 34.1 34.3 23.1 31.9 40.2 39.2 44.4 40.3 (43.4) (57.7) 35.2 * 30.0 (41.5) (16.7) 30.4 34.7 * (33.5) 24.1 46.7 44.4 10.6 32.5 48.4 52.0 30.7 27.4 41.5 34.0 47.2 38.1 20.7 10.6 5.9 14.8 (4.8) (7.8) 15.6 * 9.9 (3.2) (19.1) 7.9 14.6 * (17.5) 19.8 17.0 13.0 17.1 13.4 13.7 0.6 9.0 16.4 9.2 15.8 11.5 12.5 60.8 49.8 50.3 55.2 (48.2) (65.5) 50.8 * 39.9 (44.7) (35.9) 38.3 49.3 * (51.0) 43.9 63.7 57.4 27.7 45.9 62.1 52.6 39.7 43.8 50.7 49.8 58.7 50.6 60.4 58.3 65.8 65.2 (64.4) (74.1) 65.5 *
 47.2 (80.6) (49.5) 57.0 61.0 * (57.4) 42.9 57.9 62.1 25.8 58.7 67.9 72.0 55.8 49.2 68.1 59.6 66.0 61.1 24.8 19.8 12.4 17.1 (15.5) (13.5) 22.9 * 30.6 (10.8) (35.4) 16.5 29.5 * (38.1) 29.8 28.1 17.1 50.6 24.0 17.7 3.1 23.0 33.3 16.7 24.6 15.8 21.5 85.1 78.0 78.2 82.3 (79.8) (87.5) 88.4 * 77.8 (91.4) (84.9) 73.4 90.5 * (95.5) (60.4) (74.8) 57.5 * 51.2 (48.9) (42.2) 52.1 54.4 * (53.4) 60.4 74.1 72.4 36.2 55.6 72.5 70.0 50.4 53.1 59.8 59.2 71.8 61.3 67.8 57.7 60.4 64.3 (52.3) (70.5) 50.1 * 45.8 (48.9) (42.2) 52.1 49.4 * (50.1) 55.4 69.8 67.5 33.3 52.9 68.4 55.0 46.4 50.5 57.9 56.6 64.3 57.1 Note: Numbers in this table correspond to the revised definition of unmet need described in Bradley et al.
2012.

Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases.

An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.

1 Total demand is the sum of unmet need and met need.

2 Percentage of demand satisfied is met need divided by total demand.
3 Modern methods include female sterilisation, male sterilisation, pill, IUD, injectables, implants, male condom, female condom, emergency contraception, standard days method (SDM), lactational amenorrhoea method (LAM), and other modern methods.

4 Disability questions are included in the Household Questionnaire.

Domains are seeing, hearing, communicating or concentrating, walking or climbing steps, and washing all over or dressing.
If a person was reported to have difficulty in more than one domain, only the highest level of difficulty is shown.
5 Women who have had sexual intercourse within 30 days preceding the survey Family Planning • 129 Table 7.14 Decisionmaking about family planning Among currently married women age 15-49 who are current users of family planning, percent distribution by who makes the decision to use family planning; among currently married women who are not currently using family planning, percent distribution by who makes the decision not to use family planning, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Among currently married women who are current users of family planning Mainly wife Wife and husband jointly Mainly husband Other/ don’t know/ missing Among currently married women who are not currently using family planning Total Number of women Mainly wife Wife and husband jointly Mainly husband Other/ don’t know/ missing Total Number of women Background characteristic Age 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 Disability status1 A lot of difficulty or unable to function in at least one domain Some or no difficulty 19.7 26.8 26.6 33.0 37.5 33.5 34.7 67.5 64.1 66.9 59.1 57.4 59.9 57.8 30.8 64.6 in all domains 30.6 61.9 Number of living children 0 1-2 3-4 5+ Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total 31.6 25.9 29.9 35.1 31.5 30.3 37.0 34.3 33.1 35.8 35.2 36.4 19.1 (27.7) (71.2) (1.1) 7.3 13.0 9.6 6.2 14.3 4.8 7.1 3.9 7.5 6.1 7.3 8.0 6.2 4.2 7.9 8.0 6.0 7.3 6.9 7.1 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.4
(0.0) (100.0) Note: Table excludes women who are currently pregnant.
Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases.

1 Disability questions are included in the Household Questionnaire.

Domains are seeing, hearing, communicating or concentrating, walking or climbing steps, and washing all over or dressing.

If a person was reported to have difficulty in more than one domain, only the highest level of difficulty is shown.
130 • Family Planning Table 7.15 Future use of contraception Percent distribution of currently married women age 15-49 who are not using a contraceptive method by intention to use in the future, according to number of living children, Uganda DHS 2016 Intention to use in the future Intends to use Unsure Does not intend to use Total Number of women 0 56.2 6.2 37.6 100.0 366 1 Includes current pregnancy Number of living children1 3 2 1 69.7 4.0 26.3 100.0 1,131 72.6 2.7 24.7 100.0 1,141 70.1 3.8 26.2 100.0 1,052 4+ 57.5 2.6 39.9 100.0 3,160 Total 63.9 3.2 32.9 100.0 6,850 Table 7.16 Exposure to family planning messages Percentage of women and men age 15-49 who heard or saw a family planning message on radio, on television, in a newspaper or magazine, or on a mobile phone in the past few months, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Women News- paper/ magazine Mobile phone None of these four media sources Radio Television Number of women Radio Television Men News- paper/ magazine Mobile phone None of these four media sources Number of men na na na na na na na na na na 2,494 1,963 1,025 1,690 1,169
18.1 31.3 na na 2,494 1,963 1,025 1,690 1,169 921 1,099 365 1,010 924 1,247 1,014 1,357 732 1,498 203 1,481 2,048 1,781 10,630 4,639 1,456 3,247 3,397 3,460 3,683 4,720 18,506 na na Background characteristic Age 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total 15-49 50-54 Total 15-54 na = Not applicable Family Planning • 131 Table 7.17 Contact of nonusers with family planning providers Among women age 15-49 who are not using contraception, the percentage who during the past 12 months were visited by a fieldworker who discussed family planning, percentage who visited a health facility and discussed family planning,
 percentage who visited a health facility but did not discuss family planning, and percentage who did not discuss family planning either with a fieldworker or at a health facility, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Percentage of women who were visited by fieldworker who discussed family planning Percentage of women who visited a health facility in the past 12 months and who: Discussed family planning Did not discuss family planning Percentage of women who did not discuss family planning either with fieldworker or at a health facility Number of women Background characteristic Age 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total 132 • Family Planning INFANT AND CHILD MORTALITY 8 Key Findings  Current levels: For the 5-year period
 before the survey, infant mortality was 43 deaths per 1,000 live births and under-5 mortality was 64 deaths per 1,000 live births.
At these levels, 1 in 23 Ugandan children dies before reaching his or her first birthday, and 1 in 16 do not survive to his or her fifth birthday.

Forty-two percent of under-5 mortality occurs during the neonatal period.

 Trends: Infant mortality declined from 88 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2000-01 to 43 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2016.

Under-5 mortality declined from 151 deaths per 1,000 live births to 64 deaths per 1,000 live births over the same period.
 Perinatal mortality: The perinatal mortality rate for the 5 years before the survey was 38 deaths per 1,000 pregnancies.

I nformation on infant and child mortality is relevant to a demographic assessment of a country’s population and is an important indicator of the country’s socioeconomic development and quality of life.

It can also help identify children who may be at higher risk of death and lead to strategies to reduce this risk, such as promoting birth spacing.
This chapter presents information on levels, trends, and differentials in perinatal, neonatal, infant, and under-5 mortality rates.

It also examines biodemographic factors and fertility behaviours that increase mortality risks for infants and children.

The information is collected as part of a retrospective birth history, in which female respondents list all of the children they have borne along with each child’s date of birth, survivorship status, and current age or age at death.
The quality of mortality estimates calculated from birth histories depends on the mother’s ability to recall all of the children she has given birth to, as well as their birth dates and ages at death.

Potential data quality problems include:  The selective omission from birth histories of those births that did not survive, which can result in underestimation of childhood mortality.

 The displacement of birth dates, which may distort mortality trends.
This can occur if an interviewer knowingly records a birth as occurring in a different year than the one in which it occurred.

This may happen if an interviewer is trying to cut down on her workload, because live births occurring during the 5 years before the interview are the subject of a lengthy set of additional questions.

 The quality of reporting of age at death.


Misreporting the child’s age at death may distort the age pattern of mortality, especially if the net effect of the age misreporting is to transfer deaths from one age bracket to another.
Infant and Child Mortality • 133  Any method of measuring childhood mortality that relies on mothers’ reports (e.g., birth histories) assumes that female adult mortality is not high or, if it is high, that there is little or no correlation between the mortality risks of mothers and those of their children.

Selected indicators of the quality of the mortality data on which the estimates of mortality in this chapter are based are presented in Appendix C, Tables C.4-C.6.
8.1 INFANT AND CHILD MORTALITY Neonatal mortality: The probability of dying within the first month of life.

Postneonatal mortality: The probability of dying between the first month of life and the first birthday (computed as the difference between infant and neonatal mortality).

Infant mortality: The probability of dying between birth and the first birthday.

Child mortality: The probability of dying between the first and the fifth birthday.
Under-5 mortality: The probability of dying between birth and the fifth birthday.

Figure 8.1 Trends in early childhood mortality rates In the 5-year period before the 2016 UDHS, the neonatal mortality rate was 27 deaths per 1,000 live births, implying that 1 in every 37 children die in the first month of life.

The infant mortality rate in the same period was 43 deaths per 1,000 live births, meaning that 1 in 23 children die before his or her first birthday.
The under-5 mortality rate of 64 deaths per 1,000 live births means that 1 in 16 children die before reaching age 5.

Two-thirds (67%) of all deaths in the first 5 years of life take place between birth and the first birthday.

Forty-two percent of deaths occur within the first month of life (Table 8.1).

Trends: Under-5 and infant mortality steadily declined from 2000-01 (151 and 88 deaths per 1,000 live births, respectively) to 2016 (64 and 43 deaths per 1,000 live births) (Figure 8.1).
Under-5 mortality has seen a 58% decrease and infant mortality a 51% decrease over the 16-year period.

Neonatal mortality decreased slightly from 33 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2000-01 to 27 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2006 and has not changed since.

Most of the reduction has been in postneonatal mortality rates, and neonatal mortality has come to constitute a larger proportion of under-5 and infant mortality over time.
Patterns by background characteristics  Under-5 mortality is higher among male (72 deaths per 1,000 live births) than female (56 deaths per 1,000 live births) children and higher among those in rural areas (68 deaths per 1,000 live births) than those in urban areas (52 deaths per 1,000 live births) (Table 8.2).
134 • Infant and Child Mortality 151128906488715443332727272000-01UDHS2006UDHS2011UDHS2016UDHSDeaths per 1,000 live births in the 5-year period before the surveyUnder-5 mortalityInfant mortalityNeonatal mortalityNote: In the 2000-01 UDHS, areasmaking up the districts of Amuru, Nwoya, Bundibugyo, Ntoroko, Gulu, Omoro, Kasese, Kitgum, Lamwo, Agago, and Pader were excluded from the sample.

These areas contained about 5% of the national population of Uganda.

Thus, the trends need to be viewed in that light.


Figure 8.2 Under-5 mortality by household wealth  Mortality estimates by background characteristics other than sex and residence were calculated for a 10-year period to minimise sampling errors and ensure an adequate number of cases to generate reliable indicators (Table 8.3).

 Under-5 mortality ranges from a low of 54 deaths per 1,000 live births in Teso region to a high of 102 deaths per 1,000 live births in Karamoja region.
 Under-5 mortality decreases with increasing household wealth, from 88 deaths per 1,000 live births among the poorest households to 53 deaths per 1,000 live births among the wealthiest households (Figure 8.2).

8.2 BIODEMOGRAPHIC RISK FACTORS Researchers have identified multiple risk factors for infant and child mortality based on the characteristics of the mother and child and the circumstances of the birth.
Under-5 mortality is highest (104 deaths per 1,000 live births) among children with a birth interval of less than 2 years.

Among children with longer birth intervals, under-5 mortality rates range from 54 to 63 deaths per 1,000 live births (Table 8.3).

8.3 PERINATAL MORTALITY Perinatal mortality rate Perinatal deaths comprise stillbirths (pregnancy loss that occurs after 7 months of gestation) and early neonatal deaths (deaths of live births within the first 7 days of life).
The perinatal mortality rate is calculated as the number of perinatal deaths per 1,000 pregnancies of 7 or more months’ duration.

Sample: Number of pregnancies of 7 or more months’ duration to women age 15-49 in the 5 years before the survey Figure 8.3 Perinatal mortality by mother’s education Perinatal mortality includes both stillbirths and early neonatal deaths.
The causes of stillbirths and early neonatal deaths are closely linked, and it can be difficult to distinguish whether a death was in fact a stillbirth or an early neonatal death.

During the 5- year period before the 2016 UDHS, the perinatal mortality rate was 38 deaths per 1,000 pregnancies (Table 8.4).

Patterns by background characteristics  Perinatal mortality is highest for women age 40- 49 (81 deaths per 1,000 pregnancies).
 Perinatal mortality is lowest when the previous pregnancy interval is between 27 and 38 months (17 deaths per 1,000 pregnancies).

 Perinatal mortality drops by half between women with no education (45 deaths per 1,000 pregnancies) and women with more than a secondary education (22 deaths per 1,000 pregnancies) (Figure 8.3).
Infant and Child Mortality • 135 8879736953LowestSecondMiddleFourthHighestDeaths per 1,000 live births for the 10-year period before the surveyPoorestWealthiest45393422No educationPrimarySecondaryMore thansecondaryDeaths per 1,000 pregancies of 7 or more months’duration in the 5-year period before the survey 8.4 HIGH-RISK FERTILITY BEHAVIOUR Childhood mortality can be affected by several known risk factors, including the mother’s age at birth, previous birth interval, and parity.
Just under a quarter (24%) of births in the 5 years preceding the survey did not fall into any high-risk category.

Sixteen percent were in an unavoidable high-risk category; that is, they were first-order births to women between age 18 and age 34.

Six in 10 births (60%) were in at least one avoidable high-risk category: 39% were in a single high-risk category, and 21% were in multiple high- risk categories (Table 8.5).

The risk ratio shows the relationship between risk factors and actual child mortality.
For births in a single high-risk category, the highest risk ratio (1.89) is for births to mothers less than age 18, followed by births with an interval of less than 24 months (1.57).

Risk ratios are generally but not always higher for births in multiple high-risk categories than for those in a single high-risk category.
The highest risk ratio (2.71) is for births in which the mother was older than age 34, the birth interval was less than 24 months, and the birth order was higher than three; this means that the risk of death for births in this category is more than two and half times higher than the risk for births not in any high-risk category.

Only 2% of births fall into this particular multiple-risk category.
The last column in Table 8.5 shows the distribution of currently married women by the risk category into which a birth would fall if they had conceived at the time of the survey.

Only 2 in 10 currently married women (19%) would not fall into any high-risk category if they had conceived at the time of the survey.
LIST OF TABLES For more information on infant and child mortality, see the following tables:  Table 8.1  Table 8.2  Table 8.3  Table 8.4  Table 8.5  Table 8.6 Early childhood mortality rates Five-year early childhood mortality rates according to background characteristics Ten-year early childhood mortality rates according to additional characteristics Perinatal mortality High-risk fertility behaviour Early childhood mortality rates by women’s status 136 • Infant and Child Mortality Table 8.1 Early childhood mortality rates Neonatal, postneonatal, infant, child, and under-5 mortality rates for 5-year periods preceding the survey, Uganda DHS 2016 Years preceding the survey Neonatal mortality (NN) Postneonatal mortality (PNN)1 Infant mortality (1q0) Child mortality (4q1) Under-5 mortality (5q0) 0-4 5-9 10-14 27 28 24 16 25 45 43 53 69 22 32 51 64 83 116 1 Computed as the difference between the infant and neonatal mortality rates Table 8.2 Five-year early childhood mortality rates according to background characteristics Neonatal, postneonatal, infant, child, and under-5 mortality rates for the 5-year period preceding the survey, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Neonatal mortality (NN) Postneonatal mortality (PNN)1 Infant mortality (1q0) Child mortality (4q1) Under-5 mortality (5q0) Child’s sex Male Female Residence Urban Rural Total 31 23 28 26 27 18 14 12 17 16 49 37 39 44 43 25 20 13 25 22 72 56 52 68 64 1 Computed as the difference between the infant and neonatal mortality rates Infant and Child Mortality • 137 Table 8.3 Ten-year early childhood mortality rates according to additional characteristics Neonatal, postneonatal, infant, child, and under-5 mortality rates for the 10-year period preceding the survey, according to additional characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Neonatal mortality (NN) Mother’s age at birth Postneonatal mortality (PNN)1 Infant mortality (1q0) Child mortality (4q1) Under-5 mortality (5q0) <20 20-29 30-39 40-49
 Birth order 1 2-3 4-6 7+ Previous birth interval2 <2 years 2 years 3 years 4+ years Birth size3 34 25 26 48 36 21 24 35 36 20 18 24 Small/very small Average or larger Don’t know/missing 37 22 (123) Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Mother’s education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest * * (34) 84 67 73 (111) 26 25 25 35 36 25 22 19 na na na na na na 59 74 64 84 72 68 54 102 68 69 86 89 81 67 72 96 67 47 105 76 49 29 88 79 73 69 53 Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases.
An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
na = Not available 1 Computed as the difference between the infant and neonatal mortality rates 2 Excludes first-order births 3 Rates for the 5-year period before the survey 138 • Infant and Child Mortality Table 8.4 Perinatal mortality Number of stillbirths and early neonatal deaths, and the perinatal mortality rate for the 5-year period preceding the survey, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Number of stillbirths1 Number of early neonatal deaths2 Perinatal mortality rate3 Number of pregnancies of 7+ months’ duration Mother’s age at birth <20 20-29 30-39 40-49 Previous pregnancy interval in months4 First pregnancy <15 15-26 27-38 39+ Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Mother’s education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total Stillbirths are foetal deaths in pregnancies lasting 7 or more months.
2 Early neonatal deaths are deaths at age 0-6 days among live-born children.

3 The sum of the number of stillbirths and early neonatal deaths divided by the number of pregnancies of 7 or more months’ duration, expressed per 1,000 4 Categories correspond to birth intervals of <24 months, 24-35 months, 36-47 months, and 48+ months.
Infant and Child Mortality • 139 Table 8.5 High-risk fertility behaviour Percent distribution of children born in the 5 years preceding the survey by category of elevated risk of mortality and the risk ratio, and percent distribution of currently married women by category of risk if they were to conceive a child at the time of the survey, Uganda DHS 2016 Risk category Births in the 5 years preceding the survey Percentage of births Risk ratio Percentage of currently married women1a Not in any high-risk category 24.1 1.00 19.4 Unavoidable risk category First-order births between age 18 and age 34 In any avoidable high-risk category Single high-risk category Mother’s age <18 only Mother’s age >34 only Birth interval <24 months only Birth order >3 only Subtotal Multiple high-risk category Age <18 and birth interval <24 months2 Age >34 and birth interval <24 months Age >34 and birth order >3 Age >34 and birth interval <24 months and birth order >3 Birth interval <24 months and birth order >3 Subtotal Total Subtotals by individual avoidable high-risk category Mother’s age <18 Mother’s age >34 Birth interval <24 months Birth order >3 16.4 59.5 6.2 0.4 8.1 23.8 38.6 0.6 0.0 10.1 2.1 8.0 20.9 100.0 6.9 12.7 21.0 44.1 Number of births/women 15,270 1.53 1.53 1.89 1.02 1.57 1.11 1.33 2.46 * 1.73 2.71 1.84 1.89 na 1.95 1.87 1.79 1.46 na 5.1 75.5 0.7 2.1 10.7 19.2 32.8 0.3 0.1 24.5 4.9 12.9 42.7 100.0 1.0 31.6 40.5 61.5 11,223 Note: Risk ratio is the ratio of the proportion dead among births in a specific high-risk category to the proportion dead among births not in any high-risk category.
An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.

na = Not applicable 1 Women are assigned to risk categories according to the status they would have at the birth of a child if they were to conceive at the time of the survey: current age less than 17 years and 3 months or older than 34 years and 2 months, latest birth less than 15 months ago, or latest birth being of order 3 or higher.
2 Includes the category age <18 and birth order >3 a Includes sterilised women Table 8.6 Early childhood mortality rates by women’s status Infant, child, and under-5 mortality rates for the 10-year period preceding the survey, according to indicators of women’s empowerment, Uganda DHS 2016 Empowerment indicator Number of decisions in which she participates3 0 1-2 3 Number of reasons for which wife beating is justified4 0 1-2 3-4 5 Infant mortality (1q0) Child mortality (4q1) Under-5 mortality (5q0) 52 43 48 45 48 49 64 31 26 24 25 27 30 27 81 68 71 69 74 78 89 1 Restricted to currently married women.
See Table 15.6.1 for the list of decisions.

2 See Table 15.7.1 for the list of reasons.

140 • Infant and Child Mortality MATERNAL HEALTH CARE 9 Key Findings  Antenatal care: Almost all women (97%) age 15-49 with a live birth in the past 5 years received antenatal care (ANC) from a skilled provider during their most recent pregnancy.

However, only 29% of women had their first ANC visit during the first trimester of pregnancy.

Sixty percent completed at least four ANC visits.


 Components of ANC: Most women who attended ANC for their most recent pregnancy in the past 5 years had a blood sample taken (93%), were weighed (88%), and had their blood pressure measured (72%); they were less likely to have a urine sample taken (39%).

 Protection against neonatal tetanus: Eighty-one percent of the last live births in the past 5 years were protected against neonatal tetanus.
 Delivery: More than 7 in 10 live births in the past 5 years were delivered in a health facility (73%) and with skilled birth attendance (74%).

 Postnatal care: For the most recent births in the past 2 years, only 54% of women and 56% of newborns received a postnatal check within 2 days of delivery.

H ealth care services during pregnancy and childbirth and after delivery are important for the survival and well-being of both the mother and the infant.
Maternal health is a core dimension of the global health development agenda.

Furthermore, the Government of Uganda has prioritised it in the national health agenda through the Roadmap for Accelerating the Reduction of Maternal and Neonatal Mortality and Morbidity in Uganda (2007-2015) and as a strategic and priority health care intervention area under the current Health Sector Development Plan (HSDP 2015/16-2019/20).
A quality antenatal care (ANC) visit necessitates that medical professionals closely monitor and screen mothers and their babies to identify potential maternal health problems or conditions such as infections, anaemia, and other complications.

Appropriate preventive or treatment services can then be provided, thus improving health outcomes for both mothers and newborns.

The Ministry of Health’s Clinical Guidelines recommend four ANC visits during pregnancy (The Republic of Uganda, 2016).
Deliveries in health facilities and, most especially, skilled birth attendance are crucial for reduction of maternal mortality.

This chapter presents information on providers of ANC, number and timing of ANC visits, and different components of maternal health care during and after ANC and birth, including places of delivery, assistance during delivery, types of delivery, postnatal care for mothers and newborns, and self-reports of obstetric fistula.
Also, the chapter discusses problems women report in accessing maternal health care.

Maternal Health Care • 141 9.1 ANTENATAL CARE COVERAGE AND CONTENT 9.1.1 Skilled Providers Antenatal care (ANC) from a skilled provider Pregnancy care received from skilled providers, such as doctors, nurses/ midwives, and medical assistants/clinical officers.
Sample: Women age 15-49 who had a live birth in the 5 years before the survey Figure 9.1 Trends in antenatal care coverage Almost all (97%) women age 15-49 who had a live birth in the 5 years preceding the survey received antenatal care from a skilled provider at least once for their most recent birth.

Most (87%) saw a nurse or midwife (Table 9.1).


Trends: The proportion of women in Uganda receiving antenatal care from a skilled provider at least once for their most recent birth in the 5 years preceding the survey has increased slightly over the past 16 years, from 90% in 2000-01 to 93% in 2006, 95% in 2011, and 97% in 2016 (Figure 9.1).

Patterns by background characteristics  There is little variation in receipt of antenatal care from a skilled provider by selected background characteristics.
There is some variation in the kind of provider seen (Table 9.1).

 Women having their first child are more than twice as likely to see a doctor (13%) as women having their sixth (or later) child (5%).

 Urban women are twice as likely to see a doctor (17%) as rural women (8%).
 The likelihood of seeing a doctor doubles among women with a secondary education (13%) as compared with women with no education or a primary education (6-7%) and doubles again among women with more than a secondary education (28%).

 Women in the lower wealth quintiles are less likely (6-8%) to see a doctor than women in the highest wealth quintile (21%).
9.1.2 Timing and Number of ANC Visits Six in 10 women with a birth in the 5 years preceding the survey (60%) attended the recommended four ANC visits during the pregnancy leading to their most recent birth (Table 9.2).

Although this achievement surpasses the target (45%) set in the current Health Sector Development Plan, it falls short of the ideal of universal coverage.
142 • Maternal Health Care 9093959742474860141721292000-01UDHS2006UDHS2011UDHS2016UDHSPercentage of women age 15-49 who had a live birth in the 5 years before the survey (for the most recent birth)Received any ANC from skilled providerHad 4+ ANC visitsHadANC in first trimesterNote: In the 2000-01 UDHS, areasmaking up the districts of Amuru, Nwoya, Bundibugyo, Ntoroko, Gulu, Omoro, Kasese, Kitgum, Lamwo, Agago, and Pader were excluded from the sample.
These areas contained about 5% of the national population of Uganda.

Thus, the trends need to be viewed in that light.

About 3 in 10 women (29%) had their first ANC visit during the first trimester of pregnancy.

The median gestational age at which women made their first ANC visit was 4.7 months.
This implies that women start attending ANC almost halfway through the overall gestation period; earlier attendance would provide a better opportunity to diagnose possible complications or pregnancy-related problems at the early stages of pregnancy.

Trends: The proportion of women who had at least four ANC visits increased slightly from 42% in 2000- 01 to 47% in 2006 and 48% in 2011 and then increased more markedly in 2016, to 60% (Figure 9.1).
Over the same time period, the proportion of women who received ANC in the first trimester of pregnancy doubled, from 14% in 2000-01 to 29% in 2016.

9.2 COMPONENTS OF ANC VISITS Pregnant women are more likely to have a blood sample taken (93%), to be weighed (88%), and to have their blood pressure measured (72%) than to have a urine sample taken (39%) (Table 9.3).

Trends: The proportion of pregnant women who had a blood sample taken increased from 15% in 2000- 01 to 93% in 2016.
The proportion of women who had a blood pressure measurement also increased during that time period, although less dramatically (from 56% in 2000-01 to 72% in 2016), and the proportion who had a weight measurement increased from 71% in 2000-01 to 88% in 2016.

Over the same period, the proportion of pregnant women who had a urine sample taken increased from 11% to 39%.
Iron Tablets/Syrup and Intestinal Parasite Drugs Women with a birth in the 5 years preceding the survey, whether or not they attended ANC, were asked if they took iron tablets or syrup and intestinal parasite drugs during their most recent pregnancy.

Nearly 9 in 10 (88%) women took iron tablets or syrup at least once, and 6 in 10 (60%) took intestinal parasite medication at least once.
9.3 PROTECTION AGAINST NEONATAL TETANUS Protection against neonatal tetanus The number of tetanus toxoid injections needed to protect a baby from neonatal tetanus depends on the mother’s vaccinations.
A birth is protected against neonatal tetanus if the mother has received any of the following:  Two tetanus toxoid injections during the pregnancy  Two or more injections, the last one within 3 years of the birth  Three or more injections, the last one within 5 years of the birth  Four or more injections, the last one within 10 years of the birth  Five or more injections at any time prior to the birth Sample: Last live births in the 5 years before the survey to women age 15-49 Protection against neonatal tetanus is important for preventing deaths arising from this disease; it is one of the simplest and effective ways of reducing the neonatal mortality rate.
Eighty-one percent of women’s most recent births in the 5 years preceding the survey were protected against neonatal tetanus (Table 9.4).

Trends: The proportion of births protected against neonatal tetanus increased from 75% in 2006 to 84% in 2011 before decreasing slightly to 81% in 2016.
Patterns by background characteristics  Births to women under age 20 (74%) and first births (75%) are less likely to be protected against neonatal tetanus than births to older women (81-82%) and higher-order births (81-83%).

Maternal Health Care • 143  Protection from neonatal tetanus increases with increasing mother’s education.

Last births to women with no education are less likely (79%) to be protected against neonatal tetanus than last births to women with more than a secondary education (87%).
9.4 DELIVERY SERVICES 9.4.1 Institutional Deliveries Institutional deliveries Deliveries that occur in a health facility.
Sample: All live births in the 5 years before the survey Figure 9.2 Trends in place of birth Figure 9.3 Health facility births by region Percentage of live births in the 5 years before the survey that were delivered in a health facility Institutional deliveries increase the chances of skilled birth attendance and increase mothers’ access to equipment and supplies that are facility based.

This is vital for prevention of or reductions in maternal and neonatal mortality.
Nearly three quarters (73%) of live births in the 5 years preceding the survey were delivered in a health facility (Table 9.5).

Trends: Institutional deliveries increased from 37% in 2000-01 to 42% in 2006, 57% in 2011, and 73% in 2016.

Over the same period, home deliveries decreased by more than half, from 62% in 2000-01 to 25% in 2016 (Figure 9.2).

Patterns by background characteristics  The proportion of births delivered in a health facility drops steadily with birth order.
Eighty- six percent of first births take place in a health facility, as compared with 63% of sixth- or higher-order births.

 Births to urban women are more likely (88%) to take place in a health facility than births to rural women (70%).

 There is large regional variation in the proportion of births in health facilities, from 56% in Bugisu region and 57% in Bunyoro region to 94% in Kampala region (Figure 9.3).
144 • Maternal Health Care 37425773625842252000-01UDHS2006UDHS2011UDHS2016UDHSPercentage of live births in the 5 years before the surveyDelivered in health facilityDelivered athomeNote: In the 2000-01 UDHS, areasmaking up the districts of Amuru, Nwoya, Bundibugyo, Ntoroko, Gulu, Omoro, Kasese, Kitgum, Lamwo, Agago, and Pader were excluded from the sample.

These areas contained about 5% of the national population of Uganda.

Thus, the trends need to be viewed in that light.


 Institutional deliveries increase steadily with increasing mother’s education; 61% of births to women with no education take place in a health facility, as compared with 96% of births to women with more than a secondary education (Figure 9.4).
Figure 9.4 Health facility births by education 9.4.2 Skilled Assistance during Delivery Skilled assistance during delivery Births delivered with the assistance of doctors, nurses/midwives, and/or medical assistants/clinical officers.

Sample: All live births in the 5 years before the survey Skilled birth attendants in most developing countries, including Uganda, play a vital role in providing comprehensive care for mothers and newborn infants, including preventing and managing obstetric complications.
Specifically, they are instrumental in supporting delivery, early postnatal care, prompt detection of problems, appropriate referrals, and actual management of mothers and newborn infants with danger signs.

In the 5 years preceding the survey, close to three quarters (74%) of births were delivered by a skilled provider.

Consistent with the pattern observed for ANC, most births were attended by nurses or midwives (64%) (Table 9.6).
Trends: There has been a steady rise in skilled assistance during delivery over the past 16 years, from 37% in 2000-01 to 42% in 2006, 58% in 2011, and 74% in 2016.

Figure 9.5 Skilled assistance at delivery by birth order Patterns by background characteristics  The proportion of deliveries attended by a skilled provider drops with birth order; 86% of first births are delivered by a skilled provider, as compared with 64% of sixth- or higher-order births (Figure 9.5).
 Births outside of health facilities are much less likely (8%) to be attended by a skilled provider than births in either public (99%) or private (96%) health facilities.

 The proportion of births attended by a skilled provider is lowest in Bunyoro and Bugisu regions (both 58%) and highest in Kampala region (96%).
Maternal Health Care • 145 61688796No educationPrimarySecondaryMore thansecondaryPercentage of live births in the 5 years before the survey that were delivered in a health facility8676706412-34-56+Percentage of live births in the 5 years before the survey that were delivered by a skilled providerBirth order  The proportion of births attended by a skilled provider rises with increasing mother’s education, from 63% among women with no education to 98% among women with more than a secondary education.
9.4.3 Delivery by Caesarean While caesarean section (C-section) deliveries can reduce maternal and neonatal mortality and/or obstetric complications, they should be done only when medically necessary.

WHO does not recommend target rates for C-sections since they should be conducted based on the need of the patient.

Six percent of the live births in the 5 years preceding the survey were delivered by C-section (Table 9.7).

Trends: The C-section rate increased modestly from 3% in 2000-01 to 6% in 2016.
Patterns by background characteristics  C-section deliveries are more common among first-order births (11%) than sixth- or higher-order births (3%).

 The C-section rate for urban areas (11%) is more than double that of rural areas (5%).

 More than one-fifth (22%) of births to women with more than a secondary education are delivered by C-section; for births to women with less education, the rate ranges from 3% to 8%.
9.5 POSTNATAL CARE Postnatal care (PNC) is important for both mothers and their babies during the critical interval from immediately after childbirth to the first 6 weeks of life or the first 6 weeks of the postpartum period.

Through PNC, danger signs and complications that arise after delivery can be detected and managed accordingly.

PNC is therefore vitally important for preventing both maternal and neonatal mortality.
As recommended by WHO and Uganda’s Ministry of Health, all women who deliver from a health facility should have PNC checks within the first 24 hours after delivery, and those who give birth from outside a health facility should be referred for PNC checks in health facilities within 12 hours after delivery.
Figure 9.6 Postnatal care by place of delivery 9.5.1 Postnatal Health Check for Mothers Among women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 2 years preceding the survey, slightly more than half (54%) received a postnatal check during the first 2 days after their most recent birth.

Forty-three percent of women either received no postnatal check or received one more than 41 days after delivery (Table 9.9).
Trends: The proportion of mothers who received a postnatal check during the first 2 days after their most recent birth has increased markedly over the past 10 years, from 17% in 2006 to 33% in 2011 and 54% in 2016.

Patterns by background characteristics  Women who delivered in a health facility had a higher likelihood of receiving a postnatal check within 2 days of delivery (66%) than those who delivered elsewhere (18%) (Figure 9.6).
 Urban women are more likely to receive postnatal checks within 2 days of delivery (67%) than rural women (51%).

146 • Maternal Health Care 666818165456WomenNewbornsPercentage of last births in the 2 years before the survey for which women and newborns received a postnatal check during the first 2 days after birthHealth facilityElsewhereTotal  The proportion of women receiving a postnatal check within 2 days of delivery is highest in Karamoja region (85%) and lowest in Bunyoro region (39%).
 Receipt of postnatal checks in a timely manner varies by educational status.

Women with more than a secondary education (79%) are more likely than those with no education (52%) to receive a postnatal check within 2 days of delivery.

Type of Provider Half (51%) of women who gave birth in the 2 years before the survey received a postnatal check within 2 days of their most recent birth from a doctor, nurse, or midwife.
The remaining women who had a postnatal check received it from a traditional birth attendant (2%) or a medical assistant/clinical officer, nursing aide/assistant, or community health worker (less than 1% each) (Table 9.10).

9.5.2 Postnatal Health Check for Newborns A number of neonatal deaths occur within the first 48 hours of life.

Complications can be averted through prompt postnatal care for newborns.

Slightly more than half (56%) of newborns had a postnatal check within the first 2 days after birth.
Forty-two percent of newborns did not receive a postnatal check within the first 2 days (Table 9.11).

Patterns by background characteristics  First-born infants are more likely (65%) to receive a postnatal check within 2 days than infants of higher birth orders (48-57%).

 Newborns who are delivered in a health facility are more likely to receive a postnatal check within 2 days (68%) than those delivered elsewhere (16%) (Figure 9.6).
 Nearly 8 in 10 babies (78%) born to mothers with more than a secondary education received a postnatal check in the first 2 days after birth, as compared with 5 in 10 of those born to mothers with no education (51%) or a primary education (50%).

Type of Provider and Content of Postnatal Care Similar to the pattern observed for mothers, slightly more than half (53%) of newborns received a postnatal check within 2 days after delivery from a doctor, nurse, or midwife.
Two percent received a check from a traditional birth attendant, and less than 1% received a check from a medical assistant/clinical officer or a nursing aide/assistant or a community health worker (Table 9.12).

With respect to postnatal care content, 47% of newborns in the 2 years preceding the survey had two or more signal functions performed during the first 2 days after birth.

Details on content of care can be found in Table 9.13.
9.6 PROBLEMS IN ACCESSING HEALTH CARE Problems in accessing health care Women were asked whether each of the following factors is a big problem in seeking medical advice or treatment for themselves when they are sick:  Getting permission to go to the doctor  Getting money for advice or treatment  Distance to a health facility  Not wanting to go alone Sample: Women age 15-49 Maternal Health Care • 147 Nearly 6 in 10 (59%) women age 15-49 reported at least one problem in accessing health care for themselves (Table 9.14).
Women in rural areas had a higher likelihood of reporting at least one problem in accessing health care for themselves (64%) than women in urban areas (44%).

Nearly 9 out of 10 (87%) women in Acholi region mentioned at least one problem, as compared with 1 in 3 (34%) women in Kampala region.

The most frequent obstacle women mentioned was getting money for treatment (45%); the least frequently cited problem was getting permission to go for treatment (5%).
9.7 FEMALE CIRCUMCISION AND OBSTETRIC FISTULA Female genital cutting—also called female circumcision and female genital mutilation—involves cutting some part of the clitoris and/or labia, with known implications for obstetric outcomes (World Health Organization Study Group on Female Genital Mutilation, 2006).

In Uganda, 55% of women age 15-49 have heard of female circumcision; 0.3% of women are circumcised (Table 9.15).
Obstetric fistula is a hole between the vagina and rectum or bladder that causes urinary or faecal incontinence.

Fistula typically results from problems during labour, surgical error, or trauma.

In Uganda, 64% of women age 15-49 have heard of obstetric fistula, while 1% of women report ever having experienced symptoms of fistula (Table 9.16).
LIST OF TABLES For more information on maternal health care, see the following tables: Antenatal care Number of antenatal care visits and timing of first visit Components of antenatal care Tetanus toxoid injections Place of delivery Assistance during delivery Caesarean section Duration of stay in health facility after birth Timing of first postnatal check for the mother  Table 9.1  Table 9.2  Table 9.3  Table 9.4  Table 9.5  Table 9.6  Table 9.7  Table 9.8  Table 9.9  Table 9.10 Type of provider of first postnatal check for the mother  Table 9.11 Timing of first postnatal check for the newborn  Table 9.12 Type of provider of first postnatal check for the newborn  Table 9.13 Content of postnatal care for newborns  Table 9.14  Table 9.15  Table 9.16 Problems in accessing health care Female circumcision Fistula knowledge and experience 148 • Maternal Health Care Table 9.1 Antenatal care Percent distribution of women age 15-49 who had a live birth in the 5 years preceding the survey by antenatal care (ANC) provider during the pregnancy for the most recent birth and percentage receiving antenatal care from a skilled provider for the most recent birth, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Antenatal care provider Medical assistant/ clinical officer Nursing aide/ assistant Traditional birth attendant Doctor Nurse/ midwife Other No ANC Total Percentage receiving antenatal care from a skilled provider1 Number of women 0.6
Background characteristic Age at birth <20 20-34 35-49 Disability status2 A lot of difficulty or unable to function in at least one domain Some or no difficulty in all domains Birth order 1 2-3 4-5 6+ Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total Note: If more than one source of ANC was mentioned, only the provider with the highest qualifications is considered in this tabulation.
1 Skilled provider includes doctor, nurse/midwife, and medical assistant/clinical officer.

2 Disability questions are included in the Household Questionnaire.

Domains are seeing, hearing, communicating, remembering or concentrating, walking or climbing steps, and washing all over or dressing.

If a person was reported to have difficulty in more than one domain, only the highest level of difficulty is shown.
Maternal Health Care • 149 Table 9.2 Number of antenatal care visits and timing of first visit Percent distribution of women age 15-49 who had a live birth in the 5 years preceding the survey by number of antenatal care (ANC) visits for the most recent live birth and by the timing of the first visit, and among women with ANC, median months pregnant at first visit, according to residence, Uganda DHS 2016 Number of ANC visits and timing of first visit Number of ANC visits None 1 2-3 4+ Don’t know/missing Total Number of months pregnant at time of first ANC visit No antenatal care <4 4-5 6-7 8+ Don’t know/missing Total Number of women Residence Urban Rural Total Median months pregnant at first visit (for those with ANC) Number of women with ANC 4.7 2,316 4.7 7,641 4.7 9,957 150 • Maternal Health Care Table 9.3 Components of antenatal care Among women age 15-49 with a live birth in the 5 years preceding the survey, the percentage who took iron tablets or syrup and drugs for intestinal parasites during the pregnancy of the most recent live birth, and among women receiving antenatal care (ANC) for the most recent live birth in the 5 years preceding the survey, the percentage receiving specific antenatal services, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Among women with a live birth in the past 5 years, percentage who during the pregnancy of their most recent live birth: Took intestinal parasite drugs Number of women with a live birth in the past 5 years Took iron tablets or syrup Among women who received antenatal care for their most recent birth in the past 5 years, the percentage with selected services: Blood pressure measured Urine sample taken Blood sample taken Weighed Number of women with ANC for their most recent birth 88.8 89.4 83.8 89.7 90.6 88.8 84.0 92.1 87.3 87.6 89.6 93.9 84.5 90.5 85.8 91.2
Background characteristic Mother’s age at birth <20 20-34 35-49 Birth order 1 2-3 4-5 6+ Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total Maternal Health Care • 151 Table 9.4 Tetanus toxoid injections Among mothers age 15-49 with a live birth in the 5 years preceding the survey, percentage receiving two
 or more tetanus toxoid injections during the pregnancy for the most recent live birth and the percentage whose most recent live birth was protected against neonatal tetanus, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Percentage receiving two or more injections during the pregnancy for the most recent live birth Percentage whose most recent live birth was protected against neonatal tetanus1 Number of mothers Background characteristic Mother’s age at birth <20 20-34 35-49 Birth order 1 2-3 4-5 6+ Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total 1 Includes mothers with two injections during the pregnancy of her most recent live birth, or two or more injections (the last within 3 years of the most recent live birth), or three or more injections (the last within 5 years of the most recent live birth), or four or more injections (the last within 10 years of the most recent live birth), or five or more injections at any time prior to the most recent birth 152 • Maternal Health Care Table 9.5 Place of delivery Percent distribution of live births in the 5 years preceding the survey by place of delivery and percentage delivered in a
 health facility, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Mother’s age at birth <20 20-34 35-49 Mother’s disability status1 A lot of difficulty or unable to function in at least one domain Some or no difficulty in all domains Birth order 1 2-3 4-5 6+ Antenatal care visits2 None 1-3 4+ Don’t know/missing Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Mother’s education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total Health facility Public sector Private sector Home Other Total Percentage delivered in a health facility Number of births (52.4) 14.1 14.9 17.3 (30.6) 56.8 30.8 17.7 (17.1) 0.9 1.6 1.3 (0.0) 100.0 100.0 100.0 (100.0) 42.3 67.5 81.0 (82.9) 73.9
Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases.
1 Disability questions are included in the Household Questionnaire.

Domains are seeing, hearing, communicating, remembering or concentrating, walking or climbing steps, and washing all over or dressing.

If a person was reported to have difficulty in more than one domain, only the highest level of difficulty is shown.
2 Includes only the most recent birth in the 5 years preceding the survey Maternal Health Care • 153 Table 9.6 Assistance during delivery Percent distribution of live births in the 5 years preceding the survey by person providing assistance during delivery and percentage of births assisted by a skilled provider, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Percent- age delivered by a skilled provider1 Number of births 78.3 74.2 68.1 2,737 10,591 1,943 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 66.1 481 100.0 74.4 14,789 Background characteristic Doctor Nurse/ midwife Person providing assistance during delivery Medical assistant/ clinical officer Nursing aide/ assistant Tradi- tional birth attendant Relative/ friend/ other Don’t know/ missing No one Mother’s age at birth <20 20-34 35-49 Mother’s disability status2 A lot of difficulty or unable to function in at least one domain Some or no difficulty in all domains Birth order 1 2-3 4-5 6+ Antenatal care visits3 None 1-3 4+ Don’t know/missing Place of delivery Health facility Public facility Private facility Elsewhere Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Mother’s education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total (18.7) 41.3 59.9 68.2 (69.3) 0.0 0.7 0.7 (0.0) 0.7 1.1 1.0 (0.0) 0.3
(10.6) (0.2) (1.1) 0.0 0.0 0.0 (0.0) 100.0 100.0 100.0 (100.0) (88.1) Note: If the respondent mentioned more than one person attending during delivery, only the most qualified person is considered in this tabulation.
Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases.

1 Skilled provider includes doctor, nurse/midwife, and medical assistant/clinical officer.

2 Disability questions are included in the Household Questionnaire.

Domains are seeing, hearing, communicating, remembering or concentrating, walking or climbing steps, and washing all over or dressing.

If a person was reported to have difficulty in more than one domain, only the highest level of difficulty is shown.
3 Includes only the most recent birth in the 5 years preceding the survey 154 • Maternal Health Care Table 9.7 Caesarean section Percentage of live births in the 5 years preceding the survey delivered by caesarean section (C- section), percentage delivered by C-section planned before the onset of labour pains, and percentage delivered by C-section decided on after the onset of labour pains, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Mother’s age at birth <20 20-34 35-49 Birth order 1 2-3 4-5 6+ Antenatal care visits1 None 1-3 4+ Don’t know/missing Place of delivery2 Health facility Public facility Private facility Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Mother’s education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total Percentage delivered by C-section Timing of decision to conduct C-section Before onset of labour pains After onset of labour pains Number of births 7.0 6.1 5.2 10.5 6.8 4.3 2.8 3.7 5.5 8.5 (7.9) (6.2) (1.8) Note: The question on C-section is asked only of women who delivered in a health facility.
In this table, it is assumed that women who did not give birth in a health facility did not receive a C- section.

Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases.
1 Includes only the most recent birth in the 5 years preceding the survey 2 Restricted to births that occurred in a health facility Maternal Health Care • 155 Table 9.8 Duration of stay in health facility after birth Among women with a birth in the 5 years preceding the survey who delivered their most recent live birth in a health facility, percent distribution by duration of stay in the health facility following their most recent live birth, according to type of delivery, Uganda DHS 2016 Type of delivery <6 hours 6-11 hours 12-23 hours 1-2 days 3+ days Missing Total Number of women Vaginal birth Caesarean section 14.7 0.6 12.6 0.3 10.0 0.0 55.9 5.3 6.2 93.6 0.6 0.2 100.0 100.0 6,896 740 Table 9.9 Timing of first postnatal check for the mother Among women age 15-49 giving birth in the 2 years preceding the survey, percent distribution of the mother’s first postnatal check for the most recent live birth by time after delivery, and percentage of women with a live birth during the 2 years preceding the survey who received a postnatal check in the first 2 days after giving birth, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Time after delivery of mother’s first postnatal check1 Background characteristic Less than 4 hours 4-23 hours 1-2 days 3-6 days 7-41 days Don’t know/ missing No postnatal check2 Mother’s age at birth <20 20-34 35-49 Birth order 1 2-3 4-5 6+ Place of delivery Health facility Elsewhere Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total 14.4
Percentage of women with a postnatal check during the first 2 days after birth1 Number of women Total Includes women who received a check from a doctor, midwife, nurse, community health worker, or traditional birth attendant 2 Includes women who received a check after 41 days 156 • Maternal Health Care Table 9.10 Type of provider of first postnatal check for the mother Among women age 15-49 giving birth in the 2 years preceding the survey, percent
 distribution by type of provider of the mother’s first postnatal health check during the 2 days after the most recent live birth, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Mother’s age at birth <20 20-34 35-49 Birth order 1 2-3 4-5 6+ Place of delivery Health facility Elsewhere Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total Type of health provider of mother’s first postnatal check Doctor/ nurse/ midwife Medical assistant/ clinical officer Nursing aide/ assistant Community/ village health worker Traditional birth attendant No postnatal check during the first 2 days after birth Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number of women Maternal Health Care • 157 Table 9.11 Timing of first postnatal check for the newborn Percent distribution of most recent births in the 2 years preceding the survey by time after birth of first postnatal check, and percentage of births with a postnatal check during the first 2 days after birth, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Time after birth of newborn’s first postnatal check1 Background characteristic Less than 1 hour Mother’s age at birth 1-3 hours 4-23 hours 1-2 days 3-6 days Don’t know/ missing No postnatal check2 <20 20-34 35-49 Birth order 1 2-3 4-5 6+ Place of delivery Health facility Elsewhere Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Mother’s education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total 3.9
Total Percentage of births with a postnatal check during the first 2 days after birth1 Number of births Includes newborns who received a check from a doctor, midwife, nurse, community health worker, or traditional birth attendant 2 Includes newborns who received a check after the first week of life 158 • Maternal Health Care Table 9.12 Type of provider of first postnatal check for the newborn Percent distribution of most recent live births in the 2 years preceding the survey by type of provider of the newborn’s first postnatal health check during the 2 days after the most recent live birth, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Mother’s age at birth <20 20-34 35-49 Birth order 1 2-3 4-5 6+ Place of delivery Health facility Elsewhere
 Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Mother’s education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total Type of health provider of newborn’s first postnatal checkup Doctor/ nurse/ midwife Medical assistant/ clinical officer Nursing aide/ assistant Community/ village health worker Traditional birth attendant No postnatal check during the first 2 days after birth Total Number of births 1,030 4,108 764 1,357 2,028 1,273 1,244 4,511 1,390 1,258 4,643 719 647 235 580 397 300 412 168 302 282 420 340 460 181 458 79
 471 474 566 3,577 1,325 432 1,326 1,253 1,120 1,037 1,166 5,901 Maternal Health Care • 159 Table 9.13 Content of postnatal care for newborns Among most recent live births in the 2 years preceding the survey, percentage for whom selected functions were performed during the first 2 days after the birth and percentage with at least two signal functions performed during the first 2 days after birth, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Among most recent live births in the 2 years preceding the survey, percentage for whom the selected function was performed during the first 2 days after the birth: Background characteristic Cord examined Temperature measured Counselling on danger signs Counselling on breastfeeding Observation of breastfeeding Weighed1 Percentage with at least two signal functions performed during the first 2 days after birth Number of births Mother’s age at birth <20 20-34 35-49 Birth order 1 2-3 4-5 6+ Place of delivery Health facility Elsewhere Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Mother’s education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total 39.4
Captures newborns who were weighed “at birth.” May exclude some newborns who were weighed during the 2 days after birth.
160 • Maternal Health Care Table 9.14 Problems in accessing health care Percentage of women age 15-49 who reported that they have serious problems in accessing health care for themselves when they are sick, by type of problem, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Age 15-19 20-34 35-49 Number of living children 0 1-2 3-4 5+ Marital status Never married Married or living together Divorced/separated/ widowed Employed last 12 months Not employed Employed for cash Employed not for cash Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total Problems in accessing health care Getting permission to go for treatment Getting money for treatment Distance to health facility Not wanting to go alone At least one problem accessing health care Number of women 59.7
Maternal Health Care • 161 Table 9.15 Female circumcision Percentage of women age 15-49 who have ever heard of female circumcision and percentage who are circumcised, and percent distribution of circumcised women by desire for circumcision, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Age 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total Percentage of women who: Have heard of female circumcision Are circumcised Number of women • Maternal Health Care Table 9.16 Fistula knowledge and experience Percentage of women age 15-49 who have ever heard of fistula and percentage who have ever had fistula symptoms, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Age 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 Residence Urban Rural
 Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total Percentage of women who: Have ever heard of fistula Have ever had fistula symptoms Number of women Maternal Health Care • 163 CHILD HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT 10 Key Findings  Vaccinations: Fifty-five percent of children age 12-23 months had received all basic vaccinations by the time of the survey, and 49% received the vaccinations by the appropriate age of 12 months.
 Symptoms of ARI: Advice or treatment was sought for 80% of children under age 5 who had symptoms of an acute respiratory infection (ARI) in the 2 weeks before the survey.

Thirty-nine percent had treatment or advice sought on the same or next day.

 Fever: Advice or treatment was sought for 82% of children under age 5 who had a fever in the 2 weeks before the survey.

For 48% of these children, advice or treatment was sought on the same or next day.
 Feeding practices during diarrhoea: Only 15% of children under age 5 who had diarrhoea in the 2 weeks preceding the survey were given more liquids than usual, as recommended.

 Early child development: Thirty-seven percent of youngest children age 36-59 months living with their mother are attending organised early childhood education programmes.
nformation on child health and survival can help policymakers and programme managers assess the efficacy of current strategies, formulate appropriate interventions to prevent deaths from childhood illnesses, and improve the health of children in Uganda.

I This chapter presents information on birth weight and vaccination status for young children.
It also looks at the prevalence of, and treatment practices for, three common childhood illnesses: symptoms of acute respiratory infection (ARI), fever, and diarrhoea.

In addition, because appropriate sanitary practices can help prevent and reduce the severity of diarrheal disease, information is provided on the disposal of children’s faecal matter.

There is also discussion of early childhood development indicators.
10.1 BIRTH WEIGHT Low birth weight Percentage of births with a reported birth weight below 2.5 kilograms regardless of gestational age.

Sample: Live births in the 5 years before the survey that have a reported birth weight from either a written record or the mother’s report Birth weight is an important indicator when assessing a child’s health for early exposure to childhood morbidity and mortality.
Birth weight in the 2016 UDHS was obtained from either a written record or, in the absence of a written record, the mother’s recall.

Child Health and Development • 165 Sixty-seven percent of live births in the 5 years preceding the survey had a reported birth weight from a written record or the mother’s recall.

Among births with a reported weight, 10% weighed less than 2.5 kilograms (Table 10.1).
There is variability by background characteristics in the proportion of births that have a reported birth weight; for example, 93% of births to women with more than a secondary education have a reported birth weight, while 58% of births to women with no education have a reported weight.

Therefore, it is difficult to interpret variation by background characteristics in the proportion of infants weighing less than 2.5 kilograms at birth.
Information on the mother’s estimate of her infant’s size at birth is also available in Table 10.1.

The mother’s estimate of size is subjective, but it can be a useful proxy for the child’s weight.

Mothers reported 5% of births as very small, 14% as smaller than average, and 79% as average or larger than average.
10.2 VACCINATION OF CHILDREN All basic vaccinations coverage Percentage of children age 12-23 months who received specific vaccines at any time before the survey (according to a vaccination card or the mother’s report).
To have received all basic vaccinations, a child must receive at least:  One dose of Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, which protects against tuberculosis  Three doses of DPT-containing vaccine, which protects against diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough), and tetanus  Three doses of oral polio vaccine (not including the birth dose)  One dose of measles vaccine Sample: Living children age 12-23 months Figure 10.1 Childhood vaccinations Immunising children against vaccine-preventable diseases can greatly reduce childhood morbidity and mortality.
Information on vaccination coverage was collected from the child’s health card or the mother’s direct report.

Uganda’s DPT-containing vaccine also protects against Hepatitis B (HepB) and Haemophilus influenzae Type b (Hib); it is known as DPT-HepB- Hib or the pentavalent vaccine.
Fifty-five percent of children age 12-23 months received all basic vaccinations at any time before the survey, while 49% received the basic vaccinations by the appropriate age of 12 months; 1% received no vaccinations at all (Table 10.2).

Coverage of all basic vaccinations among children age 12-23 months is shown in Figure 10.1.
Vaccination coverage is highest for the BCG vaccine (96%), followed by the first dose of the DPT-HepB-Hib vaccine and the first non-birth dose of the oral polio vaccine (95% each).

There is a drop-off in the percentage of children who received subsequent doses of the DPT-HepB-Hib and polio vaccines, and among the basic vaccinations, coverage is lowest for the final dose of the oral polio vaccine (66%).
Trends: The percentage of children age 12-23 months in Uganda who received all basic vaccinations increased from 37% in 2000-01 to 55% in 2016.

During the same period, the proportion of children who received no vaccinations fell from 13% to 1% (Figure 10.2).
166 • Child Health and Development 9695907995866680551BCG123123AllbasicNonePercentage of children age 12-23 months vaccinated at any time before the surveyMeaslesPolioDPT-HepB-Hib Figure 10.2 Trends in childhood vaccinations Figure 10.3 Vaccination coverage by region Patterns by background characteristics  The percentage of children age 12-23 months who have received all basic vaccinations ranges from 45% in Busoga region to 73% in Karamoja region (Table 10.3 and Figure 10.3).
Uptake of Newly Introduced Vaccines The Government of Uganda has recently introduced two new vaccines into the national routine immunisation schedule.

The pneumococcal conjugate vaccine 10 (PCV) was introduced in April 2013.

PCV protects against Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria, which causes severe pneumonia, meningitis, and other illnesses.

The inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) was introduced in April 2016 and will replace oral polio vaccines by 2021.
The monovalent rotavirus vaccine will become part of the national routine immunisation schedule in February 2018.

This vaccine protects against rotavirus, which can cause inflammation of the stomach and intestines with symptoms including severe watery diarrhoea, often with vomiting, fever, and abdominal pain.

This can lead to severe dehydration.

Although it was not part of the schedule at the time of the survey, some private health facilities offer the rotavirus vaccine for a fee.
In addition to the basic vaccinations, it is recommended that all children age 12-23 months receive three doses of PCV, two doses of the rotavirus vaccine, and one dose of IPV before their first birthday.
Coverage rates for these vaccines should be interpreted with extreme caution: some children may have been too old to receive the vaccines when roll-out started, roll-out was not implemented simultaneously across the country, and at the time of the survey, the rotavirus vaccine was not part of the national schedule, was not offered at all facilities, and was not free of charge in the private facilities where it was offered.
Eighty-seven percent of children age 12-23 months received the first dose of PCV, 79% received the second dose, and 64% received the third dose.

Coverage rates are much lower for the rotavirus vaccine, with only 10% of children receiving the first dose and 6% receiving the second dose.

Twenty-one percent of children received IPV (Table 10.3).
Child Health and Development • 167 37465255137412000-01UDHS2006 UDHS2011 UDHS2016 UDHSPercentage of children age 12-23 months who received all basic vaccinations at any time before the surveyNo vaccinationsAll basic vaccinationsNote: In the 2000-01 UDHS, areasmaking up the districts of Amuru, Nwoya, Bundibugyo, Ntoroko, Gulu, Omoro, Kasese, Kitgum, Lamwo, Agago, and Pader were excluded from the sample.

These areas contained about 5% of the national population of Uganda.
Thus, the trends need to be viewed in that light.

Vaccination Card Ownership and Availability Vaccination cards are a critical tool in ensuring that a child receives all recommended vaccinations on schedule.

Almost all children age 12-23 months and 24-35 months (97% of both) ever had a vaccination card or similar record.

Interviewers asked to see the card/document for each child who had ever had one; the card/document was actually available at the time of the survey for fewer children.
Vaccination cards were available for 7 out of 10 (70%) children age 12-23 months and 6 out of 10 (59%) children age 24-35 months (Table 10.4).

10.3 SYMPTOMS OF ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTION Acute respiratory infection (ARI) is among the leading causes of child morbidity and mortality in Uganda.

In the 2016 UDHS, ARI prevalence was estimated by asking mothers whether any of their children under age 5 had been ill with a cough accompanied by short, rapid breathing in the 2 weeks preceding the survey.
These data are based on the mother’s perception of illness and were not validated by a medical examination.

Mothers reported that 9% of children under age 5 had symptoms of ARI in the 2 weeks before the survey.

The prevalence of ARI is highest among children in Karamoja region (27%) and lowest among children in Bunyoro region (0.9%) (Table 10.5).

Treatment of symptoms of acute respiratory infection (ARI) Children with symptoms of ARI for whom advice or treatment was sought.
ARI symptoms consist of cough accompanied by (1) short, rapid breathing that is chest-related and/or (2) difficult breathing that is chest-related.

Sample: Children under age 5 with symptoms of ARI in the 2 weeks before the survey Advice or treatment was sought for 8 in 10 (80%) children under age 5 with ARI symptoms in the 2 weeks before the survey; however, but was sought for only 4 in 10 (39%) on the same or next day.
10.4 FEVER Fever is a symptom of malaria but is also associated with other childhood illnesses that may contribute to high levels of malnutrition, morbidity, and mortality in young children.

Information about malaria is discussed in detail in Chapter 12.

Treatment of fever Children with fever for whom advice or treatment was sought.

Sample: Children under age 5 with a fever in the 2 weeks before the survey One-third (33%) of children under age 5 had a fever in the 2 weeks preceding the survey.
The prevalence of fever is highest among children in Busoga (66%) and Teso (59%) regions and lowest in Bunyoro region (11%).

Patterns of care seeking are similar to those for ARI: 82% of children were taken for advice or treatment, and for 48%, that advice or treatment was sought on the same or next day.

Twenty-nine percent of children with a fever received antibiotics (Table 10.7).
168 • Child Health and Development 10.5 DIARRHOEAL DISEASE Figure 10.4 Diarrhoea prevalence by age 10.5.1 Prevalence of Diarrhoea Mothers reported that 20% of children under age 5 had a diarrhoeal episode in the 2 weeks preceding the survey (Table 10.8).

Advice or treatment was sought for 71% of children with diarrhoea.
Patterns by background characteristics The prevalence of diarrhoea rises after age 6 months, from 19 among children under age 6 months to 39% among those age 6-11 months, when complementary foods and other liquids are introduced.

The prevalence remains high (31%) at age 12-23 months, which is the time when children begin to walk and are at an increased risk of contamination from the environment, and declines thereafter (Figure 10.4).
As with symptoms of fever, the percentage of children with diarrhoea in the 2 weeks preceding the survey is highest in Teso (29%) and Busoga (27%) regions and lowest in Bunyoro region (10%).

10.5.2 Feeding Practices Appropriate feeding practices Children with diarrhoea are given more liquids than usual and as much food or more than usual.
Sample: Children under age 5 with diarrhoea in the 2 weeks before the survey Figure 10.5 Feeding practices during diarrhoea To reduce dehydration and minimise the effects of diarrhoea on nutritional status, mothers are encouraged to continue normal feeding or increase feeding of children with diarrhoea and to increase the amount of fluids given to children.

Only 15% of children under age 5 who had diarrhoea in the 2 weeks preceding the survey were given more liquids than usual, as recommended.
Thirty-nine percent received the same amount of liquids.

Forty-six percent were given either less liquid than usual (42%) or no liquid at all (4%) (Figure 10.5).

Four in ten (42%) children with diarrhoea were fed according to the recommended practice of giving the same amount of (36%) or more (6%) food to the sick child.

Forty-four percent of children were given less food than usual, while 6% received no food (Table 10.9).
For additional information on feeding practices during diarrhoea by background characteristics, see Table 10.9.
Child Health and Development • 169 1939311811720<66-1112-2324-3536-4748-59TotalPercentage of children under age 5 who had diarrhoea in the 2 weeks before the surveyAge inmonths61536394442649Food givenLiquidsgivenPercentage of children under age 5 withdiarrhoeain the 2 weeks before the surveyMoreSameLessNoneNever gave(compared (compared to usual) 10.5.3 Treatment of Diarrhoea Oral rehydration therapy Children with diarrhoea are given increased fluids, or a fluid made from a special packet of oral rehydration salts (ORS), or government-recommended homemade fluids (RHF).
Sample: Children under age 5 with diarrhoea in the 2 weeks before the survey Oral rehydration therapy (ORT) is a simple and effective way to reduce dehydration caused by diarrhoea.

Fifty-five percent of children with diarrhoea received some form of ORT (ORS, recommended homemade fluids, and/or increased fluids) (Table 10.10).

Nineteen percent of children received antibiotics and 40% were given zinc, which can reduce the duration and severity of diarrhoea.
Nearly 1 in 5 (19%) children with diarrhoea did not receive any treatment.

Trends: After declining slightly from 19% in 2000-01 to 16% in 2006 and 14% in 2011, the proportion of children with diarrhoea who received no treatment increased to again reach 19% in 2016.

Patterns by background characteristics  Male children are more likely (58%) to receive ORT than female children (52%) (Table 10.10).

 The proportion of children receiving ORT is higher in urban areas (61%) than in rural areas (54%).
 Children in Karamoja region are more likely to receive ORT (84%) than children in other regions.

Only about one-third of children in Teso (34%) and Ankole (37%) regions received ORT.

Figure 10.6 Prevalence and treatment of childhood illness 10.5.4 Knowledge of ORS Packets In Uganda, 9 in 10 (93%) women age 15-49 with a live birth in the 5 years before the survey know about ORS packets or pre-packaged liquids for the treatment of diarrhoea (Table 10.12).
Knowledge of ORS packets is lowest among women age 15-19 (88%) and women living in Tooro region (82%).

10.6 TREATMENT OF CHILDHOOD ILLNESS Fever (33%) was the most common illness reported among children under age 5 during the 2 weeks preceding the survey.

Advice or treatment is more likely to be sought for children with a fever (82%) or symptoms of ARI (81%) than for children with diarrhoea (71%) (Figure 10.6).
10.7 DISPOSAL OF CHILDREN’S STOOLS Safe disposal of children’s stools The child’s last stools were put or rinsed into a toilet or latrine or buried, or the child used a toilet or latrine.

Sample: Youngest child under age 2 living with their mother Proper disposal of children’s faeces is important to prevent the spread of disease.

Among youngest children under age 2 living with their mother, 81% had their last stool disposed of safely (Table 10.13).
170 • Child Health and Development 93320818271ARIFeverDiarrhoeaARIFeverDiarrhoeaPercentage of children under age 5 with symptoms in the 2 weeks before the surveyAmong those with illness, percentage for whom advice or treatment was sought Patterns by background characteristics  Safe disposal of faeces increases with children’s age, from 44% of children age 0-1 months to 95% of children age 18-23 months.
 Children in urban areas (87%) are more likely than those in rural areas (79%) to have had their last faecal matter disposed of safely.

 The proportion of children whose faecal matter is disposed of safely varies by wealth, from 74% among those in households in the lowest wealth quintile to 86% among those in households in the highest quintile.
10.8 EARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT The 2016 UDHS included questions in the Woman’s Questionnaire from the UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) module on Early Childhood Development.

The questions were asked about respondent’s youngest child under age 5 or age 36-59 months living with her.

10.8.1 Early Childhood Education Attendance to early childhood education Number of children who are attending an early childhood education programme.
Sample: Youngest children age 36-59 months living with their mother Organised early childhood education programmes are important to facilitate children’s cognitive development and prepare them for formal primary education.

Thirty-seven percent of youngest children age 36-59 months living with their mother attend organised early childhood education programmes.
Children born to mothers with more than a secondary education (80%), those from households in the highest wealth quintile (66%), those living in urban areas (55%), and those age 48-59 months (47%) are more likely to attend early childhood education.

Children from Karamoja (13%) and Teso (17%) regions are less likely to attend early childhood education than children from other regions (Table 10.14).
10.8.2 Support for Learning Support for learning Number of children with whom any adult (age 15+) household member has engaged in four or more activities (reading books or looking at picture books, telling stories, singing songs, going outside of the home, playing, and/or naming, counting, or drawing) in the past 3 days.
Sample: Youngest children age 36-59 months living with their mother An adult household member engaged in four or more learning activities in the 3 days preceding the survey with 54% of youngest children age 36-59 months living with their mother.

On average, adults engaged children in 3.4 activities.

Among children living with their biological father, fathers engaged on average in 0.6 activities, and only 4% of children engaged in four or more learning activities with their fathers.
Mothers engaged on average in 1.8 activities and 22% of children engaged in four or more learning activities with their mothers (Table 10.15).

Child Health and Development • 171 10.8.3 Children’s Books and Playthings Availability of books Number of children who have three or more children’s books or picture books.

Availability of playthings Number of children who play with two or more kinds of playthings (homemade toys, manufactured toys, and/or household or natural objects) when they are at home.
Sample: Youngest children under age 5 living with their mother Only 2% of youngest children under age 5 living with their mother have three or more children’s books or picture books.

Half (50%) of children play with two or more kinds of playthings when they are at home.

Seven in 10 children (71%) play with household or natural objects, 49% play with homemade toys, and 24% play with manufactured toys (Table 10.16).
10.8.4 Inadequate Care for Children Inadequate care for children Number of children left alone or in the care of another child younger than age 10 for more than 1 hour at least once in the last week.

Sample: Youngest children under age 5 living with their mother Children under age 5 should be in the care and guidance of responsible adults.
Nearly 4 in 10 (37%) youngest children under age 5 living with their mother received inadequate care for at least 1 hour in the week preceding the survey: 23% spent at least 1 hour completely alone, and 28% spent at least 1 hour in the care of another child younger than age 10 (Table 10.17).
10.8.5 Early Child Development Index Early child development index Number of children who are developmentally on track in at least three of the following four domains: literacy-numeracy, physical, social-emotional, and learning.

Sample: Youngest children age 36-59 months living with their mother Sixty-three percent of youngest children age 36-59 months living with their mother are developmentally on track according to the early child development index (Table 10.18).
Ninety-one percent of children are on track in the physical development domain, 86% in the learning domain, 68% in the social-emotional domain, and only 26% in the literacy-numeracy domain.

Patterns by background characteristics  The proportion of children who are developmentally on track is highest in Ankole (84%) and South Central (82%) regions.

The proportion is lowest in Lango (42%), Teso (42%), and Karamoja (43%) regions.
 Children who are attending early childhood education are more likely to be developmentally on track (82%) than those who are not attending (53%).

 The percentage of children who are developmentally on track in at least three of the four domains rises with increasing mother’s education, from 57% among children whose mothers have no formal education to 87% among children whose mothers have more than a secondary education.
172 • Child Health and Development LIST OF TABLES For more information on low birth weight, vaccinations, childhood illness, disposal of children’s stools, and early childhood development, see the following tables:  Table 10.1  Table 10.2  Table 10.3  Table 10.4  Table 10.5  Table 10.6  Table 10.7  Table 10.8  Table 10.9  Table 10.10  Table 10.11  Table 10.12  Table 10.13  Table 10.14  Table 10.15  Table 10.16  Table 10.17  Table 10.18 Child’s size and weight at birth Vaccinations by source of information Vaccinations by background characteristics Possession and observation of vaccination cards, according to background characteristics Prevalence and treatment of symptoms of ARI Source of advice or treatment for children with symptoms of ARI Prevalence and treatment of fever Prevalence and treatment of diarrhoea Feeding practices during diarrhoea Oral rehydration therapy, zinc, and other treatments for diarrhoea Source of advice or treatment for children with diarrhoea Knowledge of ORS packets or pre-packaged liquids Disposal of children’s stools Early childhood education Support for learning Learning materials Inadequate care Early child development index Child Health and Development • 173 Table 10.1 Child’s size and weight at birth Percent distribution of live births in the 5 years preceding the survey by mother’s estimate of baby’s size at birth, percentage of live births in the 5 years preceding the survey that have a reported birth weight, and among live births in the 5 years preceding the survey with a reported birth weight, percentage less than 2.5 kg, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Percent distribution of births by size of baby at birth Background characteristic Smaller than average Average or larger Don’t know/ missing Very small Mother’s age at birth <20 20-34 35-49 Birth order 1 2-3 4-5 6+ Mother’s smoking status Smokes cigarettes/ tobacco Does not smoke Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango
 Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Mother’s education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total Based on either a written record or the mother’s recall Total Percentage of births that have a reported birth weight1 Among births with a reported birth weight1 Number of births Percentage less than 2.5 kg Number of births 1,172
• Child Health and Development Table 10.2 Vaccinations by source of information Percentage of children age 12-23 months and children age 24-35 months who received specific vaccines at any time before the survey, by source of information (vaccination card or mother’s report), and percentage who received specific vaccines by the appropriate age, Uganda DHS 2016 Children age 12-23 months Children age 24-35 months Vaccination card1 Mother’s report Either source Vaccinated by appropriate age2,3 Vaccination card1 Mother’s report Either source Vaccinated by appropriate age3 na 2,859 3.0 0.1 1,703 2.2 2.7 1,187 5.2 2.7 2,890 3.4 na 2,890 Vaccine BCG DPT-HepB-Hib 1 2 3 Polio (oral) 0 (birth dose) 1 2 3 IPV Pneumococcal 1 2 3 Rotavirus 1 2 3 Measles All basic vaccinations4 All age-appropriate vaccinations5 No vaccinations Number of children na = Not applicable BCG = Bacille Calmette-Guérin DPT = Diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus HepB = Hepatitis B Hib = Haemophilus influenzae type b The DPT-HepB-Hib conjugate vaccine is sometimes known as pentavalent.
IPV = Inactivated polio vaccine (administered via intramuscular or subcutaneous injection) 1 Vaccination card, booklet, or other home-based record 2 Received by age 12 months 3 For children whose vaccination information is based on the mother’s report, date of vaccination is not collected.

The proportions of vaccinations given during the first and second years of life are assumed to be the same as for children with a written record of vaccination.
4 BCG, three doses of DPT-HepB-Hib, three doses of oral polio vaccine (excluding polio vaccine given at birth), and one dose of measles vaccine 5 BCG, three doses of DPT-HepB-Hib, four doses of oral polio vaccine, one dose of IPV, three doses of pneumococcal vaccine, and one dose of measles vaccine Child Health and Development • 175 Table 10.3 Vaccinations by background characteristics Percentage of children age 12-23 months who received specific vaccines at any time before the survey (according to a vaccination card or the mother’s report), percentage with all basic vaccinations, and percentage with all age-appropriate vaccinations, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 DPT-HepB-Hib Polio1 Pneumococcal Rotavirus BCG 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 IPV 1 2 3 1 2 3 Measles All basic vacci- nations2 All age- appro- priate vacci- nations3 No vacci- nations Number of children 67.9
Background characteristic Sex Male Female Birth order 1 2-3 4-5 6+ Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala
 Mother’s education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total 96.3 94.9 89.9 78.6 79.7 94.5 86.2 65.8 20.8 87.4 79.1 64.3 10.3 Note: Children are considered to have received the vaccine if it was either written on the child’s vaccination card or reported by the mother.
For children whose vaccination information is based on the mother’s report, date of vaccination is not collected.

The proportions of vaccinations given during the first and second years of life are assumed to be the same as for children with a written record of vaccination.

BCG = Bacille Calmette-Guérin DPT = Diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus HepB = Hepatitis B Hib = Haemophilus influenzae type b The DPT-HepB-Hib conjugate vaccine is sometimes known as pentavalent.
IPV = Inactivated polio vaccine (administered via intramuscular or subcutaneous injection) 1 Polio 0 is the polio vaccination given at birth.
2 BCG, three doses of DPT-HepB-Hib, three doses of oral polio vaccine (excluding polio vaccine given at birth), and one dose of measles vaccine 3 BCG, three doses of DPT-HepB-Hib, four doses of oral polio vaccine, three doses of pneumococcal vaccine, and one dose of measles vaccine 176 • Child Health and Development Table 10.4 Possession and observation of vaccination cards, according to background characteristics Percentage of children age 12-23 months and children age 24-35 months who ever had a vaccination card, and percentage with a vaccination card seen, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Sex Male Female Birth order 1 2-3 4-5 6+ Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Mother’s education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total Children age 12-23 months Children age 24-35 months Percentage who ever had a vaccination card1 Percentage with a vaccination card seen1 Number of children Percentage who ever had a vaccination card1 Percentage with a vaccination card seen1 Number of children 54.7
Vaccination card, booklet, or other home-based record Child Health and Development • 177 Table 10.5 Prevalence and treatment of symptoms of ARI Among children under age 5, percentage who had symptoms of acute respiratory infection (ARI) in the 2 weeks preceding the survey; and among children with symptoms of ARI in the 2 weeks preceding the survey, percentage for whom advice or treatment was sought, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Among children under age 5: Among children under age 5 with symptoms of ARI: Percentage with symptoms of ARI1 Number of children Percentage for whom advice or treatment was sought from a health facility or provider2 Percentage for whom treatment was sought same or next day Number of children 8.2 12.4 11.6 9.8 7.4 7.4 9.7 9.0 8.1 9.4 (12.0) * 6.4 10.3 * * * 80.3 * * 86.6 79.2 * * 82.6 80.0 80.4 84.8 (88.4) 81.0 80.6 75.7 70.0 83.9 82.7 94.6 93.4 * 69.0 (73.5) (80.5) 89.9 75.5 (87.8) 79.9 78.3 85.1 (92.0) 79.7 77.6 78.2 84.5 85.8 80.4 38.0 36.8 38.8 39.7 37.0 40.7 38.7 38.6 * 38.5 * * 42.5 38.1 * * 46.7 37.1 35.3 38.9 (64.8) 38.7 39.0 38.7 36.1 59.8 29.6 48.2 52.1 * 22.0 (33.0) (38.4) 45.1 30.3 (59.7) 45.4 36.8 38.3 (46.2) 37.1 37.3 40.1 38.0 44.0 38.6 122 196 331 283 209 213 703 651 9 1,345 6 0 217 1,130 1 1 219 1,135 147 131 27 175 50
Background characteristic Age in months <6 6-11 12-23 24-35 36-47 48-59 Sex Male Female Mother’s smoking status Smokes cigarettes/tobacco Does not smoke Cooking fuel Electricity or gas Kerosene Charcoal Wood/straw3 Other fuel No food cooked in household Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Mother’s education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases.

1 Symptoms of ARI include short rapid breathing which was chest-related and/or by difficult breathing which was chest- related 2 Includes advice or treatment from the following sources: public sector, private medical sector, shop, market, and itinerant drug seller.
Excludes advice or treatment from a traditional practitioner 3 Includes grass, shrubs, crop residues 178 • Child Health and Development Table 10.6 Source of advice or treatment for children with symptoms of ARI Percentage of children under age 5 with symptoms of ARI in the 2 weeks preceding the survey for whom advice or treatment was sought from specific sources; and among children under age 5 with symptoms of ARI in the 2 weeks preceding the survey for whom advice or treatment was sought, percentage for whom advice or treatment was sought from specific sources, Uganda DHS 2016 Percentage for whom advice or treatment was sought from each source: Among children with symptoms of ARI for whom advice or treatment was sought1 Among children with symptoms of ARI1 Source Public sector Government hospital Government health centre Outreach/mobile clinic Community health worker/VHT Other public sector Private sector Private hospital/clinic Pharmacy/drug shop Private doctor Mobile clinic Community health worker Other private medical sector Other private sector Shop Traditional practitioner Market Itinerant drug seller Other Number of children 1,354 1,092 VHT = Village health team 1 Symptoms of ARI include short, rapid breathing which was chest-related and/or difficult breathing which was chest-related.
Child Health and Development • 179 Table 10.7 Prevalence and treatment of fever Among children under age 5, the percentage who had a fever in the 2 weeks preceding the survey, and among children with a fever in the 2 weeks preceding the survey, percentage for whom advice or treatment was sought, and percentage who received antibiotics as treatment, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Age in months <6 6-11 12-23 24-35 36-47 48-59 Sex Male Female Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Mother’s education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total Among children under age 5: Among children under age 5 with fever: Percentage with fever Number of children Percentage for whom advice or treatment was sought1 Percentage for whom treatment was sought same or next day Percentage who took antibiotic drugs Number of children with fever Includes advice or treatment from the following sources: public sector, private medical sector, shop, market, and itinerant drug seller.
Excludes advice or treatment from a traditional practitioner.
180 • Child Health and Development Table 10.8 Prevalence and treatment of diarrhoea Percentage of children under age 5 who had diarrhoea in the 2 weeks preceding the survey; among children with diarrhoea in the 2 weeks preceding the survey, percentage for whom advice or treatment was sought, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Age in months Percentage with diarrhoea Number of children Among children under age 5 with diarrhoea: Percentage for whom advice or treatment was sought1 Number of children with diarrhoea <6 6-11 12-23 24-35 36-47 48-59 Sex Male Female Source of drinking water2 Improved Unimproved Toilet facility3 Improved Unimproved sanitation Shared facility4 Unimproved facility Open defecation Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Mother’s education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total Includes advice or treatment from the following sources: public sector, private medical sector, shop, market, and itinerant drugs seller.
Excludes advice or treatment from a traditional practitioner.

2 See Table 2.1 for definition of categories.

3 See Table 2.3 for definition of categories.
4 Facilities that would be considered improved if they were not shared by two or more households Child Health and Development • 181 Table 10.9 Feeding practices during diarrhoea Percent distribution of children under age 5 who had diarrhoea in the 2 weeks preceding the survey by amount of liquids and food offered compared with normal practice, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Amount of liquids given Amount of food given Same as usual Some- what less Much less None Don’t know/ missing Total More Same as usual Some- what less Much less None Never gave food Don’t know/ missing Total Number of children with diarrhoea More 2.7
Island districts 23.5 Mountain districts 23.4 Greater Kampala Total 15.3 38.5 27.5 14.3 Background characteristic Age in months <6 6-11 12-23 24-35 36-47 48-59 Sex Male Female Breastfeeding status Breastfed Not breastfed Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Mother’s education No
 education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Note: It is recommended that children be given more liquids to drink during diarrhoea and that food not be reduced.
182 • Child Health and Development Table 10.10 Oral rehydration therapy, zinc, and other treatments for diarrhoea Among children under age 5 who had diarrhoea in the 2 weeks preceding the survey, percentage given fluid from an ORS packet or pre-packaged ORS fluid, recommended homemade fluids (RHF), ORS or RHF, zinc, ORS and zinc, ORS or increased fluids, oral rehydration therapy (ORT), continued feeding and ORT, and other treatments; and percentage given no treatment, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Percentage of children with diarrhoea who were given: Fluid from ORS packets or pre- packaged ORS liquid Recom- mended home fluids (RHF) Either ORS or RHF Background characteristic ORS and zinc ORS or increased fluids ORT (ORS, RHF, or increased fluids) Contin- ued feeding and ORT1 Anti- biotic drugs Anti- motility drugs Intra- venous solution Home remedy/ other Missing Percent- age given no treat- ment Number of children with diarrhoea Zinc 11.8
4.7 1.6 4.0 0.5 0.0 2.8 1.1 4.8 2.0 11.2 0.2 11.8 3.0 5.1 3.3 2.9 0.0 4.8 Age in months <6 6-11 12-23 24-35 36-47 48-59 Sex Male Female Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole 14.9 46.5 55.6 51.9 47.0 39.8 48.8 44.4 52.9 45.3 49.8 46.5 42.7 50.4 50.4 36.8 29.8 80.0 33.8 53.2 54.7 52.9 54.4 54.1 27.0 Special area Island districts 44.6 Mountain districts 55.2 Greater 20.0 49.9 34.9 21.1 53.3 56.3 38.9 16.3 0.6 23.8 60.3 48.5 37.9 63.4 67.5 48.1 15.3 3.4 Kampala 55.3 16.0 57.2 39.8 30.7 60.8 61.4 46.0 15.3 1.2 Mother’s education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary 48.9 12.5 49.3 50.0 36.0 57.3 57.7 40.7 20.0 0.9 Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total 20.5
290 1,774 588 19.3 181 18.2 17.8 20.0 21.1 20.5 722 639 539 466 465 19.3 2,832 ORS = Oral rehydration salts 1 Continued feeding includes children who were given more, the same as usual, or somewhat less food during the diarrhoea episode.
Child Health and Development • 183 Table 10.11 Source of advice or treatment for children with diarrhoea Percentage of children under age 5 with diarrhoea in the 2 weeks preceding the survey for whom advice or treatment was sought from specific sources; among children under age 5 with diarrhoea in the 2 weeks preceding the survey for whom advice or treatment was sought, percentage for whom advice or treatment was sought from specific sources; and among children with diarrhoea who received ORS, percentage for whom advice or treatment was sought from specific sources, Uganda DHS 2016 Percentage for whom advice or treatment was sought from each source: Among children with diarrhoea for whom advice or treatment was sought Among children with diarrhoea who received ORS1 Among children with diarrhoea Source Public sector Government hospital Government health centre Outreach/mobile clinic Community health worker/VHT Other public sector Private sector Private hospital/clinic Pharmacy/drug shop Private doctor Mobile clinic Other private sector Shop Traditional practitioner Other Number of children 2,832 1,997 1,323 VHT = Village health team ORS = Oral rehydration salts 1 Fluids from ORS packet or pre-packaged ORS fluid 184 • Child Health and Development Table 10.12 Knowledge of ORS packets or pre-packaged liquids Percentage of women age 15-49 with a live birth in the 5 years preceding the survey who know about ORS packets or ORS pre-packaged liquids for treatment of diarrhoea, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Percentage of women who know about ORS packets or ORS pre- packaged liquids Number of women 1,290
Background characteristic Age 15-19 20-24 25-34 35-49 Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total ORS = Oral rehydration salts Child Health and Development • 185 Table 10.13 Disposal of children’s stools Percent distribution of youngest children under age 2 living with the mother by the manner of disposal of the child’s last faecal matter, and percentage of children whose stools are disposed of safely, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Manner of disposal of children’s stools Child used toilet or latrine Put/rinsed into toilet or latrine Buried Put/rinsed into drain or ditch Thrown into garbage Left in the open Other Total Percentage of children whose stools are disposed of safely1 Number of children 2.8
Background characteristic Age of child in months 0-1 2-3 4-5 6-8 9-11 12-17 18-23 6-23 Toilet facility2 Improved Shared3 Unimproved Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Mother’s education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total 1 Children’s stools are considered to be disposed of safely if the child used a toilet or latrine, if the faecal matter was put/rinsed into a toilet or latrine, or if it was buried.
2 See Table 2.3 for definition of categories.
3 Facilities that would be considered improved if they were not shared by two or more households 186 • Child Health and Development Table 10.14 Early childhood education Percentage of youngest children age 36-59 months living with their mother who are attending an organized early education programme, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Age 36-47 months 48-59 months Sex Male Female Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Mother’s education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total Percentage attending early childhood education1 Number of children MICS indicator 6.1: Attendance to early childhood education Child Health and Development • 187 Table 10.15 Support for learning Percentage of youngest children age 36-59 months living with their mother with whom adult household members engaged in activities that promote learning and school readiness during the last 3 days, and engagement in such activities by biological fathers and mothers, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Percentage of children with whom adult household members have engaged in four or more activities1 Mean number of activities with adult household members Percentage of children living with their: Biological father Biological mother Number of children Percentage of children with whom biological father engaged in four or more activities2 Mean number of activities with biological fathers Number of children living with their biological
 fathers Percentage of children with whom biological mother engaged in four or more activities3 Mean number of activities with biological mothers Number of children living with their biological mothers 313
Background characteristic Sex Male Female Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Mother’s education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Father’s education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Don’t know Not applicable Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total 1 MICS indicator 6.2: Support for learning 2 MICS indicator 6.3: Father’s support for learning 3 MICS indicator 6.4: Mother’s support for learning 188 • Child Health and Development Table 10.16 Learning materials Percentage of youngest children under age 5 living with their mother by number of children’s books present in the household and by playthings that child plays with at home, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Percentage of children living in households that have for the child: Percentage of children who play with: 3 or more children’s books1 10 or more children’s books Homemade toys Toys from shop/manufact ured toys Household objects/objects found outside Two or more types of playthings2 Number of children 87.6
Background characteristic Age 0-23 months 24-59 months Sex Male Female Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Mother’s education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total 1 MICS indicator 6.5: Availability of children’s books 2 MICS indicator 6.6: Availability of playthings Child Health and Development • 189 Table 10.17 Inadequate care Percentage of youngest children under age 5 living with their mother left alone or left in the care of another child younger than age 10 for more than 1 hour at least once during the past week, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Age 0-23 months 24-59 months Sex Male Female Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Mother’s education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total Percentage of children under age 5: Left alone in the past week Left in the care of another child younger than 10 Left with inadequate care in the past week1 Number of children 17.8 25.6 23.9 22.6 18.9 24.5 19.7 15.3 9.6 37.9 20.8 22.2 31.4 44.3 31.8 25.7 40.2 13.0 19.4 16.2 11.8 24.8 21.7 12.2 29.1 25.7 17.3 14.5
MICS indicator 6.7: Inadequate care 190 • Child Health and Development Table 10.18 Early child development index Percentage of youngest children age 36-59 months living with their mother who are developmentally on track in literacy-numeracy, physical, social-emotional, and learning domains, and the early child development index score, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Age 36-47 months 48-59 months Sex Male Female Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Attendance to early childhood education Attending Not attending Missing Mother’s education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total Percentage who are developmentally on track for indicated domains: Literacy- numeracy Physical Social- emotional Learning Early child development index score1 Number of children 14.0 35.3 24.2 28.4 42.7 21.9 48.8 37.9 43.8 21.7 14.4 29.4 14.1 6.8 11.4 22.8 19.9 18.7 21.6 25.2 29.3 23.7 28.0 54.2 59.2 7.4 (0.0) (0.0) 90.7 89.9 93.6 94.9 87.3 88.9 93.0 92.2 94.6 91.1 66.4 68.4 66.0 69.2 71.9 66.4 72.6
 65.7 77.1 73.5 58.1 54.4 54.7 57.2 59.9 75.5 70.2 82.2 59.3 44.4 84.6 67.8 52.5 74.1 71.5 66.4 (0.0) (0.0) (0.0) Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases.
1 MICS indicator 6.8: Early child development index Child Health and Development • 191 NUTRITION OF CHILDREN AND ADULTS 11 Key Findings  Nutritional status of children: Twenty-nine percent of Ugandan children age 6-59 months are stunted (short for their age), 4% are wasted (thin for their height), 11% are underweight (thin for their age), and 4% are overweight (heavy for their height).
 Breastfeeding: Almost all (98%) children born in the 2 years before the survey were breastfed at some point; two-thirds (66%) of children under age 6 months are exclusively breastfed.

 Minimum acceptable diet: Only 15% of children age 6- 23 months were fed a minimum acceptable diet in the 24 hours before the survey.

 Anaemia: Half (53%) of children age 6-59 months are anaemic.

One-third (32%) of women and 16% of men age 15-49 are anaemic.
 Obesity: Twenty-four percent of women and 9% of men age 15-49 are overweight or obese.

 Salt iodisation: Almost all (99%) households with tested salt have iodised salt.

T his chapter focuses on the nutritional status of children and adults.

It describes the nutritional status of children under age 5 and infant and young child feeding practices, including breastfeeding and complementary feeding.
Data on the prevalence of anaemia among children and adults are also presented, along with relevant aspects of the nutritional status of women and men age 15-49.

Other topics include supplementation, deworming, and fortification interventions for children, women, and households.

11.1 NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF CHILDREN The anthropometric data on height and weight collected in the 2016 UDHS permit the measurement and evaluation of the nutritional status of young children in Uganda.
This evaluation allows identification of subgroups of the child population that are at increased risk of faltered growth, disease, impaired mental development, and death.

11.1.1 Measurement of Nutritional Status among Young Children The 2016 UDHS measured the weight and height of children under age 5 in a subsample of one-third of households, regardless of whether their mothers were interviewed in the survey.

Weight was measured with an electronic SECA 878 flat scale designed for mobile use.
For the weighing of very young children, the mother or caretaker was weighed first, and the mother or caretaker was weighed again while holding the child.

An automatic two-in-one adjustment button allowed the mother’s stored weight to be deducted and the baby’s weight to be displayed on the scale.

Height was measured with a Shorr Board® measuring board.

Children younger than age 24 months were measured lying down on the board (recumbent length), while standing height was measured for older children.
Nutrition of Children and Adults • 193 Children’s height/length, weight, and age data were used to calculate three indices: height-for-age, weight- for-height, and weight-for-age.

Each of these indices provides different information about growth and body composition for assessing nutritional status.

As indicated in the box below, stunting, or low height-for-age, is a sign of chronic undernutrition that reflects failure to receive adequate nutrition over a long period.
Stunting can also be affected by recurrent and chronic illness.

Wasting, or low weight-for-height, is a measure of acute undernutrition and represents the failure to receive adequate nutrition in the period immediately before the survey.

Wasting may result from inadequate food intake or from a recent episode of illness causing weight loss.

The opposite of wasting is overweight (high weight-for-height), a measure of overnutrition.
Weight-for-age is a composite index of weight-for-height and height-for-age.

Thus, it includes both acute (wasting) and chronic (stunting) undernutrition and is an indicator of overall undernutrition.

Stunting (assessed via height-for-age) Height-for-age is a measure of linear growth retardation and cumulative growth deficits.
Children whose height-for-age Z-score is below minus two standard deviations (-2 SD) from the median of the reference population are considered short for their age (stunted), or chronically undernourished.

Children whose Z-score is below minus three standard deviations (-3 SD) from the median are considered severely stunted.
Sample: Children under age 5 Wasting (assessed via weight-for-height) The weight-for-height index measures body mass in relation to body height or length and describes current nutritional status.

Children whose weight-for- height Z-score is below minus two standard deviations (-2 SD) from the median of the reference population are considered thin (wasted), or acutely undernourished.

Children whose Z-score is below minus three standard deviations (-3 SD) from the median are considered severely wasted.
Sample: Children under age 5 Underweight (assessed via weight-for-age) Weight-for-age is a composite index of height-for-age and weight-for-height.

It takes into account both acute and chronic undernutrition.

Children whose weight-for-age Z-score is below minus two standard deviations (-2 SD) from the median of the reference population are classified as underweight.

Children whose Z-score is below minus three standard deviations (-3 SD) from the median are considered severely underweight.
Sample: Children under age 5 Overweight (assessed via weight-for-height) Children whose weight-for-height Z-score is more than two standard deviations (+2 SD) above the median of the reference population are considered overweight.

Sample: Children under age 5 The means of the Z-scores for height-for-age, weight-for-height, and weight-for-age are also calculated as summary statistics representing the nutritional status of children in a population.
These mean scores describe the nutritional status of the entire population of children without the use of a cutoff point.

A mean Z-score of less than 0 (i.e., a negative mean value for stunting, wasting, or underweight) suggests a downward shift in the entire sample population’s nutritional status relative to the reference population.

The farther away mean Z-scores are from 0, the higher the prevalence of undernutrition.
194 • Nutrition of Children and Adults 11.1.2 Data Collection A total of 5,418 children under age 5 were eligible for height and weight measurements.

The analysis of height-for-age indices includes 95% of eligible children with complete and valid height measurement and age data.

The analysis of weight-for-height indices includes 97% of eligible children with complete and valid height and weight measurements.
Finally, the analysis of weight-for-age indices includes 96% of eligible children with complete and valid weight measurement and age data.

11.1.3 Levels of Child Malnutrition Figure 11.1 Trends in nutritional status of children Almost 3 in 10 (29%) Ugandan children age 6-59 months are stunted, or too short for their age.

Four percent are wasted, or too thin for their height, and another 4% are overweight (they weigh more than would be expected for their height).
One in 10 (11%) children are underweight (they weigh less than would be expected for their age) (Table 11.1).

Trends: The prevalence of stunting among children has declined over the past 16 years, from 45% in 2000-01 to 38% in 2006, 33% in 2011, and 29% in 2016.

The proportion of children who are underweight has also declined, although less dramatically, from 18% in 2000-01 to 16% in 2006, 14% in 2011, and 11% in 2016.

Rates of wasting and overweight have remained stable since 2000-01 (Figure 11.1).
Figure 11.2 Stunting in children by mother’s education Patterns by background characteristics  The prevalence of stunting among children increases in the first year of age and peaks at 37% among children age 18-35 months.

 Children in rural areas are more likely to be stunted (30%) than children in urban areas (24%).

 Children whose mothers are overweight or obese are less likely to be stunted (23%) than children whose mothers have a normal body mass index (BMI) (29%) or are thin (34%).
 The proportion of children who are stunted decreases with increasing mother’s education (Figure 11.2).

11.2 INFANT AND YOUNG CHILD FEEDING PRACTICES Appropriate infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices include exclusive breastfeeding in the first 6 months of life, continued breastfeeding through age 2, introduction of solid and semi-solid foods at age 6 months, and gradual increases in the amount of food given and frequency of feeding as the child gets older.
Nutrition of Children and Adults • 195 4538332956541816141155342000-01 UDHS2006 UDHS2011 UDHS2016 UDHSPercentage of children under age 5 who are malnourishedStuntedUnderweightOverweightWastedNote: In the 2000-01 UDHS, areasmaking up the districts of Amuru, Nwoya, Bundibugyo, Ntoroko, Gulu, Omoro, Kasese, Kitgum, Lamwo, Agago, and Pader were excluded from the sample.

These areas contained about 5% of the national population of Uganda.
Thus, the trends need to be viewed in that light.35302310No educationPrimarySecondaryMore thansecondaryPercentage of children under age 5 who are stunted It is also important for young children to receive a diverse diet (i.e., foods from different food groups to address growing micronutrient needs) (WHO 2008).

11.2.1 Breastfeeding Initiation of Breastfeeding Early initiation of breastfeeding is important for both the mother and the child.
The first breast milk contains colostrum, which is highly nutritious and has antibodies that protect the newborn from diseases.

Early initiation of breastfeeding also encourages bonding between the mother and her newborn, facilitating the production of regular breast milk.
Thus, it is recommended that children be put to the breast immediately or within 1 hour after birth and that prelacteal feeding (i.e., feeding newborns anything other than breast milk before breast milk is regularly given) be discouraged.

Early breastfeeding Initiation of breastfeeding within 1 hour of birth.

Sample: Last-born children who were born in the 2 years before the survey Almost all (98%) last-born children born in the 2 years before the survey had ever been breastfeed.
However, a lower proportion (66%) were breastfed within 1 hour of birth.

One quarter of children (27%) received a prelacteal feed (Table 11.2).

Patterns by background characteristics  Urban children are more likely to start breastfeeding within 1 hour of birth (71%) and to receive a prelacteal feed (32%) than rural children (65% and 25%, respectively).
 There is regional variation in the initiation of breastfeeding; 9 in 10 (93%) children in Karamoja region start breastfeeding within 1 hour of birth, as compared with 5 in 10 (50%) children in Bukedi region.

 The percentage of children who start breastfeeding within 1 hour of birth decreases as mother’s education increases.

 The proportion of children who receive a prelacteal feed increases with increasing mother’s education and household wealth.
Exclusive Breastfeeding Breast milk contains all of the nutrients needed by children in the first 6 months of life and is an uncontaminated nutritional source.

It is recommended that children be exclusively breastfed in the first 6 months of their life; that is, they should be given nothing but breast milk.

Complementing breast milk before age 6 months is unnecessary and is discouraged because the likelihood of contamination and the resulting risk of diarrheal disease are high.
Early initiation of complementary feeding also reduces breast milk output because the production and release of breast milk is modulated by the frequency and intensity of suckling.

196 • Nutrition of Children and Adults Figure 11.3 Breastfeeding practices by age Breastfeeding status was ascertained for last-born children under age 2 who are currently living with their mother.

Two- thirds (66%) of children under age 6 months are exclusively breastfed.
Exclusive breastfeeding declines with age, from 83% among children age 0-1 months to 69% among those age 2-3 months and 43% among those age 4-5 months.

The proportion of children who are breastfeeding and consuming complementary foods first increases with age (peaking at 87% among children age 9-11 months) and then falls among children age 12-23 months (as older children stop breastfeeding).
The proportion of children who are not breastfeeding increases with age, from 2% among those age 0-1 months to 50% among those age 18-23 months (Table 11.3 and Figure 11.3).

Trends: The proportion of children under age 6 months who are exclusively breastfed has remained relatively stable over the past 16 years, at 63% in 2000-01, 61% in 2006, 63% in 2011, and 66% in 2016.
Median Duration of Breastfeeding The median duration of breastfeeding among children born in the 3 years before the 2016 UDHS is 19.8 months (Table 11.5); half of all children have stopped breastfeeding before they are age 20 months(Table 11.3).

The median duration of exclusive breastfeeding is 4.0 months, and the median duration of predominant breastfeeding (either exclusive breastfeeding or breastfeeding plus water and/or other non- milk liquids) is 4.9 months (Table 11.5).
Trends: Median durations of breastfeeding have undergone mild fluctuations over the past 16 years, from 19.9 months in 2000-01 to 20.6 months in 2006, 19.5 months in 2011, and 19.8 months in 2016.

The median duration of exclusive breastfeeding has increased slightly from 3.4 months to 4.0 months over that same period, and the median duration of predominant breastfeeding has increased slightly from 4.2 months to 4.9 months.
Patterns by background characteristics  Children in rural areas breastfeed for longer (20.4 months) than children in urban areas (17.8 months); median durations of exclusive breastfeeding are similar among rural and urban children (4.0 and 3.9 months, respectively).

 Children in the lowest wealth quintile breastfeed for longer (21.2 months) than children in the highest wealth quintile (17.2 months).
11.2.2 Complementary Feeding After the first 6 months, breast milk is no longer sufficient to meet the nutritional needs of the infant; therefore, complementary foods should be added to the child’s diet.

The transition from exclusive breastfeeding to family foods is referred to as complementary feeding.

This is the most critical period for children, as during this transition they are most vulnerable to becoming undernourished.
Complementary feeding should be timely; that is, all infants should start receiving foods in addition to breast milk from 6 months onwards.

Nutrition of Children and Adults • 197 020406080100<22-34-56-78-910-1112-1314-1516-1718-1920-2122-23Age in monthsPercentage of children under age 2Breastfeedingand receiving complementary foodsNot breastfeedingExclusive breastfeeding Appropriate complementary feeding should include feeding children a variety of foods to ensure that requirements for nutrients are met.
Fruits and vegetables rich in vitamin A should be consumed daily.

Eating a range of fruits and vegetables, in addition to those rich in vitamin A, is also important.

Studies have shown that plant-based complementary foods by themselves, however, are insufficient to meet the needs for certain micronutrients.

Therefore, it has been recommended that meat, poultry, fish, or eggs be part of the child’s daily diet as well or eaten as often as possible (WHO 1998).
Questions about foods and liquids consumed in the 24 hours preceding the interview were asked about last-born children under age 2 living with their mother.

Regardless of age or breastfeeding status, the food group most commonly given to children was food made from grains: 52% among breastfeeding children and 82% among nonbreastfeeding children (Table 11.6).
Patterns by background characteristics  Consumption of infant formula is low among both breastfed (0%) and nonbreastfed (1%) children age 6-23 months.

 In general, the proportion of breastfed and nonbreastfed children age 6-23 months eating each type of food increases with child age.
 Nonbreastfed children age 6-23 months are more likely than breastfed children to consume every type of food: fortified baby food (2% versus 0.2%); grains (84% versus 71%); vitamin A-rich fruits and vegetables (55% versus 50%); other fruits and vegetables (29% versus 19%); food from roots and tubers (63% versus 56%); food from legumes and nuts (58% versus 50%); meat, fish, and poultry (43% versus 33%); eggs (17% versus 13%); and milk products (7% versus 3%).
11.2.3 Minimum Acceptable Diet Infants and young children should be fed a minimum acceptable diet (MAD) to ensure appropriate growth and development.

Without adequate diversity and meal frequency, infants and young children are vulnerable to undernutrition, especially stunting and micronutrient deficiencies, and to increased morbidity and mortality.
The WHO minimum acceptable diet recommendation, which is a combination of minimum dietary diversity and minimum meal frequency, is different for breastfed and nonbreastfed children.

The composite indicator of a minimum acceptable diet for all children age 6-23 months is defined in the box below.

Minimum dietary diversity is a proxy for adequate micronutrient density of foods.

Minimum dietary diversity means feeding the child food from at least four food groups.
The cutoff of four food groups is associated with better-quality diets for both breastfed and nonbreastfed children.

Consumption of food from at least four groups means that the child has a high likelihood of consuming at least one animal source of food and at least one fruit or vegetable in addition to a staple food (grains, roots, or tubers) (WHO 2008).
The four groups should come from a list of seven food groups: grains, roots, and tubers; legumes and nuts; dairy products (milk, yogurt, and cheese); flesh foods (meat, fish, poultry, and liver/organ meat); eggs; vitamin A-rich fruits and vegetables; and other fruits and vegetables.

Minimum meal frequency is a proxy for a child’s energy requirements.
For infants and young children, the indicator is based on how much energy the child needs and, if the child is breastfed, the amount of energy needs not met by breast milk.

Breastfed children are considered to be fed with a minimum meal frequency if they receive solid, semi-solid, or soft foods at least twice a day (for infants age 6-8 months) or at least three times a day (for children age 9-23 months).
Nonbreastfed children age 6-23 months are considered to be fed with a minimum meal frequency if they receive solid, semi-solid, or soft foods at least four times a day.

198 • Nutrition of Children and Adults Minimum acceptable diet Proportion of youngest children age 6-23 months living with their mother who receive a minimum acceptable diet.
This indicator is a composite of the following two groups: Breastfed children age 6-23 months who had at least the minimum dietary diversity and the minimum meal frequency during the previous day Breastfed youngest children age 6-23 months living with their mother and Nonbreastfed children age 6-23 months who received at least two milk feedings and had at least the minimum dietary diversity (not including milk feeds) and the minimum meal frequency during the previous day Nonbreastfed youngest children age 6-23 months living with their mother Figure 11.4 IYCF indicators on Minimum Acceptable Diet (MAD) In total, 15% of last-born children age 6-23 months living with their mother were fed a minimum acceptable diet in the 24 hours preceding the interview.
Three in 10 (30%) were fed according to minimum dietary diversity (they were fed from at least four food groups), and 4 in 10 (42%) were fed according to minimum meal frequency (they were fed two to four times per day depending on age and breastfeeding status) (Table 11.7 and Figure 11.4).

Patterns by background characteristics  The proportion of children age 6-23 months fed a minimum acceptable diet is similar among nonbreastfed (13%) and breastfed (15%) children.
 There is regional variation in the proportion of children age 6-23 months receiving the minimum acceptable diet, from 3% in Acholi region to 27% in Ankole region.

 The proportion of children age 6-23 months receiving the minimum acceptable diet rises with increasing mother’s education, from 10% among children whose mothers have no education to 26% among children whose mothers have more than a secondary education.
Nutrition of Children and Adults • 199 274215404113304215Minimum dietary diversity(IYCF Indicator 5)Minimum meal frequency(IYCF Indicator 6)Minimum acceptable diet(IYCF Indicator 7)Percentage of children age 6-23 monthsBreastfedNonbreastfedAll children 6-23 months 11.3 ANAEMIA PREVALENCE IN CHILDREN Anaemia in children Anaemia status Haemoglobin level in grams/decilitre* <11.0 10.0-10.9 Anaemic Mildly anaemic Moderately anaemic 7.0-9.9 Severely anaemic Not anaemic *Haemoglobin levels are adjusted for altitude in enumeration areas that are above 1,000 metres.
<7.0 11.0 or higher Sample: Children age 6-59 months Figure 11.5 Trends in childhood anaemia Anaemia is a condition that is marked by low levels of haemoglobin in the blood.

Iron is a key component of haemoglobin, and iron deficiency is estimated to be responsible for half of all anaemia globally.

Other causes of anaemia include malaria, hookworm and other helminths, other nutritional deficiencies, chronic infections, and genetic conditions.
Anaemia is a serious concern for children because it can impair cognitive development, with associated long-term health and economic consequences.

Severe anaemia leads to increased mortality.

In the 2016 UDHS, all children age 6-59 months in one-third of households were eligible for haemoglobin testing.

Testing was successfully carried out for 97% of eligible children.

The methodology employed for haemoglobin testing is described in detail in Chapter 1.
Slightly more than half (53%) of children age 6-49 months are anaemic (haemoglobin below 11 g/dl).

Almost a quarter (24%) are mildly anaemic, slightly more than a quarter (27%) are moderately anaemic, and 2% are severely anaemic (Table 11.8).

Trends: The prevalence of anaemia among children age 6-59 months dropped sharply from 73% in 2006 to 49% in 2011 before increasing slightly to 53% in 2016 (Figure 11.5).
200 • Nutrition of Children and Adults 2222244326277222006 UDHS2011 UDHS2016 UDHSPercentage of children age 6-59 monthsModerateMildSevere734953 Figure 11.6 Anaemia in children by region Percentage of children age 6-59 months with any anaemia Patterns by background characteristics  The prevalence of anaemia is higher among younger (age 6-23 months) than older (age 24-59 months) children, with a peak prevalence of 78% among children age 9-11 months.
 The prevalence of anaemia is higher in rural areas (54%) than in urban areas (48%).

 There is regional variation in the prevalence of anaemia; 71% of children in Acholi region are anaemic, as compared with 32% of children in Kigezi region and 31% of children in Ankole region (Figure 11.6).

 The prevalence of anaemia in children age 6-59 months decreases with increasing mother’s education and household wealth.
11.4 PRESENCE OF IODIZED SALT IN HOUSEHOLDS Iodine is a micronutrient that is essential for thyroid function.

Iodized salt prevents goitre, brain damage, and other thyroid-related health problems among children and adults.

The 2016 UDHS tested for the presence of iodine in household salt in the form of potassium iodate.

Salt was tested for the presence or absence of iodine only; the iodine content of the salt was not measured.
All households were asked if they had salt and, if so, if that salt could be tested.

In total, 8% of households had no salt and 1% of households had salt that was not tested.

Salt was tested in 91% of households, and among households in which salt was tested 99% had iodised salt (Table 11.9).

Karamoja region has the highest proportion of households without salt (32%).
11.5 MICRONUTRIENT INTAKE AND SUPPLEMENTATION AMONG CHILDREN Micronutrient deficiency is a major contributor to childhood morbidity and mortality.

Micronutrients are available in foods and can also be provided through supplementation.

Breastfeeding children benefit from supplements given to their mother.
The information collected on food consumption among the youngest children under age 2 is useful in assessing the extent to which children are consuming food groups rich in two key micronutrients—vitamin A and iron—in their daily diet.

Iron deficiency is one of the primary causes of anaemia, which has serious health consequences for both women and children.

Vitamin A is an essential micronutrient for the immune system and plays an important role in maintaining the epithelial tissue in the body.
Severe vitamin A deficiency (VAD) can cause eye damage and is the leading cause of childhood blindness.

VAD also increases the severity of infections such as measles and diarrheal disease in children and slows recovery from illness.

VAD is common in dry environments where fresh fruits and vegetables are not readily available.

For information on VAD testing in the 2016 UDHS, see section 11.9.
Among last-born children age 6-23 months living with their mother, nearly 7 in 10 (67%) ate foods rich in vitamin A in the 24 hours before the survey, and 4 in 10 (40%) ate foods rich in iron in the 24 hours before the survey.

Rural children are less likely (38%) to have eaten iron-rich foods than urban children (47%) (Table 11.10).
Nutrition of Children and Adults • 201 The 2016 UDHS asked if children age 6-23 months had received Vitamin and Mineral Powder, a supplement intended for use in home food fortification, in the 7 days before the survey.

Eight percent of children had received the supplement.
In addition, the 2016 UDHS included questions about whether children age 6-59 months had received iron supplements in the 7 days before the survey, vitamin A supplements in the 6 months before the survey, or deworming medication in the 6 months before the survey.

Seven percent of children were given iron supplements, 62% were given vitamin A supplements, and 61% were given deworming medication.

Almost all (99.6%) children age 6-59 months live in households with iodized salt.
In Uganda, PLUMPY’NUT (locally known as ‘rutafa’ or ‘kipoli from the hospital’) and PLUMPY’DOZ (locally known as ‘odii’) are the most commonly available ready-to-use food supplements for acute malnutrition in children.

The survey asked if young children received PLUMPY’NUT or PLUMPY’DOZ in the 7 days prior to the survey.

Nationwide, 1% of children age 6-35 months received PLUMPY’NUT and 0.9% received PLUMPY’DOZ (Table 11.11).
Seven percent of children in Karamoja region received PLUMPY’NUT, and 3% received PLUMPY’DOZ; in Kigezi region, 6% of children received PLUMPY’NUT.

Figure 11.7 Nutritional status of women and men 11.6 ADULTS’ NUTRITIONAL STATUS 11.6.1 Nutritional Status of Women The 2016 UDHS collected anthropometric data on height and weight among women age 15-49.

These data were used to calculate several measures of nutritional status such as maternal height and BMI.
Height and weight data were collected for 98% of eligible women.

Almost 7 in 10 women age 15-49 (68%) have a normal BMI; 9% are thin, and 24% are overweight or obese (Table 11.12.1 and Figure 11.7).

Body mass index (BMI) BMI is calculated by dividing weight in kilograms by height in meters squared (kg/m2).
Status Too thin for their height Normal Overweight Obese BMI Less than 18.5 Between 18.5 and 24.9 Between 25.0 and 29.9 Greater than or equal to 30.0 Sample: Women age 15-49 who are not pregnant and who have not had a birth in the 2 months before the survey and men age 15-49 202 • Nutrition of Children and Adults 914687817771WomenMenPercent distribution of women and men age 15-49ObeseOverweightNormal weightThin Figure 11.8 Trends in women’s nutritional status Trends: The proportion of women age 15-49 who are thin has declined slightly over the past 10 years, from 12% in 2006 and 2011 to 9% in 2016; the proportion of women who are overweight or obese has increased in the same time period, from 17% in 2006 to 19% in 2011 and 24% in 2016 (Figure 11.8).
Patterns by background characteristics  The proportion of women who are of normal weight declines with age, from 76% among those age 15-19 to 58% among those age 40-49.

Women age 15-19 are more likely (13%) to be thin than older women (7-8%), and the proportion of women who are overweight or obese increases with age, from 11% among those age 15- 19 to 34% among those age 40-49.

 One-third (34%) of urban women are overweight or obese, as compared with one-fifth (20%) of rural women.
 The proportion of women who are overweight or obese increases with increasing education and wealth.

For example, 8% of women in the lowest wealth quintile are overweight or obese, compared with 42% of women in the highest wealth quintile.

11.6.2 Nutritional Status of Men The 2016 UDHS also collected anthropometric data on height and weight among men age 15-54.

Height and weight data were collected for 97% of eligible men.
Almost 8 in 10 men age 15-49 (78%) have a normal BMI; 14% are thin, and 9% are overweight or obese (Table 11.12.2 and Figure 11.7).

Patterns by background characteristics  Similar proportions of urban (76%) and rural (78%) men have a normal BMI.

However, more rural (16%) than urban (7%) men are thin, and more urban (16%) than rural (6%) men are overweight or obese.

 One in 5 men who have more than a secondary education (19%) and who are in the highest wealth quintile (21%) are overweight or obese.
11.7 ANAEMIA PREVALENCE IN ADULTS Haemoglobin levels below which women and men are considered anaemic Respondents Haemoglobin level in grams/decilitre* Less than 11.0 Less than 12.0 Non-pregnant women age 15-49 Pregnant women age 15-49 Men age 15-49 *Haemoglobin levels are adjusted for cigarette smoking and for altitude in enumeration areas that are above 1,000 metres.
Less than 13.0 Nutrition of Children and Adults • 203 121291719242006 UDHS2011 UDHS2016 UDHSPercentage of women age 15-49 ThinOverweight/obese Anaemia among women age 15-49 and men age 15-54 was measured with similar procedures used for children age 6-59 months except that capillary blood was collected exclusively from a finger prick.

The methodology employed for haemoglobin testing is described in detail in Chapter 1.
Haemoglobin levels were successfully measured for 98% of eligible women and 97% of eligible men.

Anaemia results are adjusted for altitude and smoking status.

Figure 11.9 Trends in anaemia status among women Anaemia is a major concern among women, leading to increased maternal mortality and poor birth outcomes as well as reductions in work productivity.

One-third (32%) of women age 15-49 have some degree of anaemia.
One quarter (25%) are mildly anaemic, 6% are moderately anaemic, and 1% are severely anaemic (Table 11.13.1).

Sixteen percent of men age 15-49 are anaemic (Table 11.13.2).

Trends: The proportion of women age 15-49 with any degree of anaemia rose slightly from 2000-01 (37%) to 2006 (42%), dropped in 2011 (23%), and increased in 2016 (32%) (Figure 11.9).
Patterns by background characteristics  Pregnant (38%) and breastfeeding women (34%) are more likely to be anaemic than women who are neither pregnant nor breastfeeding (30%).

 Pregnant women have a lower prevalence of mild anaemia (19%) than women who are breastfeeding (29%) and those who are neither pregnant nor breastfeeding (25%); however, they have a higher prevalence of moderate anaemia (18%) than other women (4-5%).
 There is regional variation in the prevalence of anaemia among women, from 17% in Kigezi region and 18% in Bukedi region to 47% in Acholi region.

 The prevalence of anaemia decreases with increasing wealth, from 41% among women in the lowest wealth quintile to 25% among women in the highest quintile.

11.8 MICRONUTRIENT INTAKE AMONG MOTHERS Pregnant women should increase their intake of iron and prevent parasites to prevent anaemia.
The 2016 UDHS asked women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey whether they took iron supplements and/or deworming medication during their most recent pregnancy.

While 86% of women took iron supplements at least once during their most recent pregnancy, only 23% took them for 90 days or more.

One in 10 women (12%) took no iron supplements.

Six in 10 (60%) women took deworming medication during their most recent pregnancy (Table 11.14).
11.9 VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY IN CHILDREN The 2016 UDHS estimated the prevalence of VAD in children age 6-59 months in the one-third of households selected for biomarker collection.

Vitamin A status was also measured in the 2000-01, 2006, and 2011 UDHS surveys.
While the 2000-01 survey used a different methodology (see that report for details), the 2006, 2011, and 2016 surveys assessed vitamin A status using the retinol binding protein 204 • Nutrition of Children and Adults 2631182510115611112000-01 UDHS2006 UDHS2011 UDHS2016 UDHSPercentage of women age 15-49 ModerateMildSevere2332Note: In the 2000-01 UDHS, areasmaking up the districts of Amuru, Nwoya, Bundibugyo, Ntoroko, Gulu, Omoro, Kasese, Kitgum, Lamwo, Agago, and Pader were excluded from the sample.
These areas contained about 5% of the national population of Uganda.

Thus, the trends need to be viewed in that light.3742 enzyme immunoassay (RPB-EIA) method.

See Chapter 1 for more details on field data collection and laboratory analysis procedures.

Two pieces of information are presented in Table 11.15.

The first is the unadjusted prevalence of VAD in all of the samples obtained in the survey.

The second is the prevalence of VAD in all samples after adjustment via either of two methods.
As described in Chapter 1, 24% of samples underwent further testing for C-reactive protein (CRP) to determine the degree of infection/inflammation among children.

The CRP values in that subsample were used to provide the correction factor for Thurnham’s method for the 76% of samples that were not tested for CRP.
Therefore, the values in the “Adjusted (CRP or Thurnham)” column in Table 11.15 come either from correction for raised CRP (24% of samples) or from correction via Thurnham’s method (the remaining 76% of samples).

After adjustment, 9% of children age 6-59 months have vitamin A deficiency (<0.825 µmol/L).

This is a substantial decline from 33% in 2011.

One in 5 children in Bukedi region (20%) have vitamin A deficiency.
Children whose mothers have more than a secondary education and children from households in the highest wealth quintile are less likely than other children to have vitamin A deficiency.

Table 11.16 presents unadjusted and adjusted VAD prevalences separately for each subsample.
LIST OF TABLES For more information on nutrition of children and adults, see the following tables:  Table 11.1  Table 11.2  Table 11.3  Table 11.4  Table 11.5  Table 11.6 Nutritional status of children Initial breastfeeding Breastfeeding status by age Infant and young child feeding (IYCF) indicators on breastfeeding status Median duration of breastfeeding Foods and liquids consumed by children in the day or night preceding the interview  Table 11.7 Minimum acceptable diet  Table 11.8 Prevalence of anaemia in children  Table 11.9 Presence of iodized salt in household  Table 11.10 Micronutrient intake among children  Table 11.11 Therapeutic and supplemental foods  Table 11.12.1 Nutritional status of women  Table 11.12.2 Nutritional status of men  Table 11.13.1 Prevalence of anaemia in women  Table 11.13.2 Prevalence of anaemia in men  Table 11.14 Micronutrient intake among mothers  Table 11.15  Table 11.16 Prevalence of vitamin A deficiency in children Prevalence of vitamin A deficiency in children by adjustment method Nutrition of Children and Adults • 205 Table 11.1 Nutritional status of children Percentage of children under age 5 classified as malnourished according to three anthropometric indices of nutritional status: height-for-age, weight-for-height, and weight-for-age, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Height-for-age1 Weight-for-height Weight-for-age Percent- age below -3 SD Percent- age below -2 SD2 Mean Z-score (SD) Number of children Percent- age below -3 SD Percent- age below -2 SD2 Percent- age above +2 SD Mean Z-score (SD) Number of children Percent- age below -3 SD Percent- age below -2 SD2 Percent- age above +2 SD Mean Z-score (SD) Number of children 5.2 4.8 5.9 9.0 11.1 13.7 9.5 7.4 11.8 16.1 16.3 35.2 36.5 36.8 32.6 24.3 -0.2 -0.4 -0.8 -1.4 -1.5 -1.5 -1.3 -1.2 468 265 254 500 507 1,063 1,043 1,017 11.2 7.3 30.9 26.9 -1.3 -1.1 2,569 2,548 8.2 12.3 9.0 5.1 16.6 12.1 7.6 13.7 28.0 32.5 28.8 21.5 39.3 34.3 26.0 40.0 -1.2 -1.4 -1.2 -0.9 -1.6 -1.4 -1.1 -1.5 845
 824 1,986 702 235 635 3,411 75 8.8 28.2 - -0.1 -0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0 454 265 254 509 511 1,075 1,069 1,052 0.1 0.1 2,611 2,580 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 -0.5 -0.2 0.2 - -0.3 -0.4 -0.6 -0.6 -0.6 -0.7 -0.7 -0.7 471 268 254 507 511 1,066 1,042 1,016 -0.6 -0.6 2,582 2,554 -0.6 -0.7 -0.6 -0.4 -1.3 -0.9 -0.5 -0.9 851 829 1,986 706 235 643 3,419 75 -0.6 4,372 -0.4 105 12.1 34.4 -1.2 657 1.2 2.7 2.3 0.1 735 2.4 12.3 2.4 - -0.5 315 0.1 2,453 0.3 784 0.1 0.1 988 4,203 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.2 -0.0 -0.0 0.1 -0.6 0.0 -0.1 -0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 - -1.1 316 -0.7 2,464 -0.3 788 -0.5 -0.6 978 4,159 -0.5 -0.5 -0.4 -0.6 -0.6 -0.8 -0.3 -1.2 -0.5 -0.8 -0.9 -0.6 -0.7 -0.6 -0.6 -0.5 -0.8 -0.4 618 524 148 541 364 247 322 121 289 271 351 315 458 168 400 60 413 343 (Continued…) Background characteristic Age in
 months <6 6-8 9-11 12-17 18-23 24-35 36-47 48-59 Sex Male Female Birth interval in months3 First birth4 <24 24-47 48+ Size at birth3 Very small Small Average or larger Don’t know Mother’s interview status Interviewed Not interviewed Not interviewed and not in household5 Mother’s nutritional status6 Thin (BMI <18.5) Normal (BMI 18.5- 24.9) Overweight/ but in household 8.6 24.5 -1.0 103 8.6 9.8 33.8 -1.3 314 28.8 -1.3 2,454 obese (BMI ≥25) 6.2 22.9 -1.0 786 Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole 7.1 9.8 7.2 8.0 8.3 10.6 8.0 13.2 3.3 12.2 4.8 6.3 12.4 12.5 14.2 9.0 9.7 Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala 6.8 12.7 7.3 23.5 30.2 26.5 28.0 18.1 29.0 22.8 36.0 14.3 35.2 22.3 30.6 33.9 34.5 40.6 30.7 29.3 27.0 36.6 19.6 -1.0 -1.2 977 4,141 -1.2 -1.2 -0.9 -1.2 -1.0 -1.4 -0.7 -1.3 -1.0 -1.3 -1.1 -1.3 -1.6 -1.4 -1.3 -1.2 -1.4 -1.0 619 520 146 538 363 251 322 120 288 270 348 311 454 168 399 60 419 342 206 • Nutrition of Children and Adults Table 11.1—Continued Height-for-age1 Weight-for-height Weight-for-age Percent- age below -3 SD Percent- age below -2 SD2 Mean Z-score (SD) Number of children Percent- age below -3 SD Percent- age below -2 SD2 Percent- age above +2 SD Mean Z-score (SD) Number of children Percent- age below -3 SD Percent- age below -2 SD2 Percent- age above +2 SD Mean Z-score (SD) Number of children 12.2 9.8 5.4 35.4 30.0 23.0 -1.3 -1.3 -1.0 590 2,703 893 3.0 9.8 -0.5 274 10.1 12.2 10.7 8.4 4.1 9.3 32.3 33.2 33.0 27.2 16.7 28.9 -1.3 -1.4 -1.3 -1.2 -0.7 - -0.0 0.1 0.1 603 2,691 889 0.2 272 - 2.4
8.6 4.4 10.5 1.0 0.9 2.6 5.2 0.9 1.6 1.2 2.2 2.4 1.6 -0.8 -0.7 -0.4 -0.1 -0.8 -0.7 -0.6 -0.6 -0.3 -0.6 595 2,713 894 275 1,138 1,054 1,060 978 907 5,136 Background characteristic Mother’s education7 No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total Note: Each of the indices is expressed in standard deviation units (SD) from the median of the WHO Child Growth Standards.
1 Recumbent length is measured for children under age 2; standing height is measured for all other children.

2 Includes children who are below -3 standard deviations (SD) from the WHO Child Growth Standards population median 3 Excludes children whose mothers were not interviewed 4 First-born twins (triplets, etc.)

are counted as first births because they do not have a previous birth interval.
5 Includes children whose mothers are deceased 6 Excludes children whose mothers were not weighed and measured, children whose mothers were not interviewed, and children whose mothers are pregnant or gave birth within the preceding 2 months.

Mother’s nutritional status in terms of BMI (body mass index) is presented in Table 11.12.1.

7 For women who are not interviewed, information is taken from the Household Questionnaire.

Excludes children whose mothers are not listed in the Household Questionnaire.
Nutrition of Children and Adults • 207 Table 11.2 Initial breastfeeding Among last-born children who were born in the 2 years preceding the survey, percentage who were ever breastfed and percentages who started breastfeeding within 1 hour and within 1 day of birth; and among last- born children born in the 2 years preceding the survey who were ever breastfed, percentage who received a prelacteal feed, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Among last-born children born in the past 2 years: Among last-born children born in the past 2 years who were ever breastfed: Percentage who started breast- feeding within 1 hour of birth Percentage who started breast- feeding within 1 day of birth1 Percentage ever breastfed Percentage who received a prelacteal feed2 Number of last-born children ever breastfed Number of last-born children Background characteristic Sex Male Female Assistance at delivery Health personnel3 Traditional birth attendant Other No one Place of delivery Health facility At home Other Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Mother’s education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total Note: Table is based on last-born children born in the 2 years preceding the survey regardless of whether the children are living or dead at the time of interview.
1 Includes children who started breastfeeding within 1 hour of birth 2 Children given something other than breast milk during the first 3 days of life 3 Doctor, nurse/midwife, or medical assistant/clinical officer 208 • Nutrition of Children and Adults Table 11.3 Breastfeeding status by age Percent distribution of youngest children under age 2 who are living with their mother by breastfeeding status, percentage currently breastfeeding, and percentage of all children under age 2 using a bottle with a nipple, according to age in months, Uganda DHS 2016 Breastfeeding status Breast- feeding and consuming plain water only Breast- feeding and consuming non-milk liquids1 Breast- feeding and consuming other milk Breast- feeding and consuming comple- mentary foods Age in months Not breast- feeding Exclusively breastfed 0-1 2-3 4-5 6-8 9-11 12-17 18-23 0-3 0-5 6-9 12-15 12-23 20- Number of youngest children under age 2 living with their mother Percentage currently breast- feeding Percentage using a bottle with a nipple Number of all children under age Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Note: Breastfeeding status refers to a “24-hour” period (yesterday and last night).
Children who are classified as breastfeeding and consuming plain water only consumed no liquid or solid supplements.

The categories of not breastfeeding, exclusively breastfeeding, breastfeeding and consuming plain water, non-milk liquids, other milk, and complementary foods (solids and semi-solids) are hierarchical and mutually exclusive, and their percentages add to 100%.
Thus, children who receive breast milk and non-milk liquids and who do not receive other milk and who do not receive complementary foods are classified in the non-milk liquid category even though they may also get plain water.

Any children who get complementary food are classified in that category as long as they are breastfeeding as well.

1 Non-milk liquids include juice, juice drinks, clear broth, or other liquids.
Table 11.4 Infant and young child feeding (IYCF) indicators on breastfeeding status Percentage of children fed according to various IYCF practices, Uganda DHS 2016 Indicator Indicator numerator and denominator months Exclusive breastfeeding at 4-5 Exclusive breastfeeding under 6 Percentage exclusively breastfed Number of children age 0-5 months Percentage exclusively breastfed Number of children age 4-5 months Continued breastfeeding at 1 year Percentage currently breastfeeding months of age Introduction of solid, semi-solid or Number of children age 12-15 months Percentage of children age 6-8 months who received any solid, semi-solid or soft foods soft foods (6-8 months) during the previous day Number of youngest children age 6-8 months living with the mother Continued breastfeeding at 2 years Percentage currently breastfeeding Age-appropriate breastfeeding (0- 23 months) Number of children age 20-23 months Percentage with age-appropriate breastfeeding1 Number of youngest children age 0-23 months of age living with the mother Predominant breastfeeding (0-5 months) Percentage with predominant breastfeeding2 Number of children age 0-5 months Bottle feeding (0-23 months) Percentage using a bottle with a nipple Number of children age 0-23 months 1 For children age 0-5 months: exclusively breastfed, for children age 6-23 months: receive breastmilk and complementary foods 2 Either exclusively breastfed or received breast milk and plain water, and/or non-milk liquids only Value 65.5 1,443 42.6 450 86.9 852 80.6 794 43.2 802 70.1 5,549 78.9 1,443 14.2 5,920 Nutrition of Children and Adults • 209 Table 11.5 Median duration of breastfeeding Median duration of any breastfeeding, exclusive breastfeeding, and predominant breastfeeding among children born in the 3 years preceding the survey, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Sex Male Female Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Mother’s education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total Mean for all children Median duration (months) of breastfeeding among children born in the past 3 years1 Exclusive breastfeeding Predominant breastfeeding2 Any breast- feeding (3.0) 3.1 3.5 5.6 5.2 5.1 4.0 5.5 3.6 4.9 4.1 (2.8) Note: Median and mean durations are based on breastfeeding status of the child at the time of the survey (current status).
Includes living and deceased children.

Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases.

1 For last-born children under age 24 months who live with their mother to determine exclusive and and are breastfeeding, predominant breastfeeding comes from a 24-hour dietary recall.

Tabulations assume that last-born children age 24 months or older who live with their mother and are breastfeeding are neither exclusively nor predominantly breastfed.
It is assumed that last-born children not currently living with their mother and all non-last-born children are not currently breastfeeding.
2 Either exclusively breastfed or received breast milk and plain water and/or non-milk liquids only information 210 • Nutrition of Children and Adults Table 11.6 Foods and liquids consumed by children in the day or night preceding the interview Percentage of youngest children under age 2 who are living with their mother by type of foods consumed in the day or night preceding the interview, according to breastfeeding status and age, Uganda DHS 2016 Liquids Solid or semi-solid foods Age in months Infant formula Other milk1 Other liquids2 0-1 2-3 4-5 6-8 9-11 12-17 18-23 6-23 Total 0-1 2-3 4-5 6-8 9-11 12-17 18-23 6-23 Total 0.5 0.0 1.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 * * * * (3.4) 0.8 0.4 0.6 0.6 3.8 10.3 19.5 25.9 26.8 25.1 23.5 25.3 20.9 * * * * (53.5) 54.8 29.2 37.2 36.5 3.4 11.1 28.7 54.3 58.3 60.1 58.7 58.0 44.5 * * * * (67.9) 66.0 65.5 65.2 63.6 Fruits and vege- tables rich in vitamin A4 Fortified baby foods Food made from grains3 Other fruits and vege- tables Food made from roots and tubers5 Food made from legumes and nuts Meat, fish, poultry BREASTFEEDING CHILDREN NONBREASTFEEDING CHILDREN * * * * (77.6) 84.8 85.4 84.2 81.6 * * * * (41.7) 51.6 57.3 54.5 52.5 * * * * (40.7) 26.7 28.9 28.6 27.7 * * * * (54.9) 64.2 64.1 63.3 61.2 * * * * (60.5) 56.8 60.0 58.0 56.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.2 * * * * (3.4) 1.7 1.2 1.6 1.5 0.4 0.3 4.4 22.7 34.8 35.8 37.7 32.7 23.2 * * * * (51.3) 42.8 44.1 43.1 41.6 Cheese, yogurt, other milk products Any solid or semi- solid food Number of children under age 2 0.0 0.3 0.3 1.3 2.7 3.5 3.6 2.8 2.0 1.1 5.6 28.6 80.9 92.2 96.5 97.8 92.0 67.3 * * * * (13.8) 8.2 6.1 7.2 6.9 * * * * (100.0) 98.2 99.5 98.4 95.5 503 467 440 772 709 1,090 623 3,194 4,604 9 14 10 22 41 235 615 912 946 Eggs 0.0 0.0 2.9 10.7 14.5 13.7 12.9 13.0 9.3 * * * * (33.0) 16.8 15.8 16.6 16.0 Note: Breastfeeding status refers to a “24-hour” period (yesterday and last night).
Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases.

An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.

1 Other milk includes fresh, tinned, and powdered cow or other animal milk.

2 Does not include plain water.

Includes juice, juice drinks, clear broth, or other non-milk liquids.
3 Includes fortified baby food 4 Includes pumpkin, carrots, red sweet potatoes, dark green leafy vegetables, ripe mangoes, and ripe papayas 5 Includes bananas/plantains (matooke, ndiizi, gonja) Nutrition of Children and Adults • 211 Table 11.7 Minimum acceptable diet Percentage of youngest children age 6-23 months living with their mother who are fed a minimum acceptable diet based on breastfeeding status, number of food groups, and times they are fed during the day or night preceding the survey, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Among breastfed children age 6-23 months, percentage fed: Among nonbreastfed children age 6-23 months, percentage fed: Among all children age 6-23 months, percentage fed: Minimum dietary diversity1 Minimum meal frequen- cy2 Minimum accept- able diet3 Number of breastfed children age 6-23 months Milk or milk products4 Minimum dietary diversity1 Minimum meal frequen- cy5 Minimum accept- able diet6 Number of non- breastfed children age 6-23 months Breast- milk, milk, or milk products7 Minimum dietary diversity1 Minimum meal frequen- cy8 Minimum accept- able diet9 Number of all children age 6-23 months * (46.5) 50.1 23.9 * (55.4) 44.0 38.9 * (46.9) 54.6 34.5 * (23.1) (62.3) 6.6 * (2.1) (5.4) (19.7) 15.3 20.5 (26.8) 63.4 28.9 (41.0) 48.3 40.8 39.4 43.9 38.3 57.4 27.5 48.8 42.6 43.7 (35.9) 47.7 * (7.2) (14.9) (59.6) 44.3 28.1 (36.0) 44.2 35.8 (27.8) 45.0 41.2 39.7 52.4 34.8 51.7 38.0 66.8 35.3 41.1
 (57.9) 26.2 * (6.6) (8.5) (27.0) 24.8 29.8 (38.8) 73.3 34.2 (46.3) 57.9 13.9 11.4 16.3 11.0 27.2 6.6 19.3 19.5 10.3 (18.5) 2.7 * (0.0) (4.2) (8.3) 5.5 3.6 (0.0) 16.8 13.2 (11.2) Background characteristic Age in months 6-8 9-11 12-17 18-23 Sex Male Female Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Mother’s education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total Note: Figures in parentheses are based on
 25-49 unweighted cases.
An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
1 Children receive foods from four or more of the following food groups: a. infant formula, milk other than breast milk, cheese or yogurt or other milk products; b. foods made from grains, roots, tubers, and bananas/plantains (matooke, ndiizi, gonja), including porridge and fortified baby food from grains; c. vitamin A-rich fruits and vegetables; d. other fruits and vegetables; e. eggs; f. meat, poultry, fish, and shellfish (and organ meats); g. legumes and nuts.
2 For breastfed children, minimum meal frequency is receiving solid or semi-solid food at least twice a day for infants age 6-8 months and at least three times a day for children age 9-23 months.

3 Breastfed children age 6-23 months are considered to be fed a minimum acceptable diet if they are fed the minimum dietary diversity as described in footnote 1 and the minimum meal frequency as defined in footnote 2.
4 Includes two or more feedings of commercial infant formula; fresh, tinned, and powdered animal milk; and yogurt 5 For nonbreastfed children age 6-23 months, minimum meal frequency is receiving solid or semi-solid food or milk feeds at least four times a day.
6 Nonbreastfed children age 6-23 months are considered to be fed a minimum acceptable diet if they receive other milk or milk products at least twice a day, receive the minimum meal frequency as defined in footnote 5, and receive solid or semi-solid foods from at least four food groups not including the milk or milk products food group.
7 Breastfeeding, or not breastfeeding and receiving two or more feedings of commercial infant formula; fresh, tinned, and powdered animal milk; and yogurt 8 Children are fed the minimum recommended number of times per day according to their age and breastfeeding status as described in footnotes 2 and 5.
9 Children age 6-23 months are considered to be fed a minimum acceptable diet if they receive breast milk, other milk, or milk products as described in footnote 7; are fed the minimum dietary diversity as described in footnote 1; and are fed the minimum meal frequency as described in footnotes 2 and 5.
212 • Nutrition of Children and Adults Table 11.8 Prevalence of anaemia in children Percentage of children age 6-59 months classified as having anaemia, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Age in months 6-8 9-11 12-17 18-23 24-35 36-47 48-59 Sex Male Female Mother’s interview status Interviewed Not interviewed but in household Not interviewed and not in household1 Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Mother’s education2 No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total Anaemia status by haemoglobin level Any anaemia (<11.0 g/dl) Mild anaemia (10.0-10.9 g/dl) Moderate anaemia (7.0-9.9 g/dl) Severe anaemia (<7.0 g/dl) Number of children age 6-59 months Note: Table is based on children who stayed in the household on the night before the interview and who were tested for anaemia.
Prevalence of anaemia, based on haemoglobin levels, is adjusted for altitude using formulas in CDC 1998.

Haemoglobin in grams per decilitre (g/dl).

1 Includes children whose mothers are deceased 2 For women who are not interviewed, information is taken from the Household Questionnaire.

Excludes children whose mothers are not listed in the Household Questionnaire.
Nutrition of Children and Adults • 213 Table 11.9 Presence of iodized salt in household Among all households, percentage with salt tested for iodine content, percentage with salt in the household but the salt was not tested, and percentage with no salt in the household; and among households with salt tested, percentage with iodized salt, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total Among all households, percentage: Among households in which salt was tested: With salt tested With salt, but salt not tested1 With no salt in the household Number of households Percentage with iodized salt Number of households Includes households in which salt could not be tested for technical or logistical reasons, including availability of test kits 214 • Nutrition of Children and Adults Table 11.10 Micronutrient intake among children Among youngest children age 6-23 months who are living with their mother, percentages who consumed vitamin A-rich and iron-rich foods in the 24
 hours preceding the survey; among all children age 6-23 months, percentage given Vitamin and Mineral Powder in the 7 days preceding the survey; among all children age 6-59 months, percentages who were given vitamin A supplements in the 6 months preceding the survey, who were given iron supplements in the 7 days preceding the survey, and who were given deworming medication in the 6 months preceding the survey; and among all children age 6-59 months who live in households in which salt was tested for iodine, percentage who live in households with iodized salt, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Among youngest children age 6-23 months living with their mother: Among all children age 6-23 months: Among all children age 6-59 months: Among children age 6-59 months living in households in which salt was tested Percent- age who consume d foods rich in vitamin A in past 24 hours1 Percent- age who consume d foods rich in iron in past 24 hours2 Percent- age given Vitamin and Mineral Powder in past 7 days Number of children Number of children Percent- age given iron supple- ments in past 7 days3 Percent- age given vitamin A suppleme nts in past 6 months4 Percent- age given deworm- ing medica- tion in past 6 months3,5 Percent- age living in house- holds with iodized salt6 Number of children Number of children 47.8 64.1 70.4 75.8 na na na na na na na na na na na na 7.5 9.4 8.6 8.0 9.1 8.7 8.2 5.2 10.7 7.8 9.2 6.2 8.4 8.5 8.2 9.0 14.6 6.4 1.8 9.4 8.3 6.5
 13.6 12.0 4.3 5.7 14.3 10.3 8.9 7.9 8.9 10.6 807 774 1,431 1,428 na na na (Continued…) Background characteristic Age in months 6-8 9-11 12-17 18-23 24-35 36-47 48-59 Sex Male Female Breastfeeding status Breastfed Not breastfed Mother’s age at birth 15-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Mother’s education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Nutrition of Children and Adults • 215 Table 11.10—Continued Among youngest children age 6-23 months living with their mother: Among all
 children age 6-23 months: Among all children age 6-59 months: Among children age 6-59 months living in households in which salt was tested Percent- age who consume d foods rich in vitamin A in past 24 hours1 Percent- age who consume d foods rich in iron in past 24 hours2 Percent- age given Vitamin and Mineral Powder in past 7 days Number of children Number of children Percent- age given iron supple- ments in past 7 days3 Percent- age given vitamin A suppleme nts in past 6 months4 Percent- age given deworm- ing medica- tion in past 6 months3,5 Percent- age living in house- holds with iodized salt6 Number of children Number of children Background characteristic Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total na = Not applicable 1 Includes meat (and organ meat), fish, poultry, eggs, pumpkin, red or yellow yams or squash, carrots, red sweet potatoes, dark green leafy vegetables, ripe mangoes, and ripe papayas.
2 Includes meat (and organ meat), fish, poultry, and eggs 3 Based on mother’s recall 4 Based on both mother’s recall and the vaccination card (where available) 5 Deworming for intestinal parasites is commonly done for helminths and schistosomiasis.. 6 Excludes children in households in which salt was not tested 216 • Nutrition of Children and Adults Table 11.11 Therapeutic and supplemental foods Among children age 6-35 months, percentages who received PLUMPY’NUT and PLUMPY’DOZ in the 7 days preceding the survey, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Age in months 6-8 9-11 12-17 18-23 24-35 Sex Male Female Breastfeeding status Breastfed Not breastfed Wasting status1 Severe acute malnutrition2 Moderate acute malnutrition3 Not wasted4 Mother’s age at birth 15-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Mother’s education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total Percentage who received PLUMPY’NUT in the past 7 days Percentage who received PLUMPY’DOZ in the past 7 days Number of children 1.1 0.6 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.2 1.5 1.3 1.4 (0.0) (0.0) Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases.
1 Restricted to children with valid data for weight and height 2 Children with severe acute malnutrition (SAM) are those whose weight-for-height Z- score is below -3 standard deviations from the WHO Growth Standards population median.

3 Children with moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) are those whose weight-for-height Z-score is below -2 standard deviations or -3 standard deviations or more from the WHO Growth Standards population median.
4 Children whose weight-for-height Z-score is -2 or more standard deviations from the WHO Growth Standards population median Nutrition of Children and Adults • 217 Table 11.12.1 Nutritional status of women Among women age 15-49, the percentage with height under 145 cm, mean body mass index (BMI), and the percentage with specific BMI levels, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Height Body mass index1 Percent- age below 145 cm Number of women Mean body mass index (BMI) 18.5-24.9 (total normal) <18.5 (total thin) 17.0-18.4 (mildly thin) <17 (moder- ately and severely thin) ≥25.0 (total over- weight or obese) 25.0-29.9 (over- weight) ≥30.0 (obese) Number of women 19.6
Background characteristic Age 15-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total Note: The body mass index (BMI) is expressed as the ratio of weight in kilograms to the square of height in meters (kg/m2).
1 Excludes pregnant women and women with a birth in the preceding 2 months 218 • Nutrition of Children and Adults Table 11.12.2 Nutritional status of men Among men age 15-49, mean body mass index (BMI) and percentage with specific BMI levels, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Mean body mass index (BMI) 18.5-24.9 (total normal) <18.5 (total thin) 17.0-18.4 (mildly thin) <17 (moderately and severely thin) ≥25.0 (total overweight or obese) Body mass index 25.0-29.9 (overweight) ≥30.0 (obese) Number of men Background characteristic Age 15-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 Residence
 Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total 15-49 50-54 Total 15-54 Note: The body mass index (BMI) is expressed as the ratio of weight in kilograms to the square of height in meters (kg/m2).
Nutrition of Children and Adults • 219 Table 11.13.1 Prevalence of anaemia in women Percentage of women age 15-49 with anaemia, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Not pregnant <12.0 g/dl 10.0-11.9 g/dl 7.0-9.9 g/dl <7.0 g/dl Pregnant <11.0 g/dl 10.0-10.9 g/dl 7.0-9.9 g/dl <7.0 g/dl Number of women Anaemia status by haemoglobin level Any Mild Moderate Severe Age 15-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 Number of children ever born 0 1 2-3 4-5 6+ Maternity status Pregnant Breastfeeding Neither Using IUD Yes No Smoking status Smokes cigarettes Does not smoke Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total Note: Prevalence is adjusted for altitude and for smoking status, if known, using formulas in CDC 1998.
220 • Nutrition of Children and Adults Table 11.13.2 Prevalence of anaemia in men Percentage of men age 15-49 with anaemia, according characteristics, background Uganda DHS 2016 to Background characteristic Age 15-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 Smoking status Smokes cigarettes Does not smoke Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total 15-49 50-54 Total 15-54 Any anaemia <13.0 g/dl Number of men Note: Prevalence is adjusted for altitude and for smoking status, if known, using formulas in CDC 1998.
Nutrition of Children and Adults • 221 Table 11.14 Micronutrient intake among mothers Among women age 15-49 with a child born in the 5 years preceding the survey, percent distribution by number of days they took iron tablets or syrup during the pregnancy of the last child and percentage who took deworming medication during the pregnancy of the last child; and among women age 15-49 with a child born in the 5 years preceding the survey and who live in households that were tested for iodized salt, percentage who live in households with iodized salt, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Number of days women took iron tablets or syrup during pregnancy of last birth None <60 60-89 90+ Don’t know/ missing Total Background characteristic Age 15-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Education No education Primary Secondary More
 than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total 1 Excludes women in households where salt was not tested Among women with a child born in the past 5 years who live in households that were tested for iodized salt Percentage living in households with iodized salt1 Number of women Percentage of women who took deworming medication during pregnancy of last birth Number of women • Nutrition of Children and Adults Table 11.15 Prevalence of vitamin A deficiency in children Percentage of children age 6-59 months classified as having vitamin A deficiency (VAD) by retinol binding protein (RBP) test (unadjusted) and percentage classified as having VAD after correction for infection/inflammation using raised C-reactive protein (CRP) or Thurnham’s method, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Age in months 6-8 9-11 12-17 18-23 24-35 36-47 48-59 Sex Male Female Mother’s interview status Interviewed Not interviewed but in household Not interviewed and not in household3 Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Mother’s education4 No education Primary Secondary More than
 secondary Missing Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total Any VAD (<0.825 µmol/L) Unadjusted Adjusted1 (CRP or Thurnham2) Number of children age 6-59 months * * Note: Table is based on children who stayed in the household on the night before the interview and from whom a dried blood spot (DBS) was collected and tested for RBP.
In these analyses, 0.7 µmol/L of retinol is considered to be equivalent to 0.825 µmol/L of RBP.

An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.

1 For the 24% of children for whom CRP was calculated, RBP is adjusted based on raised CRP.

For the 76% of children for whom CRP was not calculated, RBP is adjusted using data from the CRP sample following Thurnham’s method.

2 Thurnham, D.I., G.P.

McGabe, C.A.

Northrop-Clewes, and P. Nestel, 2003.


Effects of Subclinical Infection on Plasma Retinol Concentrations and Assessment of Prevalence of Vitamin A Deficiency: Meta-analysis, Lancet 362:2052-8, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)15099-4.

3 Includes children whose mothers are deceased 4 For women who are not interviewed, information is taken from the Household Questionnaire.

Excludes children whose mothers are not listed in the Household Questionnaire.
Nutrition of Children and Adults • 223 Table 11.16 Prevalence of vitamin A deficiency in children by adjustment method Among children age 6-59 months for whom C-reactive protein (CRP) was calculated, percentage classified as having vitamin A deficiency (VAD) by retinol binding protein (RBP) test (unadjusted) and percentage classified as having VAD after correction for infection/inflammation using raised C-reactive protein (CRP), and among children age 6-59 months for whom RBP was adjusted via Thurnham’s method, percentage classified as having VAD (unadjusted) and percentage classified as having VAD after adjustment via Thurnham’s method, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Any VAD (<0.825 µmol/L) Unadjusted Adjusted (CRP) Number of children age 6-59 months for whom CRP was calculated Any VAD (<0.825 µmol/L) Unadjusted Adjusted (Thurnham1) Number of children age 6-59 months for whom Thurnham’s adjustment was calculated 5.7 5.6 9.2 14.7 22.2 14.7 11.5 14.5 13.6 14.3 (10.0) 13.6 9.5 15.2 11.3 21.0 (15.2) 25.0 24.2 (12.3) 11.6 2.2 13.5 18.9 16.1 14.3 5.1 3.6 6.1 12.3 8.9 13.4 14.1 15.5 12.2 (9.2) * 15.8 15.1 10.9 21.4 6.5 14.1 4.9 2.3 6.2 9.1 13.9 9.1 7.3 9.2 8.5 9.4 (3.7) 6.6 8.3 9.0 5.2 13.1 (14.4) 12.8 19.0 (9.6) 5.7 0.8 4.8 15.4 11.2 11.5 2.2 2.4 6.1 7.9 4.8 10.4 10.1 10.0 6.4 (9.2) * * * 767
305 111 271 40 307 238 346 1,856 606 178 1 767 723 738 694 632 3,553 Background characteristic Age in months 6-8 9-11 12-17 18-23 24-35 36-47 48-59 Sex Male Female Mother’s interview status Interviewed Not interviewed but in household Not interviewed and not in household2 Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Mother’s education3 No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Missing Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total Note: Table is based on children who stayed in the household on the night before the interview and from whom a dried blood spot (DBS) was collected and tested for RBP.
In these analyses, 0.7 µmol/L of retinol is considered to be equivalent to 0.825 µmol/L of RBP.

Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases.

An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.

1 Thurnham, D.I., G.P.

McGabe, C.A.

Northrop-Clewes, and P. Nestel, 2003.


Effects of Subclinical Infection on Plasma Retinol Concentrations and Assessment of Prevalence of Vitamin A Deficiency: Meta-analysis, Lancet 362:2052-8, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)15099-4.

2 Includes children whose mothers are deceased 3 For women who are not interviewed, information is taken from the Household Questionnaire.

Excludes children whose mothers are not listed in the Household Questionnaire.
224 • Nutrition of Children and Adults MALARIA 12 Key Findings  Ownership of insecticide-treated nets: Seventy-eight percent of households own at least one insecticide- treated net (ITN).

 Use of ITNs: In households with at least one ITN, 69% of the de facto population slept under an ITN the night before the survey.
 Intermittent preventive treatment (IPTp) during pregnancy: Seventeen percent of women age 15-49 with a live birth in the 2 years before the survey reported taking three or more doses of SP/Fansidar during their last pregnancy.

 Source of advice or treatment: Among children under age 5 with a fever in the 2 weeks preceding the survey for whom advice or treatment was sought, 45% went to public health facilities, while 58% went to the private medical sector.
 Artemisinin-based combination therapy: Among children under age 5 with a fever in the 2 weeks preceding the survey who took any antimalarial medication, 88% received artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT).

 Severe anaemia: Six percent of children age 6-59 months have a haemoglobin level below 8 g/dl.

 Malaria prevalence in children: Three in 10 children age 6-59 months tested positive for malaria according to rapid diagnostic test (RDT) results.
his chapter presents data that are useful in assessing how well malaria control strategies are being implemented, including the availability and use of mosquito nets, the prophylactic and therapeutic use of antimalarial drugs, diagnostic testing of children with fever, and prevalence of anaemia and T malaria among children under age 5.

12.1 OWNERSHIP OF INSECTICIDE-TREATED NETS Ownership of insecticide-treated nets Households that have at least one insecticide-treated net (ITN).
An ITN is defined as a factory-treated net that does not require any further treatment.

Sample: Households Full household ITN coverage Percentage of households with at least one ITN for every two people.

Sample: Households Malaria • 225 Figure 12.1 Household ownership of ITNs Figure 12.2 Trends in household ownership of ITNs Household ownership and use of mosquito nets (in particular, insecticide-treated nets, or ITNs) is a central strategy in malaria prevention.
All households in the 2016 UDHS were asked if they owned mosquito nets, and if so they were asked a series of follow-up questions about each net: what type it was, where it was obtained, and who slept under it the night before the survey.

In 2016, 80% of households in Uganda had at least one mosquito net, while 78% had at least one ITN.

On average, there are 2.0 ITNs per household.


Half (51%) of households have achieved full household ITN coverage, meaning that the household had at least one ITN for every two persons who slept in the household the night before the survey.

The remaining half of households either have no ITN (22%) or do not have enough ITNs for all household members (Table 12.1 and Figure 12.1).
Trends: In Uganda, the percentage of households that own at least one ITN increased from 16% in 2006 to 47% in 2009, 60% in 2011, and 90% in 2014-15 before declining to 78% in 2016 (Figure 12.2).

The timing of survey fieldwork vis-à-vis distribution campaigns may account for some of the change between the 2014-15 Uganda Malaria Indicator Survey (UMIS) and the 2016 UDHS.
A similar trend took place for full household ITN coverage, with an increase from 5% of households in 2006 to 16% in 2009, 28% in 2011, and 62% in 2014-15, followed by a decline to 51% in 2016.
226 • Malaria No ITN22%At least 1 ITN, but not enough for all HH members27%At least 1 ITN for every 2 people in the HH51%Percent distribution of households16476090782006UDHS2009UMIS2011UDHS2014-15UMIS2016UDHSPercentage of households owning at least one insecticide-treated net (ITN) Patterns by background characteristics Figure 12.3 ITN ownership by region Percentage of households with at least one ITN  While similar proportions of urban (79%) and rural (78%) households have at least one ITN, urban households are more likely (60%) than rural households (48%) to have full household ITN coverage.
 There is regional variation in full household ITN coverage, from 23% of households in Karamoja region to 68% of households in Kigezi region (Figure 12.3).

 Just over one-third (36%) of households in the lowest wealth quintile have full household ITN coverage, as compared with two-thirds (67%) of households in the highest wealth quintile.
Source of Nets About three quarters (74%) of mosquito nets were obtained from a mass distribution campaign; the next largest source of nets is a shop/market (12%), followed by an antenatal care visit (7%) (Table 12.2).

There is some variation in source of nets by background characteristics; for example, 6 in 10 (61%) nets in urban households were obtained from a mass distribution campaign, as compared with 8 in 10 (79%) nets in rural households.
12.2 HOUSEHOLD ACCESS TO AND USE OF ITNS Access to an ITN Percentage of the population that could sleep under an ITN if each ITN in the household were used by up to two people.

Sample: De facto household population Use of ITNs Percentage of the population that slept under an ITN the night before the survey.
Sample: De facto household population Sixty-five percent of the de facto household population has access to an ITN (Table 12.3 and Table 12.4), although a smaller proportion (55%) slept under an ITN the night before the survey (Table 12.5).

In households with at least one ITN, 69% of the de facto population slept under an ITN the night before the survey.

Seventy-four percent of all ITNs were used the night before the survey (Table 12.6).
Malaria • 227 Figure 12.4 Trends in ITN access and use Trends: The proportion of the de facto population with access to an ITN increased from only 9% in 2006 to 32% in 2009, 45% in 2011, and 79% in 2014-15 before declining to 65% in 2016 (Figure 12.4).

Similarly, the proportion of the de facto population that slept under an ITN the night before the survey increased from 7% in 2006 to 26% in 2009, 35% in 2011, and 69% in 2014-15 before declining to 55% in 2016.
As with the trends observed in household ownership of ITNs, the timing of survey fieldwork vis-à-vis distribution campaigns may account for some of the change between the 2014-15 UMIS and the 2016 UDHS.
Patterns by background characteristics  Access to an ITN is higher in urban (70%) than rural (63%) areas, and this pattern continues for the proportion of the population that slept under an ITN the night before the survey (61% urban, 53% rural) and the proportion that slept under an ITN the night before the survey in households with at least one ITN (75% urban, 67% rural).
 Both access to and use of ITNs increase with household wealth: 52% of the de facto population in households in the lowest wealth quintile had access to an ITN and 49% slept under one the night before the survey, as compared with 76% and 65%, respectively, of the de facto population in households in the highest wealth quintile.

12.3 USE OF ITNS BY CHILDREN AND PREGNANT WOMEN Figure 12.5 ITN use Children and pregnant women are particularly vulnerable to malaria.
Six in 10 (62%) children under age 5 slept underneath an ITN the night before the survey, and three quarters (75%) of children under age 5 in households with at least one ITN slept under an ITN the night preceding the survey (Table 12.7 and Figure 12.5).
Similarly, just over 6 in 10 (64%) pregnant women age 15-49 slept under an ITN the night before the survey, and close to 8 in 10 pregnant women (79%) in households with at least one ITN slept under an ITN the night preceding the survey (Table 12.8 and Figure 12.5).

Trends: The percentage of children under age 5 who slept under an ITN the night before the survey increased from 10% in 2006 to 33% in 2009, 43% in 2011, and 74% in 2014-15 before falling to 62% in 2016.
A similar trend is observed among pregnant women, with an increase from 10% in 2006 to 44% in 2009, 47% in 2011, and 75% in 2014-15 followed by a decrease to 64% in 2016.
228 • Malaria 9324579657263569552006UDHS2009UMIS2011UDHS2014-15UMIS2016UDHSPercentage of the household population with access to an ITN and percentage of the population that slept under an ITN the night before the surveySlept under ITNAccess to ITN556462HouseholdpopulationPregnant womenChildren underage 5Percentage who slept under an ITN the night before the survey Patterns by background characteristics  The percentage of children under age 5 who slept under an ITN the night preceding the survey decreases with age, from 70% among children under age 12 months to 57% among children age 48-59 months.
 There is regional variation in the use of an ITN the night before the survey among children under age 5, from 47% in Karamoja region to 77% in West Nile region.

Similarly, the proportion of pregnant women age 15-49 who slept under an ITN ranges from 51% in Karamoja region to 83% in West Nile region.
 The proportion of pregnant women age 15-49 who slept under an ITN the night before the survey increases with increasing education, from 54% among those with no education to 83% among those with more than a secondary education.

12.4 MALARIA PROPHYLAXIS IN PREGNANCY Intermittent preventive treatment (IPTp) during pregnancy Percentage of women who took at least three doses of SP/Fansidar during their last pregnancy.
Sample: Women age 15-49 with a live birth in the 2 years before the survey Malaria infection during pregnancy is a major public health problem in Uganda, with substantial risks for the mother, her foetus, and the neonate.

Intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy (IPTp) is a full therapeutic course of antimalarial medicine given to pregnant women at routine antenatal care visits to prevent malaria.
IPTp helps prevent maternal malaria episodes, maternal and foetal anaemia, placental parasitemia, low birth weight, and neonatal mortality.

Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP), also known as Fansidar, is the recommended drug for IPTp in Uganda.
Figure 12.6 Trends in IPTp use by pregnant women In Uganda, 78% of women with a live birth in the 2 years before the survey reported taking one or more doses of SP/Fansidar during their last pregnancy; 46% reported taking two or more doses, and 17% reported taking three or more doses (Table 12.9).
Trends: The proportion of women with a live birth in the 2 years before the survey who took three or more doses of SP/Fansidar during their last pregnancy increased from 6% in 2006 to 17% in 2009, reduced to 10% in 2011, increased to 28% in 2014-15, and decreased to 17% in 2016 (Figure 12.6).
Malaria • 229 374748647818332749466171028172006UDHS2009UMIS2011UDHS2014-15UMIS2016UDHSPercentage of women with a live birth in the 2 years before the survey who received at least 1, 2, or 3 doses of SP/Fansidar2+ doses1+doses3+ doses 12.5 CASE MANAGEMENT OF MALARIA IN CHILDREN Care seeking for children under age 5 with fever Percentage of children under age 5 with a fever in the 2 weeks before the survey for whom advice or treatment was sought from a health provider, a health facility, or a pharmacy.
Sample: Children under age 5 with a fever in the 2 weeks before the survey Diagnosis of malaria in children under age 5 with fever Percentage of children under age 5 with a fever in the 2 weeks before the survey who had blood taken from a finger or heel for testing.

This is a proxy measure of diagnostic testing for malaria.
Sample: Children under age 5 with a fever in the 2 weeks before the survey Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) for children under age 5 with fever Among children under age 5 with a fever in the 2 weeks before the survey who took any antimalarial drugs, the percentage who received artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT).

Sample: Children under age 5 with a fever in the 2 weeks before the survey One-third (33%) of children under age 5 had a fever in the 2 weeks preceding the survey.
Among children who had a fever, treatment was sought for 8 in 10 (81%).

For nearly half of children with a fever (48%), treatment was sought the same or next day.

Similarly, for nearly half of children who had a fever (49%), blood was taken from a finger or heel for testing (Table 12.10).

Among children with a fever for whom advice or treatment was sought, 45% went to public health facilities, while 58% went to the private medical sector (Table 12.11).
Among children with a fever in the 2 weeks preceding the survey who took any antimalarial medication, 88% received artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT).

The next most used drug was quinine pills/syrup, taken by 7% of children (Table 12.12).
Figure 12.7 Trends in ACT use by children with fever Trends: The percentage of children under age 5 with a fever in the 2 weeks before the survey has fluctuated over the past 10 years; after increasing from 41% in 2006 to 45% in 2009, the percentage fell to 40% in 2011 and 31% in 2014-15 before rising slightly to 33% in 2016.

The percentage of children with a fever for whom treatment was sought has remained stable (81-84%) during that period.
The use of ACT for treatment of fever among children has increased considerably, from 5% in 2006 to 39% in 2009, 69% in 2011, 87% in 2014-15, and 88% in 2016 (Figure 12.7).

Patterns by background characteristics  The occurrence of fever among children under age 5 in the 2 weeks before the survey was highest amongst those age 12-23 months (39%).
 While urban children were less likely (22%) than rural children (36%) to have had a fever in the 2 weeks preceding the survey, advice or treatment was slightly more likely to be sought for urban (88%) than rural (80%) children.

Also, advice or treatment was more likely to be sought the same or next day 230 • Malaria 5396987882006UDHS2009UMIS2011UDHS2014-15UMIS2016UDHSAmong children with recent fever whotook an antimalarial, percentage who received ACT for urban (55%) than rural (47%) children.
Finally, urban children were more likely (61%) than rural children (47%) to have blood taken for testing.

 There is regional variation in the proportion of children with a fever in the 2 weeks before the survey, from 11% in Bunyoro region to 66% in Busoga region.

12.6 PREVALENCE OF LOW HAEMOGLOBIN IN CHILDREN Prevalence of low haemoglobin in children Percentage of children age 6-59 months who had a haemoglobin measurement below 8 grams per decilitre (g/dl) of blood.
The cutoff of 8 g/dl is often used to classify malaria-related anaemia.

This is a different cutoff than that used to classify severe anaemia in Chapter 11, on nutrition (7 g/dl).

Sample: Children age 6-59 months For details on the procedures for haemoglobin testing, see Chapter 1.

Information on the prevalence of anaemia (haemoglobin below 11 g/dl) among children age 6-59 months is presented in Chapter 11.
Although anaemia is not exclusively associated with malaria, trends in anaemia prevalence can reflect malaria morbidity, and they respond to changes in the coverage of malaria interventions.

Malaria interventions have been associated with a 60% reduction in the risk of anaemia using a cutoff of 8 g/dl (Korenromp 2004).

Haemoglobin testing was carried out for 97% of eligible children age 6-59 months (Table 12.13), and 6% had haemoglobin levels lower than 8 g/dl (Table 12.14).
Trends: The proportion of children age 6-59 months with haemoglobin lower than 8 g/dl decreased from 14% in 2006 to 10% in 2009 and 5% in 2011 and 2014-15 before increasing slightly to 6% in 2016.

Patterns by background characteristics  The proportion of children age 6-59 months with haemoglobin lower than 8 g/dl varies with age, with a general pattern of declining haemoglobin as age increases.
 The proportion of children with haemoglobin lower than 8 g/dl declines with increasing mother’s education and household wealth.

12.7 PREVALENCE OF MALARIA IN CHILDREN Malaria prevalence in children Percentage of children age 6-59 months classified as infected with malaria according to rapid diagnostic test results.
Sample: Children age 6-59 months Children age 6-59 months were eligible for malaria testing using a rapid diagnostic test (RDT; specifically, SD Bioline Pf/Pv); 96% of eligible children were tested (Table 12.13).

For details on the procedures for malaria testing, see Chapter 1.

Three in 10 (30%) children age 6-59 months tested positive for malaria according to the RDT results (Table 12.15).
Trends: The prevalence of malaria among children age 6-59 months according to RDT testing decreased from 55% in 2009 to 32% in 2014-15 and 30% in 2016.
Malaria • 231 Figure 12.8 Prevalence of malaria in children by region Percentage of children age 6-59 months who tested positive for malaria by RDT Patterns by background characteristics  The proportion of children age 6-59 months testing positive for malaria according to RDT results varies with age, with a general pattern of increasing proportions with age.

 More children in rural areas (35%) than urban areas (12%) tested positive for malaria.
 The prevalence of malaria among children varies by region, from 1% in Kampala region and 3% in Kigezi region to 69% in Karamoja region, 63% in Acholi region, and 62% in Lango region (Figure 12.8).

 Malaria prevalence decreases with increasing wealth, from 52% among children in households in the lowest wealth quintile to 5% among children in households in the highest quintile (Figure 12.9).
Figure 12.9 Prevalence of malaria in children by household wealth LIST OF TABLES For more information on malaria, see the following tables:  Table 12.1 Household possession of mosquito nets  Table 12.2 Source of mosquito nets  Table 12.3 Access to an insecticide-treated net (ITN)  Table 12.4 Access to an ITN  Table 12.5 Use of mosquito nets by persons in the household  Table 12.6 Use of existing ITNs  Table 12.7 Use of mosquito nets by children  Table 12.8 Use of mosquito nets by pregnant women  Table 12.9 Use of intermittent preventive treatment (IPTp) by women during pregnancy  Table 12.10 Prevalence, diagnosis, and prompt treatment of children with fever  Table 12.11 Source of advice or treatment for children with fever  Table 12.12 Type of antimalarial drugs used  Table 12.13 Coverage of testing for anaemia and malaria in children  Table 12.14 Haemoglobin <8.0 g/dl in children  Table 12.15 Prevalence of malaria in children 232 • Malaria 523529255LowestSecondMiddleFourthHighestPercentage of children age 6-59 months who tested positive for malaria by RDTPoorestWealthiest Table 12.1 Household possession of mosquito nets Percentage of households with at least one mosquito net (treated or untreated) and one insecticide-treated net (ITN); average number of nets and ITNs per household; and percentage of households with at least one net and ITN per two persons who stayed in the household last night, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Percentage of households with at least one mosquito net Average number of nets per household Percentage of households with at least one net for every two persons who stayed in the household last night Background characteristic Any mosquito net Insecticide- treated mosquito net (ITN)1 Any mosquito net Insecticide- treated mosquito net (ITN)1 Number of households Any mosquito net Insecticide- treated mosquito net (ITN)1 Number of households with at least one person who stayed in the household last night Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North
 Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total An insecticide-treated net (ITN) is a factory-treated net that does not require any further treatment.
In the 2011 UDHS and the 2014-15 UMIS, this was known as a long-lasting insecticidal net (LLIN).
Malaria • 233 Table 12.2 Source of mosquito nets Percent distribution of mosquito nets by source of net, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Mass distri- bution cam- paign Immuni- sation visit ANC visit Govern- ment health facility Private health facility Phar- macy PNFP/ NGO Shop/ market Com- munity health worker Religi- ous insti- tution Hawker Other Don’t know/ missing Number of mosquito nets Total Background characteristic Type of net ITN1 Other2 Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole 76.2 0.0 61.2 79.0 66.2 73.4 47.7 71.2 77.9 80.9 55.7 68.5 81.7 70.6 81.2 80.5 83.4 85.2 85.4 Special area Island districts 61.3 Mountain districts 82.7 Greater Kampala 47.3 Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total 1.9
ANC = Antenatal care PNFP/NGO = Private, not for profit/non-governmental organisation 1 An insecticide-treated net (ITN) is a factory-treated net that does not require any further treatment.
In the 2011 UDHS and the 2014-15 UMIS, this was known as a long-lasting insecticidal net (LLIN).
2 Any net that is not an ITN Table 12.3 Access to an insecticide-treated net (ITN) Percent distribution of the de facto household population by number of ITNs the household owns, and percentage with access to an ITN, according to number of persons who stayed in the household the night before the survey, Uganda DHS 2016 Number of ITNs1 0 Number of persons who stayed in the household the night before the survey 8+ 20.0 9.1 14.0 19.7 16.0 8.4 6.3 6.6 Total 19.7 15.7 23.7 19.3 10.9 5.0 3.2 2.7 Total Number 100.0 2,741 100.0 4,563 100.0 8,100 100.0 11,606 100.0 12,991 100.0 12,665 100.0 10,592 100.0 24,672 100.0 87,929 Percentage with access to an ITN1,2 65.7 74.8 73.2 73.6 68.6 64.3 60.5 55.2 64.6 1 An insecticide-treated net (ITN) is a factory-treated net that does not require any further treatment.
In the 2011 UDHS and the 2014-15 UMIS, this was known as a long-lasting insecticidal net (LLIN).
2 Percentage of the de facto household population who could sleep under an ITN if each ITN in the household were used by up to two people 234 • Malaria Table 12.4 Access to an ITN Percentage of the de facto population with access to an ITN in the household, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total Percentage with access to an ITN1 70.4 62.9 69.8 64.5 66.1 60.6 54.4 55.3 64.2 36.2 63.2 58.2 77.0 62.2 63.4 79.4 73.9 47.6 59.2 68.0 52.2 59.6 64.4 70.2 76.2 64.6 1 Percentage of the de facto household population who could sleep under an ITN if each ITN in the household were used by up to two people Malaria • 235 Table 12.5 Use of mosquito nets by persons in the household Percentage of the de facto household population who slept the night before the survey under a mosquito net (treated or untreated) and under an insecticide-treated net (ITN); and among the de facto household population in households with at least one ITN, the percentage who slept under an ITN the night before the survey, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Household population Percentage who slept under any mosquito net last night Percentage who slept under an ITN1 last night Household population in households with at least one ITN1 Number of persons Percentage who slept under an ITN1 last night Number of persons 63.2 47.9 57.2 64.3 59.0 (50.7) (49.5) 10,495
(67.2) Background characteristic Age <5 5-14 15-34 35-49 50+ Don’t know/missing Sex Male Female Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases.
1 An insecticide-treated net (ITN) is a factory-treated net that does not require any further treatment.

In the 2011 UDHS and the 2014-15 UMIS, this was known as a long-lasting insecticidal net (LLIN).
236 • Malaria Table 12.6 Use of existing ITNs Percentage of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) that were used by anyone the night before the survey, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total Percentage of existing ITNs1 used last night Number of ITNs1 An insecticide-treated net (ITN) is a factory-treated net that does not require any further treatment.
In the 2011 UDHS and the 2014-15 UMIS, this was known as a long-lasting insecticidal net (LLIN).
Malaria • 237 Table 12.7 Use of mosquito nets by children Percentage of children under age 5 who, the night before the survey, slept under a mosquito net (treated or untreated), and under an insecticide-treated net (ITN); and among children under age 5 in households with at least one ITN, the percentage who slept under an ITN the night before the survey, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Children under age 5 in all households Children under age 5 in households with at least one ITN1 Percentage who slept under any mosquito net last night Percentage who slept under an ITN1 last night Number of children Percentage who slept under an ITN1 last night Number of children Background characteristic Age in months <12 12-23 24-35 36-47 48-59 Sex Male Female Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total Note: Table is based on children who stayed in the household the night before the interview.
1 An insecticide-treated net (ITN) is a factory-treated net that does not require any further treatment.

In the 2011 UDHS and the 2014-15 UMIS, this was known as a long-lasting insecticidal net (LLIN).
238 • Malaria Table 12.8 Use of mosquito nets by pregnant women Percentage of pregnant women age 15-49 who, the night before the survey, slept under a mosquito net (treated or untreated) and under an insecticide-treated net (ITN); and among pregnant women age 15-49 in households with at least one ITN, the percentage who slept under an ITN the night before the survey, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Among pregnant women age 15-49 in all households Among pregnant women age 15- 49 in households with at least one ITN1 Percentage who slept under any mosquito net last night Percentage who slept under an ITN1 last night Number of pregnant women Percentage who slept under an ITN1 last night Number of pregnant women Background characteristic Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total Note: Table is based on women who stayed in the household the night before the interview.
1 An insecticide-treated net (ITN) is a factory-treated net that does not require any further treatment.

In the 2011 UDHS and the 2014-15 UMIS, this was known as a long-lasting insecticidal net (LLIN).
Malaria • 239 Table 12.9 Use of intermittent preventive treatment (IPTp) by women during pregnancy Percentage of women age 15-49 with a live birth in the 2 years preceding the survey who, during the pregnancy resulting in the last live birth, received one or more doses of SP/Fansidar, received two or more doses of SP/Fansidar, and received three or more doses of SP/Fansidar, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total Percentage who received one or more doses of SP/Fansidar Percentage who received two or more doses of SP/Fansidar Percentage who received three or more doses of SP/Fansidar Number of women with a live birth in the 2 years preceding the survey • Malaria Table 12.10 Prevalence, diagnosis, and prompt treatment of children with fever Percentage of children under age 5 with fever in the 2 weeks preceding the survey; and among children under age 5 with fever, percentage for whom advice or treatment was sought, percentage for whom advice or treatment was sought the same or next day following the onset of fever, and percentage who had blood taken from a finger
 or heel for testing, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Children under age 5 Percentage with fever in the 2 weeks preceding the survey Number of children Percentage for whom advice or treatment was sought1 Children under age 5 with fever Percentage for whom advice or treatment was sought the same or next day Percentage who had blood taken from a finger or heel for testing Number of children Background characteristic Age in months <12 12-23 24-35 36-47 48-59 Sex Male Female Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Mother’s education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total 1 Includes advice or treatment from the
 following sources: public sector, private medical sector, shop, market, and itinerant drug seller.
Excludes advice or treatment from a traditional practitioner.
Malaria • 241 Table 12.11 Source of advice or treatment for children with fever Percentage of children under age 5 with fever in the 2 weeks preceding the survey for whom advice or treatment was sought from specific sources; and among children under age 5 with fever in the 2 weeks preceding the survey for whom advice or treatment was sought, the percentage for whom advice or treatment was sought to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 from specific sources, according Percentage for whom advice or treatment was sought from each source: Among children with fever for whom advice or treatment was sought Among children with fever Source Public sector Government hospital Government health centre Outreach/mobile clinic Community health worker/ VHT Other public sector Private sector Private hospital/clinic Pharmacy/drug shop Private doctor Mobile clinic Community health worker Other private medical sector Other private sector Shop Traditional practitioner Market Itinerant drug seller Other Number of children 4,824 3,934 VHT = Village health team 242 • Malaria Table 12.12 Type of antimalarial drugs used Among children under age 5 with fever in the 2 weeks preceding the survey who took any antimalarial medication, percentage who took specific antimalarial drugs, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Any ACT Fansidar Chloroquine SP/ Amodia- quine Quinine pills/syrup Quinine injection/IV Artesunate rectal Artesunate injection Other anti- malarial Percentage of children who took: Number of children with fever who took any anti- malarial drug 64.9 81.7 86.8 90.5 89.7 92.9 87.4 88.2 83.3 88.5 81.0 90.1 (72.2) 90.6 89.1 85.7 88.9 92.7 87.1 90.9 89.7 91.9 86.3 (58.8) 70.6 87.8 82.7 80.1 89.0 88.9 84.7 79.9 91.3 88.9 87.5 84.7 81.0 87.8 0.7 1.1 2.2 1.5 0.7 0.7 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.9 1.1 (5.1) 0.8 1.5 1.3 0.7 0.0 0.9 1.3 2.9 0.0 0.0 (4.0) 4.0 1.9 0.7
 1.7 1.9 1.1 1.9 0.0 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.3 0.4 1.2 1.3 0.7 0.1 0.6 0.9 0.6 1.0 0.7 0.8 0.8 (0.0) 0.5 2.4 3.9 0.0 0.7 0.0 1.6 0.3 0.0 0.0 (3.7) 0.0 0.9 2.3 0.0 1.2 0.7 0.4 3.3 0.6 0.8 1.2 0.4 0.9 0.8 2.3 1.0 1.1 0.7 0.9 0.0 0.7 1.0 0.7 0.8 1.4 0.0 (0.0) 0.7 0.8 0.0 0.2 0.3 1.5 2.5 0.8 1.4 0.0 (7.7) 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 1.8 0.7 0.5 2.2 0.8 0.9 0.2 1.2 1.2 0.8 27.3 12.0 7.3 5.2 5.6 4.6 7.9 6.9 9.2 7.1 14.5 7.3 (10.2) 7.6 6.6 7.6 6.7 3.4 5.8 2.8 5.0 1.5 11.2 (17.4) 12.7 11.5 8.3 9.0 4.8 7.3 9.9 3.9 4.6 8.3 8.5 9.1 8.7 7.4 0.7 3.0 4.8 5.4 4.2 4.2 3.8 4.9 4.9 4.3 6.2 5.2 (9.7) 1.9 2.2 3.8 3.7 1.7 7.6 2.4 5.3 7.1 3.0 (7.3) 16.8 0.5 4.9 6.8 3.3 4.5 4.9 1.4 3.2 4.8 5.3 4.9 4.1 4.4 0.0 1.4 0.5 0.1 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5 1.3 0.4 1.1 0.0 (1.6) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.5 1.4 1.2 (0.0) 0.0 0.2 0.0 2.7 0.4 0.2 0.7 4.1 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.2 2.0 0.5 1.8 2.5 3.1 3.0 3.3 1.3 2.5 2.8 4.3 2.4 5.6 3.3 (11.4) 1.0 3.3 1.2 1.1 4.2 0.9 3.1 2.6 2.1 5.9 (0.0) 2.2 1.0 5.2 8.4 2.4 2.2 3.0 10.9 1.4 2.4 1.9 3.3 7.2 2.7 2.4 0.5 0.8 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.6 0.4 1.1 0.4 1.7 0.0 (1.4) 0.2 0.4 2.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.0 (2.5) Background characteristic Age in months <6 6-11 12-23 24-35 36-47 48-59 Sex Male Female Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Mother’s education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total ACT = Artemisinin-based combination therapy Malaria • 243 Table 12.13 Coverage of testing for anaemia and malaria in children Percentage of eligible children age 6-59 months who were tested for anaemia and for malaria, according to background characteristics
 (unweighted), Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Age in months 6-8 9-11 12-17 18-23 24-35 36-47 48-59 Sex Male Female Mother’s interview status Interviewed Not interviewed but in household Not interviewed and not in the household1 Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Mother’s education2 No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Missing Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total Percentage tested for: Anaemia Malaria with RDT Number of children * * Note: An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
RDT = Rapid diagnostic test (SD Bioline Pf/Pv) 1 Includes children whose mothers are deceased 2 For women who are not interviewed, information on education is taken from the Household Questionnaire.

Excludes children whose mothers are not listed in the Household Questionnaire.
244 • Malaria Table 12.14 Haemoglobin <8.0 g/dl in children Percentage of children age 6-59 months with haemoglobin lower than 8.0 g/dl, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Age in months 6-8 9-11 12-17 18-23 24-35 36-47 48-59 Sex Male Female Mother’s interview status Interviewed Not interviewed but in household Not interviewed and not in the household1 Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Mother’s education2 No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Missing Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total Haemoglobin <8.0 g/dl Number of children * Note: Table is based on children who stayed in the household the night before the interview.
Haemoglobin levels are adjusted for altitude using CDC formulas (CDC 1998).

Haemoglobin is measured in grams per decilitre (g/dl).

An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.

1 Includes children whose mothers are deceased 2 For women who are not interviewed, information on education is taken from the Household Questionnaire.

Excludes children whose mothers are not listed in the Household Questionnaire.
Malaria • 245 Table 12.15 Prevalence of malaria in children Percentage of children age 6-59 months classified as having malaria, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Age in months 6-8 9-11 12-17 18-23 24-35 36-47 48-59 Sex Male Female Mother’s interview status Interviewed Not interviewed but in household Not interviewed and not in the household1 Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Mother’s education2 No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Missing Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total Malaria prevalence according to RDT RDT positive Number of children * Note: An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
1 Includes children whose mothers are deceased 2 For women who are not interviewed, information on education is taken from the Household Questionnaire.

Excludes children whose mothers are not listed in the Household Questionnaire.

246 • Malaria HIV/AIDS-RELATED KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, AND BEHAVIOUR 13 Key Findings  Knowledge about HIV transmission and prevention: Just under half of women (48%) and men (49%) have “comprehensive knowledge” about the modes of HIV transmission and prevention.
 Knowledge of mother-to-child transmission of HIV: About 9 in 10 women (88%) and 8 in 10 men (79%) know that HIV can be transmitted through breastfeeding.

More than 8 in 10 women (84%) and 7 in 10 men (72%) know that the risk of mother-to-child transmission is reduced by the mother taking special drugs during pregnancy.
 Discriminatory attitudes: About 1 in 5 women (21%) and men (19%) believe children living with HIV should not be able to attend school with children who are HIV negative; 26% of women and 18% of men would not buy fresh vegetables from a shopkeeper who has HIV.

 Sexual partners: Only 2% of women reported having more than one sexual partner in the 12 months before the survey.

One-fifth (21%) of men reported having more than one sexual partner in the past 12 months.
Among those men, 22% reported using a condom during their most recent sexual intercourse.

I n 2016, an estimated 1.4 million adults and children were living with HIV in Uganda; the Spectrum model estimated that there were approximately 52,000 new HIV infections and 28,000 HIV-related deaths during that year (UNAIDS 2017).

The Uganda government has been at the forefront of developing and implementing innovative public health strategies that address the HIV/AIDS epidemic.
Beyond designing and being among the first countries in sub-Saharan Africa to implement Option B+, Uganda is also among the initial countries to include Test-and-Start and the 90-90-90 objectives for epidemic control within its National Strategic Plan.

Uganda initiated Test-and-Start in November 2016 and has consistently adopted aggressive strategies in its HIV programming that have moved the country closer to controlling the epidemic.
In 2015, Uganda developed the 2015/2016-2019/2020 National HIV and AIDS Strategic Plan (NSP), which provides a new framework for the implementation of HIV programs that align with the UNAIDS 90-90-90 targets.

The NSP focuses on case identification and promotion of access to antiretroviral therapy (ART), adherence, and retention (Uganda AIDS Commission 2015).

National efforts and investments from donors and other partners have also focused on HIV prevention, knowledge, and behavioural interventions.
The Uganda country program has been monitoring the impact of these programs through routine HIV program monitoring, Demographic and Health Surveys, Biological Behavioural Surveillance Surveys, and, most recently, a Population-based HIV Impact Assessment survey whose results are yet to be released.
The objective of this chapter is to provide data on and trends in HIV/AIDS knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours, including knowledge of HIV prevention methods, stigma and discrimination, number of sexual partners, condom use, self-reported HIV testing, prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV, and HIV/AIDS-related Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviour • 247 voluntary medical male circumcision.
The chapter presents these data at the national and regional levels and by demographic and socioeconomic characteristics.

13.1 HIV/AIDS KNOWLEDGE, TRANSMISSION, AND PREVENTION METHODS 13.1.1 Awareness of HIV/AIDS The 2016 UDHS asked women and men age 15-49 whether they had heard of HIV.

Those who reported having heard of HIV were then asked a number of questions about whether and how infection can be avoided.
The past six DHS and AIDS Indicator Survey (AIS) surveys in Uganda have shown that general awareness of HIV and AIDS among the population is nearly universal.

More than 99% of men and women age 15-49 interviewed in the 2016 UDHS had heard of HIV or AIDS (Table 13.1).

13.1.2 Knowledge of HIV/AIDS Prevention Nearly 9 in 10 women (87%) and men (88%) age 15-49 know that using condoms consistently can reduce the risk of HIV.
Similarly, 94% of women and 92% of men recognize that limiting sexual intercourse to one uninfected partner who has no other partners can reduce the risk of HIV.

More than 8 in 10 women (84%) and men (83%) are aware of both of these prevention methods (Table 13.2).

Trends: Knowledge of both HIV prevention methods among women has increased over the past 16 years, from 63% in 2000-01 to 66% in 2006, 74% in 2011, and 84% in 2016.
Increases among men have been smaller, with the proportion knowing of both prevention methods ranging from 75% to 83% during the same period.

Patterns by background characteristics  Women age 15-19 are less likely (77%) to know about both methods of HIV prevention than older women (83-87%); the pattern is similar among men age 15-19 (78%) in comparison with older men (83-86%).
 Knowledge that using condoms consistently and limiting sexual intercourse to one uninfected partner can reduce the risk of HIV varies considerably by region.

The proportion of women who know about both methods ranges from 62% in West Nile region to 91% in Bugisu region.

Among men, the proportion ranges from 38% in Karamoja region to 95% in Bukedi region.

 Among women and men alike, knowledge of both HIV prevention methods increases with increasing education and wealth.
The differences are greatest between women in the lowest (75%) and highest (88%) wealth quintiles.

The 2016 UDHS assessed HIV and AIDS knowledge and misconceptions by obtaining information on common misconceptions about HIV transmission.

Respondents were asked whether they think it is possible for a healthy-looking person to have HIV and whether they believe HIV is transmitted through mosquito bites, supernatural means, or sharing food with a person who has HIV or AIDS.
Comprehensive knowledge of HIV Knowing that consistent use of condoms during sexual intercourse and having just one uninfected faithful partner can reduce the chances of getting HIV, knowing that a healthy-looking person can have HIV, and rejecting the two most common local misconceptions about transmission or prevention of HIV.

Sample: Women and men age 15-49 The two most common local misconceptions about HIV transmission in Uganda are that HIV can be transmitted through mosquitoes and sharing of food.
About half of women (48%) and men (49%) age 15- 49 have comprehensive knowledge of HIV (Table 13.3).

248 • HIV/AIDS-related Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviour Trends: The percentage of men and women with comprehensive knowledge of HIV/AIDS has increased since 2000-01.

Among women, 27% had comprehensive knowledge in 2000-01, followed by a slight increase to 31% in 2006 and then larger increases to 38% in 2011 and 48% in 2016.
As with knowledge of HIV prevention, increases among men have been smaller, with the proportion having comprehensive knowledge ranging from 39% to 49% over the past 16 years.

13.2 KNOWLEDGE ABOUT MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION Increasing the level of general knowledge about transmission of HIV from mother to child and reducing the risk of transmission using antiretroviral drugs are critical in reducing mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV.
To assess MTCT knowledge, respondents were asked whether HIV can be transmitted from mother to child during pregnancy, during delivery, and through breastfeeding and whether a mother with HIV can reduce the risk of transmission to her baby by taking certain drugs during pregnancy.

Seventy percent of women age 15-49 know that HIV can be transmitted during pregnancy, 91% know that it can be transmitted during delivery, and 88% know that it can be transmitted during breastfeeding (Table 13.4).
Six in 10 women (61%) know of all three modes of transmission.

Among men, 59% know that HIV can be transmitted during pregnancy, 91% know that it can be transmitted during delivery, and 79% know that it can be transmitted during breastfeeding.

Forty-six percent of men know of all three transmission modes.

Figure 13.1 Trends in knowledge of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) More than 8 in 10 women (84%) and 7 in 10 men (72%) know that the risk of MTCT can be reduced by the mother taking special drugs.
Trends: The percentage of women who know that MTCT can be reduced by taking special medications has increased over the past 10 years, from 65% in 2006 to 78% in 2011 and 84% in 2016.

The percentage among men increased from 64% in 2006 to 73% in 2011 before decreasing slightly to 72% in 2016 (Figure 13.1).
13.3 DISCRIMINATORY ATTITUDES TOWARDS PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV Widespread stigma and discrimination in a population can adversely affect both people’s willingness to be tested and their adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART).

Thus, reduction of stigma and discrimination in a population is an important indicator of the success of programs targeting HIV/AIDS prevention and control.
Discriminatory attitudes towards people living with HIV Women and men are asked two questions to assess discriminatory attitudes towards people living with HIV.

Respondents with discriminatory attitudes towards people living with HIV are those who say that they would not buy fresh vegetables from a shopkeeper or vendor if they knew that person had HIV or who say that children living with HIV should not be allowed to attend school with children who do not have HIV.
Sample: Women and men age 15-49 One-third of women (34%) and more than a quarter of men (29%) have discriminatory attitudes towards people living with HIV (Table 13.5).
HIV/AIDS-related Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviour • 249 6578846473722006 UDHS2011 UDHS2016 UDHSPercentage of women and men age 15-49 who know that the risk of MTCT can be reduced by the mother taking special drugsWomenMen Figure 13.2 Discriminatory attitudes towards people living with HIV by education Patterns by background characteristics  Discriminatory attitudes among women are lowest in Kampala region (18%) and highest in Karamoja region (70%).
The range is less extreme among men, from 12% in Acholi region to 44% in West Nile region.

 Among both men and women, discriminatory attitudes decrease with increasing education; 45% of women and 38% of men with no education report discriminatory attitudes, as compared with 12% of women and 11% of men with more than a secondary education (Figure 13.2).

 Discriminatory attitudes also decrease with increasing wealth.
The percentage of women with discriminatory attitudes falls from 43% among those in the lowest wealth quintile to 22% among those in the highest wealth quintile.

The corresponding percentages among men are 34% and 19%.
Figure 13.3 Sex and condom use with non-regular partners 13.4 MULTIPLE SEXUAL PARTNERS Given that most HIV infections in Uganda are acquired through heterosexual intercourse, information on number of sexual partners and use of safe sex practices is important in designing and monitoring programs that control the spread of HIV.

Only 2% of women age 15-49 reported having more than one sexual partner in the past 12 months (Table 13.6.1).
In the 12 months before the survey, 15% of women had sex with a person who neither was their husband nor lived with them, and fewer than 4 in 10 of those women (37%) reported using a condom during the last sexual intercourse with such a partner (Figure 13.3).

On average, women have had 2.3 lifetime sexual partners.

Twenty-one percent of men age 15-49 reported having more than one sexual partner in the past 12 months (Table 13.6.2).
Among men with more than one partner in the past 12 months, 22% reported using a condom during their most recent sexual intercourse.

In the past 12 months, 30% of men reported having sex with a person who neither was their wife nor lived with them; almost 6 in 10 of them (57%) reported using a condom during the last sexual intercourse with such a partner (Figure 13.3).

On average, men have had 6.3 lifetime sexual partners.
Patterns by background characteristics  Women in urban areas are more likely (19%) than women in rural areas (13%) to have had sex in the past 12 months with someone who was not their husband or living with them; they are also more likely to have used a condom the last time they had sex with such a partner (43% versus 34%).

The pattern is similar among men.
250 • HIV/AIDS-related Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviour 4541241238372011No educationPrimarySecondaryMore thansecondaryWomenMenPercentage of women and men age 15-49 who haveheard of HIVNote:Percentage who do not think that children living with HIV should be able to attend school with children who are HIV negative or would not buy fresh vegetables from a shopkeeper who has HIV15373057Had sex in the past 12months with non-regularpartnerAmong those who had sexwith a non-regular partner,percentage who used acondom during last sex with anon-regular partnerWomenMenPercentage of women and men age 15-49  The percentage of women who had sex with someone who was not their husband or living with them in the past 12 months increases with increasing education, from 8% among those with no education to 23% among those with more than a secondary education.
Also, use of a condom with such a partner generally increases as education increases.

 Men age 15-19 are less likely (7%) than older men (24-27%) to have had more than one partner in the past 12 months; however, they are more likely (52%) to have used a condom during their most recent sexual intercourse with such a partner than older men (9-38%).

13.5 PAID SEX The act of paying for sex introduces an uneven negotiating ground for safer sexual intercourse.
Transactional sex is the exchange of money, favours, or gifts for sexual intercourse.

This type of sexual intercourse is associated with a greater risk of contracting HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) because of compromised power relations and the likelihood of having multiple partners.

Eight percent of men have ever paid for sex, and 4% report having paid for sex in the past 12 months (Table 13.7).
Among men who paid for sex in the past 12 months, almost three quarters (73%) reported using a condom during the last paid sexual intercourse.

Trends: The percentage of men who report paying for sex in the 12 months before the survey has remained stable over the past 16 years, at 1% in 2000-01, 3% in 2006, 2% in 2011, and 4% in 2016.
13.6 COVERAGE OF HIV TESTING SERVICES Knowledge of HIV status helps HIV-negative individuals make specific decisions to reduce risk and increase safer sex practices so that they can remain disease free.

Among those who are living with HIV, knowledge of their status allows them to take action to protect their sexual partners, to access care, and to receive treatment.
13.6.1 Awareness of HIV Testing Services and Experience with HIV Testing The majority of women (97%) and men (96%) age 15-49 know where to obtain an HIV test, but women are more likely (85%) than men (73%) to have ever been tested for HIV.

Similarly, a higher proportion of women (55%) than men (47%) were tested for HIV and received the results in the 12 months before the survey (Tables 13.8.1 and 13.8.2).
Figure 13.4 Trends in recent HIV testing Trends: Over the past 10 years, there has been a substantial increase in HIV testing among both women and men in Uganda.

The proportion of women who were tested for HIV in the past 12 months and received the results rose from 12% in 2006 to 42% in 2011 and 55% in 2016.

The proportion among men increased from 10% in 2006 to 31% in 2011 and 47% in 2016 (Figure 13.4).
HIV/AIDS-related Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviour • 251 1242551031472006 UDHS2011 UDHS2016 UDHSPercentage of women and men age 15-49 who were tested for HIV in the year before the survey and received the resultsWomenMen Figure 13.5 Recent HIV testing among women by region Patterns by background characteristics  Women age 15-19 are much more likely (44%) to have never been tested than older women (3- 8%), and the pattern is similar among men age 15-19 (53%) in comparison with older men (14- 23%).
 Among women, HIV testing coverage in the past 12 months is highest in Teso and Tooro regions (both 64%) and lowest in Bunyoro region (44%) (Figure 13.5).

Testing coverage among men is highest in Acholi region (64%) and lowest in Karamoja region (24%).

 HIV testing coverage among women increases with increasing education, from 48% among those with no education to 70% among those with more than a secondary education.

The corresponding percentages among men are 31% and 69% (Figure 13.6).
Figure 13.6 Recent HIV testing by education 13.6.2 HIV Testing of Pregnant Women Table 13.9 presents information on self-reported HIV testing during pregnancy and delivery among all women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 2 years before the survey.

Three quarters (76%) of women received counselling on HIV and an HIV test during an antenatal care (ANC) visit, along with the test results; 92% of women had an HIV test during ANC or labour and received the results.
Women’s likelihood of being tested during ANC and delivery increases with increasing education; 88% of women with no education are tested during ANC or delivery, and coverage is almost universal (99%) among women with more than a secondary education.
252 • HIV/AIDS-related Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviour 4831513960547069WomenMenPercentage of women and men age 15-49 who were tested for HIV in the year before the survey and received resultsNo educationPrimary completeSecondaryMore than secondary Figure 13.7 Trends in male circumcision 13.7 MALE CIRCUMCISION Male circumcision has been associated with a lower risk of HIV transmission from women to men (Williams et al.

2006; WHO and UNAIDS 2007).


Forty-six percent of men age 15-49 have been circumcised, 18% by traditional practitioners or family friends and 22% by a health professional (Table 13.10).

Trends: The percentage of men who have been circumcised has increased over the past 10 years, from 24% in 2006 to 27% in 2011 and 46% in 2016 (Figure 13.7).

Patterns by background characteristics  The percentage of men who are circumcised is highest in the 20-24 age group (53%) and lowest in the 40-49 age group (39%).
 Younger men are more likely to have been circumcised by a health professional than their older counterparts.

Twenty-seven percent of men age 15-24 were circumcised by a health worker or professional, as compared with 13% of men age 40-49.

 The proportion of men who are circumcised is higher in urban (56%) than rural (43%) areas.

 There is a notable difference in the prevalence of circumcision by region.
Men in Bugisu region (83%) are more than six times as likely to be circumcised as men in Acholi (12%) and Lango (13%) regions.

13.8 SELF-REPORTING OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS Sexually transmitted infections and symptoms Women who have ever had sex are asked whether they had an STI or symptoms of an STI (a bad-smelling, abnormal discharge from the vagina or a genital sore or ulcer) in the 12 months before the survey.
Sample: Women age 15-49 Men who have ever had sex are asked whether they had symptoms of an STI (a bad-smelling, abnormal discharge from the penis or a genital sore or ulcer) in the 12 months before the survey.

Note: The survey questionnaire included a question for men on whether they had an STI in the 12 months before the survey, but due to a programming error, that question was not asked.
Sample: Men age 15-49 One in 4 women age 15-49 (24%) reported having an STI and/or symptoms of an STI in the past 12 months; 14% of men reported having symptoms of an STI in the past 12 months (Table 13.11).

Seventy- one percent of women and 64% of men who had an STI or STI symptoms sought advice or treatment from a clinic, hospital, private doctor, or other health professional (Table 13.12).
However, 26% of women and 34% of men with an STI or symptoms of an STI did not seek any advice or treatment at all.

Patterns by background characteristics  Circumcised men are less likely (11%) than uncircumcised men (16%) to report having had STI symptoms in the past 12 months.
HIV/AIDS-related Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviour • 253 2427462006 UDHS2011 UDHS2016 UDHSPercentage of men age 15-49 circumcised  Among women, the proportion of self-reported STIs or symptoms of STIs was highest in Busoga region (36%) and lowest in Karamoja region (8%).

Among men, the proportion who reported STI symptoms was highest in North Central region (21%) and lowest in Karamoja region (3%).
 The proportion of men reporting STI symptoms decreases with increasing education, from 22% among those with no education to 9% among those with more than a secondary education.

There is no clear pattern by education among women.

13.9 HIV/AIDS-RELATED KNOWLEDGE AND BEHAVIOUR AMONG YOUNG PEOPLE This section addresses HIV/AIDS-related knowledge among young people age 15-24 and also assesses the extent to which young people are engaged in behaviours that may place them at risk of contracting HIV.
13.9.1 Knowledge Knowledge of how HIV is transmitted is crucial in enabling people to avoid HIV infection, and this is especially true for young people, who are often at greater risk because they may have shorter relationships with more partners or engage in other risky behaviours.
In Uganda, 46% of young women and 45% of young men age 15-24 have comprehensive knowledge of HIV, which includes knowing that consistent use of condoms during sexual intercourse and having just one uninfected faithful partner can reduce the chance of getting HIV, knowing that a healthy-looking person can have HIV, and rejecting the two most common local misconceptions about HIV transmission (Table 13.13).
Trends: The percentage of young women with comprehensive knowledge about HIV was stable between 2000-01 (29%) and 2006 (32%) before increasing to 38% in 2011 and 46% in 2016.

Among young men, the percentage remained stable between 2000-01 and 2011 (38-40%) and increased slightly to 45% in 2016.

Patterns by background characteristics  Comprehensive knowledge about HIV increases with age among young women.
 Young women (55%) and men (56%) in urban areas are more likely than their counterparts in rural areas (42% and 42%, respectively) to have comprehensive knowledge about HIV.

 Comprehensive knowledge of HIV increases with increasing education among both young women and young men.

13.9.2 First Sex Young people who initiate sex at an early age are typically at higher risk of becoming pregnant or contracting an STI than young people who initiate sex later.

Consistent condom use can reduce such risks.


Table 13.14 provides information on the percentage of young women and men who have had sexual intercourse before age 15 and age 18.

A slightly higher percentage of young men (17%) than young women (12%) age 15-24 reported having sex before age 15.

After age 18, this pattern is reversed: among young people age 18-24, 56% of women and 52% of men reported having sex before age 18.
Trends: The percentage of young women age 15-24 who have had sex by age 15 has decreased consistently over the past 16 years, from 17% in 2000-01 to 16% in 2006, 14% in 2011, and 12% in 2016.

There has been a slight increase among young men during the same period, from 12% in 2000-01 and 2006 to 16% in 2011 and 17% in 2016.

There are similar trends with respect to the percentage of young women 254 • HIV/AIDS-related Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviour and men age 18-24 who have had sex by age 18.
Since 2000-01, this percentage has decreased from 68% to 56% among young women and increased from 41% to 52% among young men.

Patterns by background characteristics  Young women age 15-24 in rural areas are slightly more likely (13%) to have had sex by age 15 than young women in urban areas (10%); the difference is larger among women age 18-24 who have had sex by age 18 (60% and 47%, respectively).
 Young women with more than a secondary education are less likely than those with lower levels of education to have sex by age 15 or by age 18.

13.9.3 Premarital Sex The 2016 UDHS also collected information on patterns of sexual activity among never-married young women and men age 15-24 in Uganda.

Sixty-one percent of never-married women and 46% of never- married men in this age group have never had sexual intercourse (Table 13.15).
The percentage of never- married women and men who have never had sexual intercourse decreases with age, is lower in urban than rural areas, and decreases with increasing education.

13.9.4 Multiple Sexual Partners Three percent of young women age 15-24 have had more than one partner in the past 12 months, as compared with 14% of young men (Tables 13.16.1 and 13.16.2).
Nearly 2 in 10 young women (19%) have had intercourse with a person who was not their husband or living with them in the past 12 months, and nearly 4 in 10 young men (38%) have had intercourse with a person who was not their wife or living with them over the same period.

Forty-three percent of young women and 57% of young men who had intercourse in the past 12 months with a person who was not their spouse or living with them used a condom the last time they had intercourse with such a partner.
13.9.5 Coverage of HIV Testing Services Seeking an HIV test may be more difficult for young people than adults because many young people lack experience in accessing health services for themselves and because there are often barriers to young people in obtaining services.

Table 13.17 provides information on sexually active young people age 15-24 who have been tested for HIV and received the results of the last test.
Two-thirds (67%) of young women and half (50%) of young men age 15-24 who had sexual intercourse in the 12 months preceding the survey were tested for HIV and received the results during that same period.

Trends: The proportion of young women age 15-24 who had sexual intercourse in the past 12 months and were also tested for HIV and received their test results has increased substantially over the past 10 years, from 17% in 2006 to 53% in 2011 and 67% in 2016.
The proportion among young men has also increased, although to a lesser degree, from 13% in 2006 to 32% in 2011 and 50% in 2016.

Patterns by background characteristics  The proportion of sexually active young people who have been recently tested for HIV increases between the 15-17 age group and the 18-19 and 20-22 age groups and then is stable in the 23-24 age group.
 Among sexually active young men age 15-24, those who have ever been married men are more likely (60%) than those who have never been married men (45%) to have had an HIV test; the difference is much smaller between ever-married (69%) and never-married (64%) young women.
HIV/AIDS-related Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviour • 255 LIST OF TABLES For more information on HIV/AIDS-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviour, see the following tables:  Table 13.1 Knowledge of HIV or AIDS  Table 13.2 Knowledge of HIV prevention methods  Table 13.3 Comprehensive knowledge about HIV  Table 13.4 Knowledge of prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV  Table 13.5 Discriminatory attitudes towards people living with HIV  Table 13.6.1 Multiple sexual partners and higher-risk sexual intercourse in the past 12 months:  Table 13.6.2 Multiple sexual partners and higher-risk sexual intercourse in the past 12 months: Women Men Payment for sexual intercourse and condom use at last paid sexual intercourse  Table 13.7  Table 13.8.1 Coverage of prior HIV testing: Women  Table 13.8.2 Coverage of prior HIV testing: Men  Table 13.9  Table 13.10 Male circumcision  Table 13.11 Self-reported prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and STI Pregnant women counselled and tested for HIV symptoms  Table 13.12 Women and men seeking treatment for STIs  Table 13.13 Comprehensive knowledge about HIV among young people  Table 13.14 Age at first sexual intercourse among young people  Table 13.15 Premarital sexual intercourse among young people  Table 13.16.1 Multiple sexual partners and higher-risk sexual intercourse in the past 12 months  Table 13.16.2 Multiple sexual partners and higher-risk sexual intercourse in the past 12 months among young people: Women  Table 13.17 Recent HIV tests among young people among young people: Men 256 • HIV/AIDS-related Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviour Table 13.1 Knowledge of HIV or AIDS Percentage of women and men age 15-49 who have heard of HIV or AIDS, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Have heard of HIV or AIDS Number of respondents Have heard of HIV or AIDS Number of respondents Women Men Age 15-24 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-39 40-49 Marital status Never married Ever had sex Never had sex
 Married/living together Divorced/separated/ widowed Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total 15-49 50-54 Total 15-54 na = Not applicable na na na na HIV/AIDS-related Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviour • 257 Table 13.2 Knowledge of HIV prevention methods Percentage of women and men age 15-49 who, in response to prompted questions, say that people can reduce the risk of getting HIV by using condoms every time they have sexual intercourse, and by having one sex partner who is not infected and has no other partners, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Women Using condoms and limiting sexual intercourse to one uninfected partner1,2 Limiting sexual intercourse to one uninfected partner2 Number of women Using condoms1 Men Using condoms and limiting sexual intercourse to one uninfected partner1,2 Limiting sexual
 intercourse to one uninfected partner2 Number of men Background characteristic Using condoms1 Age 15-24 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-39 40-49 Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total 15-49 50-54 Total 15- na na na na na na na na 299
2,767 1,451 626 859 899 963 1,102 1,213 5,037 299 5,336 na = Not applicable 1 Using condoms every time they have sexual intercourse 2 Partner who has no other partners 258 • HIV/AIDS-related Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviour Table 13.3 Comprehensive knowledge about HIV Percentage of women and men age 15-49 who say that a healthy-looking person can have HIV and who, in response to prompted questions, correctly reject local misconceptions about transmission or prevention of HIV, and percentage with a comprehensive knowledge about HIV, according to age, Uganda DHS 2016 Percentage of respondents who say that: A healthy- looking person can have HIV HIV cannot be transmitted by mosquito bites HIV cannot be transmitted by supernatural means A person cannot become infected by sharing food with a person who has HIV Percentage who say that a healthy-looking person can have HIV and who reject the two most common local miscon- ceptions1 Percentage with a compre- hensive knowledge about HIV2 Number of respondents WOMEN MEN Age 15-24 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-39 40-49 Total 15-49 15-24 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-39 40-49 Total 15-49 50-54 Total 15-54 1 Two most common local misconceptions: “HIV can be transmitted by mosquito bites” and “A person can become infected by sharing food with a person who has HIV” 2 Comprehensive knowledge means knowing that consistent use of condoms during sexual intercourse and having just one uninfected faithful partner can reduce the chance of
 getting HIV, knowing that a healthy-looking person can have HIV, and rejecting the two most common local misconceptions about transmission or prevention of HIV.
Table 13.4 Knowledge of prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV Percentage of women and men age 15-49 who know that HIV can be transmitted from mother to child during pregnancy, during delivery, by breastfeeding, and by all three means, and percentage who know that the risk of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV can be reduced by mother taking special drugs, according to age, Uganda DHS 2016 Age During pregnancy During delivery By breastfeeding By all three means Percentage who know that HIV can be transmitted from mother to child: 15-24 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-39 40-49 Total 15-49 15-24 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-39 40-49 Total 15-49 50-54 Total 15- WOMEN 85.8 82.0 89.9 92.5 90.3 88.6 88.4 MEN 76.5 74.9 78.8 83.1 81.5 81.1 79.4 77.4 79.3 58.1 55.5 61.0 64.1 64.2 63.6 61.4 44.3 45.0 43.4 46.5 46.6 48.2 45.8 40.2 45.5 Percentage who know that the risk of MTCT can be reduced by mother taking special drugs Number of respondents HIV/AIDS-related Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviour • 259 Table 13.5 Discriminatory attitudes towards people living with HIV Among women and men age 15-49 who have heard of HIV or AIDS, percentage who do not think that children living with HIV should be able to attend school with children who are HIV negative, percentage who would not buy fresh vegetables from a shopkeeper who has HIV, and percentage with discriminatory attitudes towards people living with HIV, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Women Men Percentage who do not think that children living with HIV should be able to attend school with children who are HIV negative Percentage who would not buy fresh vegetables from a shopkeeper who as HIV Percentage with discriminatory
 attitudes towards people living with HIV1 Number of women who have heard of HIV or AIDS Percentage who do not think that children living with HIV should be able to attend school with children who are HIV negative Percentage who would not buy fresh vegetables from a shopkeeper who as HIV Percentage with discriminatory attitudes towards people living with HIV1 Number of men who have heard of HIV or AIDS na na na na na na na na 402
Background characteristic Age 15-24 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-39 40-49 Marital status Never married Ever had sex Never had sex Married/living together Divorced/separated/ widowed Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total 15-49 50-54 Total 15-54 na = Not applicable 1 Percentage who do not think that children living with HIV should be able to attend school with children who are HIV negative and/or would not buy fresh vegetables from a shopkeeper who has HIV 260 • HIV/AIDS-related Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviour Table 13.6.1 Multiple sexual partners and higher-risk sexual intercourse in the past 12 months: Women Among all women age 15-49, percentage who had sexual intercourse with more than one sexual partner in the past 12 months, and percentage who had intercourse in the past 12 months with a person who was neither their husband nor lived with them; among those having more than one partner in the past 12 months, percentage reporting that a condom was used during last intercourse; among women age 15- 49 who had sexual intercourse in the past 12 months with a person who was neither their husband nor lived with them, percentage who used a condom during last sexual intercourse with such a partner; and among women who ever had sexual intercourse, mean number of sexual partners during their lifetime, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Women who had 2+ partners in the past 12 months Women who had intercourse in the past 12 months with a person who was neither their husband nor lived with them Women who ever had sexual intercourse1 Percentage who
 reported using a condom during last sexual intercourse Number of women Percentage who reported using a condom during last sexual intercourse with such a partner Number of women Mean number of sexual partners in lifetime Number of women Number of women All women Percentage who had intercourse in the past 12 months with a person who was neither their husband nor lived with them Percentage who had 2+ partners in the past 12 months (18.1) 40.1 7.9 31.5 27.4 19.3 31.6 13.7 (44.7) 19.8 16.8 * (22.1) * * * * (9.9) (16.1) * * 18.8 (8.6) (36.7) (14.6) 19.2 28.4 (17.1) (6.3) 1,731
1,020 872 1,180 588 1,285 190 1,244 1,719 1,731 9,029 3,689 1,326 2,854 2,929 2,935 3,148 3,908 15,775 Background characteristic Age 15-24 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-39 40-49 Marital status Never married Married/living together Divorced/separated/ widowed Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases.
An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.

1 Means are calculated excluding respondents who gave non-numeric responses.
HIV/AIDS-related Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviour • 261 Table 13.6.2 Multiple sexual partners and higher-risk sexual intercourse in the past 12 months: Men Among all men age 15-49, percentage who had sexual intercourse with more than one sexual partner in the past 12 months, and percentage who had intercourse in the past 12 months with a person who was neither their wife nor lived with them; among those having more than one partner in the past 12 months, percentage reporting that a condom was used during last intercourse; among men age 15-49 who had sexual intercourse in the past 12 months with a person who was neither their wife nor lived with them, percentage who used a condom during last sexual intercourse with such a partner; and among men who ever had sexual intercourse, mean number of sexual partners during their lifetime, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Men who had 2+ partners in the past 12 months Men who had intercourse in the past 12 months with a person who was neither their wife nor lived with them Men who ever had sexual intercourse1 Percentage who reported using a condom during last sexual inter- course Percentage who reported using a condom during last sexual intercourse with such a partner Number of men Number of men Mean number of sexual partners in lifetime Number of men Number of men All men Percentage who had intercourse in the past 12 months with a person who was neither their wife nor lived with them Percentage who had 2+ partners in the past 12 months 592
(2.6) 27.8 21.9 * 16.9 28.4 14.1 18.9 15.1 (19.3) 19.5 19.8 22.5 41.6 (5.7) * 52.3 81.3 63.1 50.0 35.6 57.8 53.2 55.1 44.1 71.4 (28.0) 47.4 66.2 75.7 52.1 55.9 51.5 52.5 67.1 57.3 (46.5) Background characteristic Age 15-24 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-39 40-49 Marital status Never married Married/living together Divorced/separated/ widowed Type of union In polygynous union In non-polygynous union Not currently in union Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total 15-49 50-54 Total 15-54 Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases.
An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.

1 Means are calculated excluding respondents who gave non-numeric responses.
262 • HIV/AIDS-related Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviour Table 13.7 Payment for sexual intercourse and condom use at last paid sexual intercourse Percentage of men age 15-49 who ever paid for sexual intercourse and percentage reporting payment for sexual intercourse in the past 12 months, and among them, the percentage reporting that a condom was used the last time they paid for sexual intercourse, according to age, Uganda DHS 2016 Percentage who ever paid for sexual intercourse Among all men: Percentage who paid for sexual intercourse in the past 12 months Among men who paid for sex in the past 12 months: Percentage reporting condom use at last paid Number of men sexual intercourse Number of men 6.4 4.2 9.3 8.6 8.5 9.2 7.7 7.3 7.7 3.7 2.7 5.0 4.8 3.1 2.2 3.5 2.1 3.4 2,238 1,288 949 741 1,226 832 5,037 299 5,336 69.3 (58.8) (77.1) (72.3) (76.0) * 72.8 * 73.0 82 35 47 35 38 18 174 6 181 Age 15-24 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-39 40-49 Total 15-49 50-54 Total 15-54 Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases.
An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
HIV/AIDS-related Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviour • 263 Table 13.8.1 Coverage of prior HIV testing: Women Percentage of women age 15-49 who know where to get an HIV test, percent distribution of women by testing status and by whether they received the results of the last test, percentage of women ever tested, and percentage of women who were tested in the past 12 months and received the results of the last test, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Percent distribution of women by testing status and by whether they received the results of the last test Percentage who know where to get an HIV test Ever tested and received results Ever tested, did not receive results Never tested1 Background characteristic Age 15-24 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-39 40-49 Marital status Never married Ever had sex Never had sex Married/living together Divorced/separated/ widowed Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total 1 Includes “don’t know/missing” Percentage who have been
 tested for HIV in the past 12 months and received the results of the last test Number of women Percentage ever tested Total • HIV/AIDS-related Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviour Table 13.8.2 Coverage of prior HIV testing: Men Percentage of men age 15-49 who know where to get an HIV test, percent distribution of men by testing status and by whether they received the results of the last test, percentage of men ever tested, and percentage of men age 15-49 who were tested in the past 12 months and received the results of the last test, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Percent distribution of men by testing status and by whether they received the results of the last test Ever tested and received results Ever tested, did not receive results Never tested1 Total Percentage ever tested Percentage who know where to get an HIV test Percentage who have been tested for HIV in the past 12 months and received the results of the last test Number of men 92.6 89.4 97.0 98.7 97.5 98.1 92.3 95.9 87.4 97.9 98.2 98.2 94.7 98.3 96.1 99.1 93.2 84.5 92.7 96.5 82.6 94.8 97.6 97.9 94.1
Background characteristic Age 15-24 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-39 40-49 Marital status Never married Ever had sex Never had sex Married/living together Divorced/separated/ widowed Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Education No education Primary
 Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total 15-49 50-54 Total 15-54 1 Includes “don’t know/missing” HIV/AIDS-related Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviour • 265 Table 13.9 Pregnant women counselled and tested for HIV Among all women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 2 years preceding the survey, percentage who received HIV pretest counselling, percentage who received an HIV test during antenatal care for their most recent birth by whether they received their results and post-test counselling, and percentage who received an HIV test during ANC or labour for their most recent birth by whether they received their test results, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Percentage who received counselling on HIV during antenatal care1 Percentage who were tested for HIV during antenatal care and who: Received results and received post-test counselling Received results and did not receive post- test counselling Did not receive results Percentage who received counselling on HIV and an HIV test during ANC, and the results Percentage who had an HIV test during ANC or labour and who:2 Received results Did not receive results Number of women who gave birth in the past 2 years3 77.6
Background characteristic Age 15-24 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-39 40-49 Marital status Never married Married/living together Divorced/separated/ widowed Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total 1 In this context, “pretest counselling” means that someone talked with the respondent about all three of the following topics: (1) babies getting HIV from their mother, (2) preventing the virus, and (3) getting tested for HIV.
2 Women are asked whether they received an HIV test during labour only if they gave birth in a health facility.

3 Denominator for percentages includes women who did not receive antenatal care for their last birth in the past 2 years.
266 • HIV/AIDS-related Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviour Table 13.10 Male circumcision Percent distribution of men age 15-49 by circumcision status and provider of circumcision, and percentage of men circumcised, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Age 15-24 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-39 40-49 Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Religion Catholic Anglican Muslim Pentecostal Seventh Day Adventist Other Ethnic group Acholi Alur Baganda Bagisu Bakiga Bakonzo Banyankore Banyoro Basoga Batoro Iteso Lango Lugbara Other Total 15-49 50-54 Total 15-54 Circumcised by: Health worker/ professional Traditional practitioner/ family/friend Other/ don’t know/ missing Not circumcised Includes all men who report they are circumcised, regardless of provider Percentage of men circumcised1 Number of men 48.7 45.5 53.2 49.2 43.1 39.4 55.7 42.5 57.9 45.1 61.9 61.9 51.6 83.1 22.7 23.1 13.3 12.3 52.5 56.2 59.6
Total HIV/AIDS-related Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviour • 267 Table 13.11 Self-reported prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and STI symptoms Among women and men age 15-49 who ever had sexual intercourse, percentage reporting having an STI and/or symptoms of an STI in the past 12 months, by background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Percentage of women who reported having in the past 12 months: Percentage of men who reported having in the past 12 months: Background characteristic Age 15-24 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-39 40-49 Marital status Never married Married/living together Divorced/separated/ widowed Circumcised Yes1 No Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total 15-49 50-54 Total 15-54 STI 10.4 6.1 12.7 14.2 13.8 8.0 7.4 12.4 11.7 na na na na Bad- smelling/ abnormal genital discharge STI/ genital discharge/s ore or ulcer Number of women who ever had sexual intercourse Genital sore or
 ulcer Abnormal discharge from penis Genital sore or ulcer Abnormal discharge from penis/sore or ulcer Number of men who ever had sexual intercourse 13.8 11.1 15.3 17.5 17.1 11.8 12.1 15.5 16.0 na na na na 11.4 9.8 12.3 13.3 14.1 11.6 9.1 13.3 12.3 na na na na 23.0 19.0 25.2 27.2 26.7 20.4 19.3 25.1 25.4 na na na na 5,468 1,946 3,522 3,006 4,522 2,802 2,086 11,214 8.3 7.6 8.7 8.4 8.7 5.5 8.1 7.2 8.1 10.0 6.8 10.6 10.2 8.4 7.2 9.9 2,498 13.5 11.9 na na na na Note: The survey questionnaire included a question for men on whether they had an STI in the 12 months before the survey, but due to a programming error, that question was not asked.
na = Not applicable 1 Includes all men who report they are circumcised, regardless of provider 268 • HIV/AIDS-related Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviour Table 13.12 Women and men seeking treatment for STIs Percentage of women and men age 15-49 reporting an STI or symptoms of an STI in the past 12 months who sought advice or treatment, Uganda DHS 2016 Source of advice or treatment Percentage of women Percentage of men Clinic/hospital/private doctor/other health professional Advice or medicine from shop/pharmacy Advice or treatment from any other source No advice or treatment Number with STI or symptoms of STI 70.8 0.3 3.3 26.1 3,857 63.6 0.0 2.6 33.8 565 Table 13.13 Comprehensive knowledge about HIV among young people Percentage of young women and young men age 15-24 with comprehensive knowledge about HIV, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Age 15-19 15-17 18-19 20-24 20-22 23-24 Marital status Never married Ever had sex Never had sex Ever married Residence Urban Rural Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Total 15-24 Women Men Percentage with comprehensive knowledge of AIDS1 Number of respondents Percentage with comprehensive knowledge of AIDS1 Number of respondents (41.2) 34.0 58.1 69.0 44.8 1,288 811 477 949 581 368 1,837 992 845 401 511 1,726 39 1,282 757 160 2,238 Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases.
1 Comprehensive knowledge means knowing that consistent use of condoms during sexual intercourse and having just one uninfected faithful partner can reduce the chance of getting HIV, knowing that a healthy-looking person can have HIV, and rejecting the two most common local misconceptions about transmission or prevention of HIV.

The components of comprehensive knowledge are presented in Tables 13.2 and 13.3.
HIV/AIDS-related Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviour • 269 Table 13.14 Age at first sexual intercourse among young people Percentage of young women and young men age 15-24 who had sexual intercourse before age 15 and percentage of young women and young men age 18-24 who had sexual intercourse before age 18, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Women age 15-24 Women age 18-24 Men age 15-24 Men age 18-24 Percentage who had sexual intercourse before age 15 Number of women Percentage who had sexual intercourse before age 18 Percentage who had sexual intercourse before age 15 Number of women Number of men Percentage who had sexual intercourse before age 18 Number of men 10.3 9.9 11.0 13.7 12.9 14.9 9.5 12.8 24.3 14.8 7.4 3.4 11.9 4,264 2,629 1,636 3,822 2,368 1,453 2,178 5,908 202 4,706 2,691 486 8,086 na na 58.7 55.4 54.4 56.9 46.8 60.3 69.4 67.4 47.2 24.3 56.4 na na 1,636 3,822 2,368 1,453 1,578 3,879 166 2,843 1,973 475 5,457 16.7 17.2 15.8 17.0 19.1 13.7 17.4 16.7 (16.1) 18.6 14.9 12.3 16.8 1,288 811 477 949 581 368 511 1,726 39 1,282 757 160 2,238 na na 54.9 50.1 51.5 47.9 52.6 51.4 (38.8) 58.2 49.6 33.3 51.7 na na 477 949 581 368 379 1,048 34 681 560 151 1,426 Background characteristic Age 15-19 15-17 18-19 20-24 20-22 23-24 Residence Urban Rural Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Total 15-24 Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases.
na = Not applicable Table 13.15 Premarital sexual intercourse among young people Among never-married women and men age 15-24, percentage who have never had sexual intercourse, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Age 15-19 15-17 18-19 20-24 20-22 23-24 Residence Urban Rural Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Total 15-24 Women age 15-24 Men age 15-24 Percentage who have never had sexual intercourse Number of never- married women Percentage who have never had sexual intercourse Number of never- married men (45.6) 53.0 40.3 21.3 46.0 1,256 808 448 581 419 162 438 1,399 27 1,019 652 139 1,837 Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases.
270 • HIV/AIDS-related Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviour Table 13.16.1 Multiple sexual partners and higher-risk sexual intercourse in the past 12 months among young people: Women Among all young women age 15-24, percentage who had sexual intercourse with more than one sexual partner in the past 12 months, and percentage who had intercourse in the past 12 months with a person who was neither their husband nor lived with them; among those having more than one partner in the past 12 months, percentage reporting that a condom was used during last intercourse; among young women age 15-24 who had sexual intercourse in the past 12 months with a person who was neither their husband nor lived with them, percentage who used a condom during last sexual intercourse with such a partner, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Women age 15-24 Women age 15-24 who had 2+ partners in the past 12 months Women age 15-24 who had intercourse in the past 12 months with a person who was neither their husband nor lived with them Percentage who had intercourse in the past 12 months with a person who was neither their husband nor lived with them Percentage who had 2+ partners in the past 12 months Percentage who reported using a condom during last sexual intercourse Number of women Percentage who reported using a condom during last sexual intercourse with such a partner Number of women Number of women (32.8) (20.7) 26.6 25.0 28.9 40.5 18.4 (38.0) 22.5 * 22.7 34.6 * 26.4 93 41 52 127 73 53 79 141 55 165 0 137 68 14 220 42.9 43.4 42.4 42.7 44.4 39.5 44.6 36.8 46.7 40.9 * 33.7 52.2 51.3 42.8 807 408 399 764 504 260 1,216 355 523 1,048 15 748 620 188 1,571 Background characteristic Age 15-19 15-17 18-19 20-24 20-22 23-24 Marital status Never married Ever married Residence Urban Rural Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Total 15-24 Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases.
An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
HIV/AIDS-related Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviour • 271 Table 13.16.2 Multiple sexual partners and higher-risk sexual intercourse in the past 12 months among young people: Men Among all young men age 15-24, percentage who had sexual intercourse with more than one sexual partner in the past 12 months, and percentage who had intercourse in the past 12 months with a person who was neither their wife nor lived with them; among those having more than one partner in the past 12 months, percentage reporting that a condom was used during last intercourse; among men age 15-24 who had sexual intercourse in the past 12 months with a person who was neither their wife nor lived with them, percentage who used a condom during last sexual intercourse with such a partner, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Men age 15-24 Percentage who had intercourse in the past 12 months with a person who was neither their wife nor lived with them Number of men Percentage who had 2+ partners in the past 12 months Men age 15-24 who had 2+ partners in the past 12 months Men age 15-24 who had intercourse in the past 12 months with a person who was neither their wife nor lived with them Percentage who reported using a condom at last intercourse Number of men Percentage who reported using a condom during last sexual intercourse with such a partner Number of men 6.6 3.1 12.6 24.8 24.3 25.5 10.4 32.1 16.6 13.6 (11.1) 13.5 15.8 15.0 14.3 27.6 18.1 43.6 51.2 56.5 42.7 38.4 33.7 43.7 35.8 (35.1) 32.1 44.1 51.2 37.6 1,288 811 477 949 581 368 1,837 401 511 1,726 39 1,282 757 160 2,238 52.1 (56.8) 50.1 37.5 38.9 35.3 55.6 20.2 56.9 35.8 * 28.4 53.9 * 41.4 85 25 60 235 141 94 192 129 85 236 4 173 120 24 320 55.0 41.0 64.8 58.5 54.3 67.4 57.5 54.7 68.4 52.9 * 46.1 65.8 83.6 57.0 355 147 208 486 329 157 706 135 224 617 14 412 333 82 841 Background characteristic Age 15-19 15-17 18-19 20-24 20-22 23-24 Marital status Never married Ever married Residence Urban Rural Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Total 15-24 Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases.
An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
272 • HIV/AIDS-related Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviour Table 13.17 Recent HIV tests among young people Among young women and young men age 15-24 who have had sexual intercourse in the past 12 months, percentage who were tested for HIV in the past 12 months and received the results of the last test, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Women age 15-24 who have had sexual intercourse in the past 12 months: Men age 15-24 who have had sexual intercourse in the past 12 months: Percentage who have been tested for HIV in the past 12 months and received results of the last test 61.4 52.7 66.8 70.3 70.1 70.6 63.7 68.5 67.3 Background characteristic Age 15-19 15-17 18-19 20-24 20-22 23-24 Marital status Never married Ever married Total 15-24 Number of women 1,645 623 1,021 3,222 1,921 1,302 1,220 3,647 4,867 Percentage who have been tested for HIV in the past 12 months and received results of the last test 40.1 30.9 46.1 55.9 55.6 56.2 45.3 59.7 50.4 Number of men 377 150 227 721 422 298 706 392 1,097 HIV/AIDS-related Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviour • 273 WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT 14 Key Findings  Employment: Most currently married women (84%) and almost all currently married men (99%) age 15-49 were employed in the 12 months beforee the survey.
Employed men are more likely (58%) than employed women to be paid in cash only (48%).

 Control over earnings: Among currently married women age 15-49 with cash earnings, 9 in 10 (91%) participate in decisions about the use of their earnings; five of them (53%) make decisions on their own, and four (38%) make decisions jointly with their husband.
 Ownership of property: Thirty-eight percent of women and 54% of men age 15-49 own a house alone or jointly with someone else, and 31% of women and 48% of men own land alone or jointly with someone else.

Most have no documentation (title or deed) of ownership.

 Bank account use and mobile phone ownership: Only 13% of women and 22% of men have a bank account that they use, and 46% of women and 66% of men own a mobile phone.
About 7 in 10 women (73%) and men (72%) who own a mobile phone use it for financial transactions.

 Decision-making: Half (51%) of currently married women age 15-49 participate in three specific household decisions either alone or jointly with their husbands.

Women are more likely to participate in decisions about their own health care (74%) and visits to their family or relatives (72%) than in decisions about making major household purchases (64%).
 Attitudes toward wife-beating: Five out of 10 women (49%) and four out of 10 men (41%) age 15-49 agree with at least one justification for wife beating; these proportions have declined from 77% of women and 64% of men in 2000-01.

 Negotiating sexual relations: Eighty-six percent of currently married women age 15-49 can say no to their husband if they do not want to have sex, and 79% can ask their husband to use a condom.
T his chapter explores women’s empowerment in terms of employment, earnings, control over earnings, magnitude of women’s earnings relative to those of their partners, household decision- making, empowering attitudes, and house and land ownership.

Although the focus of this chapter is women, data for specific indicators are also presented for men.

Comparisons of indicators for men and women helps to identify gender disparities and provides the context for discussion of women’s empowerment.
Women’s Empowerment • 275 14.1 MARRIED WOMEN’S AND MEN’S EMPLOYMENT Employment Respondents are considered to be employed if they have done any work other than their housework in the 12 months before the survey.

Sample: Currently married women and men age 15-49 Earning cash for employment Respondents are asked if they are paid for their labour in cash or in kind.

Only those who receive payment in cash only or in cash and in kind are considered to earn cash for their employment.
Sample: Currently married women and men age 15-49 employed in the 12 months before the survey A large majority (84%) of currently married women age 15-49 and almost all currently married men age 15-49 (99%) are employed.

Among those employed, similar proportions of women (21%) and men (20%) are not paid for their work.

Employed men are more likely to be paid in cash only (58%) than employed women (48%).
Employed women are more likely to be paid with a mix of cash and in-kind compensation (28%) than employed men (20%) (Table 14.1).

Trends: The proportion of currently married men employed in the past 12 months has remained stable over time (99%-100% in 2000-01, 2006, 2011, and 2016), while the proportion of currently married women employed in the past 12 months varied (84% in 2000-01, 92% in 2006, 79% in 2011, and 84% in 2016).
Patterns by background characteristics  Employment in the 12 months preceding the survey among currently married women increases with age from 74% among women age 15-19 to 92% among women age 45-49.

In contrast, currently married men’s employment does not vary by age (97-99%).

 Among currently married women who are employed, women age 15-19 are more likely than older women (29% versus 18-22%) to not be paid for their work.
14.2 CONTROL OVER WOMEN’S EARNINGS Control over one’s own cash earnings Respondents are considered to have control over their own earnings if they participate in decisions alone or jointly with their spouse about how their own earnings will be used.
Sample: Currently married women and men age 15-49 who received cash earnings for employment during the 12 months before the survey Nine out of 10 (91%) currently married women age 15-49 with cash earnings decide on their own or jointly with their husbands how their own earnings will be used: just over half (53%) decide on their own how their earnings will be used, while 38% decide jointly with their husbands, and for 9%, their husband is the main decision maker (Table 14.2.1 and Figure 14.1).
About 1 in 5 currently married women with cash earnings perceive that they earn about the same (13%) or more (9%) than their husbands.

Trends: The proportion of currently married women who decide on their own how their earnings will be used has remained at just over half since 2000-01 (51-55%), but the proportion whose husband decides on his own has fallen (from 18% in 2000-01 to 13% in 2006, 14% in 2011, and 9% in 2016).
The proportion who decide jointly with their husband has increased (31-32% in 2000-01-2011 to 38% in 2016).

Women’s cash earnings relative to their husbands’ cash earnings have not changed much since 2006.
276 • Women’s Empowerment Figure 14.1 Control over woman’s earnings Patterns by background characteristics  The proportion of currently married women who decide on their own how their cash earnings will be used increases with age from 4 in 10 women age 15-19 (41%) to nearly 6 in 10 women age 35-49 (56-57%).

 Among rural currently married women, 10% do not participate in decisions about the use of their own cash earnings compared with 5% of urban currently married women.
 The proportion of currently married women who decide on their own how their cash earnings will be used varies greatly by region, from a low of 26% in Lango region to a high of 80% in Kampala region.

 Two-thirds of currently married women in the highest wealth quintile (66%) decide on their own how their cash earnings are to be used, compared with about half or less of currently married women in the other wealth quintiles (45-53%).
 The proportion of currently married women who earn less than their husbands decreases with age, from 80-81% among women age 15-24 to 63% among women age 45-49.

 Currently married women who live in Acholi (16%) or Tooro (15%) regions and those with more than secondary education (14%) are more likely than all other currently married women with earnings to earn more than their husbands.
 Currently married women who earn about the same amount as their husbands are less likely (19%) to decide on their own what to do with their earnings than women who earn more (62%) or less (57%) than their husbands.

Women who earn about the same amount as their husbands are more likely (76%) to decide jointly with their husbands what to do with their own earnings than women who earn more (29%) or less (34%) than their husbands (Table 14.3).
14.3 CONTROL OVER MEN’S EARNINGS Eight percent each of both currently married men age 15-49 with cash earnings and currently married women age 15-49 whose husbands have cash earnings report that the wife is the main decision maker about how the husband’s cash earnings are used.
Slightly more men (46%) than women (41%) report that decisions about the use of the husband’s cash earnings are made jointly, and slightly fewer men (45%) than women (50%) report that the husband is the main decision maker (Table 14.2.2).

Currently married women who earn the same as their husband are also more likely (78%) to decide jointly with their husband what to do with their husband’s cash earnings than women who earn more (33%) or less (38%) than their husband (Table 14.3).
Women’s Empowerment • 277 Mainly wife53%Wife and husband jointly38%Mainly husband9%Percent distribution of currently married women with cash earnings in the 12 months before the survey 14.4 WOMEN’S AND MEN’S OWNERSHIP OF ASSETS Ownership of a house or land Respondents who own a house or land, whether alone or jointly with someone else Sample: Women and men age 15-49 Figure 14.2 Ownership of assets Just under 4 in 10 (38%) women age 15-49 own a house, and 3 in 10 (31%) own land.
Over half (54%) of men age 15-49 own a house, and just under half (48%) own land (Tables 14.4.1 and 14.4.2 and Figure 14.2).

Men are much more likely to own a house (38%) or land (33%) alone than women are (both 8%).

Patterns by background characteristics  The percentage of both women and men who do not own a house or land decreases sharply with age.
For example, 91% of women age 15-19 do not own a house and 93% do not own land, compared with 30% of women age 45-49 who do not own a house and 43% who do not own land.

The variation in house and land ownership by age is even greater for men than it is for women.

 Urban women and men are more likely to not own a house (78% of women, 63% of men) than rural women and men (57% of women, 41% of men); there is a similar but smaller difference in rates of land ownership by residence.
 House and land ownership is most common in Karamoja and Lango regions among women; among men house ownership is most common in Bukedi region and land ownership is most common in West Nile and Acholi regions.

In contrast, house and land ownership for both women and men is least common in Kampala and South Central regions.

In Kampala region, for example, 89% of women and 76% of men do not own a house.
 The percentages of both women and men who do not own a house or land increase with wealth; there is a similar but slightly less consistent pattern of variation by level of education.

Documentation of ownership Documentation of ownership of assets is important for the security of tenure, and also for the ability to leverage or liquidate assets.
Eight in 10 women (81%) and men (80%) age 15-49 who own a house do not possess a title or deed for that house (Table 14.5.1 and Table 14.5.2); nearly 7 in 10 women and men (69% each) age 15-49 who own land do not possess a title or deed for that land (Table 14.6.1 and Table 14.6.2).
14.5 BANK ACCOUNTS AND MOBILE PHONES Has and uses a bank account Respondents who have an account in a bank or other financial institution that they themselves use Sample: Women and men age 15-49 278 • Women’s Empowerment 3831134654482266Own house(alone orjointly)Own land(alone orjointly)Have & usebank accountOwn mobilephonePercentage of women and men age 15-49 by ownership of specific itemsWomenMen Mobile phone ownership Respondents who own a mobile phone Sample: Women and men age 15-49 Just over 1 in 10 women (13%) and 2 in 10 (22%) men age 15-49 have a bank account that they use.
Forty- six percent of women and 66% of men own a mobile phone.

Respondents who own a mobile phone were asked if they use it for financial transactions.

Among those who own a mobile phone, 7 in 10 women (73%) and men (72%) use it for financial transactions (Table 14.7.1 and Table 14.7.2 and Figure 14.2).

Patterns by background characteristics  Use of a bank account is rare among women age 15-19 (2%), but increases among women age 25-49 (18-19%).
Similarly, only 1 in 5 women age 15-19 (19%) own a mobile phone, compared with at least half of women age 20-49 (50-57%).

 Bank account use and mobile phone ownership among women are both much lower in rural areas (9% and 36%, respectively) than in urban areas (24% and 71%, respectively).

 Women’s bank account use and mobile phone ownership increase with level of education and wealth, but the increase by education is much sharper than by wealth.
Notably, 61% of women with more than secondary education use a bank account and 95% have a mobile phone, higher than any other subgroup of women.

 Use of a bank account is lower among women in Karamoja region (3%) than in any other region.

Mobile phone ownership is also lowest in this region (14%).

 More than half of women who own a mobile phone use it for financial transactions, with the exception of women in the lowest wealth quintile (46%) and women in West Nile region (47%).
 Bank account use and mobile phone ownership generally vary for men by background characteristics as they do for women, although men in every subgroup are more likely than women to have a bank account that they use and to have a mobile phone.

The same does not hold true for use of their mobile phone for financial transactions.
For example, women age 15-24, women in the lowest wealth quintile, and women living in Bukedi region, among others, are more likely than their male counterparts to use their mobile phone for financial transactions.
14.6 PARTICIPATION IN DECISION MAKING Participation in major household decisions Women are considered to participate in household decisions if they make decisions alone or jointly with their husband in all three of the following areas: (1) the woman’s own health care, (2) major household purchases, and (3) visits to the woman’s family or relatives.
Sample: Currently married women age 15-49 Men are considered to participle in decisions if they make decisions alone or jointly with their wife in both of the following areas: (1) the man’s own health care, and (2) major household purchases.

Sample: Currently married men age 15-49 Women’s Empowerment • 279 Figure 14.3 Women’s participation in decision making Half (51%) of currently married women age 15-49 participate in all three specified household decisions, either alone or jointly with their husbands.
Women are more likely to participate in decisions about their own health care (74%) and visits to their family or relatives (72%) than in decisions about making major household purchases (64%).

More than 1 in 10 currently married women (13%) do not participate in any of the three decisions (Table 14.9.1 and Figure 14.3).
In contrast, 82% of currently married men participate in both of the decisions that they are asked about; 87% participate in decisions about their own health care and 89% in decisions about major household purchases.

Only 6% of currently married men do not participate in either decision (Table 14.9.2).
Trends: The proportion of currently married women age 15-49 who participate in all three decisions increased from 29% in 2000-01 to 39% in 2006, was stable at 38% in 2011, and increased again to 51% in 2016.

Patterns by background characteristics  Currently married women’s participation in all three decisions increases steadily with age, from 36% of women age 15-19 to 63% of women age 45-49.
 Currently married women who are employed for cash (58%), are more likely to participate in all three decisions than women who are employed but not for cash (43%) or those who are not employed (37%).

 By region, currently married women’s participation in all three decisions varies from a low of 34% in Bukedi region to a high of 82% in Kigezi region.
There is a much narrower range for currently married men’s participation in both the decisions about which they were asked: from 66% in Bunyoro region to 95% in West Nile region.
14.7 ATTITUDES TOWARD WIFE BEATING Attitudes toward wife beating Respondents are asked if they agree that a husband is justified in hitting or beating his wife under each of the following five circumstances: she burns the food, she argues with him, she goes out without telling him, she neglects the children, and she refuses to have sex with him.

If respondents answer ‘yes’ in at least one circumstance, they are considered to have attitudes justifying wife beating.
Sample: Women and men age 15-49 Just under half (49%) of women age 15-49 agree with at least one justification for a husband hitting or beating his wife; 39% agree that beating is justified if she neglects the children, 30% agree that it is justified if she goes out without telling him, 26% agree that it is justified if she argues with him, 18% agree that it is justified if she refuses to have sex with him, and 14% agree that it is justified if she burns the food (Table 14.10.1 and Figure 14.4).
A slightly smaller proportion of men age 15-49 (41%) agree with at least one reason; smaller proportions of men than women also agree with each specific reason (Table 14.10.2 and Figure 14.4).
280 • Women’s Empowerment 7464725113Woman's own health careMajor household purchasesVisits to family or relativesParticipate in all 3 decisionsParticipate in none of thesedecisionsPercentage of currently married women age 15-49 participating in specific decisions Figure 14.4 Attitudes towards wife beating Trends: The proportion of women and men who agree with one or more justifications for wife beating has declined steadily over time from 77% of women and 64% of men in 2000-01, to 70% of women and 60% of men in 2006, to 58% of women and 44% of men in 2011, and to 49% of women and 41% of men in 2016.
Patterns by background characteristics  Women age 15-19 are more likely (58%) than older women (45-49%) to agree with at least one reason for wife beating.

Among men too, agreement with wife beating tends to decline with age.

 Women who are employed but not paid in cash are more likely (60%) than women who are not employed (47%) or employed and paid in cash (46%) to agree with at least one reason for wife beating.
Among men, agreement with wife beating is higher among men who are not employed (50%) than among men who are employed irrespective of whether they earn cash or not (40%).

 Rural women (52%) and men (43%) are more likely than urban women (40%) and men (33%) to agree with at least one reason for wife beating.

 Agreement with wife beating varies greatly by region for both women and men, but not necessarily with a similar pattern.
For example, while agreement with at least one reason for wife beating is low in Kampala region for both women (27%) and men (33%), in Bukedi region, agreement is the lowest of any region for men (18%) but is highest of any region for women (72%).

Similarly, in Kigezi region, women’s agreement with wife beating is lower than in any other region (26%), but is relatively high among men (49%).
 Agreement with wife beating declines by wealth for both women and men; agreement also declines by education for both women and men, although less consistently for men than for women.
14.8 NEGOTIATING SEXUAL RELATIONS To assess attitudes toward negotiating safer sexual relations with husbands, women and men were asked whether they thought that a wife is justified in refusing to have sexual intercourse with her husband if she knows he has sex with other women and justified in asking that he use a condom if she knows he has an STI.

The majority of Ugandans believe a wife is justified in negotiating sexual relations with her husband.
Just over three-quarters of women (76%) and men (77%) believe a wife is justified in refusing sex if her husband has other partners; 87% of women and 91% of men believe she is justified in asking her husband to wear a condom if he has an STI (Table 14.11).

To assess the ability of women to actually negotiate safer sexual relations with their husbands, currently married women were asked whether they could say no to their husband if they do not want to have sexual intercourse.
Currently married women were also asked whether they could ask their husband to use a condom.

Eighty-six percent of currently married women said they could say no to their husbands if they did not want to have sex, and 79% said they could ask their husband to use a condom (Table 14.12).
Women’s Empowerment • 281 14263039184972322281241Burns thefoodArgues withhimGoes outwithouttelling himNeglects thechildrenRefusessexualintercourseAny of thesereasonsPercentage of women and men age 15-49 who agree that a husband is justified in beating his wife for specific reasonsWomenMen Patterns by background characteristics  Currently married women age 40-49 are less likely (72%) than other women (80%-82%) to say they can ask their husband to use a condom.
 Currently married women’s ability to negotiate safer sex varies by region.

The proportion of women who can refuse to have sex with their husband ranges from 72% in Lango region to 94% in Kampala region and 95% in North Central region.

The proportion who can ask their husband to wear a condom ranges from 47% in Karamoja region to 86% in South Central and Kampala regions, 87% in Acholi region, and 88% in North Central and Busoga regions.
 Women’s ability to negotiate safer sex with their husbands increases with both education and wealth.

For information on how indicators of women’s empowerment relate to each other, see Table 14.13, and to see variation in family planning use and reproductive health care, and child mortality by women’s empowerment indicators see Tables 14.14, 14.15, 14.16, and 14.17.
LIST OF TABLES For more information on women’s empowerment and demographic and health outcomes, see the following tables:  Table 14.1  Table 14.2.1 Control over women’s cash earnings and relative magnitude of women’s cash Employment and cash earnings of currently married women and men earnings Women’s control over their earnings and over those of their husbands  Table 14.2.2 Control over men’s cash earnings  Table 14.3  Table 14.4.1 Ownership of assets: Women  Table 14.4.2 Ownership of assets: Men  Table 14.5.1 Ownership of title or deed for house: Women  Table 14.5.2 Ownership of title or deed for house: Men  Table 14.6.1 Ownership of title or deed for land: Women  Table 14.6.2 Ownership of title or deed for land: Men  Table 14.7.1 Ownership and use of bank accounts and mobile phones: Women  Table 14.7.2 Ownership and use of bank accounts and mobile phones: Men  Table 14.8  Table 14.9.1 Women’s participation in decision making by background characteristics  Table 14.9.2 Men’s participation in decision making by background characteristics  Table 14.10.1 Attitude toward wife beating: Women  Table 14.10.2 Attitude toward wife beating: Men  Table 14.11  Table 14.12  Table 14.13  Table 14.14  Table 14.15 Attitudes toward negotiating safer sexual relations with husband Ability to negotiate sexual relations with husband Indicators of women’s empowerment Current use of contraception by women’s empowerment Ideal number of children and unmet need for family planning by women’s empowerment Reproductive health care by women’s empowerment Early childhood mortality rates by women’s status Participation in decision making  Table 14.16  Table 14.17 282 • Women’s Empowerment Table 14.1 Employment and cash earnings of currently married women and men Percentage of currently married women and men age 15-49 who were employed at any time in the past 12 months and percent distribution of currently married women and men employed in the past 12 months by type of earnings, according to age, Uganda DHS 2016 Among
 currently married respondents: Percent distribution of currently married respondents employed in the past 12 months, by type of earnings Percentage employed in past 12 months Number of respond- ents Cash only Cash and in-kind In-kind only Not paid Missing/ don’t know Total Number of respond- ents 74.4 79.0 83.4 85.9 86.9 87.9 91.9 83.8 (97.1) (62.7) 53.4 62.8 63.3 55.4 55.7 52.1 58.3 50.8 57.6 WOMEN 24.1 26.2 26.4 27.5 29.5 31.2 29.9 27.7 MEN (17.0) 20.5 18.4 16.0 23.0 20.6 24.1 19.8 23.1 20.1 8.0 5.0 3.8 3.1 2.9 3.1 3.9 4.0 (4.5) 3.6 0.6 1.9 2.5 3.1 4.3 2.4 3.8 2.5 29.2 22.2 18.4 19.8 19.7 20.0 18.8 20.5 (15.8) 22.5 18.2 18.9 19.1 20.6 19.5 19.5 22.3 19.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 (100.0) 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 632 1,932 1,967 1,714 1,349 1,039 772 9,404 23 319 533 628 432 450 284 2,669 258 2,928 Age 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 Total 15-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 Total 15-49 50-54 Total 15-54 Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases.
Women’s Empowerment • 283 Table 14.2.1 Control over women’s cash earnings and relative magnitude of women’s cash earnings Percent distribution of currently married women age 15-49 who received cash earnings for employment in the 12 months preceding the survey, by person who decides how wife’s cash earnings are used and by whether she earned more or less than her husband, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Person who decides how the wife’s cash earnings are used: Wife’s cash earnings compared with husband’s cash earnings: Mainly wife Wife and husband jointly Mainly husband Other Total More Less About the same Husband has no earnings Don’t know/ missing Total Number of women Background characteristic Age 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 Number of living children 0 1-2 3-4 5+ Disability status1 A lot of difficulty or unable to function in at least one domain Some or no difficulty in all domains 52.9 38.1 8.8 Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total 0.3
Disability questions are in the Household Questionnaire.
Domains are: seeing, hearing, communicating, remembering or concentrating, walking or climbing steps, and washing all over or dressing.

If a person was reported to have difficulty in more than one domain, only the highest level of difficulty is shown.
284 • Women’s Empowerment Table 14.2.2 Control over men’s cash earnings Percent distributions of currently married men age 15-49 who receive cash earnings and of currently married women age 15-49 whose husbands receive cash earnings, by person who decides how husband’s cash earnings are used, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Mainly wife Husband and wife jointly Mainly husband Other Missing Total Number of men Mainly wife Men Women Husband and wife jointly Mainly husband Other Missing Age 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 Number of living children 0 1-2 3-4 5+ Disability status1 A lot of difficulty or unable to function in at least one domain Some or no difficulty in all domains Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total 15-49 50-54 Total 15-54 * 13.6 8.0 6.6 8.3 8.0 7.5 8.6 8.5 9.5 7.6 3.3 8.6 5.8 9.5 5.9 1.3 3.4 1.2 0.8 29.3 12.1 (19.9) 21.2 8.1 2.5 30.3 3.9 1.0 1.4 4.4 21.6 6.2 11.0 9.0 8.3 6.3 12.5 11.8 8.8 6.2 5.5 8.4 5.7 8.2 * 37.7 52.9 41.4 47.7 47.8 50.7 41.4 43.8 47.2 48.6 * 46.9 38.4 52.0 44.0 44.2 41.8 48.9 47.0 43.1 43.8 59.7 37.0 45.8 45.2 40.3 48.8 53.7 41.3 36.8 44.3 28.7 39.0 60.9 39.2 43.9 (13.5) 52.5 51.0 53.5 45.5 59.0 63.3 51.7 37.1 42.3 25.0 26.6 47.9 45.2 48.3 51.6 45.9 52.6 47.3 38.4 46.3 44.7 46.2 57.3 53.9 67.9 58.4 38.3 31.5 43.0 (66.6) 26.3 40.9 44.0 24.2 35.5 35.7 47.0 57.9 34.6 68.8 62.0 42.7 46.1 45.4 35.4 41.8 38.3 46.3 55.9 44.9 49.6 45.3 * 1.8 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 1.1 0.7 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.6 0.0 1.4 0.0 0.0 1.0 (0.0) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.6 1.4 0.0 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.0 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.0 0.3 * 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 (0.0) na na na na na na na na na na Number of women 838 2,426 2,332 1,974 1,515 1,160 804 Total na na na
2,172 2,171 2,158 2,460 100.0 11,048 na na na na Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases.
An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.

na = Not applicable 1 Disability questions are in the Household Questionnaire.

Domains are: seeing, hearing, communicating, remembering or concentrating, walking or climbing steps, and washing all over or dressing.

If a person was reported to have difficulty in more than one domain, only the highest level of difficulty is shown.
Women’s Empowerment • 285 Table 14.3 Women’s control over their earnings and over those of their husbands Percent distribution of currently married women age 15-49 with cash earnings in the last 12 months by person who decides how the wife’s cash earnings are used; and percent distribution of currently married women age 15-49 whose husbands have cash earnings by person who decides how the husband’s cash earnings are used, according to the relation between wife’s and husband’s cash earnings, Uganda DHS 2016 Person who decides how wife’s cash earnings are used: Person who decides how husband’s cash earnings are used: Woman’s earnings relative to husband’s earnings More than husband Less than husband Same as husband Husband has no cash earnings or did not work Woman worked but has no cash earnings Woman did not work Total1 Mainly wife 61.6 56.8 18.5 Wife and husband jointly 29.0 33.6 75.8 60.3 33.5 na na na na 52.6 38.3 Mainly husband Other Missing 9.4 9.5 5.4 5.3 na na 8.9 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.9 na na 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 na na 0.0 Number of women 657 5,241 923 Mainly wife 16.6 7.9 3.6 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 33.1 38.3 77.8 49.9 53.5 18.3 Wife and husband jointly Mainly husband Other Missing 100.0 102 na na na na 100.0 7,097 na 9.1 6.1 8.1 na na 45.5 30.7 41.3 44.8 63.0 50.2 Number of women 657 5,241 923 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 na na 100.0 100.0 2,252 1,801 100.0 11,048 0.4 0.2 0.3 na 0.6 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 0.0 0.0 na = Not applicable 1 Includes cases where a woman does not know whether she earned more or less than her husband 286 • Women’s Empowerment Table 14.4.1 Ownership of assets: Women Percent distribution of women age 15-49 by ownership of housing and land, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Percentage who own a house: Percentage who own land: Background characteristic Alone Jointly Alone and jointly Percent- age who do not own a house Total Alone Jointly Percent- age who do not own land Alone and jointly Total Number of women Age 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 Disability
 status1 A lot of difficulty or unable to function in at least one domain Some or no difficulty in all domains Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total 2,543
Disability questions are in the Household Questionnaire.
Domains are seeing, hearing, communicating, remembering or concentrating, walking or climbing steps, and washing all over or dressing.

If a person was reported to have difficulty in more than one domain, only the highest level of difficulty is shown.
Women’s Empowerment • 287 Table 14.4.2 Ownership of assets: Men Percent distribution of men age 15-49 by ownership of housing and land, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Percentage who own a house: Percentage who own land: Background characteristic Alone Jointly Alone and jointly Percent- age who do not own a house Total Alone Jointly Percent- age who do not own land Alone and jointly Age 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 Disability status1 A lot of difficulty or unable to function in at least one domain Some or no difficulty in all domains 13.1 31.5 46.0 48.7 58.7 58.3 57.2 1.4 7.3 10.5 18.2 16.1 18.9 18.5 50.8 10.0 38.0 10.6 Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total 15-49 50-54 Total 15- 30.9
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Number of men Disability questions are in the Household Questionnaire.
Domains are seeing, hearing, communicating, remembering or concentrating, walking or climbing steps, and washing all over or dressing.

If a person was reported to have difficulty in more than one domain, only the highest level of difficulty is shown.
288 • Women’s Empowerment Table 14.5.1 Ownership of title or deed for house: Women Among women age 15-49 who own a house, percent distribution by whether the house owned has a title or deed and whether or not the woman’s name appears on the title or deed, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Age 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 Disability status2 A lot of difficulty or unable to function in at least one domain Some or no difficulty in all domains Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total House has a title or deed and: Woman’s name is on title/deed Woman’s name is not on title/deed Does not have a title/deed Don’t know/ missing Number of women who own a house1 Total Includes alone, joint, or alone and joint ownership 2 Disability questions are in the Household Questionnaire.
Domains are seeing, hearing, communicating, remembering or concentrating, walking or climbing steps, and washing all over or dressing.

If a person was reported to have difficulty in more than one domain, only the highest level of difficulty is shown.
Women’s Empowerment • 289 Table 14.5.2 Ownership of title or deed for house: Men Among men age 15-49 who own a house, percent distribution by whether the house owned has a title or deed and whether or not the man’s name appears on the title or deed, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Age 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 Disability status2 A lot of difficulty or unable to function in at least one domain Some or no difficulty in all domains Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total 15-49 50-54 Total 15-54 House has a title or deed and: Man’s name is on title/deed Man’s name is not on title/deed Does not have a title deed Don’t know/ missing Number of men who own a house1 Total Includes alone, joint, or alone and joint ownership 2 Disability questions are in the Household Questionnaire.
Domains are seeing, hearing, communicating, remembering or concentrating, walking or climbing steps, and washing all over or dressing.

If a person was reported to have difficulty in more than one domain, only the highest level of difficulty is shown.
290 • Women’s Empowerment Table 14.6.1 Ownership of title or deed for land: Women Among women age 15-49 who own land, percent distribution by whether the land owned has a title or deed and whether or not the woman’s name appears on the title or deed, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Age 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 Disability status2 A lot of difficulty or unable to function in at least one domain Some or no difficulty in all domains Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total Land has a title or deed and: Woman’s name is on title/deed Woman’s name is not on title/deed Does not have a title/deed Don’t know/ missing Number of women who own land1 Total Includes alone, joint, or alone and joint ownership 2 Disability questions are in the Household Questionnaire.
Domains are seeing, hearing, communicating, remembering or concentrating, walking or climbing steps, and washing all over or dressing.

If a person was reported to have difficulty in more than one domain, only the highest level of difficulty is shown.
Women’s Empowerment • 291 Table 14.6.2 Ownership of title or deed for land: Men Among men age 15-49 who own land, percent distribution by whether the land owned has a title or deed and whether or not the man’s name appears on the title or deed, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Age 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 Disability status2 A lot of difficulty or unable to function in at least one domain Some or no difficulty in all domains Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total 15-49 50-54 Total 15-54 Land has a title or deed and: Man’s name is on title/deed Man’s name is not on title/deed Does not have a title deed Don’t know/ missing Number of men who own land1 Total Includes alone, joint, or alone and joint ownership 2 Disability questions are in the Household Questionnaire.
Domains are seeing, hearing, communicating, remembering or concentrating, walking or climbing steps, and washing all over or dressing.

If a person was reported to have difficulty in more than one domain, only the highest level of difficulty is shown.
292 • Women’s Empowerment Table 14.7.1 Ownership and use of bank accounts and mobile phones: Women Percentage of women age 15-49 who have and use an account in a bank or other financial institution and percentage who own a mobile phone; among women who own a mobile phone, percentage who use it for financial transactions, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Have and use a bank account Own a mobile phone Number of women Use mobile phone for financial transactions Number of women who own a mobile phone Age 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 Disability status1 A lot of difficulty or unable to function in at least one domain Some or no difficulty in all domains Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total Disability questions are in the Household Questionnaire.
Domains are seeing, hearing, communicating, remembering or concentrating, walking or climbing steps, and washing all over or dressing.

If a person was reported to have difficulty in more than one domain, only the highest level of difficulty is shown.
Women’s Empowerment • 293 Table 14.7.2 Ownership and use of bank accounts and mobile phones: Men Percentage of men age 15-49 who have and use an account in a bank or other financial institution and percentage who own a mobile phone; among men who own a mobile phone, percentage who use it for financial transactions, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Have and use a bank account Own a mobile phone Number of men Use mobile phone for financial transactions Number of men who own a mobile phone Age 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 Disability status1 A lot of difficulty or unable to function in at least one domain Some or no difficulty in all domains Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total 15-49 50-54 Total 15- Disability questions are in the Household Questionnaire.
Domains are: seeing, hearing, communicating, remembering or concentrating, walking or climbing steps, and washing all over or dressing.

If a person was reported to have difficulty in more than one domain, only the highest level of difficulty is shown.
294 • Women’s Empowerment Table 14.8 Participation in decision making Percent distribution of currently married women and currently married men age 15-49 by person who usually makes decisions about various issues, Uganda DHS 2016 Decision Mainly wife Wife and husband jointly Mainly husband Someone else Other Total Number of respondents Own health care Major household purchases Visits to her family or relatives Own health care Major household purchases 30.4 16.4 24.2 12.4 11.0 WOMEN 26.0 35.8 27.7 52.8 48.1 MEN 43.2 47.4 47.7 34.3 40.6 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 11,223 11,223 11,223 2,695 2,695 Women’s Empowerment • 295 Table 14.9.1 Women’s participation in decision making by background characteristics Percentage of currently married women age 15-49 who usually make specific decisions either alone or jointly with their husband, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Age 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 Employment (past 12 months) Not employed Employed for cash Employed not for cash Number of living children 0 1-2 3-4 5+ Disability status1 A lot of difficulty or unable to function in at least one domain Some or no difficulty in all domains Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total Specific decisions Woman’s own health care Making major household purchases Visits to her family or relatives All three decisions None of the three decisions Number of women 56.9
Disability questions are in the Household Questionnaire.
Domains are seeing, hearing, communicating, remembering or concentrating, walking or climbing steps, and washing all over or dressing.

If a person was reported to have difficulty in more than one domain, only the highest level of difficulty is shown.
296 • Women’s Empowerment Table 14.9.2 Men’s participation in decision making by background characteristics Percentage of currently married men age 15-49 who usually make specific decisions either alone or jointly with their wife, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Age 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 Employment (past 12 months) Not employed Employed for cash Employed not for cash Number of living children 0 1-2 3-4 5+ Disability status1 A lot of difficulty or unable to function in at least one domain Some or no difficulty in all domains Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total 15-49 50-54 Total 15-54 Specific decisions Man’s own health care Making major household purchases Both decisions Neither of the two decisions Number of men (88.0) 82.8 86.8 87.8 87.7 88.6 87.3 (76.0) (77.0) 86.3 88.2 89.1 88.6 90.4 90.1 (80.9) (70.9) 78.6 81.1 81.9 82.2 84.3 82.6 (73.1) (5.9) 9.6 6.0 5.0 5.9 5.4 5.1 (16.3) Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases 1 Disability questions are in the Household Questionnaire.
Domains are seeing, hearing, communicating, remembering or concentrating, walking or climbing steps, and washing all over or dressing.

If a person was reported to have difficulty in more than one domain, only the highest level of difficulty is shown.
Women’s Empowerment • 297 Table 14.10.1 Attitude toward wife beating: Women Percentage of all women age 15-49 who agree that a husband is justified in hitting or beating his wife for specific reasons, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Husband is justified in hitting or beating his wife if she: Burns the food Argues with him Goes out without telling him Neglects the children Refuses to have sexual intercourse with him Percentage who agree with at least one specified reason Number of women Background characteristic Age 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 Employment (past 12 months) Not employed Employed for cash Employed not for cash Number of living children 0 1-2 3-4 5+ Marital status Never married Married or living together Divorced/separated/widowed Disability status1 A lot of difficulty or unable to 20.0 13.0 9.4 11.5 12.6 12.3 11.9 13.3 12.0 18.9 17.6 12.1 10.4 13.9 16.9 12.5 12.6 function in at least one domain 14.5 Some or no difficulty in all domains Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total 38.3
Disability questions are in the Household Questionnaire.
Domains are seeing, hearing, communicating, remembering or concentrating, walking or climbing steps, and washing all over or dressing.

If a person was reported to have difficulty in more than one domain, only the highest level of difficulty is shown.
298 • Women’s Empowerment Table 14.10.2 Attitude toward wife beating: Men Percentage of all men age 15-49 who agree that a husband is justified in hitting or beating his wife for specific reasons, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Age 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 Employment (past 12 months) Not employed Employed for cash Employed not for cash Number of living children 0 1-2 3-4 5+ Marital status Never married Married or living together Divorced/separated/widowed Disability status1 A lot of difficulty or unable to function in at least one domain Some or no difficulty in all domains Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total 15-49 50-54 Total 15-54 Husband is justified in hitting or beating his wife if she: Burns the food Argues with him Goes out without telling him Neglects the children Refuses to have sexual intercourse with him Percentage who agree with at least one specified reason Number of men 26.3
Disability questions are in the Household Questionnaire.
Domains are seeing, hearing, communicating, remembering or concentrating, walking or climbing steps, and washing all over or dressing.

If a person was reported to have difficulty in more than one domain, only the highest level of difficulty is shown.
Women’s Empowerment • 299 Table 14.11 Attitudes toward negotiating safer sexual relations with husband Percentage of women and men age 15-49 who believe that a woman is justified in refusing to have sexual intercourse with her husband if she knows that he has sexual intercourse with other women, and percentage who believe that a woman is justified in asking that they use a condom if she knows that her husband has a sexually transmitted infection (STI), according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Women Men Refusing to have sexual intercourse with her husband if she knows he has sex with other women Asking that they use a condom if she knows that her husband has an STI Refusing to have sexual intercourse with her husband if she knows he has sex with other women Asking that they use a condom if she knows that her husband has an STI Number of men Number of women na na na na na na 949
Background characteristic Age 15-24 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-39 40-49 Marital status Never married Ever had sex Never had sex Married/living together Divorced/separated/widowed Disability status1 A lot of difficulty or unable to function in at least one domain Some or no difficulty in all domains Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total 15-49 50-54 Total 15-54 na = Not applicable 300 • Women’s Empowerment Table 14.12 Ability to negotiate sexual relations with husband Percentage of currently married women age 15-49 who can say no to their husband if they do not want to have sexual intercourse, and percentage who can ask their husband to use a condom, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Age 15-24 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-39 40-49 Disability status1 A lot of difficulty or unable to function in at least one domain Some or no difficulty in all domains Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total Percentage who can say no to their husband if they do not want to have sexual intercourse Percentage who can ask their husband to use a condom Number of women 84.1 80.8 85.2 87.4 86.3 84.4 81.6 85.7 90.3 84.1 91.3 94.6 94.0 88.3 81.5 81.4 82.4 89.2 71.5 81.3 88.6 87.0 79.2 85.3
Women’s Empowerment • 301 Table 14.13 Indicators of women’s empowerment Percentage of currently married women age 15-49 who participate in all decisionmaking and percentage who disagree with all of the reasons justifying wife-beating, according to value on each of the indicators of women’s empowerment, Uganda DHS 2016 Empowerment indicator Number of decisions in which she participates3 0 1-2 3 Number of reasons for which wife beating is justified4 0 1-2 3-4 5 Percentage who participate in all decision making Percentage who disagree with all the reasons justifying wife- beating Number of women na na na 57.6 47.2 42.4 36.7 45.0 44.0 57.6 na na na na 1,496 3,995 5,732 5,731 2,859 2,046 586 na = Not applicable 1 See Table 14.9.1 for the list of decisions.
2 See Table 14.10.1 for the list of reasons.
Table 14.14 Current use of contraception by women’s empowerment Percent distribution of currently married women age 15-49 by current contraceptive method, according to selected indicators of women’s status, Uganda DHS 2016 Empowerment indicator Number of decisions in which she participates3 0 1-2 3 Number of reasons for which wife beating is justified4 0 1-2 3-4 5 Total Modern methods Any method Any modern method1 Female sterilization Male sterilization Temporary modern female methods2 Male condom Any traditional method Not currently using Total Number of women Note: If more than one method is used, only the most effective method is considered in this tabulation.
1 Female sterilization, male sterilization, pill, IUD, injectables, implants, male condom, female condom, emergency contraception, standard days method (SDM), lactational amenorrhea method (LAM), and other modern methods 2 Pill, IUD, injectables, implants, female condom, emergency contraception, standard days method (SDM), lactational amenorrhea method (LAM), and other modern methods 3 See Table 14.9.1 for the list of decisions.

4 See Table 14.10.1 for the list of reasons.
302 • Women’s Empowerment Table 14.15 Ideal number of children and unmet need for family planning by women’s empowerment Mean ideal number of children for women 15-49 and percentage of currently married women age 15-49 with an unmet need for family planning, according to indicators of women’s empowerment, Uganda DHS 2016 Empowerment indicator Number of decisions in which she participates3 0 1-2 3 Number of reasons for which wife beating is justified4 0 1-2 3-4 5 Total Mean ideal number of children1 Number of women Percentage of currently married women with an unmet need for family planning2 For limiting For spacing Total Number of currently married women Mean excludes respondents who gave non-numeric responses.
2 Figures for unmet need correspond to the revised definition described in Bradley et al., 2012.

3 Restricted to currently married women.

See Table 14.9.1 for the list of decisions.
4 See Table 14.10.1 for the list of reasons Table 14.16 Reproductive health care by women’s empowerment Percentage of women age 15-49 with a live birth in the 5 years preceding the survey who received antenatal care, delivery assistance, and postnatal care from health personnel for the most recent birth, according to indicators of women’s empowerment, Uganda DHS 2016 Empowerment indicator Number of decisions in which she participates3 0 1-2 3 Number of reasons for which wife beating is justified4 0 1-2 3-4 5 Total Percentage receiving antenatal care from a skilled provider1 Percentage receiving delivery care from a skilled provider1 Percentage of women with a postnatal checkup in the first 2 days after birth2 Number of women with a live birth in the past 5 years Skilled provider includes doctor, nurse/midwife, and medical assistant/clinical officer 2 Includes women who received a postnatal checkup from a doctor, nurse, midwife, community health worker, or traditional birth attendant (TBA) in the first 2 days after the birth.
Includes women who gave birth in a health facility and those who did not give birth in a health facility.

3 Restricted to currently married women.

See Table 14.9.1 for the list of decisions.

4 See Table 14.10.1 for the list of reasons.
Women’s Empowerment • 303 Table 14.17 Early childhood mortality rates by women’s status Infant, child, and under-5 mortality rates for the 10-year period preceding the survey, according to indicators of women’s empowerment, Uganda DHS 2016 Empowerment indicator Number of decisions in which she participates3 0 1-2 3 Number of reasons for which wife beating is justified4 0 1-2 3-4 5 Infant mortality (1q0) Child mortality (4q1) Under-5 mortality (5q0) 52 43 48 45 48 49 64 31 26 24 25 27 30 27 81 68 71 69 74 78 89 1 Restricted to currently married women.
See Table 14.6.1 for the list of decisions.

2 See Table 14.7.1 for the list of reasons.

304 • Women’s Empowerment ADULT AND MATERNAL MORTALITY 15 Key Findings  Adult mortality: One hundred and forty-four per 1,000 women and 223 per 1,000 men age 15 would be expected to die before age 50.

 Lifetime risk of maternal death: At current fertility and mortality rates, 2% of women in Uganda will die from maternal causes.
 Maternal mortality ratio: The maternal mortality ratio for the 7-year period before the 2016 UDHS is estimated at 336 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births.
 Pregnancy-related mortality ratio: The pregnancy-related mortality (including deaths from accident or violence, comparable with previous UDHS surveys) ratio estimate for the 7-year period before the 2016 UDHS is estimated at 368 pregnancy-related deaths per 100,000 live births A dult and maternal mortality indicators can be used to assess the health status of a population.

In most developing countries, reproductive health is a major concern, and there is need for reliable data on maternal deaths.
The Government of Uganda hopes that its commitment to a reproductive health strategy as outlined in the second National Development Plan (NDP II) (Republic of Uganda 2015), and the training of health workers in emergency obstetric care and in the management of safe and clean deliveries will go a long way to reduce maternal deaths in the country.

Estimation of mortality rates requires complete and accurate data on adult and maternal deaths.
In the 2016 UDHS, data were collected from all female respondents on the survival of their sisters and brothers to obtain an estimate of adult mortality.

Questions were included to determine if any of the sisters’ deaths were maternity-related, which permits the estimation of maternal mortality – a key indicator of maternal health and well-being.

This chapter presents information on the levels of and trends in adult mortality and maternal mortality in Uganda.
The chapter includes a summary measure (35q15) that represents the probability of dying between exact ages 15 and 50—that is, between the 15th and 50th birthdays.

15.1 DATA To obtain a sibling history, the respondent was asked to provide a list of all brothers and sisters born to her mother.

The respondent was then probed for any brother or sister from the same mother who may not have been mentioned, because they do not live with the respondent, they may have died, or they may have a different father.
Once the total number of siblings was determined, the list of siblings was put in birth order, beginning with the first born, and the respondent was asked to identify whether each sibling was alive at the time of the survey.

The current age was recorded for living siblings.

For deceased siblings, the Adult and Maternal Mortality • 305 age at death and number of years since death were recorded.
Interviewers were instructed that when a respondent could not provide precise information on age at death or years since death, approximate but quantitative answers were acceptable.
For sisters who died at age 12 or older, several questions were used to determine if the death was maternity-related: “Was (NAME OF SISTER) pregnant when she died?” and if not, “Did she die during childbirth?” and, if not, “Did she die within two months after the end of a pregnancy or childbirth?” and if yes, “How many days after the end of the pregnancy did she die?” Since accidental and incidental deaths are not counted as maternal deaths, respondents were asked if all sisters who died had died from an act of violence or an accident.
(These deaths are included in the estimate of pregnancy-related deaths; see sections 15.4 and 15.5.)

Table C.7 shows the number of siblings (both those still living and those dead) reported by respondents and the completeness of data on those siblings: current age for living siblings, and both age at death and years since death for dead siblings.

A total of 117,657 siblings were recorded in the adult and maternal mortality section of the 2016 UDHS.
For 84 siblings (0.1%), survival status was not reported.

Among surviving siblings, current age was not reported for 1,320 siblings (1.4%).

Among dead siblings, 747 (3.2%) were missing both age at death and years since death, while a further 931 dead siblings (4.0%) were missing either of age at death or years since death.
Rather than excluding siblings with missing information on age and age at death or years since death from further analysis, information on the birth order of siblings and other information was used to impute the missing data.

15.2 DIRECT ESTIMATES OF ADULT MORTALITY Adult mortality rate The number of adult deaths per 1,000 population age 15-49.
Adult mortality rates by 5-year age groups are calculated as follows: the number of deaths to respondent’s siblings in each age group are divided by the number of person- years of exposure to the risk of dying in that age group during the 7 years preceding the survey.

The number of deaths is the number of siblings (brothers or sisters) reported as having died within the 7 years preceding the survey.
The person-years of exposure in each age group are calculated for both surviving and dead siblings based on their current age (living siblings) or age at death and years since death (dead siblings).

Sample: Siblings (both living and dead) who were age 15-49 in the 7 years preceding the survey, by sex and 5-year age groups.

Evaluating the plausibility and stability of overall adult mortality is one way to assess the quality of the data used to estimate maternal mortality.
If the estimated rates of overall adult mortality are implausible, rates based on a subset of deaths (maternal deaths in particular) may have serious problems.

Figure 15.1 Adult mortality rates by age The reported ages at death and years since death of the respondents’ brothers and sisters are used to make direct estimates of adult mortality.

Because of differentials in exposure to the risk of dying, this report presents age- and sex-specific death rates.
Table 15.1 and Figure 15.1 show age-specific mortality rates among women and men age 15-49 for the 7 years before the 2016 UDHS.

To ensure a sufficiently large number of adult deaths to generate a robust estimate, the rates are calculated for the 7- year period before the survey (roughly between mid- to-late 2009 and mid-to-late 2016).
Nevertheless, 306 • Adult and Maternal Mortality 0246810121415-1920-2425-2930-3435-3940-4445-49Deaths per 1,000 populationWomenMen age specific mortality rates obtained in this manner are subject to considerable sampling variation.

Use of this 7-year period is a compromise between the desire for the most recent data and the need to minimise the level of sampling error.

 Adult mortality is higher among men (5.95 deaths per 1,000 population) than among women (3.78 deaths per 1,000 population).
 Mortality levels rise rapidly with age.

Mortality rates are higher for men than for women in all age groups, and the gap increases with age.

15.3 TRENDS IN ADULT MORTALITY Table 15.2 shows the probability of dying between exact ages 15 and 50 (35q15) in the 7 years before the 2016, 2011, 2006, and 2000-01 UDHS surveys.
35q15 is the probability that a woman or man who was age 15 in the 7 years before the survey will have died before reaching age 50 (if the age- and gender-specific mortality rates in the 7 years before the survey hold constant).

Women in Uganda who were age 15 in the period from 2009-2016 have a lower probability of dying between ages 15 and 50 than men: 144 per 1,000 women age 15 would be expected to die by age 50, compared with 223 per 1,000 men.
The probability of dying between ages 15 and 50 was relatively unchanged between 2000-01 (303 per 1,000 women, 366 per 1,000 men) and 2006 (295 per 1,000 women, 352 per 1,000 men), but declined between 2006 and 2011 (201 per 1,000 women; 252 per 1,000 men) and between 2011 and 2016 (144 per 1,000 women; 223 per 1,000 men).

15.4 DIRECT ESTIMATES OF MATERNAL MORTALITY Maternal mortality rate The number of maternal deaths per 1,000 women age 15-49.
Maternal mortality rates by 5-year age groups are calculated by dividing the number of maternal deaths to female siblings of respondents in each age group by the total person-years of exposure of the sisters to the risk of dying in that age group during the 7 years preceding the survey.
The number of deaths is the number of sisters reported as having died in the 7 years preceding the survey either during pregnancy or delivery, or in the 42 days following the delivery, by their age group at the time of death.

Deaths due to accident or violence are excluded.

The person-years of exposure in each age group are calculated for both surviving and dead sisters based on their reported current age (living sisters) or age at death and years since death (dead sisters).
Sample: Sisters (both living and dead) age 15-49 in the 7 years preceding the survey, by 5-year age groups.

Maternal mortality ratio The number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births.

The maternal mortality ratio is calculated by dividing the age-standardised maternal mortality rate for women age 15-49 in the 7 years preceding the survey by the general fertility rate (GFR) for the same time period.
Maternal deaths are a subset of all female deaths: deaths that occur during pregnancy or childbirth, or within 42 days after the birth or termination of a pregnancy, not including deaths due to accident or violence.

This is the first UDHS to exclude deaths due to accident or violence from the calculation of maternal mortality, and the data presented in this section cannot be used to discuss trends.

(See section 15.5 for more information.)


Two methods are generally used to estimate maternal mortality in developing countries: the indirect sisterhood method (Graham et al.

1989) and a direct variant of the sisterhood method (Rutenberg and Adult and Maternal Mortality • 307 Sullivan 1991; Stanton et al.

1997).

Table 15.3 presents age-specific direct estimates of maternal mortality from the reported survivorship of sisters for the 7-year period prior to the 2016 UDHS.
These rates were calculated by dividing the number of maternal deaths by woman-years of exposure.

To remove the effect of truncation bias (the lower boundary for eligibility among women interviewed in the survey is 15 years, and the upper boundary is 49 years), the overall rate for women age 15-49 was standardised by the age distribution of survey respondents.

 The rate of mortality associated with pregnancy and childbearing in Uganda is 0.63 maternal deaths per 1,000 woman-years of exposure.
 Age-specific patterns should be interpreted with extreme caution because of the small number of events: only 149 maternal deaths reported in the survey among women of all ages in the 7-year period preceding the survey.

The estimated age-specific mortality rate is highest among women age 40-44 (1.19) and lowest among women age 45-49 (0.16).

 Maternal deaths represent 18% of all deaths among women age 15-49 during the 7-year period preceding the survey.
 The estimate of the maternal mortality ratio for the 7-year period preceding the 2016 UDHS is 336 deaths per 100,000 live births; that is, for every 1,000 births in Uganda, just over 3 women die during pregnancy, childbirth, or within 42 days of the end of a pregnancy from causes other than an accident or violence.

The confidence interval surrounding the maternal mortality estimate is 272 to 401 deaths per 100,000 live births (Table 15.4).
 At current fertility and mortality rates, 2% of women in Uganda will die from maternal causes while in the reproductive age range (age 15-49).

15.5 TRENDS IN PREGNANCY-RELATED MORTALITY Pregnancy-related mortality rate The number of pregnancy-related deaths per 1,000 women age 15-49.
Pregnancy-related mortality rates by 5-year age groups are calculated by dividing the number of pregnancy-related deaths to female siblings of respondents in each age group by the total person-years of exposure of the sisters to the risk of dying in that age group during the 7 years preceding the survey.
The number of deaths is the number of sisters reported as having died in the 7 years preceding the survey either during pregnancy or delivery, or in the 2 months following the delivery, by their age group at the time of death.

The person-years of exposure in each age group are calculated for both surviving and dead sisters based on their reported current age (living sisters) or age at death and years since death (dead sisters).
Sample: Sisters (both living and dead) age 15-49 in the 7 years preceding the survey, by 5-year age groups.

Pregnancy-related mortality ratio The number of pregnancy-related deaths per 100,000 live births.

The pregnancy-related mortality ratio is calculated by dividing the age-standardised pregnancy-related mortality rate for women age 15-49 in the 7 years preceding the survey by the general fertility rate (GFR) for the same time period.
As mentioned above, previous UDHS surveys did not collect information on whether sibling deaths were due to accident or violence.

The definition of ‘maternal mortality’ in those surveys included deaths due to accident or violence and therefore cannot be compared to the 2016 UDHS maternal mortality estimate presented in section 15.4.
To produce an indicator suitable for comparison with estimates from previous UDHS surveys, the 2016 UDHS defines a pregnancy-related death as the death of a woman while pregnant 308 • Adult and Maternal Mortality or within 2 months of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the cause of death.

Estimates of pregnancy- related mortality are therefore based solely on the timing of the death in relation to the pregnancy and do not exclude deaths due to accident or violence.
Note that this definition varies from the WHO definition of a pregnancy-related death, which limits the window to 42 days.

What the 2016 UDHS defines as a pregnancy-related death had been labelled a maternal death in prior UDHS surveys.

Figure 15.2 Trends in pregnancy-related mortality ratio (PRMR) with confidence intervals Figure 15.2 presents estimates of the pregnancy-related mortality ratio (PRMR) with confidence intervals for the 2016 UDHS and previous UDHS surveys.
The point estimates show a general decline over time.

The confidence intervals for the PRMR estimate of the 2011 UDHS and the 2016 UDHS overlap.

Since the confidence interval for the PRMR estimate of the 2011 UDHS spans the point estimate of the PRMR of the 2016 UDHS, the difference between the 2016 and 2011 estimates of the PRMR is not statistically significant.

Pregnancy- related mortality is a relatively rare event that requires very large sample sizes to measure.
The overall trend indicates a decline in PRMR over time, but the sample size of the surveys was not large enough to detect a statistically significant change.
LIST OF TABLES For more information on adult and maternal mortality, see the following tables:  Table 15.1 Adult mortality rates  Table 15.2 Adult mortality probabilities  Table 15.3 Maternal mortality  Table 15.4 Maternal mortality ratio  Table C.9 Pregnancy-related mortality (see Appendix C) Adult and Maternal Mortality • 309 52952441843836801002003004005006007008001988-19951993-94-2000-011999-20062004-20112009-2016Pregnancy-related deaths per 100,000 live births(7 years preceding the 2011 UDHS)(7 years preceding the 2016 UDHS)(7 years preceding the 2006 UDHS)(7 years preceding the 2000-01 UDHS)Note: In the 2000-01 UDHS, areasmaking up the districts of Amuru, Nwoya, Bundibugyo, Ntoroko, Gulu, Omoro, Kasese, Kitgum, Lamwo, Agago, and Pader were excluded from the sample.
These areas contained about 5% of the national population of Uganda.

Thus, the trends need to be viewed in that light.
(7 years precedingthe 1995UDHS) Table 15.1 Adult mortality rates Direct estimates of female and male mortality rates for the seven years preceding the survey, by five-year age groups, Uganda DHS 2016 Age Deaths Exposure years Mortality rates1 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 Total 15-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 FEMALE 48,245 51,312 44,110 34,506 25,488 17,022 10,313 230,995 MALE 47,548 49,683 43,596 36,598 27,188 17,227 10,143 109 127 144 165 128 105 74 852 156 181 216 271 223 178 127 Total 15-49 1,352 231,982 1 Expressed per 1,000 population a Age-adjusted rate 2.26 2.48 3.25 4.79 5.00 6.16 7.20 3.78a 3.27 3.65 4.95 7.41 8.20 10.35 12.50 5.95a Table 15.2 Adult mortality probabilities The probability of dying between the ages of 15 and 50 for women and men during the seven years preceding the survey, Uganda Survey Female 1 35q15 Male 1 35q15 2016 Uganda DHS 2011 Uganda DHS 2006 Uganda DHS 2000-01 Uganda DHS 144 201 295 303 223 252 352 366 1 The probability of dying between exact ages 15 and 50, expressed per 1,000 persons at age 15 Table 15.3 Maternal mortality Direct estimates of maternal mortality rates for the seven years preceding the survey, by five-year age groups, Uganda DHS 2016 Percentage of female deaths that are maternal Maternal deaths1 Exposure years Maternal mortality rate2 0.63a Age 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 Total 15-49 1 A maternal death is defined as the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, from any cause except accidents or violence.
2 Expressed per 1,000 woman-years of exposure a Age-adjusted rate 310 • Adult and Maternal Mortality Table 15.4 Maternal mortality ratio Total fertility rate, general fertility rate, maternal mortality ratio, and lifetime risk of maternal death for the seven years preceding the survey, Uganda DHS 2016 Total fertility rate (TFR) General fertility rate (GFR)1 Maternal mortality ratio (MMR)2 336 CI: (272,401) Lifetime risk of maternal death3 0.019 5.8 188 CI: Confidence interval 1 Age-adjusted rate expressed per 1,000 women age 15-49 2 Expressed per 100,000 live births; calculated as the age-adjusted maternal mortality rate (shown in Table 15.3) times 100 divided by the age-adjusted general fertility rate 3 Calculated as 1-(1-MMR)TFR where TFR represents the total fertility rate for the seven years preceding the survey Adult and Maternal Mortality • 311 DOMESTIC VIOLENCE 16 Key Findings  Physical or sexual violence: Half of women (51%) and men (52%) age 15-49 have experienced physical violence since age 15, and 1 in 5 experienced physical violence in the 12 months preceding the survey.
Twenty-two percent of women and 8% of men have ever experienced sexual violence.

 Violence during pregnancy: Eleven percent of women who have ever been pregnant have experienced physical violence during one or more pregnancies.

 Marital control: Thirty-seven percent of ever-married women and 33% of ever-married men reported that their current or most recent spouse/partner had ever exhibited at least three types of specified controlling behaviours.
 Fear of spouse/partner: Forty-six percent of ever- married women and 23% of ever-married men say that they are afraid of their current or most recent spouse/partner some or most of the time.

 Spousal violence: Fifty-six percent of ever-married women and 44% of ever-married men have experienced physical, sexual, or emotional violence by their current or most recent spouse/partner.
The prevalence of spousal violence among women has declined by 4 percentage points since the 2011 UDHS, while the prevalence among men has not changed substantially.

 Injuries due to spousal violence: Among those who have ever experienced spousal violence, 39% of women and 21% of men have sustained some form of injury.

 Help seeking: Three in 10 women (33%) and men (30%) sought help to stop violence they had experienced.
Five in 10 women (51%) and men (49%) neither sought help nor told anyone about the violence.

G ender-based violence (GBV) against women has been acknowledged worldwide as a violation of basic human rights.

Increasing research has highlighted the health burdens, intergenerational effects, and demographic consequences of such violence (United Nations 2006).
Gender-based violence is defined by the United Nations as any act of violence that results in physical, sexual, or psychological harm or suffering to women, girls, men, and boys, as well as threats of such acts, coercion, or the arbitrary deprivation of liberty.

This chapter focuses on domestic violence, one of the most common forms of gender-based violence against women and girls.
Domestic Violence • 313 In Uganda, domestic violence is widely acknowledged to be of great concern, not just from a human rights perspective but also from an economic and health perspective.

The Government of Uganda has tried to address the issue of domestic violence through various legislative and other means.

Uganda ratified the United Nations’ Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) in 1985.
The Constitution of the Republic of Uganda accords women “full and equal dignity of the person with men” and prohibits “laws, cultures, customs or traditions” that undermine their welfare, dignity, or status (Republic of Uganda 1995, Article 33).

The Domestic Violence Act, enacted in 2010, put in place regulations in 2011 that operationalised the Constitutional provisions.
In addition, the National Policy on the Elimination of Gender Based Violence and the National Action Plan (NAP) for implementing the GBV policy were approved in August 2016.

The NAP provides a framework for all national and local government interventions aimed at preventing and responding to GBV and spells out the roles of various state and non-state actors, the strategic actions that need to be undertaken, and milestones for measuring progress at the national and local levels.
The GBV policy is a vehicle for the achievement of a zero-tolerance environment and a comprehensive response to support survivors/victims of GBV.
Several other policies and frameworks have also been developed to prevent and respond to GBV, including the Uganda Gender Policy (2007), the National Action Plan on Women (2008), the National Referral Pathway for Prevention and Response to GBV Cases in Uganda (2013), the National Guidelines for Establishment and Management of GBV Shelters in Uganda, and the National Action Plan on the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325, 1820 and Goma Declaration (2008).
However, there exist certain customary laws and practices concerning land ownership, marriage, and child custody that conflict with these and other efforts to address GBV.

Reliable data are needed to monitor the country’s progress towards meeting national, regional, and international commitments to address GBV, such as the National Development Plan II, Vision 2040, and the Sustainable Development Goals, among others.
To collect these data, the 2016 UDHS included the domestic violence module in all sampled households.

In accordance with the World Health Organization’s guidelines on the ethical collection of information on domestic violence, only one eligible person per household was randomly selected for the module, and the module was not implemented if privacy could not be assured.
In two-thirds of households, one woman age 15-49 was randomly selected to receive the domestic violence module as part of her individual interview.

In the remaining one-third of households (the same third selected for biomarker collection), one man age 15-54 was randomly selected to receive the domestic violence module as part of his individual interview.

In total, 9,232 women age 15-49 and 4,011 men age 15-54 (3,758 men age 15-49) responded to the domestic violence questions.
One percent of eligible women and men could not be successfully interviewed with the module because of lack of privacy or other reasons.

Specially constructed weights were used to adjust for the selection of only one person per household and to ensure that the domestic violence subsample was nationally representative.

Similar modules and selection methodologies were included in the 2006 and 2011 UDHS surveys.
16.1 MEASUREMENT OF VIOLENCE In the 2016 UDHS, information was obtained from never-married women and men on their experience of violence committed by anyone and from ever-married women and men on their experience of violence committed by their current and former spouses/partners and by others.
More specifically, violence committed by the current spouse/partner (for currently married women and men) and by the most recent spouse/partner (for formerly married women and men) was measured by asking all ever-married women and men if their spouse/partner ever did the following to them: Physical spousal violence: push you, shake you, or throw something at you; slap you; twist your arm or pull your hair; punch you with his/her fist or with something that could 314 • Domestic Violence hurt you; kick you, drag you, or beat you up; try to choke you or burn you on purpose; or threaten or attack you with a knife, gun, or any other weapon Sexual spousal violence: physically force you to have sexual intercourse with him/her even when you did not want to, physically force you to perform any other sexual acts you did not want to, or force you with threats or in any other way to perform sexual acts you did not want to Emotional spousal violence: say or do something to humiliate you in front of others, threaten to hurt or harm you or someone close to you, or insult you or make you feel bad about yourself Women and men married more than once were also asked specifically about physical, sexual, and emotional violence by any former spouse.
In addition, information was obtained from all women and men (married and unmarried) about physical violence committed by anyone (other than a spouse/partner) since they were age 15 by asking if anyone had hit, slapped, kicked, or done something else to hurt them physically.
Information was gathered from all women and men about experiences of sexual violence committed by anyone (other than a spouse/partner) at any time in their life, as a child or as an adult, by asking if they were forced in any way to have sexual intercourse or to perform any other sexual acts when they did not want to.

Finally, women who had ever been pregnant were asked about their experience of physical violence committed by anyone during any pregnancy.
Married women and men include both women and men who said they were married and women and men who said they were living with a partner as if married.

Correspondingly, husbands and wives include both husbands and wives of married women and men and partners of women and men who are not married but are living together with a partner as if married.
16.2 EXPERIENCE OF PHYSICAL VIOLENCE Physical violence by anyone Percentage of women and men who have experienced any physical violence (committed by a spouse or anyone else) since age 15 and in the 12 months before the survey.

Sample: Women and men age 15-49 Half of women (51%) and men (52%) age 15-49 have experienced physical violence since age 15.

One in five women (22%) and men (20%) experienced physical violence in the 12 months preceding the survey (Table 16.1.1 and Table 16.1.2).
Trends: The percentage of women who have experienced physical violence since age 15 declined from 60% in 2006 to 56% in 2011 and 51% in 2016.

In contrast, the percentage of men who have experienced physical violence since age 15 increased from 53% in 2006 to 56% in 2011 before decreasing to 52% in 2016.

Similarly, women’s experience of physical violence in the 12 months preceding the survey declined from 34% in 2006 to 27% in 2011 and then to 22% in 2016.
The percentage of men who experienced physical violence in the 12 months preceding the survey has not changed substantially over the past 10 years.

Patterns by background characteristics  Women’s likelihood of having experienced physical violence since age 15 increases with age, from 41% among those age 15-19 to 60% among those age 40-49; among men, however, likelihood of experiencing physical violence does not vary by age.
Domestic Violence • 315  Women (64%) and men (62%) who are divorced, separated, or widowed are more likely to have ever experienced physical violence since age 15 than married women (54%) and men (52%) and never- married women (38%) and men (51%) (Figure 16.1).

 Employed women are more likely to have experienced physical violence since age 15 (54-56%) than women who are not employed (40%).

Among men, experience of physical violence does not vary by employment.
 The proportion of women who have experienced physical violence since age 15 declines with increasing education, from 56% among those with no education to 43% among those with more than a secondary education; this proportion also decreases with increasing wealth, from 60% among women in the lowest wealth quintile to 44% among women in the highest quintile.
In contrast, the proportion of men who have experienced physical violence since age 15 is lower among those with no education (45%) than among those at higher educational levels (51-52%) and does not vary substantially or consistently by wealth (50-55%).
Figure 16.1 Women and men’s experience of violence by marital status 16.2.1 Perpetrators of Physical Violence Women and men who had experienced physical violence since age 15 were asked who had committed the violence; respondents could report multiple perpetrators.

Among ever-married women who had experienced physical violence, the most common perpetrator was the current husband/partner (56%), followed by a former husband/partner (29%) (Table 16.2.1).
Similarly, among ever-married men who had experienced physical violence, the most common perpetrator of the violence was the current wife/partner (33%).

The next most commonly reported perpetrators among men were teachers (17%) and fathers/stepfathers (16%) (Table 16.2.2).

Among never-married women and men, the most common perpetrators were teachers (50% for women, 42% for men).
16.3 EXPERIENCE OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE Sexual violence Percentage of respondents who have experienced any sexual violence (committed by a spouse or anyone else) ever and in the 12 months before the survey.
Sample: Women and men age 15-49 316 • Domestic Violence 3865145426521064366218Percentage who haveever experiencedphysical violence sinceage 15Percentage who haveever experiencedsexual violencePercentage who haveever experiencedphysical violence sinceage 15Percentage who haveever experiencedsexual violenceNever marriedMarried or living togetherDivorced/separated/widowedWomenMen 16.3.1 Prevalence of Sexual Violence Twenty-two percent of women age 15-49 have ever experienced sexual violence, and 13% experienced sexual violence in the 12 months preceding the survey (Table 16.3.1).
Eight percent of men age 15-49 have experienced sexual violence, and 4% experienced sexual violence in the 12 months before the survey (Table 16.3.2).

Five percent of women reported that they had first experienced sexual violence by age 18, and by age 22 11% of women had experienced sexual violence.

Only 1% and 2% of men first experienced sexual violence by age 18 and age 22, respectively (Table 16.5).
Patterns by background characteristics  Women age 15-19 are half as likely (10%) to report ever experiencing sexual violence as women age 20-24 (20%), and the proportion of women who report experiencing sexual violence is even higher among those age 25-49 (25-29%).

A similar pattern by age is observed among men, with the youngest men much less likely to report sexual violence.
 Women and men with a disability (those who have a lot of difficulty or inability in one or more functional domains) are more likely to report ever experiencing sexual violence (34% of women and 21% of men) than those without a disability (i.e., some or no difficulty in all domains) (22% of women and 8% of men).
 Divorced, separated, and/or widowed women (36%) and men (18%) are more likely to report ever experiencing sexual violence than currently married women (26%) and men (10%) and never-married women (6%) and men (4%).

 Women’s likelihood of experiencing sexual violence generally declines with increasing education and wealth; among men, however, experience of sexual violence does not vary consistently with education or wealth.
16.3.2 Perpetrators of Sexual Violence Women and men who had ever experienced sexual violence were asked who had committed the violence.

Ever-married respondents could report more than one perpetrator (current partner, former partner, and/or one other person); never-married respondents could report only the first person to perpetrate the sexual violence.
Among ever-married women who have experienced sexual violence, the most common perpetrators are the current husband/partner (63%), followed by a former husband/partner (31%) (Table 16.4.1).

Similarly, among ever-married men, the most common perpetrator is the current wife/partner (67%), followed by a former wife/partner (16%) and a friend/acquaintance (13%) (Table 16.4.2).

Among never-married women, strangers (24%) and friends/acquaintances (23%) are the most common perpetrators of sexual violence.
Among never-married men, friends/acquaintances (47%) and family friends (23%) are the most common perpetrators.

16.4 EXPERIENCE OF DIFFERENT FORMS OF VIOLENCE Physical and sexual violence may occur in isolation from each other, or they may occur in combination.
More than half (56%) of women age 15-49 have experienced physical and/or sexual violence: one-third (34%) have experienced physical violence only, 5% have experienced sexual violence only, and 18% have experienced both physical and sexual violence (Table 16.6).

Similarly, slightly more than half (54%) of men age 15-49 have experienced physical and/or sexual violence; 45% have experienced physical violence only, 2% have experienced sexual violence only, and 6% have experienced physical and sexual violence.
Domestic Violence • 317 Eleven percent of women age 15-49 who have ever been pregnant have experienced physical violence during pregnancy (Table 16.7).

Notably, almost 1 out of 5 (17%) women in the lowest wealth quintile who have ever been pregnant have experienced physical violence during one or more of their pregnancies.
16.5 MARITAL CONTROL BY SPOUSE Marital control Percentage of women and men whose current spouse/partner (if currently married) or most recent spouse/partner (if formerly married) demonstrates at least one of the following controlling behaviours: is jealous or angry if she/he talks to other men/women, frequently accuses her/him of being unfaithful, does not permit her/him to meet her/his female/male friends, tries to limit her/his contact with her/his family, and insists on knowing where she/he is at all times.
Sample: Ever-married women and men age 15-49 Attempts to control and monitor one’s spouse’s or partner’s behaviour are important early warning signs and correlates of violence in a relationship.

Since the concentration of controlling behaviours is more significant than the display of any single behaviour, the proportion of respondents whose spouses/partners display at least three of the specified behaviours is also discussed.
Overall, about one-third of ever-married women (37%) and men (33%) age 15-49 reported that their current or most recent spouse/partner had ever exhibited three or more specific types of controlling behaviours.

The controlling behaviour most often exhibited by partners is getting jealous/angry if the respondent talks to other men (57% of women) or women (64% of men).
More than half of women and men (both 53%) reported that their spouse/partner insists on knowing where they are at all times (Table 16.8.1 and Table 16.8.2).

Twenty-nine percent of women and 21% of men have never experienced any of the specified marital control behaviours by their current or most recent spouse/partner.
Patterns by background characteristics  About one-third of currently married women (35%) and men (32%) report experiencing three or more controlling behaviours, as compared with about half of divorced, separated, or widowed women (48%) and men (51%).

Figure 16.2 Fear of current or most recent partner  Both women and men are more likely to be afraid of a spouse/partner who exhibits marital control behaviours.
Sixty-eight percent of women and 59% of men who reported that they were afraid of their spouse/partner most of the time said that spouse/partner exhibited three or more controlling behaviours, compared with 28% of women and 29% of men who reported never feeling afraid of their spouse/partner.

Notably, however, only 3% of men, as compared with 14% of women, are/were afraid of their current or most recent spouse/partner most of the time (Figure 16.2).
318 • Domestic Violence 14325432088Afraid most of thetimeAfraid some ofthe timeNever afraidFear of current or most recent partner among women and men age 15-49WomenMen 16.6 FORMS OF SPOUSAL VIOLENCE Spousal violence Percentage of women and men who have experienced any of the specified acts of physical, sexual, or emotional violence committed by their current spouse/partner (if currently married) or most recent spouse/partner (if formerly married), ever and in the 12 months preceding the survey.
Sample: Ever-married women and men age 15-49 16.6.1 Prevalence of Spousal Violence Women are more likely to have ever experienced (by any husband/partner) spousal physical (44%) or emotional (41%) violence than spousal sexual violence (25%).

Men are most likely to have ever experienced spousal emotional violence (36%), followed by spousal physical (21%) violence.

Just under 1 in 10 men (9%) have experienced spousal sexual violence (Table 16.9.1 and Table 16.9.2).
Fifty-six percent of ever-married women and 44% of ever-married men have experienced some form of physical, sexual, or emotional violence by their current or most recent spouse/partner.

Four in 10 women and men (both 39%) experienced such violence in the 12 months preceding the survey.

Figure 16.3 Types of spousal violence About 1 in 3 women (29%) and men (29%) experienced emotional violence from a current or most recent spouse/partner in the 12 months before the survey.
Twenty- two percent of women and 12% of men experienced spousal physical violence in the past 12 months, and 16% of women and 6% of men experienced spousal sexual violence during that period.
Among specific kinds of non- emotional violence ever experienced with a current or most recent husband/partner, women are most likely to report being slapped (35%); being physically forced to have sex when they did not want to (21%); being pushed or shaken or having something thrown at them (19%); being kicked, dragged, or beaten (18%); or being punched with a fist or object that could hurt them (16%) (Figure 16.3).
Among specific kinds of emotional violence, both women (34%) and men (28%) are most likely to report being insulted or made to feel bad about themselves.
Trends: The proportion of women who have ever experienced spousal physical, sexual, or emotional violence by their current or most recent husband/partner declined slightly from 60% in 2011 to 56% in Domestic Violence • 319 19351316187621951218799431564Pushed her, shook her, or threwsomething at herSlapped herTwisted her arm or pulled her hairPunched her with his fist or withsomething that could hurt herKicked her, dragged her, or beat herupTried to choke her or burn her onpurposeThreatened her or attacked her with aknife, gun, or other weaponPhysically forced her to have sexualintercourse with him when she did notwant toPhysically forced her to perform anyother sexual acts she did not want toForced her with threats or in any otherway to perform sexual acts she didnot want toPercentage of ever-married women age 15-49 who have ever experienced specfic acts of violence by their husband/partnerEverLast 12 months 2016.
The proportion who experienced spousal violence in the 12 months before the survey also declined slightly, from 43% in 2011 to 39% in 2016.

Among men, the proportion who have experienced spousal physical, sexual, or emotional violence by their current or most recent wife/partner has remained almost unchanged over the past 5 years (42% in 2011 and 44% in 2016), although there has been an increase in the proportion who experienced spousal violence in the past 12 months (from 33% in 2011 to 39% in 2016).
Patterns by background characteristics Tables 16.10.1 and 16.10.2 provide further information on ever-married women and men’s experience of physical, sexual, or emotional violence committed by their current or most recent spouse/partner.

 Experience of spousal violence among women increases with age and number of children.
Forty-two percent of women age 15-19 have ever experienced spousal physical, sexual, or emotional violence committed by their current or most recent husband/partner, as compared with 63% of women age 40- 49.

Similarly, 37% of women with no children reported experiencing spousal violence, compared with 64% of women with five or more children (Table 16.10.1).

Among men, by contrast, there is no variation in experience of spousal violence by age (Table 16.10.2).
 Rural women are more likely (59%) to have ever experienced spousal violence than urban women (47%).

Among men, experience of spousal violence does not vary by residence.

 The proportion of women who have experienced spousal violence varies greatly by region, from 38% in Kampala region to 73% in Ankole region and 72% in Bukedi region.
Among men, by contrast, the proportion who have experienced spousal violence ranges from 34% to 58% in the majority of regions, with Bukedi (24%) and Kigezi (71%) being outliers.

 Women and men who are divorced, separated, or widowed are more likely to have experienced spousal violence (68% of women and 61% of men) than those who are married or living together with a partner (53% of women and 42% of men).
 Women who are not employed are less likely (46%) than women who are employed for cash (56%) and women who are employed but not for cash (62%) to have experienced spousal violence.

 Experience of spousal violence decreases with increasing education and wealth among women but does not vary consistently by education or wealth among men.

Six in 10 (62%) women with no education have ever experienced spousal violence, as compared with 3 in 10 (30%) women with more than a secondary education.
Similarly, 66% of women in the lowest wealth quintile reported experiencing spousal violence, compared with 40% of women in the highest quintile.

Patterns by spouse’s characteristics and empowerment indicators Tables 16.11.1 and 16.11.2 provide further information on ever-married women and men’s experience of physical, sexual, or emotional violence committed by their current or most recent spouse/partner.
 Women whose husband/partner has no education or only a primary education (60-61%) are more likely to experience spousal violence than women whose husband/partner has a secondary (46%) or higher (37%) education (Table 16.11.1).
320 • Domestic Violence Figure 16.4 Spousal violence by husband’s alcohol consumption  Women whose husband/partner is often drunk are much more likely (84%) to experience spousal violence than women whose husband/partner is sometimes drunk (66%), drinks alcohol but is never drunk (42%), or does not drink alcohol (45%) (Figure 16.4).
The wife’s/partner’s consumption of alcohol affects men’s experience of spousal violence in the same way as the husband’s/partner’s consumption affects women’s experience of violence (Table 16.11.1 and Table 16.11.2).

 Women’s and men’s likelihood of experiencing spousal violence increases with the number of marital control behaviours exhibited by their spouse.
Twenty-nine percent of women and 18% of men whose spouse exhibits no controlling behaviours have experienced spousal violence, as compared with 90% of women and 79% of men whose spouse exhibits all five specified controlling behaviours.

 Intergenerational effects of spousal violence are evident in Uganda.
Women and men who report that their fathers beat their mothers are more likely (68% of women and 50% of men) to have themselves experienced spousal violence than women and men who report that their fathers did not beat their mothers (49% of women and 39% of men).

 Women and men who report fearing their spouse are more likely to report experiencing spousal violence.
Nearly 9 in 10 (89%) women who say that they are afraid of their husband/partner most of the time have experienced spousal violence, followed by women who are sometimes afraid of their husband/partner (65%).

Among women who say that they are never afraid of their husband/partner, 42% have experienced spousal violence.

The pattern among men is similar.


 Experience of spousal physical or sexual violence increases with the duration of marriage; among currently married women who have been married only once, 15% experienced spousal violence within 2 years of marriage and 30% within the first 5 years of marriage (Table 16.13.1).
16.6.2 Injuries due to Spousal Violence Injuries due to spousal violence Percentage of ever-married women and men who have had the following types of injuries from spousal violence: cuts, bruises, or aches; eye injuries, sprains, dislocations, or burns; or deep wounds, broken bones, broken teeth, or any other serious injury.
Sample: Ever-married women and men age 15-49 who have experienced physical or sexual violence committed by their current spouse/partner (if currently married) or most recent spouse/partner (if formerly married) Among ever-married women and men age 15-49 who have experienced physical or sexual violence at the hands of their current or most recent spouse/partner, 39% of women and 21% of men have ever sustained an injury (Table 16.14).
Similar proportions sustained an injury in the 12 months preceding the survey (40% of women, 20% of men).

The most common form of injury is cuts, bruises, and aches (36% of women, 18% of men).

Fifteen percent of women and 6% of men have ever sustained eye injuries, sprains, dislocations, or burns.
Domestic Violence • 321 45426684Does notdrinkDrinks/nevergets drunkGets drunksometimesGets drunkvery oftenPercentage of ever-married women who have ever experienced spousal (physical, sexual, or emotional) violence by their husband/partner Trends: The proportion of ever-married women who have sustained injuries after experiencing violence from their current or most recent spouse/partner has remained almost unchanged over the past 5 years (41% in 2011, 39% in 2016).
16.6.3 Violence Initiated by Women and Men against Their Spouse Initiation of physical violence by spouses/partners Percentage of women/men who have ever hit, slapped, kicked, or done anything else to physically hurt their current (if currently married) or most recent (if formerly married) spouse/partner at times when he/she was not already beating or physically hurting them.
Sample: Ever-married women and men age 15-49 Six percent of women and 22% of men have ever committed physical violence against their current or most recent spouse/partner when he/she was not already beating or physically hurting them, and 3% of women and 9% of men committed such violence against their current or most recent spouse/partner in the 12 months preceding the survey (Table 16.15.1 and Table 16.15.2).
Trends: There has been little change in the percentage of women who have ever initiated violence against their husbands/partners (7% in 2006 and 2011, 6% in 2016) or have done so in the past 12 months (at 3% since 2006).

By contrast, the percentage of men who reported ever initiating violence against their wives/partners dropped substantially, from 41% in 2006 and 2011 to 22% in 2016.
Patterns by background characteristics  Women who have experienced spousal violence ever (11%) or in the past 12 months (13%) are more likely than women who have not experienced spousal violence (2%) to have initiated violence against their current or most recent husband/partner.
The pattern among men is similar, although larger proportions of men in all categories report initiating violence: 44% of men who have ever experienced spousal violence, 40% of men who have experienced spousal violence in the past 12 months, and 16% of men who have never experienced spousal violence.

 Men with a primary education are more likely to initiate spousal violence (26%) than men with no education (15%), a secondary education (18%), or more than a secondary education (10%).
 Men who participate in one or both of the household decisions they were asked about are more than three times as likely (22%) as men who do not participate in either of the two decisions to initiate spousal violence (7%) (Table 16.16.2).
 As was the case for experience of violence, women and men whose spouse/partner is often drunk, whose spouse/partner displays five marital control behaviours, whose father beat their mother, and who are afraid of their spouse/partner most of the time are more likely than other women and men to have initiated violence against their spouse/partner (Tables 16.16.1 and 16.16.2).
16.7 HELP SEEKING AMONG THOSE WHO HAVE EXPERIENCED VIOLENCE Among respondents age 15-49 who have ever experienced physical or sexual violence, only about 3 in 10 women (33%) and men (30%) sought help to stop the violence.

About 5 in 10 women (51%) and men (49%) neither sought help nor told anyone about the violence (Tables 16.17.1 and 16.17.2).
322 • Domestic Violence Figure 16.5 Help seeking by type of violence experienced Patterns by background characteristics  Women who have experienced sexual violence only are less likely to seek help (13%) than women who have experienced physical violence only (31%) or sexual and physical violence (41%) (Figure 16.5).

This is also true for men.

 The likelihood of seeking help increases with age, from 24% of women and 20% of men age 15-19 to 39% of women and 37% of men age 40-49.
 Never-married women (24%) and men (22%) who have experienced physical or sexual violence are least likely to seek help, followed by married women and men (33% each) and women (42%) and men (45%) who are divorced, separated, or widowed.

 Employed women and men who have ever experienced violence are more likely than women and men who are not employed to have sought help to end the violence.
 Help seeking for violence among women declines with increasing education, from 37% among those with no education to 24% among those with a secondary or higher education.

Among men, help seeking does not vary consistently by education.

 The likelihood of seeking help decreases with increasing wealth among both women and men.
Forty percent of women and 32% of men in the lowest wealth quintile who have experienced violence sought help to stop the violence, as compared with 26% of women and 25% of men in the highest quintile.

Sources for Help Among women and men age 15-49 who have experienced physical or sexual violence and sought help, the most common source of help is their own family (57% of women, 40% of men).
Women’s next most common source of help is their husband’s/partner’s family (31%), while men’s next most common source is the police (23%).

Sixteen percent of women sought help from the police.

Men are more likely than women to seek help from a doctor or medical personnel (18% versus 5%) or a friend (18% versus 8%) (Table 16.18).
LIST OF TABLES For more information on domestic violence, see the following tables:  Table 16.1.1  Table 16.1.2  Table 16.2.1  Table 16.2.2  Table 16.3.1  Table 16.3.2  Table 16.4.1  Table 16.4.2  Table 16.5 Experience of physical violence: Women Experience of physical violence: Men Persons committing physical violence: Women Persons committing physical violence: Men Experience of sexual violence: Women Experience of sexual violence: Men Persons committing sexual violence: Women Persons committing sexual violence: Men Age at first experience of sexual violence Domestic Violence • 323 311341Physical onlySexual onlyPhysical andsexualPercentage of women age 15-49 who have experienced physical or sexual violence who sought help Experience of different forms of violence Experience of violence during pregnancy  Table 16.6  Table 16.7  Table 16.8.1 Marital control exercised by husbands  Table 16.8.2 Marital control exercised by wives  Table 16.9.1 Forms of spousal violence: Women  Table 16.9.2 Forms of spousal violence: Men  Table 16.10.1 Spousal violence by background characteristics: Women  Table 16.10.2 Spousal violence by background characteristics: Men  Table 16.11.1 Spousal violence by husband’s characteristics and empowerment indicators  Table 16.11.2 Spousal violence by wife’s characteristics and empowerment indicators  Table 16.12.1 Violence by any husband/partner in the past 12 months: Women  Table 16.12.2 Violence by any wife/partner in the past 12 months: Men  Table 16.13.1 Experience of spousal violence by duration of marriage: Women  Table 16.13.2 Experience of spousal violence by duration of marriage: Men  Table 16.14  Table 16.15.1 Violence by women against their husbands by women’s background characteristics  Table 16.15.2 Violence by men against their wives by men’s background characteristics  Table 16.16.1 Violence by women against their husband by husband’s characteristics and Injuries due to spousal violence  Table 16.16.2 Violence by men against their wife by wife’s
 characteristics and empowerment empowerment indicators indicators  Table 16.17.1 Help seeking to stop violence: Women  Table 16.17.2 Help seeking to stop violence: Men  Table 16.18 Sources for help to stop the violence 324 • Domestic Violence Table 16.1.1 Experience of physical violence: Women Percentage of women age 15-49 who have experienced physical violence since age 15 and percentage who have experienced physical violence during the 12 months preceding the survey, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Age 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-39 40-49 Religion Catholic Anglican Muslim Pentecostal Seventh Day Adventist Other Ethnic group Acholi Alur Baganda Bagisu Bakiga Bakonzo Banyankore Banyoro Basoga Batoro Iteso Lango Lugbara Other Disability status3 A lot of difficulty or unable to function in at least one domain Some or no difficulty in all domains Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Marital status Never married Married or living together Divorced/separated/ widowed Number of living children 0 1-2 3-4 5+ Percentage who have experienced physical violence since age 151 Percentage who have experienced physical violence in the past 12 months Often Sometimes Often or sometimes2 Number of women 11.9
Continued… Domestic Violence • 325 Table 16.1.1—Continued Background characteristic Employment Employed for cash Employed not for cash Not employed Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total Percentage who have experienced physical violence since age 151 Percentage who have experienced physical violence in the past 12 months Often Sometimes Often or sometimes2 Number of women Includes violence in the past 12 months.
For women who were married before age 15 and who reported physical violence by their husband/partner, the violence could have occurred before age 15.

2 Includes women who report physical violence in the past 12 months but for whom frequency is not known.

3 Disability questions are included in the Household Questionnaire.

Domains are seeing, hearing, communicating, remembering or concentrating, walking or climbing steps, and washing all over or dressing.
If a person was reported to have difficulty in more than one domain, only the highest level of difficulty is shown.
326 • Domestic Violence Table 16.1.2 Experience of physical violence: Men Percentage of men age 15-49 who have experienced physical violence since age 15 and percentage who have experienced physical violence during the 12 months preceding the survey, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Age 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-39 40-49 Religion Catholic Anglican Muslim Pentecostal Seventh Day Adventist Other Ethnic group Acholi Alur Baganda Bagisu Bakiga Bakonzo Banyankore Banyoro Basoga Batoro Iteso Lango Lugbara Other Disability status3 A lot of difficulty or unable to function in at least one domain Some or no difficulty in all domains Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Marital status Never married Married or living together Divorced/separated/ widowed Number of living children 0 1-2 3-4 5+ Percentage who have experienced physical violence since age 151 Percentage who have experienced physical violence in the past 12 months Often Sometimes Often or sometimes2 Number of men 16.4
Continued… Domestic Violence • 327 Table 16.1.2—Continued Background characteristic Employment Employed for cash Employed not for cash Not employed Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total 15-49 50-54 Total 15-54 Percentage who have experienced physical violence since age 151 Percentage who have experienced physical violence in the past 12 months Often Sometimes Often or sometimes2 Number of men Includes violence in the past 12 months.
For men who were married before age 15 and who reported physical violence only by their wife/partner, the violence could have occurred before age 15.

2 Includes men who report physical violence in the past 12 months but for whom frequency is not known.

3 Disability questions are included in the Household Questionnaire.

Domains are seeing, hearing, communicating, remembering or concentrating, walking or climbing steps, and washing all over or dressing.
If a person was reported to have difficulty in more than one domain, only the highest level of difficulty is shown.
328 • Domestic Violence Table 16.2.1 Persons committing physical violence: Women Among women age 15-49 who have experienced physical violence since age 15, percentage who report specific persons who committed the violence, according to the respondent’s current marital status, Uganda DHS 2016 Person Current husband/partner Former husband/partner Current boyfriend Former boyfriend Father/stepfather Mother/stepmother Sister/brother Daughter/son Other relative Mother-in-law Father-in-law Other in-law Teacher Employer/someone at work Police/soldier Other Marital status Ever married Never married 55.7 28.7 0.8 2.3 9.8 11.2 6.3 0.1 6.6 0.3 0.1 1.2 11.8 0.5 0.2 1.7 na na 0.6 2.4 20.5 25.5 14.1 0.0 11.8 na na na 50.2 1.9 0.1 2.1 Total 45.0 23.2 0.7 2.4 11.9 14.0 7.8 0.1 7.6 0.2 0.1 1.1 19.1 0.7 0.2 1.8 Number of women who have experienced physical violence since age 15 3,813 902 4,714 Note: Women can report more than one person who committed the violence.
na = Not applicable Table 16.2.2 Persons committing physical violence: Men Among men age 15-49 who have experienced physical violence since age 15, percentage who report specific persons who committed the violence, according to the respondent’s current marital status, Uganda DHS 2016 Person Current wife/partner Former wife/partner Current girlfriend Former girlfriend Father/stepfather Mother/stepmother Sister/brother Daughter/son Other relative Mother-in-law Father-in-law Other in-law Teacher Employer/someone at work Police/soldier Other Marital status Ever married Never married 32.8 8.2 0.1 1.0 16.3 7.0 9.5 0.5 13.5 0.3 0.2 1.0 16.9 5.8 6.6 14.0 na na 0.1 0.1 17.3 10.8 11.1 0.0 9.7 na na na 42.3 3.1 4.6 9.5 Total 20.4 5.1 0.1 0.6 16.6 8.5 10.1 0.3 12.1 0.2 0.2 0.7 26.5 4.8 5.9 12.3 Number of men who have experienced physical violence since age 15 1,209 732 1,941 Note: Men can report more than one person who committed the violence.
na = Not applicable Domestic Violence • 329 Table 16.3.1 Experience of sexual violence: Women Percentage of women age 15-49 who have ever experienced sexual violence and percentage who have experienced sexual violence in the 12 months preceding the survey, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Age 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-39 40-49 Religion Catholic Anglican Muslim Pentecostal Seventh Day Adventist Other Ethnic group Acholi Alur Baganda Bagisu Bakiga Bakonzo Banyankore Banyoro Basoga Batoro Iteso Lango Lugbara Other Disability status2 A lot of difficulty or unable to function in at least one domain Some or no difficulty in all domains Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Marital status Never married Married or living together Divorced/separated/widowed Employment Employed for cash Employed not for cash Not employed Percentage who have experienced sexual violence: Ever1 Past 12 months Number of women Continued… 330 • Domestic Violence Table 16.3.1—Continued Background characteristic Number of living children 0 1-2 3-4 5+ Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total Percentage who have experienced sexual violence: Ever1 Past 12 months Number of women Includes violence in the past 12 months 2 Disability questions are included in the Household Questionnaire.
Domains are seeing, hearing, communicating, remembering or concentrating, walking or climbing steps, and washing all over or dressing.

If a person was reported to have difficulty in more than one domain, only the highest level of difficulty is shown.
Domestic Violence • 331 Table 16.3.2 Experience of sexual violence: Men Percentage of men age 15-49 who have ever experienced sexual violence and percentage who have experienced sexual violence in the 12 months preceding the survey, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Age 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-39 40-49 Disability status2 A lot of difficulty or unable to function in at least one domain Some or no difficulty in all domains Religion Catholic Anglican Muslim Pentecostal Seventh Day Adventist Other Ethnic group Acholi Alur Baganda Bagisu Bakiga Bakonzo Banyankore Banyoro Basoga Batoro Iteso Lango Lugbara Other Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Marital status Never married Married or living together Divorced/separated/widowed Employment Employed for cash Employed not for cash Not employed Percentage who have experienced sexual violence: Ever1 Past 12 months Number of men Continued… 332 • Domestic Violence Table 16.3.2—Continued Background characteristic Number of living children 0 1-2 3-4 5+ Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total 15-49 50-54 Total 15-54 Percentage who have experienced sexual violence: Ever1 5.5 11.6 11.2 8.8 6.1 8.9 8.8 5.5 6.0 9.3 8.8 8.0 9.2 8.3 10.1 8.4 Past 12 months Number of men Includes violence in the past 12 months 2 Disability questions are included in the Household Questionnaire.
remembering or Domains are seeing, hearing, communicating, concentrating, walking or climbing steps, and washing all over or dressing.

If a person was reported to have difficulty in more than one domain, only the highest level of difficulty is shown.
Domestic Violence • 333 Table 16.4.1 Persons committing sexual violence: Women Among women age 15-49 who have experienced sexual violence, percentage who report specific persons who committed the violence, according to the respondent’s current marital status, Uganda DHS 2016 Person Current husband/partner Former husband/partner Current/former boyfriend Father/stepfather Brother/stepbrother Other relative In-law Own friend/acquaintance Family friend Teacher Employer/someone at work Police/soldier Priest/religious leader Stranger Other Number of women who have experienced sexual violence Marital status Ever married Never married 63.1 31.3 5.0 0.2 0.5 1.1 0.8 3.4 2.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2 5.3 0.1 na na 13.7 0.8 0.6 12.9 na 23.1 5.7 6.4 3.4 0.0 0.6 23.7 1.4 Total 58.9 29.2 5.6 0.2 0.5 1.9 1.2 4.7 2.5 0.8 0.5 0.2 0.3 6.6 0.2 1,892 134 2,026 Note: Ever-married women can report up to three perpetrators: a current husband, a former husband, or one other person who is not a current or former husband.
Never-married women can report only the one person who was the first to commit the violence.
na = Not applicable Table 16.4.2 Persons committing sexual violence: Men Among men age 15-49 who have experienced sexual violence, percentage who report specific persons who committed the respondent’s current marital status, Uganda DHS 2016 the violence, according to Person Current wife/partner Former wife/partner Current/former girlfriend Mother/stepmother Sister/stepsister Other relative In-law Own friend/acquaintance Family friend Teacher Employer/someone at work Police/soldier Stranger Marital status Ever married Never married 67.1 15.5 5.5 0.5 0.0 1.5 0.6 12.6 2.9 1.1 1.4 0.2 2.5 na na 9.8 0.0 1.1 5.9 na 47.0 23.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 11.8 Total 53.5 12.4 6.4 0.4 0.2 2.4 0.5 19.5 6.9 0.9 1.2 0.2 4.4 Number of men who have experienced sexual violence 250 63 313 Note: Ever-married men can report up to three perpetrators: a current wife, a former wife, or one other person who is not a current or former wife.
Never- married men can report only the one person who was the first to commit the violence.
na = Not applicable 334 • Domestic Violence Table 16.5 Age at first experience of sexual violence Percentage of women and men age 15-49 who experienced sexual violence by specific exact ages, according to current age and current marital status, Uganda DHS 2016 Women Men Percent- age who have not experi- enced sexual violence Number of women 10 12 15 18 22 Percent- age who have not experi- enced sexual violence Number of men 10 12 15 18 22 0.0 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.0 0.8 0.6 na na 0.1 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.0 0.9 0.7 na na 0.5 1.6 2.4 2.7 2.0 0.0 2.4 1.8 na na na 4.8 5.8 7.0 6.2 0.0 7.1 5.3 na na na na 12.3 12.4 11.3 0.0 14.1 10.5 na na 90.1 80.1 74.9 71.3 71.8 94.3 72.5 78.1 na na 2,090 1,952 1,477 2,301 1,412 2,353 6,879 9,232 na na na 1.1 2.1 1.4 1.2 0.0 1.8 1.1 0.5 1.1 na na 3.0 1.8 1.3 0.0 2.8 1.7 1.2 1.7 95.6 93.3 93.0 91.9 92.9 867 701 568 933 690 95.6 91.9 1,450 2,308 93.4 3,758 91.1 93.2 253 4,011 Background characteristic Age 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-39 40-49 Marital status Never married Ever married Total 15-49 50-54 Total 15-54 na = Not applicable Table 16.6 Experience of different forms of violence Percentage of women and men age 15-49 who have ever experienced different forms of violence by current age, Uganda DHS 2016 Physical violence only Sexual violence only Women Physical and sexual violence Physical or sexual violence Number of women Physical violence only Sexual violence only Physical and sexual violence Physical or sexual violence Number of men Men 34.6 33.7 36.1 34.5 32.1 31.3 35.9 33.6 na na 3.2 3.5 2.8 4.1 4.8 5.6 4.6 4.5 na na 6.7 5.1 9.4 15.8 20.2 23.1 23.6 17.5 na na 44.6 42.3 48.3 54.4 57.2 60.1 64.1 55.5 na na 2,090 1,285 805 1,952 1,477 2,301 1,412 9,232 na na 253
56.5 53.9 867 538 329 701 568 933 690 3,758 253 4,011 Age 15-19 15-17 18-19 20-24 25-29 30-39 40-49 Total 15-49 50-54 Total 15-54 Domestic Violence • 335 Table 16.7 Experience of violence during pregnancy Among women age 15-49 who have ever been pregnant, percentage who have ever experienced physical violence during pregnancy, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Age 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-39 40-49 Religion Catholic Anglican Muslim Pentecostal Seventh Day Adventist Other Ethnic group Acholi Alur Baganda Bagisu Bakiga Bakonzo Banyankore Banyoro Basoga Batoro Iteso Lango Lugbara Other Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Marital status Never married Married or living together Divorced/separated/widowed Number of living children 0 1-2 3-4 5+ Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Percentage who experienced violence during pregnancy Number of women who have ever been pregnant Continued… 336 • Domestic Violence Table 16.7—Continued Background characteristic Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total Percentage who experienced violence during pregnancy Number of women who have ever been pregnant 16.8 12.2 10.2 8.4 6.1 10.6 1,359 1,434 1,390 1,369 1,563 7,114 Domestic Violence • 337 Table 16.8.1 Marital control exercised by husbands Percentage of ever-married women
 age 15-49 whose husbands/partners have ever demonstrated specific types of controlling behaviours, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Age 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-39 40-49 Religion Catholic Anglican Muslim Pentecostal Seventh Day Adventist Other Ethnic group Acholi Alur Baganda Bagisu Bakiga Bakonzo Banyankore Banyoro Basoga Batoro Iteso Lango Lugbara Other Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Marital status Married or living together Divorced/separated/ widowed Number of living children 0 1-2 3-4 5+ Percentage of women whose husband/partner: Is jealous or angry if she talks to other men Frequently accuses her of being unfaithful Does not permit her to meet her female friends Tries to limit her contact with her family Insists on knowing where she is at all times Displays 3 or more of the specific behaviours Displays none of the specific behaviours Number of ever-married women 24.1
Continued… 338 • Domestic Violence Table 16.8.1—Continued Percentage of women whose husband/partner: Is jealous or angry if she talks to other men Frequently accuses her of being unfaithful Does not permit her to meet her female friends Tries to limit her contact with her family Insists on knowing where she is at all times Displays 3 or more of the specific behaviours Displays none of the specific behaviours Number of ever-married women 37.3
Background characteristic Employment Employed for cash Employed not for cash Not employed Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Woman afraid of husband/partner Afraid most of the time Sometimes afraid Never afraid Total Note: Husband/partner refers to the current husband/partner for currently married women and the most recent husband/partner for divorced, separated, or widowed women.
Domestic Violence • 339 Table 16.8.2 Marital control exercised by wives Percentage of ever-married men age 15-49 whose wives/partners have ever demonstrated specific types of controlling behaviours, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Age 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-39 40-49 Religion Catholic Anglican Muslim Pentecostal Seventh Day Adventist Other Ethnic group Acholi Alur Baganda Bagisu Bakiga Bakonzo Banyankore Banyoro Basoga Batoro Iteso Lango Lugbara Other Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Marital status Married or living together Divorced/separated/ widowed Number of living children 0 1-2 3-4 5+ Percentage of men whose wife/partner: Is jealous or angry if he talks to other women Frequently accuses him of being unfaithful Does not permit him to meet his male friends Tries to limit his contact with his family Insists on knowing where he is at all times Displays 3 or more of the specific behaviours Displays none of the specific behaviours Number of ever-married men (73.7) 64.2 65.1 66.7 60.5 68.6 63.5 62.3 51.0 (70.6) (66.5) (58.6) 43.3 42.5 43.4 37.4 46.6 39.5 41.0 30.8 (39.9) (32.6) (14.5) 18.8 16.1 16.7 12.4 15.0 17.6 14.3 10.2 (33.3) (13.7) (25.5) 9.9 11.5 10.3 9.0 10.2 11.3 10.0 6.7 (14.2) (8.9) 9.2 2.4
10.3 9.0 10.2 11.3 10.0 6.7 (14.2) (8.9) (78.8) 55.9 52.2 55.6 47.3 51.1 54.4 56.0 49.7 (69.1) (40.4) (49.6) 37.5 35.0 34.8 28.4 33.7 33.5 36.2 27.8 (45.7) (27.7) (10.7) 20.3 21.2 19.5 24.5 18.9 20.4 23.5 32.4 (11.8) (23.1) Continued… 340 • Domestic Violence Table 16.8.2—Continued Percentage of men whose wife/partner: Is jealous or angry if he talks to other women Frequently accuses him of being unfaithful Does not permit him to meet his male friends Tries to limit his contact with his family Insists on knowing where he is at all times Displays 3 or more of the specific behaviours Displays none of the specific behaviours Number of ever-married men 66.8 44.4 16.6 10.9 53.4 35.8 19.4 1,781 55.7 (66.1) 31.5 (42.6) 11.5 (25.6) 7.5 (14.8) 50.1 (62.4) 25.1 (32.9) 28.3 (13.9) 10.9
Background characteristic Employment Employed for cash Employed not for cash Not employed Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Man afraid of wife/partner Afraid most of the time Sometimes afraid Never afraid Total 15-49 50-54 Total 15-54 Note: Wife/partner refers to the current wife/partner for currently married men and the most recent wife/partner for divorced, separated, or widowed men.
Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases.
Domestic Violence • 341 Table 16.9.1 Forms of spousal violence: Women Percentage of ever-married women age 15-49 who have experienced various forms of violence ever or in the 12 months preceding the survey committed by their current or most recent husband/partner, Uganda DHS 2016 Type of violence experienced Ever experienced Experienced in the past 12 months Frequency in the past 12 months Often Sometimes Spousal violence committed by current or most recent husband/ partner1 Physical violence Any physical violence Pushed her, shook her, or threw something at her Slapped her Twisted her arm or pulled her hair Punched her with his fist or with something that could hurt her Kicked her, dragged her, or beat her up Tried to choke her or burn her on purpose Threatened her or attacked her with a knife, gun, or other weapon Sexual violence Any sexual violence Physically forced her to have sexual intercourse with him when she did not want to Physically forced her to perform any other sexual acts she did not want to Forced her with threats or in any other way to perform sexual acts she did not want to Emotional violence Any emotional violence Said or did something to humiliate her in front of others Threatened to hurt or harm her or someone she cared about Insulted her or made her feel bad about herself Any form of physical or sexual violence Any form of emotional or physical or sexual violence Spousal violence committed by any husband/partner Physical violence Sexual violence Emotional violence Any form of physical or sexual violence Any form of emotional or physical or sexual violence Number of ever-married women na na na na na 17.6 9.2 14.4 6.0 6.8 7.2 3.0 2.4 12.8 11.9 4.6 2.8 22.1 11.0 9.4 18.7 22.7 28.7 na na na na na
 6,879 6,879 1 Includes current husband/partner for currently married women and most recent husband/partner for divorced, separated, or widowed women na = Not available 342 • Domestic Violence Table 16.9.2 Forms of spousal violence: Men Percentage of ever-married men age 15-49 who have experienced various forms of violence ever or in the 12 months preceding the survey committed by their current or most recent wife/partner, Uganda DHS 2016 Type of violence experienced Ever experienced Experienced in the past 12 months Frequency in the past 12 months Often Sometimes Spousal violence committed by current or most recent wife/partner1 Physical violence Any physical violence Pushed him, shook him, or threw something at him Slapped him Twisted his arm or pulled his hair Punched him with her fist or with something that could hurt him Kicked him, dragged him, or beat him up Tried to choke him or burn him on purpose Threatened him or attacked him with a knife, gun, or other weapon Sexual violence Any sexual violence Physically forced him to have sexual intercourse with her when he did not want to Physically forced him to perform any other sexual acts he did not want to Forced him with threats or in any other way to perform sexual acts he did not want to Emotional violence Any emotional violence Said or did something to humiliate him in front of others Threatened to hurt or harm him or someone he cared about Insulted him or made him feel bad about himself Any form of physical or sexual violence Any form of emotional or physical and/or sexual violence Spousal violence committed by any wife/partner Physical violence Sexual violence Emotional violence Any form of physical or sexual violence Any form of emotional or physical or sexual violence 0.6
16.4 28.6 1.4 0.9 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.1 4.1 0.8 0.7 1.0 1.9 5.3 na na na na na 10.5 6.5 4.2 2.4 2.8 1.3 1.0 1.9 5.4 1.4 0.6 0.3 21.1 5.2 4.9 8.3 14.3 26.1 na na na na na Number of ever-married men 2,308 2,308 2,308 2,308 1 Includes current wife/partner for currently married men and most recent wife/partner for divorced, separated, or widowed men na = Not available Domestic Violence • 343 Table 16.10.1 Spousal violence by background characteristics: Women Percentage of ever-married women age 15-49 who have ever experienced emotional, physical, or sexual violence committed by their current or most recent husband/partner, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Emotional violence Physical violence Sexual violence Physical and sexual Physical and sexual and emotional Physical or sexual Physical or sexual or emotional Number of ever-married women 33.0
Continued… Age 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-39 40-49 Religion Catholic Anglican Muslim Pentecostal Seventh Day Adventist Other Ethnic group Acholi Alur Baganda Bagisu Bakiga Bakonzo Banyankore Banyoro Basoga Batoro Iteso Lango Lugbara Other Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Marital status Married or living together Divorced/separated/ widowed Number of living children 0 1-2 3-4 5+ Employment Employed for cash Employed not for cash Not employed • Domestic Violence Table 16.10.1—Continued Background characteristic Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total Emotional violence Physical violence Sexual violence Physical and sexual Physical and sexual and emotional Physical or sexual Physical or sexual or emotional Number of ever-married women 47.3
or emotional Number of ever-married women Note: Husband/partner refers to the current husband/partner for currently married women and the most recent husband/partner for divorced, separated, or widowed women.
Domestic Violence • 345 Table 16.10.2 Spousal violence by background characteristics: Men Percentage of ever-married men age 15-49 who have ever experienced emotional, physical, or sexual violence committed by their current or most recent wife/partner, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Emotional violence Physical violence Sexual violence Physical and sexual Physical and sexual and emotional Physical or sexual Physical or sexual or emotional Number of ever-married men Age 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-39 40-49 Religion Catholic Anglican Muslim Pentecostal Seventh Day Adventist Other Ethnic group Acholi Alur Baganda Bagisu Bakiga Bakonzo Banyankore Banyoro Basoga Batoro Iteso Lango Lugbara Other Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Marital status Married or living together Divorced/separated/ widowed Number of living children 0 1-2 3-4 5+ Employment Employed for cash Employed not for cash Not employed (23.1) 31.8 35.4 37.2 36.6 40.8 33.3 31.2 31.1 (31.5) (36.0) (26.7) 18.7 18.0 19.7 20.9 22.1 17.4 20.8 18.2 (8.4) (16.5) (14.7) 21.1 (30.4) (19.7) 10.8 8.5 8.6 7.2 8.8 7.5 8.7 9.9 (16.8) (6.9) (6.1) (0.8) 3.7 1.3 4.6 2.8 4.0 2.7 3.1 2.4 (3.1) (4.9) 4.0 9.3 3.3 1.7 3.6 1.4 2.1 1.9 2.7 5.0 4.6 1.4 3.7 3.8 4.5 2.9 2.5 3.9
(0.8) 3.5 1.3 3.8 2.4 3.6 2.0 3.1 2.1 (3.1) (4.9) (45.6) 25.8 25.1 23.7 25.2 26.9 22.2 26.5 25.6 (22.1) (18.5) (53.4) 42.5 42.9 43.3 45.5 48.7 40.6 41.2 40.6 (37.0) (39.6) (0.0) 1.7 (0.0) 24.2 (36.6) 39.1 (43.2) 507 20 Continued… 346 • Domestic Violence Table 16.10.2—Continued Background characteristic Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total 15-49 50-54 Total 15-54 Emotional violence Physical violence Sexual violence Physical and sexual Physical and sexual and emotional Physical or sexual Physical or sexual or emotional Number of ever-married men Note: Wife/partner refers to the current wife/partner
 for currently married men and the most recent wife/partner for divorced, separated, or widowed women.
Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases.
Domestic Violence • 347 Table 16.11.1 Spousal violence by husband’s characteristics and empowerment indicators Percentage of ever-married women age 15-49 who have ever experienced emotional, physical, or sexual violence committed by their current or most recent husband/partner, according to husband’s characteristics and women’s empowerment indicators, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Husband’s/partner’s education1 No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Don’t know/missing Husband’s/partner’s alcohol consumption Does not drink alcohol Drinks alcohol but is never drunk Is sometimes drunk Is often drunk Spousal education difference1 Husband has more education Wife has more education Both have equal education Neither has any education Don’t know/missing Spousal age difference1 Wife older Wife is same age Wife 1-4 years younger Wife 5-9 years younger Wife 10+ years younger Number of marital control behaviours displayed by husband/partner2 0 1-2 3-4 5 Number of decisions in which she participates3 0 1-2 3 Number of reasons for which wife beating is justified4 0 1-2 3-4 5 Woman’s father beat mother Yes No Don’t know/missing Woman afraid of husband/partner Afraid most of the time Sometimes afraid Never afraid Total Emotional violence Physical violence Sexual violence Physical and sexual Physical and sexual and emotional Physical or sexual Physical or sexual or emotional Number of ever- married women 13.4
Note: Husband/partner refers to the current husband/partner for currently married women and the most recent husband/partner for divorced, separated, or widowed women.
1 Includes only currently married women 2 According to the wife’s report.

See Table 16.8.1 for list of behaviours.

3 According to the wife’s report.

Includes only currently married women.

See Table 14.8 for list of decisions.

4 According to the wife’s report.

See Table 14.10.1 for list of reasons.
348 • Domestic Violence Table 16.11.2 Spousal violence by wife’s characteristics and empowerment indicators Percentage of ever-married men age 15-49 who have ever experienced emotional, physical, or sexual violence committed by their current or most recent wife/partner, according to the wife’s characteristics and women’s empowerment indicators, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Emotional violence Physical violence Sexual violence Physical and sexual Physical and sexual and emotional Physical or sexual Physical or sexual or emotional Number of ever- married men Wife’s/partner’s alcohol consumption Does not drink alcohol Drinks alcohol but is never drunk Is sometimes drunk Is often drunk Number of marital control behaviours displayed by wife/partner1 0 1-2 3-4 5 Number of decisions in which he participates2 0 1-2 Number of reasons for which wife beating is justified3 0 1-2 3-4 5 Man’s father beat mother Yes No Don’t know/missing Man afraid of wife/partner Afraid most of the time Sometimes afraid Never afraid Total 15-49 50-54 Total 15- Note: Wife/partner refers to the current wife/partner for currently married men and the most recent wife/partner for divorced, separated, or widowed men.
1 According to the husband’s report.

See Table 16.8.2 for list of behaviours.

2 According to the husband’s report.

Includes only currently married men.

See Table 14.8 for list of decisions.

3 According to the husband’s report.

See Table 14.10.2 for list of reasons.
Domestic Violence • 349 Table 16.12.1 Violence by any husband/partner in the past 12 months: Women Percentage of ever-married women who have experienced emotional, physical, or sexual violence by any husband/partner in the past 12 months, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Emotional violence Physical violence Sexual violence Physical and sexual and emotional violence Physical and sexual violence Physical or sexual violence Physical or sexual or emotional violence Number of ever- married women Age 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-39 40-49 Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total Note: Any husband/partner includes all current, most recent, and former husbands/partners.
350 • Domestic Violence Table 16.12.2 Violence by any wife/partner in the past 12 months: Men Percentage of ever-married men who have experienced emotional, physical, or sexual violence by any wife/partner in the past 12 months, according to background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Emotional violence Physical violence Sexual violence Physical and sexual and emotional violence Physical and sexual violence Physical or sexual violence Physical or sexual or emotional violence Number of ever-married men Age 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-39 40-49 Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total 15-49 50-54 Total 15-54 (20.4) 26.8 29.4 26.3 20.5 (23.3) 15.0 12.7 12.5 9.4 (19.7) 7.8 5.4 6.5 4.7 (0.8) 2.8 1.0 2.7 0.5 (0.8) 2.5 1.0 1.8 0.3 (42.2) 20.1 17.2 16.3 13.6 (50.7) Note: Any wife/partner includes all current, most recent, and former wives/partners.
Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases.
Domestic Violence • 351 Table 16.13.1 Experience of spousal violence by duration of marriage: Women Among currently married women age 15-49 who have been married only once, the percentage who first experienced physical or sexual violence committed by their current husband/partner by specific exact years since marriage, according to marital duration, Uganda DHS 2016 Years since marriage Percentage who first experienced spousal physical or sexual violence by exact marital duration: Before marriage 2 years 5 years 10 years Percentage who have not experienced sexual or physical violence Number of currently married women who have been married only once <2 2-4 5-9 10+ Total na = Not applicable 0.7 0.7 0.9 0.9 0.8 na 18.4 16.0 10.8 14.6 na na 34.9 28.3 29.9 na na na 41.7 37.9 76.2 66.3 57.8 47.2 56.7 648 753 1,003 2,196 4,599 Table 16.13.2 Experience of spousal violence by duration of marriage: Men Among currently married men age 15-49 who have been married only once, the percentage who first experienced physical or sexual violence committed by their current wife/partner by specific exact years since marriage, according to marital duration, Uganda DHS 2016 Years since marriage Percentage who first experienced spousal physical or sexual violence by exact marital duration: Before marriage 2 years 5 years 10 years Percentage who have not experienced sexual or physical violence Number of currently married men who have been married only once <2 2-4 5-9 10+ Total na = Not applicable 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.4 na 12.8 5.8 3.7 8.0 na na 17.7 10.0 15.2 na na na 13.4 18.0 77.0 79.0 77.6 77.6 77.8 204 274 317 620 1,415 352 • Domestic Violence Table 16.14 Injuries due to spousal violence Among ever-married women and men age 15-49 who have experienced violence committed by their current or most recent husband or wife/partner, the percentage who have been injured as a result of the violence, by types of injuries, according to the type of violence, Uganda DHS 2016 Type of violence Cuts, bruises, or aches Deep wounds, broken bones, broken
 teeth, or any other serious injury Any of these injuries Eye injuries, sprains, dislocations, or burns WOMEN Number of ever- married people who have experienced any physical or sexual violence with current or most recent spouse/partner Experienced physical violence1 Ever2 In the past 12 months Experienced sexual violence Ever2 In the past 12 months Experienced physical or sexual violence1 Ever2 In the past 12 months Experienced physical violence Ever2 In the past 12 months Experienced sexual violence Ever2 In the past 12 months Experienced physical or sexual violence Ever2 In the past 12 months 40.2 43.5 36.1 33.2 35.5 36.0 21.0 21.0 12.8 12.0 17.8 17.2 17.5 21.1 17.4 15.7 15.2 17.0 MEN Note: Husband or wife/partner refers to the current husband or wife/partner for currently married women and men and the most recent husband or wife/partner for divorced, separated, or widowed women and men.
1 Excludes women who reported violence only in response to a direct question on violence during pregnancy 2 Includes in the past 12 months Domestic Violence • 353 Table 16.15.1 Violence by women against their husbands by women’s background characteristics Percentage of ever-married women age 15-49 who have committed physical violence against their current or most recent husband/partner when he was not already beating or physically hurting them, ever and in the past 12 months, according to women’s own experience of spousal violence and background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Percentage who have committed physical violence against their husband/partner Ever1 In the past 12 months Number of ever- married women Women’s experience of spousal physical violence Ever1 In the past 12 months Never 11.3 12.9 1.8 Age 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-39 40-49 Religion Catholic Anglican Muslim Pentecostal Seventh Day Adventist Other Ethnic group Acholi Alur Baganda Bagisu Bakiga Bakonzo Banyankore Banyoro Basoga Batoro Iteso Lango Lugbara Other Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Marital status Married or living together Divorced/separated/widowed Employment Employed for cash Employed not for cash Not employed Continued… 354 • Domestic Violence Table 16.15.1—Continued Background characteristic Number of living children 0 1-2 3-4 5+ Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total Percentage who have committed physical violence against their husband/partner Ever1 In the past 12 months Number of ever- married women Note: Husband/partner refers to the current husband/partner for currently married women and the most recent husband/partner for divorced, separated, or widowed women.
1 Includes in the past 12 months Domestic Violence • 355 Table 16.15.2 Violence by men against their wives by men’s background characteristics Percentage of ever-married men age 15-49 who have committed physical violence against their current or most recent wife/partner when she was not already beating or physically hurting him, ever and in the past 12 months, according to men’s own experience of spousal violence and background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Percentage who have committed physical violence against their wife/partner Ever1 In the past 12 months Number of ever- married men Background characteristic Men’s experience of spousal physical violence Ever1 In the past 12 months Never Age 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-39 40-49 Religion Catholic Anglican Muslim Pentecostal Seventh Day Adventist Other Ethnic group Acholi Alur Baganda Bagisu Bakiga Bakonzo Banyankore Banyoro Basoga Batoro Iteso Lango Lugbara Other Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Marital status 43.9 40.3 16.4 (23.3) 18.2 18.3 22.6 23.4 24.9 21.5 14.6 19.9 (17.1) (2.6) (21.7) 12.5 9.8 9.3 7.5 12.0 8.8 6.3 7.2 (1.3) (0.0) Continued… Married or living together Divorced/separated/widowed 20.6 30.9 Employment Employed for cash Employed not for cash Not employed 21.1 22.9 (20.3) 9.9 7.5 (10.4) 356 • Domestic Violence Table 16.15.2—Continued Background characteristic Number of living children 0 1-2 3-4 5+ Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total 15-49 50-54 Total 15-54 Percentage who have committed physical violence against their wife/partner Ever1 In the past 12 months Number of ever- married men Note: Wife/partner refers to the current wife/partner for currently married men and the most recent wife/partner for divorced, separated, or widowed men.
Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases.
1 Includes in the past 12 months Domestic Violence • 357 Table 16.16.1 Violence by women against their husband by husband’s characteristics and empowerment indicators Percentage of ever-married women age 15-49 who have committed physical violence against their current or most recent husband/partner when he was not already beating or physically hurting her, ever and in the past 12 months, according to their husband’s characteristics and women’s empowerment indicators, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Husband’s/partner’s education2 No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Don’t know/missing Husband’s/partner’s alcohol consumption Does not drink alcohol Drinks alcohol but is never drunk Is sometimes drunk Is often drunk Spousal education difference2 Husband has more education Wife has more education Both have equal education Neither has any education Don’t know/missing Spousal age difference2 Wife older Wife is same age Wife 1-4 years younger Wife 5-9 years younger Wife 10+ years younger Number of marital control behaviours displayed by husband/partner3 0 1-2 3-4 5 Number of decisions in which she participates4 0 1-2 3 Number of reasons for which wife beating is justified4 0 1-2 3-4 5 Woman’s father beat mother Yes No Don’t know/missing Woman afraid of husband/partner Afraid most of the time Sometimes afraid Never afraid Total Percentage who have committed physical violence against their husband/partner Ever1 In the past 12 months Number of ever- married women Note: Husband/partner refers to the current husband/partner for currently married women and the most recent husband/partner for divorced, separated, or widowed women.
1 Includes in the past 12 months 2 Includes only currently married women 3 According to the wife’s report.

See Table 16.8.1 for list of behaviours.

4 According to the wife’s report.

Includes only currently married women.

See Table 14.8 for list of decisions.

5 According to the wife’s report.

See Table 14.10.1 for list of reasons.
358 • Domestic Violence Table 16.16.2 Violence by men against their wife by wife’s characteristics and empowerment indicators Percentage of ever-married men age 15-49 who have committed physical violence against their current or most recent wife/partner when she was not already beating or physically hurting him, ever and in the past 12 months, according to their wife’s characteristics and women’s empowerment indicators, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Wife’s/partner’s alcohol consumption Does not drink alcohol Drinks alcohol but is never drunk Is sometimes drunk Is often drunk Number of marital control behaviours displayed by wife/partner2 0 1-2 3-4 5 Number of decisions in which he participates3 0 1-2 Number of reasons for which wife beating is justified4 0 1-2 3-4 5 Man’s father beat mother Yes No Don’t know/missing Man afraid of wife/partner Afraid most of the time Sometimes afraid Never afraid Total 15-49 50-54 Total 15-54 Percentage who have committed physical violence against their wife/partner Ever1 In the past 12 months Number of ever- married men Note: Wife/partner refers to the current wife/partner for currently married men and the most recent wife/partner for divorced, separated, or widowed men.
1 Includes in the past 12 months 2 According to the husband’s report.

See Table 16.8.2 for list of behaviours.

3 According to the husband’s report.

Includes only currently married women.

See Table 14.8 for list of decisions.

4 According to the husband’s report.

See Table 14.10.2 for list of reasons.
Domestic Violence • 359 Table 16.17.1 Help seeking to stop violence: Women Percent distribution of women age 15-49 who have ever experienced physical or sexual violence by their help-seeking behaviour, according to type of violence and background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Type of violence experienced Physical only Sexual only Physical and sexual Age 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-39 40-49 Religion Catholic Anglican Muslim Pentecostal Seventh Day Adventist Other Ethnic group Acholi Alur Baganda Bagisu Bakiga Bakonzo Banyankore Banyoro Basoga Batoro Iteso Lango Lugbara Other Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Marital status Never married Married or living together Divorced/separated/widowed Number of living children 0 1-2 3-4 5+ Sought help to stop violence Never sought help but told someone Never sought help, never told anyone Number of women who have ever experienced any physical or sexual violence 3,101 413 1,613 932 1,063 845 1,382 906 2,157 1,542 612 715 48 53 247 137 767 242 341 87 565 123 395 136 475
Continued… Total • Domestic Violence Table 16.17.1—Continued Background characteristic Employment Employed for cash Employed not for cash Not employed Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total Sought help to stop violence Never sought help but told someone Never sought help, never told anyone Number of women who have ever experienced any physical or sexual violence 3,119 1,111 897 557 3,105 1,124 342 1,016 1,017 1,012 988 1,094 5,127 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Domestic Violence • 361 Table 16.17.2 Help seeking to stop violence: Men Percent distribution of men age 15-49 who have ever experienced physical or sexual violence by their help-seeking behaviour, according to type of violence and background characteristics, Uganda DHS 2016 Background characteristic Type of violence experienced Physical only Sexual only Physical and sexual Age 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-39 40-49 Religion Catholic Anglican Muslim Pentecostal Seventh Day Adventist Other Ethnic group Acholi Alur Baganda Bagisu Bakiga Bakonzo Banyankore Banyoro Basoga Batoro Iteso Lango Lugbara Other Residence Urban Rural Region South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro
 Kigezi Ankole Special area Island districts Mountain districts Greater Kampala Marital status Never married Married or living together Divorced/separated/widowed Number of living children 0 1-2 3-4 5+ Sought help to stop violence Never sought help but told someone Never sought help, never told anyone Don’t know/missing 30.1 17.4 33.9 19.5 28.9 29.3 35.9 36.5 30.5 33.4 20.8 27.7 (48.5) (20.4) 24.4 27.5 21.9 18.6 41.5 (44.8) 24.3 33.8 28.1 34.2 44.6 37.1 (59.9) (9.2) (26.6) 31.5 32.7 24.5 12.0 27.9 (12.4) 25.9 21.6 14.4 8.3 23.4 13.0 (12.6) (42.3) (53.0) 44.2 39.9 53.6 69.4 30.6 (42.8) 49.8 44.6 57.6 57.6 32.0 49.9 (27.5) (0.0) (0.0) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Number of men who have ever experienced any physical or sexual violence Continued… Total 100.0
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 362 • Domestic Violence Table 16.17.2—Continued Background characteristic Employment Employed for cash Employed not for cash Not employed Education No education Primary Secondary More than secondary Wealth quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total 15-49 50-54 Total 15-54 Sought help to stop violence Never sought help but told someone Never sought help, never told anyone Don’t know/missing Number of men who have ever experienced any physical or sexual violence 1,395 522 101 72 1,144 549 253 351 392 375 445 456 2,018 143 2,161 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases.
Domestic Violence • 363 Table 16.18 Sources for help to stop the violence Percentage of women and men age 15-49 who have experienced physical or sexual violence and sought help by sources from which they sought help, according to the type of violence that women and men reported, Uganda DHS 2016 Source Physical only Sexual only Physical and sexual Physical or sexual Type of violence experienced Own family Husband/partner’s family Husband/partner Boyfriend Friend Neighbour Religious leader Doctor/medical personnel Police Lawyer Social work organization Other Number of respondents who have sought help Own family Wife/partner’s family Wife/partner Girlfriend Friend Neighbour Religious leader Doctor/medical personnel Police Lawyer Social work organization Other Number of respondents who have sought help WOMEN 59.9 29.9 1.3 0.4 6.9 5.5 1.5 4.7 14.8 0.5 1.7 13.0 973 MEN 38.6 9.9 0.3 0.0 13.8 7.5 3.9 19.5 25.4 1.7 1.2 20.8 513 68.0 16.7 0.0 0.0 4.9 4.6 0.9 8.2 14.2 0.0 0.0 5.7 52 * * * * * * * * * * * * Note: Women and men can report more than one source from which they sought help.
An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.

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References • 367 SAMPLE DESIGN A.1 INTRODUCTION Appendix A T he 2016 Uganda Demographic and Health Survey (2016 UDHS) is the sixth in a series of Demographic and Health Surveys conducted in Uganda in 1988-89, 1995, 2000-01, 2006, and 2011.
As with the prior surveys, the main objective of the 2016 UDHS is to provide up-to-date information on fertility and childhood mortality levels; fertility preferences; awareness, approval, and use of family planning methods; maternal and child health; domestic violence; knowledge and attitudes toward HIV/AIDS; and maternal mortality.

The survey called for a nationally representative sample of 20,910 households from 697 sample clusters.
All women age 15-49 who were usual members of the selected households and women who spent the night before the survey in the selected households were eligible to be interviewed.

In one-third of the sampled households, all men age 15-54 who were usual members of the selected households and men who spent the night before the survey in the selected households were also eligible for an interview.
In the same subsample, biomarkers were collected: all women and men who were eligible for the survey and all children under age 5 were eligible for height and weight measuring, all women and men who were eligible for the survey and all children age 6-59 months were eligible for anaemia testing, and all children age 6-59 months were eligible for malaria testing and blood collection for later vitamin A deficiency testing.
In that same subsample, one man age 15-54 was randomly selected from each household to complete the domestic violence questionnaire.

In households where men were not interviewed and biomarkers were not collected (two-thirds of the survey households), one woman age 15- 49 was randomly selected from each household to complete the domestic violence questionnaire.
The sample for the 2016 UDHS was designed to provide estimates of population and health indicators including fertility and child mortality rates for the country as a whole, for the urban and rural areas separately, and for each of the 15 regions in Uganda (South Central, North Central, Busoga, Kampala, Lango, Acholi, Tooro, Bunyoro, Bukedi, Bugisu, Karamoja, Teso, Kigezi, Ankole, and West Nile).
In addition to the regions, the survey indicators are produced for the following special areas: the island districts, the mountain districts, and the greater Kampala area.

A.2 SAMPLE FRAME The sampling frame used for the 2016 UDHS is the frame for the 2014 Uganda Population and Housing Census (UPHC).

It was provided by the Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS).

The census frame is a complete list of census enumeration areas (EAs) created for the census of the entire country, consisting of 78,462 EAs.
An EA is a natural village in rural areas and a city block in urban areas.

Currently, Uganda is divided into 112 administrative districts, each district is sub-divided into sub-counties, each sub-country into parishes, and each parish into villages.

The sampling frame contains information about the EA location, type of residence (urban or rural), and the estimated number of residential households at the time of the census operation.
A base map that delineates the EA geographic boundaries is available for each EA.

The 2016 UDHS excluded institutional EAs from the sampling frame.

Table A.1 indicates the percent distribution of households by region and by type of residence.

The percentage of households in each region varies from 2.25% (Karamoja, the smallest) to 14.43% (South Central, the largest).

In Uganda, 25.35% of households are in urban areas.
Apart from the exclusively urban Kampala, the percentage of households in urban areas in each region varies greatly, from 10.32% in Teso region to 36.65% in South Central.

Table A.2 below indicates the distribution of EAs and their average size (number of households) by region and by type of residence.

This table excludes institutional EAs.

There are 78,462 residential EAs: 14,957 in urban areas, and 63,505 in rural areas.
The average EA Appendix A • 369 size is 92 households; urban EAs have a larger average size (123 households), and rural EAs have a smaller average size (85 households).

The average EA size (92 households) is an adequate size to serve as the primary sampling unit (PSU) for the UDHS.
Table A.1 Distribution of residential households by region and type of residence Region Urban Rural Total Region Urban Residential households Percentage Kampala South Central North Central Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Ankole Kigezi Uganda Source: The 2014 Uganda Population and Housing Census (UPHC) frame, provided by the Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS) Table A.2 Distribution of enumeration areas and their average size in number of households Number of EAs Average EA size District Urban Rural Kampala South Central North Central Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Ankole Kigezi Uganda Total 3,125 8,541 8,155 6,843 3,713 7,770 3,576 2,349 5,429 3,901 5,609 3,625 5,277 6,860 3,689 78,462 Urban Rural Total Source: The 2014 Uganda Population and Housing Census (UPHC) frame, provided by the Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS) A.3 SAMPLE DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION The 2016 UDHS sample is stratified and was selected in two stages.
Three regions (South Central, North Central, and Busoga) were stratified into island and non-island sub-regions.

Each region/sub-region was stratified into urban and rural areas, yielding 34 sampling strata.

Samples of EAs were selected independently in each stratum in two stages.
Implicit stratification and proportional allocation were achieved at each of the lower administrative levels by sorting the sampling frame within each sampling stratum before sample selection, according to administrative units in different levels, and by using a probability proportional-to-size selection at the first stage of sampling.
In the first stage, 697 EAs were selected with probability proportional to the EA size and with independent selection in each sampling stratum with the sample allocation given in Table A.3.

The EA size is the number of residential households residing in the EA based on the 2014 UPHC.

A household listing operation was carried out in 696 EAs, and the resulting lists of households served as the sampling frame for the selection of households in the second stage.
One EA was dropped from the survey since the village 370 • Appendix A chief was not cooperative and did not allow the listing team to list the EA.

Some of the selected EAs were large in size, with more than 250 households.

To minimize the task of household listing, these large EAs were segmented, and only one segment, with probability proportional to the segment size, was selected for the survey.

Household listing was conducted only in the selected segment.
So, a 2016 UDHS cluster is either an EA or a segment of an EA.

In the second stage of selection, a fixed number of 30 households per cluster were selected with an equal probability systematic selection from the newly created household listing.

The survey interviewers interviewed only the pre-selected households.

To prevent bias, no replacements and no changes of the pre- selected households were allowed in the implementing stages.
All women age 15-49 who were usual members of the selected households or who spent the night before the survey in the selected households were eligible for the female survey.

In one-third of the selected households, all men age 15-54 who were usual members of the households or who spent the night before the survey in the households were eligible for the male survey.
Table A.3 shows the allocation of selected households according to regions and urban/rural areas, and Table A.4 shows the expected number of completed women’s and men’s interviews according to region and urban/rural areas.

To ensure that the survey precision is comparable across regions, the sample allocation figures a power allocation between regions and between different types of residence within each region.
Based on a fixed sample take of 30 households per cluster, the survey selected 697 EAs, 162 in urban areas and 535 in rural areas.

The survey was designed to be conducted in 20,910 residential households, 4,860 in urban areas and 16,050 in rural areas.

The sample was expected to result in 17,986 completed interviews with women age 15-49, 4,184 in urban areas and 13,802 in rural areas, and 4,983 completed interviews with men age 15-54, 1,070 in urban areas and 3,913 in rural areas.
Table A.3 Sample allocation of clusters and households by region and type of residence Number of clusters allocated Number of households allocated Region Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Kampala South Central - not island North Central - not island South Central - island North Central - island Busoga - not island Busoga - island Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Ankole Kigezi Uganda Total 1,350 1,680 1,350 360 420 1,140 630 1,230 1,230 1,200 1,020 1,320 1,200 1,350 1,320 1,440 1,470 1,200 20,910 Appendix A • 371 Table A.4 Sample allocation of expected interviews with women and men by region and type of residence Expected number of interviews with women age 15-49 Expected number of interviews with men age 15-54 Region Urban Rural Kampala South Central - not island North Central - not island South Central - island North Central - island Busoga - not island Busoga - island Bukedi Bugisu Teso Karamoja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Ankole Kigezi Uganda Total 1,162 1,445 1,161 310 362 981 542 1,058 1,058 1,032 877 1,135 1,032 1,161 1,136 1,238 1,264 1,032 17,986 Urban Rural Total The sample allocations were derived using information obtained from the 2011 UDHS, during which the average number of women age 15-49 per household was 1.09 in urban areas and 0.99 in rural areas; the average number of men age 15-54 per household was 0.95 in urban areas and 0.87 in rural areas; the household completion rate was 85.69% in urban areas and 91.18% in rural areas; the women’s individual response rate was 91.34% in urban and 94.88% in rural areas and the men’s individual response rate was 81.74% in urban and 92.39% in rural areas.
A.4 SAMPLE PROBABILITIES AND SAMPLING WEIGHTS Due to the non-proportional allocation of the sample to different regions and to their urban and rural areas, and the possible differences in response rates, sampling weights will be required for any analysis using the 2016 UDHS data to ensure that the survey results are representative at the national level as well as at the domain level.
Because the 2016 UDHS sample is a two-stage stratified cluster sample, sampling weight was calculated separately, based on sampling probabilities, for each sampling stage and for each cluster.
We use the following notations: P1hi: first-stage sampling probability of the ith cluster in stratum h P2hi: second-stage sampling probability within the ith cluster (households) Let ah be the number of EAs selected in stratum h, M hi the number of households according to the sampling frame in the ith EA, and selecting the ith EA in the 2016 UDHS sample is calculated as follows: the total number of households in the stratum.
The probability of Let be the proportion of households in the selected cluster compared to the total number of households in EA i in stratum h if the EA is segmented, otherwise .

Then the probability of selecting cluster i in the sample is: 372 • Appendix A M hiM M ahihihhib1hibhihihih1hibM M a = P Let be the number of households listed in the household listing operation in cluster i in stratum h, let be the number of households selected in the cluster.
The second stage’s selection probability for each household in the cluster is calculated as follows: The overall selection probability of each household in cluster i of stratum h is therefore the product of the two stages of selection probabilities: The sampling weight for each household in cluster i of stratum h is the inverse of its overall selection probability: A spreadsheet containing all sampling parameters and selection probabilities was prepared to facilitate the calculation of the design weights.
Design weights were adjusted for household nonresponse and individual nonresponse to obtain the sampling weights for households and for women and men, respectively.

Nonresponse is adjusted at the sampling stratum level.

For the household sampling weight, the household design weight is multiplied by the inverse of the household response rate, by stratum.
For the women’s individual sampling weight, the household sampling weight is multiplied by the inverse of the women’s individual response rate, by stratum.

For the men’s individual sampling weight, the household sampling weight for the male subsample is multiplied by the inverse of the men’s individual response rate, by stratum.
Similarly, domestic violence weights were calculated for women and men, where the design weights were adjusted for the within-household selection and the nonresponse for the domestic violence module.

After adjusting for nonresponse, the sampling weights were normalized to get the final standard weights that appear in the data files.
The normalization process is aimed at obtaining a total number of unweighted cases equal to the total number of weighted cases using normalized weights at the national level, for the total number of households, women, and men.

Normalization is done by multiplying the sampling weight by the estimated total sampling fraction obtained from the survey for the household weight, the individual woman’s weight, and the individual man’s weight.
The normalized weights are relative weights that are valid for estimating means, proportions, ratios, and rates, but they are not valid for estimating population totals or for pooled data.
Appendix A • 373 hiLhighihihiLgP2hihihiPPP21hihiPW/1 Table A.5 Sample implementation: Women Percent distribution of households and eligible women by results of the household and individual interviews, and household, eligible women’s and overall women’s response rates, according to urban-rural residence and region (unweighted), Uganda DHS 2016 Residence Result Urban Rural South Central North Central Kampala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Region Kara- moja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Total Selected households Completed (C) Household present but no competent respondent at home (HP) Refused (R) Dwelling not found (DNF) Household absent (HA) Dwelling vacant/address not a dwelling (DV) Dwelling destroyed (DD) Other (O) Total Number of sampled households Household response rate (HRR)1 96.6 98.7 95.6 98.2 95.6 98.7 99.1 97.3 99.0 97.8 99.4 99.3 99.4 99.2 98.5 98.9 99.1 98.2 Eligible women Completed (EWC) Not at home (EWNH) Postponed (EWP) Refused (EWR) Partly completed (EWPC) Incapacitated (EWI) Other (EWO) Total Number of women Eligible women’s response 98.6
rate (EWRR)2 94.8 97.6 93.7 98.0 93.1 98.6 97.6 95.6 97.3 97.5 98.3 98.6 97.7 99.0 96.2 96.3 97.9 97.0 Overall women’s response rate (ORR)3 91.6 96.4 89.5 96.2 89.0 97.3 96.7 93.0 96.3 95.3 97.7 97.9 97.1 98.2 94.8 95.2 97.0 95.2 1 Using the number of households falling into specific response categories, the household response rate (HRR) is calculated as: 2 The eligible women’s response rate (EWRR) is equivalent to the percentage of interviews completed (EWC) 3 The overall women’s response rate (OWRR) is calculated as: OWRR = HRR * EWRR/100 100 * C —————————— C + HP + P + R + DNF 374 • Appendix A Table A.6 Sample implementation: Men Percent distribution of households and eligible men by results of the household and individual interviews, and household, eligible men’s and overall men’s response rates, according to urban-rural residence and region (unweighted), Uganda DHS 2016 Residence Result Urban Rural South Central North Central Kam- pala Busoga Bukedi Bugisu Teso Region Kara- moja Lango Acholi West Nile Bunyoro Tooro Kigezi Ankole Total Selected households Completed (C) Household present but no competent respondent at home (HP) Refused (R) Dwelling not found (DNF) Household absent (HA) Dwelling vacant/address not a dwelling (DV) Dwelling destroyed (DD) Other (O) Total Number of sampled households Household response rate (HRR)1 Eligible men 91.4 94.5 90.1 94.1 93.3 93.7 93.4 93.0 94.8
men Completed (EMC) Not at home (EMNH) Postponed (EMP) Refused (EMR) Partly completed (EMPC) Incapacitated (EMI) Other (EMO) Total Number of men Eligible men’s response rates (EMRR)2 Overall men’s response rates (ORR) Using the number of households falling into specific response
 categories, the household response rate (HRR) is calculated as: 2 The eligible men’s response rate (EMRR) is equivalent to the percentage of interviews completed (EMC) 3 The overall men’s response rate (OMRR) is calculated as: OMRR = HRR * EMRR/100 100 * C —————————— C + HP + P + R + DNF Appendix A • 375 ESTIMATES OF SAMPLING ERRORS Appendix B T he estimates from a sample survey are affected by two types of errors: nonsampling errors and sampling errors.
Nonsampling errors are the results of mistakes made in implementing data collection and data processing, such as failure to locate and interview the correct household, misunderstanding of the questions on the part of either the interviewer or the respondent, and data entry errors.
Although numerous efforts were made during the implementation of the 2016 Uganda Demographic and Health Survey (UDHS) to minimise this type of error, nonsampling errors are impossible to avoid and difficult to evaluate statistically.

Sampling errors, on the other hand, can be evaluated statistically.

The sample of respondents selected in the 2016 UDHS is only one of many samples that could have been selected from the same population, using the same design and expected size.
Each of these samples would yield results that differ somewhat from the results of the actual sample selected.

Sampling errors are a measure of the variability among all possible samples.

Although the degree of variability is not known exactly, it can be estimated from the survey results.

Sampling error is usually measured in terms of the standard error for a particular statistic (mean, percentage, etc.

), which is the square root of the variance.


The standard error can be used to calculate confidence intervals within which the true value for the population can reasonably be assumed to fall.

For example, for any given statistic calculated from a sample survey, the value of that statistic will fall within a range of plus or minus two times the standard error of that statistic in 95% of all possible samples of identical size and design.
If the sample of respondents had been selected as a simple random sample, it would have been possible to use straightforward formulas for calculating sampling errors.

However, the 2016 UDHS sample is the result of a multi-stage stratified design, and, consequently, it was necessary to use more complex formulas.

Sampling errors are computed in SAS, using programs developed by ICF.
These programs use the Taylor linearisation method to estimate variances for survey estimates that are means, proportions, or ratios.

The Jackknife repeated replication method is used for variance estimation of more complex statistics such as fertility and mortality rates.
The Taylor linearisation method treats any percentage or average as a ratio estimate, r = y/x, where y represents the total sample value for variable y, and x represents the total number of cases in the group or subgroup under consideration.
The variance of r is computed using the formula given below, with the standard error being the square root of the variance: in which , and Appendix B • 377 HhhhmihihhmzzmmxfrvarrSEh12122211)()(hihihirxyzhhhrxyz where h mh yhi xhi f represents the stratum which varies from 1 to H, is the total number of clusters selected in the hth stratum, is the sum of the weighted values of variable y in the ith cluster in the hth stratum, is the sum of the weighted number of cases in the ith cluster in the hth stratum, and is the overall sampling fraction, which is so small that it is ignored.
The Jackknife repeated replication method derives estimates of complex rates from each of several replications of the parent sample, and calculates standard errors for these estimates using simple formulae.

Each replication considers all but one cluster in the calculation of the estimates.

Pseudo-independent replications are thus created.

In the 2016 UDHS there were 696 non-empty clusters.

Hence, 696 replications were created.


The variance of a rate r is calculated as follows: in which where r r(i) k is the estimate computed from the full sample of 696 clusters, is the estimate computed from the reduced sample of 695 clusters (ith cluster excluded), and is the total number of clusters.

In addition to the standard error, the design effect (DEFT) for each estimate is also calculated.
The design effect is defined as the ratio between the standard error using the given sample design and the standard error that would result if a simple random sample had been used.

A DEFT value of 1.0 indicates that the sample design is as efficient as a simple random sample, while a value greater than 1.0 indicates the increase in the sampling error due to the use of a more complex and less statistically efficient design.
Relative standard errors and confidence limits for the estimates are also calculated.

Sampling errors for the 2016 UDHS are calculated for selected variables considered to be of primary interest.

The results are presented in this appendix for the country as a whole, for urban and rural areas, and for each of the 15 regions.

For each variable, the type of statistic (mean, proportion, or rate) and the base population are given in Table B.1.
Tables B.2 through B.19 present the value of the statistic (R), its standard error (SE), the number of unweighted (N) and weighted (WN) cases, the design effect (DEFT), the relative standard error (SE/R), and the 95% confidence limits (R±2SE), for each selected variable.

The DEFT is considered undefined when the standard error considering a simple random sample is zero (when the estimate is close to 0 or 1).
The confidence interval (e.g., as calculated for children ever born to women age 40-49) can be interpreted as follows: the overall average from the national sample is 6.778 and its standard error is 0.072.

Therefore, to obtain the 95% confidence limits, one adds and subtracts twice the standard error to the sample estimate, i.e., 6.778 ± 2 × 0.072.

There is a high probability (95%) that the true average number of children ever born to women 40-49 is between 6.634 and 6.922.
For the total sample, the value of the DEFT, averaged over all variables, is 1.397.

This means that, due to multi-stage clustering of the sample, the average standard error is increased by a factor of 1.397 over that in an equivalent simple random sample.
378 • Appendix B SErvarrkkrriki21211()()()())()1(iirkkrr Table B.1 List of indicators for sampling errors, Uganda DHS 2016 Variable Estimate WOMEN Base population Urban residence Literacy No education Secondary education or higher Never married (never in union) Currently married (in union) Married before age 20 Had sexual intercourse before age 18 Currently pregnant Children ever born Children surviving Children ever born to women age 40-49 Currently using any method Currently using a modern method Currently using pill Currently using IUD Currently using male condoms Currently using injectables Currently using implants Currently using female sterilisation Currently using rhythm Currently using withdrawal Used public sector source Want no more children Want to delay next birth at least 2 years Ideal number of children Mothers received antenatal care for last birth Mothers protected against tetanus for last birth Births with skilled attendant at delivery Had diarrhoea in the last 2 weeks Treated with ORS Sought medical treatment for diarrhoea Vaccination card seen Received BCG vaccination Received DPT-HepB-Hib vaccination (3 doses) Received polio vaccination (3 doses) Received inactivated polio vaccination (1 dose) Received pneumococcal vaccination (3 doses) Received rotavirus vaccination (3 doses) Received measles vaccination Received all basic vaccinations Height-for-age (-2SD) Weight-for-height (-2SD) Weight-for-age (-2SD) Prevalence of anaemia (children 6-59 months) Prevalence of anaemia (women 15-49) Body Mass Index (BMI) <18.5 Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥25 Has heard about HIV/AIDS Knows about condoms Knows about limiting partners Had 2+ sexual partners in past 12 months Condom use at last sex Had an HIV test and received results in past 12 months Abstinence among never-married youth (never had sex) Ever experienced any physical violence since age 15 Ever experienced any sexual violence Ever experienced any physical/sexual violence by husband/partner Physical/sexual violence in the last 12 months by
 husband/partner Total fertility rate (last 3 years) Neonatal mortality (last 0-4 years) Post-neonatal mortality (last 0-4 years) Infant mortality (last 0-4 years) Child mortality (last 0-4 years) Under-5 mortality (last 0-4 years) Proportion Proportion Proportion Proportion Proportion Proportion Proportion Proportion Proportion Mean Mean Mean Proportion Proportion Proportion Proportion Proportion Proportion Proportion Proportion Proportion Proportion Proportion Proportion Proportion Mean Proportion Proportion Proportion Proportion Proportion Proportion Proportion Proportion Proportion Proportion Proportion Proportion Proportion Proportion Proportion Proportion Proportion Proportion Proportion Proportion Proportion Proportion Proportion Proportion Proportion Proportion Proportion Proportion Proportion Proportion Proportion Proportion Proportion Rate Rate Rate Rate Rate Rate All women 15-49 All women 15-49 All women 15-49 All women 15-49 All women 15-49 All women 15-49 Women age 20-49 Women age 20-49 All women 15-49 All women 15-49 All women 15-49 Women age 40-49 Currently married women 15-49 Currently married women 15-49 Currently married women 15-49 Currently married women 15-49 Currently married women 15-49 Currently married women 15-49 Currently married women 15-49 Currently married women 15-49 Currently married women 15-49 Currently married women 15-49 Currently married women 15-49 using modern method Currently married women 15-49 Currently married women 15-49 All women 15-49 Women with a live birth in last five years Women with a live birth in last five years Births occurring 1-59 months before survey Children under 5 years Children under 5 years with diarrhoea in past two weeks Children under 5 years with diarrhoea in past two weeks Children age 12-23 months Children age 12-23 months Children age 12-23 months Children age 12-23 months Children age 12-23 months Children age 12-23 months Children age 12-23 months Children age 12-23 months Children age 12-23
 months Children under 5 years who were measured Children under 5 years who were measured Children under 5 years who were measured Children 6-59 months who were tested Women 15-49 who were tested All women 15-49 who were measured All women 15-49 who were measured All women 15-49 All women 15-49 All women 15-49 All women 15-49 Women 15-49 with 2+ partners in past 12 months All women 15-49 Never-married women 15-24 All women 15-49 All women 15-49 All women 15-49 All women 15-49 Women years of exposure to child birth Children exposed to the risk of mortality Children exposed to the risk of mortality Children exposed to the risk of mortality Children exposed to the risk of mortality Children exposed to the risk of mortality Continued… Appendix B • 379 Table B.1—Continued Variable Estimate Base population Urban residence Literacy No education Secondary or higher education Never married (in union) Currently married (in union) Had first sexual intercourse before age 18 Want no more children Want to delay next birth at least 2 years Ideal number of children Had 2+ sexual partners in past 12 months Condom use at last sex Abstinence among never married youth (never had sex) Paid for sexual intercourse in past 12 months Had HIV test and received results in past 12 months Prevalence of anaemia (men 15-49) Prevalence of anaemia (men 50-59) Body Mass Index (BMI) <18.5 (men 15-49) Body Mass Index (BMI) <18.5 (men 50-59) Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥25 (men 15-49) Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥25 (men 50-59) Ever experienced any physical violence since age 15 Ever experienced any sexual violence Ever experienced any physical/sexual violence by wife/partner Physical/sexual violence in the last 12 months by wife/partner MEN Proportion Proportion Proportion Proportion Proportion Proportion Proportion Proportion Proportion Mean Proportion Proportion Proportion Proportion Proportion Proportion Proportion Proportion Proportion Proportion Proportion Proportion Proportion Proportion Proportion All men
 15-49 All men 15-49 All men 15-49 All men 15-49 All men 15-49 All men 15-49 Men age 20-49 Currently married men 15-49 Currently married men 15-49 All men 15-49 All men 15-49 Men 15-49 with 2+ partners in past 12 months All never married men 15-24 All men 15-49 All men 15-49 All men 15-49 who were measured All men 50-59 who were measured All men 15-49 who were measured All men 50-59 who were measured All men 15-49 who were measured All men 50-59 who were measured All men 15-49 All men 15-49 All men 15-49 All men 15-49 380 • Appendix B Table B.2 Sampling errors: Total sample, Uganda DHS 2016 Variable Urban residence Literacy No education Secondary education or higher Never married (never in union) Currently married (in union) Married before age 20 Had sexual intercourse before age 18 Currently pregnant Children ever born Children surviving Children ever born to women age 40-49 Currently using any method Currently using a modern method Currently using pill Currently using IUD Currently using male condoms Currently using injectables Currently using implants Currently using female sterilisation Currently using rhythm Currently using withdrawal Used public sector source Want no more children Want to delay next birth at least 2 years Ideal number of children Mothers received antenatal care for last birth Mothers protected against tetanus for last birth Births with skilled attendant at delivery Had diarrhoea in the last 2 weeks Treated with ORS Sought medical treatment for diarrhoea Vaccination card seen Received BCG vaccination Received DPT-HepB-Hib vaccination (3 doses) Received polio vaccination (3 doses) Received inactivated polio vaccination (1 dose) Received pneumococcal vaccination (3 doses) Received rotavirus vaccination (3 doses) Received measles vaccination Received all basic vaccinations Height-for-age (-2SD) Weight-for-height (-2SD) Weight-for-age (-2SD) Prevalence of anaemia (children 6-59 months) Prevalence of anaemia (women 15-49) Body Mass Index (BMI) <18.5 Body
 Mass Index (BMI) ≥25 Has heard about HIV/AIDS Knows about condoms Knows about limiting partners Had 2+ sexual partners in past 12 months Condom use at last sex Had an HIV test and received results in past 12 months Abstinence among never-married youth (never had sex) Ever experienced any physical violence since age 15 Ever experienced any sexual violence Ever experienced any physical/sexual violence by husband/partner Physical/sexual violence in the last 12 months by husband/partner Total fertility rate (last 3 years) Neonatal mortality (last 0-4 years) Post-neonatal mortality (last 0-4 years) Infant mortality (last 0-4 years) Child mortality (last 0-4 years) Under-5 mortality (last 0-4 years) Number of Cases Confidence Limits Value (R) Standard error (SE) Un- weighted (N) Weighted (WN) Design effect (DEFT) Relative error (SE/R) Lower (R-2SE) Upper (R+2SE) WOMEN 18,506
0.039
1.182 0.026 0.016 0.056 0.075 0.047 0.063 0.039 0.283 5.207 23.725 13.672 38.827 19.623 59.315 0.314 5.553 29.748 18.511 46.829 25.237 69.280 Continued… Appendix B • 381 Table B.2—Continued Variable Number of Cases Confidence Limits Value (R) Standard error (SE) Un- weighted (N) Weighted (WN) Design effect (DEFT) Relative error (SE/R) Lower (R-2SE) Upper (R+2SE) MEN Urban residence Literacy No education Secondary education or higher Never married (in union) Currently married (in union) Had first sexual intercourse before age 18 Want no more children Want to delay next birth at least 2 years Ideal number of children Had 2+ sexual partners in past 12 months Condom use at last sex Abstinence among never married youth (never had sex) Paid for sexual intercourse in past 12 months Had HIV test and received results in past 12 months Prevalence of anaemia (men 15-49) Prevalence of anaemia (men 50-59) Body Mass Index (BMI) <18.5 (men 15-49) Body Mass Index (BMI) <18.5 (men 50-59) Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥25 (men 15-49) Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥25 (men 50-59) Ever experienced any physical violence since age 15 Ever experienced any sexual violence Ever experienced any physical/sexual violence by wife/partner Physical/sexual violence in the last 12 months by wife/partner 0.022
• Appendix B Table B.3 Sampling errors: Urban sample, Uganda DHS 2016 Variable Urban residence Literacy No education Secondary education or higher Never married (never in union) Currently married (in union) Married before age 20 Had sexual intercourse before age 18 Currently pregnant Children ever born Children surviving Children ever born to women age 40-49 Currently using any method Currently using a modern method Currently using pill Currently using IUD Currently using male condoms Currently using injectables Currently using implants Currently using female sterilisation Currently using rhythm Currently using withdrawal Used public sector source Want no more children Want to delay next birth at least 2 years Ideal number of children Mothers received antenatal care for last birth Mothers protected against tetanus for last birth Births with skilled attendant at delivery Had diarrhoea in the last 2 weeks Treated with ORS Sought medical treatment for diarrhoea Vaccination card seen Received BCG vaccination Received DPT-HepB-Hib vaccination (3 doses) Received polio vaccination (3 doses) Received inactivated polio vaccination (1 dose) Received pneumococcal vaccination (3 doses) Received rotavirus vaccination (3 doses) Received measles vaccination Received all basic vaccinations Height-for-age (-2SD) Weight-for-height (-2SD) Weight-for-age (-2SD) Prevalence of anaemia (children 6-59 months) Prevalence of anaemia (women 15-49) Body Mass Index (BMI) <18.5 Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥25 Has heard about HIV/AIDS Knows about condoms Knows about limiting partners
 Had 2+ sexual partners in past 12 months Condom use at last sex Had an HIV test and received results in past 12 months Abstinence among never-married youth (never had sex) Ever experienced any physical violence since age 15 Ever experienced any sexual violence Ever experienced any physical/sexual violence by husband/partner Physical/sexual violence in the last 12 months by husband/partner Total fertility rate (last 3 years) Neonatal mortality (last 0-9 years) Post-neonatal mortality (last 0-9 years) Infant mortality (last 0-9 years) Child mortality (last 0-9 years) Under-5 mortality (last 0-9 years) Number of Cases Confidence Limits Value (R) Standard error (SE) Un- weighted (N) Weighted (WN) Design effect (DEFT) Relative error (SE/R) Lower (R-2SE) Upper (R+2SE) WOMEN 977
526 526 670 670 670 670 670 670 670 670 670 977 972 978 919 1,543 1,402 1,402 4,943 4,943 4,943 4,943 109 4,943 1,294 2,414 2,414 na Continued… Appendix B • 383 Table B.3—Continued Variable Number of Cases Confidence Limits Value (R) Standard error (SE) Un- weighted (N) Weighted (WN)
 Design effect (DEFT) Relative error (SE/R) Lower (R-2SE) Upper (R+2SE) MEN Urban residence Literacy No education Secondary education or higher Never married (in union) Currently married (in union) Had first sexual intercourse before age 18 Want no more children Want to delay next birth at least 2 years Ideal number of children Had 2+ sexual partners in past 12 months Condom use at last sex Abstinence among never married youth (never had sex) Paid for sexual intercourse in past 12 months Had HIV test and received results in past 12 months Prevalence of anaemia (men 15-49) Prevalence of anaemia (men 50-59) Body Mass Index (BMI) <18.5 (men 15-49) Body Mass Index (BMI) <18.5 (men 50-59) Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥25 (men 15-49) Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥25 (men 50-59) Ever experienced any physical violence since age 15 Ever experienced any sexual violence Ever experienced any physical/sexual violence by wife/partner Physical/sexual violence in the last 12 months by wife/partner na 0.681
• Appendix B Table B.4 Sampling errors: Rural sample, Uganda DHS 2016 Variable Urban residence Literacy No education Secondary education or higher Never married (never in union) Currently married (in union) Married before age 20 Had sexual intercourse before age 18 Currently pregnant Children ever born Children surviving Children ever born to women age 40-49 Currently using any method Currently using a modern method Currently using pill Currently using IUD Currently using male condoms Currently using injectables Currently using implants Currently using female sterilisation Currently using rhythm Currently using withdrawal Used public sector source Want no more children Want to delay next birth at least 2 years Ideal number of children Mothers received antenatal care for last birth Mothers protected against tetanus for last birth Births with skilled attendant at delivery Had diarrhoea in the last 2 weeks Treated with ORS Sought medical treatment for diarrhoea Vaccination card seen Received BCG vaccination Received DPT-HepB-Hib vaccination (3 doses) Received polio vaccination (3 doses) Received inactivated polio vaccination (1 dose) Received pneumococcal vaccination (3 doses) Received rotavirus vaccination (3 doses) Received measles vaccination Received all basic vaccinations Height-for-age (-2SD) Weight-for-height (-2SD) Weight-for-age (-2SD) Prevalence of anaemia (children 6-59 months) Prevalence of anaemia (women 15-49) Body Mass Index (BMI) <18.5 Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥25 Has heard about HIV/AIDS Knows about condoms Knows about limiting partners Had 2+ sexual partners in past 12 months Condom use at last sex Had an HIV test and received results in past 12 months Abstinence among never-married youth (never had sex) Ever experienced any physical violence since age 15 Ever experienced any sexual violence Ever experienced any
 physical/sexual violence by husband/partner Physical/sexual violence in the last 12 months by husband/partner Total fertility rate (last 3 years) Neonatal mortality (last 0-9 years) Post-neonatal mortality (last 0-9 years) Infant mortality (last 0-9 years) Child mortality (last 0-9 years) Under-5 mortality (last 0-9 years) Number of Cases Confidence Limits Value (R) Standard error (SE) Un- weighted (N) Weighted (WN) Design effect (DEFT) Relative error (SE/R) Lower (R-2SE) Upper (R+2SE) WOMEN na 2.034 1.599 2.671 1.470 1.546 1.653 1.416 1.279 1.441 1.384 1.347 1.604 1.617 1.280 1.238 1.362 1.383
na Continued… Appendix B • 385 Table B.4—Continued Variable Number of Cases Confidence Limits Value (R) Standard error (SE) Un- weighted (N) Weighted (WN) Design effect (DEFT) Relative error (SE/R) Lower (R-2SE) Upper (R+2SE) Urban residence Literacy No education Secondary education or higher Never married (in union) Currently
 married (in union) Had first sexual intercourse before age 18 Want no more children Want to delay next birth at least 2 years Ideal number of children Had 2+ sexual partners in past 12 months Condom use at last sex Abstinence among never married youth (never had sex) Paid for sexual intercourse in past 12 months Had HIV test and received results in past 12 months Prevalence of anaemia (men 15-49) Prevalence of anaemia (men 50-59) Body Mass Index (BMI) <18.5 (men 15-49) Body Mass Index (BMI) <18.5 (men 50-59) Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥25 (men 15-49) Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥25 (men 50-59) Ever experienced any physical violence since age 15 Ever experienced any sexual violence Ever experienced any physical/sexual violence by wife/partner Physical/sexual violence in the last 12 months by wife/partner 0.000 0.764 0.046 0.335 0.403 0.541 0.434 0.299 0.460 5.596 0.203 0.189 0.484 0.033 0.438 0.187 0.248 0.158 0.227 0.061 0.094 0.522 0.082 0.256 0.167 MEN na 1.389 1.640 1.552 1.298 1.309 1.184 1.235 1.288 1.219 1.190 1.191 1.312 1.128 1.386 1.416 1.092 1.250 1.107 1.102 1.014 1.441 1.280 1.349 1.447 na • Appendix B
0.132 0.548 0.095 0.282 0.191 386 • Appendix B Table B.5 Sampling errors: Kampala sample, Uganda DHS 2016 Variable Urban residence Literacy No education Secondary education or higher Never married (never in union) Currently married (in union) Married before age 20 Had sexual intercourse before age 18 Currently pregnant Children ever born Children surviving Children ever born to women age 40-49 Currently using any method Currently using a modern method Currently using pill Currently using IUD Currently using male condoms Currently using injectables Currently using implants Currently using female sterilisation Currently using rhythm Currently using withdrawal Used public sector source Want no more children Want to delay next birth at least 2 years Ideal number of children Mothers received antenatal care for last birth Mothers protected against tetanus for last birth Births with skilled attendant at delivery Had diarrhoea in the last 2 weeks Treated with ORS Sought medical treatment for diarrhoea Vaccination card seen Received BCG vaccination Received DPT-HepB-Hib vaccination (3 doses) Received polio vaccination (3 doses) Received inactivated polio vaccination (1 dose) Received pneumococcal vaccination (3 doses) Received rotavirus vaccination (3 doses) Received measles vaccination Received all basic vaccinations Height-for-age (-2SD) Weight-for-height (-2SD) Weight-for-age (-2SD) Prevalence of anaemia (children 6-59 months) Prevalence of anaemia (women 15-49) Body Mass Index (BMI) <18.5 Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥25 Has heard about HIV/AIDS Knows about condoms Knows about limiting partners Had 2+ sexual partners in past 12 months Condom use at last sex Had an HIV test and received results in past 12 months Abstinence among never-married youth (never had sex) Ever experienced any physical violence since age 15 Ever experienced any sexual violence Ever experienced any physical/sexual violence by husband/partner Physical/sexual violence in the last 12 months by husband/partner Total fertility rate (last 3 years) Neonatal
 mortality (last 0-9 years) Post-neonatal mortality (last 0-9 years) Infant mortality (last 0-9 years) Child mortality (last 0-9 years) Under-5 mortality (last 0-9 years) Number of Cases Confidence Limits Value (R) Standard error (SE) Un- weighted (N) Weighted (WN) Design effect (DEFT) Relative error (SE/R) Lower (R-2SE) Upper (R+2SE) WOMEN na 0.362
Continued… Appendix B • 387 Table B.5—Continued Variable Number of Cases Confidence Limits Value (R) Standard error (SE) Un- weighted (N) Weighted (WN) Design effect (DEFT) Relative error (SE/R) Lower (R-2SE) Upper (R+2SE) Urban residence Literacy No education Secondary education or higher Never married (in union) Currently married (in union) Had first sexual intercourse before age 18 Want no more children Want to delay next birth at least 2 years Ideal number of children Had 2+ sexual partners in past 12 months Condom use at last sex Abstinence among never married youth (never had sex) Paid for sexual intercourse in past 12 months Had HIV test and received results in past 12 months Prevalence
 of anaemia (men 15-49) Prevalence of anaemia (men 50-59) Body Mass Index (BMI) <18.5 (men 15-49) Body Mass Index (BMI) <18.5 (men 50-59) Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥25 (men 15-49) Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥25 (men 50-59) Ever experienced any physical violence since age 15 Ever experienced any sexual violence Ever experienced any physical/sexual violence by wife/partner Physical/sexual violence in the last 12 months by wife/partner 1.000 0.928 0.005 0.707 0.541 0.388 0.391 0.280 0.364 4.851 0.217 0.567 0.263 0.026 0.562 0.053 0.285 0.049 0.000 0.200 0.255 0.498 0.095 0.259 0.162 MEN na 1.364 0.931 1.662 1.266 1.240 1.091 1.288 1.122 1.167 1.501 1.026 1.012 0.943 1.438 1.002 1.100 1.028 na 1.168 1.103 1.647 1.294 1.526 1.956 0.000 0.021 0.716 0.058 0.063 0.085 0.080 0.182 0.131 0.035 0.155 0.115 0.150 0.314 0.069 0.250 0.663 0.257 na • Appendix B Table B.6 Sampling errors: South Central sample, Uganda DHS 2016 Variable Urban residence Literacy No education Secondary education or higher Never married (never in union) Currently married (in union) Married before age 20 Had sexual intercourse before age 18 Currently pregnant Children ever born Children surviving Children ever born to women age 40-49 Currently using any method Currently using a modern method Currently using pill Currently using IUD Currently using
 male condoms Currently using injectables Currently using implants Currently using female sterilisation Currently using rhythm Currently using withdrawal Used public sector source Want no more children Want to delay next birth at least 2 years Ideal number of children Mothers received antenatal care for last birth Mothers protected against tetanus for last birth Births with skilled attendant at delivery Had diarrhoea in the last 2 weeks Treated with ORS Sought medical treatment for diarrhoea Vaccination card seen Received BCG vaccination Received DPT-HepB-Hib vaccination (3 doses) Received polio vaccination (3 doses) Received inactivated polio vaccination (1 dose) Received pneumococcal vaccination (3 doses) Received rotavirus vaccination (3 doses) Received measles vaccination Received all basic vaccinations Height-for-age (-2SD) Weight-for-height (-2SD) Weight-for-age (-2SD) Prevalence of anaemia (children 6-59 months) Prevalence of anaemia (women 15-49) Body Mass Index (BMI) <18.5 Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥25 Has heard about HIV/AIDS Knows about condoms Knows about limiting partners Had 2+ sexual partners in past 12 months Condom use at last sex Had an HIV test and received results in past 12 months Abstinence among never-married youth (never had sex) Ever experienced any physical violence since age 15 Ever experienced any sexual violence Ever experienced any physical/sexual violence by husband/partner Physical/sexual violence in the last 12 months by husband/partner Total fertility rate (last 3 years) Neonatal mortality (last 0-9 years) Post-neonatal mortality (last 0-9 years) Infant mortality (last 0-9 years) Child mortality (last 0-9 years) Under-5 mortality (last 0-9 years) Number of Cases Confidence Limits Value (R) Standard error (SE) Un- weighted (N) Weighted (WN) Design effect (DEFT) Relative error (SE/R) Lower (R-2SE) Upper (R+2SE) WOMEN 0.416 0.832 0.046 0.529 0.291 0.557 0.490 0.546 0.085 2.661 2.413 6.386 0.467 0.404 0.027 0.030 0.031 0.198 0.058 0.028
0.411
Continued… Appendix B • 389 Table B.6—Continued Variable Number of Cases Confidence Limits Value (R) Standard error (SE) Un- weighted (N) Weighted (WN) Design effect (DEFT) Relative error (SE/R) Lower (R-2SE) Upper (R+2SE) Urban residence Literacy No education Secondary education or higher Never married (in union) Currently married (in union) Had first sexual intercourse before age 18 Want no more children Want to delay next birth at least 2 years Ideal number of children Had 2+ sexual partners in past 12 months Condom use at last sex Abstinence among never married youth (never had sex) Paid for sexual intercourse in past 12 months Had HIV test and received results in past 12 months Prevalence of anaemia (men 15-49) Prevalence of anaemia (men 50-59) Body Mass Index (BMI) <18.5 (men 15-49) Body Mass Index (BMI) <18.5 (men 50-59) Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥25 (men 15-49) Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥25 (men 50-59) Ever experienced any physical violence since age 15 Ever experienced any sexual violence Ever experienced any physical/sexual violence by wife/partner Physical/sexual violence in the last 12
 months by wife/partner 0.369 0.769 0.034 0.516 0.426 0.506 0.393 0.219 0.499 5.640 0.160 0.164 0.394 0.047 0.490 0.101 0.242 0.081 0.113 0.143 0.138 0.494 0.125 0.209 0.157 MEN • Appendix B Table B.7 Sampling errors: North Central sample, Uganda DHS 2016 Variable Urban residence Literacy No education Secondary education or higher Never married (never in union) Currently married (in union) Married before age 20 Had sexual intercourse before age 18 Currently pregnant Children ever born Children surviving Children ever born to women age 40-49 Currently using any method Currently using a modern method Currently using pill Currently using IUD Currently using male condoms Currently using injectables Currently using implants Currently using female sterilisation Currently using rhythm Currently using withdrawal Used public sector source Want no more children Want to delay next birth at least 2 years Ideal number of children Mothers received antenatal care for last birth Mothers protected against tetanus for last birth Births with skilled attendant at
 delivery Had diarrhoea in the last 2 weeks Treated with ORS Sought medical treatment for diarrhoea Vaccination card seen Received BCG vaccination Received DPT-HepB-Hib vaccination (3 doses) Received polio vaccination (3 doses) Received inactivated polio vaccination (1 dose) Received pneumococcal vaccination (3 doses) Received rotavirus vaccination (3 doses) Received measles vaccination Received all basic vaccinations Height-for-age (-2SD) Weight-for-height (-2SD) Weight-for-age (-2SD) Prevalence of anaemia (children 6-59 months) Prevalence of anaemia (women 15-49) Body Mass Index (BMI) <18.5 Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥25 Has heard about HIV/AIDS Knows about condoms Knows about limiting partners Had 2+ sexual partners in past 12 months Condom use at last sex Had an HIV test and received results in past 12 months Abstinence among never-married youth (never had sex) Ever experienced any physical violence since age 15 Ever experienced any sexual violence Ever experienced any physical/sexual violence by husband/partner Physical/sexual violence in the last 12 months by husband/partner Total fertility rate (last 3 years) Neonatal mortality (last 0-9 years) Post-neonatal mortality (last 0-9 years) Infant mortality (last 0-9 years) Child mortality (last 0-9 years) Under-5 mortality (last 0-9 years) Number of Cases Confidence Limits Value (R) Standard error (SE) Un- weighted (N) Weighted (WN) Design effect (DEFT) Relative error (SE/R) Lower (R-2SE) Upper (R+2SE) WOMEN 0.030
0.532
Continued… Appendix B • 391 Table B.7—Continued Variable Number of Cases Confidence Limits Value (R) Standard error (SE) Un- weighted (N) Weighted (WN) Design effect (DEFT) Relative error (SE/R) Lower (R-2SE) Upper (R+2SE) Urban residence Literacy No education Secondary education or higher Never married (in union) Currently married (in union) Had first sexual intercourse before age 18 Want no more children Want to delay next birth at least 2 years Ideal number of children Had 2+ sexual partners in past 12 months Condom use at last sex Abstinence among never married youth (never had sex) Paid for sexual intercourse in past 12 months Had HIV test and received results in past 12 months Prevalence of anaemia (men 15-49) Prevalence of anaemia (men 50-59) Body Mass Index (BMI) <18.5 (men 15-49) Body Mass Index (BMI) <18.5 (men 50-59) Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥25 (men 15-49) Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥25 (men 50-59) Ever experienced any physical violence since age 15 Ever experienced any sexual violence Ever experienced any physical/sexual violence by wife/partner Physical/sexual violence in the last 12 months by wife/partner 0.263 0.750 0.062 0.403 0.470 0.451 0.444 0.254 0.466 5.491 0.251 0.239 0.456 0.058 0.401 0.144 0.273 0.078 0.080 0.124 0.198 0.502 0.099 0.261 0.163 MEN 431
• Appendix B Table B.8 Sampling errors: Busoga sample, Uganda DHS 2016 Variable Urban residence Literacy No education Secondary education or higher Never married (never in union) Currently married (in union) Married before age 20 Had sexual intercourse before age 18 Currently pregnant Children ever born Children surviving Children ever born to women age 40-49 Currently using any method Currently using a modern method Currently using pill Currently using IUD Currently using male condoms Currently using injectables Currently using implants Currently using female sterilisation Currently using rhythm Currently using withdrawal Used public sector source Want no more children Want to delay next birth at least 2 years Ideal number of children Mothers received antenatal care for last birth Mothers protected against tetanus for last birth Births with skilled attendant at delivery Had diarrhoea in the last 2 weeks Treated with ORS Sought medical treatment for diarrhoea Vaccination card seen Received BCG vaccination Received DPT-HepB-Hib vaccination (3 doses) Received polio vaccination (3 doses) Received inactivated polio vaccination (1 dose) Received pneumococcal vaccination (3 doses) Received rotavirus vaccination (3 doses) Received measles vaccination Received all
 basic vaccinations Height-for-age (-2SD) Weight-for-height (-2SD) Weight-for-age (-2SD) Prevalence of anaemia (children 6-59 months) Prevalence of anaemia (women 15-49) Body Mass Index (BMI) <18.5 Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥25 Has heard about HIV/AIDS Knows about condoms Knows about limiting partners Had 2+ sexual partners in past 12 months Condom use at last sex Had an HIV test and received results in past 12 months Abstinence among never-married youth (never had sex) Ever experienced any physical violence since age 15 Ever experienced any sexual violence Ever experienced any physical/sexual violence by husband/partner Physical/sexual violence in the last 12 months by husband/partner Total fertility rate (last 3 years) Neonatal mortality (last 0-9 years) Post-neonatal mortality (last 0-9 years) Infant mortality (last 0-9 years) Child mortality (last 0-9 years) Under-5 mortality (last 0-9 years) Number of Cases Confidence Limits Value (R) Standard error (SE) Un- weighted (N) Weighted (WN) Design effect (DEFT) Relative error (SE/R) Lower (R-2SE) Upper (R+2SE) WOMEN 1,530
5.241
0.068 0.154 0.153 0.108 0.110 0.077 0.187 5.241 19.528 17.335 41.731 25.602 71.376 0.316 6.888 36.950 32.644 64.726 40.081 97.268 Continued… Appendix B • 393 Table B.8—Continued Variable Number of Cases Confidence Limits Value (R) Standard error (SE) Un- weighted (N) Weighted (WN) Design effect (DEFT) Relative error (SE/R) Lower (R-2SE) Upper (R+2SE) Urban residence Literacy No education Secondary education or higher Never married (in union) Currently married (in union) Had first sexual intercourse before age 18 Want no more children Want to delay next birth at least 2 years Ideal number of children Had 2+ sexual partners in past 12 months Condom use at last sex Abstinence among never married youth (never had sex) Paid for sexual intercourse in past 12 months Had HIV test and received results in past 12 months Prevalence of anaemia (men 15-49) Prevalence of anaemia (men 50-59) Body Mass Index (BMI) <18.5 (men 15-49) Body Mass Index (BMI) <18.5 (men 50-59) Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥25 (men 15-49) Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥25 (men 50-59) Ever experienced any physical violence since age 15 Ever experienced any sexual violence Ever experienced any physical/sexual violence by wife/partner Physical/sexual violence in the last 12 months by wife/partner 0.133 0.815 0.073 0.474 0.420 0.555 0.515 0.244 0.565 5.928 0.216 0.195 0.404 0.017 0.346 0.174 0.073 0.085 0.166 0.082 0.130 0.529 0.092 0.314 0.279 MEN 0.238
• Appendix B Table B.9 Sampling errors: Bukedi sample, Uganda DHS 2016 Variable Urban residence Literacy No education Secondary education or higher Never married (never in union) Currently married (in union) Married before age 20 Had sexual intercourse before age 18 Currently pregnant Children ever born Children surviving Children ever born to women age 40-49 Currently using any method Currently using a modern method Currently using pill Currently using IUD Currently using male condoms Currently using injectables Currently using implants Currently using female sterilisation Currently using rhythm Currently using withdrawal Used public sector source Want no more children Want to delay next birth at least 2 years Ideal number of children Mothers received antenatal care for last birth Mothers protected against tetanus for last birth Births with skilled attendant at delivery Had diarrhoea in the last 2 weeks Treated with ORS Sought medical treatment for diarrhoea Vaccination card seen Received BCG vaccination Received DPT-HepB-Hib vaccination (3 doses) Received polio vaccination (3 doses) Received inactivated polio vaccination (1 dose) Received pneumococcal vaccination (3 doses) Received rotavirus vaccination (3 doses) Received measles vaccination Received all basic vaccinations Height-for-age (-2SD) Weight-for-height (-2SD) Weight-for-age (-2SD) Prevalence of anaemia (children 6-59 months) Prevalence of anaemia (women 15-49) Body Mass Index (BMI) <18.5 Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥25 Has heard about HIV/AIDS Knows about condoms Knows about limiting partners Had 2+ sexual partners in past 12 months Condom use at last sex Had an HIV test and received results in past
 12 months Abstinence among never-married youth (never had sex) Ever experienced any physical violence since age 15 Ever experienced any sexual violence Ever experienced any physical/sexual violence by husband/partner Physical/sexual violence in the last 12 months by husband/partner Total fertility rate (last 3 years) Neonatal mortality (last 0-9 years) Post-neonatal mortality (last 0-9 years) Infant mortality (last 0-9 years) Child mortality (last 0-9 years) Under-5 mortality (last 0-9 years) Number of Cases Confidence Limits Value (R) Standard error (SE) Un- weighted (N) Weighted (WN) Design effect (DEFT) Relative error (SE/R) Lower (R-2SE) Upper (R+2SE) WOMEN 1.264
1.223 1.175 0.997 0.958 0.874 1.088 1.273 1.264 0.782 0.870 1.394 1.227 1.307 1.655 1.025 1.468 1.787 1.095 0.931 1.053 0.889 0.895 1.078 0.959 1.097 1.037 na na Continued… Appendix B • 395 Table B.9—Continued Variable Number of Cases Confidence Limits Value (R) Standard error (SE) Un- weighted (N) Weighted (WN) Design effect (DEFT) Relative error (SE/R) Lower (R-2SE) Upper (R+2SE) Urban residence Literacy No education Secondary education or higher Never married (in union) Currently married (in union) Had first sexual
 intercourse before age 18 Want no more children Want to delay next birth at least 2 years Ideal number of children Had 2+ sexual partners in past 12 months Condom use at last sex Abstinence among never married youth (never had sex) Paid for sexual intercourse in past 12 months Had HIV test and received results in past 12 months Prevalence of anaemia (men 15-49) Prevalence of anaemia (men 50-59) Body Mass Index (BMI) <18.5 (men 15-49) Body Mass Index (BMI) <18.5 (men 50-59) Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥25 (men 15-49) Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥25 (men 50-59) Ever experienced any physical violence since age 15 Ever experienced any sexual violence Ever experienced any physical/sexual violence by wife/partner Physical/sexual violence in the last 12 months by wife/partner 0.134 0.754 0.035 0.332 0.364 0.606 0.385 0.431 0.310 5.656 0.111 0.026 0.673 0.026 0.338 0.098 0.336 0.195 0.184 0.040 0.114 0.636 0.064 0.166 0.073 MEN • Appendix B Table B.10 Sampling errors: Bugisu sample, Uganda DHS 2016 Variable Urban residence Literacy No education Secondary
 education or higher Never married (never in union) Currently married (in union) Married before age 20 Had sexual intercourse before age 18 Currently pregnant Children ever born Children surviving Children ever born to women age 40-49 Currently using any method Currently using a modern method Currently using pill Currently using IUD Currently using male condoms Currently using injectables Currently using implants Currently using female sterilisation Currently using rhythm Currently using withdrawal Used public sector source Want no more children Want to delay next birth at least 2 years Ideal number of children Mothers received antenatal care for last birth Mothers protected against tetanus for last birth Births with skilled attendant at delivery Had diarrhoea in the last 2 weeks Treated with ORS Sought medical treatment for diarrhoea Vaccination card seen Received BCG vaccination Received DPT-HepB-Hib vaccination (3 doses) Received polio vaccination (3 doses) Received inactivated polio vaccination (1 dose) Received pneumococcal vaccination (3 doses) Received rotavirus vaccination (3 doses) Received measles vaccination Received all basic vaccinations Height-for-age (-2SD) Weight-for-height (-2SD) Weight-for-age (-2SD) Prevalence of anaemia (children 6-59 months) Prevalence of anaemia (women 15-49) Body Mass Index (BMI) <18.5 Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥25 Has heard about HIV/AIDS Knows about condoms Knows about limiting partners Had 2+ sexual partners in past 12 months Condom use at last sex Had an HIV test and received results in past 12 months Abstinence among never-married youth (never had sex) Ever experienced any physical violence since age 15 Ever experienced any sexual violence Ever experienced any physical/sexual violence by husband/partner Physical/sexual violence in the last 12 months by husband/partner Total fertility rate (last 3 years) Neonatal mortality (last 0-9 years) Post-neonatal mortality (last 0-9 years) Infant mortality (last 0-9 years) Child
 mortality (last 0-9 years) Under-5 mortality (last 0-9 years) Number of Cases Confidence Limits Value (R) Standard error (SE) Un- weighted (N) Weighted (WN) Design effect (DEFT) Relative error (SE/R) Lower (R-2SE) Upper (R+2SE) WOMEN 0.079
Continued… Appendix B • 397 Table B.10—Continued Variable Number of Cases Confidence Limits Value (R) Standard error (SE) Un- weighted (N) Weighted (WN) Design effect (DEFT) Relative error (SE/R) Lower (R-2SE) Upper (R+2SE) Urban residence Literacy No education Secondary education or higher Never married (in union) Currently married (in union) Had first sexual intercourse before age 18 Want no more children Want to delay next birth at least 2 years Ideal number of children Had 2+ sexual partners in past 12 months Condom use at last sex Abstinence among never married youth (never had sex) Paid for sexual intercourse in past 12 months Had HIV test and received results in past 12 months Prevalence of anaemia (men 15-49) Prevalence of anaemia (men 50-59) Body Mass Index (BMI) <18.5 (men 15-49) Body Mass Index (BMI) <18.5 (men 50-59) Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥25
 (men 15-49) Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥25 (men 50-59) Ever experienced any physical violence since age 15 Ever experienced any sexual violence Ever experienced any physical/sexual violence by wife/partner Physical/sexual violence in the last 12 months by wife/partner 0.211 0.723 0.012 0.400 0.337 0.601 0.658 0.253 0.569 5.029 0.235 0.278 0.426 0.033 0.411 0.140 0.217 0.125 0.305 0.076 0.000 0.307 0.044 0.226 0.154 MEN na 1.193 1.698 1.260 1.657 0.143 0.044 0.709 0.112 0.092 0.058 0.063 0.162 0.072 0.030 0.128 0.199 0.192 0.407 0.075 0.185 0.532 0.180 0.541 0.327 na • Appendix B Table B.11 Sampling errors: Teso sample, Uganda DHS 2016 Variable Urban residence Literacy No education Secondary education or higher Never married (never in union) Currently married (in union) Married before age 20 Had sexual intercourse before age 18 Currently pregnant Children ever born Children surviving Children ever born to women age 40-49 Currently using any method Currently using a modern method Currently using pill Currently using IUD Currently using male condoms Currently using injectables Currently using implants Currently using female sterilisation Currently using rhythm Currently using withdrawal Used public
 sector source Want no more children Want to delay next birth at least 2 years Ideal number of children Mothers received antenatal care for last birth Mothers protected against tetanus for last birth Births with skilled attendant at delivery Had diarrhoea in the last 2 weeks Treated with ORS Sought medical treatment for diarrhoea Vaccination card seen Received BCG vaccination Received DPT-HepB-Hib vaccination (3 doses) Received polio vaccination (3 doses) Received inactivated polio vaccination (1 dose) Received pneumococcal vaccination (3 doses) Received rotavirus vaccination (3 doses) Received measles vaccination Received all basic vaccinations Height-for-age (-2SD) Weight-for-height (-2SD) Weight-for-age (-2SD) Prevalence of anaemia (children 6-59 months) Prevalence of anaemia (women 15-49) Body Mass Index (BMI) <18.5 Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥25 Has heard about HIV/AIDS Knows about condoms Knows about limiting partners Had 2+ sexual partners in past 12 months Condom use at last sex Had an HIV test and received results in past 12 months Abstinence among never-married youth (never had sex) Ever experienced any physical violence since age 15 Ever experienced any sexual violence Ever experienced any physical/sexual violence by husband/partner Physical/sexual violence in the last 12 months by husband/partner Total fertility rate (last 3 years) Neonatal mortality (last 0-9 years) Post-neonatal mortality (last 0-9 years) Infant mortality (last 0-9 years) Child mortality (last 0-9 years) Under-5 mortality (last 0-9 years) Number of Cases Confidence Limits Value (R) Standard error (SE) Un- weighted (N) Weighted (WN) Design effect (DEFT) Relative error (SE/R) Lower (R-2SE) Upper (R+2SE) WOMEN 0.159
3.317
Continued… Appendix B • 399 Table B.11—Continued Variable Number of Cases Confidence Limits Value (R) Standard error (SE) Un- weighted (N) Weighted (WN) Design effect (DEFT) Relative error (SE/R) Lower (R-2SE) Upper (R+2SE) Urban residence Literacy No education Secondary education or higher Never married (in union) Currently married (in union) Had first sexual intercourse before age 18 Want no more children Want to delay next birth at least 2 years Ideal number of children Had 2+ sexual partners in past 12 months Condom use at last sex Abstinence among never married youth (never had sex) Paid for sexual intercourse in past 12 months Had HIV test and received results in past 12 months Prevalence of anaemia (men 15-49) Prevalence of anaemia (men 50-59) Body Mass Index (BMI) <18.5 (men 15-49) Body Mass Index (BMI) <18.5 (men 50-59) Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥25 (men 15-49) Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥25 (men 50-59) Ever experienced any physical violence since age 15 Ever experienced any sexual violence Ever experienced any physical/sexual violence by wife/partner Physical/sexual violence in the last 12 months by wife/partner 0.111 0.855 0.006 0.378 0.365 0.604 0.405 0.232 0.490 5.218 0.168 0.219 0.472 0.032 0.591 0.122 0.214 0.208 0.396 0.059 0.000 0.728 0.108 0.429 0.262 MEN 0.029 0.024 0.004 0.042 0.027 0.028 0.041
MEN na 1.153 1.280 1.133 1.216 0.264 0.029 0.693 0.110 0.074 0.046 0.101 0.114 0.073 0.031 0.138 0.243 0.114 0.339 0.051 0.195 0.421 0.140 0.263 0.340 na • Appendix B Table B.12 Sampling errors: Karamoja sample, Uganda DHS 2016 Variable Urban residence Literacy No education Secondary education or higher Never married (never in union) Currently married (in union) Married before age 20 Had sexual intercourse before age 18 Currently pregnant Children ever born Children surviving Children ever born to women age 40-49 Currently using any method Currently using a modern method Currently using pill Currently using IUD Currently using male condoms Currently using injectables Currently using implants Currently using female sterilisation Currently using rhythm Currently using withdrawal Used public sector source Want no more children Want to delay next birth at least 2 years Ideal number of children Mothers received antenatal care for last birth Mothers protected against tetanus for last birth Births with skilled attendant at delivery Had diarrhoea in the last 2 weeks Treated with ORS Sought medical treatment for diarrhoea Vaccination card seen Received BCG vaccination Received DPT-HepB-Hib vaccination (3 doses) Received polio vaccination (3 doses)
 Received inactivated polio vaccination (1 dose) Received pneumococcal vaccination (3 doses) Received rotavirus vaccination (3 doses) Received measles vaccination Received all basic vaccinations Height-for-age (-2SD) Weight-for-height (-2SD) Weight-for-age (-2SD) Prevalence of anaemia (children 6-59 months) Prevalence of anaemia (women 15-49) Body Mass Index (BMI) <18.5 Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥25 Has heard about HIV/AIDS Knows about condoms Knows about limiting partners Had 2+ sexual partners in past 12 months Condom use at last sex Had an HIV test and received results in past 12 months Abstinence among never-married youth (never had sex) Ever experienced any physical violence since age 15 Ever experienced any sexual violence Ever experienced any physical/sexual violence by husband/partner Physical/sexual violence in the last 12 months by husband/partner Total fertility rate (last 3 years) Neonatal mortality (last 0-9 years) Post-neonatal mortality (last 0-9 years) Infant mortality (last 0-9 years) Child mortality (last 0-9 years) Under-5 mortality (last 0-9 years) Number of Cases Confidence Limits Value (R) Standard error (SE) Un- weighted (N) Weighted (WN) Design effect (DEFT) Relative error (SE/R) Lower (R-2SE) Upper (R+2SE) WOMEN na 0.024 0.032 0.037 0.021 741 741 741 741 741 741 576 576 741 741 741 90 531 531 531 531 531
na na 1.307 0.975 1.483 1.253 0.330 0.247 0.088 0.311 0.101 0.033 0.051 0.110 0.106 0.037 0.040 0.030 0.326 0.343 na na na 0.124
1.105 1.071 0.976 0.082 0.053 0.275 0.124 0.124 0.192 0.092 0.338 7.080 13.504 31.485 54.100 19.868 82.998 0.472 8.759 46.602 52.213 89.704 44.609 120.647 Continued… Appendix B • 401 Table B.12—Continued Variable Number of Cases Confidence Limits Value (R) Standard error (SE) Un- weighted (N) Weighted (WN) Design effect (DEFT) Relative error (SE/R) Lower (R-2SE) Upper (R+2SE) Urban residence Literacy No education Secondary education or higher Never married (in union) Currently married (in union) Had first sexual intercourse before age 18 Want no more children Want to delay next birth at least 2 years Ideal number of children Had 2+ sexual partners in past 12 months Condom use at last sex Abstinence among never married youth (never had sex) Paid for sexual intercourse in past 12 months Had HIV test and received results in past 12 months Prevalence of anaemia (men 15-49) Prevalence of anaemia (men 50-59) Body Mass Index (BMI) <18.5 (men 15-49) Body Mass Index (BMI) <18.5 (men 50-59) Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥25 (men 15-49) Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥25 (men 50-59) Ever experienced any physical violence since age 15 Ever experienced any sexual violence Ever experienced any physical/sexual violence by wife/partner Physical/sexual violence in the last 12 months by wife/partner 0.055 0.544 0.395 0.228 0.366 0.607 0.212 0.115 0.592 10.389 0.130 0.000 0.855 0.003 0.243 0.240 0.382 0.337 0.591 0.020 0.000 0.478 0.003 0.284 0.257 MEN na 1.336 0.664 1.525 1.057 1.015 1.337 1.052 0.947 na 0.857 0.607 1.155 1.246 0.251 0.134 0.155 0.204 0.127 0.091 0.189 0.318 0.053 0.128 0.222 na 0.076 1.024 0.220 0.153 0.649 0.153 0.443 0.534 na 0.079 1.023 0.197 0.228 0.027
0.443 0.534 na • Appendix B Table B.13 Sampling errors: Lango sample, Uganda DHS 2016 Variable Urban residence Literacy No education Secondary education or higher Never married (never in union) Currently married (in union) Married before age 20 Had sexual intercourse before age 18 Currently pregnant Children ever born Children surviving Children ever born to women age 40-49 Currently using any method Currently using a modern method Currently using pill Currently using IUD Currently using male condoms Currently using injectables Currently using implants Currently using female sterilisation Currently using rhythm Currently using withdrawal Used public sector source Want no more children Want to delay next birth at least 2 years Ideal number of children Mothers received antenatal care for last birth Mothers protected against tetanus for last birth Births with skilled attendant at delivery Had diarrhoea in the last 2 weeks Treated with ORS Sought medical treatment for diarrhoea Vaccination card seen Received BCG vaccination Received DPT-HepB-Hib vaccination (3 doses) Received polio vaccination (3 doses) Received inactivated polio vaccination (1 dose) Received pneumococcal vaccination (3 doses) Received rotavirus vaccination (3 doses) Received measles vaccination Received all basic vaccinations Height-for-age (-2SD) Weight-for-height (-2SD) Weight-for-age (-2SD) Prevalence of anaemia (children 6-59 months) Prevalence of anaemia (women 15-49) Body Mass Index (BMI) <18.5 Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥25 Has heard about HIV/AIDS Knows about condoms Knows about limiting partners Had 2+ sexual partners in past 12 months Condom use at last sex Had an HIV test and received results in past 12 months
 Abstinence among never-married youth (never had sex) Ever experienced any physical violence since age 15 Ever experienced any sexual violence Ever experienced any physical/sexual violence by husband/partner Physical/sexual violence in the last 12 months by husband/partner Total fertility rate (last 3 years) Neonatal mortality (last 0-9 years) Post-neonatal mortality (last 0-9 years) Infant mortality (last 0-9 years) Child mortality (last 0-9 years) Under-5 mortality (last 0-9 years) Number of Cases Confidence Limits Value (R) Standard error (SE) Un- weighted (N) Weighted (WN) Design effect (DEFT) Relative error (SE/R) Lower (R-2SE) Upper (R+2SE) WOMEN 0.902
Continued… Appendix B • 403 Table B.13—Continued Variable Number of Cases Confidence Limits Value (R) Standard error (SE) Un- weighted (N) Weighted (WN) Design effect (DEFT) Relative error (SE/R) Lower (R-2SE) Upper (R+2SE) Urban residence Literacy No education Secondary education or higher Never married (in union) Currently married (in union) Had first sexual intercourse before
 age 18 Want no more children Want to delay next birth at least 2 years Ideal number of children Had 2+ sexual partners in past 12 months Condom use at last sex Abstinence among never married youth (never had sex) Paid for sexual intercourse in past 12 months Had HIV test and received results in past 12 months Prevalence of anaemia (men 15-49) Prevalence of anaemia (men 50-59) Body Mass Index (BMI) <18.5 (men 15-49) Body Mass Index (BMI) <18.5 (men 50-59) Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥25 (men 15-49) Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥25 (men 50-59) Ever experienced any physical violence since age 15 Ever experienced any sexual violence Ever experienced any physical/sexual violence by wife/partner Physical/sexual violence in the last 12 months by wife/partner 0.091 0.818 0.008 0.294 0.415 0.558 0.413 0.335 0.417 4.598 0.185 0.169 0.455 0.011 0.466 0.272 0.468 0.209 0.612 0.029 0.072 0.492 0.043 0.182 0.113 MEN • Appendix B Table B.14 Sampling errors: Acholi sample, Uganda DHS 2016 Variable Urban residence Literacy No education Secondary education or higher
 Never married (never in union) Currently married (in union) Married before age 20 Had sexual intercourse before age 18 Currently pregnant Children ever born Children surviving Children ever born to women age 40-49 Currently using any method Currently using a modern method Currently using pill Currently using IUD Currently using male condoms Currently using injectables Currently using implants Currently using female sterilisation Currently using rhythm Currently using withdrawal Used public sector source Want no more children Want to delay next birth at least 2 years Ideal number of children Mothers received antenatal care for last birth Mothers protected against tetanus for last birth Births with skilled attendant at delivery Had diarrhoea in the last 2 weeks Treated with ORS Sought medical treatment for diarrhoea Vaccination card seen Received BCG vaccination Received DPT-HepB-Hib vaccination (3 doses) Received polio vaccination (3 doses) Received inactivated polio vaccination (1 dose) Received pneumococcal vaccination (3 doses) Received rotavirus vaccination (3 doses) Received measles vaccination Received all basic vaccinations Height-for-age (-2SD) Weight-for-height (-2SD) Weight-for-age (-2SD) Prevalence of anaemia (children 6-59 months) Prevalence of anaemia (women 15-49) Body Mass Index (BMI) <18.5 Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥25 Has heard about HIV/AIDS Knows about condoms Knows about limiting partners Had 2+ sexual partners in past 12 months Condom use at last sex Had an HIV test and received results in past 12 months Abstinence among never-married youth (never had sex) Ever experienced any physical violence since age 15 Ever experienced any sexual violence Ever experienced any physical/sexual violence by husband/partner Physical/sexual violence in the last 12 months by husband/partner Total fertility rate (last 3 years) Neonatal mortality (last 0-9 years) Post-neonatal mortality (last 0-9 years) Infant mortality (last 0-9 years) Child mortality (last 0-9 years)
 Under-5 mortality (last 0-9 years) Number of Cases Confidence Limits Value (R) Standard error (SE) Un- weighted (N) Weighted (WN) Design effect (DEFT) Relative error (SE/R) Lower (R-2SE) Upper (R+2SE) WOMEN 0.197
Continued… Appendix B • 405 Table B.14—Continued Variable Number of Cases Confidence Limits Value (R) Standard error (SE) Un- weighted (N) Weighted (WN) Design effect (DEFT) Relative error (SE/R) Lower (R-2SE) Upper (R+2SE) Urban residence Literacy No education Secondary education or higher Never married (in union) Currently married (in union) Had first sexual intercourse before age 18 Want no more children Want to delay next birth at least 2 years Ideal number of children Had 2+ sexual partners in past 12 months Condom use at last sex Abstinence among never married youth (never had sex) Paid for sexual intercourse in past 12 months Had HIV test and received results in past 12 months Prevalence of anaemia (men 15-49) Prevalence of anaemia (men 50-59) Body Mass Index (BMI) <18.5 (men 15-49) Body Mass Index (BMI) <18.5 (men 50-59) Body Mass Index (BMI)
 ≥25 (men 15-49) Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥25 (men 50-59) Ever experienced any physical violence since age 15 Ever experienced any sexual violence Ever experienced any physical/sexual violence by wife/partner Physical/sexual violence in the last 12 months by wife/partner 0.223 0.870 0.003 0.468 0.383 0.571 0.527 0.246 0.483 5.328 0.262 0.284 0.498 0.006 0.637 0.324 0.283 0.239 0.107 0.034 0.000 0.666 0.075 0.210 0.157 MEN na 1.459 1.301 1.473 1.507 0.140 0.020 0.713 0.082 0.115 0.067 0.065 0.162 0.084 0.038 0.093 0.166 0.121 0.713 0.041 0.153 0.333 0.144 0.614 0.304 na • Appendix B Table B.15 Sampling errors: West Nile sample, Uganda DHS 2016 Variable Urban residence Literacy No education Secondary education or higher Never married (never in union) Currently married (in union) Married before age 20 Had sexual intercourse before age 18 Currently pregnant Children ever born Children surviving Children ever born to women age 40-49 Currently using any method Currently using a modern method Currently using pill Currently using IUD Currently using male condoms Currently using injectables Currently using implants Currently using female sterilisation Currently using rhythm Currently using withdrawal Used
 public sector source Want no more children Want to delay next birth at least 2 years Ideal number of children Mothers received antenatal care for last birth Mothers protected against tetanus for last birth Births with skilled attendant at delivery Had diarrhoea in the last 2 weeks Treated with ORS Sought medical treatment for diarrhoea Vaccination card seen Received BCG vaccination Received DPT-HepB-Hib vaccination (3 doses) Received polio vaccination (3 doses) Received inactivated polio vaccination (1 dose) Received pneumococcal vaccination (3 doses) Received rotavirus vaccination (3 doses) Received measles vaccination Received all basic vaccinations Height-for-age (-2SD) Weight-for-height (-2SD) Weight-for-age (-2SD) Prevalence of anaemia (children 6-59 months) Prevalence of anaemia (women 15-49) Body Mass Index (BMI) <18.5 Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥25 Has heard about HIV/AIDS Knows about condoms Knows about limiting partners Had 2+ sexual partners in past 12 months Condom use at last sex Had an HIV test and received results in past 12 months Abstinence among never-married youth (never had sex) Ever experienced any physical violence since age 15 Ever experienced any sexual violence Ever experienced any physical/sexual violence by husband/partner Physical/sexual violence in the last 12 months by husband/partner Total fertility rate (last 3 years) Neonatal mortality (last 0-9 years) Post-neonatal mortality (last 0-9 years) Infant mortality (last 0-9 years) Child mortality (last 0-9 years) Under-5 mortality (last 0-9 years) Number of Cases Confidence Limits Value (R) Standard error (SE) Un- weighted (N) Weighted (WN) Design effect (DEFT) Relative error (SE/R) Lower (R-2SE) Upper (R+2SE) WOMEN 0.165
0.711
Continued… Appendix B • 407 Table B.15—Continued Variable Number of Cases Confidence Limits Value (R) Standard error (SE) Un- weighted (N) Weighted (WN) Design effect (DEFT) Relative error (SE/R) Lower (R-2SE) Upper (R+2SE) Urban residence Literacy No education Secondary education or higher Never married (in union) Currently married (in union) Had first sexual intercourse before age 18 Want no more children Want to delay next birth at least 2 years Ideal number of children Had 2+ sexual partners in past 12 months Condom use at last sex Abstinence among never married youth (never had sex) Paid for sexual intercourse in past 12 months Had HIV test and received results in past 12 months Prevalence of anaemia (men 15-49) Prevalence of anaemia (men 50-59) Body Mass Index (BMI) <18.5 (men 15-49) Body Mass Index (BMI) <18.5 (men 50-59) Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥25 (men 15-49) Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥25 (men 50-59) Ever experienced any physical violence since age 15 Ever experienced any sexual violence Ever experienced any physical/sexual violence by wife/partner Physical/sexual violence in the last 12 months by wife/partner 0.106 0.803 0.003 0.329 0.414 0.549 0.316 0.291 0.550 5.963 0.228 0.141 0.615 0.003 0.531 0.222 0.199 0.268 0.234 0.048 0.209 0.416 0.052 0.254 0.140 MEN 0.022 0.022 0.003 0.030
0.052 0.254 0.140 MEN • Appendix B Table B.16 Sampling errors: Bunyoro sample, Uganda DHS 2016 Variable Urban residence Literacy No education Secondary education or higher Never married (never in union) Currently married (in union) Married before age 20 Had sexual intercourse before age 18 Currently pregnant Children ever born Children surviving Children ever born to women age 40-49 Currently using any method Currently using a modern method Currently using pill Currently using IUD Currently using male condoms Currently using injectables Currently using implants Currently using female sterilisation Currently using rhythm Currently using withdrawal Used public sector source Want no more children Want to delay next birth at least 2 years Ideal number of children Mothers received antenatal care for last birth Mothers protected against tetanus for last birth Births with skilled attendant at delivery Had diarrhoea in the last 2 weeks Treated with ORS Sought medical treatment for diarrhoea Vaccination card seen Received BCG vaccination Received DPT-HepB-Hib vaccination (3 doses) Received
 polio vaccination (3 doses) Received inactivated polio vaccination (1 dose) Received pneumococcal vaccination (3 doses) Received rotavirus vaccination (3 doses) Received measles vaccination Received all basic vaccinations Height-for-age (-2SD) Weight-for-height (-2SD) Weight-for-age (-2SD) Prevalence of anaemia (children 6-59 months) Prevalence of anaemia (women 15-49) Body Mass Index (BMI) <18.5 Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥25 Has heard about HIV/AIDS Knows about condoms Knows about limiting partners Had 2+ sexual partners in past 12 months Condom use at last sex Had an HIV test and received results in past 12 months Abstinence among never-married youth (never had sex) Ever experienced any physical violence since age 15 Ever experienced any sexual violence Ever experienced any physical/sexual violence by husband/partner Physical/sexual violence in the last 12 months by husband/partner Total fertility rate (last 3 years) Neonatal mortality (last 0-9 years) Post-neonatal mortality (last 0-9 years) Infant mortality (last 0-9 years) Child mortality (last 0-9 years) Under-5 mortality (last 0-9 years) Number of Cases Confidence Limits Value (R) Standard error (SE) Un- weighted (N) Weighted (WN) Design effect (DEFT) Relative error (SE/R) Lower (R-2SE) Upper (R+2SE) WOMEN 915
1,957
Continued… Appendix B • 409 Table B.16—Continued Variable Number of Cases Confidence Limits Value (R) Standard error (SE) Un- weighted (N) Weighted (WN) Design effect (DEFT) Relative error (SE/R) Lower (R-2SE) Upper (R+2SE) Urban residence Literacy No education Secondary education or higher Never married (in union) Currently married (in union) Had first sexual intercourse before age 18 Want no more children Want to delay next birth at least 2 years Ideal number of children Had 2+ sexual partners in past 12 months Condom use at last sex Abstinence among never married youth (never had sex) Paid for sexual intercourse in past 12 months Had HIV test and received results in past 12 months Prevalence of anaemia (men 15-49) Prevalence of anaemia (men 50-59) Body Mass Index (BMI) <18.5 (men 15-49) Body Mass Index (BMI) <18.5 (men 50-59) Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥25 (men 15-49) Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥25 (men 50-59) Ever experienced any physical violence since age 15 Ever experienced any sexual violence Ever experienced any physical/sexual violence by wife/partner Physical/sexual violence in the last 12 months by wife/partner 0.198 0.660 0.060 0.312 0.347 0.590 0.508 0.275 0.424 5.635 0.218 0.189 0.562 0.030 0.456 0.210 0.411 0.086 0.083 0.077 0.145 0.429 0.065 0.146 0.104 MEN 1.088
• Appendix B Table B.17 Sampling errors: Tooro sample, Uganda DHS 2016 Variable Urban residence Literacy No education Secondary education or higher Never married (never in union) Currently married (in union) Married before age 20 Had sexual intercourse before age 18 Currently pregnant Children ever born Children surviving Children ever born to women age 40-49 Currently using any method Currently using a modern method Currently using pill Currently using IUD Currently using male condoms Currently using injectables Currently using implants Currently using female sterilisation Currently using rhythm Currently using withdrawal Used public sector source Want no more children Want to delay next birth at least 2 years Ideal number of children Mothers received antenatal care for last birth Mothers protected against tetanus for last birth Births with skilled attendant at delivery Had diarrhoea in the last 2 weeks Treated with ORS Sought medical treatment for diarrhoea Vaccination card seen Received BCG vaccination Received DPT-HepB-Hib vaccination (3 doses) Received polio vaccination (3 doses) Received inactivated polio vaccination (1 dose) Received pneumococcal vaccination (3 doses) Received rotavirus vaccination (3 doses) Received measles vaccination Received all basic vaccinations Height-for-age (-2SD) Weight-for-height (-2SD) Weight-for-age (-2SD) Prevalence of anaemia (children 6-59 months) Prevalence of anaemia (women 15-49) Body Mass Index (BMI) <18.5 Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥25 Has heard about HIV/AIDS Knows
 about condoms Knows about limiting partners Had 2+ sexual partners in past 12 months Condom use at last sex Had an HIV test and received results in past 12 months Abstinence among never-married youth (never had sex) Ever experienced any physical violence since age 15 Ever experienced any sexual violence Ever experienced any physical/sexual violence by husband/partner Physical/sexual violence in the last 12 months by husband/partner Total fertility rate (last 3 years) Neonatal mortality (last 0-9 years) Post-neonatal mortality (last 0-9 years) Infant mortality (last 0-9 years) Child mortality (last 0-9 years) Under-5 mortality (last 0-9 years) Number of Cases Confidence Limits Value (R) Standard error (SE) Un- weighted (N) Weighted (WN) Design effect (DEFT) Relative error (SE/R) Lower (R-2SE) Upper (R+2SE) WOMEN 1,357
Continued… Appendix B • 411 Table B.17—Continued Variable Number of Cases Confidence Limits Value (R) Standard error (SE) Un- weighted (N) Weighted (WN) Design effect (DEFT) Relative error (SE/R)
 Lower (R-2SE) Upper (R+2SE) Urban residence Literacy No education Secondary education or higher Never married (in union) Currently married (in union) Had first sexual intercourse before age 18 Want no more children Want to delay next birth at least 2 years Ideal number of children Had 2+ sexual partners in past 12 months Condom use at last sex Abstinence among never married youth (never had sex) Paid for sexual intercourse in past 12 months Had HIV test and received results in past 12 months Prevalence of anaemia (men 15-49) Prevalence of anaemia (men 50-59) Body Mass Index (BMI) <18.5 (men 15-49) Body Mass Index (BMI) <18.5 (men 50-59) Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥25 (men 15-49) Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥25 (men 50-59) Ever experienced any physical violence since age 15 Ever experienced any sexual violence Ever experienced any physical/sexual violence by wife/partner Physical/sexual violence in the last 12 months by wife/partner 0.202 0.792 0.052 0.352 0.384 0.549 0.552 0.340 0.427 5.411 0.265 0.151 0.320 0.064 0.540 0.176 0.316 0.104 0.175 0.070 0.125 0.534 0.122 0.306 0.199 MEN 0.403
0.239 0.413 0.098 0.598 0.218 0.568 0.134 0.403 0.096 0.248 0.602 0.167 0.396 0.274 412 • Appendix B Table B.18 Sampling errors: Ankole sample, Uganda DHS 2016 Variable Urban residence Literacy No education Secondary education or higher Never married (never in union) Currently married (in union) Married before age 20 Had sexual intercourse before age 18 Currently pregnant Children ever born Children surviving Children ever born to women age 40-49 Currently using any method Currently using a modern method Currently using pill Currently using IUD Currently using male condoms Currently using injectables Currently using implants Currently using female sterilisation Currently using rhythm Currently using withdrawal Used public sector source Want no more children Want to delay next birth at least 2 years Ideal number of children Mothers received antenatal care for last birth Mothers protected against tetanus for last birth Births with skilled attendant at delivery Had diarrhoea in the last 2 weeks Treated with ORS Sought medical treatment for diarrhoea Vaccination card seen Received BCG vaccination Received DPT-HepB-Hib vaccination (3 doses) Received polio vaccination (3 doses) Received inactivated polio vaccination (1 dose) Received pneumococcal vaccination (3 doses) Received rotavirus vaccination (3 doses) Received measles vaccination Received all basic vaccinations Height-for-age (-2SD) Weight-for-height (-2SD) Weight-for-age (-2SD) Prevalence of anaemia (children 6-59 months) Prevalence of anaemia (women 15-49) Body Mass Index (BMI) <18.5 Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥25 Has heard about HIV/AIDS Knows about condoms Knows about limiting partners Had 2+ sexual partners in past 12 months Condom use at last sex Had an HIV test and received results in past 12 months Abstinence among never-married youth (never had sex) Ever experienced any physical violence since age 15 Ever experienced any sexual violence Ever experienced any physical/sexual violence by husband/partner Physical/sexual violence in the last 12 months by
 husband/partner Total fertility rate (last 3 years) Neonatal mortality (last 0-9 years) Post-neonatal mortality (last 0-9 years) Infant mortality (last 0-9 years) Child mortality (last 0-9 years) Under-5 mortality (last 0-9 years) Number of Cases Confidence Limits Value (R) Standard error (SE) Un- weighted (N) Weighted (WN) Design effect (DEFT) Relative error (SE/R) Lower (R-2SE) Upper (R+2SE) WOMEN 0.026
Continued… Appendix B • 413 Table B.18—Continued Variable Number of Cases Confidence Limits Value (R) Standard error (SE) Un- weighted (N) Weighted (WN) Design effect (DEFT) Relative error (SE/R) Lower (R-2SE) Upper (R+2SE) Urban residence Literacy No education Secondary education or higher Never married (in union) Currently married (in union) Had first sexual intercourse before age 18 Want no more children Want to delay next birth at least 2 years Ideal number of children Had 2+ sexual partners in past 12 months Condom use at last sex Abstinence among never married youth (never had sex) Paid for sexual
 intercourse in past 12 months Had HIV test and received results in past 12 months Prevalence of anaemia (men 15-49) Prevalence of anaemia (men 50-59) Body Mass Index (BMI) <18.5 (men 15-49) Body Mass Index (BMI) <18.5 (men 50-59) Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥25 (men 15-49) Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥25 (men 50-59) Ever experienced any physical violence since age 15 Ever experienced any sexual violence Ever experienced any physical/sexual violence by wife/partner Physical/sexual violence in the last 12 months by wife/partner 0.268 0.824 0.024 0.365 0.405 0.543 0.286 0.374 0.358 4.704 0.176 0.195 0.513 0.054 0.468 0.156 0.235 0.165 0.261 0.074 0.201 0.462 0.053 0.242 0.120 MEN • Appendix B Table B.19 Sampling errors: Kigezi sample, Uganda DHS 2016 Variable Urban residence Literacy No education Secondary education or higher Never married (never in union) Currently married (in union) Married before age 20 Had sexual intercourse before age 18 Currently pregnant Children ever born Children surviving Children ever born to women age 40-49 Currently using
 any method Currently using a modern method Currently using pill Currently using IUD Currently using male condoms Currently using injectables Currently using implants Currently using female sterilisation Currently using rhythm Currently using withdrawal Used public sector source Want no more children Want to delay next birth at least 2 years Ideal number of children Mothers received antenatal care for last birth Mothers protected against tetanus for last birth Births with skilled attendant at delivery Had diarrhoea in the last 2 weeks Treated with ORS Sought medical treatment for diarrhoea Vaccination card seen Received BCG vaccination Received DPT-HepB-Hib vaccination (3 doses) Received polio vaccination (3 doses) Received inactivated polio vaccination (1 dose) Received pneumococcal vaccination (3 doses) Received rotavirus vaccination (3 doses) Received measles vaccination Received all basic vaccinations Height-for-age (-2SD) Weight-for-height (-2SD) Weight-for-age (-2SD) Prevalence of anaemia (children 6-59 months) Prevalence of anaemia (women 15-49) Body Mass Index (BMI) <18.5 Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥25 Has heard about HIV/AIDS Knows about condoms Knows about limiting partners Had 2+ sexual partners in past 12 months Condom use at last sex Had an HIV test and received results in past 12 months Abstinence among never-married youth (never had sex) Ever experienced any physical violence since age 15 Ever experienced any sexual violence Ever experienced any physical/sexual violence by husband/partner Physical/sexual violence in the last 12 months by husband/partner Total fertility rate (last 3 years) Neonatal mortality (last 0-9 years) Post-neonatal mortality (last 0-9 years) Infant mortality (last 0-9 years) Child mortality (last 0-9 years) Under-5 mortality (last 0-9 years) Number of Cases Confidence Limits Value (R) Standard error (SE) Un- weighted (N) Weighted (WN) Design effect (DEFT) Relative error (SE/R) Lower (R-2SE) Upper (R+2SE) WOMEN 0.166 0.735 0.124 0.272
Upper (R+2SE) WOMEN 0.737
Continued… Appendix B • 415 Table B.19—Continued Variable Number of Cases Confidence Limits Value (R) Standard error (SE) Un- weighted (N) Weighted (WN) Design effect (DEFT) Relative error (SE/R) Lower (R-2SE) Upper (R+2SE) Urban residence Literacy No education Secondary education or higher Never married (in union) Currently married (in union) Had first sexual intercourse before age 18 Want no more children Want to delay next birth at least 2 years Ideal number of children Had 2+ sexual partners in past 12 months Condom use at last sex Abstinence among never married youth (never had sex) Paid for sexual intercourse in past 12 months Had HIV test and received results in past 12 months Prevalence of anaemia (men 15-49) Prevalence of anaemia (men 50-59) Body Mass Index (BMI) <18.5 (men 15-49) Body Mass Index (BMI) <18.5 (men 50-59) Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥25 (men 15-49) Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥25 (men 50-59) Ever experienced any physical violence since age 15 Ever experienced any sexual violence Ever experienced any physical/sexual violence by wife/partner Physical/sexual violence in the last 12 months by wife/partner 0.180
 0.779 0.023 0.392 0.469 0.502 0.347 0.424 0.446 4.485 0.225 0.193 0.420 0.034 0.388 0.153 0.220 0.105 0.377 0.095 0.205 0.601 0.101 0.306 0.178 MEN • Appendix B Table B.20 Sampling errors for adult, maternal, and pregnancy-related mortality rates, Uganda DHS 2016 Value (R) Standard error (SE) Unweighted (N) Weighted (WN) Design effect (DEFT) Relative error (SE/R) Lower (R-2SE) Upper (R+2SE) Number of cases Confidence limits 2.259 2.479 3.254 4.786 5.004 6.163 7.202 3.775 0.291 0.275 0.328 0.481 0.549 0.684 0.995 0.187 FEMALE Variable Adult mortality rates 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-49 (Age adjusted) Adult mortality probabilities 35Q15 Maternal mortality rates 15-19 20-24
 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-49 (Age adjusted) 0.388 0.607 0.660 0.911 0.652 1.186 0.164 0.633 0.107 0.145 0.152 0.203 0.161 0.281 0.101 0.061 Maternal mortality ratio 336.469 32.334 Pregnancy-related mortality rates 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-49 (Age adjusted) 0.413 0.700 0.762 0.955 0.753 1.186 0.164 0.692 0.110 0.151 0.166 0.205 0.171 0.281 0.101 0.063 Pregnancy-related mortality ratio 367.671 33.257 Adult mortality rates 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-49 (Age adjusted) Adult mortality probabilities 35Q15 MALE Appendix B • 417 DATA QUALITY TABLES Appendix C Table C.1 Household age distribution Single-year age distribution of the de facto household population by sex (weighted), Uganda DHS 2016 Age Number Percent Number Percent Age Number Percent Number Percent Women Men Women Men 0 1 2 3 4 5
Number Percent Women Men Women Men 70+ Don't know/ missing Total Note: The de facto population includes all residents and nonresidents who stayed in the household the night before the interview.
Appendix C • 419 Table C.2.1 Age distribution of eligible and interviewed women De facto household population of women age 10-54, number and percent distribution of interviewed women age 15-49 and percentage of eligible women who were interviewed (weighted), by 5-year age groups, Uganda DHS 2016 Age group Household population of women age 10-54 Interviewed women age 15-49 Number Percentage Percentage of eligible women interviewed 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 15-49 6,378 4,392 3,978 3,314 2,557 2,126 1,596 1,209 1,332 na 4,246 3,835 3,202 2,458 2,065 1,548 1,170 na na 22.9 20.7 17.3 13.3 11.1 8.4 6.3 na 19,171 18,525 100.0 na 96.7 96.4 96.6 96.2 97.2 97.0 96.8 na 96.6 Note: The de facto population includes all residents and nonresidents who stayed in the household the night before the interview.
Weights for both household population of women and interviewed women are household weights.

Age is based on the Household Questionnaire.
na = Not applicable Table C.2.2 Age distribution of eligible and interviewed men De facto household population of men age 10-59, number and percent distribution of interviewed men age 15-54 and percentage of eligible men who were interviewed (weighted), by 5-year age groups, Uganda DHS 2016 Age group Household population of men age 10-59 Interviewed men age 15-54 Number Percentage Percentage of eligible men interviewed 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 15-54 2,071 1,340 1,004 805 763 585 498 371 295 228 5,661 na 1,281 929 748 701 528 471 342 282 na 5,282 na 24.3 17.6 14.2 13.3 10.0 8.9 6.5 5.3 na 100.0 na 95.6 92.5 92.9 91.9 90.3 94.6 92.3 95.5 na 89.7 Note: The de facto population includes all residents and nonresidents who stayed in the household the night before the interview.
Weights for both household population of men and interviewed men are household weights.

Age is based on the Household Questionnaire.
na = Not applicable 420 • Appendix C Table C.3 Completeness of reporting Percentage of observations missing information for selected demographic and health questions (weighted), Uganda DHS 2016 Subject Day Only (Births in the 15 years preceding the survey) Month Only (Births in the 15 years preceding the survey) Month and Year (Births in the 15 years preceding the survey) Age at Death (Deceased children born in the 15 years preceding the survey) Age/date at first union1 (Ever married women age 15-49) Age/date at first union (Ever married men age 15-54) Respondent's education (All women age 15-49) Respondent's education (All men age 15-54) Diarrhoea in last 2 weeks (Living children 0-59 months) Height (Living children age 0-59 months from the Biomarker Questionnaire) Weight (Living children age 0-59 months from the Biomarker Questionnaire) Height or weight (Living children age 0-59 months from the Biomarker Questionnaire) Height (Women age 15-49 from the Biomarker questionnaire) Weight (Women age 15-49 from the Biomarker questionnaire) Height or weight (Women age 15-49 from the Biomarker questionnaire) Height (Men age 15-49 from the Biomarker questionnaire) Weight (Men age 15-49 from the Biomarker questionnaire) Height or weight (Men age 15-49 from the Biomarker questionnaire) Anaemia (Living children age 6-59 months from the Biomarker Questionnaire) Anaemia (All women from the Biomarker Questionnaire) Anaemia (All men from the Biomarker Questionnaire) 1 Both year and age missing Percentage with information missing Number of cases Table C.4 Births by calendar years Number of births, percentage with complete birth date, sex ratio at birth, and calendar year ratio by calendar year, according to living, dead, and total children (weighted), Uganda DHS 2016 Number of births Percentage
 with year and month of birth given Sex ratio at birth1 Calendar year ratio2 Calendar year L 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2,027 2,968 2,864 2,869 2,849 2,877 2,827 2,490 2,669 2,286 D 97 133 155 165 180 175 263 238 237 223 2012-2016 2007-2011 2002-2006 1997-2001 <1997 13,578 730 13,149 1,136 10,302 1,264 7,095 1,277 6,807 1,690 T L D T L D T L D T na na 98.1 100.4 99.2 101.4 105.3 90.6 111.8 90.3 na na na na na na na na 104.0 98.2 106.3 78.7 127.5 95.2 103.0 94.2 na na na na na na na na 98.4 100.3 99.6 99.7 106.9 91.0 111.0 90.6 na na na na na na All 50,932 6,097 57,029 na = Not applicable 1 (Bm/Bf)x100, where Bm and Bf are the numbers of male and female births, respectively 2 [2Bx/(Bx-1+Bx+1)]x100, where Bx is the number of births in calendar year x Appendix C • 421 Table C.5 Reporting of age at death in days Distribution of reported deaths under 1 month of age by age at death in days and percentage of neonatal deaths reported to occur at ages 0-6 days, for 5-year periods of birth preceding the survey (weighted), Uganda DHS 2016 Age at death (days) <1 26 27 28 29 30 Number of years preceding the survey Total 10-14 0-19 15-19 0-4 5- 0
Total 0-30 Percentage early neonatal1 400 82.5 404 81.2 259 74.1 269 76.8 1,333 79.3 1 0-6 days / 0-30 days 422 • Appendix C Table C.6 Reporting of age at death in months Distribution of reported deaths under 2 years of age by age at death in months and percentage of infant deaths reported to occur at age under 1 month, for 5- year periods of birth preceding the survey (weighted), Uganda DHS 2016 Number of years preceding the survey Total 10-14 0-19 15-19 5-9 0-4 Age at death (months) < Total 0-11 Percentage neonatal1 620 64.6 730 55.4 727 35.7 718 37.5 a Includes deaths under one month reported in days 1 Under one month/under one year Table C.7 Completeness of information on siblings Completeness of data on survival status of sisters and brothers reported by interviewed women, age of living siblings and age at death (AD) and years since death (YSD) of dead siblings (unweighted), Uganda DHS 2016 All siblings Living Dead Survival status unknown Living siblings Age reported Age missing Dead siblings AD and YSD reported Missing only AD Missing only YSD Missing AD and YSD Sisters Brothers All siblings Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent 100.0
Table C.8 Sibship size and sex ratio of siblings Mean sibship size and sex ratio of siblings at birth, Uganda DHS 2016 Age of respondents 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 Total 1 Includes the respondent 2 Excludes the respondent Mean sibship size1 Sex ratio of siblings at birth2 6.9 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.8 7.8 7.3 99.5 102.7 100.7 103.3 108.1 104.4 107.0 102.8 Appendix C • 423 Table C.9 Pregnancy-related mortality trends Direct estimates of pregnancy-related mortality rates for the seven years preceding each survey, by five-year age groups, Uganda DHS 2016 Age 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 Total 15-49a Total fertility rate (TFR) General fertility rate (GFR)3 Pregnancy-related mortality ratio (PRMR)4 Confidence interval Lifetime risk of pregnancy-related death5 Pregnancy-related mortality rates1,2 2004-2011 2009-2016 1999- (301 – 434) 0.021 438 (368 – 507) 0.029 418 (314 – 521) 0.029 1 Pregnancy-related mortality is defined as the death of a woman while pregnant or within 2 months of termination of pregnancy, from any cause including accidents or violence 2 Expressed per 1,000 woman-years of exposure 3 Age-adjusted rate expressed per 1,000 women age 15-49 4 Expressed per 100,000 live births; calculated as the age-adjusted pregnancy-related mortality rate times 100 divided by the age-adjusted general fertility rate 5 Calculated as 1-(1-PRMR)TFR where TFR represents the total fertility rate for the seven years preceding the survey a Age-adjusted rate 424 • Appendix C PERSONS INVOLVED IN THE 2016 UGANDA DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEY Appendix D UGANDA BUREAU OF STATISTICS (UBOS) Management B. P. Mungyereza, Executive Director, UBOS I.
A. Musana, Deputy Executive Director, Statistical Production and Development, UBOS V. K. Mulindwa, Deputy Executive Director, Corporate Services, UBOS Dr. A. K. Mbonye, Ministry of Health/Chairman, UDHS Steering Committee Dr. H. Mwebesa, Ministry of Health/Chairman, UDHS Technical Working Committee Technical Staff A. L. Mukulu, Survey Director H. Namirembe-Nviiri, Survey Technical Expert J. Muwonge, Sampling Expert V. Ssennono, Sampling Expert P. N. Kakande, Survey Manager P. Okello, Statistician N. K. Namiyonga, Statisitician Report Authors P. Kakande P. Ntale W. Nyegenye P. Kakande A. Kabagenyi P. Kakande S. Kibira J. Galande T. Odokonyero S. Kibira J. Fleuret A. Kiconco S. Baryahirwa J. Fleuret H. Namirembe-Nviiri D. Byanjeru Chapter 1: Introduction and Survey Methodology Chapter 2: Housing Characteristics and Household Population Chapter 3: Characteristics of Respondents Chapter 4: Marriage and Sexual Activity Chapter 5: Fertility Chapter 6: Fertility Preferences Chapter 7: Family Planning Chapter 8: Infant and Child Mortality Chapter 9: Maternal Health Care Chapter 10: Child Health and Development Chapter 11: Nutrition of Children and Women Chapter 12: Malaria Chapter 13: HIV/AIDS-related Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviour Chapter 14: Women’s Empowerment Chapter 15: Adult and Maternal Mortality Chapter 16: Domestic Violence Report Reviewers I.
A. Musana A. L. Mukulu N. Madaya A. Kabagenyi H. Namirembe-Nviiri A. K. Tamususza H. Luzze J. Muwonge Appendix D • 425 UDHS TECHNICAL WORKING COMMITTEE Ministry of Health H. Mwebesa C. Kyozira C. Tusingwire RIP J. N. Sabiiti J. Musinguzi S. Byakika J. Asiimwe L. Makanga D. Nakiganda F. Nghania United States Agency for International Development S. Ssevume J. T. Duworka J. Mwangi United Nations Population Fund P. Madra E. Akiror United Nations Children’s Fund S. Kabaija Irish Aid C. K. Laker Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency A.
B. Birnbaum Japan International Cooperation Agency C. Asiimwe Ministry of Gender, Labour, and Social Development C. Etoma Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development J. Enyimu W. Ndoleriire J. Kyokuhaire C. Ndyomugabi Population Secretariat E. Kangabe Laboratory Testing - Biochemistry Department, Makerere University R. Baingana S. Nsobya D. Kasozi J. F Juuko World Health Organization N. Nasteri 426 • Appendix D Uganda Bureau of Statistics I.
A. Musana A. L. Mukulu H. L. Namirembe-Nviiri V. Ssennono S. Baryahirwa P. N. Kakande TRAINING AND IMPLEMENTATION Trainers A. L. Mukulu H. L. Namirembe Nviiri P. N. Kakande M. Kajubi P. Ntale D. Nabukwasi Y. Koire J. Galande M. Ogen S. Apio R. Navugga S. Kyewalyanga R. Makombe D. Wagidoso R. Musulube K. Bakunda (Biomarkers) S. Nanyunja (Biomarkers) C. Adriku H. P. Nambejja J. Gwaitta L. Mugula F. Kayondo Translators C. Adriko, Lugbara L. Assimwe, Runyoro/Rutoro M. Nansubuga, Luganda J.
B. Turyamureeba, Runyankole/Rukiga H. Ekwau, Luo J. Tabingwa, Lusoga A. Atim, Ateso N. Okiror, Ngakarimojong Back Translators B. Okua, Lugbara J. Businge, Runyoro/Rutoro A. Nambi, Luganda W. Nuwagaba, Runyankole/Rukiga R. Alarango, Luo P. Batanda, Lusoga W. Eriaku, Ateso P. Ngorok, Ngakarimojong Community Mobilisation G. Nabongo J. Mubulire S. Namukasa C. Bekunda C. Namagembe P. Okello N. Namiyonga Quality Control C. Garimoi-Orach (Team Leader) E. Nabiwemba R. Mangwi D. Lubogo W. Adoch Appendix D • 427 FIELD STAFF Health Supervisor S. Nanyunja Health Technicians M. Nabiranda J. Nagujja O. Apio P. Otim S. Atukunda A. Muhumuza B. S. Nekesa Supervisors J. Masawi N. Okiror R. Kabuye J.
B. Turyamureba J. Openycan G. Abigaba B. P. Nema Field Data Managers E. Abigaba M. Namubiru T. Seguya C. Eyuta R. Kamara I. Kembabazi D. T. Nabifo D. L. Nansubuga G. O. Deboru J. D. Ongom A. Tumiime A. Amutuhire R. Musisi D. Wanyibe D. Amoit J. Tabingwa R. Kizito M. Ekyogabirwe F. Balyebuga R. Alarango L. K. Epodoi S. Nanono P. M. Chandiru R. Ikilai P. Kabanyoro J. M. Murekye S. Namusana E. Kajooba M. Nsubuga J. Ovuga S. P. Opolot J. Buhinza W. Turyamusiima D. Ntawo J. Wakholi H. Ekwau M. Nansubuga R. Kyomya A. Mbabazi C. Aluma E. Mubiru A. Liberty C. Ssekyanzi I. Nakubulwa B. Ochan T. Aisu L. Kamatagi A. Kaziba 428 • Appendix D B. Nalwadda M. Manijera O. Nakasagga C. Nalwoga F. Nabakooza J. K. Matsiga A. Ndagire I. Abu L. Alwoch D. Kinyera D. Aceng D. Nanjero M. Auma P. Obuya P. O. Adong J. Murungi K. Kayesu N. Gilbert P. Tumusiima C. D. Natukunda M. P. Ayebazibwe D. Mwesigwa M. K. Birungi J. Katagwa M. K. Bikingi B. Waiswa B. Nabukwasi D. Kateme L. Achan V. Anguyo M. Aluonzi B. Ayot C. Barungi B. Kamasasi G. K. Koshao J. Mugume D. Mukunya C. Nakabugo C. Namusabi C. E Ocen M. Ssejemba M. Twongirwe E. Wasswa Interviewers M. Nakimbugwe S. Namugenyi V. Kayemba M. S. Nabakka N. Kisakye E. C. Nambuya G. Sentuuya F. Mauwa R. Akello M. Akello H. Wabuna D. Nyivuru P. Akech C. Agolu J. Ongom R. Kaahwa L. Kobugabe D. Kabanyoro B. Baluku E. Kyasimire M. Muhumuza S. Mutesi R. Bamuturaki K. Tibenda J. Nangobi F. Nabukwasi K. R. Mukhwana V. C. Kwaaga Listers E. Achayo J. Ainamaani A. Karinaki R. Bananura C. O. Emokol P. Kirabo C. Lubega B. Mukhwezi J. Murari B. Nakkazi B. Niwebyoona D. Opolot M. Ssepuya D. Kalemba B. H. Wesonga J. Luyiga O. Nalule J. S. Nakayima G. K. Kamoga A. Nambi E. Kayaga A. Ocokoru M. Okua P. Kitanega F. J. Atino A. Awachango A. Adubango D. Akiteng M. Agwang M. Nabulime N. Kyomya C. Kirungi P. Nasasira C. Ariranye J. Ngabirano K. Humura E. Kembabazi F. Wambuga K. R. Nyende T. Nabakazi C. Nadunga C. J. Kayendeke E. O. Osinde B. Agaba S. Aliowaku C. Arimpa B. Amanya F. Hasakhya J. Komakech S. Muchelule J.
 Mukasa A. Naaya J. Nalubega D. Nyesiga I. Sendagire R. Tusabe D. Wanduyi Appendix D • 429 DATA PROCESSING Data Processing Officers J. Gwaitta L. Mugula F. Kayondo Data Processing Supervisor J. Gwaitta Office Editors D. Nanjero M. Agwanga A. Liberty R. Alarango R. Makombe P. Okello N. Namiyonga Support Staff W. Dibire H. Kabura ICF J. Fleuret G. Dupuis G. Lutwama L. Ortiz L. A. Rey A. Themme D. Garrett K. Bakunda E. Brindle M. Elkasabi B. Barrère J. Ahmed R. Benedict T. Croft J. Fishel S. Kishor C. Reed K. Reinis L. Sevilla J. Taglieri C. Taylor G. Edmondson N. Johnson C. Gramer J. Wardell T. Dontamsetti T. Fish M. Gottfried M. Pagan S. Balian S. Zweimueller Survey Manager Data Processing Specialist Data Processing Consultant Senior Data Processing Specialist Data Processing Specialist Senior Data Processing Specialist Biomarker Specialist Biomarker Consultant Biomarker Consultant Sampling Specialist Deputy Director Technical Reviewer Technical Reviewer Technical Reviewer Technical Reviewer Technical Reviewer Technical Reviewer Technical Reviewer Technical Reviewer Technical Reviewer Technical Reviewer Editor Editor Report Production Specialist Report Production Specialist GIS Specialist GIS Specialist GIS Specialist GIS Specialist Communications Specialist Communications Specialist 430 • Appendix D QUESTIONNAIRES Appendix E • 431Appendix E 432 •Appendix E 2016 UGANDA DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEY HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE FORMATTING DATE: ENGLISH LANGUAGE: 16 June 2016 16 June 2016 UGANDA UGANDA BUREAU OF STATISTICS EA NAME NAME OF HOUSEHOLD HEAD IDENTIFICATION CLUSTER NUMBER .
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HOUSEHOLD NUMBER .

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HOUSEHOLD SELECTED FOR MAN'S SURVEY AND BIOMARKER TESTING?

(1=YES, 2=N .

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HOUSEHOLD SELECTED FOR DV?

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INTERVIEWER VISITS 1 2 3 FINAL VISIT DATE INTERVIEWER'S NAME RESULT* NEXT VISIT: DATE TIME *RESULT CODES: COMPLETED NO HOUSEHOLD MEMBER AT HOME OR NO COMPETENT RESPONDENT AT HOME AT TIME OF VISIT ENTIRE HOUSEHOLD ABSENT FOR EXTENDED PERIOD OF TIME POSTPONED REFUSED DWELLING VACANT OR ADDRESS NOT A DWELLING DWELLING DESTROYED DWELLING NOT FOUND OTHER (SPECIFY) DAY MONTH YEAR INT.

NO.
NO.

RESULT* TOTAL NUMBER OF VISITS TOTAL PERSONS IN HOUSEHOLD TOTAL ELIGIBLE WOMEN TOTAL ELIGIBLE MEN LINE NO.
OF RESPONDENT TO HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE LANGUAGE OF QUESTIONNAIRE** 0 1 LANGUAGE OF INTERVIEW** NATIVE LANGUAGE OF RESPONDENT** TRANSLATOR USED (YES = 1, NO = 2) LANGUAGE OF QUESTIONNAIRE** ENGLISH **LANGUAGE CODES: 01 ENGLISH 02 LUGANDA 03 LUO 04 LUGBARA 05 ATESO 06 NGAKARIMOJONG 07 RUNYANKOLE/RUKIGA 08 RUNYORO/RUTORO 09 LUSOGA 96 OTHER (SPECIFY) SUPERVISOR CAPI MANAGER NAME NUMBER NAME NUMBER • 433Appendix E THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY BLANK 434 •Appendix E INTRODUCTION AND CONSENT Hello.
My name is _______________________________________.

I am working with Uganda Bureau of Statistics.

We are conducting a survey about health and other topics all over Uganda.

The information we collect will help the government to plan health services.

Your household was selected for the survey.

I would like to ask you some questions about your household.

The questions usually take about 20 to 30 minutes.


All of the answers you give will be confidential and will not be shared with anyone other than members of our survey team.

You don't have to be in the survey, but we hope you will agree to answer the questions since your views are important.

If I ask you any question you don't want to answer, just let me know and I will go on to the next question or you can stop the interview at any time.
In case you need more information about the survey, you may contact the person listed on this card.

GIVE CARD WITH CONTACT INFORMATION Do you have any questions?

May I begin the interview now?

SIGNATURE OF INTERVIEWER DATE RESPONDENT AGREES TO BE INTERVIEWED .

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1 RESPONDENT DOES NOT AGREE TO BE INTERVIEWED .

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2 END 100 RECORD THE TIME.

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MINUTES .

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• 435Appendix E HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULE LINE NO.

USUAL RESIDENTS AND VISITORS RELATIONSHIP TO HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD SEX RESIDENCE AGE IF AGE 15 OR OLDER MARITAL STATUS IF HOUSEHOLD SELECTED FOR MAN'S SURVEY ELIGIBILITY Please give me the names of the persons who usually live in your household and guests of the household who stayed here last night, starting with the head of the household.
What is the relationship of (NAME) to the head of the household?

Is (NAME) male or female?

Does (NAME) usually live here?

Did (NAME) stay here last night?

How old is (NAME)?

What is (NAME)'s current marital status?

CIRCLE LINE NUMBER OF ALL WOMEN AGE 15-49 CIRCLE LINE NUMBER OF ALL MEN AGE 15-54 CIRCLE LINE NUMBER OF ALL CHILDREN AGE 0-5 AFTER LISTING THE NAMES AND RECORDING THE RELATIONSHIP AND SEX FOR EACH PERSON, ASK QUESTIONS 2A-2C TO BE SURE THAT THE LISTING IS COMPLETE.
THEN ASK APPROPRIATE QUESTIONS IN COLUMNS 5-34 FOR EACH PERSON.

SEE CODES BELOW.

1 = MARRIED OR LIVING TOGETHER 2 = DIVORCED/ SEPARATED 3 = WIDOWED 4 = NEVER- MARRIED AND NEVER LIVED TOGETHER IF 95 OR MORE, RECORD '95'.
M F Y N Y N IN YEARS 2A) 2B) 2C) Just to make sure that I have a complete listing: are there any other people such as small children or infants that we have not listed?
Are there any other people who may not be members of your family, such as domestic servants, lodgers, or friends who usually live here?

Are there any guests or temporary visitors staying here, or anyone else who stayed here last night, who have not been listed?

YES YES YES ADD TO TABLE ADD TO TABLE ADD TO TABLE NO NO NO CODES FOR Q.
3: RELATIONSHIP TO HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD 01 = HEAD 02 = WIFE OR HUSBAND 03 = SON OR DAUGHTER 04 = SON-IN-LAW OR DAUGHTER-IN-LAW 05 = GRANDCHILD 06 = PARENT 07 = PARENT-IN-LAW 08 = BROTHER OR SISTER 09 = OTHER RELATIVE 10 = ADOPTED/FOSTER/ STEPCHILD 11 = NOT RELATED 98 = DON'T KNOW 436 •Appendix E IF AGE 0-17 YEARS IF AGE 5 YEARS OR OLDER IF AGE 5-24 YEARS IF AGE 0-4 YEARS IF AGE 1-14 YEARS IF FEMALE AGE 10-14 YEARS LINE NO.
SURVIVORSHIP AND RESIDENCE OF BIOLOGICAL PARENTS EVER ATTENDED SCHOOL CURRENT/RECENT SCHOOL ATTENDANCE BIRTH REGISTRATION DEWOR MING HPV VACCINATION HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULE Is (NAME)'s natural mother alive?

Does (NAME)'s natural mother usually live in this household or was she a guest last night?

IF YES: What is her name?

RECORD MOTHER'S LINE NUMBER.

Is (NAME)'s natural father alive?

Does (NAME)'s natural father usually live in this household or was he a guest last night?
IF YES: What is his name?

RECORD FATHER'S LINE NUMBER.

IF NO, RECORD '00'.

IF NO, RECORD '00'.

Y N DK 01 1 2 8 GO TO 14 1 2 8 GO TO 14 1 2 8 GO TO 14 1 2 8 GO TO 14 1 2 8 GO TO 14 1 2 8 GO TO 14 1 2 8 GO TO 14 1 2 8 GO TO 14 1 2 8 GO TO 14 1 2 8 GO TO 14 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 Y N DK 1 2 8 GO TO 16 1 2 8 GO TO 16 1 2 8 GO TO 16 1 2 8 GO TO 16 1 2 8 GO TO 16 1 2 8 GO TO 16 1 2 8 GO TO 16 1 2 8 GO TO 16 1 2 8 GO TO 16 1 2 8 GO TO 16 Has (NAME) ever attended school?
What is the highest level of school (NAME) has attended?

What is the highest grade (NAME) completed at that level?

Did (NAME) attend school at any time during the 2016 school year?

During this school year, what level and grade is (NAME) attending?

Has [NAME] ever had the HPV vaccine to prevent cancer?

Does (NAME) have a birth certificate?

IF NO, PROBE: Has (NAME)'s birth ever been registered with the civil authority?

Did [NAME] take any medicati on for intestinal worms in the past 6 months?
1 = SHORT CERT SEEN 2 = LONG CERT SEEN 3 = BIRTH CERT NOT SEEN 4 = REGISTERED, NO CERT 5 = NOT REGISTERED 8 = DON'T KNOW SEE CODES BELOW.

LEVEL GRADE Y N DK Y N DK 1 2 8 1 2 8 Y N DK Y N DK 1 2 8 1 2 8 Y N DK Y N DK 1 2 8 1 2 8 Y N DK Y N DK 1 2 8 1 2 8 Y N DK Y N DK 1 2 8 1 2 8 Y N DK Y N DK 1 2 8 1 2 8 Y N DK Y N DK 1 2 8 1 2 8 Y N DK Y N DK 1 2 8 1 2 8 Y N DK Y N DK 1 2 8 1 2 8 Y N DK Y N DK 1 2 8 1 2 8 SEE CODES BELOW.
LEVEL GRADE Y 1 N 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 GO TO 21 2 GO TO 21 2 GO TO 21 2 GO TO 21 2 GO TO 21 2 GO TO 21 2 GO TO 21 2 GO TO 21 2 GO TO 21 2 GO TO 21 Y 1 N 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 GO TO 21 2 GO TO 21 2 GO TO 21 2 GO TO 21 2 GO TO 21 2 GO TO 21 2 GO TO 21 2 GO TO 21 2 GO TO 21 2 GO TO 21 CODES FOR Qs.

17 AND 19: EDUCATION LEVEL 0 = PRESCHOOL 1 = PRIMARY 2 = "O" LEVEL 3 = "A" LEVEL 4 = TERTIARY 5 = UNIVERSITY 6 = FAL 8 = DON'T KNOW GRADE 00 = LESS THAN 1 YEAR COMPLETED (USE '00' FOR Q.

17 ONLY.
17 ONLY.

THIS CODE IS NOT ALLOWED FOR Q.

19.)

98 = DON'T KNOW • 437Appendix E HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULE LINE NO.

USUAL RESIDENTS AND VISITORS RELATIONSHIP TO HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD SEX RESIDENCE AGE IF AGE 15 OR OLDER MARITAL STATUS IF HOUSEHOLD SELECTED FOR MAN'S SURVEY ELIGIBILITY Please give me the names of the persons who usually live in your household and guests of the household who stayed here last night, starting with the head of the household.
What is the relationship of (NAME) to the head of the household?

Is (NAME) male or female?

Does (NAME) usually live here?

Did (NAME) stay here last night?

How old is (NAME)?

What is (NAME)'s current marital status?

CIRCLE LINE NUMBER OF ALL WOMEN AGE 15-49 CIRCLE LINE NUMBER OF ALL MEN AGE 15-54 CIRCLE LINE NUMBER OF ALL CHILDREN AGE 0-5 AFTER LISTING THE NAMES AND RECORDING THE RELATIONSHIP AND SEX FOR EACH PERSON, ASK QUESTIONS 2A-2C TO BE SURE THAT THE LISTING IS COMPLETE.
THEN ASK APPROPRIATE QUESTIONS IN COLUMNS 5-34 FOR EACH PERSON.

SEE CODES BELOW.

1 = MARRIED OR LIVING TOGETHER 2 = DIVORCED/ SEPARATED 3 = WIDOWED 4 = NEVER- MARRIED AND NEVER LIVED TOGETHER IF 95 OR MORE, RECORD '95'.
M F Y N Y N IN YEARS TICK HERE IF CONTINUATION SHEET USED 2A) 2B) 2C) Just to make sure that I have a complete listing: are there any other people such as small children or infants that we have not listed?
Are there any other people who may not be members of your family, such as domestic servants, lodgers, or friends who usually live here?

Are there any guests or temporary visitors staying here, or anyone else who stayed here last night, who have not been listed?

YES YES YES ADD TO TABLE ADD TO TABLE ADD TO TABLE NO NO NO CODES FOR Q.
3: RELATIONSHIP TO HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD 01 = HEAD 02 = WIFE OR HUSBAND 03 = SON OR DAUGHTER 04 = SON-IN-LAW OR DAUGHTER-IN-LAW 05 = GRANDCHILD 06 = PARENT 07 = PARENT-IN-LAW 08 = BROTHER OR SISTER 09 = OTHER RELATIVE 10 = ADOPTED/FOSTER/ STEPCHILD 11 = NOT RELATED 98 = DON'T KNOW 438 •Appendix E IF AGE 0-17 YEARS IF AGE 5 YEARS OR OLDER IF AGE 5-24 YEARS IF AGE 0-4 YEARS IF AGE 1-14 YEARS IF FEMALE AGE 10-14 YEARS LINE NO.
SURVIVORSHIP AND RESIDENCE OF BIOLOGICAL PARENTS EVER ATTENDED SCHOOL CURRENT/RECENT SCHOOL ATTENDANCE BIRTH REGISTRATION DEWOR MING HPV VACCINATION HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULE Is (NAME)'s natural mother alive?

Does (NAME)'s natural mother usually live in this household or was she a guest last night?

IF YES: What is her name?

RECORD MOTHER'S LINE NUMBER.

Is (NAME)'s natural father alive?

Does (NAME)'s natural father usually live in this household or was he a guest last night?
IF YES: What is his name?

RECORD FATHER'S LINE NUMBER.

IF NO, RECORD '00'.

IF NO, RECORD '00'.

Y N DK 11 1 2 8 GO TO 14 1 2 8 GO TO 14 1 2 8 GO TO 14 1 2 8 GO TO 14 1 2 8 GO TO 14 1 2 8 GO TO 14 1 2 8 GO TO 14 1 2 8 GO TO 14 1 2 8 GO TO 14 1 2 8 GO TO 14 Y N DK 1 2 8 GO TO 16 1 2 8 GO TO 16 1 2 8 GO TO 16 1 2 8 GO TO 16 1 2 8 GO TO 16 1 2 8 GO TO 16 1 2 8 GO TO 16 1 2 8 GO TO 16 1 2 8 GO TO 16 1 2 8 GO TO 16 Has (NAME) ever attended school?
What is the highest level of school (NAME) has attended?

What is the highest grade (NAME) completed at that level?

Did (NAME) attend school at any time during the 2016 school year?

During this school year, what level and grade is (NAME) attending?

Has [NAME] ever had the HPV vaccine to prevent cancer?

Does (NAME) have a birth certificate?

IF NO, PROBE: Has (NAME)'s birth ever been registered with the civil authority?

Did [NAME] take any medicati on for intestinal worms in the past 6 months?
1 = SHORT CERT SEEN 2 = LONG CERT SEEN 3 = BIRTH CERT NOT SEEN 4 = REGISTERED, NO CERT 5 = NOT REGISTERED 8 = DON'T KNOW SEE CODES BELOW.

LEVEL GRADE Y N DK Y N DK 1 2 8 1 2 8 Y N DK Y N DK 1 2 8 1 2 8 Y N DK Y N DK 1 2 8 1 2 8 Y N DK Y N DK 1 2 8 1 2 8 Y N DK Y N DK 1 2 8 1 2 8 Y N DK Y N DK 1 2 8 1 2 8 Y N DK Y N DK 1 2 8 1 2 8 Y N DK Y N DK 1 2 8 1 2 8 Y N DK Y N DK 1 2 8 1 2 8 Y N DK Y N DK 1 2 8 1 2 8 SEE CODES BELOW.
LEVEL GRADE Y 1 N 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 GO TO 21 2 GO TO 21 2 GO TO 21 2 GO TO 21 2 GO TO 21 2 GO TO 21 2 GO TO 21 2 GO TO 21 2 GO TO 21 2 GO TO 21 Y 1 N 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 GO TO 21 2 GO TO 21 2 GO TO 21 2 GO TO 21 2 GO TO 21 2 GO TO 21 2 GO TO 21 2 GO TO 21 2 GO TO 21 2 GO TO 21 CODES FOR Qs.

17 AND 19: EDUCATION LEVEL 0 = PRESCHOOL 1 = PRIMARY 2 = "O" LEVEL 3 = "A" LEVEL 4 = TERTIARY 6 = FAL 5 = UNIVERSITY 8 = DON'T KNOW GRADE 00 = LESS THAN 1 YEAR COMPLETED (USE '00' FOR Q.

17 ONLY.
17 ONLY.

THIS CODE IS NOT ALLOWED FOR Q.

19.)

98 = DON'T KNOW • 439Appendix E HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULE IF AGE 5 OR OLDER DISABILITY 23 24 25 26 27 28 Does (NAME) wear glasses or contact lenses to help them see?

I would like to know if (NAME) has difficulty seeing even when wearing glasses or contact lenses.

Would you say that (NAME) has no difficulty seeing, some difficulty, a lot of difficulty, or cannot see at all?

I would like to know if (NAME) has difficulty seeing.
Would you say that (NAME) has no difficulty seeing, some difficulty, a lot of difficulty, or cannot see at all?

Does (NAME) wear a hearing aid?

I would like to know if (NAME) has difficulty hearing even when using a hearing aid?

Would you say that (NAME) has no difficulty hearing, some difficulty, a lot of difficulty, or cannot hear at all?

I would like to know if (NAME) has difficulty hearing.
Would you say that (NAME) has no difficulty hearing, some difficulty, a lot of difficulty, or cannot hear at all?
1 = NO DIFFICULTY 1 = NO DIFFICULTY 1 = NO DIFFICULTY 1 = NO DIFFICULTY SEEING SEEING HEARING HEARING 2 = SOME DIFFICULTY 2 = SOME DIFFICULTY 2 = SOME DIFFICULTY 2 = SOME DIFFICULTY 3 = A LOT OF DIFFICULTY 4 = CANNOT SEE AT ALL 8 = DON'T KNOW 3 = A LOT OF DIFFICULTY 4 = CANNOT SEE AT ALL 8 = DON'T KNOW 3 = A LOT OF DIFFICULTY 4 = CANNOT HEAR 3 = A LOT OF DIFFICULTY 4 = CANNOT HEAR AT ALL 8 = DON'T KNOW AT ALL 8 = DON'T KNOW Y N Y N GO TO 25 (GO TO 26) GO TO 28 (GO TO 29) GO TO 25 (GO TO 26) GO TO 28 (GO TO 29) GO TO 25 (GO TO 26) GO TO 28 (GO TO 29) GO TO 25 (GO TO 26) GO TO 28 (GO TO 29) GO TO 25 (GO TO 26) GO TO 28 (GO TO 29) GO TO 25 (GO TO 26) GO TO 28 (GO TO 29) GO TO 25 (GO TO 26) GO TO 28 (GO TO 29) GO TO 25 (GO TO 26) GO TO 28 (GO TO 29) GO TO 25 (GO TO 26) GO TO 28 (GO TO 29) GO TO 25 (GO TO 26) GO TO 28 (GO TO 29) LINE NO.
440 •Appendix E LINE NO.

1 HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULE IF AGE 5 OR OLDER DISABILITY IF AGE 2 OR OLDER DISABILITY 29 30 31 32 33 34 I would like to know if (NAME) has difficulty communicating when using his/her usual language.

Would you say that (NAME) has no difficulty understanding or being understood, some difficulty, a lot of difficulty, or cannot communicate at all?

I would like to know if (NAME) has difficulty remembering or concentrating.
Would you say that (NAME) has no difficulty remembering or concentrating, some difficulty, a lot of difficulty, or cannot remember or concentrate at all?

I would like to know if (NAME) has difficulty walking or climbing steps.

Would you say that (NAME) has no difficulty walking or climbing steps, some difficulty, a lot of difficulty, or cannot walk or climb steps at all?

I would like to know if (NAME) has difficulty washing all over or dressing.
Would you say that (NAME) has no difficulty washing all over or dressing, some difficulty, a lot of difficulty, or cannot wash all over or dress at all?

What types of difficultie s does [NAME] face?

Does [NAME] have any other difficulties that have lasted or are expected to last 6 months or more?
1 = NO DIFFICULTY COMMUNICATING 2 = SOME DIFFICULTY 1 = NO DIFFICULTY REMEMBERING/ CONCENTRATING 2 = SOME DIFFICULTY 3 = A LOT OF DIFFICULTY 3 = A LOT OF DIFFICULTY 4 = CANNOT COMMUNICATE4 = CANNOT REMEMBER/ CONCENTRATE AT ALL 1 = NO DIFFICULTY WALKING OR CLIMBING 1 = NO DIFFICULTY WASHING OR DRESSING 2 = SOME DIFFICULTY 3 = A LOT OF DIFFICULTY 3 = A LOT OF DIFFICULTY 4 = CANNOT WALK OR CLIMB 4 = CANNOT WASH OR DRESS AT ALL 2 = SOME DIFFICULTY AT ALL 8 = DON'T KNOW 8 = DON'T KNOW 8 = DON'T KNOW 8 = DON'T KNOW CODES FOR Q.
34: DISABILITY LIST UP TO TWO DIFFIC- ULTIES Y N DK GO TO NEXT ROW GO TO NEXT ROW GO TO NEXT ROW GO TO NEXT ROW GO TO NEXT ROW GO TO NEXT ROW GO TO NEXT ROW GO TO NEXT ROW GO TO NEXT ROW GO TO NEXT ROW A = Limited use of legs, feet B = No leg(s), feet C = Limited use of arm(s), hand(s) D = No arm(s), hand(s) E = Facial mutilation (nose, lips, ears) F = Serious problem with back spine G = Hearing difficulty O = Frequent nightmares H = Deafness I = Serious speech impediment P = Mood changes J = Unable to speak K = Poor vision L = Blindness M = Mental retardation N = Mental illness Q = Feeling of helplessness R = Epilepsy, fits S = Chronic joint disease T = Leprosy U = Loss of feeling • 441Appendix E LINE NO.
IF AGE 5 OR OLDER DISABILITY 23 24 25 26 27 28 Does (NAME) wear glasses or contact lenses to help them see?

I would like to know if (NAME) has difficulty seeing even when wearing glasses or contact lenses.

Would you say that (NAME) has no difficulty seeing, some difficulty, a lot of difficulty, or cannot see at all?

I would like to know if (NAME) has difficulty seeing.
Would you say that (NAME) has no difficulty seeing, some difficulty, a lot of difficulty, or cannot see at all?

Does (NAME) wear a hearing aid?

I would like to know if (NAME) has difficulty hearing even when using a hearing aid?

Would you say that (NAME) has no difficulty hearing, some difficulty, a lot of difficulty, or cannot hear at all?

I would like to know if (NAME) has difficulty hearing.
Would you say that (NAME) has no difficulty hearing, some difficulty, a lot of difficulty, or cannot hear at all?
1 = NO DIFFICULTY 1 = NO DIFFICULTY 1 = NO DIFFICULTY 1 = NO DIFFICULTY SEEING SEEING HEARING HEARING 2 = SOME DIFFICULTY 2 = SOME DIFFICULTY 2 = SOME DIFFICULTY 2 = SOME DIFFICULTY 3 = A LOT OF DIFFICULTY 4 = CANNOT SEE AT ALL 8 = DON'T KNOW 3 = A LOT OF DIFFICULTY 4 = CANNOT SEE AT ALL 8 = DON'T KNOW 3 = A LOT OF DIFFICULTY 4 = CANNOT HEAR 3 = A LOT OF DIFFICULTY 4 = CANNOT HEAR AT ALL 8 = DON'T KNOW AT ALL 8 = DON'T KNOW Y N Y N GO TO 25 (GO TO 26) GO TO 28 (GO TO 29) GO TO 25 (GO TO 26) GO TO 28 (GO TO 29) GO TO 25 (GO TO 26) GO TO 28 (GO TO 29) GO TO 25 (GO TO 26) GO TO 28 (GO TO 29) GO TO 25 (GO TO 26) GO TO 28 (GO TO 29) GO TO 25 (GO TO 26) GO TO 28 (GO TO 29) GO TO 25 (GO TO 26) GO TO 28 (GO TO 29) GO TO 25 (GO TO 26) GO TO 28 (GO TO 29) GO TO 25 (GO TO 26) GO TO 28 (GO TO 29) GO TO 25 (GO TO 26) GO TO 28 (GO TO 29) 442 •Appendix E LINE NO.
IF AGE 5 OR OLDER DISABILITY IF AGE 2 OR OLDER DISABILITY 29 30 31 32 33 34 I would like to know if (NAME) has difficulty communicating when using his/her usual language.

Would you say that (NAME) has no difficulty understanding or being understood, some difficulty, a lot of difficulty, or cannot communicate at all?

I would like to know if (NAME) has difficulty remembering or concentrating.
Would you say that (NAME) has no difficulty remembering or concentrating, some difficulty, a lot of difficulty, or cannot remember or concentrate at all?

I would like to know if (NAME) has difficulty walking or climbing steps.

Would you say that (NAME) has no difficulty walking or climbing steps, some difficulty, a lot of difficulty, or cannot walk or climb steps at all?

I would like to know if (NAME) has difficulty washing all over or dressing.
Would you say that (NAME) has no difficulty washing all over or dressing, some difficulty, a lot of difficulty, or cannot wash all over or dress at all?

What types of difficultie s does [NAME] face?

Does [NAME] have any other difficulties that have lasted or are expected to last 6 months or more?
1 = NO DIFFICULTY COMMUNICATING 2 = SOME DIFFICULTY 1 = NO DIFFICULTY REMEMBERING/ CONCENTRATING 2 = SOME DIFFICULTY 3 = A LOT OF DIFFICULTY 3 = A LOT OF DIFFICULTY 4 = CANNOT COMMUNICATE4 = CANNOT REMEMBER/ CONCENTRATE AT ALL 1 = NO DIFFICULTY WALKING OR CLIMBING 1 = NO DIFFICULTY WASHING OR DRESSING 2 = SOME DIFFICULTY 3 = A LOT OF DIFFICULTY 3 = A LOT OF DIFFICULTY 4 = CANNOT WALK OR CLIMB 4 = CANNOT WASH OR DRESS AT ALL 2 = SOME DIFFICULTY AT ALL 8 = DON'T KNOW 8 = DON'T KNOW 8 = DON'T KNOW 8 = DON'T KNOW CODES FOR Q.
34: DISABILITY LIST UP TO TWO DIFFIC- ULTIES Y N DK GO TO NEXT ROW GO TO NEXT ROW GO TO NEXT ROW GO TO NEXT ROW GO TO NEXT ROW GO TO NEXT ROW GO TO NEXT ROW GO TO NEXT ROW GO TO NEXT ROW GO TO NEXT ROW A = Limited use of legs, feet B = No leg(s), feet C = Limited use of arm(s), hand(s) D = No arm(s), hand(s) 6E = Facial mutilation (nose, lips, ears) F = Serious problem with back spine G = Hearing difficulty O = Frequent nightmares H = Deafness I = Serious speech impediment P = Mood changes J = Unable to speak K = Poor vision L = Blindness M = Mental retardation N = Mental illness Q = Feeling of helplessness R = Epilepsy, fits S = Chronic joint disease T = Leprosy U = Loss of feeling • 443Appendix E NO.
SL1 SELECTION OF ONE CHILD FOR CHILD DISCIPLINE QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES CHECK COL. 7 IN THE LIST OF HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS AND WRITE THE TOTAL NUMBER OF CHILDREN AGE 1- 14 YEARS.

TOTAL NUMBER .

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SL2 CHECK THE NUMBER OF CHILDREN AGE 1-14 YEARS IN SL1: TWO OR MORE ZERO ONE SKIP TO SL10 SKIP TO SL9 AND RECORD THE RANK NUMBER AS '1', ENTER THE LINE NUMBER, CHILD'S NAME AND AGE SL2A LIST EACH OF THE CHILDREN AGE 1-14 YEARS BELOW IN THE ORDER THEY APPEAR IN THE LIST OF HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS.

DO NOT INCLUDE OTHER HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS OUTSIDE OF THE AGE RANGE 1-14 YEARS.

RECORD THE LINE NUMBER, NAME, SEX, AND AGE FOR EACH CHILD.

SL3.

RANK NUMBER RANK SL4.


HH LINE NUMBER LINE SL5.

NAME FROM COL. 2 NAME SL6.

SEX FROM COL. 4 F M SL7.

AGE FROM COL. 7 AGE 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 444 •Appendix E NO.
SL8 SELECTION OF ONE CHILD FOR CHILD DISCIPLINE HOW TO USE THE TABLE FOR SELECTION OF A CHILD LAST DIGIT OF QUESTIONNAIRE SERIAL NUMBER (GO TO THIS ROW NUMBER) TOTAL NUMBER OF ELIGIBLE CHILDREN (SL1) (GO TO THIS COLUMN NUMBER) IF ZERO GO TO SL10 LOOK AT THE LAST DIGIT OF THE HOUSEHOLD NUMBER ON THE COVER PAGE.

THIS IS THE ROW NUMBER YOU SHOULD GO TO.

CHECK THE TOTAL NUMBER OF ELIGIBLE CHILDREN [SL1] ON THE PREVIOUS PAGE.

THIS IS THE COLUMN NUMBER YOU SHOULD GO TO.


FOLLOW THE SELECTED ROW AND COLUMN TO THE CELL WHERE THEY MEET AND CIRCLE THE NUMBER IN THE CELL.

THIS IS THE RANK NUMBER OF THE CHILD SELECTED FOR THE CHILD LABOUR/CHILD DISCIPLINE QUESTIONS FROM THE BOX OF ELIGIBLE CHILDREN IN [SL3].

WRITE THE NAME, LINE NUMBER, AND RANK NUMBER OF THE SELECTED CHILD IN THE SPACE BELOW THE TABLE.

EXAMPLE: THE HOUSEHOLD NUMBER IS '716' AND [SL1] SHOWS THAT THERE ARE THREE ELIGIBLE CHILDREN AGE 1-14 IN THE HOUSEHOLD.
SINCE THE LAST DIGIT OF THE HOUSEHOLD NUMBER IS '6' GO TO ROW '6' AND SINCE THERE ARE THREE ELIGIBLE CHILDREN IN THE HOUSEHOLD, GO TO COLUMN '3'.

FOLLOW THE ROW AND COLUMN AND FIND THE NUMBER IN THE CELL WHERE THEY MEET ('2') AND CIRCLE THE NUMBER.

NOW GO TO [SL3] AND FIND THE SECOND CHILD.

WRITE THE NAME, LINE NUMBER, AND RANK NUMBER OF THE CHILD IN THE SPACE BELOW THE TABLE.
LAST DIGIT OF THE HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE SERIAL NUMBER 0 TOTAL NUMBER OF ELIGIBLE CHILDREN AGE 1-14 IN HOUSEHOLD FROM [SL1 8+ SL9 NAME OF SELECTED CHILD: HH LINE NUMBER OF SELECTED CHILD: RANK NUMBER OF SELECTED CHILD: • 445Appendix E NO.
SL10 ONLY ONE INDIVIDUAL (ONE WOMAN OR ONE MAN) SHOULD BE SELECTED FOR DOMESTIC VIOLENCE QUESTIONS SELECTION OF INDIVIDUAL FOR DOMESTIC VIOLENCE QUESTIONS CHECK COVER PAGE: HOUSEHOLD SELECTED FOR MAN'S SURVEY AND BIOMARKER TESTING?
NO YES GO TO SL13 TABLE FOR SELECTION OF WOMEN FOR DOMESTIC VIOLENCE QUESTIONS HOW TO USE THE TABLE FOR SELECTION OF A RESPONDENT SL11 LAST DIGIT OF QUESTIONNAIRE SERIAL NUMBER (GO TO THIS ROW NUMBER) TOTAL NUMBER OF ELIGIBLE WOMEN (COL 9) (GO TO THIS COLUMN NUMBER) IF ZERO GO TO CD2 LOOK AT THE LAST DIGIT OF THE HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE SERIAL NUMBER ON THE COVER PAGE.

THIS IS THE ROW NUMBER YOU SHOULD GO TO.

CHECK THE TOTAL NUMBER OF ELIGIBLE WOMEN (COLUMN 9) IN THE HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULE.
THIS IS THE COLUMN NUMBER YOU SHOULD GO TO.

FOLLOW THE SELECTED ROW AND COLUMN TO THE CELL WHERE THEY MEET AND CIRCLE THE NUMBER IN THE CELL.

THIS IS THE NUMBER OF THE WOMAN SELECTED FOR THE DOMESTIC VIOLENCE QUESTIONS FROM THE LIST OF ELIGIBLE WOMEN IN COLUMN 9 OF THE HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULE.

WRITE THE NAME AND LINE NUMBER OF THE SELECTED WOMAN IN THE SPACE BELOW THE TABLE.
EXAMPLE: THE HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE SERIAL NUMBER IS ‘716’ AND THE HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULE COLUMN 9 SHOWS THAT THERE ARE THREE ELIGIBLE WOMEN AGE 15-49 IN THE HOUSEHOLD (LINE NUMBERS 02, 04, AND 05).

SINCE THE LAST DIGIT OF THE HOUSEHOLD SERIAL NUMBER IS '6' GO TO ROW '6' AND SINCE THERE ARE THREE ELIGIBLE WOMEN IN THE HOUSEHOLD, GO TO COLUMN '3’.

FOLLOW THE ROW AND COLUMN AND FIND THE NUMBER IN THE CELL WHERE THEY MEET (‘2') AND CIRCLE THE NUMBER.
NOW GO TO THE HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULE AND FIND THE SECOND WOMAN WHO IS ELIGIBLE FOR THE WOMAN'S INTERVIEW (LINE NUMBER '04' IN THIS EXAMPLE).

WRITE HER NAME AND LINE NUMBER IN THE SPACE BELOW THE TABLE.
LAST DIGIT OF THE HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE SERIAL NUMBER 0 TOTAL NUMBER OF ELIGIBLE WOMEN AGE 15-49 IN HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULE COLUMN 8+ SL12 NAME OF SELECTED WOMAN: HH LINE NUMBER OF SELECTED WOMAN: GO TO CD2 446 •Appendix E NO.
SELECTION OF INDIVIDUAL FOR DOMESTIC VIOLENCE QUESTIONS TABLE FOR SELECTION OF MEN FOR DOMESTIC VIOLENCE QUESTIONS HOW TO USE THE TABLE FOR SELECTION OF A RESPONDENT SL13 LAST DIGIT OF QUESTIONNAIRE SERIAL NUMBER (GO TO THIS ROW NUMBER) TOTAL NUMBER OF ELIGIBLE MEN (COL 10) (GO TO THIS COLUMN NUMBER) IF ZERO GO TO CD2 LOOK AT THE LAST DIGIT OF THE HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE SERIAL NUMBER ON THE COVER PAGE.

THIS IS THE ROW NUMBER YOU SHOULD GO TO.


CHECK THE TOTAL NUMBER OF ELIGIBLE MEN (COLUMN 10) IN THE HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULE.

THIS IS THE COLUMN NUMBER YOU SHOULD GO TO.

FOLLOW THE SELECTED ROW AND COLUMN TO THE CELL WHERE THEY MEET AND CIRCLE THE NUMBER IN THE CELL.

THIS IS THE NUMBER OF THE MAN SELECTED FOR THE DOMESTIC VIOLENCE QUESTIONS FROM THE LIST OF ELIGIBLE MEN IN COLUMN 10 OF THE HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULE.

WRITE THE NAME AND LINE NUMBER OF THE SELECTED MAN IN THE SPACE BELOW THE TABLE.
EXAMPLE: THE HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE SERIAL NUMBER IS ‘716’ AND THE HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULE COLUMN 10 SHOWS THAT THERE ARE THREE ELIGIBLE MEN AGE 15-54 IN THE HOUSEHOLD (LINE NUMBERS 02, 04, AND 05).

SINCE THE LAST DIGIT OF THE HOUSEHOLD SERIAL NUMBER IS '6' GO TO ROW '6' AND SINCE THERE ARE THREE ELIGIBLE MEN IN THE HOUSEHOLD, GO TO COLUMN '3’.

FOLLOW THE ROW AND COLUMN AND FIND THE NUMBER IN THE CELL WHERE THEY MEET (‘2') AND CIRCLE THE NUMBER.
NOW GO TO THE HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULE AND FIND THE SECOND MAN WHO IS ELIGIBLE FOR THE MAN'S INTERVIEW (LINE NUMBER '04' IN THIS EXAMPLE).

WRITE HIS NAME AND LINE NUMBER IN THE SPACE BELOW THE TABLE.
LAST DIGIT OF THE HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE SERIAL NUMBER 0 TOTAL NUMBER OF ELIGIBLE MEN AGE 15-54 IN HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULE COLUMN 10 8+ SL14 NAME OF SELECTED MAN: HH LINE NUMBER OF SELECTED MAN: • 447Appendix E NO.
CD2 CD3 QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP CHILD DISCIPLINE WRITE THE LINE NUMBER AND NAME OF THE CHILD FROM SL9.

LINE NUMBER .

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NAME NO CHILD 101 Adults use certain ways to teach children the right behaviour or to address a behaviour problem.

I will read various methods that are used.

Please tell me if you or anyone else in the household has used this method with (NAME) in the past month.
YES NO a) Took away privileges, forbade something (NAME) liked or did not allow (him/her) to leave the house.

a) TOOK AWAY PRIVILEGES .

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1 b) Explained why (NAME)'s behaviour was wrong.

b) EXPLAINED WRONG BEHAVIOUR .

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1 c) Shook (him/her).

c) SHOOK HIM/HER .

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1 d) Shouted, yelled at or screamed at (him/her).

d) SHOUTED, YELLED, SCREAMED .

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1 e) Gave (him/her) something else to do.

e) GAVE SOMETHING ELSE TO DO .

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1 f) g) Spanked, hit or slapped (him/her) on the bottom with bare hand.

f) HIT ON BOTTOM WITH BARE HAND .

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1 Hit (him/her) on the bottom or elsewhere on the body with something like a belt, hairbrush, stick, or other hard object.

g) HIT WITH HARD OBJECT .

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1 h) Called (him/her) dumb, lazy, or another name like that.

h) CALLED NAME .

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1 i) j) k) Hit or slapped (him/her) on the face, head, or ears.

i) HIT ON HEAD/FACE/EARS .

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1 Hit or slapped (him/her) on the hand, arm, or leg.

j) HIT ON HAND/ARM/LEG .

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1 Beat him/her up, that is hit (him/her) over and over as hard as one could.

k) BEAT HIM/HER UP .

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1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 CD4 Do you believe that in order to bring up, raise or educate a child properly, the child needs to be physically punished?

1 YES .

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NO 2 .

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DON'T KNOW / NO OPINION .

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8 CD4A To the best of your knowledge, is there a government law that prohibits one from abusing a child?

1 YES .

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NO 2 .

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DON'T KNOW .

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8 448 •Appendix E NO.


101 QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS What is the main source of drinking water for members of your household?

PIPED WATER PIPED INTO DWELLING .

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11 PIPED TO YARD/PLOT .

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12 PIPED TO NEIGHBOR .

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13 PUBLIC TAP/STANDPIPE .

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14 TUBE WELL OR BOREHOLE .

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21 DUG WELL PROTECTED WELL .

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31 UNPROTECTED WELL .

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32 WATER FROM SPRING SKIP 106 PROTECTED SPRING .

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41 UNPROTECTED SPRING .

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42 103 .

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51 RAINWATER TANKER TRUCK .

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61 BICYCLE WITH JERRYCANS .

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71 SURFACE WATER (RIVER/DAM/ LAKE/POND/STREAM/CANAL/ IRRIGATION CHANNEL) .

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81 BOTTLED WATER .

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91 .

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92 SACHET WATER OTHER 96 103 (SPECIFY) PIPED WATER PIPED INTO DWELLING .

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11 PIPED TO YARD/PLOT .

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12 PIPED TO NEIGHBOR .

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13 PUBLIC TAP/STANDPIPE .

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14 106 TUBE WELL OR BOREHOLE .

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21 DUG WELL PROTECTED WELL .

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31 UNPROTECTED WELL .

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32 WATER FROM SPRING PROTECTED SPRING .

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41 UNPROTECTED SPRING .

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42 .

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51 RAINWATER .

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61 TANKER TRUCK BICYCLE WITH JERRYCANS .

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71 SURFACE WATER (RIVER/DAM/ LAKE/POND/STREAM/CANAL/ IRRIGATION CHANNEL) .

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81 OTHER 96 (SPECIFY) IN OWN DWELLING IN OWN YARD/PLOT ELSEWHERE .

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2 3 .

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105 107 102 What is the main source of water used by your household for other purposes such as cooking and handwashing?

103 Where is that water source located?

104 How long does it take to go there, get water, and come back?

MINUTES .

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DON'T KNOW .

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998 105 CHECK 101 AND 102: CODE '14' OR '21' CIRCLED?

YES NO • 449Appendix E QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS NO.

106 107 108 In the past two weeks, was the water from this source not available for at least one full day?

Do you do anything to the water to make it safer to drink?

What do you usually do to make the water safer to drink?

Anything else?

RECORD ALL MENTIONED.


109 What kind of toilet facility do members of your household usually use?

IF NOT POSSIBLE TO DETERMINE, ASK PERMISSION TO OBSERVE THE FACILITY.

109 YES .

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NO .

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DON'T KNOW .

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YES .


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NO .

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DON'T KNOW .

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1 2 8 1 2 8 BOIL .

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A ADD BLEACH/CHLORINE .

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B STRAIN THROUGH A CLOTH .

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C USE WATER FILTER (CERAMIC/ SAND/COMPOSITE/ETC) .

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D SOLAR DISINFECTION .

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E LET IT STAND AND SETTLE .

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F OTHER X (SPECIFY) DON'T KNOW .

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Z FLUSH OR POUR FLUSH TOILET FLUSH TO PIPED SEWER SYSTEM .

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11 FLUSH TO SEPTIC TANK .

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12 FLUSH TO PIT LATRINE .

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13 FLUSH TO SOMEWHERE ELSE .

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14 .

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15 FLUSH, DON'T KNOW WHERE PIT LATRINE VENTILATED IMPROVED PIT LATRINE .

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21 PIT LATRINE WITH SLAB .

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22 PIT LATRINE WITHOUT SLAB/OPEN PIT .

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23 COMPOSTING TOILET/ECOSAN .

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31 .

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41 BUCKET TOILET .

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51 HANGING TOILET/HANGING LATRINE .

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61 NO FACILITY/BUSH/FIELD 113 OTHER 96 (SPECIFY) 110 Do you share this toilet facility with other households?

YES .

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NO 1 2 112 111 Including your own household, how many households use this toilet facility?

NO.

OF HOUSEHOLDS IF LESS THAN 10 .

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0 10 OR MORE HOUSEHOLDS .

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95 DON'T KNOW .

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98 112 Where is this toilet facility located?

IN OWN DWELLING IN OWN YARD/PLOT ELSEWHERE .

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2 3 .

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450 •Appendix E NO.

113 QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS What type of fuel does your household mainly use for cooking?

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01 ELECTRICITY LPG/CYLINDER GAS .

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02 BIOGAS .

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04 KEROSENE .

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05 CHARCOAL .

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07 WOOD .

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08 STRAW/SHRUBS/GRASS .

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09 .

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10 AGRICULTURAL CROP ANIMAL DUNG .

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11 NO FOOD COOKED IN HOUSEHOLD .

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95 116 114 Is the cooking usually done in the house, in a separate building, or outdoors?

IN THE HOUSE .

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IN A SEPARATE BUILDING .

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OUTDOORS .

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OTHER (SPECIFY) OTHER (SPECIFY) Do you have a separate room which is used as a kitchen?

YES .

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NO How many rooms in this household are used for sleeping?

ROOMS .

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ROOMS .

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96 1 2 3 6 1 2 116 Does this household own any livestock, herds, other farm animals, or poultry?

YES .

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NO 1 2 119 How many of the following animals does this household own?

IF NONE, RECORD '00'.


IF 95 OR MORE, RECORD '95'.

IF UNKNOWN, RECORD '98'.

a) Local cattle?

a) LOCAL CATTLE .

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b) Exotic/cross-breed cattle?

b) EXOTIC CATTLE .

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c) Horses, donkeys, or mules?

c) HORSES/DONKEYS/MULES .

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d) Goats?

e) Sheep?

d) GOATS .

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e) SHEEP .

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f) Chickens or other poultry?

f) CHICKENS/POULTRY .

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g) Pigs?

g) PIGS .

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118A Are there any animals that sleep in the house where people sleep?

YES .

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NO Does any member of this household own any agricultural land?

YES .

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NO How many acres of agricultural land do members of this household own?

IF 95 OR MORE, CIRCLE '950'.

ACRES .

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95 OR MORE ACRES .

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DON'T KNOW .

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950 998 120A Does any member of this household own any non- agricultural land?

YES .

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NO 1 2 1 2 1 2 120A 115 116 117 118 119 120 • 451Appendix E NO.

121 QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS Does your household have: a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) k) l) m) Electricity?

A radio?

A television?

A non-mobile telephone?

A computer?

A refrigerator?

A cassette/CD/DVD player?

A table?

A chair?

A sofa set?

A bed?

A cupboard?

A clock?

YES NO .

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1 a) ELECTRICITY .

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1 b) RADIO .

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1 c) TELEVISION .

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1 e) COMPUTER f) REFRIGERATOR 1 .

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g) PLAYER .

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1 h) TABLE .

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1 i) CHAIR j) SOFA SET .

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1 k) BED .

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1 l) CUPBOARD .

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1 m) CLOCK 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 122 Does any member of this household own: YES NO a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) A watch?

A mobile phone?

A bicycle?

A motorcycle or motor scooter?

An animal-drawn cart?

A car or truck?


A boat with a motor?

A boat without a motor?

Does any member of this household have a bank account, mobile money account, or account with an agent?

How often does anyone smoke inside your house?

Would you say daily, weekly, monthly, less often than once a month, or never?

a) WATCH .

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1 b) MOBILE PHONE .

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1 c) BICYCLE .

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1 d) MOTORCYCLE/SCOOTER .

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1 e) ANIMAL-DRAWN CART .

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1 f) CAR/TRUCK .

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1 g) BOAT WITH MOTOR .

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1 h) BOAT WITHOUT MOTOR .

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1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 YES .

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NO 1 2 .

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DAILY WEEKLY MONTHLY LESS OFTEN THAN ONCE A MONTH NEVER .

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1 2 3 .

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4 5 At any time in the past 6 months, has anyone come into your dwelling to spray the interior walls against mosquitoes?

YES .

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NO .

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1 2 8 127 123 124 125 126 Who sprayed the dwelling?

PROBE FOR ANY OTHERS.

RECORD ALL MENTIONED.

126A Did you pay for your dwelling to be sprayed?

127 Does your household have any mosquito nets?

GOVERNMENT WORKER/PROGRAM PRIVATE COMPANY NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION (NGO) .

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A .

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B .

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C OTHER X (SPECIFY) DON'T KNOW .

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Z YES .

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YES .

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NO 1 2 8 1 2 139 128 How many mosquito nets does your household have?

IF 7 OR MORE NETS, RECORD '7'.

NUMBER OF NETS .

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452 •Appendix E 129 ASK THE RESPONDENT TO SHOW YOU ALL THE NETS IN THE HOUSEHOLD.

IF MORE THAN 3 NETS, USE ADDITIONAL QUESTIONNAIRE(S).
130 How many months ago did your household get the mosquito net?

IF LESS THAN ONE MONTH AGO, RECORD '00'.

MOSQUITO NETS NET #1 NET #2 NET #3 OBSERVED .

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NOT OBSERVED 1 2 OBSERVED .

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NOT OBSERVED 1 .

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2 OBSERVED .

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NOT OBSERVED 1 .

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2 MONTHS AGO .

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MONTHS AGO .

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MONTHS AGO .

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MORE THAN 36 MORE THAN 36 MORE THAN 36 MONTHS AGO .

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95 MONTHS AGO .

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95 MONTHS AGO .

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95 NOT SURE .

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98 NOT SURE .

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98 NOT SURE .

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98 131 OBSERVE OR ASK BRAND/TYPE OF MOSQUITO NET.

LONG-LASTING INSECTICIDE- TREATED NET (LLIN) LONG-LASTING INSECTICIDE- TREATED NET (LLIN) LONG-LASTING INSECTICIDE- TREATED NET (LLIN) IF BRAND IS UNKNOWN AND YOU CANNOT OBSERVE THE NET, SHOW PICTURES OF TYPICAL NET TYPES/BRANDS TO RESPONDENT.

PERMANET .

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PERMANET .

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11 DURANET .

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12 INTERCEPTOR .

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13 NETPROTECT .

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14 15 OLYSET .

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16 DAWNET .

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17 ICONLIFE YORKOOL .

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18 DK BRAND .

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19 GOVT BRAND .

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20 21 OTHER .

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PERMANET .

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11 DURANET .

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12 INTERCEPTOR .

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13 NETPROTECT .

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14 OLYSET .

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15 DAWNET .

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16 .

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17 ICONLIFE YORKOOL .

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18 DK BRAND .

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19 GOVT BRAND .

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20 OTHER .

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21 PERMANET .

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11 DURANET .

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12 INTERCEPTOR .

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13 NETPROTECT .

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14 OLYSET .

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15 DAWNET .

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16 .


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17 ICONLIFE YORKOOL .

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18 DK BRAND .

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19 GOVT BRAND .

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20 OTHER .

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21 (SPECIFY) (SKIP TO 134) (SPECIFY) (SKIP TO 134) (SPECIFY) (SKIP TO 134) OTHER BRAND .

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96 .

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98 DK BRAND OTHER BRAND .

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96 .

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98 DK BRAND OTHER BRAND .

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96 .

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98 DK BRAND 132 Since you got the net, was it ever soaked or dipped in a liquid to kill or repel mosquitoes?

YES .

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NO (SKIP TO 134) NOT SURE .

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1 2 8 YES .

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NO (SKIP TO 134) NOT SURE .

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1 2 8 YES .

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NO (SKIP TO 134) NOT SURE .

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1 2 8 133 How many months ago was the net last soaked or dipped?

MONTHS AGO .

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MONTHS AGO .

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MONTHS AGO .

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IF LESS THAN ONE MONTH AGO, RECORD '00'.

134 Did you get the net through a mass distribution, during an antenatal care visit, or during an immunization visit?

MORE THAN 24 MORE THAN 24 MORE THAN 24 MONTHS AGO .

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95 MONTHS AGO .

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95 MONTHS AGO .

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95 NOT SURE .

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98 NOT SURE .

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98 NOT SURE .

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98 YES, MASS DISTRIBUTION .

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YES, ANC YES, IMMUNIZATION VISIT .

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(SKIP TO 136) .

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NO 1 2 3 4 YES, MASS YES, MASS DISTRIBUTION .

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1 2 .

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YES, ANC YES, IMMUNIZATION DISTRIBUTION .

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1 2 .

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YES, ANC YES, IMMUNIZATION VISIT .

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(SKIP TO 136) .

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3 4 NO VISIT .

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(SKIP TO 136) .

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3 4 NO • 453Appendix E 135 Where did you get the net?

PUBLIC SECTOR PUBLIC SECTOR PUBLIC SECTOR MOSQUITO NETS NET #1 NET #2 NET #3 GOVT.
HOSPITA .

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11 GOVT.

HEALTH FACILITY .

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12 GOVT.

HOSPITA .

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11 GOVT.

HEALTH FACILITY .

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12 GOVT.

HOSPITA .

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11 GOVT.

HEALTH FACILITY .

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12 PNFP/NGO PNFP/NGO PNFP/NGO HOSPITAL.

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21 HEALTH FACILITY .

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22 HOSPITAL.

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21 HEALTH FACILITY .

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22 HOSPITAL.

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21 HEALTH FACILITY .

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22 PRIVATE SECTOR PRIVATE SECTOR PRIVATE SECTOR PRIVATE HOSPITAL/ CLINIC.

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31 PHARMACY .

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32 PRIVATE HOSPITAL/ CLINIC.

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31 PHARMACY .

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32 PRIVATE HOSPITAL/ CLINIC.

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31 PHARMACY .

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32 OTHER SOURCE OTHER SOURCE OTHER SOURCE SHOP/MARKET .

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41 HAWKER .

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42 CHW .

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43 RELIGIOUS SHOP/MARKET .

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41 HAWKER .

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42 CHW .

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43 RELIGIOUS SHOP/MARKET .

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41 HAWKER .

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42 CHW .

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43 RELIGIOUS INSTITUTION .

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44 OTHER .

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96 DON’T KNOW.

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98 INSTITUTION .

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44 OTHER .

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96 DON’T KNOW.

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98 136 Did anyone sleep under this mosquito net last night?

YES .

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NO (SKIP TO 138) NOT SURE .

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1 2 8 YES .

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NO (SKIP TO 138) NOT SURE .

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1 2 8 137 Who slept under this mosquito net last night?

RECORD THE PERSON'S NAME AND LINE NUMBER FROM HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULE.

NAME LINE NAME LINE NAME LINE NO.

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NO.

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NO.

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NAME LINE NAME LINE NAME LINE NO.

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NO.

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NO.

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NAME LINE NAME LINE NAME LINE NO.

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NO.

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NO.

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NAME LINE NAME LINE NAME LINE NO.

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NO.

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NO.

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138 GO BACK TO 129 FOR NEXT NET; OR, IF NO MORE NETS, GO TO 139.

GO BACK TO 129 FOR NEXT NET; OR, IF NO MORE NETS, GO TO 139.
GO TO 129 IN FIRST COLUMN OF A NEW QUESTIONNAIRE; OR, IF NO MORE NETS, GO TO 139.

454 •Appendix E NO.

139 ADDITIONAL HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP We would like to learn about the places that households use to wash their hands.

Can you please show me where members of your household most often wash their hands?

OBSERVED, FIXED PLACE 1 OBSERVED, MOBILE .

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2 NOT OBSERVED, .

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NOT IN DWELLING/YARD/PLOT .

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3 NOT OBSERVED, NO PERMISSION TO SEE .

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4 5 NOT OBSERVED, OTHER REASON .

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142 140 OBSERVE PRESENCE OF WATER AT THE PLACE FOR HANDWASHING.

RECORD OBSERVATION.

WATER IS AVAILABLE WATER IS NOT AVAILABLE .

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1 2 141 OBSERVE PRESENCE OF SOAP, DETERGENT, OR OTHER CLEANSING AGENT AT THE PLACE FOR HANDWASHING.

SOAP OR DETERGENT (BAR, LIQUID, POWDER, PASTE) .

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A ASH, MUD, SAND .

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B RECORD OBSERVATION.

NONE .

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Y 142 OBSERVE MAIN MATERIAL OF THE FLOOR OF THE DWELLING.
NATURAL FLOOR EARTH/SAND .

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11 DUNG .

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12 RECORD OBSERVATION.

RUDIMENTARY FLOOR 143 OBSERVE MAIN MATERIAL OF THE ROOF OF THE DWELLING.

RECORD OBSERVATION.

WOOD PLANKS .

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21 PALM/BAMBOO .

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22 FINISHED FLOOR PARQUET OR POLISHED WOOD .

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31 CONCRETE .

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32 CERAMIC TILES .

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33 CEMENT SCREED .

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34 CARPET .

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35 STONES .

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36 BRICKS .

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37 OTHER 96 (SPECIFY) NATURAL ROOFING .

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11 NO ROOF THATCH/PALM LEAF .

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12 MUD .

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13 RUDIMENTARY ROOFING .

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21 RUSTIC MAT TINS .

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22 WOOD PLANKS .

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23 CARDBOARD .

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24 TARPAULIN .

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25 FINISHED ROOFING IRON SHEETS .

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31 WOOD .

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32 ASBESTOS .

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33 TILES .

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34 CONCRETE .

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35 ROOFING SHINGLES .

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36 OTHER 96 (SPECIFY) • 455Appendix E ADDITIONAL HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP NO.

144 OBSERVE MAIN MATERIAL OF THE EXTERIOR WALLS OF THE DWELLING.

RECORD OBSERVATION.

NATURAL WALLS NO WALLS .

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12 DIRT .

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13 RUDIMENTARY WALLS POLES WITH MUD .

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22 UNBURNT BRICKS WITH MUD .

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23 PLYWOOD .


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25 CARDBOARD REUSED WOOD .

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26 UNBURNT BRICKS WITH PLASTER .

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28 BURNT BRICKS WITH MUD FINISHED WALLS CEMENT .

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32 BURNT BRICKS WITH CEMENT .

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33 CEMENT BLOCKS .

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34 .

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36 WOOD PLANKS/SHINGLES OTHER 96 (SPECIFY) PUBLIC SECTOR GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL .

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11 GOVERNMENT HEALTH CENTER .

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12 FAMILY PLANNING CLINIC .

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13 MOBILE CLINIC .

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14 OTHER PUBLIC SECTOR (SPECIFY) 16 144A Where do you and your family mainly go for health care?

PROBE TO IDENTIFY TYPE OF SOURCE.

IF UNABLE TO DETERMINE IF PUBLIC OR PRIVATE SECTOR, WRITE THE NAME OF THE PLACE.
(NAME OF PLACE) PRIVATE MEDICAL SECTOR PRIVATE HOSPITAL/CLINIC .

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21 PRIVATE DOCTOR .

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22 MOBILE CLINIC .

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23 PHARMACY/DRUG SHOP .

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24 OTHER PRIVATE MEDICAL SECTOR OTHER (SPECIFY) (SPECIFY) 26 96 DON'T KNOW .

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98 YES, OFFICIAL FEES .

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1 2 YES, TOKEN OF THANKS .

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3 NO .

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8 DON'T KNOW .

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145 DIRECTLY OUT OF POCKET .

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A COMMUNITY-BASED INITIATIVE/SAVINGS .

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B HEALTH INSURANCE THROUGH EMPLOYER .

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C .

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D SOCIAL SECURITY OTHER PRIVATELY PURCHASED COMMERCIAL HEALTH INSURANCE .

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E OTHER X (SPECIFY) IODINE PRESENT .

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1 2 NO IODINE .

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144B Do you pay any money for the services offered?

144C How do you make the payment?

PROBE FOR ANY OTHERS.

RECORD ALL MENTIONED.

145 I would like to check whether the salt used in your household is iodized.

May I have a sample of the salt used to cook meals in your household?

TEST SALT FOR IODINE.

SALT NOT TESTED (SPECIFY REASON) NO SALT IN HOUSEHOLD .

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3 6 456 •Appendix E ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS A01 Now I would like to ask you about road traffic accidents that anyone in your household may have been involved in during the last 12 months.

YES .

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1 NO .

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2 A12 Was anyone in your household killed in a road traffic accident in the past 12 months or injured in a road traffic accident with injuries severe enough that for at least one day they could not carry out their normal daily activities?

A02 What is the name of the persons injured or killed?

ENTER THE NAME OF EACH PERSON INJURED OR KILLED IN A03.

IF THERE ARE MORE THAN TWO PERSONS, USE ADDITIONAL QUESTIONNAIRE(S).
A03 ENTER THE NAME OF EACH PERSON INJURED OR KILLED RECORD HOUSEHOLD LINE NUMBER FROM COLUMN 1.

RECORD '00' IF PERSON NOT LISTED IN HOUSEHOLD.

A04 Was (NAME) in a car, truck, bus, motorcycle, bicycle, another kind of vehicle, or a pedestrian?

IF A PERSON HAD MORE THAN ONE ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENT, ASK QUESTIONS ABOUT THE MOST RECENT ACCIDENT ONLY.

NAME NAME LINE NUMBER .

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LINE NUMBER .

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NOT IN HOUSEHOLD .

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00 NOT IN HOUSEHOLD .

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00 CAR .

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01 TRUCK .

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02 BUS .

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03 MOTORCYCLE .

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04 BICYCLE .

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05 PEDESTRIAN .

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06 CAR .

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01 TRUCK .

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02 BUS .

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03 MOTORCYCLE .

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04 BICYCLE .

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05 PEDESTRIAN .

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06 OTHER 96 OTHER 96 (SPECIFY) (SPECIFY) DON’T KNOW .

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98 DON’T KNOW .

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98 A04A CHECK A03 LINE NUMBER: 00 OTHER (SKIP TO A10) 00 OTHER (SKIP TO A10) A05 Is (NAME) still alive?

YES .

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1 YES .

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1 (SKIP TO A09A) (SKIP TO A09A) NO .

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2 DON’T KNOW .

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8 NO .

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2 DON’T KNOW .

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8 (SKIP TO A09A) (SKIP TO A09A) A06 Was (NAME)’s death related to the road traffic accident?

YES .

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NO .

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1 2 YES .

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1 2 A06A Was (NAME)'s death registered with the civil authority?
YES NO DON'T KNOW .

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2 8 YES NO DON'T KNOW .

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2 8 A07 Was (NAME) male or female?

MALE .

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1 FEMALE .

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2 MALE .

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1 FEMALE .

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2 A08 What was (NAME)’s age when (NAME) died?

YEARS .

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IF LESS THAN ONE YEAR, RECORD '00'.

DON’T KNOW .

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(SKIP TO A11) 98 DON’T KNOW .

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(SKIP TO A11) 98 A09A Is (NAME) male or female?

MALE .

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1 FEMALE .

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2 MALE .

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2 A09B How old is (NAME)?

IF LESS THAN ONE YEAR, RECORD '00'.

DON’T KNOW .

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98 YEARS .

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A10 What kind of injuries did (NAME) have as a result of the accident?

RECORD ALL MENTIONED.

A11 PARALYZED.

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A BRAIN DAMAGE.

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B DISFIGUREMENT .

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C LOSS OF LIMB .

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D LOSS OF LIMB FUNCTION .

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E LOSS OF EYE SIGHT .

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F CHRONIC PAIN .

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G BURN .

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H I CUTS .

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BROKEN BONE .

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J EMOTIONAL TRAUMA.

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K BRUISING .

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L PARALYZED.

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A BRAIN DAMAGE.

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B DISFIGUREMENT .

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C LOSS OF LIMB .

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D LOSS OF LIMB FUNCTION .

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F CHRONIC PAIN .

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G BURN .

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H I CUTS .

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BROKEN BONE .

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J EMOTIONAL TRAUMA.

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K BRUISING .

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L OTHER X OTHER X (SPECIFY) (SPECIFY) GO BACK TO A04 IN NEXT COLUMN, OR IF NO MORE PERSONS WITH ACCIDENTS, GO TO A12.

GO BACK TO A04 IN FIRST COLUMN OF A NEW QUESTIONNAIRE, OR IF NO MORE PERSONS WITH ACCIDENTS, GO TO A12.

• 457Appendix E A12 Now I would like to ask you about other incidents that anyone in your household may have been involved in during the last 12 months.

YES .

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1 NO .

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2 A23 INJURIES Was anyone in your household killed in the last 12 months or injured in any other incident such as a fire, violent attack, animal bite, fall, drowning or anything else with injuries severe enough that for at least one day they could not carry out their normal daily activities?

A13 What is the name of the person(s) injured or killed?
ENTER THE NAME OF EACH PERSON INJURED OR KILLED IN A14.

IF THERE ARE MORE THAN TWO PERSONS, USE ADDITIONAL QUESTIONNAIRE(S).

A14 ENTER THE NAME OF EACH PERSON INJURED OR KILLED: RECORD HOUSEHOLD LINE NUMBER FROM COLUMN 1.

RECORD '00' IF PERSON NOT LISTED IN HOUSEHOLD.

A15 In what type of incident was (NAME) injured or killed?

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LINE NUMBER .

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NOT IN HOUSEHOLD .

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00 NOT IN HOUSEHOLD .

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00 VIOLENCE/ASSAULT .

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01 FIRE/BURNING .

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02 ANIMAL BITE .

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03 .

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04 ACCIDENTAL FALL DROWNING .

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05 POISONING .

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06 ACCIDENT WHILE WORKING 07 VIOLENCE/ASSAULT .

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01 FIRE/BURNING .

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02 ANIMAL BITE .

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03 .

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04 ACCIDENTAL FALL DROWNING .

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05 POISONING .

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06 ACCIDENT WHILE WORKING 07 OTHER 96 OTHER 96 (SPECIFY) (SPECIFY) DON’T KNOW .

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98 DON’T KNOW .

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98 A15A CHECK A14 LINE NUMBER: 00 OTHER (SKIP TO A21) 00 OTHER (SKIP TO A21) A16 Is (NAME) still alive?

YES .

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(SKIP TO A20A) NO .

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A17 Was (NAME)’s death related to this incident?

YES .

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NO .

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1 2 1 2 YES .

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(SKIP TO A20A) NO .

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YES .

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1 2 1 2 A17A Was (NAME)'s death registered with the civil authority?

YES NO DON'T KNOW .

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2 8 YES NO DON'T KNOW .

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1 .

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2 8 A18 Was (NAME) male or female?

MALE .

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1 FEMALE .

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2 MALE .

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1 FEMALE .

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2 A19 What was (NAME)’s age when (NAME) died?

YEARS .

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YEARS .

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IF LESS THAN ONE YEAR, RECORD '00'.

DON’T KNOW .

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DON’T KNOW .

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(SKIP TO A22) 98 DON’T KNOW .

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(SKIP TO A22) 98 A20A Is (NAME) male or female?

MALE .

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1 FEMALE .

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2 MALE .

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1 FEMALE .

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2 A20B How old is (NAME)?

IF LESS THAN ONE YEAR, RECORD '00'.

DON’T KNOW .

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98 DON’T KNOW .

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98 YEARS .

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YEARS .

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A21 What kind of injuries did (NAME) have as a result of the incident?

RECORD ALL MENTIONED.

A22 PARALYZED.

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A BRAIN DAMAGE.

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B DISFIGUREMENT .

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C LOSS OF LIMB .

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D LOSS OF LIMB FUNCTION .

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E LOSS OF EYE SIGHT .


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F CHRONIC PAIN .

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G BURN .

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H I CUTS .

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BROKEN BONE .

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J EMOTIONAL TRAUMA.

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K PARALYZED.

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A BRAIN DAMAGE.

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B DISFIGUREMENT .

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C LOSS OF LIMB .

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D LOSS OF LIMB FUNCTION .

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F CHRONIC PAIN .

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G BURN .

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H I CUTS .

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BROKEN BONE .

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J EMOTIONAL TRAUMA.

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K OTHER X OTHER X (SPECIFY) (SPECIFY) GO BACK TO A15 IN NEXT COLUMN, OR IF NO MORE PERSONS WITH INJURIES, GO TO A23.

GO BACK TO A15 IN NEXT COLUMN, OR IF NO MORE PERSONS WITH INJURIES, GO TO A23.

458 •Appendix E A23 CHECK A05 AND A16: YES .

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1 NO .

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2 A32 DEATHS NO DEATHS b) Has any member of your household died in the last 12 months?

a) DEATHS DUE TO RTA OR OTHER INCIDENTS Apart from anyone in your household that you already mentioned that was killed in a road traffic accident or other incident, has any other member of your household died in the last 12 months?

A24 What is the name of the other person(s) who died?

ENTER THE NAME OF EACH PERSON WHO DIED IN A25.


IF THERE ARE MORE THAN TWO PERSONS, USE ADDITIONAL QUESTIONNAIRE(S).

A25 ENTER THE NAME OF EACH PERSON WHO DIED: A26 Was (NAME) male or female?

NAME NAME MALE .

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1 FEMALE .

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2 MALE .

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1 FEMALE .

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2 A27 What was (NAME)’s age when (NAME) died?

YEARS .

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YEARS .

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YEARS .

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IF LESS THAN ONE YEAR, RECORD '00'.

DON’T KNOW .

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98 DON’T KNOW .

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98 A28 What was the cause of (NAME)'s death?

A29 Where did (NAME)'s death take place?

ILLNESS .

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01 AGE .

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02 NON-TRAFFIC ACCIDENT.

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03 ASSAULT/VIOLENCE .

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04 WITCHCRAFT .

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05 RELATED TO BIRTH .

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06 ILLNESS .

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01 AGE .

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02 NON-TRAFFIC ACCIDENT.

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03 ASSAULT/VIOLENCE .

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04 WITCHCRAFT .

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05 RELATED TO BIRTH .

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06 OTHER 96 OTHER 96 (SPECIFY) (SPECIFY) DON’T KNOW .

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98 DON’T KNOW .


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98 HEALTH FACILITY .

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01 ON WAY TO HEALTH FACILITY .

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02 .

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04 HOME/OTHER HOUSE OUTSIDE HEALTH FACILITY .

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01 ON WAY TO HEALTH FACILITY .

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02 .

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04 HOME/OTHER HOUSE OUTSIDE OTHER 96 OTHER 96 (SPECIFY) (SPECIFY) DON’T KNOW .
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98 DON’T KNOW .

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98 A30 A31 Was (NAME)'s death registered with the civil authority?

YES NO DON'T KNOW .

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1 .

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2 8 YES NO DON'T KNOW .

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2 8 GO BACK TO A26 IN NEXT COLUMN, OR IF NO MORE PERSONS WHO DIED, GO TO A32.

GO BACK TO A26 IN NEXT COLUMN, OR IF NO MORE PERSONS WHO DIED, GO TO A32.

• 459Appendix E ELIGIBILITY AND CONSENT FOR DISABILITY SURVEY A32 CHECK COLUMNS 24-25 AND Q 27-32 FOR ANY HOUSEHOLD MEMBER WITH A RESPONSE OF '2 - SOME DIFFICULTY', '3 - A LOT OF DIFFICULTY', OR '4 - CANNOT AT ALL' IN ANY OF THE COLUMNS.
ANY RESPONSE OF 2, 3, OR 4 ALL RESPONSES 1 OR 8 SKIP TO 146 A33 At a later point in time, my colleagues who are working with the Uganda Bureau Of Statistics would like to revisit your household to conduct a study on disabilities.

The study team will conduct a brief interview to assess the impact of disabilities on individuals and households.

You don't have to permit the visit, but we hope you will agree since your household participation is very important.

Your responses will remain confidential.


Do you have any questions?

Do you agree for your household to be revisited?

SIGNATURE OF INTERVIEWER DATE RESPONDENT AGREES TO BE REVISTED .

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1 RESPONDENT DOES NOT AGREE TO BE REVISTED .

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2 146 RECORD THE TIME.

HOURS .

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MINUTES.

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460 •Appendix E INTERVIEWER'S OBSERVATIONS TO BE FILLED IN AFTER COMPLETING INTERVIEW COMMENTS ABOUT INTERVIEW: COMMENTS ON SPECIFIC QUESTIONS: ANY OTHER COMMENTS: SUPERVISOR'S OBSERVATIONS EDITOR'S OBSERVATIONS • 461Appendix E 462 •Appendix E 2016 UGANDA DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEY BIOMARKER QUESTIONNAIRE FORMATTING DATE: ENGLISH LANGUAGE: 12 June 2016 02 Feb 2016 UGANDA UGANDA BUREAU OF STATISTICS EA NAME NAME OF HOUSEHOLD HEAD IDENTIFICATION CLUSTER NUMBER .
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HOUSEHOLD NUMBER .

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FIELDWORKER VISITS 1 2 3 FINAL VISIT DATE FIELDWORKER'S NAME NEXT VISIT: DATE TIME NOTES: DAY MONTH YEAR TOTAL NUMBER OF VISITS TOTAL ELIGIBLE WOMEN TOTAL ELIGIBLE MEN TOTAL ELIGIBLE CHILDREN LANGUAGE OF QUESTIONNAIRE** 0 1 LANGUAGE OF INTERVIEW** NATIVE LANGUAGE OF RESPONDENT** TRANSLATOR (YES = 1, NO = 2) LANGUAGE OF QUESTIONNAIRE** ENGLISH **LANGUAGE CODES: 01 ENGLISH 02 LUGANDA 03 LUO 04 LUGBARA 05 ATESO 06 NGAKARIMOJONG 07 RUNYANKOLE/RUKIGA 08 RUNYORO/RUTORO 09 LUSOGA 96 OTHER SUPERVISOR CAPI MANAGER (SPECIFY) INTERVIEWER NAME NUMBER NAME NUMBER NAME NUMBER • 463Appendix E WEIGHT, HEIGHT, HEMOGLOBIN MEASUREMENT AND MALARIA, VITAMIN A TESTING FOR CHILDREN AGE 0-5 101 CHECK COLUMN 11 IN HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE.
RECORD THE LINE NUMBER AND NAME FOR ALL ELIGIBLE CHILDREN 0-5 YEARS IN QUESTION 102; IF MORE THAN SIX CHILDREN, USE ADDITIONAL QUESTIONNAIRE(S).

CHILD 1 CHILD 2 CHILD 3 102 CHECK HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE: LINE NUMBER FROM COLUMN 11.

LINE NUMBER .

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NAME NAME NAME 103 What is (NAME)’s date of birth?

DAY .

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DAY .

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DAY .

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MONTH .

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MONTH .

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YEAR .

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YEAR .

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YEAR .

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104 CHECK 103: CHILD BORN IN 2011- 2016?

YES .

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1 NO .

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2 YES .

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1 NO .

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2 YES .

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1 NO .

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2 (SKIP TO 114) (SKIP TO 114) (SKIP TO 114) 105 WEIGHT IN KILOGRAMS.

106 HEIGHT IN CENTIMETERS.

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9995 .

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9996 OTHER NOT PRESENT .

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9996 OTHER CM.

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9996 OTHER NOT PRESENT .

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9996 OTHER (SKIP TO 107A) (SKIP TO 107A) (SKIP TO 107A) 107 MEASURED LYING DOWN OR STANDING UP?

LYING DOWN .

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1 STANDING UP .

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1 STANDING UP .

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2 107A OBSERVE: IS THE CHILD AN ALBINO?

YES .

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1 NO .

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2 DON'T KNOW .

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8 YES .

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1 NO .

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2 DON'T KNOW .

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8 YES .

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1 NO .

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2 DON'T KNOW .

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8 NOT PRESENT .

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6 OTHER 108 MEASURER: ENTER YOUR FIELDWORKER NUMBER.

109 CHECK 103: CHILD AGE 0-5 MONTHS, I.E., WAS CHILD BORN IN MONTH OF INTERVIEW OR 5 PREVIOUS MONTHS?

110 NAME OF PARENT/OTHER ADULT RESPONSIBLE FOR THE CHILD.

FIELDWORKER NUMBER FIELDWORKER NUMBER FIELDWORKER NUMBER 0-5 MONTHS .

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1 (SKIP TO 114) (SKIP TO 114) (SKIP TO 114) OLDER .

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2 OLDER .

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2 OLDER .

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2 NAME NAME NAME 464 •Appendix E WEIGHT, HEIGHT, HEMOGLOBIN MEASUREMENT AND MALARIA, VITAMIN A TESTING FOR CHILDREN AGE 0-5 101 CHECK COLUMN 11 IN HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE.
RECORD THE LINE NUMBER AND NAME FOR ALL ELIGIBLE CHILDREN 0-5 YEARS IN QUESTION 102; IF MORE THAN SIX CHILDREN, USE ADDITIONAL QUESTIONNAIRE(S).

CHILD 1 CHILD 2 CHILD 3 102 CHECK HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE: LINE NUMBER FROM COLUMN 11.

LINE NUMBER .

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NAME NAME NAME 111 ASK CONSENT FOR ANEMIA TEST FROM PARENT/OTHER ADULT.

As part of this survey, we are asking people all over the country to take an anemia test.
Anemia is a serious health problem that usually results from poor nutrition, infection, or chronic disease.

This survey will assist the government to develop programs to prevent and treat anemia.

We ask that all children born in 2011 or later take part in anemia testing in this survey and give a few drops of blood from a finger or heel.

The equipment used to take the blood is clean and completely safe.

It has never been used before and will be thrown away after each test.
The blood will be tested for anemia immediately, and the result will be told to you right away.

The result will be kept strictly confidential and will not be shared with anyone other than members of our survey team.

Do you have any questions?

You can say yes or no.

It is up to you to decide.

Will you allow (NAME OF CHILD) to participate in the anemia test?

112 CIRCLE THE CODE AND SIGN YOUR NAME.

GRANTED .

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1 GRANTED .

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1 (SIGN) (SIGN) (SIGN) REFUSED .

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2 NOT PRESENT/OTHER .

3 REFUSED .

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2 NOT PRESENT/OTHER .

3 REFUSED .

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2 NOT PRESENT/OTHER .

3 112A ASK CONSENT FOR MALARIA TEST FROM PARENT/OTHER ADULT.

As part of this survey, we are asking children all over the country to take a test to see if they have malaria.
Malaria is a serious illness caused by a parasite transmitted by a mosquito bite.

This survey will assist the government to develop programs to prevent malaria.

We ask that all children born in 2011 or later take part in malaria testing in this survey and give a few drops of blood from a finger or heel.

One blood drop will be tested for malaria immediately, and the result will be told to you right away.
All results will be kept strictly confidential and will not be shared with anyone other than members of our survey team.

Do you have any questions?

You can say yes or no.

It is up to you to decide.

Will you allow (NAME OF CHILD) to participate in the malaria test?

112B CIRCLE THE CODE AND SIGN YOUR NAME.

GRANTED .

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1 GRANTED .

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1 (SIGN) (SIGN) (SIGN) REFUSED .

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2 NOT PRESENT/OTHER .


3 REFUSED .

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2 NOT PRESENT/OTHER .

3 REFUSED .

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2 NOT PRESENT/OTHER .

3 • 465Appendix E WEIGHT, HEIGHT, HEMOGLOBIN MEASUREMENT AND MALARIA, VITAMIN A TESTING FOR CHILDREN AGE 0-5 101 CHECK COLUMN 11 IN HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE.

RECORD THE LINE NUMBER AND NAME FOR ALL ELIGIBLE CHILDREN 0-5 YEARS IN QUESTION 102; IF MORE THAN SIX CHILDREN, USE ADDITIONAL QUESTIONNAIRE(S).
CHILD 1 CHILD 2 CHILD 3 102 CHECK HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE: LINE NUMBER FROM COLUMN 11.

LINE NUMBER .

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NAME NAME NAME 112C ASK CONSENT FOR VITAMIN A TEST FROM PARENT/OTHER ADULT.

As part of this survey, we are asking people all over the country to take a vitamin A deficiency test.

Vitamin A deficiency is a serious health problem that usually results from poor nutrition.
This survey will assist the government to develop programs to prevent and treat vitamin A deficiency.

We ask that all children born in 2011 or later take part in vitamin A deficiency testing in this survey and give a few drops of blood from a finger or heel.The equipment used to take the blood is clean and completely safe.

It has never been used before and will be thrown away after each test.

A few blood drops will be collected on a paper card and taken to a laboratory for testing.
No names will be attached so we will not be able to tell you the test results.

No one else will be able to know the test results either.

Do you have any questions?

You can say yes or no.

It is up to you to decide.

Will you allow (NAME OF CHILD) to participate in the vitamin A deficiency test?

112D CIRCLE THE CODE AND SIGN YOUR NAME.

GRANTED .

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1 GRANTED .

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1 (SIGN) (SIGN) (SIGN) REFUSED .

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3 REFUSED .

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3 REFUSED .

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2 NOT PRESENT/OTHER .

3 112E ASK CONSENT FOR ADDITIONAL TESTING FROM PARENT/OTHER ADULT.

We ask you to allow the Uganda Bureau of Statistics/Ministry of Health to store part of the blood sample at the laboratory for additional tests or research.

We are not certain about what additional tests might be done.
The blood sample will not have any name or other data attached that could identify you.

You do not have to agree.

If you do not want the blood sample stored for additional testing, you can still participate in the vitamin A testing in this survey.

Will you allow us to keep the blood sample stored for additional testing?

112F CIRCLE THE CODE AND SIGN YOUR NAME.

GRANTED .

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1 GRANTED .

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1 GRANTED .

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1 (SIGN) (SIGN) (SIGN) REFUSED .

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2 NOT PRESENT/OTHER .

3 REFUSED .

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2 NOT PRESENT/OTHER .

3 REFUSED .

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2 NOT PRESENT/OTHER .

3 112G PREPARE EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES ONLY FOR THE TEST(S) FOR WHICH CONSENT HAS BEEN OBTAINED AND PROCEED WITH THE TEST(S).

112H ADDITIONAL TESTS.


CHECK 112F CHECK 112F CHECK 112F IF CONSENT HAS NOT BEEN GRANTED, WRITE "NO ADDITIONAL TESTS" ON THE FILTER PAPER.

IF CONSENT HAS NOT BEEN GRANTED, WRITE "NO ADDITIONAL TESTS" ON THE FILTER PAPER.

IF CONSENT HAS NOT BEEN GRANTED, WRITE "NO ADDITIONAL TESTS" ON THE FILTER PAPER.

466 •Appendix E WEIGHT, HEIGHT, HEMOGLOBIN MEASUREMENT AND MALARIA, VITAMIN A TESTING FOR CHILDREN AGE 0-5 101 CHECK COLUMN 11 IN HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE.
RECORD THE LINE NUMBER AND NAME FOR ALL ELIGIBLE CHILDREN 0-5 YEARS IN QUESTION 102; IF MORE THAN SIX CHILDREN, USE ADDITIONAL QUESTIONNAIRE(S).

CHILD 1 CHILD 2 CHILD 3 102 CHECK HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE: LINE NUMBER FROM COLUMN 11.

LINE NUMBER .

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NAME NAME NAME 112I PLACE BAR CODE LABEL.

PUT THE 1ST BAR CODE LABEL HERE.

PUT THE 1ST BAR CODE LABEL HERE.

PUT THE 1ST BAR CODE LABEL HERE.


NOT PRESENT IN NOT PRESENT IN NOT PRESENT IN 112D .

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99994 112D .

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99994 REFUSED .

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99995 REFUSED .

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99995 REFUSED .

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99995 OTHER .

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99996 OTHER .

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99996 OTHER .

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99996 112D .

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99994 113 RECORD HEMOGLOBIN LEVEL HERE AND IN THE ANEMIA AND MALARIA PAMPHLET.

113A CIRCLE THE CODE FOR THE MALARIA RDT.

113B RECORD THE RESULT OF THE MALARIA RDT HERE AND IN THE ANEMIA AND MALARIA PAMPHLET.

113C CHECK 113: HEMOGLOBIN RESULT PUT THE 2ND BAR CODE LABEL ON THE RESPONDENT'S FILTER PAPER AND THE 3RD ON THE TRANSMITTAL FORM.

PUT THE 2ND BAR CODE LABEL ON THE RESPONDENT'S FILTER PAPER AND THE 3RD ON THE TRANSMITTAL FORM.


G/DL .

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NOT PRESENT .

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994 REFUSED .

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995 .

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996 OTHER NOT PRESENT .

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994 REFUSED .

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995 .

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996 OTHER NOT PRESENT .

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994 REFUSED .

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995 .

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996 OTHER TESTED .

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1 NOT PRESENT .

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2 REFUSED .

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6 OTHER TESTED .

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2 REFUSED .

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6 OTHER TESTED .

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6 OTHER (SKIP TO 113C) (SKIP TO 113C) (SKIP TO 113C) P.F.

ONLY .

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ONLY .

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2 BOTH .

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3 (SKIP TO 113E) NEGATIVE .

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6 OTHER P.F.

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3 (SKIP TO 113E) NEGATIVE .

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6 OTHER BELOW 8.0 G/DL, BELOW 8.0 G/DL, BELOW 8.0 G/DL, SEVERE ANEMIA .

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2 NOT PRESENT .

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4 OTHER .

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6 SEVERE ANEMIA .

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4 OTHER .

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6 SEVERE ANEMIA .

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3 REFUSED .

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4 OTHER .

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6 (SKIP TO 114) (SKIP TO 114) (SKIP TO 114) 113D SEVERE ANEMIA REFERRAL The anemia test shows that (NAME OF CHILD) has severe anemia.

Your child is very ill and must be taken to a health facility immediately.

RECORD THE RESULT OF THE ANEMIA TEST ON THE REFERRAL FORM.

(SKIP TO 114) • 467Appendix E WEIGHT, HEIGHT, HEMOGLOBIN MEASUREMENT AND MALARIA, VITAMIN A TESTING FOR CHILDREN AGE 0-5 101 CHECK COLUMN 11 IN HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE.
RECORD THE LINE NUMBER AND NAME FOR ALL ELIGIBLE CHILDREN 0-5 YEARS IN QUESTION 102; IF MORE THAN SIX CHILDREN, USE ADDITIONAL QUESTIONNAIRE(S).

CHILD 1 CHILD 2 CHILD 3 102 CHECK HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE: LINE NUMBER FROM COLUMN 11.

LINE NUMBER .

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NAME NAME NAME 113E Does (NAME) suffer from any of the following illnesses or symptoms: a) Extreme weakness?

b) Heart problems?

c) Loss of consciousness?


a) EXTREME WEAKNESS b) HEART PROBLEMS c) LOSS OF 1 1 CONSCIOUS.

1 d) Rapid or difficult breathing?

d) RAPID e) Seizures?

BREATHING 1 1 e) SEIZURES f) Abnormal bleeding?

f) BLEEDING g) Jaundice or yellow skin?

g) JAUNDICE h) Dark urine?

h) DARK URINE 1 1 1 YES NO YES NO YES NO a) EXTREME WEAKNESS b) HEART PROBLEMS c) LOSS OF 1 1 CONSCIOUS.
1 d) RAPID BREATHING 1 1 e) SEIZURES f) BLEEDING g) JAUNDICE h) DARK URINE 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 a) EXTREME WEAKNESS b) HEART PROBLEMS c) LOSS OF 1 1 CONSCIOUS.

1 d) RAPID BREATHING 1 1 e) SEIZURES f) BLEEDING g) JAUNDICE h) DARK URINE 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 113F CHECK 113E: ANY 'YES' CIRCLED?

113G CHECK 113: HEMOGLOBIN RESULT 113H In the past two weeks has (NAME) taken or is taking COARTEM/ACT given by a doctor or health center to treat the malaria?
VERIFY BY ASKING TO SEE TREATMENT 113I SEVERE MALARIA REFERRAL RECORD THE RESULT OF THE MALARIA RDT ON THE REFERRAL FORM.

113J ALREADY TAKING COARTEM/ACT REFERRAL STATEMENT NO YES NO YES NO YES (SKIP TO 113I) (SKIP TO 113I) (SKIP TO 113I) BELOW 8.0 G/DL, BELOW 8.0 G/DL, BELOW 8.0 G/DL, SEVERE ANEMIA .

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6 OTHER SEVERE ANEMIA .

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6 OTHER SEVERE ANEMIA .

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3 REFUSED .

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6 OTHER YES .

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1 YES .

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1 YES .

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1 (SKIP TO 113J) (SKIP TO 113J) (SKIP TO 113J) NO .

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2 NO .

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2 NO .

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2 (SKIP TO 113K) (SKIP TO 113K) (SKIP TO 113K) The malaria test shows that (NAME OF CHILD) has malaria.

Your child also has symptoms of severe malaria.


The malaria treatment I have will not help your child, and I cannot give you the medication.

Your child is very ill and must be taken to a health facility right away.

(SKIP TO 113O) You have told me that (NAME OF CHILD) had already received COARTEM/ACT for malaria.

Therefore, I cannot give you additional COARTEM/ACT.

However, the test shows that he/she has malaria.


If your child has a fever for two days after the last dose of COARTEM/ACT, you should take the child to the nearest health facility for further examination.

(SKIP TO 114) 113K READ INFORMATION FOR MALARIA TREATMENT AND CONSENT STATEMENT TO PARENT/OTHER ADULT.

The malaria test shows that your child has malaria.

We can give you free medicine.

The medicine is called COARTEM/ACT.


COARTEM/ACT is very effective and in a few days it should get rid of the fever and other symptoms.

You do not have to accept the medicine.

This is up to you.

Please tell me whether you accept the medicine or not.

468 •Appendix E WEIGHT, HEIGHT, HEMOGLOBIN MEASUREMENT AND MALARIA, VITAMIN A TESTING FOR CHILDREN AGE 0-5 101 CHECK COLUMN 11 IN HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE.
RECORD THE LINE NUMBER AND NAME FOR ALL ELIGIBLE CHILDREN 0-5 YEARS IN QUESTION 102; IF MORE THAN SIX CHILDREN, USE ADDITIONAL QUESTIONNAIRE(S).

CHILD 1 CHILD 2 CHILD 3 102 CHECK HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE: LINE NUMBER FROM COLUMN 11.

LINE NUMBER .

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LINE NUMBER .

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NAME NAME NAME 113L CIRCLE THE APPROPRIATE CODE AND SIGN YOUR NAME.

ACCEPTED MEDICINE .

1 ACCEPTED MEDICINE .

1 ACCEPTED MEDICINE .


1 113M CHECK 113L: MEDICATION ACCEPTED 113N READ INFORMATION FOR MALARIA TREATMENT AND CONSENT STATEMENT TO PARENT/OTHER ADULT.

(SIGN) (SIGN) (SIGN) REFUSED .

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2 OTHER .

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6 REFUSED .

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2 OTHER .

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6 REFUSED .

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2 OTHER .

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6 ACCEPTED MEDICINE .

1 REFUSED .

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6 (SKIP TO 114) ACCEPTED MEDICINE .

1 REFUSED .

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2 OTHER .

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6 (SKIP TO 114) ACCEPTED MEDICINE .

1 REFUSED .

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2 OTHER .

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6 (SKIP TO 114) TREATMENT WITH COARTEM/ACT Weight (in Kg) – Approximate age Dosage * Under 4 months 5 kgs.

to 14 kgs.

(from 4 months up to 3 years) 15 kgs.

to 24 kgs.
to 24 kgs.

(from 3 years up to 7 years) * Co-formulated tablets containing 20 mg Artemether and 120 mg Lumefantrine per tablet Refer to health facility 1 tablet twice daily for 3 days 2 tablets twice daily for 3 days First day starts by taking first dose followed by the second one 8 hours later; on subsequent days the recommendation is simply “morning” and “evening” (usually around 12 hours apart).Take the medicine (crushed for smaller children) with high fat food or drinks like milk.
Make sure that the FULL 3 days treatment is taken at the recommended times, otherwise the infection may return.

If your child vomits within an hour of taking the medicine, you will need to get additional tablets and repeat the dose.

ALSO TELL THE PARENT/ADULT RESPONSIBLE FOR THE CHILD: If [NAME] has a high fever, fast or difficult breathing, is not able to drink or breastfeed, gets sicker or does not get better in two days, you should take him/her to a health professional for treatment right away.
113O CHECK 113: HEMOGLOBIN RESULT SKIP TO 114 BELOW 8.0 G/DL, SEVERE ANEMIA 8.0 G/DL OR ABOVE NOT PRESENT REFUSED OTHER BELOW 8.0 G/DL, SEVERE ANEMIA 8.0 G/DL OR ABOVE NOT PRESENT REFUSED OTHER 1 2 3 4 6 BELOW 8.0 G/DL, SEVERE ANEMIA 8.0 G/DL OR ABOVE NOT PRESENT REFUSED OTHER 1 2 3 4 6 1 2 3 4 6 (SKIP TO 114) (SKIP TO 114) (SKIP TO 114) 113P SEVERE ANEMIA REFERRAL The anemia test shows that (NAME OF CHILD) has severe anemia.

Your child is very ill and must be taken to a health facility immediately.
RECORD THE RESULT OF THE ANEMIA TEST ON THE REFERRAL FORM.

114 GO BACK TO 103 IN NEXT COLUMN OF THIS QUESTIONNAIRE OR IN THE FIRST COLUMN OF THE NEXT PAGE; IF NO MORE CHILDREN, GO TO 201.

• 469Appendix E WEIGHT, HEIGHT, HEMOGLOBIN MEASUREMENT AND MALARIA, VITAMIN A TESTING FOR CHILDREN AGE 0-5 101 CHECK COLUMN 11 IN HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE.

RECORD THE LINE NUMBER AND NAME FOR ALL ELIGIBLE CHILDREN 0-5 YEARS IN QUESTION 102; IF MORE THAN SIX CHILDREN, USE ADDITIONAL QUESTIONNAIRE(S).
CHILD 4 CHILD 5 CHILD 6 102 CHECK HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE: LINE NUMBER FROM COLUMN 11.

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NAME NAME NAME 103 What is (NAME)’s date of birth?

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YEAR .

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104 CHECK 103: CHILD BORN IN 2011- 2016?

YES .


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1 NO .

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2 YES .

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1 NO .

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2 YES .

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1 NO .

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2 (SKIP TO 114) (SKIP TO 114) (SKIP TO 114) 105 WEIGHT IN KILOGRAMS.

106 HEIGHT IN CENTIMETERS.

KG.

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KG.

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NOT PRESENT .

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9994 REFUSED .

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9995 .

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9996 OTHER NOT PRESENT .

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9994 REFUSED .

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9995 .

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9996 OTHER NOT PRESENT .

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9994 REFUSED .

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9995 .

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9996 OTHER CM.

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NOT PRESENT .

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9994 REFUSED .

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9995 .

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9996 OTHER NOT PRESENT .

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9994 REFUSED .

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9995 .

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9996 OTHER NOT PRESENT .

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9994 REFUSED .

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9995 .

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9996 OTHER (SKIP TO 107A) (SKIP TO 107A) (SKIP TO 107A) 107 MEASURED LYING DOWN OR STANDING UP?

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2 LYING DOWN .

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2 LYING DOWN .

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2 107A OBSERVE: IS THE CHILD AN ALBINO?

YES .

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1 NO .

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2 DON'T KNOW .

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8 YES .

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1 NO .

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2 DON'T KNOW .

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8 YES .

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1 NO .

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2 DON'T KNOW .

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8 NOT PRESENT .

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6 OTHER NOT PRESENT .

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6 OTHER NOT PRESENT .

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6 OTHER 108 MEASURER: ENTER YOUR FIELDWORKER NUMBER.

109 CHECK 103: CHILD AGE 0-5 MONTHS, I.E., WAS CHILD BORN IN MONTH OF INTERVIEW OR 5 PREVIOUS MONTHS?

110 NAME OF PARENT/OTHER ADULT RESPONSIBLE FOR THE CHILD.
FIELDWORKER NUMBER FIELDWORKER NUMBER FIELDWORKER NUMBER 0-5 MONTHS .

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1 0-5 MONTHS .

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1 0-5 MONTHS .

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1 (SKIP TO 114) (SKIP TO 114) (SKIP TO 114) OLDER .

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2 OLDER .

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2 OLDER .

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2 NAME NAME NAME 470 •Appendix E WEIGHT, HEIGHT, HEMOGLOBIN MEASUREMENT AND MALARIA, VITAMIN A TESTING FOR CHILDREN AGE 0-5 101 CHECK COLUMN 11 IN HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE.
RECORD THE LINE NUMBER AND NAME FOR ALL ELIGIBLE CHILDREN 0-5 YEARS IN QUESTION 102; IF MORE THAN SIX CHILDREN, USE ADDITIONAL QUESTIONNAIRE(S).

CHILD 4 CHILD 5 CHILD 6 102 CHECK HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE: LINE NUMBER FROM COLUMN 11.

LINE NUMBER .

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NAME NAME NAME 111 ASK CONSENT FOR ANEMIA TEST FROM PARENT/OTHER ADULT.

As part of this survey, we are asking people all over the country to take an anemia test.
Anemia is a serious health problem that usually results from poor nutrition, infection, or chronic disease.

This survey will assist the government to develop programs to prevent and treat anemia.

We ask that all children born in 2011 or later take part in anemia testing in this survey and give a few drops of blood from a finger or heel.

The equipment used to take the blood is clean and completely safe.

It has never been used before and will be thrown away after each test.
The blood will be tested for anemia immediately, and the result will be told to you right away.

The result will be kept strictly confidential and will not be shared with anyone other than members of our survey team.

Do you have any questions?

You can say yes or no.

It is up to you to decide.

Will you allow (NAME OF CHILD) to participate in the anemia test?

112 CIRCLE THE CODE AND SIGN YOUR NAME.

GRANTED .

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1 GRANTED .

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1 GRANTED .

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1 (SIGN) (SIGN) (SIGN) REFUSED .

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2 NOT PRESENT/OTHER .

3 REFUSED .

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2 NOT PRESENT/OTHER .

3 REFUSED .

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2 NOT PRESENT/OTHER .

3 112A ASK CONSENT FOR MALARIA TEST FROM PARENT/OTHER ADULT.

As part of this survey, we are asking children all over the country to take a test to see if they have malaria.
Malaria is a serious illness caused by a parasite transmitted by a mosquito bite.

This survey will assist the government to develop programs to prevent malaria.

We ask that all children born in 2011 or later take part in malaria testing in this survey and give a few drops of blood from a finger or heel.

One blood drop will be tested for malaria immediately, and the result will be told to you right away.
All results will be kept strictly confidential and will not be shared with anyone other than members of our survey team.

Do you have any questions?

You can say yes or no.

It is up to you to decide.

Will you allow (NAME OF CHILD) to participate in the malaria test?

112B CIRCLE THE CODE AND SIGN YOUR NAME.

GRANTED .

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1 GRANTED .

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1 GRANTED .

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1 (SIGN) (SIGN) (SIGN) REFUSED .

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2 NOT PRESENT/OTHER .


3 REFUSED .

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2 NOT PRESENT/OTHER .

3 REFUSED .

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2 NOT PRESENT/OTHER .

3 • 471Appendix E WEIGHT, HEIGHT, HEMOGLOBIN MEASUREMENT AND MALARIA, VITAMIN A TESTING FOR CHILDREN AGE 0-5 101 CHECK COLUMN 11 IN HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE.

RECORD THE LINE NUMBER AND NAME FOR ALL ELIGIBLE CHILDREN 0-5 YEARS IN QUESTION 102; IF MORE THAN SIX CHILDREN, USE ADDITIONAL QUESTIONNAIRE(S).
CHILD 4 CHILD 5 CHILD 6 102 CHECK HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE: LINE NUMBER FROM COLUMN 11.

LINE NUMBER .

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NAME NAME NAME 112C ASK CONSENT FOR VITAMIN A TEST FROM PARENT/OTHER ADULT.

As part of this survey, we are asking people all over the country to take a vitamin A deficiency test.

Vitamin A deficiency is a serious health problem that usually results from poor nutrition.
This survey will assist the government to develop programs to prevent and treat vitamin A deficiency.

We ask that all children born in 2011 or later take part in vitamin A deficiency testing in this survey and give a few drops of blood from a finger or heel.The equipment used to take the blood is clean and completely safe.

It has never been used before and will be thrown away after each test.

A few blood drops will be collected on a paper card and taken to a laboratory for testing.
No names will be attached so we will not be able to tell you the test results.

No one else will be able to know the test results either.

Do you have any questions?

You can say yes or no.

It is up to you to decide.

Will you allow (NAME OF CHILD) to participate in the vitamin A deficiency test?

112D CIRCLE THE CODE AND SIGN YOUR NAME.

GRANTED .

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1 GRANTED .

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1 GRANTED .

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1 (SIGN) (SIGN) (SIGN) REFUSED .

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2 NOT PRESENT/OTHER .

3 REFUSED .

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2 NOT PRESENT/OTHER .

3 REFUSED .

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2 NOT PRESENT/OTHER .

3 112E ASK CONSENT FOR ADDITIONAL TESTING FROM PARENT/OTHER ADULT.

We ask you to allow the Uganda Bureau of Statistics/Ministry of Health to store part of the blood sample at the laboratory for additional tests or research.

We are not certain about what additional tests might be done.
The blood sample will not have any name or other data attached that could identify you.

You do not have to agree.

If you do not want the blood sample stored for additional testing, you can still participate in the vitamin A testing in this survey.

Will you allow us to keep the blood sample stored for additional testing?

112F CIRCLE THE CODE AND SIGN YOUR NAME.

GRANTED .

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1 GRANTED .

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1 GRANTED .

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1 (SIGN) (SIGN) (SIGN) REFUSED .

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2 NOT PRESENT/OTHER .

3 REFUSED .

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2 NOT PRESENT/OTHER .

3 REFUSED .

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2 NOT PRESENT/OTHER .

3 112G PREPARE EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES ONLY FOR THE TEST(S) FOR WHICH CONSENT HAS BEEN OBTAINED AND PROCEED WITH THE TEST(S).

112H ADDITIONAL TESTS.


CHECK 112F CHECK 112F CHECK 112F IF CONSENT HAS NOT BEEN GRANTED, WRITE "NO ADDITIONAL TESTS" ON THE FILTER PAPER.

IF CONSENT HAS NOT BEEN GRANTED, WRITE "NO ADDITIONAL TESTS" ON THE FILTER PAPER.

IF CONSENT HAS NOT BEEN GRANTED, WRITE "NO ADDITIONAL TESTS" ON THE FILTER PAPER.

472 •Appendix E WEIGHT, HEIGHT, HEMOGLOBIN MEASUREMENT AND MALARIA, VITAMIN A TESTING FOR CHILDREN AGE 0-5 101 CHECK COLUMN 11 IN HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE.
RECORD THE LINE NUMBER AND NAME FOR ALL ELIGIBLE CHILDREN 0-5 YEARS IN QUESTION 102; IF MORE THAN SIX CHILDREN, USE ADDITIONAL QUESTIONNAIRE(S).

CHILD 4 CHILD 5 CHILD 6 102 CHECK HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE: LINE NUMBER FROM COLUMN 11.

LINE NUMBER .

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NAME NAME NAME 112I PLACE BAR CODE LABEL.

PUT THE 1ST BAR CODE LABEL HERE.

PUT THE 1ST BAR CODE LABEL HERE.

PUT THE 1ST BAR CODE LABEL HERE.


NOT PRESENT IN NOT PRESENT IN NOT PRESENT IN 112D .

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99994 112D .

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99994 REFUSED .

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99995 REFUSED .

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99995 REFUSED .

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99995 OTHER .

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99996 OTHER .

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99996 OTHER .

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99996 112D .

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99994 113 RECORD HEMOGLOBIN LEVEL HERE AND IN THE ANEMIA AND MALARIA PAMPHLET.

113A CIRCLE THE CODE FOR THE MALARIA RDT.

113B RECORD THE RESULT OF THE MALARIA RDT HERE AND IN THE ANEMIA AND MALARIA PAMPHLET.

113C CHECK 113: HEMOGLOBIN RESULT PUT THE 2ND BAR CODE LABEL ON THE RESPONDENT'S FILTER PAPER AND THE 3RD ON THE TRANSMITTAL FORM.

PUT THE 2ND BAR CODE LABEL ON THE RESPONDENT'S FILTER PAPER AND THE 3RD ON THE TRANSMITTAL FORM.


G/DL .

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G/DL .

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NOT PRESENT .

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994 REFUSED .

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995 .

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996 OTHER NOT PRESENT .

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994 REFUSED .

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995 .

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996 OTHER NOT PRESENT .

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994 REFUSED .

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995 .

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996 OTHER TESTED .

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1 NOT PRESENT .

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2 REFUSED .

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3 .

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6 OTHER TESTED .

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1 NOT PRESENT .

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2 REFUSED .

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3 .

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6 OTHER TESTED .

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1 NOT PRESENT .

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2 REFUSED .

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3 .

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6 OTHER (SKIP TO 113C) (SKIP TO 113C) (SKIP TO 113C) P.F.

ONLY .

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1 P.V.

ONLY .

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2 BOTH .

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3 (SKIP TO 113E) NEGATIVE .

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4 .

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6 OTHER P.F.

ONLY .

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1 P.V.

ONLY .

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2 BOTH .

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3 (SKIP TO 113E) NEGATIVE .

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4 .

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6 OTHER BELOW 8.0 G/DL, BELOW 8.0 G/DL, BELOW 8.0 G/DL, SEVERE ANEMIA .

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1 8.0 G/DL OR ABOVE .

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2 NOT PRESENT .

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3 REFUSED .

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4 OTHER .

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6 SEVERE ANEMIA .

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1 8.0 G/DL OR ABOVE .

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2 NOT PRESENT .

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3 REFUSED .

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4 OTHER .

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6 SEVERE ANEMIA .

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1 8.0 G/DL OR ABOVE .

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2 NOT PRESENT .

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3 REFUSED .

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4 OTHER .

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6 (SKIP TO 114) (SKIP TO 114) (SKIP TO 114) 113D SEVERE ANEMIA REFERRAL The anemia test shows that (NAME OF CHILD) has severe anemia.

Your child is very ill and must be taken to a health facility immediately.

RECORD THE RESULT OF THE ANEMIA TEST ON THE REFERRAL FORM.

(SKIP TO 114) • 473Appendix E WEIGHT, HEIGHT, HEMOGLOBIN MEASUREMENT AND MALARIA, VITAMIN A TESTING FOR CHILDREN AGE 0-5 101 CHECK COLUMN 11 IN HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE.
RECORD THE LINE NUMBER AND NAME FOR ALL ELIGIBLE CHILDREN 0-5 YEARS IN QUESTION 102; IF MORE THAN SIX CHILDREN, USE ADDITIONAL QUESTIONNAIRE(S).

CHILD 4 CHILD 5 CHILD 6 102 CHECK HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE: LINE NUMBER FROM COLUMN 11.

LINE NUMBER .

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LINE NUMBER .

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LINE NUMBER .

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NAME NAME NAME 113E Does (NAME) suffer from any of the following illnesses or symptoms: a) Extreme weakness?

b) Heart problems?

c) Loss of consciousness?


a) EXTREME WEAKNESS b) HEART PROBLEMS c) LOSS OF 1 1 CONSCIOUS.

1 d) Rapid or difficult breathing?

d) RAPID e) Seizures?

BREATHING 1 1 e) SEIZURES f) Abnormal bleeding?

f) BLEEDING g) Jaundice or yellow skin?

g) JAUNDICE h) Dark urine?

h) DARK URINE 1 1 1 YES NO YES NO YES NO a) EXTREME WEAKNESS b) HEART PROBLEMS c) LOSS OF 1 1 CONSCIOUS.
1 d) RAPID BREATHING 1 1 e) SEIZURES f) BLEEDING g) JAUNDICE h) DARK URINE 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 a) EXTREME WEAKNESS b) HEART PROBLEMS c) LOSS OF 1 1 CONSCIOUS.

1 d) RAPID BREATHING 1 1 e) SEIZURES f) BLEEDING g) JAUNDICE h) DARK URINE 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 113F CHECK 113E: ANY 'YES' CIRCLED?

113G CHECK 113: HEMOGLOBIN RESULT 113H In the past two weeks has (NAME) taken or is taking COARTEM/ACT given by a doctor or health center to treat the malaria?
VERIFY BY ASKING TO SEE TREATMENT 113I SEVERE MALARIA REFERRAL RECORD THE RESULT OF THE MALARIA RDT ON THE REFERRAL FORM.

113J ALREADY TAKING COARTEM/ACT REFERRAL STATEMENT NO YES NO YES NO YES (SKIP TO 113I) (SKIP TO 113I) (SKIP TO 113I) BELOW 8.0 G/DL, BELOW 8.0 G/DL, BELOW 8.0 G/DL, SEVERE ANEMIA .

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1 (SKIP TO 113I) 8.0 G/DL OR ABOVE .

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2 NOT PRESENT .

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3 REFUSED .

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4 .

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6 OTHER SEVERE ANEMIA .

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2 NOT PRESENT .

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3 REFUSED .

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6 OTHER SEVERE ANEMIA .

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2 NOT PRESENT .

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3 REFUSED .

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6 OTHER YES .

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1 YES .

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1 YES .

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1 (SKIP TO 113J) (SKIP TO 113J) (SKIP TO 113J) NO .

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2 NO .

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2 NO .

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2 (SKIP TO 113K) (SKIP TO 113K) (SKIP TO 113K) The malaria test shows that (NAME OF CHILD) has malaria.

Your child also has symptoms of severe malaria.


The malaria treatment I have will not help your child, and I cannot give you the medication.

Your child is very ill and must be taken to a health facility right away.

(SKIP TO 113O) You have told me that (NAME OF CHILD) had already received COARTEM/ACT for malaria.

Therefore, I cannot give you additional COARTEM/ACT.

However, the test shows that he/she has malaria.


If your child has a fever for two days after the last dose of COARTEM/ACT, you should take the child to the nearest health facility for further examination.

(SKIP TO 114) 113K READ INFORMATION FOR MALARIA TREATMENT AND CONSENT STATEMENT TO PARENT/OTHER ADULT.

The malaria test shows that your child has malaria.

We can give you free medicine.

The medicine is called COARTEM/ACT.


COARTEM/ACT is very effective and in a few days it should get rid of the fever and other symptoms.

You do not have to accept the medicine.

This is up to you.

Please tell me whether you accept the medicine or not.

474 •Appendix E WEIGHT, HEIGHT, HEMOGLOBIN MEASUREMENT AND MALARIA, VITAMIN A TESTING FOR CHILDREN AGE 0-5 101 CHECK COLUMN 11 IN HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE.
RECORD THE LINE NUMBER AND NAME FOR ALL ELIGIBLE CHILDREN 0-5 YEARS IN QUESTION 102; IF MORE THAN SIX CHILDREN, USE ADDITIONAL QUESTIONNAIRE(S).

CHILD 4 CHILD 5 CHILD 6 102 CHECK HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE: LINE NUMBER FROM COLUMN 11.

LINE NUMBER .

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LINE NUMBER .

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NAME NAME NAME 113L CIRCLE THE APPROPRIATE CODE AND SIGN YOUR NAME.

ACCEPTED MEDICINE .

1 ACCEPTED MEDICINE .

1 ACCEPTED MEDICINE .


1 113M CHECK 113L: MEDICATION ACCEPTED 113N READ INFORMATION FOR MALARIA TREATMENT AND CONSENT STATEMENT TO PARENT/OTHER ADULT.

(SIGN) (SIGN) (SIGN) REFUSED .

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2 OTHER .

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6 REFUSED .

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2 OTHER .

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6 REFUSED .

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2 OTHER .

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6 ACCEPTED MEDICINE .

1 REFUSED .

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6 (SKIP TO 114) ACCEPTED MEDICINE .

1 REFUSED .

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2 OTHER .

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6 (SKIP TO 114) ACCEPTED MEDICINE .

1 REFUSED .

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2 OTHER .

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6 (SKIP TO 114) TREATMENT WITH COARTEM/ACT Weight (in Kg) – Approximate age Dosage * Under 4 months 5 kgs.

to 14 kgs.

(from 4 months up to 3 years) 15 kgs.

to 24 kgs.
to 24 kgs.

(from 3 years up to 7 years) * Co-formulated tablets containing 20 mg Artemether and 120 mg Lumefantrine per tablet Refer to health facility 1 tablet twice daily for 3 days 2 tablets twice daily for 3 days First day starts by taking first dose followed by the second one 8 hours later; on subsequent days the recommendation is simply “morning” and “evening” (usually around 12 hours apart).Take the medicine (crushed for smaller children) with high fat food or drinks like milk.
Make sure that the FULL 3 days treatment is taken at the recommended times, otherwise the infection may return.

If your child vomits within an hour of taking the medicine, you will need to get additional tablets and repeat the dose.

ALSO TELL THE PARENT/ADULT RESPONSIBLE FOR THE CHILD: If [NAME] has a high fever, fast or difficult breathing, is not able to drink or breastfeed, gets sicker or does not get better in two days, you should take him/her to a health professional for treatment right away.
113O CHECK 113: HEMOGLOBIN RESULT SKIP TO 114 BELOW 8.0 G/DL, SEVERE ANEMIA 8.0 G/DL OR ABOVE NOT PRESENT REFUSED OTHER BELOW 8.0 G/DL, SEVERE ANEMIA 8.0 G/DL OR ABOVE NOT PRESENT REFUSED OTHER 1 2 3 4 6 BELOW 8.0 G/DL, SEVERE ANEMIA 8.0 G/DL OR ABOVE NOT PRESENT REFUSED OTHER 1 2 3 4 6 1 2 3 4 6 (SKIP TO 114) (SKIP TO 114) (SKIP TO 114) 113P SEVERE ANEMIA REFERRAL The anemia test shows that (NAME OF CHILD) has severe anemia.

Your child is very ill and must be taken to a health facility immediately.
RECORD THE RESULT OF THE ANEMIA TEST ON THE REFERRAL FORM.

114 GO BACK TO 103 IN NEXT COLUMN OF THIS QUESTIONNAIRE OR IN THE FIRST COLUMN OF THE NEXT PAGE; IF NO MORE CHILDREN, GO TO 201.

• 475Appendix E WEIGHT AND HEIGHT AND HEMOGLOBIN MEASUREMENT FOR WOMEN AGE 15-49 201 CHECK COLUMN 9 IN HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE.

RECORD THE LINE NUMBER, NAME, AGE, AND MARITAL STATUS FOR ALL ELIGIBLE WOMEN IN 202, 203, AND 204.

IF THERE ARE MORE THAN THREE WOMEN, USE ADDITIONAL QUESTIONNAIRE(S).
WOMAN 1 WOMAN 2 WOMAN 3 202 CHECK HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE: LINE NUMBER FROM COLUMN 9.

LINE NUMBER .

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203 204 NAME FROM COLUMN 2.

CHECK HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE COLUMN 7 (AGE): CHECK HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE COLUMN 8 (MARITAL STATUS): 205 WEIGHT IN KILOGRAMS.

206 HEIGHT IN CENTIMETERS.

206A OBSERVE: IS THE WOMAN AN ALBINO?

207 MEASURER: ENTER YOUR FIELDWORKER NUMBER.

NAME NAME NAME 15-17 YEARS .


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1 18-49 YEARS .

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2 15-17 YEARS .

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1 18-49 YEARS .

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2 15-17 YEARS .

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1 18-49 YEARS .

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2 CODE 4 (NEVER IN UNION) .

1 OTHER .

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2 CODE 4 (NEVER IN UNION) .

1 OTHER .

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2 KG.

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KG.

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KG.

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NOT PRESENT .

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99994 REFUSED .

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99995 OTHER .

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99996 NOT PRESENT .

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99994 REFUSED .

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99995 OTHER .

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99996 NOT PRESENT .

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99994 REFUSED .

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99995 OTHER .

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99996 CM.

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CM.

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CM.

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NOT PRESENT .

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9994 REFUSED .

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9995 OTHER .

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9996 NOT PRESENT .

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9994 REFUSED .

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9995 OTHER .

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9996 NOT PRESENT .


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9994 REFUSED .

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9995 OTHER .

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9996 YES .

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1 NO .

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2 DON'T KNOW .

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8 YES .

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1 NO .

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2 DON'T KNOW .


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8 FIELDWORKER NUMBER FIELDWORKER NUMBER FIELDWORKER NUMBER 208 CHECK 203: AGE 15-17 YEARS .

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1 18-49 YEARS .

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2 15-17 YEARS .

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1 18-49 YEARS .


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2 (SKIP TO 210) (SKIP TO 210) (SKIP TO 210) 209 CHECK 204: MARITAL STATUS CODE 4 (NEVER IN UNION) .

1 CODE 4 (NEVER IN UNION) .

1 CODE 4 (NEVER IN UNION) .

1 (SKIP TO 216) (SKIP TO 216) (SKIP TO 216) OTHER .

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2 OTHER .

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2 OTHER .


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2 476 •Appendix E WEIGHT, HEIGHT, AND HEMOGLOBIN MEASUREMENT FOR WOMEN AGE 15-49 WOMAN 1 WOMAN 2 WOMAN 3 NAME FROM COLUMN 2.

NAME NAME NAME 210 ASK CONSENT FOR ANEMIA TEST.

As part of this survey, we are asking people all over the country to take an anemia test.
Anemia is a serious health problem that usually results from poor nutrition, infection, or chronic disease.

This survey will assist the government to develop programs to prevent and treat anemia.

For the anemia testing, we will need a few drops of blood from a finger.

The equipment used to take the blood is clean and completely safe.

It has never been used before and will be thrown away after we take your blood.
The blood will be tested for anemia immediately, and the result will be told to you right away.

The result will be kept strictly confidential and will not be shared with anyone other than members of our survey team.

Do you have any questions?

You can say yes or no.

It is up to you to decide.

Will you take the anemia test?

211 CIRCLE THE CODE AND SIGN YOUR NAME.

GRANTED .

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1 RESPONDENT REFUSED .

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2 GRANTED .

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1 RESPONDENT REFUSED .

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2 (SIGN) (IF REFUSED, SKIP TO 231) (SIGN) (IF REFUSED, SKIP TO 231) (SIGN) (IF REFUSED, SKIP TO 231) NOT PRESENT/OTHER .

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3 NOT PRESENT/OTHER .

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3 NOT PRESENT/OTHER .

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3 (SKIP TO 231) (SKIP TO 231) (SKIP TO 231) 211A Are you pregnant?

YES .

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1 NO .

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2 DON'T KNOW .

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8 YES .

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1 NO .

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2 DON'T KNOW .

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8 YES .

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1 NO .

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2 DON'T KNOW .

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8 SKIP TO 231 SKIP TO 231 SKIP TO 231 216 RECORD NAME OF PARENT/OTHER ADULT RESPONSIBLE FOR ADOLESCENT.

P A R E N T A L / NAME NAME NAME 217 ASK CONSENT FOR ANEMIA TEST FROM PARENT/ADULT.

As part of this survey, we are asking people all over the country to take an anemia test.

Anemia is a serious health problem that usually results from poor nutrition, infection, or chronic disease.
This survey will assist the government to develop programs to prevent and treat anemia.

For the anemia testing, we will need a few drops of blood from a finger.

The equipment used to take the blood is clean and completely safe.

It has never been used before and will be thrown away after each test.

The blood will be tested for anemia immediately, and the result will be told to you and (NAME OF MINOR) right away.
The result will be kept strictly confidential and will not be shared with anyone other than members of our survey team.

Do you have any questions?

You can say yes or no.

It is up to you to decide.

Will you allow (NAME OF MINOR) to take the anemia test?

218 CIRCLE THE CODE AND SIGN YOUR NAME.

GRANTED .

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1 PARENT/OTHER RESPONSIBLE ADULT REFUSED .

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2 GRANTED .

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1 PARENT/OTHER RESPONSIBLE ADULT REFUSED .

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2 (SIGN) (IF REFUSED, SKIP TO 231) (SIGN) (IF REFUSED, SKIP TO 231) (SIGN) (IF REFUSED, SKIP TO 231) NOT PRESENT/OTHER .

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3 NOT PRESENT/OTHER .

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3 NOT PRESENT/OTHER .

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3 (SKIP TO 231) (SKIP TO 231) (SKIP TO 231) A D U L T R E S P O N D E N T C O N S E N T P A R E N T — R E S P A D U L T C O N S E N T • 477Appendix E M I N O R R E S P O N D E N T C O N S E N T WEIGHT, HEIGHT, AND HEMOGLOBIN MEASUREMENT FOR WOMEN AGE 15-49 WOMAN 1 WOMAN 2 WOMAN 3 NAME FROM COLUMN 2.

NAME NAME NAME 219 ASK CONSENT FOR ANEMIA TEST FROM RESPONDENT.
As part of this survey, we are asking people all over the country to take an anemia test.

Anemia is a serious health problem that usually results from poor nutrition, infection, or chronic disease.

This survey will assist the government to develop programs to prevent and treat anemia.

For the anemia testing, we will need a few drops of blood from a finger.

The equipment used to take the blood is clean and completely safe.

It has never been used before and will be thrown away after we take your blood.
The blood will be tested for anemia immediately, and the result will be told to you and (NAME OF PARENT/RESPONSIBLE ADULT) right away.

The result will be kept strictly confidential and will not be shared with anyone other than members of our survey team.

Do you have any questions?

You can say yes or no.

It is up to you to decide.

Will you take the anemia test?

220 CIRCLE THE CODE AND SIGN YOUR NAME.

GRANTED .

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1 MINOR RESPONDENT GRANTED .

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1 MINOR RESPONDENT REFUSED .

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2 REFUSED .

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2 REFUSED .

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2 (SIGN) (IF REFUSED, SKIP TO 231) (SIGN) (IF REFUSED, SKIP TO 231) (SIGN) (IF REFUSED, SKIP TO 231) NOT PRESENT/OTHER .

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3 NOT PRESENT/OTHER .

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3 NOT PRESENT/OTHER .

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3 (SKIP TO 231) (SKIP TO 231) (SKIP TO 231) YES .

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1 NO .

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2 DON'T KNOW .

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8 YES .

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1 NO .

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2 DON'T KNOW .

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8 YES .

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1 NO .

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2 DON'T KNOW .

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8 G/DL .

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G/DL .

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G/DL .

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NOT PRESENT .

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994 REFUSED .

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995 OTHER .

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996 NOT PRESENT .

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994 REFUSED .

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995 OTHER .

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996 NOT PRESENT .

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994 REFUSED .

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995 OTHER .

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996 BELOW 8.0 G/DL, SEVERE ANEMIA 8.0 G/DL OR ABOVE NOT PRESENT REFUSED OTHER BELOW 8.0 G/DL, SEVERE ANEMIA 8.0 G/DL OR ABOVE NOT PRESENT REFUSED OTHER 1 2 3 4 6 BELOW 8.0 G/DL, SEVERE ANEMIA 8.0 G/DL OR ABOVE NOT PRESENT REFUSED OTHER 1 2 3 4 6 1 2 3 4 6 (SKIP TO 234) (SKIP TO 234) (SKIP TO 234) The anemia test shows that (you have/(NAME) has) severe anemia.

(You are/(NAME) is) very ill and must be taken to a health facility immediately.


The anemia test shows that (you have/(NAME) has) severe anemia.

(You are/(NAME) is) very ill and must be taken to a health facility immediately.

220A Are you pregnant?

231 RECORD HEMOGLOBIN LEVEL HERE AND IN ANEMIA PAMPHLET.

232 CHECK 231: HEMOGLOBIN RESULT 233 SEVERE ANEMIA REFERRAL RECORD THE RESULT OF THE ANEMIA TEST ON THE REFERRAL FORM.
234 GO BACK TO 202 IN NEXT COLUMN OF THIS QUESTIONNAIRE OR IN THE FIRST COLUMN OF AN ADDITIONAL QUESTIONNAIRE; IF NO MORE WOMEN, GO TO 301.

478 •Appendix E WEIGHT WEIGHT AND HEMOGLOBIN MEASUREMENT FOR MEN AGE 15-54 301 CHECK COLUMN 10 IN HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE.

RECORD THE LINE NUMBER, NAME, AGE, AND MARITAL STATUS FOR ALL ELIGIBLE MEN IN 302, 303, AND 304.

IF THERE ARE MORE THAN THREE MEN, USE ADDITIONAL QUESTIONNAIRE(S).

MAN 1 MAN 2 MAN 3 302 CHECK HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE: LINE NUMBER FROM COLUMN 10.
LINE NUMBER .

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303 304 NAME FROM COLUMN 2.

CHECK HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE COLUMN 7 (AGE): CHECK HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE COLUMN 8 (MARITAL STATUS): 305 WEIGHT IN KILOGRAMS.

306 HEIGHT IN CENTIMETERS.

306A OBSERVE: IS THE MAN AN ALBINO?

307 MEASURER: ENTER YOUR FIELDWORKER NUMBER.

NAME NAME NAME 15-17 YEARS .

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1 OTHER .

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2 CODE 4 (NEVER IN UNION) .

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2 KG.

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NOT PRESENT .

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99995 OTHER .

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99996 NOT PRESENT .

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99995 OTHER .

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NOT PRESENT .

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9994 REFUSED .

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9995 OTHER .

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9996 NOT PRESENT .

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9995 OTHER .

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9996 YES .

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1 NO .

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2 DON'T KNOW .

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8 YES .

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8 YES .

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2 DON'T KNOW .

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8 FIELDWORKER NUMBER FIELDWORKER NUMBER FIELDWORKER NUMBER 308 CHECK 303: AGE 15-17 YEARS .

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2 18-54 YEARS (SKIP TO 310) (SKIP TO 310) (SKIP TO 310) 309 CHECK 304: MARITAL STATUS CODE 4 (NEVER IN UNION) .

1 CODE 4 (NEVER IN UNION) .

1 CODE 4 (NEVER IN UNION) .

1 (SKIP TO 316) (SKIP TO 316) (SKIP TO 316) OTHER .

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2 OTHER .

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2 • 479Appendix E WEIGHT, HEIGHT, AND HEMOGLOBIN MEASUREMENT FOR MEN AGE 15-54 MAN 1 MAN 2 MAN 3 NAME FROM COLUMN 2.

NAME NAME NAME 310 ASK CONSENT FOR ANEMIA TEST.

As part of this survey, we are asking people all over the country to take an anemia test.

Anemia is a serious health problem that usually results from poor nutrition, infection, or chronic disease.
This survey will assist the government to develop programs to prevent and treat anemia.

For the anemia testing, we will need a few drops of blood from a finger.

The equipment used to take the blood is clean and completely safe.

It has never been used before and will be thrown away after each test.

The blood will be tested for anemia immediately, and the result will be told to you right away.
The result will be kept strictly confidential and will not be shared with anyone other than members of our survey team.

Do you have any questions?

You can say yes or no.

It is up to you to decide.

Will you take the anemia test?

311 CIRCLE THE CODE AND SIGN YOUR NAME.

GRANTED .

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1 RESPONDENT REFUSED .

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1 RESPONDENT REFUSED .

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1 RESPONDENT REFUSED .

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2 (SIGN) (SKIP TO 331) (SIGN) (SKIP TO 331) (SIGN) (SKIP TO 331) NOT PRESENT/OTHER .

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3 NOT PRESENT/OTHER .

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3 NOT PRESENT/OTHER .

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3 (SKIP TO 331) (SKIP TO 331) (SKIP TO 331) 316 RECORD NAME OF PARENT/OTHER ADULT RESPONSIBLE FOR ADOLESCENT.

P A R E N T A L / NAME NAME NAME 317 ASK CONSENT FOR ANEMIA TEST FROM PARENT/ADULT.
As part of this survey, we are asking people all over the country to take an anemia test.

Anemia is a serious health problem that usually results from poor nutrition, infection, or chronic disease.

This survey will assist the government to develop programs to prevent and treat anemia.

For the anemia testing, we will need a few drops of blood from a finger.

The equipment used to take the blood is clean and completely safe.

It has never been used before and will be thrown away after each test.
The blood will be tested for anemia immediately, and the result will be told to you and (NAME OF MINOR) right away.

The result will be kept strictly confidential and will not be shared with anyone other than members of our survey team.

Do you have any questions?

You can say yes or no.

It is up to you to decide.

Will you allow (NAME OF MINOR) to take the anemia test?

318 CIRCLE THE CODE AND SIGN YOUR NAME.

GRANTED .

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1 PARENT/OTHER RESPONSIBLE ADULT REFUSED .


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1 PARENT/OTHER RESPONSIBLE ADULT REFUSED .

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2 (SIGN) (SKIP TO 331) (SIGN) (SKIP TO 331) (SIGN) (SKIP TO 331) NOT PRESENT/OTHER .

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3 NOT PRESENT/OTHER .

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3 (SKIP TO 331) (SKIP TO 331) (SKIP TO 331) A D U L T R E S P O N D E N T C O N S E N T P A R E N T — R E S P A D U L T C O N S E N T 480 •Appendix E M I N O R R E S P O N D E N T C O N S E N T WEIGHT, HEIGHT, AND HEMOGLOBIN MEASUREMENT FOR MEN AGE 15-54 MAN 1 MAN 2 MAN 3 NAME FROM COLUMN 2.

NAME NAME NAME 319 ASK CONSENT FOR ANEMIA TEST FROM RESPONDENT.
As part of this survey, we are asking people all over the country to take an anemia test.

Anemia is a serious health problem that usually results from poor nutrition, infection, or chronic disease.

This survey will assist the government to develop programs to prevent and treat anemia.

For the anemia testing, we will need a few drops of blood from a finger.

The equipment used to take the blood is clean and completely safe.

It has never been used before and will be thrown away after we take your blood.
The blood will be tested for anemia immediately, and the result will be told to you and (NAME OF PARENT/RESPONSIBLE ADULT) right away.

The result will be kept strictly confidential and will not be shared with anyone other than members of our survey team.

Do you have any questions?

You can say yes or no.

It is up to you to decide.

Will you take the anemia test?

320 CIRCLE THE CODE AND SIGN YOUR NAME.

GRANTED .

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1 MINOR RESPONDENT GRANTED .

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2 REFUSED .

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2 (SIGN) (SIGN) (SIGN) NOT PRESENT/OTHER .

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3 G/DL .

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994 REFUSED .

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995 OTHER .

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996 NOT PRESENT .

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994 REFUSED .

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995 OTHER .

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996 NOT PRESENT .

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994 REFUSED .

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995 OTHER .

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996 BELOW 8.0 G/DL, SEVERE ANEMIA 8.0 G/DL OR ABOVE NOT PRESENT REFUSED OTHER BELOW 8.0 G/DL, SEVERE ANEMIA 8.0 G/DL OR ABOVE NOT PRESENT REFUSED OTHER 1 2 3 4 6 BELOW 8.0 G/DL, SEVERE ANEMIA 8.0 G/DL OR ABOVE NOT PRESENT REFUSED OTHER 1 2 3 4 6 1 2 3 4 6 (SKIP TO 334) (SKIP TO 334) (SKIP TO 334) The anemia test shows that (you have/(NAME) has) severe anemia.

(You are/(NAME) is) very ill and must be taken to a health facility immediately.


The anemia test shows that (you have/(NAME) has) severe anemia.

(You are/(NAME) is) very ill and must be taken to a health facility immediately.

331 RECORD HEMOGLOBIN LEVEL HERE AND IN ANEMIA PAMPHLET.

332 CHECK 331: HEMOGLOBIN RESULT 333 SEVERE ANEMIA REFERRAL RECORD THE RESULT OF THE ANEMIA TEST ON THE REFERRAL FORM.
334 GO BACK TO 302 IN NEXT COLUMN OF THIS QUESTIONNAIRE OR IN THE FIRST COLUMN OF AN ADDITIONAL QUESTIONNAIRE; IF NO MORE MEN, END INTERVIEW.
• 481Appendix E FIELDWORKER'S OBSERVATIONS TO BE FILLED IN AFTER COMPLETING BIOMARKERS SUPERVISOR'S OBSERVATIONS EDITOR'S OBSERVATIONS 482 •Appendix E 2016 UGANDA DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEY WOMAN'S QUESTIONNAIRE FORMATTING DATE: ENGLISH LANGUAGE: 16 June 2016 1 June 2016 UGANDA UGANDA BUREAU OF STATISTICS EA NAME NAME OF HOUSEHOLD HEAD IDENTIFICATION CLUSTER NUMBER .

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HOUSEHOLD NUMBER .

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NAME AND LINE NUMBER OF WOMAN CHECK COVER PAGE OF HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE: HOUSEHOLD SELECTED FOR MAN'S SURVEY?
(1=YES, 2=NO) CHECK HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE SL12: WOMAN SELECTED FOR DV MODULE?

(1=YES, 2=NO) .

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INTERVIEWER VISITS 1 2 3 FINAL VISIT DATE INTERVIEWER'S NAME RESULT* NEXT VISIT: DATE TIME DAY MONTH YEAR INT.

NO.
RESULT* TOTAL NUMBER OF VISITS *RESULT CODES: 1 COMPLETED 2 NOT AT HOME 3 POSTPONED 4 REFUSED 5 PARTLY COMPLETED 6 INCAPACITATED 7 OTHER SPECIFY LANGUAGE OF QUESTIONNAIRE** 0 1 LANGUAGE OF INTERVIEW** NATIVE LANGUAGE OF RESPONDENT** TRANSLATOR USED (YES = 1, NO = 2) LANGUAGE OF QUESTIONNAIRE** ENGLISH **LANGUAGE CODES: 01 ENGLISH 02 LUGANDA 03 LUO 04 LUGBARA 05 ATESO 06 NGAKARIMOJONG 07 RUNYANKOLE/RUKIGA 08 RUNYORO/RUTORO 09 LUSOGA 96 OTHER (SPECIFY) SUPERVISOR CAPI MANAGER NAME NUMBER NAME NUMBER • 483Appendix E INTRODUCTION AND CONSENT Hello.
My name is _______________________________________.

I am working with Uganda Bureau of Statistics.

We are conducting a survey about health and other topics all over Uganda.

The information we collect will help the government to plan health services.

Your household was selected for the survey.

The questions usually take about 30 to 60 minutes.

All of the answers you give will be confidential and will not be shared with anyone other than members of our survey team.
You don't have to be in the survey, but we hope you will agree to answer the questions since your views are important.

If I ask you any question you don't want to answer, just let me know and I will go on to the next question or you can stop the interview at any time.

In case you need more information about the survey, you may contact the person listed on the card that has already been given to your household.

Do you have any questions?

May I begin the interview now?


SIGNATURE OF INTERVIEWER DATE RESPONDENT AGREES TO BE INTERVIEWED .

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1 RESPONDENT DOES NOT AGREE TO BE INTERVIEWED .

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2 END NO.

101 102 SECTION 1.

RESPONDENT'S BACKGROUND QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP RECORD THE TIME.

How long have you been living continuously in (NAME OF CURRENT CITY, TOWN OR VILLAGE OF RESIDENCE)?

IF LESS THAN ONE YEAR, RECORD ‘00’ YEARS.

HOURS .

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MINUTES .

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ALWAYS VISITOR .

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95 .

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96 105 103 Just before you moved here, did you live in a city, in a town, or in a rural area?
104 Before you moved here, which district did you live in?

105 In what month and year were you born?

106 How old were you at your last birthday?

COMPARE AND CORRECT 105 AND/OR 106 IF INCONSISTENT.

107 Have you ever attended school?

108 What is the highest level of school you attended: primary, "O" level, "A" level, tertiary or university?

CITY TOWN RURAL AREA .

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OUTSIDE OF UGANDA .

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996 MONTH .

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DON'T KNOW MONTH .

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98 YEAR .

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9998 AGE IN COMPLETED YEARS .

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YES .

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2 NO 111 .

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PRIMARY .

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"O" LEVEL .

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"A" LEVEL TERTIARY .

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UNIVERSITY .

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1 2 3 4 5 484 •Appendix E NO.


109 SECTION 1.

RESPONDENT'S BACKGROUND QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP What is the highest [CLASS/YEAR] you completed at that level?

IF COMPLETED LESS THAN ONE YEAR AT THAT LEVEL, RECORD '00'.

[CLASS/YEAR] .

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110 CHECK 108: PRIMARY OR "O" OR "A" LEVEL HIGHER 111 Now I would like you to read this sentence to me.

SHOW CARD TO RESPONDENT.


IF RESPONDENT CANNOT READ WHOLE SENTENCE, PROBE: Can you read any part of the sentence to me?

CANNOT READ AT ALL ABLE TO READ ONLY PART OF .

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1 THE SENTENCE .

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ABLE TO READ WHOLE SENTENCE .

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NO CARD WITH REQUIRED LANGUAGE BLIND/VISUALLY IMPAIRED .

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(SPECIFY LANGUAGE) 2 3 4 5 112 CHECK 111: CODE '2', '3' OR '4' CIRCLED CODE '1' OR '5' CIRCLED 113 114 113 114 115 Do you read a newspaper or magazine at least once a week, less than once a week or not at all?

Do you listen to the radio at least once a week, less than once a week or not at all?

AT LEAST ONCE A WEEK .

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1 2 LESS THAN ONCE A WEEK .

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NOT AT ALL AT LEAST ONCE A WEEK .

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1 2 LESS THAN ONCE A WEEK .

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NOT AT ALL Do you watch television at least once a week, less than once a week or not at all?

AT LEAST ONCE A WEEK .

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1 2 LESS THAN ONCE A WEEK .

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NOT AT ALL 116 Do you own a mobile telephone?

YES .

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2 NO 118 117 118 Do you use your mobile phone for any financial transactions?

YES .

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2 NO Do you have an account in a bank or other financial institution that you yourself use?

YES .

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2 NO 119 Have you ever used the internet?

YES .

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2 NO 120 In the last 12 months, have you used the internet?

IF NECESSARY, PROBE FOR USE FROM ANY LOCATION, WITH ANY DEVICE.

YES .

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2 NO 122 122 121 During the last one month, how often did you use the internet: almost every day, at least once a week, less than once a week, or not at all?

ALMOST EVERY DAY .

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1 AT LEAST ONCE A WEEK .

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2 3 LESS THAN ONCE A WEEK .

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NOT AT ALL • 485Appendix E SECTION 1.

RESPONDENT'S BACKGROUND QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP NO.

122 What is your religion?

NO RELIGION .

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10 ANGLICAN .

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11 CATHOLIC .

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12 MUSLIM .

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13 SEVENTH DAY ADVENTIST .

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14 ORTHODOX .

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15 PENTECOSTAL/BORN AGAIN/EVANGELICAL 16 .

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17 BAHA’I BAPTIST .

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18 JEWISH .

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19 PRESBYTERIAN .

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20 .

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21 MAMMON .

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22 HINDU BUDDHIST .

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23 JEHOVAH’S WITNESS .

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24 SALVATION ARMY .

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26 TRADITIONAL OTHER (SPECIFY) TRIBE CODE .

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OTHER (SPECIFY) 96 996 123 What is your tribe?

124 In the last 12 months, how many times have you been away from home for one or more nights?

NUMBER OF TIMES .

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125 In the last 12 months, have you been away from home for more than one month at a time?

YES .

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2 NO NONE .

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00 201 486 •Appendix E NO.

201 202 QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SECTION 2.

REPRODUCTION Now I would like to ask about all the births you have had during your life.

Have you ever given birth?

YES .

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2 NO Do you have any sons or daughters to whom you have given birth who are now living with you?

YES .

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2 NO SKIP 206 204 203 a) How many sons live with you?

b) And how many daughters live with you?

IF NONE, RECORD '00'.

a) SONS AT HOME .

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b) DAUGHTERS AT HOME .

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204 Do you have any sons or daughters to whom you have given birth who are alive but do not live with you?

YES .

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2 NO 206 205 a) How many sons are alive but do not live with you?

b) And how many daughters are alive but do not live with you?

IF NONE, RECORD '00'.

206 Have you ever given birth to a boy or girl who was born alive but later died?
IF NO, PROBE: Any baby who cried, who made any movement, sound, or effort to breathe, or who showed any other signs of life even if for a very short time?

207 a) How many boys have died?

b) And how many girls have died?

IF NONE, RECORD '00'.

a) SONS ELSEWHERE .

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b) DAUGHTERS ELSEWHERE .

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YES .

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2 NO 208 a) BOYS DEAD .

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b) GIRLS DEAD .

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208 SUM ANSWERS TO 203, 205, AND 207, AND ENTER TOTAL.

IF NONE, RECORD '00'.

TOTAL BIRTHS .

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209 CHECK 208: Just to make sure that I have this right: you have had in TOTAL _____ births during your life.

Is that correct?
Is that correct?

YES NO PROBE AND CORRECT 201-208 AS NECESSARY.

210 CHECK 208: ONE OR MORE BIRTHS NO BIRTHS 226 • 487Appendix E 211 Now I would like to record the names of all your births, whether still alive or not, starting with the first one you had.

RECORD NAMES OF ALL THE BIRTHS IN 212.

RECORD TWINS AND TRIPLETS ON SEPARATE ROWS.

IF THERE ARE MORE THAN 10 BIRTHS, USE AN ADDITIONAL QUESTIONNAIRE, STARTING WITH THE SECOND ROW.

SECTION 2.
SECTION 2.

REPRODUCTION 212 213 214 215 216 217 IF ALIVE: 218 IF ALIVE: 219 IF ALIVE: 220 IF DEAD: What name was given to your (first/ next) baby?

Is (NAME) a boy or a girl?

Were any of these births twins?

On what day, month, and year was (NAME) born?

Is (NAME) still alive?

How old was (NAME) at (NAME)'s last birthday?

Is (NAME) living with you?

RECORD HOUSEHOLD LINE NUMBER OF CHILD.

RECORD '00' IF CHILD NOT LISTED IN HOUSEHOLD.

How old was (NAME) when (he/she) died?


IF '12 MONTHS' OR '1 YR', ASK: Did (NAME) have (his/her) first birthday?

THEN ASK: Exactly how many months old was (NAME) when (he/she) died?

RECORD DAYS IF LESS THAN 1 MONTH; MONTHS IF LESS THAN TWO YEARS; OR YEARS.

RECORD AGE IN COMP- LETED YEARS.

RECORD NAME.

BIRTH HISTORY NUMBER.
01 02 03 04 05 BOY 1 SING 1 GIRL 2 MULT 2 DAY MONTH YES 1 AGE IN YEARS YES 1 HOUSEHOLD LINE NUMBER DAYS 1 NO 2 NO 2 MONTHS 2 YEAR BOY 1 SING 1 GIRL 2 MULT 2 DAY MONTH YEAR BOY 1 SING 1 GIRL 2 MULT 2 DAY MONTH YEAR BOY 1 SING 1 GIRL 2 MULT 2 DAY MONTH YEAR BOY 1 SING 1 GIRL 2 MULT 2 DAY MONTH YEAR (SKIP TO 220) YES 1 NO 2 (SKIP TO 220) YES 1 NO 2 (SKIP TO 220) YES 1 NO 2 (SKIP TO 220) YES 1 NO 2 (SKIP TO 220) AGE IN YEARS AGE IN YEARS AGE IN YEARS AGE IN YEARS YES 1 NO 2 YES 1 NO 2 YES 1 NO 2 YES 1 NO 2 (NEXT BIRTH) YEARS 3 HOUSEHOLD LINE NUMBER DAYS 1 MONTHS 2 (SKIP TO 221) YEARS 3 HOUSEHOLD LINE NUMBER DAYS 1 MONTHS 2 (SKIP TO 221) YEARS 3 HOUSEHOLD LINE NUMBER DAYS 1 MONTHS 2 (SKIP TO 221) YEARS 3 HOUSEHOLD LINE NUMBER DAYS 1 MONTHS 2 (SKIP TO 221) YEARS 3 221 Were there any other live births between (NAME OF PREVIOUS BIRTH) and (NAME), including any children who died after birth?
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 YES (ADD BIRTH) NO (NEXT BIRTH) YES (ADD BIRTH) NO (NEXT BIRTH) YES (ADD BIRTH) NO (NEXT BIRTH) YES (ADD BIRTH) NO (NEXT BIRTH) 488 •Appendix E RECORD HOUSEHOLD LINE NUMBER OF CHILD.

RECORD '00' IF CHILD NOT LISTED IN HOUSEHOLD.

How old was (NAME) when (he/she) died?

IF '12 MONTHS' OR '1 YR', ASK: Did (NAME) have (his/her) first birthday?

THEN ASK: Exactly how many months old was (NAME) when (he/she) died?

RECORD DAYS IF LESS THAN 1 MONTH; MONTHS IF LESS THAN TWO YEARS; OR YEARS.
212 213 214 215 216 217 IF ALIVE: 218 IF ALIVE: 219 IF ALIVE: 220 IF DEAD: What name was given to your (first/ next) baby?

Is (NAME) a boy or a girl?

Were any of these births twins?

On what day, month, and year was (NAME) born?

Is (NAME) still alive?

How old was (NAME) at (NAME)'s last birthday?

Is (NAME) living with you?

RECORD NAME.

BIRTH HISTORY NUMBER.


06 07 08 09 10 BOY 1 SING 1 GIRL 2 MULT 2 DAY MONTH YEAR BOY 1 SING 1 GIRL 2 MULT 2 DAY MONTH YEAR BOY 1 SING 1 GIRL 2 MULT 2 DAY MONTH YEAR BOY 1 SING 1 GIRL 2 MULT 2 DAY MONTH YEAR BOY 1 SING 1 GIRL 2 MULT 2 DAY MONTH YEAR RECORD AGE IN COMP- LETED YEARS.
AGE IN YEARS AGE IN YEARS AGE IN YEARS AGE IN YEARS AGE IN YEARS YES 1 NO 2 (SKIP TO 220) YES 1 NO 2 (SKIP TO 220) YES 1 NO 2 (SKIP TO 220) YES 1 NO 2 (SKIP TO 220) YES 1 NO 2 (SKIP TO 220) YES 1 NO 2 YES 1 NO 2 YES 1 NO 2 YES 1 NO 2 YES 1 NO 2 HOUSEHOLD LINE NUMBER DAYS 1 MONTHS 2 (SKIP TO 221) YEARS 3 HOUSEHOLD LINE NUMBER DAYS 1 MONTHS 2 (SKIP TO 221) YEARS 3 HOUSEHOLD LINE NUMBER DAYS 1 MONTHS 2 (SKIP TO 221) YEARS 3 HOUSEHOLD LINE NUMBER DAYS 1 MONTHS 2 (SKIP TO 221) YEARS 3 HOUSEHOLD LINE NUMBER DAYS 1 MONTHS 2 (SKIP TO 221) YEARS 3 221 Were there any other live births between (NAME OF PREVIOUS BIRTH) and (NAME), including any children who died after birth?
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 YES (ADD BIRTH) NO (NEXT BIRTH) YES (ADD BIRTH) NO (NEXT BIRTH) YES (ADD BIRTH) NO (NEXT BIRTH) YES (ADD BIRTH) NO (NEXT BIRTH) YES (ADD BIRTH) NO (NEXT BIRTH) • 489Appendix E SECTION 2.

REPRODUCTION NO.

222 QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP Have you had any live births since the birth of (NAME OF LAST BIRTH)?

YES .

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1 (RECORD BIRTH(S) IN TABLE) NO .

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2 223 COMPARE 208 WITH NUMBER OF BIRTHS IN BIRTH HISTORY NUMBERS ARE SAME NUMBERS ARE DIFFERENT (PROBE AND RECONCILE) 224 CHECK 215: ENTER THE NUMBER OF BIRTHS IN 2011-2016 NUMBER OF BIRTHS .

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NONE .

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0 226 225 FOR EACH BIRTH IN 2011-2016, ENTER 'B' IN THE MONTH OF BIRTH IN THE CALENDAR.

WRITE THE NAME OF THE CHILD TO THE LEFT OF THE 'B' CODE.

FOR EACH BIRTH, ASK THE NUMBER OF COMPLETED MONTHS THE PREGNANCY LASTED AND RECORD 'P' IN EACH OF THE PRECEDING MONTHS ACCORDING TO THE DURATION OF PREGNANCY.

(NOTE: THE NUMBER OF 'P's MUST BE ONE LESS THAN THE NUMBER OF MONTHS THAT THE PREGNANCY LASTED.)

C 226 Are you pregnant now?

YES .

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2 NO 8 UNSURE .

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230 227 How many months pregnant are you?

MONTHS .

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RECORD NUMBER OF COMPLETED MONTHS.


C ENTER 'P's IN THE CALENDAR, BEGINNING WITH THE MONTH OF INTERVIEW AND FOR THE TOTAL NUMBER OF COMPLETED MONTHS.

228 When you got pregnant, did you want to get pregnant at that time?

YES .

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2 NO 230 229 CHECK 208: TOTAL NUMBER OF BIRTHS ONE OR MORE NONE a) Did you want to have a baby later on or did you not want any more children?

b) Did you want to have a baby later on or did you not want any children?

LATER NO MORE/NONE .

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1 2 .

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230 Have you ever had a pregnancy that miscarried, was aborted, or ended in a stillbirth?

YES .

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2 NO 239 231 When did the last such pregnancy end?

232 CHECK 231: LAST PREGNANCY ENDED IN 2011-2016 MONTH .

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YEAR .

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LAST PREGNANCY ENDED IN 2010 OR EARLIER 234 239 490 •Appendix E NO.

QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP 233 234 235 (1) SECTION 2.

REPRODUCTION LINE NO.

01 02 03 04 236 237 238 In what month and year did the preceding such pregnancy end?

How many months pregnant were you when that pregnancy ended?
Since January 2011, have you had any other pregnancies that did not result in a live birth?

YES .

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NUMBER OF MONTHS NO .

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YES .

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MONTH YEAR NUMBER OF MONTHS NO .

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MONTH YEAR NUMBER OF MONTHS NO .

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YES .

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YES .

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MONTH YEAR NUMBER OF MONTHS NO .

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C FOR EACH PREGNANCY THAT DID NOT END IN A LIVE BIRTH IN 2011-2016 OR LATER, ENTER 'T' IN THE CALENDAR IN THE MONTH THAT THE PREGNANCY TERMINATED AND 'P' FOR THE REMAINING NUMBER OF COMPLETED MONTHS OF PREGNANCY.

IF THERE ARE MORE THAN FOUR PREGNANCIES THAT DID NOT END IN A LIVE BIRTH, USE AN ADDITIONAL QUESTIONNAIRE STARTING ON THE SECOND LINE.
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 NEXT LINE 236 NEXT LINE 236 NEXT LINE 236 236 Did you have any miscarriages, abortions or stillbirths that ended before 2011?

YES .

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2 NO 239 When did the last such pregnancy that terminated before 2011 end?

MONTH .

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YEAR .

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239 When did your last menstrual period start?

DAYS AGO .

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WEEKS AGO .

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MONTHS AGO .

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(DATE, IF GIVEN) YEARS AGO .

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1 2 3 4 IN MENOPAUSE/ HAS HAD HYSTERECTOMY .

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994 BEFORE LAST BIRTH .

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995 NEVER MENSTRUATED .

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996 From one menstrual period to the next, are there certain days when a woman is more likely to become pregnant?

YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW .

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242 240 241 Is this time just before her period begins, during her period, right after her period has ended, or halfway between two periods?

JUST BEFORE HER PERIOD BEGINS.

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1 DURING HER PERIOD .

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2 RIGHT AFTER HER PERIOD HAS ENDE .

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3 HALFWAY BETWEEN TWO PERIODS .

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4 OTHER DON'T KNOW .

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(SPECIFY) 6 8 YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW .

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242 After the birth of a child, can a woman become pregnant before her menstrual period has returned?

• 491Appendix E 301 Now I would like to talk about family planning - the various ways or methods that a couple can use to delay or avoid a pregnancy.

Have you ever heard of (METHOD)?

SECTION 3.

CONTRACEPTION 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 Female Sterilization.

PROBE: Women can have an operation to avoid having any more children.

YES .

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YES .

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NO Male Sterilization.

PROBE: Men can have an operation to avoid having any more children.

YES .

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NO IUD.


PROBE: Women can have a loop or coil placed inside them by a doctor or a nurse which can prevent pregnancy for one or more years.

YES .

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NO Injectables.


PROBE: Women can have an injection by a health provider that stops them from becoming pregnant for one or more months.

YES .

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NO Implants.


PROBE: Women can have one or more small rods placed in their upper arm by a doctor or nurse which can prevent pregnancy for one or more years.

YES .

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NO Pill.

PROBE: Women can take a pill every day to avoid becoming pregnant.

YES .

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NO Condom.

PROBE: Men can put a rubber sheath on their penis before sexual intercourse.

YES .

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NO Female Condom.


PROBE: Women can place a sheath in their vagina before sexual intercourse.

YES .

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NO Emergency Contraception.

PROBE: As an emergency measure, within three days after they have unprotected sexual intercourse, women can take special pills to prevent pregnancy.
Standard Days Method/Moon Beads.

PROBE: A woman uses a string of colored beads to know the days she can get pregnant.

On the days she can get pregnant, she uses a condom or does not have sexual intercourse.

Lactational Amenorrhea Method (LAM).

PROBE: Up to six months after childbirth, before the menstrual period has returned, women use a method requiring frequent breastfeeding day and night.

YES .

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NO YES .

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NO YES .

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NO Rhythm Method.

PROBE: To avoid pregnancy, women do not have sexual intercourse on the days of the month they think they can get pregnant.

YES .

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NO Withdrawal.

PROBE: Men can be careful and pull out before climax.

YES .
YES .

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NO Have you heard of any other ways or methods that women or men can use to avoid pregnancy?

YES, MODERN METHOD (SPECIFY) YES, TRADITIONAL METHOD 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 A B NO .

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Y (SPECIFY) 492 •Appendix E QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP SECTION 3.

CONTRACEPTION NO.

302 CHECK 226: NOT PREGNANT OR UNSURE PREGNANT 303 Are you or your partner currently doing something or using any method to delay or avoid getting pregnant?

YES .

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1 .

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2 NO 304 Which method are you using?

RECORD ALL MENTIONED.

IF MORE THAN ONE METHOD MENTIONED, FOLLOW SKIP INSTRUCTION FOR HIGHEST METHOD IN LIST.

305 What is the brand name of the pills you are using?

FEMALE STERILIZATION .

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A MALE STERILIZATION .

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B IUD .

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C INJECTABLES .

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D IMPLANTS .

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E PILL .

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F CONDOM .

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G FEMALE CONDOM .

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H EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION .

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I STANDARD DAYS METHOD/MOON BEADS .

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J LACTATIONAL AMENORRHEA METHOD.

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K RHYTHM METHOD .

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L WITHDRAWAL .

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M OTHER MODERN METHOD .

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X OTHER TRADITIONAL METHOD .

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Y PILPLAN PLUS .

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01 .

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02 SOFT SURE .

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03 NEWFEM LO-FEMENOL .

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04 MICROGYNON .

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05 .

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06 OVRETTE .

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07 MICROLUT 312 312 307 309 306 309 IF DON'T KNOW THE BRAND, ASK TO SEE THE PACKAGE.
OTHER 309 96 306 What is the brand name of the condoms you are using?

DON'T KNOW .

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98 (SPECIFY) PROTECTOR .

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01 CONDOM O .

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02 ENGABU .

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03 .

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04 TRUST LIFE GUARD .

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05 GOVT BRAND .

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06 NO BRAND .

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07 309 IF DON'T KNOW THE BRAND, ASK TO SEE THE PACKAGE.

OTHER (SPECIFY) 96 DON'T KNOW .

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98 • 493Appendix E QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP SECTION 3.

CONTRACEPTION In what facility did the sterilization take place?

PUBLIC SECTOR NO.

307 PROBE TO IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF SOURCE.

IF UNABLE TO DETERMINE IF PUBLIC OR PRIVATE SECTOR, WRITE THE NAME OF THE PLACE.

(NAME OF PLACE) GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL .

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11 GOVERNMENT HEALTH CENTER.

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12 FAMILY PLANNING CLINIC .

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13 MOBILE CLINIC .

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14 OTHER PUBLIC SECTOR (SPECIFY) 16 PRIVATE MEDICAL SECTOR PRIVATE HOSPITAL/CLINIC .

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21 PRIVATE DOCTOR'S OFFICE .

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22 MOBILE CLINIC .

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23 OTHER PRIVATE MEDICAL SECTOR OTHER (SPECIFY) (SPECIFY) 26 96 DON'T KNOW .

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98 308 In what month and year was the sterilization performed?

MONTH .

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310 YEAR .

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309 Since what month and year have you been using (CURRENT METHOD) without stopping?

MONTH .

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PROBE: For how long have you been using (CURRENT METHOD) now without stopping?

YEAR .

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310 CHECK 308 AND 309, 215 AND 231: ANY BIRTH OR PREGNANCY TERMINATION AFTER MONTH AND YEAR OF START OF USE OF CONTRACEPTION IN 308 OR 309 NO YES GO BACK TO 308 OR 309, PROBE AND RECORD MONTH AND YEAR AT START OF CONTINUOUS USE OF CURRENT METHOD (MUST BE AFTER LAST BIRTH OR PREGNANCY TERMINATION).
494 •Appendix E 311 CHECK 308 AND 309: SECTION 3.

CONTRACEPTION (CAPI OPTION) YEAR IS 2011-2016 YEAR IS 2010 OR EARLIER C ENTER CODE FOR METHOD USED IN MONTH OF INTERVIEW IN THE CALENDAR AND IN EACH MONTH BACK TO THE DATE STARTED USING.

THEN CONTINUE C ENTER CODE FOR METHOD USED IN MONTH OF INTERVIEW IN THE CALENDAR AND EACH MONTH BACK TO JANUARY 2011 .
THEN (SKIP TO 324) 312 I would like to ask you some questions about the times you or your partner may have used a method to avoid getting pregnant during the last few years.

C USE CALENDAR TO PROBE FOR EARLIER PERIODS OF USE AND NONUSE, STARTING WITH MOST RECENT USE, BACK TO JANUARY 2011.

USE NAMES OF CHILDREN, DATES OF BIRTH, AND PERIODS OF PREGNANCY AS REFERENCE POINTS.

COLUMN 1 COLUMN 2 COLUMN 3 312A MONTH AND YEAR OF START OF INTERVAL OF USE OR NON-USE.
312B Between (EVENT) in (MONTH/YEAR) and (EVENT) in (MONTH/YEAR), did you or your partner use any method of contraception?

312C Which method was that?

312D How many months after (EVENT) in (MONTH/YEAR) did you start to use (METHOD)?

CIRCLE '95' IF RESPONDENT GIVES THE DATE OF STARTING TO USE THE METHOD.

312E RECORD MONTH AND YEAR RESPONDENT STARTED USING METHOD.

312F For how many months did you use (METHOD)?

CIRCLE '95' IF RESPONDENT GIVES THE DATE OF TERMINATION OF USE.
312G RECORD MONTH AND YEAR RESPONDENT STOPPED USING METHOD.

MONTH MONTH MONTH YEAR YEAR YEAR YES .

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NO (SKIP TO 312I) 1 2 YES .

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NO (SKIP TO 312I) 1 2 YES .

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NO (SKIP TO 312I) 1 2 METHOD CODE .

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METHOD CODE .

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METHOD CODE .

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IMMEDIATELY .

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00 IMMEDIATELY .

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00 IMMEDIATELY .

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00 MONTHS .

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MONTHS .

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MONTHS .

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95 DATE GIVEN .

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95 DATE GIVEN .

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95 MONTH MONTH MONTH YEAR YEAR YEAR MONTHS .

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(SKIP TO 312H) (SKIP TO 312H) (SKIP TO 312H) DATE GIVEN .

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95 DATE GIVEN .

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95 DATE GIVEN .

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95 MONTH MONTH MONTH 312H 312I Why did you stop using (METHOD)?

REASON REASON REASON STOPPED .

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STOPPED .

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STOPPED .

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YEAR YEAR YEAR GO BACK TO 312A IN NEXT COLUMN; OR, IF NO MORE GAPS, GO TO 313.

GO BACK TO 312A IN NEXT COLUMN; OR, IF NO MORE GAPS, GO TO 313.

GO BACK TO 312A IN NEW QUESTIONNAIRE; OR, IF NO MORE GAPS, GO TO 313.
• 495Appendix E QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP SECTION 3.

CONTRACEPTION NO.

313 CHECK THE CALENDAR FOR USE OF ANY CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD IN ANY MONTH NO METHOD USED ANY METHOD USED 314 Have you ever used anything or tried in any way to delay or avoid getting pregnant?

YES .

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1 .

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2 NO 315 CHECK 304: CIRCLE METHOD CODE: IF MORE THAN ONE METHOD CODE CIRCLED IN 304, CIRCLE CODE FOR HIGHEST METHOD IN LIST.

316 You first started using (CURRENT METHOD) in (DATE FROM 308 OR 309).

Where did you get it at that time?

PROBE TO IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF SOURCE.

NO CODE CIRCLED .

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00 FEMALE STERILIZATION .

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01 MALE STERILIZATION .


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02 IUD .

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03 INJECTABLES .

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04 IMPLANTS .

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05 PILL .

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06 CONDOM .

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07 FEMALE CONDOM .

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08 EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION .

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09 STANDARD DAYS METHOD/MOON BEADS .

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10 LACTATIONAL AMENORRHEA METHOD.

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11 RHYTHM METHOD .

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12 WITHDRAWAL .

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13 OTHER MODERN METHOD .

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95 OTHER TRADITIONAL METHOD .

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96 PUBLIC SECTOR GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL .

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11 GOVERNMENT HEALTH CENTER.

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12 FAMILY PLANNING CLINIC .

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13 MOBILE CLINIC .

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14 COMMUNITY HEALTH WORKER/VHT.

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15 OTHER PUBLIC SECTOR IF UNABLE TO DETERMINE IF PUBLIC OR PRIVATE SECTOR, WRITE THE NAME OF THE PLACE.

(SPECIFY) 16 (NAME OF PLACE) 317 CHECK 304: CIRCLE METHOD CODE: IF MORE THAN ONE METHOD CODE CIRCLED IN 304, CIRCLE CODE FOR HIGHEST METHOD IN LIST.

PRIVATE MEDICAL SECTOR PRIVATE HOSPITAL/CLINIC .

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21 PHARMACY/DRUG SHOP .

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22 PRIVATE DOCTOR .

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23 MOBILE CLINIC .

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24 COMMUNITY HEALTH WORKER .

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25 OTHER PRIVATE MEDICAL SECTOR (SPECIFY) 26 OTHER SOURCE .

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31 SHOP CHURCH .

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32 FRIEND/RELATIVE .

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33 OTHER 96 (SPECIFY) IUD .

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03 INJECTABLES .

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04 IMPLANTS .

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05 PILL .

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06 CONDOM .

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07 FEMALE CONDOM .

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08 EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION .

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09 STANDARD DAYS METHOD/MOON BEADS .

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10 OTHER MODERN METHOD .

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95 OTHER TRADITIONAL METHOD .

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96 315 326 326 319 327 323 323 322 323 496 •Appendix E NO.

318 319 320 321 QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SECTION 3.

CONTRACEPTION At that time, were you told about side effects or problems you might have with the method?

YES .

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2 NO When you got sterilized, were you told about side effects or problems you might have with the method?

YES .

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2 NO SKIP 321 320 321 Were you ever told by a health or family planning worker about side effects or problems you might have with the method?

YES .

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2 NO 322 Were you told what to do if you experienced side effects or problems?

YES .

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2 NO 322 CHECK 318 AND 319: ANY 'YES' OTHER a) b) At that time, were you told about other methods of family planning that you could use?
When you obtained (CURRENT METHOD FROM 315) from (SOURCE OF METHOD FROM 307 OR 316), were you told about other methods of family planning that you could use?

YES .

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2 NO 324 323 Were you ever told by a health or family planning worker about other methods of family planning that you could use?
YES .

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2 NO 324 CHECK 304: CIRCLE METHOD CODE: IF MORE THAN ONE METHOD CODE CIRCLED IN 304, CIRCLE CODE FOR HIGHEST METHOD IN LIST.

FEMALE STERILIZATION .

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01 MALE STERILIZATION .

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02 IUD .

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03 INJECTABLES .

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04 IMPLANTS .

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05 PILL .

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06 CONDOM .

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07 FEMALE CONDOM .

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08 EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION .

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09 STANDARD DAYS METHOD/MOON BEADS .

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10 LACTATIONAL AMENORRHEA METHOD.

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11 RHYTHM METHOD .

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12 WITHDRAWAL .

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13 OTHER MODERN METHOD .

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95 OTHER TRADITIONAL METHOD .

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96 327 327 327 • 497Appendix E NO.

325 326 327 328 QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP SECTION 3.

CONTRACEPTION Where did you obtain (CURRENT METHOD) the last time?

PROBE TO IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF SOURCE.


IF UNABLE TO DETERMINE IF PUBLIC OR PRIVATE SECTOR, WRITE THE NAME OF THE PLACE.

PUBLIC SECTOR GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL .

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11 GOVERNMENT HEALTH CENTER.

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12 FAMILY PLANNING CLINIC .

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13 MOBILE CLINIC .

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14 COMMUNITY HEALTH WORKER/VHT.

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15 OTHER PUBLIC SECTOR (SPECIFY) 16 (NAME OF PLACE) PRIVATE MEDICAL SECTOR PRIVATE HOSPITAL/CLINIC .

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21 PHARMACY/DRUG SHOP .

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22 PRIVATE DOCTOR .

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23 MOBILE CLINIC .

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24 COMMUNITY HEALTH WORKER .

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25 OTHER PRIVATE MEDICAL SECTOR 327 (SPECIFY) 26 OTHER SOURCE .

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31 SHOP CHURCH .

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32 FRIEND/RELATIVE .

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33 OTHER 96 (SPECIFY) Do you know of a place where you can obtain a method of family planning?

YES .

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2 NO In the last 12 months, were you visited by a Community Health Worker/VHT?

YES .

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2 NO 329 Did the Community Health Worker/VHT talk to you about family planning?

YES .

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2 NO 329 CHECK 202: LIVING CHILDREN YES NO a) In the last 12 months, have you visited a health facility for care for yourself or your children?
b) In the last 12 months, have you visited a health facility for care for yourself?

YES .

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2 NO 401 330 Did any staff member at the health facility speak to you about family planning methods?

YES .

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1 .

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2 NO 498 •Appendix E 401 CHECK 224: SECTION 4.

PREGNANCY AND POSTNATAL CARE ONE OR MORE BIRTHS IN 2011-2016 NO BIRTHS IN 2011-2016 648 402 CHECK 215.

RECORD THE BIRTH HISTORY NUMBER IN 403 AND THE NAME AND SURVIVAL STATUS IN 404 FOR EACH BIRTH IN 2011-2016.

ASK THE QUESTIONS ABOUT ALL OF THESE BIRTHS.

BEGIN WITH THE LAST BIRTH.


IF THERE ARE MORE THAN 2 BIRTHS, USE LAST COLUMN OF ADDITIONAL QUESTIONNAIRE(S).

Now I would like to ask some questions about your children born in the last five years.

(We will talk about each separately. )

403 BIRTH HISTORY NUMBER FROM 212 IN BIRTH HISTORY.

LAST BIRTH NEXT-TO-LAST BIRTH BIRTH HISTORY NUMBER .

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BIRTH HISTORY NUMBER .

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404 FROM 212 AND 216: NAME NAME LIVING DEAD LIVING DEAD 405 When you got pregnant with (NAME), did you want to get pregnant at that time?

YES .

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1 YES .

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1 (SKIP TO 408) .

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2 NO (SKIP TO 426) .

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2 NO 406 CHECK 208: ONLY ONE BIRTH b) a) Did you want to have a baby later on, or did you not want any children?

MORE THAN ONE BIRTH Did you want to have a baby later on, or did you not want any more children?

407 How much longer did you want to wait?

LATER NO MORE/NONE .

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LATER NO MORE/NONE .

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(SKIP TO 408) (SKIP TO 426) MONTHS .

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1 MONTHS .

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1 YEARS .

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2 YEARS .

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2 DON'T KNOW .

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998 DON'T KNOW .

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998 408 Did you see anyone for antenatal care for this pregnancy?

YES .

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2 NO (SKIP TO 414) 409 Whom did you see?

HEALTH PERSONNEL Anyone else?

PROBE TO IDENTIFY EACH TYPE OF PERSON AND RECORD ALL MENTIONED.

DOCTOR .

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A NURSE/MIDWIFE .

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B MEDICAL ASSISTANT/ CLINICAL OFFICER .

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D NURSING AIDE/ASST.

OTHER PERSON TRADITIONAL BIRTH ATTENDANT .

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E COMMUNITY/ VILLAGE HEALTH WORKER .

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F OTHER X (SPECIFY) • 499Appendix E SECTION 4.

PREGNANCY AND POSTNATAL CARE LAST BIRTH NEXT-TO-LAST BIRTH NO.

410 QUESTIONS AND FILTERS Where did you receive antenatal care for this pregnancy?

Anywhere else?

PROBE TO IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF SOURCE.

IF UNABLE TO DETERMINE IF PUBLIC OR PRIVATE SECTOR, WRITE THE NAME OF THE PLACE.
(NAME OF PLACE) 411 How many months pregnant were you when you first received antenatal care for this pregnancy?

NAME NAME HOME HER HOME .

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A OTHER HOME .

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B PUBLIC SECTOR GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL .

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C GOVERNMENT HEALTH CENTER .

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D OTHER PUBLIC SECTOR (SPECIFY) E PRIVATE MEDICAL SECTOR PRIVATE HOSPITAL/ CLINIC .

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F OTHER PRIVATE MEDICAL SECTOR (SPECIFY) (SPECIFY) G X OTHER MONTHS .

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98 412 How many times did you receive antenatal care during this pregnancy?

NUMBER OF TIMES .

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98 413 As part of your antenatal care during this pregnancy, were any of the following done at least once: YES NO a) b) c) d) Was your blood pressure measured?
Did you give a urine sample?

Did you give a blood sample?

Were you weighed?

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1 a) BP b) URINE .

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1 d) WEIGHT .

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1 2 2 2 2 414 During this pregnancy, were you given an injection in the arm to prevent the baby from getting tetanus, that is, convulsions after birth?

YES .

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2 NO (SKIP TO 417) DON'T KNOW .

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8 415 During this pregnancy, how many times did you get a tetanus injection?

TIMES .

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416 CHECK 415: 417 At any time before this pregnancy, did you receive any tetanus injections?

DON'T KNOW .

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8 OTHER 2 OR MORE TIMES (SKIP TO 420) YES .

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2 NO (SKIP TO 420) DON'T KNOW .

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8 500 •Appendix E SECTION 4.

PREGNANCY AND POSTNATAL CARE LAST BIRTH NEXT-TO-LAST BIRTH NO.

418 QUESTIONS AND FILTERS NAME NAME Before this pregnancy, how many times did you receive a tetanus injection?

TIMES .

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IF 7 OR MORE TIMES, RECORD '7'.

DON'T KNOW .

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8 419 CHECK 418: a) ONLY ONE How many years ago did you receive that tetanus injection?

b) MORE THAN ONE How many years ago did you receive the last tetanus injection prior to this pregnancy?

YEARS AGO .

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420 During this pregnancy, were you given or did you buy any iron tablets or iron syrup?

SHOW TABLETS/SYRUP.

YES .

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2 NO (SKIP TO 422) DON'T KNOW .

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8 421 (5) During the whole pregnancy, for how many days did you take the tablets or syrup?

DAYS .

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IF ANSWER IS NOT NUMERIC, PROBE FOR APPROXIMATE NUMBER OF DAYS.

DON'T KNOW .

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998 422 During this pregnancy, did you take any drug for intestinal worms?

YES .

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1 .

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2 NO (SKIP TO 423) DON'T KNOW .

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8 422A How many times did you take drugs for intestinal worms during this pregnancy?

TIMES .

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423 424 425 During this pregnancy, did you take SP/Fansidar to keep you from getting malaria?

DON'T KNOW .

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8 YES .

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2 NO (SKIP TO 426) DON'T KNOW .

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8 How many times did you take SP/Fansidar during this pregnancy?

TIMES .

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Did you get the SP/Fansidar during any antenatal care visit, during another visit to a health facility or from another source?

IF MORE THAN ONE SOURCE, RECORD THE HIGHEST SOURCE ON THE LIST.

ANTENATAL VISIT .

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1 ANOTHER FACILITY VISIT .

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2 6 OTHER SOURCE .

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426 When (NAME) was born, was (NAME) very large, larger than average, average, smaller than average, or very small?

VERY LARGE LARGER THAN AVERAGE .

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AVERAGE SMALLER THAN .

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AVERAGE VERY SMALL .

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DON'T KNOW .

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1 2 3 4 5 8 VERY LARGE LARGER THAN AVERAGE .

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AVERAGE SMALLER THAN .

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AVERAGE VERY SMALL .

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DON'T KNOW .

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1 2 3 4 5 8 • 501Appendix E SECTION 4.


PREGNANCY AND POSTNATAL CARE LAST BIRTH NEXT-TO-LAST BIRTH NO.

QUESTIONS AND FILTERS NAME NAME 427 Was (NAME) weighed at birth?

YES .

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2 NO (SKIP TO 429) YES .

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2 NO (SKIP TO 429) DON'T KNOW .

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8 DON'T KNOW .

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8 428 How much did (NAME) weigh?

KG FROM CARD KG FROM CARD RECORD WEIGHT IN KILOGRAMS FROM HEALTH CARD, IF AVAILABLE.

1 .

1 .

KG FROM RECALL KG FROM RECALL 2 .

2 .

429 Who assisted with the delivery of (NAME)?

Anyone else?

DON'T KNOW .

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99998 DON'T KNOW .

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99998 HEALTH PERSONNEL HEALTH PERSONNEL DOCTOR .

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A NURSE/MIDWIFE .

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B MEDICAL ASSISTANT/ CLINICAL OFFICER .

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C .

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D NURSING AIDE/ASST.

DOCTOR .

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A NURSE/MIDWIFE .

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B MEDICAL ASSISTANT/ CLINICAL OFFICER .

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C .

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D NURSING AIDE/ASST.

PROBE FOR THE TYPE(S) OF PERSON(S) AND RECORD ALL MENTIONED.

IF RESPONDENT SAYS NO ONE ASSISTED, PROBE TO DETERMINE WHETHER ANY ADULTS WERE PRESENT AT THE DELIVERY.
OTHER PERSON TRADITIONAL BIRTH OTHER PERSON TRADITIONAL BIRTH ATTENDANT .

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E RELATIVE/FRIEND .

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F OTHER ATTENDANT .

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E RELATIVE/FRIEND .

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F OTHER (SPECIFY) X (SPECIFY) X NO ONE ASSISTED .

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Y NO ONE ASSISTED .

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Y 430 Where did you give birth to (NAME)?

HOME HOME PROBE TO IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF SOURCE.


IF UNABLE TO DETERMINE IF PUBLIC OR PRIVATE SECTOR, WRITE THE NAME OF THE PLACE.

HER HOME .

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11 HER HOME .

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11 (SKIP TO 434) (SKIP TO 434) OTHER HOME .

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12 OTHER HOME .

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12 PUBLIC SECTOR PUBLIC SECTOR GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL .

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21 GOVERNMENT HEALTH CENTER .

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22 OTHER PUBLIC SECTOR GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL .

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21 GOVERNMENT HEALTH CENTER .

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22 OTHER PUBLIC SECTOR (NAME OF PLACE) (SPECIFY) 26 (SPECIFY) 26 PRIVATE MEDICAL SECTOR PRIVATE HOSPITAL/ PRIVATE MEDICAL SECTOR PRIVATE HOSPITAL/ CLINIC .

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31 CLINIC .

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31 OTHER PRIVATE MEDICAL SECTOR OTHER PRIVATE MEDICAL SECTOR (SPECIFY) 36 OTHER 96 OTHER (SPECIFY) (SKIP TO 434) 36 96 (SPECIFY) (SPECIFY) (SKIP TO 434) 431 How long after (NAME) was delivered did you stay there?

IF LESS THAN ONE DAY, RECORD HOURS; IF LESS THAN ONE WEEK, RECORD DAYS.

HOURS .

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1 DAYS .

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2 WEEKS .

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3 DON'T KNOW .

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998 432 Was (NAME) delivered by caesarean, that is, did they cut your belly open to take the baby out?

YES .

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2 NO (SKIP TO 434) YES .

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2 NO (SKIP TO 434) 502 •Appendix E SECTION 4.


PREGNANCY AND POSTNATAL CARE LAST BIRTH NEXT-TO-LAST BIRTH NO.

433 434 QUESTIONS AND FILTERS NAME NAME When was the decision made to have the caesarean section?

Was it before or after your labor pains started?

BEFORE .

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1 AFTER .

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2 BEFORE .

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1 AFTER .

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2 Immediately after the birth, was (NAME) put directly on the bare skin of your chest?

YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW .

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YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW .

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434A CHECK 430: PLACE OF DELIVERY 435 I would like to talk to you about checks on your health after delivery, for example, someone asking you questions about your health or examining you.

Did anyone check on your health while you were still in the facility?

436 How long after delivery did the first check take place?

IF LESS THAN ONE DAY, RECORD HOURS; IF LESS THAN ONE WEEK, RECORD DAYS.

437 Who checked on your health at that time?


PROBE FOR MOST QUALIFIED PERSON.

438 Now I would like to talk to you about checks on (NAME)’s health after delivery – for example, someone examining (NAME), checking the cord, or seeing if (NAME) is OK. Did anyone check on (NAME)’s health while you were still in the facility?

439 How long after delivery was (NAME)’s health first checked?

IF LESS THAN ONE DAY, RECORD HOURS; IF LESS THAN ONE WEEK, RECORD DAYS.
CODE 11, 12, OR 96 CIRCLED (SKIP TO 449) OTHER YES .

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2 NO (SKIP TO 438) HOURS .

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1 DAYS .

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2 WEEKS .

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3 DON'T KNOW .

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998 HEALTH PERSONNEL DOCTOR .

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11 NURSE/MIDWIFE .

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12 MEDICAL ASSISTANT/ CLINICAL OFFICER .


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13 .

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14 NURSING AIDE/ASST.

OTHER PERSON TRADITIONAL BIRTH ATTENDANT .

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21 COMMUNITY/ VILLAGE HEALTH WORKER .

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22 OTHER 96 (SPECIFY) YES .

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1 .

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2 NO (SKIP TO 441) DON'T KNOW .

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8 HOURS .

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1 DAYS .


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2 WEEKS .

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3 DON'T KNOW .

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998 • 503Appendix E SECTION 4.

PREGNANCY AND POSTNATAL CARE LAST BIRTH NEXT-TO-LAST BIRTH QUESTIONS AND FILTERS NAME NAME NO.

440 Who checked on (NAME)’s health at that time?

PROBE FOR MOST QUALIFIED PERSON.

441 Now I want to talk to you about what happened after you left the facility.
Did anyone check on your health after you left the facility?

442 How long after delivery did that check take place?

IF LESS THAN ONE DAY, RECORD HOURS; IF LESS THAN ONE WEEK, RECORD DAYS.

443 Who checked on your health at that time?

PROBE FOR MOST QUALIFIED PERSON.

HEALTH PERSONNEL DOCTOR .

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11 NURSE/MIDWIFE .

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12 MEDICAL ASSISTANT/ CLINICAL OFFICER .

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13 .

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14 NURSING AIDE/ASST.


OTHER PERSON TRADITIONAL BIRTH ATTENDANT .

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21 COMMUNITY/ VILLAGE HEALTH WORKER .

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22 OTHER 96 (SPECIFY) YES .

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2 NO (SKIP TO 445) HOURS .

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1 DAYS .

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2 WEEKS .

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3 DON'T KNOW .

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998 HEALTH PERSONNEL DOCTOR .

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11 NURSE/MIDWIFE .

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12 MEDICAL ASSISTANT/ CLINICAL OFFICER .

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13 OTHER PERSON TRADITIONAL BIRTH ATTENDANT .

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21 COMMUNITY/ VILLAGE HEALTH WORKER .

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22 OTHER 96 (SPECIFY) 444 Where did the check take place?

HOME PROBE TO IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF SOURCE.


IF UNABLE TO DETERMINE IF PUBLIC OR PRIVATE SECTOR, WRITE THE NAME OF THE PLACE.

(NAME OF PLACE) HER HOME .

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11 OTHER HOME .

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12 PUBLIC SECTOR GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL .

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21 GOVERNMENT HEALTH CENTER .

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22 OTHER PUBLIC SECTOR (SPECIFY) 26 PRIVATE MEDICAL SECTOR PRIVATE HOSPITAL/ CLINIC .

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31 OTHER PRIVATE MEDICAL SECTOR (SPECIFY) (SPECIFY) 36 96 OTHER 504 •Appendix E SECTION 4.

PREGNANCY AND POSTNATAL CARE LAST BIRTH NEXT-TO-LAST BIRTH NO.

445 QUESTIONS AND FILTERS NAME NAME I would like to talk to you about checks on (NAME)’s health after you left (FACILITY IN 430).

Did any health care provider or a traditional birth attendant check on (NAME)’s health in the two months after you left (FACILITY IN 430)?

YES .

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2 NO (SKIP TO 457) DON'T KNOW .

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8 446 How many hours, days or weeks after the birth of (NAME) did that check take place?

IF LESS THAN ONE DAY, RECORD HOURS; IF LESS THAN ONE WEEK, RECORD DAYS.

447 Who checked on (NAME)’s health at that time?

PROBE FOR MOST QUALIFIED PERSON.

448 Where did this check of (NAME) take place?


PROBE TO IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF SOURCE.

IF UNABLE TO DETERMINE IF PUBLIC OR PRIVATE SECTOR, WRITE THE NAME OF THE PLACE.

(NAME OF PLACE) 449 I would like to talk to you about checks on your health after delivery, for example, someone asking you questions about your health or examining you.

Did anyone check on your health after you gave birth to (NAME)?

HOURS .

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1 DAYS .

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2 WEEKS .

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3 DON'T KNOW .

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998 HEALTH PERSONNEL DOCTOR .

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11 NURSE/MIDWIFE .

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12 MEDICAL ASSISTANT/ CLINICAL OFFICER .

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13 .

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14 NURSING AIDE/ASST.

OTHER PERSON TRADITIONAL BIRTH ATTENDANT .

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21 COMMUNITY/ VILLAGE HEALTH WORKER .

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22 (SPECIFY) 96 OTHER HOME HER HOME .

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11 OTHER HOME .

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12 PUBLIC SECTOR GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL .

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21 GOVERNMENT HEALTH CENTER .

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22 OTHER PUBLIC SECTOR (SPECIFY) 26 PRIVATE MEDICAL SECTOR PRIVATE HOSPITAL/ CLINIC .

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31 OTHER PRIVATE MEDICAL SECTOR OTHER 36 96 (SPECIFY) (SPECIFY) (SKIP TO 457) YES .

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2 NO (SKIP TO 453) • 505Appendix E SECTION 4.

PREGNANCY AND POSTNATAL CARE LAST BIRTH NEXT-TO-LAST BIRTH QUESTIONS AND FILTERS NAME NAME NO.

450 How long after delivery did the first check take place?

IF LESS THAN ONE DAY, RECORD HOURS; IF LESS THAN ONE WEEK, RECORD DAYS.

451 Who checked on your health at that time?

PROBE FOR MOST QUALIFIED PERSON.

HOURS .

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1 DAYS .

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2 WEEKS .

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3 DON'T KNOW .

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998 HEALTH PERSONNEL DOCTOR .

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11 NURSE/MIDWIFE .

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12 MEDICAL ASSISTANT/ CLINICAL OFFICER .

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13 .

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14 NURSING AIDE/ASST.

OTHER PERSON TRADITIONAL BIRTH ATTENDANT .

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21 COMMUNITY/ VILLAGE HEALTH WORKER .

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22 OTHER 96 (SPECIFY) 452 Where did this first check take place?

HOME PROBE TO IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF SOURCE.

IF UNABLE TO DETERMINE IF PUBLIC OR PRIVATE SECTOR, WRITE THE NAME OF THE PLACE.

(NAME OF PLACE) 453 I would like to talk to you about checks on (NAME)’s health after delivery – for example, someone examining (NAME), checking the cord, or seeing if (NAME) is OK.
In the two months after (NAME) was born, did any health care provider or a traditional birth attendant check on (NAME)'s health?

454 How many hours, days or weeks after the birth of (NAME) did the first check take place?

HER HOME .

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11 OTHER HOME .

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12 PUBLIC SECTOR GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL .

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21 GOVERNMENT HEALTH CENTER .

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22 OTHER PUBLIC SECTOR (SPECIFY) 26 PRIVATE MEDICAL SECTOR PRIVATE HOSPITAL/ CLINIC .
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31 OTHER PRIVATE MEDICAL SECTOR (SPECIFY) (SPECIFY) 36 96 OTHER YES .

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2 NO (SKIP TO 457) DON'T KNOW .

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8 HOURS AFTER BIRTH DAYS AFTER BIRTH .

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2 IF LESS THAN ONE DAY, RECORD HOURS; IF LESS THAN ONE WEEK, RECORD DAYS.

WEEKS AFTER BIRTH .

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3 DON'T KNOW .

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998 506 •Appendix E SECTION 4.

PREGNANCY AND POSTNATAL CARE LAST BIRTH NEXT-TO-LAST BIRTH QUESTIONS AND FILTERS NAME NAME NO.

455 Who checked on (NAME)'s health at that time?

PROBE FOR MOST QUALIFIED PERSON.

456 (2) Where did this first check of (NAME) take place?

PROBE TO IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF SOURCE.

IF UNABLE TO DETERMINE IF PUBLIC OR PRIVATE SECTOR, WRITE THE NAME OF THE PLACE.
(NAME OF PLACE) 457 During the first two days after (NAME)’s birth, did any health care provider do the following: HEALTH PERSONNEL DOCTOR .

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11 NURSE/MIDWIFE .

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12 MEDICAL ASSISTANT/ CLINICAL OFFICER .

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14 NURSING AIDE/ASST.

OTHER PERSON TRADITIONAL BIRTH ATTENDANT .

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21 COMMUNITY/ VILLAGE HEALTH WORKER .

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22 (SPECIFY) 96 OTHER HOME HER HOME .

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11 OTHER HOME .

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12 PUBLIC SECTOR GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL .

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21 GOVERNMENT HEALTH CENTER .

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22 OTHER PUBLIC SECTOR (SPECIFY) 26 PRIVATE MEDICAL SECTOR PRIVATE HOSPITAL/ CLINIC .

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31 OTHER PRIVATE MEDICAL SECTOR OTHER (SPECIFY) SPECIFY 36 96 YES NO DK c) SIGNS .

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1 d) COUNSEL BREAST- FEED 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 8 8 8 8 8 Examine the cord?

Measure (NAME)’s temperature?


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1 b) TEMP.

a) b) c) d) Counsel you on danger signs for newborns?

Counsel you on breastfeeding?

e) Observe (NAME) breastfeeding?

e) OBSERVE BREAST- FEED 458 Has your menstrual period returned since the birth of (NAME)?

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1 NO (SKIP TO 460) .

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2 (SKIP TO 461) 459 460 Did your period return between the birth of (NAME) and your next pregnancy?

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2 NO (SKIP TO 463) For how many months after the birth of (NAME) did you not have a period?

MONTHS .

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MONTHS .

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98 DON'T KNOW .

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98 • 507Appendix E NO.

461 462 463 SECTION 4.

PREGNANCY AND POSTNATAL CARE LAST BIRTH NEXT-TO-LAST BIRTH QUESTIONS AND FILTERS NAME NAME CHECK 226: IS RESPONDENT PREGNANT?

NOT PREGNANT PREGNANT OR UNSURE (SKIP TO 463) Have you had sexual intercourse since the birth of (NAME)?

YES .

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2 NO (SKIP TO 464) For how many months after the birth of (NAME) did you not have sexual intercourse?

MONTHS .

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MONTHS .

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98 DON'T KNOW .

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98 464 Did you ever breastfeed (NAME)?

YES .

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1 YES .

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2 NO NO .

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2 465 CHECK 404: IS CHILD LIVING?

LIVING DEAD (SKIP TO 470) (SKIP TO 471) 466 How long after birth did you first put (NAME) to the breast?

IMMEDIATELY .

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000 IF LESS THAN 1 HOUR, RECORD ‘00' HOURS; IF LESS THAN 24 HOURS, RECORD HOURS; OTHERWISE, RECORD DAYS.
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1 DAYS .

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2 467 In the first three days after delivery, was (NAME) given anything to drink other than breast milk?

YES .

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2 NO 468 CHECK 404: IS CHILD LIVING?

LIVING DEAD LIVING DEAD (SKIP TO 471) (SKIP TO 471) 469 Are you still breastfeeding (NAME)?

YES .

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2 NO 470 471 Did (NAME) drink anything from a bottle with a nipple yesterday or last night?

YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW .

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YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW .

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GO BACK TO 405 IN NEXT COLUMN; OR, IF NO MORE BIRTHS, GO TO 501A.

GO BACK TO 405 IN NEXT-TO- LAST COLUMN OF NEW QUESTIONNAIRE; OR, IF NO MORE BIRTHS, GO TO 501A.

508 •Appendix E NO.

501A SECTION 5A.

CHILD IMMUNIZATION (LAST BIRTH) QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES CHECK 215 IN THE BIRTH HISTORY: ANY BIRTHS IN 2013-2016?
ONE OR MORE BIRTHS IN 2013-2016 NO BIRTHS IN 2013-2016 502A RECORD THE NAME AND BIRTH HISTORY NUMBER FROM 212 OF THE LAST CHILD BORN IN 2013-2016.

NAME OF LAST BIRTH BIRTH HISTORY NUMBER .

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503A CHECK 216 FOR CHILD: LIVING DEAD 504A Do you have a card or book where (NAME)'s vaccinations are written down?

YES, HAS ONLY A CARD .

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1 YES, HAS ONLY A BOOK .

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2 3 YES, HAS CARD AND A BOOK 4 NO, NO CARD AND NO BOOK .

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SKIP 601 501B 507A 505A 507A Did you ever have a vaccination card or book for (NAME)?

YES .

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2 NO 511A May I see the card or book where (NAME)'s vaccinations are written down?

YES, ONLY CARD SEEN .

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1 YES, ONLY BOOK SEEN .

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2 3 YES, CARD AND BOOK SEEN .

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4 NO CARD AND NO BOOK SEEN .

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511A • 509Appendix E NO.

QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP SECTION 5A.
CHILD IMMUNIZATION (LAST BIRTH) NAME OF LAST BIRTH BIRTH HISTORY NUMBER .

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508A COPY DATES FROM THE CARD OR BOOK.

WRITE ‘44' IN ‘DAY' COLUMN IF CARD SHOWS THAT A DOSE WAS GIVEN, BUT NO DATE IS RECORDED.

DAY MONTH YEAR BCG POLIO 0 POLIO 1 DPT-HEP.B-HIB 1 PCV 1 ROTA 1 POLIO 2 DPT-HEP.B-HIB 2 PCV 2 ROTA 2 POLIO 3 DPT-HEP.B-HIB 3 PCV 3 ROTA 3 IPV MEASLES VITAMIN A (MOST RECENT) 509A CHECK 508A: 'BCG' TO 'MEASLES' ALL RECORDED?
NO YES 525A 510A In addition to what is recorded on this (card/book), did (NAME) receive any other vaccinations, including vaccinations received in campaigns or immunization days or child health days?

YES .

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1 (PROBE FOR VACCINATIONS AND WRITE ‘66' IN THE CORRESPONDING DAY COLUMN IN 508A) RECORD 'YES' ONLY IF THE RESPONDENT MENTIONS AT LEAST ONE OF THE VACCINATIONS IN 508A THAT ARE NOT RECORDED AS HAVING BEEN GIVEN.

(THEN SKIP TO 525A) NO DON'T KNOW .

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2 8 525A 510 •Appendix E NO.

QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP SECTION 5A.

CHILD IMMUNIZATION (LAST BIRTH) 511A 512A NAME OF LAST BIRTH BIRTH HISTORY NUMBER .

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Did (NAME) ever receive any vaccinations to prevent (NAME) from getting diseases, including vaccinations received in campaigns or immunization days or child health days?

YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW .

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525A Has (NAME) ever received a BCG vaccination against tuberculosis, that is, an injection in the arm or shoulder that usually causes a scar?

YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW .

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514A Has (NAME) ever received oral polio vaccine, that is, about two drops in the mouth to prevent polio?

YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW .

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517A Did (NAME) receive the first oral polio vaccine in the first two weeks after birth or later?

FIRST TWO WEEKS LATER .

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2 How many times did (NAME) receive the oral polio vaccine?

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Has (NAME) ever received a DPT/pentavalent vaccination, that is, an injection given in the thigh sometimes at the same time as polio drops?

YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW .

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519A How many times did (NAME) receive the DPT/pentavalent vaccine?

NUMBER OF TIMES .

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Has (NAME) ever received a PCV/pneumococcal vaccination, that is, an injection in the thigh to prevent pneumonia?

YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW .

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521A How many times did (NAME) receive the PCV/pneumococcal vaccine?

NUMBER OF TIMES .

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Has (NAME) ever received a rotavirus vaccination, that is, liquid in the mouth to prevent diarrhea?

YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW .

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523A How many times did (NAME) receive the rotavirus vaccine?

NUMBER OF TIMES .

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515A 516A 517A 518A 519A 520A 521A 522A 523A Has (NAME) ever received a measles vaccination, that is, an injection in the arm to prevent measles?

524A Has (NAME) ever received a polio vaccination, that is, an injection in the thigh to prevent polio?

YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW .

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YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW .

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525A In the last 7 days was (NAME) given: YES NO DK a) Vitamin and mineral powder?

a) POWDER .

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1 b) Rutafa, RUTF or Kipoli from the hospital?

(Plumpy'Nut?)

b) THERAPEUTIC FOOD/ PLUMPYNUT .

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1 c) Odii?

(Plumpy'Doz?)

c) SUPPLEMENTAL FOOD/ PLUMPYDOZ .

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1 2 2 2 8 8 8 526A CONTINUE WITH 501B.

• 511Appendix E NO.

501B SECTION 5B.

CHILD IMMUNIZATION (NEXT-TO-LAST BIRTH) QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES CHECK 215 IN THE BIRTH HISTORY: ANY MORE BIRTHS IN 2013-2016?

MORE BIRTHS IN 2013-2016 NO MORE BIRTHS IN 2013-2016 502B RECORD THE NAME AND BIRTH HISTORY NUMBER FROM 212 OF THE NEXT-TO-LAST CHILD BORN IN 2013- 2016.

NAME OF NEXT-TO- LAST BIRTH 503B CHECK 216 FOR CHILD: BIRTH HISTORY NUMBER .

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LIVING DEAD 504B Do you have a card or book where (NAME)'s vaccinations are written down?

YES, HAS ONLY A CARD .

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1 YES, HAS ONLY A BOOK .

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2 3 YES, HAS CARD AND A BOOK 4 NO, NO CARD AND NO BOOK .

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SKIP 601 526B 507B 505B 507B Did you ever have a vaccination card or book for (NAME)?

YES .

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2 NO 511B May I see the card or book where (NAME)'s vaccinations are written down?

YES, ONLY CARD SEEN .

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1 YES, ONLY BOOK SEEN .

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2 3 YES, CARD AND BOOK SEEN .

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4 NO CARD AND NO BOOK SEEN .

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511B 512 •Appendix E NO.

QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP SECTION 5B.

CHILD IMMUNIZATION (NEXT-TO-LAST BIRTH) NAME OF NEXT-TO- LAST BIRTH BIRTH HISTORY NUMBER .

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508B COPY DATES FROM THE CARD OR BOOK.

WRITE ‘44' IN ‘DAY' COLUMN IF CARD SHOWS THAT A DOSE WAS GIVEN, BUT NO DATE IS RECORDED.
DAY MONTH YEAR BCG POLIO 0 POLIO 1 DPT-HEP.B-HIB 1 PCV 1 ROTA 1 POLIO 2 DPT-HEP.B-HIB 2 PCV 2 ROTA 2 POLIO 3 DPT-HEP.B-HIB 3 PCV 3 ROTA 3 IPV MEASLES VITAMIN A (MOST RECENT) 509B CHECK 508B: 'BCG' TO 'MEASLES' ALL RECORDED?

NO YES 525B 510B In addition to what is recorded on this (card/book), did (NAME) receive any other vaccinations, including vaccinations received in campaigns or immunization days or child health days?

YES .

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1 (PROBE FOR VACCINATIONS AND WRITE ‘66' IN THE CORRESPONDING DAY COLUMN IN 508B) RECORD 'YES' ONLY IF THE RESPONDENT MENTIONS AT LEAST ONE OF THE VACCINATIONS IN 508B THAT ARE NOT RECORDED AS HAVING BEEN GIVEN.

(THEN SKIP TO 525B) NO DON'T KNOW .

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2 8 525B • 513Appendix E NO.

QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP SECTION 5B.

CHILD IMMUNIZATION (NEXT-TO-LAST BIRTH) NAME OF NEXT-TO- LAST BIRTH BIRTH HISTORY NUMBER .

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511B 512B Did (NAME) ever receive any vaccinations to prevent (NAME) from getting diseases, including vaccinations received in campaigns or immunization days or child health days?

YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW .

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525B Has (NAME) ever received a BCG vaccination against tuberculosis, that is, an injection in the arm or shoulder that usually causes a scar?

YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW .

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514B Has (NAME) ever received oral polio vaccine, that is, about two drops in the mouth to prevent polio?

YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW .

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517B Did (NAME) receive the first oral polio vaccine in the first two weeks after birth or later?

FIRST TWO WEEKS LATER .

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2 How many times did (NAME) receive the oral polio vaccine?

NUMBER OF TIMES .

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Has (NAME) ever received a pentavalent vaccination, that is, an injection given in the thigh sometimes at the same time as polio drops?

YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW .

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519B How many times did (NAME) receive the pentavalent vaccine?

NUMBER OF TIMES .

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Has (NAME) ever received a pneumococcal vaccination, that is, an injection in the thigh to prevent pneumonia?

YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW .

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521B How many times did (NAME) receive the pneumococcal vaccine?

NUMBER OF TIMES .

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Has (NAME) ever received a rotavirus vaccination, that is, liquid in the mouth to prevent diarrhea?

YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW .

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523B How many times did (NAME) receive the rotavirus vaccine?

NUMBER OF TIMES .

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515B 516B 517B 518B 519B 520B 521B 522B 523B Has (NAME) ever received a measles vaccination, that is, an injection in the arm to prevent measles?

524B Has (NAME) ever received a polio vaccination, that is, an injection in the thigh to prevent polio?

YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW .

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YES .

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1 .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW .

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525B In the last 7 days was (NAME) given: YES NO DK a) Vitamin and mineral powder?

a) POWDER .

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1 b) Rutafa, RUTF or Kipoli from the hospital?

(Plumpy'Nut?)

b) THERAPEUTIC FOOD/ PLUMPYNUT .

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1 c) Odii?

(Plumpy'Doz?)

c) SUPPLEMENTAL FOOD/ PLUMPYDOZ .

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1 2 2 2 8 8 8 526B CHECK 215 IN BIRTH HISTORY: ANY MORE BIRTHS IN 2013-2016?

MORE BIRTHS IN 2013-2016 NO MORE BIRTHS IN 2013-2016 601 (GO TO 502B IN AN ADDITIONAL QUESTIONNAIRE) 514 •Appendix E 601 CHECK 224: SECTION 6.

CHILD HEALTH AND NUTRITION ONE OR MORE BIRTHS IN 2011-2016 NO BIRTHS IN 2011-2016 648 602 CHECK 215: RECORD THE BIRTH HISTORY NUMBER IN 603 AND THE NAME AND SURVIVAL STATUS IN 604 FOR EACH BIRTH IN 2011-2016.

ASK THE QUESTIONS ABOUT ALL OF THESE BIRTHS.


BEGIN WITH THE LAST BIRTH.

IF THERE ARE MORE THAN 2 BIRTHS, USE LAST COLUMN OF ADDITIONAL QUESTIONNAIRE(S).

Now I would like to ask some questions about your children born in the last five years.

(We will talk about each separately. )

603 BIRTH HISTORY NUMBER FROM 212 IN BIRTH HISTORY.

LAST BIRTH NEXT-TO-LAST BIRTH BIRTH HISTORY NUMBER .

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BIRTH HISTORY NUMBER .

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604 FROM 212 AND 216: NAME NAME LIVING DEAD LIVING DEAD (SKIP TO 646) (SKIP TO 646) YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW .

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YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW .

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YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW .

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605 In the last six months, was (NAME) given a vitamin A dose like [this/any of these]?

SHOW COMMON TYPES OF AMPULES/CAPSULES/SYRUPS.

In the last seven days, was (NAME) given iron pills, sprinkles with iron, or iron syrup like [this/any of these]?

SHOW COMMON TYPES OF PILLS/SPRINKLES/SYRUPS.

606 607 608 Was (NAME) given any drug for intestinal worms in the last six months?

YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW .

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YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW .

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Has (NAME) had diarrhea in the last 2 weeks?

YES .

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2 NO (SKIP TO 618) YES .

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2 NO (SKIP TO 618) DON'T KNOW .

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8 DON'T KNOW .

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8 • 515Appendix E SECTION 6.

CHILD HEALTH AND NUTRITION LAST BIRTH NEXT-TO-LAST BIRTH NO.

QUESTIONS AND FILTERS NAME NAME 609 CHECK 464: EVER BREASTFED?
YES NO a) b) Now I would like to know how much (NAME) was given to drink during the diarrhea including breastmilk.

Was (NAME) given less than usual to drink, about the same amount, or more than usual to drink?

IF LESS, PROBE: Was (NAME) given much less than usual to drink or somewhat less?

Now I would like to know how much (NAME) was given to drink during the diarrhea.

Was (NAME) given less than usual to drink, about the same amount, or more than usual to drink?
IF LESS, PROBE: Was (NAME) given much less than usual to drink or somewhat less?

MUCH LESS .

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SOMEWHAT LESS .

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ABOUT THE SAME .

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MORE NOTHING TO DRINK DON'T KNOW .

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1 2 3 .

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4 .

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5 8 MUCH LESS .

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SOMEWHAT LESS .

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ABOUT THE SAME .


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MORE NOTHING TO DRINK DON'T KNOW .

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1 2 3 .

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4 .

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5 8 610 When (NAME) had diarrhea, was (NAME) given less than usual to eat, about the same amount, more than usual, or nothing to eat?

IF LESS, PROBE: Was (NAME) given much less than usual to eat or somewhat less?

1 MUCH LESS .

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2 SOMEWHAT LESS .

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4 MORE STOPPED FOOD 5 NEVER GAVE FOOD .

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6 8 DON'T KNOW .

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1 MUCH LESS .

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2 SOMEWHAT LESS .

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3 ABOUT THE SAME .

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4 MORE STOPPED FOOD 5 NEVER GAVE FOOD .

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6 8 DON'T KNOW .

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611 Did you seek advice or treatment for the diarrhea from any source?

YES .

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2 NO (SKIP TO 615) YES .

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2 NO (SKIP TO 615) 516 •Appendix E SECTION 6.

CHILD HEALTH AND NUTRITION LAST BIRTH NEXT-TO-LAST BIRTH NO.

QUESTIONS AND FILTERS NAME NAME 612 Where did you seek advice or treatment?

PUBLIC SECTOR PUBLIC SECTOR Anywhere else?

PROBE TO IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF SOURCE.

IF UNABLE TO DETERMINE IF PUBLIC OR PRIVATE SECTOR, WRITE THE NAME OF THE PLACE(S).

GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL .

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A GOVERNMENT HEALTH CENTER .

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B OUTREACH/ MOBILE CLINIC .

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C FIELDWORKER/VHT.

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D OTHER PUBLIC SECTOR GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL .

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A GOVERNMENT HEALTH CENTER .

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B OUTREACH/ MOBILE CLINIC .

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C FIELDWORKER/VHT.

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D OTHER PUBLIC SECTOR (SPECIFY) E (SPECIFY) E (NAME OF PLACE(S)) PRIVATE MEDICAL SECTOR PRIVATE HOSPITAL/ PRIVATE MEDICAL SECTOR PRIVATE HOSPITAL/ CLINIC .

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F PHARMACY/DRUG SHOP .

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G PRIVATE DOCTOR .

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H I MOBILE CLINIC .

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FIELDWORKER .

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J OTHER PRIVATE MEDICAL SECTOR CLINIC .

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F PHARMACY/DRUG SHOP .

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G PRIVATE DOCTOR .

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H I MOBILE CLINIC .

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FIELDWORKER .

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J OTHER PRIVATE MEDICAL SECTOR (SPECIFY) K (SPECIFY) K OTHER SOURCE OTHER SOURCE SHOP TRADITIONAL .

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L PRACTITIONER .

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M MARKET .

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N SHOP TRADITIONAL .

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L PRACTITIONER .

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M MARKET .

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N OTHER X OTHER X (SPECIFY) (SPECIFY) TWO OR MORE CODES CIRCLED ONLY ONE CODE CIRCLED TWO OR MORE CODES CIRCLED ONLY ONE CODE CIRCLED (SKIP TO 615) (SKIP TO 615) FIRST PLACE .

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FIRST PLACE .

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YES NO DK YES NO DK 613 CHECK 612: 614 Where did you first seek advice or treatment?

USE LETTER CODE FROM 612.


615 Was (NAME) given any of the following at any time since (NAME) started having the diarrhea: a) c) d) A fluid made from a special packet called daloozi?

A government-recommended homemade fluid (salt, sugar, and water)?

Zinc tablets or syrup?

a) FLUID FROM ORS PACKET .

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1 c) HOMEMADE FLUID .

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1 d) ZINC .

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1 2 2 2 8 8 8 a) FLUID FROM ORS PACKET .

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1 c) HOMEMADE FLUID .

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1 d) ZINC .

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1 2 2 2 8 8 8 616 CHECK 615: ANY 'YES' ALL 'NO' OR 'DK' a) Was anything else given to treat the diarrhea?

b) Was anything given to treat the diarrhea?

YES .

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2 NO (SKIP TO 618) YES .

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2 NO (SKIP TO 618) DON'T KNOW .

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8 DON'T KNOW .

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8 • 517Appendix E SECTION 6.

CHILD HEALTH AND NUTRITION LAST BIRTH NEXT-TO-LAST BIRTH NO.

QUESTIONS AND FILTERS NAME NAME 617 CHECK 615: PILL OR SYRUP PILL OR SYRUP ANY 'YES' ALL 'NO' OR 'DK' a) What else was given to treat the diarrhea?

b) What was given to treat the diarrhea?

ANTIBIOTIC .

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A ANTIMOTILITY .

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B OTHER (NOT ANTIBIOTIC OR ANTIMOTILITY) .

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C UNKNOWN PILL ANTIBIOTIC .

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A ANTIMOTILITY .

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B OTHER (NOT ANTIBIOTIC OR ANTIMOTILITY) .

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C UNKNOWN PILL OR SYRUP .

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D OR SYRUP .

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D Anything else?

Anything else?

INJECTION INJECTION RECORD ALL TREATMENTS GIVEN.


618 Has (NAME) been ill with a fever at any time in the last 2 weeks?

ANTIBIOTIC .

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E NON-ANTIBIOTIC .

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F UNKNOWN ANTIBIOTIC .

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E NON-ANTIBIOTIC .

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F UNKNOWN INJECTION .

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G INJECTION .

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G (IV) INTRAVENOUS .

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H (IV) INTRAVENOUS .

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H HOME REMEDY/ HOME REMEDY/ HERBAL MEDICINE .

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I HERBAL MEDICINE .

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I OTHER X OTHER X (SPECIFY) (SPECIFY) YES .

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2 NO (SKIP TO 620) YES .

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2 NO (SKIP TO 620) DON'T KNOW .

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8 DON'T KNOW .

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8 619 620 621 622 At any time during the illness, did (NAME) have blood taken from (NAME)'s finger or heel for testing?

YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW .

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YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW .

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Has (NAME) had an illness with a cough at any time in the last 2 weeks?

YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW .

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YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW .

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Has (NAME) had fast, short, rapid breaths or difficulty breathing at any time in the last 2 weeks?

YES .

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2 NO (SKIP TO 623) YES .

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2 NO (SKIP TO 623) DON'T KNOW .

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8 DON'T KNOW .

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8 Was the fast or difficult breathing due to a problem in the chest or to a blocked or runny nose?

CHEST ONLY .

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NOSE ONLY .

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BOTH 1 2 .

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3 CHEST ONLY .

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NOSE ONLY .

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BOTH 1 2 .

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3 OTHER (SPECIFY) DON'T KNOW .

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(SKIP TO 624) 6 8 OTHER (SPECIFY) DON'T KNOW .

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(SKIP TO 624) 6 8 623 CHECK 618: HAD FEVER?


YES NO OR DK YES NO OR DK (SKIP TO 646) (SKIP TO 646) 624 Did you seek advice or treatment for the illness from any source?

YES .

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2 NO (SKIP TO 629) YES .

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1 .

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2 NO (SKIP TO 629) 518 •Appendix E SECTION 6.

CHILD HEALTH AND NUTRITION LAST BIRTH NEXT-TO-LAST BIRTH NO.

QUESTIONS AND FILTERS NAME NAME 625 Where did you seek advice or treatment?

PUBLIC SECTOR PUBLIC SECTOR Anywhere else?

PROBE TO IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF SOURCE.

IF UNABLE TO DETERMINE IF PUBLIC OR PRIVATE SECTOR, WRITE THE NAME OF THE PLACE(S).

GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL .

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A GOVERNMENT HEALTH CENTER .

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B OUTREACH/ MOBILE CLINIC .

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C COMMUNITY HEALTH WORKER/ VHT .

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D GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL .

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A GOVERNMENT HEALTH CENTER .

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B OUTREACH/ MOBILE CLINIC .

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C COMMUNITY HEALTH WORKER/ VHT .

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D OTHER PUBLIC SECTOR OTHER PUBLIC SECTOR (SPECIFY) E (SPECIFY) E (NAME OF PLACE(S)) PRIVATE MEDICAL SECTOR PRIVATE HOSPITAL/ PRIVATE MEDICAL SECTOR PRIVATE HOSPITAL/ CLINIC .

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F PHARMACY/DRUG SHOP .

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G PRIVATE DOCTOR .

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H I MOBILE CLINIC .

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FIELDWORKER/VHT .

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J OTHER PRIVATE MEDICAL SECTOR CLINIC .

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F PHARMACY/DRUG SHOP .

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G PRIVATE DOCTOR .

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H MOBILE CLINIC .

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I FIELDWORKER/VHT .

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J OTHER PRIVATE MEDICAL SECTOR (SPECIFY) K (SPECIFY) K OTHER SOURCE OTHER SOURCE SHOP TRADITIONAL .

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L PRACTITIONER .

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M MARKET .

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N HAWKER/ITINERANT DRUG SELLER .

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O SHOP TRADITIONAL .

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L PRACTITIONER .

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M MARKET .

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N HAWKER/ITINERANT DRUG SELLER .

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O OTHER X OTHER X (SPECIFY) (SPECIFY) TWO OR MORE CODES CIRCLED ONLY ONE CODE CIRCLED TWO OR MORE CODES CIRCLED ONLY ONE CODE CIRCLED (SKIP TO 628) (SKIP TO 628) FIRST PLACE .

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FIRST PLACE .

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DAYS .

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DAYS .

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YES .

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2 NO (SKIP TO 646) YES .

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1 .

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2 NO (SKIP TO 646) DON'T KNOW .

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8 DON'T KNOW .

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8 626 CHECK 625: 627 Where did you first seek advice or treatment?

USE LETTER CODE FROM 625.

628 How many days after the illness began did you first seek advice or treatment for (NAME)?

IF THE SAME DAY RECORD ‘00’.

629 At any time during the illness, did (NAME) take any drugs for the illness?

• 519Appendix E SECTION 6.

CHILD HEALTH AND NUTRITION LAST BIRTH NEXT-TO-LAST BIRTH NO.

QUESTIONS AND FILTERS NAME NAME 630 What drugs did (NAME) take?
Any other drugs?

RECORD ALL MENTIONED.

631 CHECK 630: ANY CODE A-I CIRCLED?

ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS ARTEMISININ ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS ARTEMISININ COMBINATION THERAPY (COARTEM/ACT) .

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A SP/FANSIDAR .

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B CHLOROQUINE .

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C AMODIAQUINE .

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D QUININE PILLS/SYRUP INJECTION/IV .

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E .

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F ARTESUNATE RECTAL .

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G .

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H INJECTION/IV COMBINATION THERAPY (COARTEM/ACT) .

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A SP/FANSIDAR .

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B CHLOROQUINE .

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C AMODIAQUINE .

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D QUININE PILLS/SYRUP INJECTION/IV .

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E .

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F ARTESUNATE RECTAL .

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G .

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H INJECTION/IV OTHER ANTIMALARIAL OTHER ANTIMALARIAL (SPECIFY) I (SPECIFY) I ANTIBIOTIC DRUGS ANTIBIOTIC DRUGS PILL/SYRUP .

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INJECTION/IV J .

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K PILL/SYRUP .

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INJECTION/IV J .

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K OTHER DRUGS OTHER DRUGS ASPIRIN .

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L PANADOL .

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N ASPIRIN .

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L PANADOL .

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N OTHER X OTHER X (SPECIFY) (SPECIFY) DON'T KNOW .

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Z DON'T KNOW .

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Z YES NO YES NO (SKIP TO 646) (SKIP TO 646) CHECK 630: ARTEMISININ COMBINATION THERAPY ('A') GIVEN CODE 'A' CIRCLED CODE 'A' NOT CIRCLED CODE 'A' CIRCLED CODE 'A' NOT CIRCLED (SKIP TO 634) (SKIP TO 634) How long after the fever started did (NAME) first take an artemisinin combination therapy?

SAME DAY .

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NEXT DAY .

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634 CHECK 630: SP/FANSIDAR ('B') GIVEN CODE 'B' CIRCLED CODE 'B' NOT CIRCLED (SKIP TO 636) 635 How long after the fever started did (NAME) first take SP/Fansidar?

SAME DAY .

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NEXT DAY .

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TWO DAYS AFTER FEVER .

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0 1 2 3 8 0 1 2 3 8 SAME DAY .

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NEXT DAY .

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CODE 'B' CIRCLED CODE 'B' NOT CIRCLED (SKIP TO 636) SAME DAY .

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NEXT DAY .

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TWO DAYS AFTER FEVER .

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0 1 2 3 8 0 1 2 3 8 632 633 520 •Appendix E SECTION 6.

CHILD HEALTH AND NUTRITION NO.


636 QUESTIONS AND FILTERS NAME CHECK 630: CHLOROQUINE ('C') GIVEN CODE 'C' CIRCLED LAST BIRTH NEXT-TO-LAST BIRTH CODE 'C' NOT CIRCLED NAME CODE 'C' CIRCLED CODE 'C' NOT CIRCLED (SKIP TO 638) (SKIP TO 638) 637 How long after the fever started did (NAME) first take chloroquine?

SAME DAY .

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NEXT DAY .

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638 CHECK 630: AMODIAQUINE ('D') GIVEN CODE 'D' CIRCLED CODE 'D' NOT CIRCLED (SKIP TO 640) 639 How long after the fever started did (NAME) first take amodiaquine?

640 CHECK 630: QUININE ('E' OR 'F') GIVEN 641 How long after the fever started did (NAME) first take quinine?
642 CHECK 630: ARTESUNATE ('G' OR 'H') GIVEN 643 How long after the fever started did (NAME) first take artesunate?

SAME DAY .

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CODE 'E' OR 'F' CIRCLED CODE 'E' OR 'F' NOT CIRCLED (SKIP TO 642) SAME DAY .

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CODE 'G' OR 'H' CIRCLED CODE 'G' OR 'H' NOT CIRCLED (SKIP TO 644) SAME DAY .

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NEXT DAY .

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0 1 2 3 8 0 1 2 3 8 0 1 2 3 8 0 1 2 3 8 SAME DAY .

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NEXT DAY .

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DON'T KNOW .

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CODE 'D' CIRCLED CODE 'D' NOT CIRCLED (SKIP TO 640) SAME DAY .

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NEXT DAY .

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TWO DAYS AFTER FEVER .

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CODE 'E' OR 'F' CIRCLED CODE 'E' OR 'F' NOT CIRCLED (SKIP TO 642) SAME DAY .

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TWO DAYS AFTER FEVER .

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DON'T KNOW .

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CODE 'G' OR 'H' CIRCLED CODE 'G' OR 'H' NOT CIRCLED (SKIP TO 644) SAME DAY .

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NEXT DAY .

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0 1 2 3 8 0 1 2 3 8 0 1 2 3 8 0 1 2 3 8 • 521Appendix E NO.

644 645 646 SECTION 6.


CHILD HEALTH AND NUTRITION QUESTIONS AND FILTERS NAME CHECK 630: OTHER ANTIMALARIAL ('I') GIVEN CODE 'I' CIRCLED LAST BIRTH NEXT-TO-LAST BIRTH CODE 'I' NOT CIRCLED NAME CODE 'I' CIRCLED CODE 'I' NOT CIRCLED (SKIP TO 646) (SKIP TO 646) How long after the fever started did (NAME) first take (OTHER ANTIMALARIAL)?

SAME DAY .

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0 1 2 3 8 SAME DAY .

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0 1 2 3 8 GO BACK TO 604 IN NEXT COLUMN; OR, IF NO MORE BIRTHS, GO TO 647.

GO TO 604 IN NEXT-TO-LAST COLUMN OF NEW QUESTIONNAIRE; OR, IF NO MORE BIRTHS, GO TO 647.

522 •Appendix E 649 EC1 SECTION 6.

CHILD HEALTH AND NUTRITION QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP NO.
647 CHECK 615(a), ALL COLUMNS: NO CHILD RECEIVED FLUID FROM ORS PACKET ANY CHILD RECEIVED FLUID FROM ORS PACKET 648 Have you ever heard of a special product called ORS (daloozi) you can get for the treatment of diarrhea?

YES .

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2 NO 649 CHECK 215 AND 218, ALL ROWS: NUMBER OF CHILDREN BORN IN 2014-2016 LIVING WITH THE RESPONDENT ONE OR MORE NONE (NAME OF YOUNGEST CHILD LIVING WITH HER) 650 Now I would like to ask you about liquids or foods that (NAME FROM 649) had yesterday during the day or at night.

I am interested in whether your child had the item I mention even if it was combined with other foods.

Did (NAME FROM 649) drink or eat: YES NO DK a) Plain water?

a) .

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1 b) Fresh fruit juice or juice concentrate?

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1 c) Clear broth?

d) e) Milk such as tinned, powdered, or fresh animal milk?

IF YES: How many times did (NAME) drink milk?

IF 7 OR MORE TIMES, RECORD '7'.

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1 NUMBER OF TIMES DRANK Infant formula?

IF YES: How many times did (NAME) drink infant formula?

IF 7 OR MORE TIMES, RECORD '7'.

e) .


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1 NUMBER OF TIMES DRANK f) Any other liquids?

g) Yogurt?

IF YES: How many times did (NAME) eat yogurt?

IF 7 OR MORE TIMES, RECORD '7'.

f) .

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1 NUMBER OF TIMES ATE h) Cheese or other foods made from milk?

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1 i) j) k) l) Any commercially fortified baby food such as Cerelac?

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1 Rice, posho, kaaro, porridge, bread, chapatti, pasta, macaroni, noodles or other foods (mandazi, doughnuts, pancakes, weetabix, cornflakes) made from grains (millet, sorghum, maize, rice, wheat)?

j) .

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1 Pumpkin, carrots, squash, or sweet potatoes that are yellow or orange inside?

k) .

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1 Cassava, yams (Juuni , Ndaggu, Baluggu), white sweet potatoes, Irish potatoes, manioc or any other roots or tubers?

l) .

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1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 • 523Appendix E NO.

QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP SECTION 6.

CHILD HEALTH AND NUTRITION m) Banana (Matooke, Ndiizi, Gonja)?

m) .

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1 n) Any dark green, leafy vegetables (dodo, nakati, spinach, amaranth, bugga, sunsa, jobyo, Marakwang, sukuma wiki, Nsugga, Ggobe, Timpa)?

n) .

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1 o) Ripe mangoes, or pawpaws?

o) .

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1 p) Any other fruits or vegetables (passion fruit, jack fruit, pineapple, oranges, sugarcane)?

p) .

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1 q) Liver, kidney, heart, or other organ meats?

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1 r) Any beef, pork, lamb or goat, including products made from these meats (kebabs, sausages, chaps)?

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1 s) Any chicken, duck, turkey, pigeon, or other poultry?

s) .

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1 t) Eggs (from chickens, ducks or other poultry)?

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1 u) Fresh or dried fish or shellfish (mukene, kenje)?

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1 v) Any foods made from beans, peas, lentils, or nuts?

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1 w) Any sugary foods such as chocolates, sweets, candies, pastries, cakes or biscuits?

w) .

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1 x) Any cooking oil, margarine, butter or other oils/fats?

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1 y) Any other solid, semi-solid, or soft food?

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1 651 CHECK 650 (CATEGORIES 'g' THROUGH 'y'): 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 NOT A SINGLE 'YES' AT LEAST ONE 'YES' 653 652 Did (NAME FROM 649) eat any solid, semi-solid, or soft foods yesterday during the day or at night?

YES .

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1 (GO BACK TO 650 TO RECORD FOOD EATEN YESTERDAY) IF ‘YES’ PROBE: What kind of solid, semi-solid or soft foods did (NAME) eat?

(THEN CONTINUE TO 653) NO .

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2 654 653 How many times did (NAME FROM 649) eat solid, semi- solid, or soft foods yesterday during the day or at night?

NUMBER OF TIMES .

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IF 7 OR MORE TIMES, RECORD ‘7'.

DON'T KNOW .

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8 654 The last time (NAME FROM 649) passed stools, what was done to dispose of the stools?

CHILD USED TOILET OR LATRINE .

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01 PUT/RINSED INTO TOILET OR LATRINE .

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02 PUT/RINSED INTO DRAIN OR DITCH .

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03 THROWN INTO GARBAGE .

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04 BURIED .

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05 LEFT IN THE OPEN .

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06 OTHER 96 (SPECIFY) 524 •Appendix E NO.

EC1 QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES EARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT CHECK 217 AND 218: ANY CHILD 0-5 YEARS OLD LIVING WITH HIS/HER MOTHER?
YES NO SKIP 701 EC2 CHECK 217 AND 218: SELECT THE YOUNGEST CHILD AGED 0-5 LIVING WITH HIS/HER MOTHER AND RECORD NAME AND LINE NUMBER NAME OF THE YOUNGEST CHILD FROM Q.

212 LINE NUMBER OF THE YOUNGEST CHILD FROM Q.219 EC3 EC4 READ TO THE RESPONDENT: Now I would like to ask you some questions about (NAME OF THE CHILD FROM EC2), your youngest child living with you who is 0-5 years old.

How many children's books or picture books do you have for (NAME)?

NONE .

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10 EC5 I am interested in learning about the things that (NAME) plays with when (he/she) is at home.

Does (he/she) play with: YES NO DK a) HOMEMADE TOYS .

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1 b) TOYS FROM A SHOP .

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1 c) HOUSEHOLD OBJECTS OR OUTSIDE OBJECTS .

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1 2 2 2 8 8 8 a) b) c) homemade toys such as dolls, cars, or other toys made at home?

toys from a shop or manufactured toys?

household objects such as bowls or pots or objects found outside such as sticks, rocks, animal shells or leaves?
IF THE RESPONDENT SAYS 'YES' TO THE CATEGORIES ABOVE, THEN PROBE TO LEARN SPECIFICALLY WHAT THE CHILD PLAYS WITH TO ASCERTAIN THE RESPONSE EC6 Sometimes adults taking care of children have to leave the house to go shopping, wash clothes, or for other reasons and have to leave young children.

On how many days in the past week was (NAME): a) left alone for more than an hour?

a) NUMBER OF DAYS LEFT ALONE FOR MORE THAN AN HOUR .

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b) left in the care of another child, that is, someone less than 10 years old, for more than an hour?

b) NUMBER OF DAYS LEFT TO ANOTHER CHILD FOR MORE THAN AN HOUR .

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IF 'NONE', WRITE '0'.

IF 'DON'T KNOW' WRITE '8' EC7 VERIFY 217: AGE OF THE CHILD IN Q. EC3-EC6 CHILD 0, 1, OR 2 YEARS CHILD 3 TO 5 YEARS EC8 VERIFY 217 AND 218: ANY CHILD AGE 3-5 LIVING WITH HIS/HER MOTHER?
YES NO EC8A CHECK 217 AND 218: SELECT THE YOUNGEST CHILD AGE 3 TO 5 LIVING WITH HIS/HER MOTHER AND RECORD NAME AND LINE NUMBER NAME OF YOUNGEST CHILD AGE 3 TO 5 FROM Q.212 LINE NUMBER OF YOUNGEST CHILD AGE 3 TO 5 FROM Q.219 EC9 701 • 525Appendix E NO.

EC9 QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP EARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT Does (NAME) attend any organized learning or early childhood education programme, such as a private or government facility, including kindergarten or community child care?

YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW .

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EC10 In the past 3 days, did you or any household member over 15 years of age engage in any of the following activities with (NAME)?

IF YES, ASK: Who engaged in this activity with (NAME)?
MOTHER FATHER OTHER NO ONE a) b) c) d) e) Read books to or looked at picture books with (NAME)?

Told stories to (NAME)?

a) READ BOOKS A b) TOLD STORIES A Sang songs to (NAME) or with (NAME), including lullabies?

Took (NAME) outside of the home, compound, yard or enclosure?

Played with (NAME)?

c) SANG SONGS A d) TOOK OUTSIDE A e) PLAYED WITH A f) Named, counted, or drew things to or with (NAME)?
f) NAMED OR COUNTED A B B B B B B X X X X X X Y Y Y Y Y Y EC11 I would like to ask you some questions about the health and development of (NAME).

Children do not all develop and learn at the same rate.

For example, some walk earlier than others.

These questions are related to several aspects (NAME)’s development.

Can (NAME) identify or name at least ten letters of the alphabet?

EC12 Can (NAME) read at least four simple, popular words?
EC13 Does (NAME) know the name and recognize the symbol of all numbers from 1 to 10?

EC14 Can (NAME) pick up a small object with two fingers, like a stick or a rock from the ground?

EC15 Is (NAME) sometimes too sick to play?

EC16 Does (NAME) follow simple directions on how to do something correctly?

EC17 When given something to do, is (NAME) able to do it independently?

EC18 Does (NAME) get along well with other children or adults?

EC19 Does (NAME) kick, bite, or hit other children or adults?
EC20 Does (NAME) get distracted easily?

YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW .

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YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW .

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YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW .

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526 •Appendix E NO.


701 702 703 704 705 706 707 SECTION 7.

MARRIAGE AND SEXUAL ACTIVITY QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES Are you currently married or living together with a man as if married?

701A What kind of marriage are you in?

Have you ever been married or lived together with a man as if married?

What is your marital status now: are you widowed, divorced, or separated?

YES, CURRENTLY MARRIED .

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YES, LIVING WITH A MAN NO, NOT IN UNION .

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1 2 3 CIVIL MARRIAGE .

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A CUSTOMARY MARRIAGE .

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B .

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C RELIGIOUS MARRIAGE YES, FORMERLY MARRIED .

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1 YES, LIVED WITH A MAN .

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2 .

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3 NO WIDOWED .

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DIVORCED .

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SEPARATED 1 2 3 SKIP 704 702 704 712 709 Is your (husband/partner) living with you now or is he staying elsewhere?

LIVING WITH HER .

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STAYING ELSEWHERE 1 .

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2 RECORD THE HUSBAND'S/PARTNER'S NAME AND LINE NUMBER FROM THE HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE.

IF HE IS NOT LISTED IN THE HOUSEHOLD, RECORD '00'.


Does your (husband/partner) have other wives or does he live with other women as if married?

NAME LINE NO.

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YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW .

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709 Including yourself, in total, how many wives or live-in partners does he have?

TOTAL NUMBER OF WIVES AND LIVE-IN PARTNERS .

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DON'T KNOW .

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98 708 Are you the first, second, … wife?

RANK .

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709 Have you been married or lived with a man only once or more than once?

710 CHECK 709: MARRIED/ LIVED WITH A MAN ONLY ONCE a) b) In what month and year did you start living with your (husband/partner)?

MARRIED/ LIVED WITH A MAN MORE THAN ONCE Now I would like to ask about your first (husband/partner).

In what month and year did you start living with him?

ONLY ONCE MORE THAN ONCE .

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2 MONTH .

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DON'T KNOW MONTH .

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98 YEAR .

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712 DON'T KNOW YEAR .

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9998 711 How old were you when you first started living with him?

AGE .

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• 527Appendix E NO.

712 713 SECTION 7.

MARRIAGE AND SEXUAL ACTIVITY QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP CHECK FOR PRESENCE OF OTHERS.

BEFORE CONTINUING, MAKE EVERY EFFORT TO ENSURE PRIVACY.

Now I would like to ask some questions about sexual activity in order to gain a better understanding of some important life issues.
Let me assure you again that your answers are completely confidential and will not be told to anyone.

If we should come to any question that you don't want to answer, just let me know and we will go to the next question.

How old were you when you had sexual intercourse for the very first time?

NEVER HAD SEXUAL INTERCOURSE .

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00 730A AGE IN YEARS .

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714 I would like to ask you about your recent sexual activity.

When was the last time you had sexual intercourse?

IF LESS THAN 12 MONTHS, ANSWER MUST BE RECORDED IN DAYS, WEEKS OR MONTHS.

IF 12 MONTHS (ONE YEAR) OR MORE, ANSWER MUST BE RECORDED IN YEARS.

DAYS AGO .

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WEEKS AGO .

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MONTHS AGO .

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1 2 3 4 716 727 528 •Appendix E SECTION 7.

MARRIAGE AND SEXUAL ACTIVITY LAST SEXUAL PARTNER SECOND-TO-LAST SEXUAL PARTNER THIRD-TO-LAST SEXUAL PARTNER 715 716 717 718 When was the last time you had sexual intercourse with this person?

DAYS AGO .

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1 WEEKS AGO .

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2 MONTHS AGO .

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3 DAYS AGO .

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1 WEEKS AGO .

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2 MONTHS AGO .

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3 The last time you had sexual intercourse with this person, was a condom used?

YES .

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2 NO YES .

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2 NO YES .

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2 NO (SKIP TO 718) (SKIP TO 718) (SKIP TO 718) Was a condom used every time you had sexual intercourse with this person in the last 12 months?
What was your relationship to this person with whom you had sexual intercourse?

IF BOYFRIEND: Were you living together as if married?

IF YES, RECORD '2'.

IF NO, RECORD '3'.

YES .

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2 NO YES .

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2 NO YES .

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2 NO HUSBAND .

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1 LIVE-IN PARTNER .

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2 BOYFRIEND NOT LIVING WITH RESPONDENT .

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3 HUSBAND .

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2 BOYFRIEND NOT LIVING WITH RESPONDENT .

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3 CASUAL CASUAL CASUAL ACQUAINTANCE .

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4 CLIENT/SEX WORKER .

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5 6 OTHER ACQUAINTANCE .

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4 CLIENT/SEX WORKER .

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5 6 OTHER ACQUAINTANCE .

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4 CLIENT/SEX WORKER .

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5 6 OTHER (SPECIFY) (SPECIFY) (SPECIFY) 719 How long ago did you first have sexual intercourse with this person?

DAYS AGO .

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1 WEEKS AGO .

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2 MONTHS AGO .

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3 YEARS AGO .

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4 DAYS AGO .

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3 YEARS AGO .

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4 720 How many times during the last 12 months did you have sexual intercourse with this person?

IF NON-NUMERIC ANSWER, PROBE TO GET AN ESTIMATE.

IF NUMBER OF TIMES IS 95 OR MORE, RECORD '95'.

NUMBER OF TIMES .

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NUMBER OF TIMES .

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721 How old is this person?

AGE OF PARTNER AGE OF PARTNER AGE OF PARTNER DON'T KNOW .

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98 DON'T KNOW .

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98 722 723 Apart from this person, have you had sexual intercourse with any other person in the last 12 months?

YES .

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1 (GO BACK TO 715 IN NEXT COLUMN) YES .

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1 (GO BACK TO 715 IN NEXT COLUMN) NO .

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2 NO .

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2 (SKIP TO 724) (SKIP TO 724) In total, with how many different people have you had sexual intercourse in the last 12 months?

IF NON-NUMERIC ANSWER, PROBE TO GET AN ESTIMATE.

IF NUMBER OF PARTNERS IS 95 OR MORE, RECORD '95'.

NUMBER OF PARTNERS LAST 12 MONTHS .

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DON'T KNOW .

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98 • 529Appendix E 727 727 730A 730A SECTION 7.

MARRIAGE AND SEXUAL ACTIVITY QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP NO.
724 CHECK 106: 725 CHECK 701: AGE 15-24 AGE 25-49 NOT IN A UNION CURRENTLY MARRIED/ LIVING WITH A MAN 726 In the past 12 months have you had sex or been sexually involved with anyone because he gave you or told you he would give you gifts, cash, or anything else?

YES .

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2 NO 727 In total, with how many different people have you had sexual intercourse in your lifetime?

IF NON-NUMERIC ANSWER, PROBE TO GET AN ESTIMATE.

IF NUMBER OF PARTNERS IS 95 OR MORE, RECORD '95'.

728 CHECK 716, MOST RECENT PARTNER (FIRST COLUMN): NUMBER OF PARTNERS IN LIFETIME .

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98 YES, CONDOM USED NO, CONDOM NOT USED NOT ASKED 729 You told me that a condom was used the last time you had sex.

What is the brand name of the condom used at that time?

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01 PROTECTOR CONDOM O .

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02 ENGABU .

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03 TRUST .

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04 LIFE GUARD .

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05 GOVT BRAND .

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06 NO BRAND .

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07 IF BRAND NOT KNOWN, ASK TO SEE THE PACKAGE.

OTHER (SPECIFY) 96 DON'T KNOW .

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98 730 From where did you obtain the condom the last time?

PUBLIC SECTOR PROBE TO IDENTIFY TYPE OF SOURCE.

IF UNABLE TO DETERMINE IF PUBLIC OR PRIVATE SECTOR, WRITE THE NAME OF THE PLACE.

GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL .

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11 GOVERNMENT HEALTH CENTER.

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12 FAMILY PLANNING CLINIC .

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13 MOBILE CLINIC .

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14 COMMUNITY HEALTH WORKER/VHT.

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15 OTHER PUBLIC SECTOR (SPECIFY) 16 (NAME OF PLACE) PRIVATE MEDICAL SECTOR PRIVATE HOSPITAL/CLINIC .

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21 PHARMACY/DRUG SHOP .

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22 PRIVATE DOCTOR .

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23 MOBILE CLINIC .

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24 COMMUNITY HEALTH WORKER .

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25 OTHER PRIVATE MEDICAL SECTOR (SPECIFY) 26 OTHER SOURCE SHOP .

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31 CHURCH .

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32 FRIEND/RELATIVE .

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33 STREET VENDOR .

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34 LODGE .

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35 OTHER 96 (SPECIFY) DON'T KNOW .

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98 530 •Appendix E NO.

730A SECTION 7.


MARRIAGE AND SEXUAL ACTIVITY QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP Sometimes a woman can have a problem of constant leakage of urine or stool from her vagina during the day and night.

This problem usually occurs after a difficult childbirth, but may also occur after a sexual assault or after pelvic surgery.

Have you ever experienced a constant leakage of urine or stool from your vagina during the day and night?

YES .

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2 NO 730C 730B Have you ever heard of this problem?

YES .

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2 NO 730F 730C Did this problem start after you delivered a baby or had a stillbirth?

AFTER DELIVERED BABY 1 AFTER HAD STILLBIRTH .

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2 3 NEITHER .

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730D Have you sought treatment for this condition?

YES .

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2 NO 730F 730E Did the treatment stop the leakage completely?

IF NO: Did the treatment reduce the leakage?

1 YES, STOPPED COMPLETELY .

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NOT STOPPED BUT REDUCED .

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2 NOT STOPPED AT ALL .

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3 4 DID NOT RECEIVE TREATMENT .

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730F 730G Now I would like to ask some questions about a practice known as female circumcision.

Have you ever heard of female circumcision?

In some countries, there is a practice in which a girl may have part of her genitals cut.

Have you ever heard about this practice?

YES .

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2 NO 730H YES .

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2 NO 731 730H Have you yourself ever been circumcised?

YES .

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2 NO 731 730I Were you forced to get circumcised or did you want to get circumcised?

FORCED .

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1 WANTED .

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2 731 PRESENCE OF OTHERS DURING THIS SECTION.

YES CHILDREN <10 .

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1 MALE ADULTS .

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1 FEMALE ADULTS .

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1 NO 2 2 2 • 531Appendix E 813 804 805 812 807 813 811 811 813 SECTION 8.

FERTILITY PREFERENCES QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP NO.
801 CHECK 304: 802 CHECK 226: NEITHER STERILIZED NOT ASKED HE OR SHE STERILIZED PREGNANT NOT PREGNANT OR UNSURE 803 804 Now I have some questions about the future.

After the child you are expecting now, would you like to have another child, or would you prefer not to have any more children?

HAVE ANOTHER CHILD .

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1 2 NO MORE .

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8 UNDECIDED/DON'T KNOW .

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Now I have some questions about the future.

Would you like to have (a/another) child, or would you prefer not to have any (more) children?

HAVE (A/ANOTHER) CHILD .

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NO MORE/NONE .

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SAYS SHE CAN'T GET PREGNANT .

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UNDECIDED/DON'T KNOW .

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1 2 3 8 805 CHECK 226: NOT PREGNANT OR UNSURE a) How long would you like to wait from now before the birth of (a/another) child?

PREGNANT b) After the birth of the child you are expecting now, how long would you like to wait before the birth of another child?

MONTHS .

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1 YEARS .

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2 SOON/NOW .

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993 SAYS SHE CAN'T GET PREGNANT .

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994 AFTER MARRIAGE .

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995 OTHER 996 811 DON'T KNOW .

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998 (SPECIFY) 806 CHECK 226: NOT PREGNANT OR UNSURE PREGNANT 807 CHECK 303: USING A CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD?
NOT CURRENTLY USING CURRENTLY USING 808 CHECK 805: '24' OR MORE MONTHS OR '02' OR MORE YEARS NOT ASKED '00-23' MONTHS OR '00-01' YEAR 809 CHECK 714: DAYS, WEEKS OR MONTHS AGO YEARS AGO NOT ASKED 812 813 812 811 811 532 •Appendix E SECTION 8.

FERTILITY PREFERENCES QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP NO.

810 CHECK 804: WANTS TO HAVE A/ANOTHER CHILD WANTS NO MORE/ NONE a) b) You have said that you do not want (a/another) child soon.
Can you tell me why you are not using a method to prevent pregnancy?

You have said that you do not want any (more) children.

Can you tell me why you are not using a method to prevent pregnancy?

NOT MARRIED .

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A FERTILITY-RELATED REASONS NOT HAVING SEX .

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B INFREQUENT SEX .

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C MENOPAUSAL/HYSTERECTOMY .

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D CAN'T GET PREGNANT .

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E NOT MENSTRUATED SINCE LAST BIRTH .

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F BREASTFEEDING .

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G UP TO GOD/FATALISTIC .

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H Any other reason?

Any other reason?

OPPOSITION TO USE RECORD ALL REASONS MENTIONED.


I RESPONDENT OPPOSED .

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J HUSBAND/PARTNER OPPOSED .

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K RELIGIOUS PROHIBITION .

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L LACK OF KNOWLEDGE KNOWS NO METHOD .

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M KNOWS NO SOURCE .

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N METHOD-RELATED REASONS SIDE EFFECTS/HEALTH CONCERNS .

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O LACK OF ACCESS/TOO FAR .

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P COSTS TOO MUCH .

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Q PREFERRED METHOD NOT AVAILABLE .

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R NO METHOD AVAILABLE .

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S INCONVENIENT TO USE .

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T INTERFERES WITH BODY'S NORMAL PROCESSES .

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U OTHER X (SPECIFY) DON'T KNOW .

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Z 811 CHECK 303: USING A CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD?

NOT ASKED NO, NOT CURRENTLY USING YES, CURRENTLY USING 813 812 Do you think you will use a contraceptive method to delay or avoid pregnancy at any time in the future?

YES .

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YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW .

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813 CHECK 216: HAS LIVING CHILDREN NO LIVING CHILDREN NONE .

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00 815 a) If you could go back to the time you did not have any children and could choose exactly the number of children to have in your whole life, how many would that be?

b) If you could choose exactly the number of children to have in your whole life, how many would that be?

PROBE FOR A NUMERIC RESPONSE.


814 How many of these children would you like to be boys, how many would you like to be girls and for how many would it not matter if it’s a boy or a girl?

NUMBER .

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DON'T KNOW/FATALISTIC .

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95 OTHER 96 (SPECIFY) 815 815 BOYS GIRLS EITHER NUMBER .

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OTHER (SPECIFY) 96 • 533Appendix E NO.

815 SECTION 8.
815 SECTION 8.

FERTILITY PREFERENCES QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP In the last few months have you: YES NO a) Heard about family planning on the radio?

a) RADIO .

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1 b) c) d) Seen anything about family planning on the television?

Read about family planning in a newspaper or magazine?

Received a voice or text message about family planning on a mobile phone?

b) TELEVISION .

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1 2 2 2 2 817 CHECK 701: YES, CURRENTLY MARRIED YES, LIVING WITH A MAN NO, NOT IN A UNION 818 CHECK 303: USING A CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD?

CURRENTLY USING NOT CURRENTLY USING NOT ASKED 819 820 Would you say that using contraception is mainly your decision, mainly your (husband's/partner's) decision, or did you both decide together?
MAINLY RESPONDENT MAINLY HUSBAND/PARTNER .

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JOINT DECISION .

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1 2 3 OTHER 6 (SPECIFY) Would you say that not using contraception is mainly your decision, mainly your (husband's/partner's) decision, or did you both decide together?

MAINLY RESPONDENT MAINLY HUSBAND/PARTNER .

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JOINT DECISION .

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1 2 3 OTHER (SPECIFY) 821 CHECK 304: NEITHER ARE STERILIZED NOT ASKED HE OR SHE ARE STERILIZED 822 Does your (husband/partner) want the same number of children that you want, or does he want more or fewer than you want?

SAME NUMBER .

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MORE CHILDREN .

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FEWER CHILDREN .

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DON'T KNOW .

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6 1 2 3 8 901 820 822 821 901 534 •Appendix E SECTION 9.

HUSBAND'S BACKGROUND AND WOMAN'S WORK QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES NO.
901 CHECK 701: CURRENTLY MARRIED/ LIVING WITH A MAN NOT IN UNION SKIP 909 902 How old was your (husband/partner) on his last birthday?

AGE IN COMPLETED YEARS .

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903 Did your (husband/partner) ever attend school?

YES .

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2 NO 906 904 What was the highest level of school he attended: primary, "O" level, "A" level, tertiary or university?

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PRIMARY .

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"O" LEVEL .

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"A" LEVEL TERTIARY .

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UNIVERSITY .

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DON'T KNOW .

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1 2 3 4 5 8 [CLASS/YEAR] .

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DON'T KNOW .

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98 YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW .

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YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW .

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What was the highest [CLASS/YEAR] he completed at that level?

IF COMPLETED LESS THAN ONE YEAR AT THAT LEVEL, RECORD '00'.

Has your (husband/partner) done any work in the last 7 days?

Has your (husband/partner) done any work in the last 12 months?

What is your (husband's/partner's) occupation?

That is, what kind of work does he mainly do?


Aside from your own housework, have you done any work in the last seven days?

YES .

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2 NO As you know, some women take up jobs for which they are paid in cash or kind.
Others sell things, have a small business or work on the family farm or in the family business.

In the last seven days, have you done any of these things or any other work?

Although you did not work in the last seven days, do you have any job or business from which you were absent for leave, illness, vacation, maternity leave, or any other such reason?

YES .

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2 NO YES .

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2 NO 912 Have you done any work in the last 12 months?

YES .

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2 NO 913 What is your occupation?

That is, what kind of work do you mainly do?

906 908 909 913 913 913 917 905 906 907 908 909 910 911 • 535Appendix E NO.

914 915 916 SECTION 9.


HUSBAND'S BACKGROUND AND WOMAN'S WORK QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP Do you do this work for a member of your family, for someone else, or are you self-employed?

Do you usually work throughout the year, or do you work seasonally, or only once in a while?

Are you paid in cash or kind for this work or are you not paid at all?

FOR FAMILY MEMBER .

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1 FOR SOMEONE ELSE .

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2 3 SELF-EMPLOYED .

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THROUGHOUT THE YEAR .

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ONCE IN A WHILE .

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CASH ONLY CASH AND KIND .

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IN KIND ONLY .

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NOT PAID 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 917 CHECK 701: 918 CHECK 916: CURRENTLY MARRIED/LIVING WITH A MAN CODE '1' OR '2' CIRCLED NOT IN UNION OTHER 919 Who usually decides how the money you earn will be used: you, your (husband/partner), or you and your (husband/partner) jointly?

1 RESPONDENT .

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HUSBAND/PARTNER .

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2 RESPONDENT AND 920 921 Would you say that the money that you earn is more than what your (husband/partner) earns, less than what he earns, or about the same?

HUSBAND/PARTNER JOINTLY .

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OTHER (SPECIFY) MORE THAN HIM .

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LESS THAN HIM .

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ABOUT THE SAME .

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HUSBAND/PARTNER HAS NO EARNINGS .

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DON'T KNOW .

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3 6 1 2 3 4 8 Who usually decides how your (husband's/partner's) earnings will be used: you, your (husband/partner), or you and your (husband/partner) jointly?

RESPONDENT .

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1 HUSBAND/PARTNER .

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2 RESPONDENT AND HUSBAND/PARTNER JOINTLY .

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HUSBAND/PARTNER HAS NO EARNINGS .

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OTHER (SPECIFY) 3 4 6 922 Who usually makes decisions about health care for yourself: you, your (husband/partner), you and your (husband/partner) jointly, or someone else?

RESPONDENT .

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1 HUSBAND/PARTNER .

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2 RESPONDENT AND 925 921 922 HUSBAND/PARTNER JOINTLY 3 SOMEONE ELSE 4 OTHER .

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6 .

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923 Who usually makes decisions about making major household purchases?

1 RESPONDENT .

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HUSBAND/PARTNER .

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2 RESPONDENT AND HUSBAND/PARTNER JOINTLY 3 SOMEONE ELSE 4 OTHER .

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6 .

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536 •Appendix E NO.

924 SECTION 9.

HUSBAND'S BACKGROUND AND WOMAN'S WORK QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP Who usually makes decisions about visits to your family or relatives?

RESPONDENT .

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1 HUSBAND/PARTNER .

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2 RESPONDENT AND HUSBAND/PARTNER JOINTLY 3 SOMEONE ELSE 4 OTHER .

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6 .

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925 Do you own this or any other house either alone or jointly with someone else?

926 Do you have a title deed for any house you own?

927 Is your name on the title deed?


928 Do you own any agricultural or non-agricultural land either alone or jointly with someone else?

929 Do you have a title deed for any land you own?

930 Is your name on the title deed?

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ALONE ONLY JOINTLY ONLY .

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BOTH ALONE AND JOINTLY .

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DOES NOT OWN 1 2 3 4 YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW .

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YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW .

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ALONE ONLY .

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JOINTLY ONLY .

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BOTH ALONE AND JOINTLY .

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DOES NOT OWN 1 2 3 4 YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW .

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YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW .

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928 928 931 931 931 PRESENCE OF OTHERS AT THIS POINT (PRESENT AND LISTENING, PRESENT BUT NOT LISTENING, OR NOT PRESENT) PRES./ PRES./ NOT NOT LISTEN.
LISTEN.

PRES.

932 In your opinion, is a husband justified in hitting or beating his wife in the following situations: a) b) c) d) e) If she goes out without telling him?

If she neglects the children?

If she argues with him?

If she refuses to have sex with him?

If she burns the food?

CHILDREN < 10 .

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1 HUSBAND .

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1 OTHER MALES .

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1 OTHER FEMALES .

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1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 YES NO DK a) GOES OUT .

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1 b) NEGLECTS CHILDREN .

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1 c) ARGUES .

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1 d) REFUSES SEX .

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1 e) BURNS FOOD .

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1 2 2 2 2 2 8 8 8 8 8 • 537Appendix E NO.

1001 1002 QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SECTION 10.

HIV/AIDS Now I would like to talk about something else.

Have you ever heard of HIV or AIDS?

YES .

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2 NO HIV is the virus that can lead to AIDS.

Can people reduce their chance of getting HIV by having just one uninfected sex partner who has no other sex partners?

YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW .

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SKIP 1042 1003 Can people get HIV from mosquito bites?

1004 Can people reduce their chance of getting HIV by using a condom every time they have sex?

1005 Can people get HIV by sharing food with a person who has HIV?
1006 Can people get HIV because of witchcraft or other supernatural means?

1007 Is it possible for a healthy-looking person to have HIV?

1008 Can HIV be transmitted from a mother to her baby: a) b) c) During pregnancy?

During delivery?

By breastfeeding?

1009 CHECK 1008: YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW .

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YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW .

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YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW .

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YES NO DK a) DURING PREGNANCY .

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1 b) DURING DELIVERY .

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1 c) BREASTFEEDING .

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1 2 2 2 8 8 8 AT LEAST ONE 'YES' OTHER 1010 Are there any special drugs that a doctor or a nurse can give to a woman infected with HIV to reduce the risk of transmission to the baby?

YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW .

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1011 CHECK 208 AND 215: LAST BIRTH IN 2014-2016 NO BIRTHS LAST BIRTH IN 2013 OR EARLIER 1012 CHECK 408 FOR LAST BIRTH: HAD ANTENATAL CARE NO ANTENATAL CARE 1013 1014 CHECK FOR PRESENCE OF OTHERS.

BEFORE CONTINUING, MAKE EVERY EFFORT TO ENSURE PRIVACY.
During any of the antenatal visits for your last birth were you given any information about: YES NO DK a) b) c) Babies getting HIV from their mother?

Things that you can do to prevent getting HIV?

Getting tested for HIV?

a) HIV FROM MOTHER .

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1 b) THINGS TO DO .

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1 c) TESTED FOR HIV .

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1 2 2 2 8 8 8 1015 Were you offered a test for HIV as part of your antenatal care?

YES .

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1 .

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2 NO 1011 1027 1027 1020 538 •Appendix E NO.

1016 QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SECTION 10.

HIV/AIDS I don't want to know the results, but were you tested for HIV as part of your antenatal care?

YES .

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2 NO SKIP 1020 1017 Where was the test done?

PUBLIC SECTOR PROBE TO IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF SOURCE.

IF UNABLE TO DETERMINE IF PUBLIC OR PRIVATE SECTOR, WRITE THE NAME OF THE PLACE.

(NAME OF PLACE) GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL .

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11 .

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12 GOVERNMENT HEALTH CENTER FAMILY PLANNING CLINIC .

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13 MOBILE VCT SERVICES .

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14 COMMUNITY HEALTH WORKER/VHT .

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15 OTHER PUBLIC SECTOR 16 (SPECIFY) PRIVATE MEDICAL SECTOR PRIVATE HOSPITAL/CLINIC/ PRIVATE DOCTOR .

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21 PHARMACY/DRUG SHOP .

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22 MOBILE VCT SERVICES .

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23 COMMUNITY HEALTH WORKER .

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24 OTHER PRIVATE MEDICAL SECTOR (SPECIFY) 26 OTHER SOURCE .

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31 HOME WORKPLACE .

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32 SHOP .

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33 OTHER 96 (SPECIFY) 1018 1019 I don't want to know the results, but did you get the results of the test?

YES .

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2 NO 1020 All women are supposed to receive counseling after being tested.

After you were tested, did you receive counseling?

YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW .

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1020 CHECK 430 FOR LAST BIRTH: ANY CODE '21-36' CIRCLED OTHER 1021 1022 1023 Between the time you went for delivery but before the baby was born, were you offered an HIV test?

YES .

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2 NO I don't want to know the results, but were you tested for HIV at that time?

YES .

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2 NO I don't want to know the results, but did you get the results of the test?

YES .

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2 NO 1024 CHECK 1016: YES NO OR NOT ASKED 1025 Have you been tested for HIV since that time you were tested during your pregnancy?

YES .

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2 NO 1026 How many months ago was your most recent HIV test?

MONTHS AGO .

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TWO OR MORE YEARS .

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95 1024 1024 1025 1027 1028 1033 1027 I don't want to know the results, but have you ever been tested for HIV?

YES .

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2 NO 1031 • 539Appendix E NO.


QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP 1028 How many months ago was your most recent HIV test?

SECTION 10.

HIV/AIDS MONTHS AGO .

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95 1029 I don't want to know the results, but did you get the results of the test?

YES .

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1 .

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2 NO 1030 Where was the test done?

PUBLIC SECTOR PROBE TO IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF SOURCE.

IF UNABLE TO DETERMINE IF PUBLIC OR PRIVATE SECTOR, WRITE THE NAME OF THE PLACE.

(NAME OF PLACE) GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL .

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11 .

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12 GOVERNMENT HEALTH CENTER FAMILY PLANNING CLINIC .

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13 MOBILE VCT SERVICES .

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14 COMMUNITY HEALTH WORKER/VHT.

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21 PHARMACY/DRUG SHOP .

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22 MOBILE VCT SERVICES .

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23 COMMUNITY HEALTH WORKER .

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24 OTHER PRIVATE MEDICAL SECTOR 1033 (SPECIFY) 26 OTHER SOURCE .

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31 HOME WORKPLACE .

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32 SHOP .

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33 OTHER 96 (SPECIFY) 1031 Do you know of a place where people can go to get an HIV test?

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2 NO 1033 1032 Where is that?

PUBLIC SECTOR Any other place?

PROBE TO IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF SOURCE.

IF UNABLE TO DETERMINE IF PUBLIC OR PRIVATE SECTOR, WRITE THE NAME OF THE PLACE.

(NAME OF PLACE) GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL .

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B GOVERNMENT HEALTH CENTER FAMILY PLANNING CLINIC .

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C MOBILE VCT SERVICES .

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D COMMUNITY HEALTH WORKER/VHT.

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E OTHER PUBLIC SECTOR F (SPECIFY) PRIVATE MEDICAL SECTOR PRIVATE HOSPITAL/CLINIC/ PRIVATE DOCTOR .

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J OTHER PRIVATE MEDICAL SECTOR OTHER (SPECIFY) (SPECIFY) K X 1033 1034 Have you heard of test kits people can use to test themselves for HIV?

YES .

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2 NO 1035 Have you ever tested yourself for HIV using a self-test kit?

YES .

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2 NO 540 •Appendix E QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP SECTION 10.

HIV/AIDS NO.
HIV/AIDS NO.

1035 Would you buy fresh vegetables from a shopkeeper or vendor if you knew that this person had HIV?

1036 Do you think children living with HIV should be allowed to attend school with children who do not have HIV?

YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW/NOT SURE/DEPENDS .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW/NOT SURE/DEPENDS .

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1037 Do you think people hesitate to take an HIV test because they are afraid of how other people will react if the test result is positive for HIV?

YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW/NOT SURE/DEPENDS .

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1038 Do people talk badly about people living with HIV, or who are thought to be living with HIV?

1039 Do people living with HIV, or thought to be living with HIV, lose the respect of other people?
1040 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: I would be ashamed if someone in my family had HIV.

1041 Do you fear that you could get HIV if you come into contact with the saliva of a person living with HIV?

YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW/NOT SURE/DEPENDS .

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YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW/NOT SURE/DEPENDS .

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AGREE .

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1 2 DISAGREE .

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8 DON'T KNOW/NOT SURE/DEPENDS .

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YES .

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2 NO .

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3 SAYS SHE HAS HIV 8 DON'T KNOW/NOT SURE/DEPENDS .

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1042 CHECK 1001: HEARD ABOUT HIV OR AIDS NOT HEARD ABOUT HIV OR AIDS a) Apart from HIV, have you heard about other infections that can be transmitted through sexual contact?

b) Have you heard about infections that can be transmitted through sexual contact?

1043 CHECK 713: YES .

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2 NO HAS HAD SEXUAL INTERCOURSE NEVER HAD SEXUAL INTERCOURSE 1044 CHECK 1042: HEARD ABOUT OTHER SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS?

YES NO 1045 1046 1047 Now I would like to ask you some questions about your health in the last 12 months.

During the last 12 months, have you had a disease which you got through sexual contact?

Sometimes women experience a bad-smelling abnormal genital discharge.
During the last 12 months, have you had a bad-smelling abnormal genital discharge?

YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW .

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YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW .

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Sometimes women have a genital sore or ulcer.

During the last 12 months, have you had a genital sore or ulcer?

YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW .

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1048 CHECK 1045, 1046, AND 1047: HAS HAD AN INFECTION (ANY 'YES') HAS NOT HAD AN INFECTION OR DOES NOT KNOW 1051 1046 1051 • 541Appendix E NO.

1049 QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SECTION 10.
HIV/AIDS The last time you had (PROBLEM FROM 1045/1046/1047), did you seek any kind of advice or treatment?

YES .

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2 NO SKIP 1051 1050 Where did you go?

PUBLIC SECTOR Any other place?

PROBE TO IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF SOURCE.


IF UNABLE TO DETERMINE IF PUBLIC OR PRIVATE SECTOR, WRITE THE NAME OF THE PLACE.

(NAME OF PLACE) GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL .

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A GOVERNMENT HEALTH CENTER .

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B .

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C FAMILY PLANNING CLINIC MOBILE VCT SERVICES .

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D COMMUNITY HEALTH WORKER/VHT .

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E OTHER PUBLIC SECTOR F (SPECIFY) PRIVATE MEDICAL SECTOR PRIVATE HOSPITAL/CLINIC/ PRIVATE DOCTOR .

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G PHARMACY/DRUG SHOP .

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H I MOBILE VCT SERVICES .

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COMMUNITY HEALTH WORKER .

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J OTHER PRIVATE MEDICAL SECTOR (SPECIFY) K OTHER SOURCE SHOP .

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L OTHER X (SPECIFY) 1051 1052 If a wife knows her husband has a disease that she can get during sexual intercourse, is she justified in asking that they use a condom when they have sex?

YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW .

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Is a wife justified in refusing to have sex with her husband when she knows he has sex with other women?

YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW .

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1053 CHECK 701: CURRENTLY MARRIED/ LIVING WITH A MAN NOT IN UNION 1101 1054 Can you say no to your (husband/partner) if you do not want to have sexual intercourse?

1055 Could you ask your (husband/partner) to use a condom if you wanted him to?

YES .

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1 NO .

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1 NO .

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2 DEPENDS/NOT SURE .

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8 542 •Appendix E NO.


1101 SECTION 11.

OTHER HEALTH ISSUES QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP Now I would like to ask you some other questions relating to health matters.

Have you had an injection for any reason in the last 12 months?

IF YES: How many injections have you had?

IF NUMBER OF INJECTIONS IS 90 OR MORE, OR DAILY FOR 3 MONTHS OR MORE, RECORD '90'.

IF NON-NUMERIC ANSWER, PROBE TO GET AN ESTIMATE.

NUMBER OF INJECTIONS .

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NONE .


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00 1104 1102 Among these injections, how many were administered by a doctor, a nurse, a pharmacist, a dentist, or any other health worker?

NUMBER OF INJECTIONS .

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IF NUMBER OF INJECTIONS IS 90 OR MORE, OR DAILY FOR 3 MONTHS OR MORE, RECORD '90'.

IF NON-NUMERIC ANSWER, PROBE TO GET AN ESTIMATE.

NONE .

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00 1104 1103 The last time you got an injection from a health worker, did he/she take the syringe and needle from a new, unopened package?

YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW .

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1104 Do you currently smoke cigarettes every day, some days, or not at all?

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EVERY DAY SOME DAYS .

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NOT AT ALL .

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1105 1106 On average, how many cigarettes do you currently smoke each day?

NUMBER OF CIGARETTES .

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Do you currently smoke or use any other type of tobacco every day, some days, or not at all?

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EVERY DAY SOME DAYS .

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NOT AT ALL .

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1 2 3 1 2 3 1106 1108 1107 What other type of tobacco do you currently smoke or use?

RECORD ALL MENTIONED.

PIPES FULL OF TOBACCO .

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A CIGARS, CHEROOTS, OR CIGARILLOS .

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B WATER PIPE/SHISHA .

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C SNUFF BY MOUTH .

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D .

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E SNUFF BY NOSE CHEWING TOBACCO .

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F OTHER X (SPECIFY) 1108 Many different factors can prevent women from getting medical advice or treatment for themselves.
When you are sick and want to get medical advice or treatment, is each of the following a big problem or not a big problem: BIG NOT A BIG PROBLEM PROBLEM a) Getting permission to go to the doctor?

a) PERMISSION TO GO .

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1 b) Getting money needed for advice or treatment?

b) GETTING MONEY .

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1 c) The distance to the health facility?

c) DISTANCE .

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1 d) Not wanting to go alone?

d) GO ALONE .

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1 2 2 2 2 1108A Do you know about health insurance for paying for your health care?

YES .

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2 NO MM01 • 543Appendix E NO.

QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SECTION 11.

OTHER HEALTH ISSUES 1109 Are you covered by any health insurance?
1110 What type of health insurance are you covered by?

YES .

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2 NO MUTUAL HEALTH ORGANIZATION/ COMMUNITY-BASED HEALTH INSURANCE .

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A RECORD ALL MENTIONED.


HEALTH INSURANCE THROUGH SKIP 1110A 1110A Would you consider joining a health insurance scheme to pay for your health care?

EMPLOYER .

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B .

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C SOCIAL SECURITY OTHER PRIVATELY PURCHASED COMMERCIAL HEALTH INSURANCE .

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D MM01 OTHER X (SPECIFY) YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW .

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544 •Appendix E NO.

MM01 SECTION MM.


ADULT AND MATERNAL MORTALITY MODULE QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP Now I would like to ask you some questions about your brothers and sisters born to your natural mother, including those who are living with you, those living elsewhere and those who have died.

From our experience in prior surveys, we know it may sometimes be difficult to establish a complete list of all the children born to your natural mother.
We will work together to draw the most complete list and work to recall all your siblings.

Could you please now give me the names of all of your brothers and sisters born to your natural mother.

DO NOT FILL IN THE ORDER NUMBER YET.


NAME ORDER NUMBER NAME ORDER NUMBER a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t MM02 CHECK MM01: ONE OR MORE BROTHERS OR SISTERS LISTED NO BROTHERS OR SISTERS LISTED MM04 MM03 READ THE NAMES OF THE BROTHERS AND SISTERS TO THE RESPONDENT AND AFTER THE LAST ONE ASK: Are there any other brothers and sisters from the same mother that you have not mentioned?

NO YES LIST ADDITIONAL BROTHERS AND SISTERS IN MM01.
MM04 Sometimes people forget to mention children born to their natural mother because they do not live with them or they do not see them very often.

Are there any brothers or sisters who do not live with you that you have not mentioned?

NO YES LIST ADDITIONAL BROTHERS AND SISTERS IN MM01.

MM05 Sometimes people forget to mention children born to their natural mother because they have died.

Are there any brothers or sisters who died that you have not mentioned?
NO YES LIST ADDITIONAL BROTHERS AND SISTERS IN MM01.

MM06 Some people have brothers or sisters from the same mother but a different father.

Are there any brothers or sisters born to your natural mother, but who have a different natural father, that you have not mentioned?

NO YES LIST ADDITIONAL BROTHERS AND SISTERS IN MM01.

MM07 COUNT THE NUMBER OF BROTHERS AND SISTERS RECORDED IN MM01.

TOTAL BROTHERS AND SISTERS .

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• 545Appendix E SECTION MM.


ADULT AND MATERNAL MORTALITY MODULE MM08 CHECK MM07: Just to make sure that I have this right: Your mother had in TOTAL ________ births, excluding you, during her lifetime.

Is that correct?

YES NO PROBE AND CORRECT MM01 AND/OR MM07.

MM09 CHECK MM07: ONE OR MORE BROTHERS/SISTERS NO BROTHER OR SISTER DV0 0 MM10 Please tell me, which brother or sister was born first?

And which was born next?


RECORD '01' FOR THE ORDER NUMBER IN MM01 FOR THE FIRST BROTHER OR SISTER, '02' FOR THE SECOND, AND SO ON UNTIL YOU HAVE RECORDED THE ORDER NUMBER FOR ALL BROTHERS AND SISTERS.

MM11 How many births did your mother have before you were born?

NUMBER OF PRECEDING BIRTHS .

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546 •Appendix E SECTION MM.

ADULT AND MATERNAL MORTALITY MODULE MM12 LIST THE BROTHERS AND SISTERS ACCORDING TO THE ORDER NUMBER IN MM01.
ASK MM13 TO MM24 FOR ONE BROTHER OR SISTER BEFORE ASKING ABOUT THE NEXT BROTHER OR SISTER.

IF THERE ARE MORE THAN 12 BROTHERS AND SISTERS, USE AN ADDITIONAL QUESTIONNAIRE.

MM13 NAME OF BROTHER OR SISTER.

MM14 Is (NAME) male or female?

MM15 Is (NAME) still alive?

MM16 How old is (NAME)?

MM17 How many years ago did (NAME) die?

MM18 How old was (NAME) when (he/she) died?

IF DON'T KNOW, PROBE AND ASK ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS TO GET AN ESTIMATE.

(01) (02) (03) (04) (05) (06) MALE .

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1 MALE .

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1 MALE .

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1 MALE .

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1 MALE .

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1 MALE .

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1 FEMALE .

2 FEMALE .

2 FEMALE .

2 FEMALE .

2 FEMALE .

2 FEMALE .

2 YES .

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1 NO .

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2 GO TO MM17 DK .

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8 GO TO (02) YES .

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1 NO .

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2 GO TO MM17 DK .

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8 GO TO (03) YES .

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1 NO .

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2 GO TO MM17 DK .

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8 GO TO (04) YES .

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1 NO .

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2 GO TO MM17 DK .

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8 GO TO (05) YES .

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1 NO .

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2 GO TO MM17 DK .

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8 GO TO (06) YES .

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1 NO .

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2 GO TO MM17 DK .

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8 GO TO (07) GO TO (02) GO TO (03) GO TO (04) GO TO (05) GO TO (06) GO TO (07) IF MALE OR DIED BEFORE 12 YEARS OF AGE, GO TO MM23 IF MALE OR DIED BEFORE 12 YEARS OF AGE, GO TO MM23 IF MALE OR DIED BEFORE 12 YEARS OF AGE, GO TO MM23 IF MALE OR DIED BEFORE 12 YEARS OF AGE, GO TO MM23 IF MALE OR DIED BEFORE 12 YEARS OF AGE, GO TO MM23 IF MALE OR DIED BEFORE 12 YEARS OF AGE, GO TO MM23 MM19 Was (NAME) pregnant when she died?

YES .

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YES .

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1 GO TO MM23 NO .

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2 YES .

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1 GO TO MM23 NO .

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2 YES .

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1 GO TO MM23 NO .

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2 YES .

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1 GO TO MM23 NO .

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2 YES .

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1 GO TO MM23 NO .

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2 YES .

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1 GO TO MM23 NO .

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2 MM20 Did (NAME) die during childbirth?

YES .

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1 GO TO (02) NO .

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2 YES .

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1 GO TO (03) NO .

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2 YES .

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1 GO TO (04) NO .

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2 YES .

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1 GO TO (05) NO .

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2 YES .

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1 GO TO (06) NO .

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2 YES .

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1 GO TO (07) NO .

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2 YES .

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1 NO .

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2 GO TO MM23 YES .

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1 NO .

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2 GO TO MM23 YES .

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1 NO .

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2 GO TO MM23 YES .

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1 NO .

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2 GO TO MM23 YES .

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1 NO .

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2 GO TO MM23 YES .

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1 NO .

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2 GO TO MM23 MM21 MM22 Did (NAME) die within two months after the end of a pregnancy or childbirth?

How many days after the end of the pregnancy did (NAME) die?

MM23 Was (NAME)'s death due to an act of violence?

YES .

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1 GO TO (02) NO .

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2 YES .

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1 GO TO (03) NO .

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2 YES .

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1 GO TO (04) NO .

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2 YES .

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1 GO TO (05) NO .

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2 YES .

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1 GO TO (06) NO .


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2 YES .

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1 GO TO (07) NO .

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2 MM24 Was (NAME)'s death due to an accident?

YES .

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1 NO .

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2 YES .

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1 NO .

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2 YES .

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1 NO .

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2 YES .

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1 NO .

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2 YES .

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1 NO .

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2 YES .

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1 NO .

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2 GO TO (02) GO TO (03) GO TO (04) GO TO (05) GO TO (06) GO TO (07) IF NO MORE BROTHERS OR SISTERS, GO TO DV00.

• 547Appendix E SECTION MM.

ADULT AND MATERNAL MORTALITY MODULE MM12 LIST THE BROTHERS AND SISTERS ACCORDING TO THE ORDER NUMBER IN MM01.

ASK MM13 TO MM24 FOR ONE BROTHER OR SISTER BEFORE ASKING ABOUT THE NEXT BROTHER OR SISTER.

IF THERE ARE MORE THAN 12 BROTHERS AND SISTERS, USE AN ADDITIONAL QUESTIONNAIRE.

MM13 NAME OF BROTHER OR SISTER.


MM14 Is (NAME) male or female?

MM15 Is (NAME) still alive?

MM16 How old is (NAME)?

MM17 How many years ago did (NAME) die?

MM18 How old was (NAME) when (he/she) died?

IF DON'T KNOW, PROBE AND ASK ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS TO GET AN ESTIMATE.

(07) (08) (09) (10) (11) (12) MALE .

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1 MALE .

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1 MALE .

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1 MALE .

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1 MALE .

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1 MALE .

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1 FEMALE .

2 FEMALE .

2 FEMALE .

2 FEMALE .

2 FEMALE .

2 FEMALE .

2 YES .

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1 NO .

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2 GO TO MM17 DK .

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8 GO TO (08) YES .

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1 NO .

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2 GO TO MM17 DK .

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8 GO TO (09) YES .

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1 NO .

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2 GO TO MM17 DK .

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8 GO TO (10) YES .

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1 NO .

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2 GO TO MM17 DK .

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8 GO TO (11) YES .

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1 NO .

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2 GO TO MM17 DK .

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8 GO TO (12) YES .

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1 NO .

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2 GO TO MM17 DK .

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8 GO TO (13) GO TO (08) GO TO (09) GO TO (10) GO TO (11) GO TO (12) GO TO (13) IF MALE OR DIED BEFORE 12 YEARS OF AGE, GO TO MM23 IF MALE OR DIED BEFORE 12 YEARS OF AGE, GO TO MM23 IF MALE OR DIED BEFORE 12 YEARS OF AGE, GO TO MM23 IF MALE OR DIED BEFORE 12 YEARS OF AGE, GO TO MM23 IF MALE OR DIED BEFORE 12 YEARS OF AGE, GO TO MM23 IF MALE OR DIED BEFORE 12 YEARS OF AGE, GO TO MM23 MM19 Was (NAME) pregnant when she died?

YES .

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YES .

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1 GO TO MM23 NO .

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2 YES .

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1 GO TO MM23 NO .

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2 YES .

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1 GO TO MM23 NO .

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2 YES .

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1 GO TO MM23 NO .

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2 YES .

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1 GO TO MM23 NO .

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2 YES .

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1 GO TO MM23 NO .

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2 MM20 Did (NAME) die during childbirth?

YES .

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1 GO TO (08) NO .

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2 YES .

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1 GO TO (09) NO .

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2 YES .

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1 GO TO (10) NO .

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2 YES .

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1 GO TO (11) NO .

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2 YES .

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1 GO TO (12) NO .

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2 YES .

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1 GO TO (13) NO .

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2 YES .

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1 NO .

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2 GO TO MM23 YES .

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1 NO .

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2 GO TO MM23 YES .

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1 NO .

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2 GO TO MM23 YES .

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1 NO .

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2 GO TO MM23 YES .

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1 NO .

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2 GO TO MM23 YES .

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1 NO .

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2 GO TO MM23 MM21 MM22 Did (NAME) die within two months after the end of a pregnancy or childbirth?

How many days after the end of the pregnancy did (NAME) die?

MM23 Was (NAME)'s death due to an act of violence?

YES .

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1 GO TO (08) NO .

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2 YES .

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1 GO TO (09) NO .

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2 YES .

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1 GO TO (10) NO .

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2 YES .

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1 GO TO (11) NO .

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2 YES .

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1 GO TO (12) NO .


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2 YES .

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1 GO TO (13) NO .

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2 MM24 Was (NAME)'s death due to an accident?

YES .

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1 NO .

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2 YES .

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1 NO .

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2 YES .

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1 NO .

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2 YES .

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1 NO .

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2 YES .

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1 NO .

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2 YES .

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1 NO .

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2 GO TO (08) GO TO (09) GO TO (10) GO TO (11) GO TO (12) GO TO (13) IF NO MORE BROTHERS OR SISTERS, GO TO DV00.

548 •Appendix E DOMESTIC VIOLENCE MODULE NO.

QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP DV00 CHECK COVER PAGE: WOMAN SELECTED FOR DV MODULE?

WOMAN SELECTED FOR THIS SECTION WOMAN NOT SELECTED 1111 DV01 CHECK FOR PRESENCE OF OTHERS: DO NOT CONTINUE UNTIL PRIVACY IS ENSURED.

PRIVACY PRIVACY OBTAINED .

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1 NOT POSSIBLE .

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2 1111 DV01A READ TO THE RESPONDENT: Now I would like to ask you questions about some other important aspects of a woman's life.

You may find some of these questions very personal.

However, your answers are crucial for helping to understand the condition of women in Uganda.
Let me assure you that your answers are completely confidential and will not be told to anyone and no one else in your household will know that you were asked these questions.

If I ask you any question you don't want to answer, just let me know and I will go on to the next question.
DV02 CHECK 701 AND 702: CURRENTLY MARRIED/ LIVING WITH A MAN FORMERLY MARRIED/ LIVED WITH A MAN (READ IN PAST TENSE AND USE 'LAST' WITH 'HUSBAND/PARTNER') NEVER MARRIED/ NEVER LIVED WITH A MAN DV16 DV03 First, I am going to ask you about some situations which happen to some women.

Please tell me if these apply to your relationship with your (last) (husband/partner)?

YES NO DK a) He (is/was) jealous or angry if you (talk/talked) to other men?

JEALOUS .

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1 b) He frequently (accuses/accused) you of being unfaithful?

ACCUSES .

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1 c) d) e) He (does/did) not permit you to meet your female friends?

He (tries/tried) to limit your contact with your family?

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1 NO FAMILY .

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1 He (insists/insisted) on knowing where you (are/were) at all times?

WHERE YOU ARE .

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1 2 2 2 2 2 8 8 8 8 8 DV04 Now I need to ask some more questions about your relationship with your (last) (husband/partner).

A.

Did your (last) (husband/partner) ever: B.

How often did this happen during the last 12 months: often, only sometimes, or not at all?

EVER OFTEN SOME- TIMES NOT IN LAST 12 MONTHS a) b) c) say or do something to humiliate you in front of others?

threaten to hurt or harm you or someone you care about?

insult you or make you feel bad about yourself?


YES NO YES NO YES NO 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 • 549Appendix E DOMESTIC VIOLENCE MODULE NO.

QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP DV05 A.

Did your (last) (husband/partner) ever do any of the following things to you: B.

How often did this happen during the last 12 months: often, only sometimes, or not at all?

EVER OFTEN SOME- TIMES NOT IN LAST 12 MONTHS a) push you, shake you, or throw something at you?

b) slap you?
b) slap you?

c) twist your arm or pull your hair?

d) punch you with his fist or with something that could hurt you?

e) kick you, drag you, or beat you up?

f) try to choke you or burn you on purpose?

g) h) i) j) threaten or attack you with a knife, gun, or other weapon?

physically force you to have sexual intercourse with him when you did not want to?

physically force you to perform any other sexual acts you did not want to?
force you with threats or in any other way to perform sexual acts you did not want to?

YES NO YES NO YES NO YES NO YES NO YES NO YES NO YES NO YES NO YES NO DV06 CHECK DV05A (a-j): AT LEAST ONE 'YES' NOT A SINGLE 'YES' DV09 DV07 How long after you first (got married/started living together) with your (last) (husband/partner) did (this/any of these things) first happen?

IF LESS THAN ONE YEAR, RECORD '00'.


DV08 Did the following ever happen as a result of what your (last) (husband/partner) did to you: a) You had cuts, bruises, or aches?

b) You had eye injuries, sprains, dislocations, or burns?

NUMBER OF YEARS .

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BEFORE MARRIAGE/BEFORE LIVING TOGETHER .

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95 YES .

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NO YES .

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NO c) You had deep wounds, broken bones, broken teeth, or any other serious injury?

YES .

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NO DV09 Have you ever hit, slapped, kicked, or done anything else to physically hurt your (last) (husband/partner) at times when he was not already beating or physically hurting you?

YES .

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NO 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 DV11 550 •Appendix E NO.


DV10 DOMESTIC VIOLENCE MODULE QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP In the last 12 months, how often have you done this to your (last) (husband/partner): often, only sometimes, or not at all?

OFTEN .

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1 SOMETIMES .

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3 NOT AT ALL DV11 Does (did) your (last) (husband/partner) drink alcohol?

YES .

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NO 1 2 DV13 DV12 How often does (did) he get drunk: often, only sometimes, or never?

DV13 Are (Were) you afraid of your (last) (husband/partner): most of the time, sometimes, or never?

1 OFTEN .

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SOMETIMES .

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2 3 NEVER .

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MOST OF THE TIME AFRAID .

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1 2 SOMETIMES AFRAID .

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NEVER AFRAID DV14 CHECK 709: MARRIED MORE THAN ONCE MARRIED ONLY ONCE DV16 DV15 A.
So far we have been talking about the behavior of your (current/last) (husband/partner).

Now I want to ask you about the behavior of any previous (husband/partner).

B.

How long ago did this last happen?

a) b) Did any previous (husband/partner) ever hit, slap, kick, or do anything else to hurt you physically?

Did any previous (husband/partner) physically force you to have intercourse or perform any other sexual acts against your will?
DV16 CHECK 701 AND 702: EVER YES NO YES NO 1 2 1 2 0 - 11 MONTHS AGO 12+ MONTHS AGO DON'T REMEMBER 1 1 2 2 3 3 EVER MARRIED/EVER LIVED WITH A MAN NEVER MARRIED/NEVER LIVED WITH A MAN a) b) From the time you were 15 years old has anyone other than (your/any) (husband/partner) hit you, slapped you, kicked you, or done anything else to hurt you physically?

From the time you were 15 years old has anyone hit you, slapped you, kicked you, or done anything else to hurt you physically?

YES .

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NO .

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REFUSED TO ANSWER/ NO ANSWER .

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1 2 3 DV19 DV17 Who has hurt you in this way?

Anyone else?

RECORD ALL MENTIONED.

MOTHER/STEP-MOTHER .

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A FATHER/STEP-FATHER .

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B SISTER/BROTHER .

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C DAUGHTER/SON .


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D OTHER RELATIVE .

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E CURRENT BOYFRIEND.

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F FORMER BOYFRIEND .

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G MOTHER-IN-LAW .

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H FATHER-IN-LAW .

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I OTHER IN-LAW .

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J TEACHER .

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K EMPLOYER/SOMEONE AT WORK.

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L POLICE/SOLDIER .

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M FRIEND/ACQUAINTANCE .

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N OTHER X (SPECIFY) • 551Appendix E NO.

DV18 DOMESTIC VIOLENCE MODULE QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP In the last 12 months, how often has (this person/have these persons) physically hurt you: often, only sometimes, or not at all?

OFTEN .

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1 SOMETIMES .

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3 NOT AT ALL DV19 CHECK 201, 226, AND 230: EVER BEEN PREGNANT ('YES' ON 201 OR 226 OR 230) NEVER BEEN PREGNANT DV22 DV20 DV21 Has any one ever hit, slapped, kicked, or done anything else to hurt you physically while you were pregnant?

YES .

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NO 1 2 DV22 Who has done any of these things to physically hurt you while you were pregnant?

Anyone else?

RECORD ALL MENTIONED.

CURRENT HUSBAND/PARTNER .

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A MOTHER/STEP-MOTHER .

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B FATHER/STEP-FATHER.

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C SISTER/BROTHER .

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D DAUGHTER/SON .

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E OTHER RELATIVE .

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F FORMER HUSBAND/PARTNER .

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G CURRENT BOYFRIEND.

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H FORMER BOYFRIEND .

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I MOTHER-IN-LAW .

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J FATHER-IN-LAW .

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K OTHER IN-LAW .

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L TEACHER .

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M EMPLOYER/SOMEONE AT WORK.

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N POLICE/SOLDIER .

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O OTHER (SPECIFY) DV22 CHECK 701 AND 702: EVER MARRIED/EVER LIVED WITH A MAN NEVER MARRIED/NEVER LIVED WITH A MAN DV22A Now I want to ask you about things that may have been done to you by someone other than (your/any) (husband/partner).
At any time in your life, as a child or as an adult, has anyone ever forced you in any way to have sexual intercourse or perform any other sexual acts when you did not want to?

DV22B At any time in your life, as a child or as an adult, has anyone ever forced you in any way to have sexual intercourse or perform any other sexual acts when you did not want to?

YES .

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NO REFUSED TO ANSWER/ NO ANSWER .

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YES .

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NO REFUSED TO ANSWER/ NO ANSWER .

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X 1 2 3 1 2 3 DV22B DV23 DV24A DV26 DV23 Who was the person who was forcing you the very first time this happened?
CURRENT/FORMER BOYFRIEND .

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01 FATHER/STEP-FATHER .

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02 BROTHER/STEP-BROTHER .

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03 OTHER RELATIVE .

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04 IN-LAW .

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05 OWN FRIEND/ACQUAINTANCE .

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06 FAMILY FRIEND .

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08 TEACHER EMPLOYER/SOMEONE AT WORK .


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10 PRIEST/RELIGIOUS LEADER .

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11 STRANGER .

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12 OTHER 96 (SPECIFY) 552 •Appendix E DOMESTIC VIOLENCE MODULE NO.

DV23A QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP After being forced to have sexual intercourse or perform sexual acts, have you ever sought help from a doctor or medical personnel?

YES .

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YES .

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NO 1 2 DV23G DV23B How long after you were forced to have sexual intercourse or perform sexual acts did you seek help?

DV23C Were you offered drugs to prevent you from getting HIV after you were forced to have sexual intercourse or perform sexual acts?
DV23D Were you offered a test for HIV after you were forced to have sexual intercourse or perform sexual acts?

DV23E Were you pregnant when you were forced to have sexual intercourse or perform sexual acts?

DV23F Were you offered a pill to stop you from becoming pregnant?

DV23G After being forced to have sexual intercourse or perform sexual acts, have you ever sought: a) b) Psychological support?

Legal support?
Legal support?

DV24 CHECK 701 AND 702: EVER MARRIED/EVER LIVED WITH A MAN NEVER MARRIED/NEVER LIVED WITH A MAN a) In the last 12 months, has anyone other than (your/any) (husband/partner) physically forced you to have sexual intercourse when you did not want to?

b) In the last 12 months has anyone physically forced you to have sexual intercourse when you did not want to?

DV24A CHECK DV05A (h-j) and DV15A(b) WITHIN 3 DAYS .

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1 2 AFTER 3 DAYS OF MORE .


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YES .

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NO YES .

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NO YES .

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1 LEGAL YES NO 2 2 DV23G YES .

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NO 1 2 DV25 AT LEAST ONE 'YES' NOT A SINGLE 'YES' DV26 DV25 CHECK 701 AND 702: EVER MARRIED/EVER LIVED WITH A MAN NEVER MARRIED/NEVER LIVED WITH A MAN a) b) How old were you the first time you were forced to have sexual intercourse or perform any other sexual acts by anyone, including (your/any) husband/partner?
How old were you the first time you were forced to have sexual intercourse or perform any other sexual acts?

DV26 CHECK DV05A (a-j), DV15A (a,b), DV16, DV20, DV22A, AND DV22B: AGE IN COMPLETED YEARS .

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DON'T KNOW .

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98 AT LEAST ONE 'YES' NOT A SINGLE 'YES' DV30 • 553Appendix E DOMESTIC VIOLENCE MODULE NO.
DV27 QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP Thinking about what you yourself have experienced among the different things we have been talking about, have you ever tried to seek help?

YES .

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NO 1 2 DV29 DV28 From whom have you sought help?

Anyone else?

RECORD ALL MENTIONED.

DV29 Have you ever told any one about this?


DV30 As far as you know, did your father or any other husband or boyfriend your mother had ever hit or beat her?

DV30 OWN FAMILY .

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A HUSBAND'S/PARTNER'S FAMILY .

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B CURRENT/FORMER HUSBAND/PARTNER .

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C CURRENT/FORMER BOYFRIEND .

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D FRIEND .

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E NEIGHBOR .

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F RELIGIOUS LEADER.

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G DOCTOR/MEDICAL PERSONNEL .

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L COMMUNITY LEADERSHIP OTHER X (SPECIFY) YES .

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NO 1 2 1 YES .

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NO 2 .

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DON'T KNOW .

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8 THANK THE RESPONDENT FOR HER COOPERATION AND REASSURE HER ABOUT THE CONFIDENTIALITY OF HER ANSWERS.
FILL OUT THE QUESTIONS BELOW WITH REFERENCE TO THE DOMESTIC VIOLENCE MODULE ONLY.

DV31 DID YOU HAVE TO INTERRUPT THE INTERVIEW BECAUSE SOME ADULT WAS TRYING TO LISTEN, OR CAME INTO THE ROOM, OR INTERFERED IN ANY OTHER WAY?

YES, ONCE HUSBAND .

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1 OTHER MALE ADULT.

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1 FEMALE ADULT .

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1 YES, MORE THAN ONCE 2 2 2 NO 3 3 3 DV32 INTERVIEWER'S COMMENTS/EXPLANATION FOR NOT COMPLETING THE DOMESTIC VIOLENCE MODULE.

1111 RECORD THE TIME.

HOURS.

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MINUTE.

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554 •Appendix E INTERVIEWER'S OBSERVATIONS TO BE FILLED IN AFTER COMPLETING INTERVIEW COMMENTS ABOUT INTERVIEW: COMMENTS ON SPECIFIC QUESTIONS: ANY OTHER COMMENTS: SUPERVISOR'S OBSERVATIONS EDITOR'S OBSERVATIONS • 555Appendix E INSTRUCTIONS: ONLY ONE CODE SHOULD APPEAR IN ANY BOX.

COLUMN 1 REQUIRES A CODE IN EVERY MONTH.
CODES FOR EACH COLUMN: COLUMN 1: BIRTHS, PREGNANCIES, CONTRACEPTIVE USE B BIRTHS P PREGNANCIES T TERMINATIONS 0 NO METHOD 1 FEMALE STERILIZATION 2 MALE STERILIZATION 3 IUD 4 INJECTABLES 5 IMPLANTS 6 PILL 7 CONDOM 8 FEMALE CONDOM 9 EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION J STANDARD DAYS METHOD/MOON BEADS K LACTATIONAL AMENORRHEA METHOD L RHYTHM METHOD M WITHDRAWAL X OTHER MODERN METHOD Y OTHER TRADITIONAL METHOD COLUMN 2: DISCONTINUATION OF CONTRACEPTIVE USE 0 INFREQUENT SEX/HUSBAND AWAY 1 BECAME PREGNANT WHILE USING 2 WANTED TO BECOME PREGNANT 3 HUSBAND/PARTNER DISAPPROVED 4 WANTED MORE EFFECTIVE METHOD 5 SIDE EFFECTS/HEALTH CONCERNS 6 LACK OF ACCESS/TOO FAR 7 COSTS TOO MUCH 8 INCONVENIENT TO USE F UP TO GOD/FATALISTIC A DIFFICULT TO GET PREGNANT/MENOPAUSAL D MARITAL DISSOLUTION/SEPARATION X OTHER Z DON'T KNOW (SPECIFY) COL. 1 COL. 2 2 0 1 6 2 0 1 5 2 0 1 4 2 0 1 3 2 0 1 2 2 0 1 1 DEC 12 NOV 11 OCT 10 SEP 09 08 AUG JUL 07 06 JUN 05 MAY 04 APR 03 MAR FEB 02 JAN 01 DEC 12 NOV 11 OCT 10 SEP 09 08 AUG JUL 07 06 JUN 05 MAY 04 APR 03 MAR FEB 02 JAN 01 DEC 12 NOV 11 OCT 10 SEP 09 AUG 08 JUL 07 JUN 06 05 MAY 04 APR 03 MAR FEB 02 JAN 01 DEC 12 NOV 11 OCT 10 SEP 09 AUG 08 JUL 07 06 JUN 05 MAY 04 APR 03 MAR FEB 02 JAN 01 DEC 12 NOV 11 OCT 10 SEP 09 08 AUG JUL 07 06 JUN 05 MAY 04 APR 03 MAR FEB 02 JAN 01 DEC 12 NOV 11 OCT 10 SEP 09 08 AUG JUL 07 06 JUN 05 MAY 04 APR 03 MAR FEB 02 JAN •Appendix E FORMATTING DATE: ENGLISH LANGUAGE: 16 June 2016 16 June 2016 UGANDA DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEY UGANDA BUREAU OF STATISTICS 2016 UGANDA DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEY MAN'S QUESTIONNAIRE IDENTIFICATION EA NAME NAME OF HOUSEHOLD HEAD CLUSTER NUMBER .
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HOUSEHOLD NUMBER .

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NAME AND LINE NUMBER OF MAN CHECK HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE SL13: MAN SELECTED FOR DV MODULE?

(1=YES, 2=NO) .

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INTERVIEWER VISITS 1 2 3 FINAL VISIT DATE INTERVIEWER'S NAME RESULT* NEXT VISIT: DATE TIME DAY MONTH YEAR INT.

NO.
RESULT* TOTAL NUMBER OF VISITS *RESULT CODES: 1 COMPLETED 2 NOT AT HOME 3 POSTPONED 4 REFUSED 5 PARTLY COMPLETED 6 INCAPACITATED 7 OTHER SPECIFY LANGUAGE OF QUESTIONNAIRE** 0 1 LANGUAGE OF INTERVIEW** NATIVE LANGUAGE OF RESPONDENT** TRANSLATOR USED (YES = 1, NO = 2) LANGUAGE OF QUESTIONNAIRE** ENGLISH **LANGUAGE CODES: 01 ENGLISH 02 LUGANDA 03 LUO 04 LUGBARA 05 ATESO 06 NGAKARIMOJONG 07 RUNYANKOLE/RUKIGA 08 RUNYORO/RUTORO 09 LUSOGA 96 OTHER (SPECIFY) SUPERVISOR CAPI MANAGER NAME NUMBER NAME NUMBER • 557Appendix E INTRODUCTION AND CONSENT Hello.
My name is _______________________________________.

I am working with Uganda Bureau of Statistics.

We are conducting a survey about health and other topics all over Uganda.

The information we collect will help the government to plan health services.

Your household was selected for the survey.

The questions usually take about 20 minutes.

All of the answers you give will be confidential and will not be shared with anyone other than members of our survey team.
You don't have to be in the survey, but we hope you will agree to answer the questions since your views are important.

If I ask you any question you don't want to answer, just let me know and I will go on to the next question or you can stop the interview at any time.

In case you need more information about the survey, you may contact the person listed on the card that has already been given to your household.

Do you have any questions?

May I begin the interview now?


SIGNATURE OF INTERVIEWER DATE RESPONDENT AGREES TO BE INTERVIEWED .

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1 RESPONDENT DOES NOT AGREE TO BE INTERVIEWED .

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2 END NO.

101 102 SECTION 1.

RESPONDENT'S BACKGROUND QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP RECORD THE TIME.

How long have you been living continuously in (NAME OF CURRENT CITY, TOWN OR VILLAGE OF RESIDENCE)?

IF LESS THAN ONE YEAR, RECORD ‘00’ YEARS.

HOURS .

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MINUTES .

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YEARS .

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ALWAYS VISITOR .

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95 .

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96 105 103 Just before you moved here, did you live in a city, in a town, or in a rural area?

CITY TOWN RURAL AREA .

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1 2 3 104 Before you moved here, which district did you live in?

105 In what month and year were you born?

106 How old were you at your last birthday?

COMPARE AND CORRECT 105 AND/OR 106 IF INCONSISTENT.
107 Have you ever attended school?

108 What is the highest level of school you attended: primary, "O" level, "A" level, tertiary or university?

DISTRICT CODE .

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OUTSIDE OF UGANDA .

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996 MONTH .

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DON'T KNOW MONTH .

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98 YEAR .

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9998 AGE IN COMPLETED YEARS .

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YES .

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NO .

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"O" LEVEL .

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"A" LEVEL TERTIARY .

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UNIVERSITY .

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1 2 111 558 •Appendix E NO.

109 SECTION 1.
109 SECTION 1.

RESPONDENT'S BACKGROUND QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP What is the highest [CLASS/YEAR] you completed at that level?

IF COMPLETED LESS THAN ONE YEAR AT THAT LEVEL, RECORD '00'.

[CLASS/YEAR] .

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110 CHECK 108: PRIMARY OR "O" OR "A" LEVEL HIGHER 111 Now I would like you to read this sentence to me.

SHOW CARD TO RESPONDENT.

IF RESPONDENT CANNOT READ WHOLE SENTENCE, PROBE: Can you read any part of the sentence to me?
112 CHECK 111: CANNOT READ AT ALL ABLE TO READ ONLY PART OF .

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2 ABLE TO READ WHOLE SENTENCE .

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3 NO CARD WITH REQUIRED LANGUAGE BLIND/VISUALLY IMPAIRED .

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(SPECIFY LANGUAGE) CODE '2', '3' OR '4' CIRCLED CODE '1' OR '5' CIRCLED 113 114 115 Do you read a newspaper or magazine at least once a week, less than once a week or not at all?

Do you listen to the radio at least once a week, less than once a week or not at all?

Do you watch television at least once a week, less than once a week or not at all?

116 Do you own a mobile telephone?

AT LEAST ONCE A WEEK .

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NOT AT ALL .

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AT LEAST ONCE A WEEK .

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AT LEAST ONCE A WEEK .

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LESS THAN ONCE A WEEK .

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NOT AT ALL .

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YES .

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NO 117 118 Do you use your mobile phone for any financial transactions?

YES .

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NO Do you have an account in a bank or other financial institution that you yourself use?

YES .

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NO 119 Have you ever used the internet?

YES .

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NO 120 In the last 12 months, have you used the internet?
IF NECESSARY, PROBE FOR USE FROM ANY LOCATION, WITH ANY DEVICE.

YES .

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NO 121 During the last one month, how often did you use the internet: almost every day, at least once a week, less than once a week, or not at all?

ALMOST EVERY DAY .

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AT LEAST ONCE A WEEK .

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LESS THAN ONCE A WEEK .

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NOT AT ALL • 559Appendix E SECTION 1.

RESPONDENT'S BACKGROUND QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP NO.

122 What is your religion?

NO RELIGION .

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10 ANGLICAN .

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11 CATHOLIC .

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12 MUSLIM .

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13 SEVENTH DAY ADVENTIST .

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14 ORTHODOX .


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15 PENTECOSTAL/BORN AGAIN/EVANGELICAL 16 .

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17 BAHA’I BAPTIST .

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18 JEWISH .

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19 PRESBYTERIAN .

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20 .

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21 MAMMON .

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22 HINDU BUDDHIST .

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23 JEHOVAH’S WITNESS .

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24 SALVATION ARMY .

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25 .

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26 TRADITIONAL OTHER (SPECIFY) TRIBE CODE .

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OTHER (SPECIFY) 96 996 123 What is your tribe?

124 In the last 12 months, how many times have you been away from home for one or more nights?

NUMBER OF TIMES .

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125 In the last 12 months, have you been away from home for more than one month at a time?

YES .

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NO 1 2 NONE .

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00 201 560 •Appendix E 206 204 NO.


201 QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP SECTION 2.

REPRODUCTION Now I would like to ask about any children you have had during your life.

I am interested in all of the children that are biologically yours, even if they are not legally yours or do not have your last name.

Have you ever fathered any children with any woman?

YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW .

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202 Do you have any sons or daughters that you have fathered who are now living with you?

YES .

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2 NO 203 a) How many sons live with you?

b) And how many daughters live with you?

IF NONE, RECORD '00'.

a) SONS AT HOME .

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b) DAUGHTERS AT HOME .

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204 Do you have any sons or daughters that you have fathered who are alive but do not live with you?

YES .

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1 .

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2 NO 206 205 a) How many sons are alive but do not live with you?

b) And how many daughters are alive but do not live with you?

IF NONE, RECORD '00'.

206 Have you ever fathered a son or a daughter who was born alive but later died?
IF NO, PROBE: Any baby who cried, who made any movement, sound, or effort to breathe, or who showed any other signs of life even if for a very short time?

a) SONS ELSEWHERE .

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b) DAUGHTERS ELSEWHERE .

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YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW .

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208 207 a) How many boys have died?

b) And how many girls have died?

IF NONE, RECORD '00'.

a) BOYS DEAD .

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b) GIRLS DEAD .

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208 SUM ANSWERS TO 203, 205, AND 207, AND ENTER TOTAL.

IF NONE, RECORD '00'.

TOTAL CHILDREN .

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209 CHECK 208: HAS HAD MORE THAN ONE CHILD HAS NOT HAD ANY CHILDREN HAS HAD ONLY ONE CHILD 210 Did all of the children you have fathered have the same biological mother?

YES .

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2 NO 211 CHECK 208: HAS HAD MORE THAN ONE CHILD HAS HAD ONLY ONE CHILD a) How old were you when your first child was born?

b) How old were you when your child was born?

212 CHECK 203 AND 205: AGE IN YEARS .

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AT LEAST ONE LIVING CHILD NO LIVING CHILDREN 211 301 301 • 561Appendix E NO.

213 QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP SECTION 2.
REPRODUCTION CHECK 203 AND 205: MORE THAN ONE LIVING CHILD ONLY ONE LIVING CHILD a) How old is your youngest child?

b) How old is your child?

AGE IN YEARS .

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214 CHECK 213: (YOUNGEST) CHILD IS AGE 0-2 YEARS (YOUNGEST) CHILD IS AGE 3 YEARS OR OLDER 301 215 CHECK 203 AND 205: MORE THAN ONE LIVING CHILD ONLY ONE LIVING CHILD a) What is the name of your youngest child?

b) What is the name of your child?


(NAME OF (YOUNGEST) CHILD) 216 217 When (NAME)'s mother was pregnant with (NAME), did she have any antenatal check-ups?

YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW .

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218 Were you ever present during any of those antenatal check-ups?

PRESENT .

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NOT PRESENT .

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1 2 218 Was (NAME) born in a hospital or health facility?
219 When a child has diarrhea, how much should he or she be given to drink: more than usual, about the same as usual, less than usual, or nothing to drink at all?

HOSPITAL/HEALTH FACILITY .

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1 OTHER .

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2 MORE THAN USUAL ABOUT THE SAME LESS THAN USUAL NOTHING TO DRINK DON'T KNOW .

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4 8 562 •Appendix E 301 Now I would like to talk about family planning - the various ways or methods that a couple can use to delay or avoid a pregnancy.

Have you ever heard of (METHOD)?

SECTION 3.


CONTRACEPTION 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 Female Sterilization.

PROBE: Women can have an operation to avoid having any more children.

YES .

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NO Male Sterilization.

PROBE: Men can have an operation to avoid having any more children.

YES .

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NO IUD.

PROBE: Women can have a loop or coil placed inside them by a doctor or a nurse which can prevent pregnancy for one or more years.

YES .

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NO Injectables.

PROBE: Women can have an injection by a health provider that stops them from becoming pregnant for one or more months.

YES .

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NO Implants.


PROBE: Women can have one or more small rods placed in their upper arm by a doctor or nurse which can prevent pregnancy for one or more years.

YES .

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NO Pill.

PROBE: Women can take a pill every day to avoid becoming pregnant.

YES .

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NO Condom.

PROBE: Men can put a rubber sheath on their penis before sexual intercourse.

YES .

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NO Female Condom.


PROBE: Women can place a sheath in their vagina before sexual intercourse.

YES .

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NO Emergency Contraception.

PROBE: As an emergency measure, within three days after they have unprotected sexual intercourse, women can take special pills to prevent pregnancy.
YES .

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NO 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 Standard Days Method/Moon Beads.

PROBE: A woman uses a string of colored beads to know the days she can get pregnant.

On the days she can get pregnant, she uses a condom or does not have sexual intercourse.

Lactational Amenorrhea Method (LAM).


PROBE: Up to six months after childbirth, before the menstrual period has returned, women use a method requiring frequent breastfeeding day and night.

YES .

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NO 1 2 YES .

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NO Rhythm Method.

PROBE: To avoid pregnancy, women do not have sexual intercourse on the days of the month they think they can get pregnant.

YES .

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NO Withdrawal.


PROBE: Men can be careful and pull out before climax.

YES .

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NO Have you heard of any other ways or methods that women or men can use to avoid pregnancy?

YES, MODERN METHOD (SPECIFY) YES, TRADITIONAL METHOD 1 2 1 2 1 2 A B NO .

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Y (SPECIFY) • 563Appendix E NO.

302 303 304 305 306 307 QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP In the last few months have you: YES NO SECTION 3.

CONTRACEPTION a) Heard about family planning on the radio?

a) RADIO .

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1 b) c) d) Seen anything about family planning on the television?

Read about family planning in a newspaper or magazine?
Received a voice or text message about family planning on a mobile phone?

b) TELEVISION .

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1 c) NEWSPAPER OR MAGAZINE .

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1 d) MOBILE PHONE .

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1 2 2 2 2 In the last few months, have you discussed family planning with a health worker or health professional?

YES .

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2 NO Now I would like to ask you about a woman's risk of pregnancy.

From one menstrual period to the next, are there certain days when a woman is more likely to become pregnant when she has sexual relations?

YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW .

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306 Is this time just before her period begins, during her period, right after her period has ended, or halfway between two periods?

After the birth of a child, can a woman become pregnant before her menstrual period has returned?

I will now read you some statements about contraception.
Please tell me if you agree or disagree with each one.

JUST BEFORE HER PERIOD BEGINS.

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1 DURING HER PERIOD .

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2 RIGHT AFTER HER PERIOD HAS ENDE .

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3 HALFWAY BETWEEN TWO PERIODS.

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4 OTHER DON'T KNOW .

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(SPECIFY) 6 8 YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW .

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DIS- AGREE AGREE DK a) b) Contraception is a woman’s concern and a man should not have to worry about it.

Women who use contraception may become promiscuous.
a) CONTRACEPTION WOMAN'S CONCERN 1 b) WOMEN MAY BECOME PROMISCUOUS 1 2 2 8 8 564 •Appendix E NO.

401 402 403 404 405 406 SECTION 4.

MARRIAGE AND SEXUAL ACTIVITY QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES Are you currently married or living together with a woman as if married?

401A What kind of marriage are you in?

Have you ever been married or lived together with a woman as if married?

What is your marital status now: are you widowed, divorced, or separated?

YES, CURRENTLY MARRIED .

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YES, LIVING WITH A WOMAN NO, NOT IN UNION .

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1 2 3 CIVIL MARRIAGE .

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A CUSTOMARY MARRIAGE .

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B .

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C RELIGIOUS MARRIAGE YES, FORMERLY MARRIED .

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YES, LIVED WITH A WOMAN .

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NO 1 2 .

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3 WIDOWED .

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DIVORCED .

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SEPARATED 1 2 3 SKIP 404 402 404 413 410 Is your (wife/partner) living with you now or is she staying elsewhere?

LIVING WITH HIM .

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STAYING ELSEWHERE 1 .

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2 Do you have other wives or do you live with other women as if married?

YES (MORE THAN ONE WIFE) 1 NO (ONLY ONE WIFE) .

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2 .

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407 Altogether, how many wives or live-in partners do you have?

TOTAL NUMBER OF WIVES AND LIVE-IN PARTNERS .

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408 How old was (NAME) on her last birthday?

NAME LINE NUMBER AGE 407 CHECK 405: ONE WIFE/ PARTNER MORE THAN ONE WIFE/ PARTNER a) Please tell me the name of (your wife/the woman you are living with as if married).
b) Please tell me the name of each of your wives or each woman you are living with as if married.

RECORD THE NAME AND THE LINE NUMBER FROM THE HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE FOR EACH WIFE AND LIVE-IN PARTNER.

IF A WOMAN IS NOT LISTED IN THE HOUSEHOLD, RECORD '00'.

408 ASK 408 FOR EACH PERSON.

409 CHECK 407: ONE WIFE/ PARTNER MORE THAN ONE WIFE/ PARTNER 411 410 Have you been married or lived with a woman only once or more than once?

MORE THAN ONCE .

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ONLY ONCE .

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1 2 • 565Appendix E NO.

411 SECTION 4.

MARRIAGE AND SEXUAL ACTIVITY QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP CHECK 405 AND 410: BOTH ARE CODE '2' a) In what month and year did you start living with your (wife/partner)?

b) OTHER MONTH .

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Now I would like to ask about your first (wife/partner).

In what month and year did you start living with her?

DON'T KNOW MONTH .

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98 YEAR .

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413 DON'T KNOW YEAR .

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9998 412 How old were you when you first started living with her?

AGE .

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413 414 CHECK FOR PRESENCE OF OTHERS.

BEFORE CONTINUING, MAKE EVERY EFFORT TO ENSURE PRIVACY.

I would like to ask some questions about sexual activity in order to gain a better understanding of some important life issues.

Let me assure you again that your answers are completely confidential and will not be told to anyone.

If we should come to any question that you don't want to answer, just let me know and we will go to the next question.
How old were you when you had sexual intercourse for the very first time?

NEVER HAD SEXUAL INTERCOURSE .

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00 501 AGE IN YEARS .

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415 I would like to ask you about your recent sexual activity.

When was the last time you had sexual intercourse?

IF LESS THAN 12 MONTHS, ANSWER MUST BE RECORDED IN DAYS, WEEKS OR MONTHS.

IF 12 MONTHS (ONE YEAR) OR MORE, ANSWER MUST BE RECORDED IN YEARS.
DAYS AGO .

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WEEKS AGO .

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MONTHS AGO .

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YEARS AGO .

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1 2 3 4 417 427 566 •Appendix E SECTION 4.

MARRIAGE AND SEXUAL ACTIVITY LAST SEXUAL PARTNER SECOND-TO-LAST SEXUAL PARTNER THIRD-TO-LAST SEXUAL PARTNER When was the last time you had sexual intercourse with this person?

DAYS AGO .

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1 WEEKS AGO .

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2 MONTHS AGO .

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3 DAYS AGO .

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1 WEEKS AGO .

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2 MONTHS AGO .

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3 The last time you had sexual intercourse with this person, was a condom used?

YES .

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2 NO YES .

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2 NO YES .

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2 NO (SKIP TO 419) (SKIP TO 419) (SKIP TO 419) YES .

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2 NO YES .

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2 NO YES .

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2 NO WIFE .

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1 LIVE-IN PARTNER .

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2 GIRLFRIEND NOT LIVING WITH RESPONDENT .

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3 WIFE .

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1 LIVE-IN PARTNER .

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2 GIRLFRIEND NOT LIVING WITH RESPONDENT .

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3 CASUAL CASUAL CASUAL ACQUAINTANCE .

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4 CLIENT/SEX WORKER .

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5 6 OTHER ACQUAINTANCE .

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4 CLIENT/SEX WORKER .

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5 6 OTHER ACQUAINTANCE .

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4 CLIENT/SEX WORKER .

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5 6 OTHER (SPECIFY) (SPECIFY) (SPECIFY) DAYS AGO .

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1 WEEKS AGO .

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2 MONTHS AGO .

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3 YEARS AGO .

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4 DAYS AGO .

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1 WEEKS AGO .

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2 MONTHS AGO .

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3 YEARS AGO .

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4 DAYS AGO .

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1 WEEKS AGO .

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2 MONTHS AGO .

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3 YEARS AGO .

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4 NUMBER OF TIMES .

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NUMBER OF TIMES .

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NUMBER OF TIMES .

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416 417 418 419 Was a condom used every time you had sexual intercourse with this person in the last 12 months?

What was your relationship to this person with whom you had sexual intercourse?
IF GIRLFRIEND: Were you living together as if married?

IF YES, RECORD '2'.

IF NO, RECORD '3'.

420 How long ago did you first have sexual intercourse with this person?

421 How many times during the last 12 months did you have sexual intercourse with this person?

IF NON-NUMERIC ANSWER, PROBE TO GET AN ESTIMATE.

IF NUMBER OF TIMES IS 95 OR MORE, RECORD '95'.

422 How old is this person?

AGE OF PARTNER AGE OF PARTNER AGE OF PARTNER DON'T KNOW .

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98 DON'T KNOW .

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98 DON'T KNOW .

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98 423 424 Apart from this person, have you had sexual intercourse with any other person in the last 12 months?

YES .

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1 (GO BACK TO 416 IN NEXT COLUMN) YES .

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1 (GO BACK TO 416 IN NEXT COLUMN) NO .

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2 NO .

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2 (SKIP TO 425) (SKIP TO 425) In total, with how many different people have you had sexual intercourse in the last 12 months?

IF NON-NUMERIC ANSWER, PROBE TO GET AN ESTIMATE.

IF NUMBER OF PARTNERS IS 95 OR MORE, RECORD '95'.

NUMBER OF PARTNERS LAST 12 MONTHS .

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DON'T KNOW .

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98 • 567Appendix E 427 430 431 429 431 431 NO.

425 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 SECTION 4.


MARRIAGE AND SEXUAL ACTIVITY QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP CHECK 419 (ALL COLUMNS): AT LEAST ONE PARTNER IS A SEX WORKER NO PARTNERS ARE SEX WORKERS 426 CHECK 419 AND 417 (ALL COLUMNS): CONDOM USED WITH EVERY SEX WORKER OTHER In the last 12 months, did you pay anyone in exchange for having sexual intercourse?

YES .

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2 NO Have you ever paid anyone in exchange for having sexual intercourse?

YES .

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2 NO The last time you paid someone in exchange for having sexual intercourse, was a condom used?

YES .

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2 NO Was a condom used during sexual intercourse every time you paid someone in exchange for having sexual intercourse in the last 12 months?

YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW .

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In the past 12 months have you given any gifts or other goods in order to have sex or to become sexually involved with anyone?

YES .

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2 NO 433 Have you ever given any gifts or other goods in order to have sex or to become sexually involved with anyone?

YES .

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1 .

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2 NO In total, with how many different people have you had sexual intercourse in your lifetime?
IF NON-NUMERIC ANSWER, PROBE TO GET AN ESTIMATE.

IF NUMBER OF PARTNERS IS 95 OR MORE, RECORD '95'.

NUMBER OF PARTNERS IN LIFETIME .

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DON'T KNOW .

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98 434 CHECK 417: MOST RECENT PARTNER (FIRST COLUMN) CONDOM USED NOT ASKED NO CONDOM USED 438 438 435 You told me that a condom was used the last time you had sex.

What is the brand name of the condom used at that time?
IF BRAND NOT KNOWN, ASK TO SEE THE PACKAGE.

PROTECTOR .

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01 CONDOM O .

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02 ENGABU .

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03 TRUST .

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04 LIFE GUARD .

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05 GOVT BRAND .

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06 NO BRAND .

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07 OTHER 96 (SPECIFY) DON'T KNOW .

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98 568 •Appendix E NO.

436 437 438 SECTION 4.


MARRIAGE AND SEXUAL ACTIVITY QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP From where did you obtain the condom the last time?

PUBLIC SECTOR PROBE TO IDENTIFY TYPE OF SOURCE.

IF UNABLE TO DETERMINE IF PUBLIC OR PRIVATE SECTOR, WRITE THE NAME OF THE PLACE.

GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL .

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11 GOVERNMENT HEALTH CENTER.

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12 FAMILY PLANNING CLINIC .

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13 MOBILE CLINIC .

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14 COMMUNITY HEALTH WORKER/VHT.

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15 OTHER PUBLIC SECTOR (SPECIFY) 16 (NAME OF PLACE) PRIVATE MEDICAL SECTOR PRIVATE HOSPITAL/CLINIC .

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21 PHARMACY/DRUG SHOP .

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22 PRIVATE DOCTOR .

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23 MOBILE CLINIC .

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24 COMMUNITY HEALTH WORKER .

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25 OTHER PRIVATE MEDICAL SECTOR (SPECIFY) 26 OTHER SOURCE .

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31 SHOP CHURCH .

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32 FRIEND/RELATIVE .

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33 OTHER 96 (SPECIFY) DON'T KNOW .

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98 The last time you had sex did you or your partner use any method other than a condom to avoid or prevent a pregnancy?

YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW .

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The last time you had sex did you or your partner use any method to avoid or prevent a pregnancy?

YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW .

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439 What method did you or your partner use?

PROBE: Did you or your partner use any other method to prevent pregnancy?

RECORD ALL MENTIONED.

FEMALE STERILIZATION .

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A MALE STERILIZATION .

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B IUD .

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C INJECTABLES .

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D IMPLANTS .

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E PILL .

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F CONDOM .

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G FEMALE CONDOM .

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H EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION .

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I STANDARD DAYS METHOD/MOON BEADS .

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J LACTATIONAL AMENORRHEA METHOD.

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K L RHYTHM METHOD .

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WITHDRAWAL .

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M OTHER MODERN METHOD .

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X OTHER TRADITIONAL METHOD .

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Y 440 Do you know of a place where you can obtain a method of family planning?

YES .

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2 NO 439 440 440 501 • 569Appendix E SECTION 5.


FERTILITY PREFERENCES QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES NO.

501 CHECK 401: CURRENTLY MARRIED OR LIVING WITH A PARTNER NOT CURRENTLY MARRIED AND NOT LIVING WITH A PARTNER 502 CHECK 439: 503 CHECK 407: MAN NOT STERILIZED NOT ASKED MAN STERILIZED ONE WIFE/ PARTNER MORE THAN ONE WIFE/ PARTNER 504 Is your (wife/partner) currently pregnant?

505 506 Now I have some questions about the future.
After the child you and your (wife/partner) are expecting now, would you like to have another child, or would you prefer not to have any more children?

After the birth of the child you are expecting now, how long would you like to wait before the birth of another child?

YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW .

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HAVE ANOTHER CHILD .

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1 2 NO MORE .

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8 UNDECIDED/DON'T KNOW .

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MONTHS .

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1 YEARS .

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2 SOON/NOW .

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993 OTHER 996 (SPECIFY) DON'T KNOW .

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998 SKIP 514 514 509 507 514 514 507 CHECK 208: HAS FATHERED CHILDREN HAS NOT FATHERED CHILDREN a) Now I have some questions about the future.
Would you like to have another child, or would you prefer not to have any more children?

b) Now I have some questions about the future.

Would you like to have a child, or would you prefer not to have any children?

HAVE (A/ANOTHER) CHILD .

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NO MORE/NONE 2 SAYS COUPLE CAN’T GET PREGNANT .

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3 4 WIFE/PARTNER STERILIZED .

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8 UNDECIDED/DON'T KNOW .

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514 508 CHECK 208: HAS FATHERED CHILDREN HAS NOT FATHERED CHILDREN MONTHS .

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1 YEARS .

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b) How long would you like to wait from now before the birth of a child?
509 Are any of your (wives/partners) currently pregnant?

SOON/NOW .

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993 SAYS COUPLE CAN’T GET PREGNANT .

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994 OTHER 996 (SPECIFY) DON'T KNOW .

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998 YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW .

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514 512 570 •Appendix E NO.

510 SECTION 5.

FERTILITY PREFERENCES QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES Now I have some questions about the future.
After the (child/children) you and your (wives/partners) are expecting now, would you like to have another child, or would you prefer not to have any more children?

HAVE ANOTHER CHILD .

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1 2 .

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NO MORE 8 UNDECIDED/DON'T KNOW .

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SKIP 514 511 After the birth of the child you are expecting now, how long would you like to wait before the birth of another child?

512 CHECK 208: HAS FATHERED CHILDREN HAS NOT FATHERED CHILDREN a) Now I have some questions about the future.

Would you like to have another child, or would you prefer not to have any more children?

b) Now I have some questions about the future.

Would you like to have a child, or would you prefer not to have any children?
MONTHS .

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2 SOON/NOW .

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998 HAVE (A/ANOTHER) CHILD .

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2 NO MORE/NONE SAYS COUPLE CAN’T GET PREGNANT .

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3 (WIFE/WIVES/PARTNER(S)) STERILIZED .

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4 8 UNDECIDED/DON'T KNOW .

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514 513 CHECK 208: HAS FATHERED CHILDREN HAS NOT FATHERED CHILDREN MONTHS .

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2 a) How long would you like to wait from now before the birth of another child?

b) How long would you like to wait from now before the birth of a child?

SOON/NOW .

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993 SAYS COUPLE CAN’T GET PREGNANT .

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994 OTHER 996 (SPECIFY) DON'T KNOW .

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998 514 CHECK 203 AND 205: HAS LIVING CHILDREN NO LIVING CHILDREN a) If you could go back to the time you did not have any children and could choose exactly the number of children to have in your whole life, how many would that be?

b) If you could choose exactly the number of children to have in your whole life, how many would that be?

NONE .

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00 601 NUMBER .

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DON'T KNOW/FATALISTIC .

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95 601 OTHER 96 601 PROBE FOR A NUMERIC RESPONSE.

(SPECIFY) 515 How many of these children would you like to be boys, how many would you like to be girls and for how many would it not matter if it’s a boy or a girl?

BOYS GIRLS EITHER NUMBER .

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OTHER (SPECIFY) 96 • 571Appendix E NO.


601 602 SECTION 6.

EMPLOYMENT AND GENDER ROLES QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES Have you done any work in the last seven days?

YES .

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2 NO SKIP 604 Although you did not work in the last seven days, do you have any job or business from which you were absent for leave, illness, vacation, or any other such reason?

YES .

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2 NO 604 603 Have you done any work in the last 12 months?
YES .

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2 NO 607 604 What is your occupation?

That is, what kind of work do you mainly do?

605 606 Do you usually work throughout the year, or do you work seasonally, or only once in a while?

Are you paid in cash or kind for this work or are you not paid at all?

THROUGHOUT THE YEAR .

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CASH ONLY CASH AND KIND .

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IN KIND ONLY .

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NOT PAID 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 607 CHECK 401: CURRENTLY MARRIED OR LIVING WITH A PARTNER NOT CURRENTLY MARRIED AND NOT LIVING WITH A PARTNER 608 CHECK 606: CODE '1' OR '2' CIRCLED OTHER 612 610 Who usually decides how the money you earn will be used: you, your (wife/partner), or you and your (wife/partner) jointly?

1 RESPONDENT .

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WIFE/PARTNER .

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2 RESPONDENT AND WIFE/PARTNER JOINTLY .

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3 609 610 Who usually makes decisions about health care for yourself: you, your (wife/partner), you and your (wife/partner) jointly, or someone else?

611 Who usually makes decisions about making major household purchases?

OTHER 6 (SPECIFY) 1 RESPONDENT .

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WIFE/PARTNER .

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2 RESPONDENT AND WIFE/PARTNER JOINTLY .

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3 4 SOMEONE ELSE OTHER .

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6 .

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1 RESPONDENT .

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WIFE/PARTNER .


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2 RESPONDENT AND WIFE/PARTNER JOINTLY .

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3 4 SOMEONE ELSE OTHER .

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6 .

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572 •Appendix E SECTION 6.

EMPLOYMENT AND GENDER ROLES QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP NO.
612 Do you own this or any other house either alone or jointly with someone else?

613 Do you have a title deed for any house you own?

614 Is your name on the title deed?

615 Do you own any agricultural or non-agricultural land either alone or jointly with someone else?

616 Do you have a title deed for any land you own?

617 Is your name on the title deed?


618 In your opinion, is a husband justified in hitting or beating his wife in the following situations: a) b) c) d) e) If she goes out without telling him?

If she neglects the children?

If she argues with him?

If she refuses to have sex with him?

If she burns the food?

615 615 618 618 ALONE ONLY .

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JOINTLY ONLY .

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BOTH ALONE AND JOINTLY .

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DOES NOT OWN 1 2 3 4 YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW .

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YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW .

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ALONE ONLY .

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JOINTLY ONLY .

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BOTH ALONE AND JOINTLY .

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DOES NOT OWN 1 2 3 4 YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW .

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YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW .

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YES NO DK a) GOES OUT .

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1 b) NEGLECTS CHILDREN .

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1 c) ARGUES .

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1 d) REFUSES SEX .

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1 e) BURNS FOOD .

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1 2 2 2 2 2 8 8 8 8 8 • 573Appendix E NO.

701 702 QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES Now I would like to talk about something else.

Have you ever heard of HIV or AIDS?

YES .

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1 .

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2 NO SKIP 727 SECTION 7.

HIV/AIDS HIV is the virus that can lead to AIDS.

Can people reduce their chance of getting HIV by having just one uninfected sex partner who has no other sex partners?

YES .

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1 .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW .

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703 Can people get HIV from mosquito bites?

704 Can people reduce their chance of getting HIV by using a condom every time they have sex?

705 706 Can people get HIV by sharing food with a person who has HIV?

Can people get HIV because of witchcraft or other supernatural means?
707 Is it possible for a healthy-looking person to have HIV?

708 Can HIV be transmitted from a mother to her baby: a) b) c) During pregnancy?

During delivery?

By breastfeeding?

709 CHECK 708: YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW .

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YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW .

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YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW .

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YES NO DK a) DURING PREGNANCY .

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1 c) BREASTFEEDING .

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1 2 2 2 8 8 8 AT LEAST ONE 'YES' OTHER 711 Are there any special drugs that a doctor or a nurse can give to a woman infected with HIV to reduce the risk of transmission to the baby?

YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW .

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CHECK FOR PRESENCE OF OTHERS.

BEFORE CONTINUING, MAKE EVERY EFFORT TO ENSURE PRIVACY.

I don't want to know the results, but have you ever been tested for HIV?

YES .

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2 NO 716 710 711 712 713 How many months ago was your most recent HIV test?

MONTHS AGO .

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TWO OR MORE YEARS .

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95 574 •Appendix E NO.

714 QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP I don't want to know the results, but did you get the results of the test?

YES .

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1 .

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2 NO SECTION 7.

HIV/AIDS 715 Where was the test done?

PUBLIC SECTOR PROBE TO IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF SOURCE.

IF UNABLE TO DETERMINE IF PUBLIC OR PRIVATE SECTOR, WRITE THE NAME OF THE PLACE.

(NAME OF PLACE) GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL .

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11 GOVERNMENT HEALTH CENTER .

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13 FAMILY PLANNING CLINIC MOBILE VCT SERVICES .

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14 COMMUNITY HEALTH WORKER/VHT.

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15 OTHER PUBLIC SECTOR 16 (SPECIFY) PRIVATE MEDICAL SECTOR PRIVATE HOSPITAL/CLINIC/ PRIVATE DOCTOR .

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21 PHARMACY/DRUG SHOP .

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22 MOBILE VCT SERVICES .

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23 COMMUNITY HEALTH WORKER .

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24 OTHER PRIVATE MEDICAL SECTOR 718 (SPECIFY) 26 OTHER SOURCE HOME WORKPLACE CORRECTIONAL FACILITY .

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31 .

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32 .

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33 OTHER 96 (SPECIFY) 716 Do you know of a place where people can go to get an HIV test?

YES .

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YES .

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1 .

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2 NO 718 717 Where is that?

PUBLIC SECTOR Any other place?

PROBE TO IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF SOURCE.

IF UNABLE TO DETERMINE IF PUBLIC OR PRIVATE SECTOR, WRITE THE NAME OF THE PLACE.

(NAME OF PLACE) GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL .

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A .

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B GOVERNMENT HEALTH CENTER FAMILY PLANNING CLINIC .

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C MOBILE VCT SERVICES .

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D COMMUNITY HEALTH WORKER/VHT.

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E OTHER PUBLIC SECTOR F (SPECIFY) PRIVATE MEDICAL SECTOR PRIVATE HOSPITAL/CLINIC/ PRIVATE DOCTOR .

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OTHER PRIVATE MEDICAL SECTOR OTHER (SPECIFY) (SPECIFY) K X 718 719 Have you heard of test kits people can use to test themselves for HIV?

YES .

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2 NO 720 Have you ever tested yourself for HIV using a self-test kit?

YES .

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2 NO • 575Appendix E NO.

720 721 722 723 724 725 QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP SECTION 7.
HIV/AIDS Would you buy fresh vegetables from a shopkeeper or vendor if you knew that this person had HIV?

Do you think children living with HIV should be allowed to attend school with children who do not have HIV?

YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW/NOT SURE/DEPENDS .

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YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW/NOT SURE/DEPENDS .

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Do you think people hesitate to take an HIV test because they are afraid of how other people will react if the test result is positive for HIV?

YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW/NOT SURE/DEPENDS .

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Do people talk badly about people living with HIV, or who are thought to be living with HIV?

Do people living with HIV, or thought to be living with HIV, lose the respect of other people?
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: I would be ashamed if someone in my family had HIV.

726 Do you fear that you could get HIV if you come into contact with the saliva of a person living with HIV?

727 CHECK 701: HEARD ABOUT HIV OR AIDS NOT HEARD ABOUT HIV OR AIDS a) Apart from HIV, have you heard about other infections that can be transmitted through sexual contact?

b) Have you heard about infections that can be transmitted through sexual contact?

728 CHECK 414: YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW/NOT SURE/DEPENDS .

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YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW/NOT SURE/DEPENDS .

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AGREE .

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1 2 DISAGREE .

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8 DON'T KNOW/NOT SURE/DEPENDS .

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YES .

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2 NO .

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3 SAYS HE HAS HIV 8 DON'T KNOW/NOT SURE/DEPENDS .

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YES .

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2 NO HAS HAD SEXUAL INTERCOURSE NEVER HAD SEXUAL INTERCOURSE 729 CHECK 727: HEARD ABOUT OTHER SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS?

YES NO 736 731 730 731 732 Now I would like to ask you some questions about your health in the last 12 months.

During the last 12 months, have you had a disease which you got through sexual contact?

YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW .

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Sometimes men experience an abnormal discharge from their penis.

During the last 12 months, have you had an abnormal discharge from your penis?

YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW .

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Sometimes men have a sore or ulcer near their penis.

During the last 12 months, have you had a sore or ulcer on or near your penis?

YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW .

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576 •Appendix E QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP SECTION 7.

HIV/AIDS NO.
HIV/AIDS NO.

733 CHECK 730, 731 AND 732: HAS HAD AN INFECTION (ANY 'YES') HAS NOT HAD AN INFECTION OR DOES NOT KNOW 736 736 734 The last time you had (PROBLEM FROM 730/731/732), did you seek any kind of advice or treatment?

YES .

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2 NO 735 Where did you go?

PUBLIC SECTOR Any other place?


PROBE TO IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF SOURCE.

IF UNABLE TO DETERMINE IF PUBLIC OR PRIVATE SECTOR, WRITE THE NAME OF THE PLACE.

(NAME OF PLACE) GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL .

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A .

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B GOVERNMENT HEALTH CENTER FAMILY PLANNING CLINIC .

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C MOBILE VCT SERVICES .

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D COMMUNITY HEALTH WORKER/VHT.

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E OTHER PUBLIC SECTOR F (SPECIFY) PRIVATE MEDICAL SECTOR PRIVATE HOSPITAL/CLINIC/ PRIVATE DOCTOR .

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G PHARMACY/DRUG SHOP .

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H I MOBILE VCT SERVICES .

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COMMUNITY HEALTH WORKER .

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J OTHER PRIVATE MEDICAL SECTOR (SPECIFY) K OTHER SOURCE SHOP .

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L OTHER X (SPECIFY) 736 737 If a wife knows her husband has a disease that she can get during sexual intercourse, is she justified in asking that they use a condom when they have sex?

YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW .

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Is a wife justified in refusing to have sex with her husband when she knows he has sex with women other than his wives?

YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW .

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• 577Appendix E NO.

801 QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SECTION 8.

OTHER HEALTH ISSUES Some men are circumcised, that is, the foreskin is completely removed from the penis.

Are you circumcised?

YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW .

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SKIP 805 802 How old were you when you got circumcised?

803 Who did the circumcision?

804 Where was it done?

AGE IN COMPLETED YEARS .

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95 DURING CHILDHOOD (<5 YEARS) DON'T KNOW .

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98 RELIGIOUS PERSON/TRADITIONAL PRACTITIONER/FAMILY/FRIEND .

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OTHER .

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3 8 DON'T KNOW .

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HEALTH FACILITY .

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1 HOME OF A HEALTH WORKER/PROFESSIONA.

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2 3 CIRCUMCISION DONE AT HOME .

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RITUAL SITE 4 .

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OTHER HOME/PLACE .

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5 8 DON'T KNOW .

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805 Now I would like to ask you some other questions relating to health matters.

Have you had an injection for any reason in the last 12 months?

IF YES: How many injections have you had?


IF NUMBER OF INJECTIONS IS 90 OR MORE, OR DAILY FOR 3 MONTHS OR MORE, RECORD '90'.

IF NON-NUMERIC ANSWER, PROBE TO GET AN ESTIMATE.

NUMBER OF INJECTIONS .

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NONE .

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00 808 806 Among these injections, how many were administered by a doctor, a nurse, a pharmacist, a dentist, or any other health worker?

NUMBER OF INJECTIONS .

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IF NUMBER OF INJECTIONS IS 90 OR MORE, OR DAILY FOR 3 MONTHS OR MORE, RECORD '90'.

IF NON-NUMERIC ANSWER, PROBE TO GET AN ESTIMATE.

NONE .

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00 808 807 808 The last time you got an injection from a health worker, did he/she take the syringe and needle from a new, unopened package?

YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW .

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Do you currently smoke tobacco every day, some days, or not at all?

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EVERY DAY SOME DAYS .

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NOT AT ALL .

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1 2 3 809 In the past, have you smoked tobacco every day?

810 In the past, have you ever smoked tobacco every day, some days, or not at all?

YES .

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EVERY DAY SOME DAYS .

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NOT AT ALL .

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1 2 3 811 810 812 813 578 •Appendix E NO.

811 QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP SECTION 8.
OTHER HEALTH ISSUES On average, how many of the following products do you currently smoke each day?

Also, let me know if you use the product, but not every day.

IF RESPONDENT REPORTS USING THE PRODUCT BUT NOT EVERY DAY, RECORD '888'.

IF THE PRODUCT IS NOT USED AT ALL, RECORD '000'.

a) Manufactured cigarettes?

b) Hand-rolled cigarettes?

d) Pipes full of tobacco?

e) Cigars, cheroots, or cigarillos?

NUMBER DAILY a) MANUFACTURED CIGARETTES .

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b) HAND-ROLLED CIGARETTES .

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d) PIPES FULL OF TOBACCO .

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e) CIGARS, CHEROOTS, OR CIGARILLOS .

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813 f) Number of water pipe/Shisha sessions?

f) NUMBER OF WATER g) Any others?

(SPECIFY) 812 On average, how many of the following products do you currently smoke each week?

Also, let me know if you use the product, but not every week.

IF RESPONDENT REPORTS USING THE PRODUCT BUT NOT EVERY WEEK, RECORD '888'.
IF THE PRODUCT IS NOT USED AT ALL, RECORD '000'.

a) Manufactured cigarettes?

b) Hand-rolled cigarettes?

d) Pipes full of tobacco?

e) Cigars, cheroots, or cigarillos?

PIPE SESSIONS .

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g) OTHERS .

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NUMBER WEEKLY a) MANUFACTURED CIGARETTES .

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b) HAND-ROLLED CIGARETTES .

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e) CIGARS, CHEROOTS, OR CIGARILLOS .

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f) Number of water pipe/Shisha sessions?

f) NUMBER OF WATER g) Any others?

(SPECIFY) PIPE SESSIONS .

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813 Do you currently use smokeless tobacco every day, some days, or not at all?

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EVERY DAY SOME DAYS .

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NOT AT ALL .

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1 2 3 815 815A • 579Appendix E QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP SECTION 8.

OTHER HEALTH ISSUES NO.

814 On average, how many times a day do you use the following products?

Also, let me know if you use the product, but not every day.

IF RESPONDENT REPORTS USING THE PRODUCT BUT NOT EVERY DAY, RECORD '888'.

IF THE PRODUCT IS NOT USED AT ALL, RECORD '000'.


a) Snuff, by mouth?

b) Snuff, by nose?

c) Chewing tobacco?

e) Any others?

TIMES DAILY a) SNUFF, BY MOUTH .

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b) SNUFF, BY NOSE .

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c) CHEWING TOBACCO .

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e) ANY OTHERS .

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(SPECIFY) 815 On average, how many times a week do you use the following products?

Also, let me know if you use the product, but not every week.
IF RESPONDENT REPORTS USING THE PRODUCT BUT NOT EVERY WEEK, RECORD '888'.

IF THE PRODUCT IS NOT USED AT ALL, RECORD '000'.

TIMES WEEKLY a) Snuff, by mouth?

b) Snuff, by nose?

c) Chewing tobacco?

e) Any others?

(SPECIFY) a) SNUFF, BY MOUTH .

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b) SNUFF, BY NOSE .

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e) ANY OTHERS .

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815A Do you know about health insurance for paying for your health care?

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2 NO 816 Are you covered by any health insurance?

817 What type of health insurance are you covered by?

YES .

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2 NO MUTUAL HEALTH ORGANIZATION/ COMMUNITY-BASED HEALTH INSURANCE .

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A RECORD ALL MENTIONED.

HEALTH INSURANCE THROUGH 817A Would you consider joining a health insurnace scheme to pay for your health care?

EMPLOYER .

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B .

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C SOCIAL SECURITY OTHER PRIVATELY PURCHASED COMMERCIAL HEALTH INSURANCE .

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D OTHER X (SPECIFY) YES .

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2 NO 8 DON'T KNOW .

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815A DV00 817A DV00 580 •Appendix E NO.

QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP DOMESTIC VIOLENCE MODULE 818 818 DV16 DV00 CHECK COVER PAGE: MAN SELECTED FOR DV MODULE?

MAN SELECTED FOR THIS SECTION MAN NOT SELECTED DV01 CHECK FOR PRESENCE OF OTHERS: DO NOT CONTINUE UNTIL PRIVACY IS ENSURED.

PRIVACY PRIVACY OBTAINED .

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1 NOT POSSIBLE .

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2 DV01A READ TO THE RESPONDENT: Now I would like to ask you questions about some other important aspects of a man's life.

You may find some of these questions very personal.

However, your answers are crucial for helping to understand the condition of men in Uganda.

Let me assure you that your answers are completely confidential and will not be told to anyone and no one else in your household will know that you were asked these questions.
If I ask you any question you don't want to answer, just let me know and I will go on to the next question.

DV02 CHECK 401 AND 402: CURRENTLY MARRIED/ LIVING WITH A WOMAN FORMERLY MARRIED/ LIVED WITH A WOMAN (READ IN PAST TENSE AND USE 'LAST' WITH 'WIFE/PARTNER') NEVER MARRIED/ NEVER LIVED WITH A WOMAN DV03 First, I am going to ask you about some situations which happen to some men.

Please tell me if these apply to your relationship with your (last) (wife/partner)?
a) b) c) d) e) She (is/was) jealous or angry if you (talk/talked) to other women?

She frequently (accuses/accused) you of being unfaithful?

She (does/did) not permit you to meet your male friends?

She (tries/tried) to limit your contact with your family?

She (insists/insisted) on knowing where you (are/were) at all times?

DV04 Now I need to ask some more questions about your relationship with your (last) (wife/partner).

A.
A.

Did your (last) (wife/partner) ever: a) b) say or do something to humiliate you in front of others?

threaten to hurt or harm you or someone you care about?

EVER YES NO YES NO c) insult you or make you feel bad about yourself?

YES NO 1 2 1 2 1 2 YES NO DK .

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1 JEALOUS ACCUSES .

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1 NOT MEET FRIENDS .

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1 NO FAMILY .

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1 WHERE YOU ARE .

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1 2 2 2 2 2 8 8 8 8 8 B.


How often did this happen during the last 12 months: often, only sometimes, or not at all?

OFTEN SOME- TIMES NOT IN LAST 12 MONTHS 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 • 581Appendix E DOMESTIC VIOLENCE MODULE NO.

QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP DV05 A.

Did your (last) (wife/partner) ever do any of the following things to you: B.

How often did this happen during the last 12 months: often, only sometimes, or not at all?
EVER OFTEN SOME- TIMES NOT IN LAST 12 MONTHS a) push you, shake you, or throw something at you?

b) slap you?

c) twist your arm or pull your hair?

d) punch you with her fist or with something that could hurt you?

e) kick you, drag you, or beat you up?

f) try to choke you or burn you on purpose?

g) h) i) j) threaten or attack you with a knife, gun, or other weapon?

physically force you to have sexual intercourse with her when you did not want to?
physically force you to perform any other sexual acts you did not want to?

force you with threats or in any other way to perform sexual acts you did not want to?
YES NO YES NO YES NO YES NO YES NO YES NO YES NO YES NO YES NO YES NO DV06 CHECK DV05A (a-j): AT LEAST ONE 'YES' NOT A SINGLE 'YES' DV09 DV07 How long after you first (got married/started living together) with your (last) (wife/partner) did (this/any of these things) first happen?

NUMBER OF YEARS .

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IF LESS THAN ONE YEAR, RECORD '00'.

BEFORE MARRIAGE/BEFORE LIVING TOGETHER .

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95 DV08 Did the following ever happen as a result of what your (last) (wife/partner) did to you: a) You had cuts, bruises, or aches?

b) You had eye injuries, sprains, dislocations, or burns?

YES .

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NO YES .

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NO c) You had deep wounds, broken bones, broken teeth, or any other serious injury?

YES .

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NO 1 2 1 2 1 2 582 •Appendix E DOMESTIC VIOLENCE MODULE NO.
DV09 QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP Have you ever hit, slapped, kicked, or done anything else to physically hurt your (last) (wife/partner) at times when she was not already beating or physically hurting you?

YES .

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NO 1 2 DV11 DV10 In the last 12 months, how often have you done this to your (last) (wife/partner): often, only sometimes, or not at all?

OFTEN .

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1 SOMETIMES .

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3 NOT AT ALL DV11 Does (did) your (last) (wife/partner) drink alcohol?

YES .

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NO 1 2 DV13 DV12 How often does (did) she get drunk: often, only sometimes, or never?

DV13 Are (Were) you afraid of your (last) (wife/partner): most of the time, sometimes, or never?

1 OFTEN .

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SOMETIMES .

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2 3 NEVER .

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MOST OF THE TIME AFRAID .

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1 2 SOMETIMES AFRAID .

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NEVER AFRAID DV14 CHECK 409: MARRIED MORE THAN ONCE MARRIED ONLY ONCE DV16 DV15 A.

So far we have been talking about the behavior of your (current/last) (wife/partner).
Now I want to ask you about the behavior of any previous (wife/partner).

B.

How long ago did this last happen?

a) Did any previous (wife/partner) ever hit, slap, kick, or do anything else to hurt you physically?

EVER YES NO b) Did any previous (wife/partner) physically force you to have intercourse or perform any other sexual acts against your will?
YES NO 1 2 1 2 0 - 11 MONTHS AGO 12+ MONTHS AGO DON'T REMEMBER 1 1 2 2 3 3 DV16 CHECK 401 AND 402: EVER MARRIED/EVER LIVED WITH A WOMAN NEVER MARRIED/NEVER LIVED WITH A WOMAN a) b) From the time you were 15 years old has anyone other than (your/any) (wife/partner) hit you, slapped you, kicked you, or done anything else to hurt you physically?

From the time you were 15 years old has anyone hit you, slapped you, kicked you, or done anything else to hurt you physically?

YES .

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NO REFUSED TO ANSWER/ NO ANSWER .

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1 2 3 DV22 • 583Appendix E NO.

QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP DOMESTIC VIOLENCE MODULE DV17 Who has hurt you in this way?

Anyone else?

RECORD ALL MENTIONED.


DV18 In the last 12 months, how often has (this person/have these persons) physically hurt you: often, only sometimes, or not at all?

MOTHER/STEP-MOTHER .

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A FATHER/STEP-FATHER .

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B SISTER/BROTHER .

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C DAUGHTER/SON .

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D OTHER RELATIVE .

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E CURRENT GIRLFRIEND.

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F FORMER GIRLFRIEND .

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G MOTHER-IN-LAW .

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H FATHER-IN-LAW .

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I OTHER IN-LAW .

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J TEACHER .

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K EMPLOYER/SOMEONE AT WORK.

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M FRIEND/ACQUAINTANCE .

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N OTHER X (SPECIFY) OFTEN .

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1 SOMETIMES .

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3 NOT AT ALL DV22 CHECK 401 AND 402: EVER MARRIED/EVER LIVED WITH A WOMAN NEVER MARRIED/NEVER LIVED WITH A WOMAN DV22A Now I want to ask you about things that may have been done to you by someone other than (your/any) (wife/partner).

At any time in your life, as a child or as an adult, has anyone ever forced you in any way to have sexual intercourse or perform any other sexual acts when you did not want to?

YES .

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NO REFUSED TO ANSWER/ NO ANSWER .

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DV22B At any time in your life, as a child or as an adult, has anyone ever forced you in any way to have sexual intercourse or perform any other sexual acts when you did not want to?

YES .

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NO .

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REFUSED TO ANSWER/ NO ANSWER .

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DV22B DV23 DV24A DV26 1 2 3 1 2 3 DV23 Who was the person who was forcing you the very first time this happened?

CURRENT/FORMER GIRLFRIEND.

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01 MOTHER/STEP-MOTHER .

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02 SISTER/STEP-SISTER .

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03 OTHER RELATIVE .

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04 IN-LAW .

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05 OWN FRIEND/ACQUAINTANCE .

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06 FAMILY FRIEND .

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08 TEACHER EMPLOYER/SOMEONE AT WORK .

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09 POLICE/SOLDIER .

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10 PRIEST/RELIGIOUS LEADER .

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11 STRANGER .

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12 OTHER 96 (SPECIFY) DV23A After being forced to have sexual intercourse or perform sexual acts, have you ever sought help from a doctor or medical personnel?

YES .

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NO 1 2 DV23G DV23B How long after you were forced to have sexual intercourse or perform sexual acts did you seek help?

DV23C Were you offered drugs to prevent you from getting HIV after you were forced to have sexual intercourse or perform sexual acts?

WITHIN 3 DAYS .

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1 2 AFTER 3 DAYS OF MORE .

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YES .

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NO 1 2 584 •Appendix E NO.

DV23D DOMESTIC VIOLENCE MODULE QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP Were you offered a test for HIV after you were forced to have sexual intercourse or perform sexual acts?

YES .

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NO 1 2 DV23G After being forced to have sexual intercourse or perform sexual acts, have you ever sought: a) b) Psychological support?

Legal support?

DV24 CHECK 401 AND 402: EVER MARRIED/EVER LIVED WITH A WOMAN NEVER MARRIED/NEVER LIVED WITH A WOMAN a) b) In the last 12 months, has anyone other than (your/any) (wife/partner) physically forced you to have sexual intercourse when you did not want to?
In the last 12 months has anyone physically forced you to have sexual intercourse when you did not want to?

PSYCHOLOGICAL .

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1 LEGAL YES NO 2 2 YES .

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NO 1 2 DV25 DV24A CHECK DV05A (h-j) and DV15A(b) AT LEAST ONE 'YES' NOT A SINGLE 'YES' DV26 DV25 CHECK 401 AND 402: EVER MARRIED/EVER LIVED WITH A WOMAN NEVER MARRIED/NEVER LIVED WITH A WOMAN a) b) How old were you the first time you were forced to have sexual intercourse or perform any other sexual acts by anyone, including (your/any) wife/partner?

How old were you the first time you were forced to have sexual intercourse or perform any other sexual acts?
AGE IN COMPLETED YEARS .

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98 DV26 CHECK DV05A (a-j), DV15A (a,b), DV16, DV22A, AND DV22B: AT LEAST ONE 'YES' NOT A SINGLE 'YES' DV27 Thinking about what you yourself have experienced among the different things we have been talking about, have you ever tried to seek help?

YES .

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NO 1 2 DV28 From whom have you sought help?

Anyone else?

RECORD ALL MENTIONED.

OWN FAMILY .

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A WIFE'S/PARTNER'S FAMILY .

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B CURRENT/FORMER WIFE/PARTNER .

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C CURRENT/FORMER GIRLFRIEND.

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D FRIEND .

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E NEIGHBOR .

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F RELIGIOUS LEADER .

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G DOCTOR/MEDICAL PERSONNEL .

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H I POLICE .

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LAWYER .

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J SOCIAL SERVICE ORGANIZATION .

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L COMMUNITY LEADERSHIP OTHER X (SPECIFY) DV30 DV29 DV30 • 585Appendix E NO.
QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP DOMESTIC VIOLENCE MODULE DV29 Have you ever told any one about this?

DV30 As far as you know, did your father or any other husband or boyfriend your mother had ever hit or beat her?

YES .

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NO 1 2 1 YES .

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NO 2 .

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DON'T KNOW .

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8 THANK THE RESPONDENT FOR HIS COOPERATION AND REASSURE HIM ABOUT THE CONFIDENTIALITY OF HIS ANSWERS.

FILL OUT THE QUESTIONS BELOW WITH REFERENCE TO THE DOMESTIC VIOLENCE MODULE ONLY.

DV31 DID YOU HAVE TO INTERRUPT THE INTERVIEW BECAUSE SOME ADULT WAS TRYING TO LISTEN, OR CAME INTO THE ROOM, OR INTERFERED IN ANY OTHER WAY?
YES, ONCE WIFE .

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1 OTHER FEMALE ADULT .

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1 MALE ADULT YES, MORE THAN ONCE 2 2 2 NO 3 3 3 DV32 INTERVIEWER'S COMMENTS/EXPLANATION FOR NOT COMPLETING THE DOMESTIC VIOLENCE MODULE.

818 RECORD THE TIME.

HOURS.

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MINUTE.

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586 •Appendix E INTERVIEWER'S OBSERVATIONS TO BE FILLED IN AFTER COMPLETING INTERVIEW COMMENTS ABOUT INTERVIEW: COMMENTS ON SPECIFIC QUESTIONS: ANY OTHER COMMENTS: SUPERVISOR'S OBSERVATIONS EDITOR'S OBSERVATIONS • 587Appendix E 588 •Appendix E 2016 UGANDA DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEY FIELDWORKER QUESTIONNAIRE 14 June 2016 UGANDA UGANDA BUREAU OF STATISTICS LANGUAGE OF QUESTIONNAIRE ENGLISH NO.
100 QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP What is your name?

101 RECORD FIELDWORKER NUMBER INSTRUCTIONS NAME NUMBER .

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We are collecting information on the DHS field staff.

Please fill in the information below.

The information will be part of the survey data files.

Your name will not be in the data files; your information will remain anonymous.

If there is any question you do not want to answer you may skip it and go to the next question.
102 In what district do you live?

103 Do you live in a city, town, or rural area?

104 How old are you?

RECORD AGE IN COMPLETED YEARS.

105 Are you male or female?

106 What is your current marital status?

107 How many living children do you have?

INCLUDE ONLY CHILDREN WHO ARE YOUR BIOLOGICAL CHILDREN.

108 Have you ever had a child who died?

109 (1) What is the highest level of school you attended: primary, "O" level, "A" level, tertiary, or university?

DISTRICT CODE.

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OTHER (SPECIFY) CITY TOWN RURAL .

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AGE .

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MALE .

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FEMALE .

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996 1 2 3 1 2 .

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CURRENTLY MARRIED 1 LIVING WITH A MAN/WOMAN .

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2 WIDOWED .

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3 DIVORCED .

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4 SEPARATED .

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5 NEVER MARRIED OR LIVED WITH A MAN/WOMAN .

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6 LIVING CHILDREN .

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YES .

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NO PRIMARY .

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O LEVEL .

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A LEVEL .

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TERTIARY .

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UNIVERSITY .

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1 2 110 (1) What is the highest [CLASS/YEAR] you completed at that level?

IF COMPLETED LESS THAN ONE YEAR AT THAT LEVEL, RECORD '00'.

[CLASS/YEAR] .

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• 589Appendix E NO.

111 (2) What is your religion?

QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP NO RELIGION .

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10 ANGLICAN .

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11 CATHOLIC .

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12 MUSLIM .

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13 SEVENTH DAY ADVENTIST .

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14 ORTHODOX .

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15 PENTECOSTAL/BORN AGAIN/EVANGELICAL 16 .

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17 BAHA’I BAPTIST .

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18 JEWISH .

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19 PRESBYTERIAN.

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20 MAMMON .

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21 .

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22 HINDU BUDDHIST .

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23 JEHOVAH’S WITNESS .

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24 SALVATION ARMY .

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25 .

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26 TRADITIONAL OTHER (SPECIFY) TRIBE CODE .

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OTHER (SPECIFY) 96 996 ENGLISH .

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A LUGANDA .

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B LUO .

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C LUGBARA .

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D ATESO .

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E NGAKARIMOJONG .

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F RUNYANKOLE/RUTORO .

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G LUSOGA .

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H OTHER X (SPECIFY) ENGLISH .

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01 LUGANDA .

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02 LUO .

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03 LUGBARA .

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04 ATESO .

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05 NGAKARIMOJONG .

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06 RUNYANKOLE/RUTORO .

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07 LUSOGA .

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08 RUNYORO/RUTORO .

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09 112 (2) What is your tribe?

113 What languages can you speak?

RECORD ALL LANGUAGES YOU CAN SPEAK.

114 What is your mother tongue/native language (language spoken at home growing up)?

115 116 117 118 OTHER (SPECIFY) Have you ever worked on a DHS survey prior to this one?

YES .

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NO Have you ever worked on any other survey prior to this one (not a DHS)?

YES .

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NO Were you already working for the Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS) or the Ministry of Health (MOH) at the time you were employed to work on this DHS?

YES, UBOS .

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YES, MOH .

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NO .

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96 1 2 1 2 1 2 3 119 Are you a permanent or temporary employee of the Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS) or the Ministry of Health (MOH)?

PERMANENT TEMPORARY .

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2 119 If you have comments, please write them here.
590 •Appendix E ADDITIONAL DHS PROGRAM RESOURCES The DHS Program Website – Download free DHS reports, standard documentation, key indicator data, and training tools, and view announcements.

DHSprogram.com STATcompiler – Build custom tables, graphs, and maps with data from 90 countries and thousands of indicators.

Statcompiler.com DHS Program Mobile App – Access key DHS indicators for 90 countries on your mobile device (Apple, Android, or Windows).
Search DHS Program in your iTunes or Google Play store DHS Program User Forum – Post questions about DHS data, and search our archive of FAQs.

userforum.DHSprogram.com Tutorial Videos – Watch interviews with experts and learn DHS basics, such as sampling and weighting, downloading datasets, and how to read DHS tables.

www.youtube.com/DHSProgram Datasets – Download DHS datasets for analysis.
DHSprogram.com/Data Spatial Data Repository – Download geographically- linked health and demographic data for mapping in a geographic information system (GIS).

spatialdata.DHSprogram.com Social Media – Follow The DHS Program and join the conversation.

Stay up to date through: Facebook www.facebook.com/DHSprogram LinkedIn www.linkedin.com/ company/dhs-program YouTube Blog www.youtube.com/DHSprogram Blog.DHSprogram.com Twitter www.twitter.com/ DHSprogram