Source document: https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1694841074533.pdf (Malta)
IT-TLETTAX-IL LEĠIŻLATURA P.L.

873 Dokument imqiegħed fuq il-Mejda tal-Kamra tad-Deputati fis-Seduta Numru 65 tat-18 ta’ Diċembru 2017 mill-Ispeaker, l-Onor.

Anġlu Farrugia.
Anġlu Farrugia.

___________________________ Raymond Scicluna Skrivan tal-Kamra National Centre for Family Research Sustaining Relationships The expectations and lived experiences of couples in Malta The President’s Foundation for the Wellbeing of Society SAN ANTON PALACE 2017 This report was prepared by the National Centre for Family Research, as part of the President’s Foundation for the Wellbeing of Society.
Chairperson: Prof Angela Abela Members: Prof Suzanne Piscopo Dr Sue Vella Researcher: Ms Allison Zammit Said ISBN: 978-99957-910-5-6 © The President’s Foundation for the Wellbeing of Society, 2017 San Anton Palace, Attard, Malta Foreword from Her Excellency, the President of Malta Positive relationships are a cornerstone of our wellbeing, for no person can have wellbeing if they do not have the opportunity to come in touch with the beauty of human connection.
The very ability to bond with one another, particularly through loving and enduring relationships, give us new life and anchor us in safe and nurturing spaces.

The fact that wellbeing cannot exist without healthy relationships should strengthen our resolve to do all that is necessary to protect relationships, and to create the necessary conditions for them to flourish.

Within these circumstances, individuals may grow to their full potential, and thrive within communities that are supportive and inclusive.
irrefutable These core values and ideas lie at the heart of my Foundation for the Wellbeing of Society, and inspire the Foundation to create spaces where human relationships may become forces for meeting human needs.

On this occasion, through the efforts of the National Centre for Family Research, we have worked to deepen our knowledge on how best to support relationships to thrive, with reference to the couple relationship in particular.
Acknowledging their importance for the wellbeing of each and every individual in Malta and Gozo necessitates that we invest in their strength and endurance, so that couple relationships may flourish even in the face of life’s challenges, and prosper in an atmosphere of respect, trust, and love.
As the Centre indicates in this report, it requires placing relationship education as a priority, within a wider holistic approach that includes continuing to build upon policies which are family-friendly, and providing programmes which support life-long learning.

The Positive Parenting Policy for Malta (2014-2018) should also be fully implemented through inter-Ministerial collaboration, and brought to fruition amongst families in Malta.
Above all, we must place social wellbeing at the heart of our policy-making, and measure it with the same vigour that we do the economy.

Only then can we get an accurate picture of how we are faring as a nation.

The determination to promote wellbeing must be a key driving force underlying all that we seek to accomplish on a national level.
In order for wellbeing to be truly felt, it must first be supported to grow, flourish, and be sustained within the home, blossoming amongst couples and families in their daily encounters with one another.

Her Excellency Marie-Louise Coleiro Preca President of Malta A Message from the Director-General A life with positive relationships is one with a distinct component of wellbeing.
We know for a fact that healthy relationships are central to our very humanity, linking us to one another as part of wider networks of support and key sources of mental and emotional strength.

Moreover, they are the very foundation of our families, making it possible for us to feel grounded within safe spaces that are filled with love, warmth and stability.

They are our emotional centre, and provide us with a place to come ‘home’ to.
In order to foster wellbeing, we must nurture positive relationships, for it is only then that we may flourish as human beings.

The National Centre for Family Research made a significant contribution to academic knowledge through its last research.

In the study, the Centre explored the way in which the couple relationship in particular is perceived and experienced in Malta, contextualized by the surrounding social factors which come to bear upon it.
Having developed a clearer picture of the couple relationship in Malta, the follow up study presented here aims to delve deeper, getting a more nuanced sense of how couples navigate through the challenges of life, and the values and behaviours which support them to do so, allowing them to build strong and long lasting relationships in the process.
By deepening our knowledge of what it is that sustains healthy relationships, it becomes possible to build steadily upon this, and by extension find further ways of promoting wellbeing.

It is hoped that this publication will inspire continual investment in strong and enduring relationships, both on an individual, local, and national level.

We must put family-friendly measures at the heart of our communities, and society at large.
In doing so, we will be supporting families to continue functioning as a positive force for social wellbeing.

Dr Ruth Farrugia Director-General President’s Foundation for the Wellbeing of Society An Introduction from the Chairperson This study is about the expectations and lived experiences of Maltese couples.
It provides a deeper understanding into a number of important findings about couple relationships that were reported in our nationwide quantitative study entitled Sustaining Relationships Couples and singles in a changing society that was published in 2016.

The protagonists in this study were 23 participants who took part in the quantitative study and who were willing to be interviewed in more depth to help us put more flesh on the bones of the first study.

They came from all walks of life.


Some were satisfied with their relationship while others were distressed.

While the majority were married, five were in reconstituted families following the breakdown of their first couple relationship.

Participants were between 35 and 65 years of age and almost all of them had children.

The study brought to the fore the contextual forces that are impacting on the couple relationship in the 21st century in Malta.

The impact of employment is strong.


Most of the couples we interviewed were dual earners with some of the men having more than one job.

Rising expectations about one’s standard of living propel many to work more.

Couples who are on the minimum wage experience financial stress and are constrained to work very long hours away from their family to be able to earn an adequate income.

Quality time between the couple is often compromised as a result.
Mass media too has a big impact on the couple relationship.

Many participants insisted that the media sometimes has a negative effect on the couple and on the family due to idealized images of romanticism and married life that do not match with the everyday lived experiences of couples.

The use of technology and the way it impacts on how couples communicate was also repeatedly mentioned.
On the one hand, technology facilitates communication for some, like our respondents who send messages to their partners throughout the day, while on the other, some suggested that technology has made infidelity easier.

Participants reported that they still believe in, and work for, long lasting relationships, including those who were in new relationships after having experienced marital breakdown.
However, they also reported that they perceive relationships to be fragile and they attributed this to social and media influences, long hours at work and socialization at the work place, together with the perceived ease with which one can obtain a separation and file for a divorce.

This qualitative study delved deeper into what couples value in their long term relationship.
Respect, communication, trust and love - which were considered as important qualities in the quantitative study - re-emerged and were further defined by the participants.

Fidelity, reciprocity and shared companionship were also highlighted.

Most of the couples, irrespective of whether they were happy or distressed, faced or are still facing major life challenges.
As already reported in the quantitative study, these challenges included having family members with mental illness or a disability, or experiencing challenging situations in the work place.

What made the difference for the couple when managing these challenges was how they interacted with each other, and whether their interactions communicated respect, trust and love to each other.
The importance of these relational qualities was also evident in the way conflict and disagreement were managed and how decisions were taken.

The extent to which one felt understood, and the generosity, affection, intimacy and humour that were shown to one another contributed to or detracted from to the couple’s sense of wellbeing.

Participants noted how one’s upbringing and other experiences that occurred prior to the formation of the couple have a significant impact on relationship quality.
Also of significant importance to participants was the way relationships with in- laws were maintained and how a balance was mindfully kept in allocating time to the couple and time to the children.

Participants also spoke of the challenges that parents face when in a reconstituted family, and of the need for thoughtfulness in safeguarding the wellbeing of the children as well as the harmony of the relationship.
Long term and enduring relationships have their challenges but they are fundamental for the wellbeing of our families and at the heart of a strong society.

As such, they merit the support of the State as put forward in our policy recommendations.

Given the limitations imposed by the age bracket of our participants, the National Centre for Family Research intends to focus on young families with children from 0 to 3, as well as on older couples in forthcoming studies.
In addition, given that couples living diverse lifestyles were not captured in the original survey study, we plan to carry out qualitative research that would shed light on their realities.

May I take the opportunity to thank all those who helped bring this study to fruition namely my colleagues the other experts on the National Centre for Family Research, our research officer and the Core Team and other members of the President’s Foundation for the Wellbeing of Society who supported us in every way.
Professor Angela Abela Chair National Centre for Family Research Executive Summary This report highlights the key findings emerging from the research project Sustaining Relationships: The expectations and lived experiences of couples in Malta.
This is the second major study carried out by the National Centre for Family Research (NCFR), within the President’s Foundation for the Wellbeing of Society (PFWS), and was developed in response to the outcomes of the Sustaining Relationships survey, the first nationwide survey on life satisfaction and relationship satisfaction in Malta published in 2016 (PFWS, 2016).

Findings from the quantitative survey underlined the significance of relationship satisfaction to the wellbeing of individuals.
Being in a relationship, particularly a marital one, and being satisfied in one’s relationship were found to have a marked impact on life satisfaction.

While findings from the survey suggested several factors which may affect relationship satisfaction, the survey did not explore how such elements are manifested within the couple relationship.
This necessitated an in-depth exploration of how satisfaction in one’s relationship is experienced and shaped, and what meaning individuals in a relationship give to the couple relationship.

The sample of this study included twenty-three participants who had participated in the large-scale Sustaining Relationships survey (PFWS, 2016).

The participants included males and females aged 36 to 68, who reported to be in a relationship.
While the majority of participants were married, the sample also consisted of those in a cohabiting and living-apart together relationship, as well as several participants in a reconstituted family.

Most of the participants were parents.

This study highlights the central impact which contextual factors in contemporary society have on couple relationships today.

The participants of this study described struggling to find time as a couple and to attain a satisfactory balance between work and family life.
Despite working long hours, income inadequacy continued to emerge as a major concern for participants, even in dual-earner couples.

Participants discussed striving to make ends meet in the context of changing norms pertaining to lifestyle expectations and childrearing practices.

They also spoke of how their expectations of couple relationships, and indeed their family lives, are influenced by pressures to consume ever more goods and services, as well as by technology and the media.
The perceived fragility of contemporary couple relationships and ease of dissolution also emerged.

This study explored in depth the expectations individuals have of long-term relationships, and the inter-partner processes which affect satisfaction in one’s couple relationship.

Reciprocal respect, trust and fidelity emerged as vital to loving and enduring relationships.
The participants gave value to honest and respectful communication which fosters trust and facilitates decision-making and the management of partner disagreements.

Importance was given to maintaining closeness and keeping ‘connected’ with one’s partner through joint leisure activities, demonstration of affection and shared intimacy.

Sharing laughter and humour were found to play an important role in relationship satisfaction, as were feeling understood and accepted by one’s partner.
The negotiation of household chores was also identified as an important aspect of couple functioning.

The relationship satisfaction of couples with children varied according to the children’s age group, with adolescence and infancy being described as particularly taxing on the couple.
Individuals in a reconstituted family underlined how the presence of children from a previous relationship added to the complexity of family dynamics and could require more commitment and thoughtfulness from parents and partners.

Several participants also shed light on the experience of the couple when going through major difficulties in life.

Such difficulties included mental illness, disability and infertility.

These findings corresponded to some of the quantitative outcomes, while adding to them.
The findings of this study underscore the importance of nurturing couple relationships to safeguard the wellbeing of individuals and their dependent children, and draw attention to the significance of promoting stable couple relationships characterised by respect, trust, love and mindful communication.

This necessitates the prioritisation of evidence-based relationship education, which also takes into account the couple relationship as co-parents, when children are present.
This study also brings to the forefront the importance of further developing family-friendly policies across the various segments of the labour market.

Further findings pertaining to income inadequacy and the increasing influence of consumerism, the media and technology highlight the relevance of a values-based active learning approach in education systems and community initiatives to promote responsible decision-making amongst consumers as citizens and family members.
Table of contents Introduction Literature Review Predictors of satisfaction in couple relationships Processes which influence the couple relationship Research Design Sample selection Data collection method Ethical considerations Introducing the Participants Findings Understanding the context of couple relationships The impact of work Consumerism and making ends meet Financial stress Mass media portrayal The impact of technology The perceived ease of marital dissolution Expectations of a long-term relationship Respect Love Trust Fidelity Communication Reciprocity Quality time together Influences on relationship satisfaction Shared couple activities Feeling understood by one’s partner 12 13 13 16 18 19 19 20 20 21 21 22 24 25 26 27 27 28 29 31 32 34 34 36 37 37 39 40 Showing each other affection Sexual intimacy Humour How decisions are made Negotiating household chores How differences are handled Putting the other first The impact of children Relationships with in-laws The partners’ prior formative experiences Major life challenges A spotlight on the couple experience in reconstituted families Conclusions and Recommendations Who was studied?
What do people value in their relationships?

What enhances relationship satisfaction?

What contributes to relationship dissatisfaction?

What do individuals experience as influencing the couple relationship?
The perceived ease of marital dissolution Recommendations for policy and practice Limitations of the study Suggestions for further research References Appendix I: Information sheet with covering letter (English version) Appendix II: Information sheet with covering letter (Maltese version) Appendix III: Consent form (English version) Appendix IV: Consent form (Maltese version) Appendix V: Interview schedule (English version) Appendix VI: Interview schedule (Maltese version) 40 41 42 42 43 45 47 47 50 51 52 53 58 58 58 58 59 60 60 60 61 62 64 68 70 72 73 74 75 Introduction Intimate partner relationships are among the closest and most central relationships individuals report having in contemporary Western societies (Neyer, Wrzus, Wagner, & Lang, 2011).
Extensive research has demonstrated that the quality of the couple relationship is associated with a wide range of vital outcomes, including enhanced quality of life (Amato, 2001; Whisman, Uebelacker, & Weinstock, 2004), better physical health (Chopik & O’Brien 2017; Kiecolt-Glaser, Bane, Glaser, & Malarkey, 2003), mental health (Whisman & Uebelacker, 2009), better quality of parent- child relationships (Malinen et al., 2010), and the social, emotional, and cognitive development of children (Harold, Aitken, & Shelton, 2007; Harold, Pryor, & Reynolds, 2001).
Bearing this in mind, exploring the meaning of couple relationships in the 21st century is an important endeavour.

What research tells us about happy and distressed couples, and about how relationship quality takes shape within the couple system, enriches our understanding of this meaning of how couple wellbeing may be promoted.
This report presents key findings from the research project, Sustaining Relationships, The expectations and lived experiences of couples in Malta carried out by the National Centre for Family Research (NCFR, Malta).

This research project is grounded in the outcomes which had emerged from the NCFR’s prior nationwide Sustaining Relationships quantitative study (The President’s Foundation for the Wellbeing of Society [PFWS], 2016).
Data collected through this prior study demonstrated a positive correlation between being in a relationship and life satisfaction.

Furthermore, satisfaction in one’s relationship was associated with life satisfaction.

The current research, therefore, aimed to build on these findings through exploring in depth how individuals in a relationship define meaning in their relationship, and by investigating how satisfaction in one’s relationship is experienced and shaped.
Further research questions developed from the findings of the quantitative study addressed communication in the couple relationship, and the impact of children on the relationship of the couple.

Moreover, given the value accorded to respect, trust and love by participants who were in a couple relationship, the meaning of these constructs for individuals in different types of couple relationships was also investigated in more depth.
The following section will present a review of literature carried out prior to data collection.

The methodology incorporated in this study will subsequently be described, followed by an overview of the socio-demographic details of the research participants.

This report will then provide a descriptive account of participants’ perspectives in relation to the research questions, and conclude with relevant recommendations for policy and further research.
12 13 Literature Review A broad search of the literature was carried out using the following keywords: “couple relationship”, “distressed couples”, “happy couples”, “relationship quality”, and “relationship satisfaction”.

The search included ten databases: Academic Search Complete, Ageline, CINAHL Plus, JSTOR, Proquest Social Science Database, PsycINFO, PubMed, Taylor and Francis, SAGE Journals, and SSRN – Social Science Research Network, from 2010 to 2017.
The literature search generated 596 records, and 126 full- text articles were reviewed.

Reference lists and textbooks of the studies selected were also reviewed.

Eventually, forty- eight papers were included in the final review, based on relevance to the research topic, and giving precedence to qualitative studies.

Studies on couple wellbeing were largely quantitative in nature.
In the following two- part overview of relevant literature, the first part outlines quantitative data pertaining to predictors of relationship satisfaction, while the second describes qualitative findings which illustrate the intricate processes which influence the couple relationship.

Predictors of satisfaction in couple relationships Relationship satisfaction has received substantial attention in quantitative research, with ample studies focusing on the nature and determinants of marital satisfaction.
Supportive behaviours, namely responsiveness, validation and understanding, are widely correlated with greater relationship satisfaction and security (Reis, Clark, & Holmes, 2004).

According to Overall, Fletcher and Simpson (2010), partners evaluate their relationships more positively when they demonstrate more nurturing and facilitative support.
Gabb, Klett-Davies, Fink and Thomae (2013) similarly found that thoughtful gestures, small acts of kindness, such as a ‘cup of tea’, and saying ‘thank you’ were appreciated most highly by participants in a relationship.

When partners are perceived as less helpful, individuals become less satisfied in their relationships (Overall et al., 2010).
When asked what they consider to be the most important in a relationship, Maltese respondents in the Sustaining Relationships survey gave most value to respect, communication, trust and love (PFWS, 2016).

However, this quantitative study did not examine in depth the meaning given to respect, trust and love in couple relationships, and how these are manifested in everyday experiences between partners.

The current study aimed to enhance this understanding through a qualitative approach.
Couples’ communication is established as a major predictor of marital satisfaction in Western literature, and increasingly also in literature pertaining to the East.

Gottman, Carrere, Swanson and Coan (2000) hold that healthy patterns of interaction between spouses stimulate and rejuvenate the marital relationship, as the very relationship itself is dialogical.

According to Gabb et al.

(2013), good communication is valued as a means to ‘touch base’ with one’s partner and to unpack daily stresses.
Gabb and Fink (2015) add that couples may communicate with each other in various ways, 12 13 with words, acts and gestures which maintain intimate connections between partners.

The relevance of communication continues to be indicated in recent findings by Vazhappilly and Reyes (2016) among Philippine married couples, which showed that 90.4% of variance in marital satisfaction was attributed to the communication between couples.
Partners who are open to free and frank self-disclosure, who are ready to listen actively, and who patiently accommodate differences enjoy more satisfying and fulfilling marital relationships (Vazhappilly & Reyes, 2016).

In their longitudinal study with married couples, Lavner and Bradbury (2012) found negative communication to be a significant pattern amongst couples who eventually divorced up to ten years into their marriage.
This finding emerged among divorced couples who had formerly reported high levels of relationship satisfaction in the first four years of marriage.

Constructive communication is positively associated with constructive conflict resolution strategies and relationship satisfaction, particularly within the first five years of marriage (Schneewind & Gerhard, 2002).

This coincides with Gottman’s (1994) avowal that the secret of a marriage’s success is learning how to discuss conflicts.
In the previous NCFR study on Sustaining Relationships (PFWS, 2016), communication was one of the factors highlighted as potentially problematic amongst couples in Malta, hence necessitating additional exploration.

While the breadth of information gained through quantitative research demonstrates the significance of communication in couple relationships, qualitative research exploring communication between partners remains scarce.
Through the current study, we intended to address this gap by exploring in more depth how communication, both verbal and non-verbal, contributes to the relationship between partners.

The way individuals are perceived by their partners has also been found to be predictive of intimacy and of how satisfied individuals are in their relationship (Campbell, Lackenbauer, & Muise, 2006).
Research has indicated that receiving verifying (or confirmatory) feedback from one’s partner is associated with feeling more supported and may lead to more positive evaluations of one’s partner, particularly in persons with negative self-perceptions in long- term relationships (Campbell, et al., 2006).
When it comes to short-term dating relationships, self-enhancing or positive feedback was found to contribute more towards greater intimacy, even when feedback was non- verifying (Swann, De La Ronde, & Hixon, 1994).

The literature search also generated numerous studies which link economic hardship to couple distress and conflict, even marital breakdown (Burstein, 2007; Kalmijn, Loeve, & Manting, 2007; Lewin, 2005; White & Rogers, 2000).
Papp, Cummings and Goeke-Morey (2009) found that arguments over money amongst married couples featured as more intense and recurrent than other sources of disagreement.

Socio- economic dissimilarity has also emerged as a stronger predictor of couple’s wellbeing in comparison to dissimilarity in shared attitudes and beliefs (Keizer & Komter, 2015).
Following the birth of a child, economic hardship and interrelated maternal depression were highlighted as increasing both the mother’s and father’s relationship distress (Williams, Jacob, & Cheadle, 2016).

Such findings are congruent with our local findings from the quantitative study which demonstrated that perceived income inadequacy can be detrimental to relationship satisfaction (PFWS, 2016).
14 15 Stress related to balancing work and family life has similarly been found to be an increasing source of conflict in couple relationships.

The Sustaining Relationships survey (PFWS, 2016) indicated that respondents in a relationship identified “working too much and having no time for the relationship,” and “partner is always at work,” as major tribulations within the relationship.
In a Belgian survey by Symoens and Bracke (2015), women were particularly distressed by work-to-family spillover, especially when their partner allows work to interfere with family.

When it comes to the division of household labour among dual-earner couples, Nakamura and Akiyoshi (2015) found that perceived fairness contributed to the sense of overall happiness amongst Japanese women, even when the apportionment was unequitable between husbands and wives.
Married women in this study perceived division of labour as fair even though they carried most of the responsibility for domestic tasks at home, with their perception of fairness being based on social comparison to reference groups which generally included women with similar life circumstances.

Gabb et al.

(2013) reported similar findings in the UK, wherein the identification of a ‘fair share’ remains very gendered, consequently obscuring the uneven division of labour related to housework and childcare.
In light of the noted impact of work and economic hardship experienced by couples in contemporary societies, it was deemed beneficial to explore in further depth how couples perceive and manage this reality and how they negotiate day-to- day work-life family balance.
In addition to socio-economic matters discussed above, Luo (2009) also found that partners who were more similar in terms of age, ethnicity, personal benefits, political viewpoints, and values were more satisfied than those couples who had less in common.

This was also found by Gabb et al.

(2013), who identified that shared values, faith, common tastes, interest and ambitions were viewed as a ‘connector’ in the couple relationship.
Religious homogamy has frequently been positively correlated to relationship success (Christiano, 2000).

Marital relationships were found to benefit from sharing of spiritual orientation, which made it more likely for couples to pray and attend church together.
Among racial and ethnic minorities in the U.S., Ellison, Burdette and Wilcox (2010) found that the more partners share religious and spiritual values, and the more they practise devotional activities together at home, the higher their relationship satisfaction.

Although faith was not predictive of relationship satisfaction in findings from the Sustaining Relationships survey (PFWS, 2016), faith did emerge as significantly important to respondents’ relationship.
This was more notable amongst older respondents and women.

Intimacy and sexual satisfaction also have a significant role in couple relationships.

Marital satisfaction has been positively associated with sexual satisfaction in several studies (McNulty, Wenner, & Fisher, 2016; Rosen, Heiman, Long, Fisher, & Sand, 2016).

However, Gabb et al.

(2013) found that dissatisfaction with sexual frequency does not necessarily undermine relationship satisfaction for both males and females in the UK.
A recent study in the US indicates that sexual satisfaction among husbands has been positively correlated with their wives’ sexual satisfaction (McNulty et al., 2016).

In a large-scale study investigating sexual satisfaction and relationship happiness among middle-aged and older couples in Brazil, Germany, Japan, Spain and the U.S., Heiman et al.
(2011) found that longer relationship duration predicted greater 14 15 happiness in one’s relationship and higher sexual satisfaction in men, whereas women in relationships of twenty to forty years were found to be significantly less likely than men to report relationship happiness.

Infidelity and little or no demonstration of affection, emerged as key factors that contribute to relationship dissatisfaction in the Sustaining Relationships survey (PFWS, 2016).
Demonstration of affection was also considered as a key theme of conflict in a study carried out by Abela (2014), suggesting the need for further investigation of couple intimacy in the local context.

A novel area of research in the field of couple relationships is the impact of social media.
The use of social network sites has been negatively correlated with marriage quality and happiness, and positively correlated with experiencing a troubled relationship and considering divorce (Valenzuela, Halpern, & Katz, 2014).

McDaniel, Drouin and Cravens (2017) examined the role of social media in infidelity and the impact on the couple relationship.
The findings indicate that increased engagement in infidelity- related behaviours on social media is significantly associated with lower relationship satisfaction and greater relationship ambivalence, in addition to increased attachment anxiety and avoidance in both men and women.
Processes which influence the couple relationship When exploring the meanings and experiences of marital satisfaction, Cheung (2005) outlined the ‘six Cs’ that contribute to enduring long-term marital satisfaction, namely: caring, commitment, communication, conflict, compromise, and ‘contract’.

Contract refers to spouses’ implicit and explicit expectations of each other and of their marriage.

This study was carried out cross-culturally, among Caucasian and Chinese married couples in Canada.
Similar elements feature in many other qualitative studies, both Western and Eastern, in addition to further findings.

In a qualitative study carried out in Iran by Daneshpour, Asoodeh, Khalili, Lavasani and Dadras (2011), eleven self-described happy couples were interviewed to formulate the factors contributing towards success in their marriage.
These married couples were selected from a larger sample of 365 couples after having yielded the highest scores on the ENRICH Couples Scales (Olson & Olson, 2010).

The ‘formula’ to success for these happy couples comprised of several factors including: trusting each other and being committed; consulting with each other; solving their own problems together; cooperating with each other in children’s upbringing; and sharing common beliefs.
Moreover, the couples underlined the significance of expressing their love to each other, and viewing their relationship as intimate.

At the core of marital stability, the Iranian couples in Daneshpour et al.’s (2011) study highlighted commitment, honesty, trust, mutual understanding, self-sacrifice, friendship, effort and perseverance.

Priority was also given to problem-solving, faith in God, independence, the presence of children and avoiding intrusion from others.
Couples described being logical and understanding things from their partner’s point of view, even when criticising each other.

The majority of couples reported approaching conflicts with the aim of putting an end to the discord in a very short time and arriving to an agreement.

Demonstrating fair behaviour appeared to reduce the occurrence of destructive behaviours between partners when communicating criticism, or even 16 17 when complaining with each other.
Previous research similarly illustrates that trust contributes to a sense of dependability, responsiveness, conflict resolution, fidelity, and a positive view of the future of one’s relationship (Harris, 2008; Harris, 2010; Markman et al., 2001).

The current study intends to add to the aforementioned data by exploring what helps and what hinders the couple relationship, and what is important for participants in their relationship.
The sample includes both couples who scored highly on relationship satisfaction in addition to those who scored low on relationship satisfaction in the prior Sustaining Relationships quantitative study.

Furthermore, these questions will be explored with diverse couples, including not only married couples, but also those who are cohabiting and living apart together.
In a more recent study by Harris, Bedard, Moen and Álvarez-Pérez (2015), couples living in Germany who subjectively described their marriages as happy participated in an interview to explore the role that friendship, trust and love played in their courtship and marriage.

Love, as expressed through behaviour, including validation and kind acts, emerged as a major component.
Couples also described love as an enduring commitment and an expressed emotion, in terms of romance, deep affection, closeness and companionship.

Love was further described as an emotion which developed and changed as one’s marriage progressed, with the initial excitement over new love eventually fading, while affection, closeness and friendship increased.
The couples in this research described that spending time together, enjoying each other’s company and having fun together contributed to the development of friendship and love within their relationship.

Positive time together was underlined as enabling couples to engage in healthy and meaningful communication and connection.

Participants who believed their partner was honest with them, readily available, accepting and supportive of them reported more confidence and happiness in their marriage.
Respect also emerged as a critical feature to facilitate communication (Harris et al., 2015).

Participants who believed their partner respected them and their opinion were more likely to feel happy and confident expressing themselves.

Further to this, Harris et al.

(2015) report that a shared belief in the future of the couple relationship played a pertinent role in happy marriages.

Moreover, happy couples displayed interest in what makes their partner happy.
Relationship work has been described at length by Gabb and Fink (2015) as essential to sustaining long-term partnerships.
The relationship practices highlighted in their study among couples in the UK included more than the domestic aspect of living together; it included embracing the relationship through physical closeness and gestures between partners, nurturing the relationship emotionally and practically through shared time together and creating memories together, and everyday activities which are perceived as most meaningful, such as being made a cup of tea and cooking for a partner.
Furthermore, Gabb and Fink (2015, p. 48) highlight how individuals described relating with their partner with a sense of “deep knowing, beyond words,” demonstrating the intimate knowledge shared between partners and their closeness and togetherness.

Sexual intimacy is similarly experienced as an embodied form of deep knowing alongside other forms of intimate communication.
16 17 Another facet of the relationship process emerged in a qualitative study by Sandilya and Shahnawaz (2014) which explored forgiveness in the couple relationship within the Indian context.

The authors describe how participants expressed an unwillingness to let go of the past when feeling hurt by their partners, whether this pertained to a serious betrayal, or even a trivial offense.
This unwillingness was intertwined with anger or frustration, helplessness, and unfulfilled or unclear needs and expectations.

Nonetheless, forgiveness was perceived as indispensable to a happy and satisfied relationship.

Partners’ closeness and intimacy was found to determine the ease with which one accepts and forgives.

Moreover, the process of forgiveness requires willingness to communicate and to clarify misunderstandings.
The financial management practices of couples throughout the US who believe they have ‘great’ marriages were explored in depth by Skogrand, Johnson, Horrocks and DeFrain (2011).

In most of these couples, one of the partners handled daily finances; this included paying the bills, keeping track of spending, and managing the budget.

The decision to take on the major role in money matters was usually based on expertise, time, or desire of spouses.
Roles were sometimes switched, depending on who had more time available.

These couples spoke about the importance of trusting each other and communicating effectively about financial matters.

Trust was described as something that is earned with time and experience.

Couples also talked about how each person could spend money regardless of who took care of the finances.

Communication and consensus on major purchases was highlighted.
Another theme which emerged indicated that these couples lived within their means and were frugal.

The couples talked about not buying what they could not pay for.

Participant couples in this research also reported to have little or no debt, or had a shared goal of paying off debt.

The literature review has shown the multifactorial nature of predictors and processes in shaping couple relationships.
The current research aimed to add to the existing knowledge on long-lasting relationships and on those elements that contribute to happy couple relationships through a qualitative design.

The main research questions of this study addressed what major factors influence the couple relationship, and what helps and hinders relationship satisfaction in long-term couple relationships.

The research design and the outcomes pertaining to the research questions are described and discussed below.
Research Design A qualitative design was implemented to enable an in-depth exploration of the present-day meaning of couple relationships and the factors which may affect these relationships.

The research aimed to contribute towards a richer understanding of the couple relationship in contemporary Maltese families.

The participants of this study consisted of couples in married, cohabiting, and living-apart-together relationships, including couples in reconstituted families.
18 19 The recruitment of the participants the methods of data collection and ethical considerations are explained below.

Sample selection The sample of this study was recruited from the population of 2469 respondents who participated in the Sustaining Relationships computer-assisted telephone interview (CATI) (Abela et al., 2016).
Respondents who reported to be in a relationship and who showed interest in contributing to a follow-up study were approached by the National Statistics Office (NSO) to participate in this qualitative research.

The participants of this study included males and females aged 18 and over, residing in Malta and Gozo.
Through purposive sampling, the sample included a mixture of both (i) respondents who scored highly on a self-reported scale of relationship satisfaction, and (ii) respondents who scored low on a self-reported scale of relationship satisfaction.

In order to recruit the sample, potential participants identified by NSO were mailed an information sheet (Appendix I English version, Appendix II Maltese version) about the research purpose and method.
These potential participants were then contacted by telephone in order to be further briefed about the research aims and data collection process.

Those who showed interest were invited to participate on a date and time convenient for them.

Written consent was acquired prior to participation (Appendices III, IV).

The final sample was comprised of twenty-three participants.

A detailed overview of the research participants will precede the findings section.
Data collection method Data were collected through the use of focus groups and semi-structured interviews.

Focus groups were held with participants who had reported high relationship satisfaction.

Semi- structured individual interviews were held with participants who had reported low relationship satisfaction.
This was necessary because, when recruiting the sample, it became apparent that only very few respondents who had reported low relationship satisfaction showed interest in being contacted for a follow-up study.

Of these, many declined to participate in a focus group on the subject matter, thus indicating their discomfort at participating in a group discussion.
For this reason, it was decided that, in order to safeguard the wellbeing of participants who had reported low relationship satisfaction, they should be given the option to participate in an individual interview instead of a focus group.

A semi-structured interview schedule was constructed, guided by the research questions outlined above (Appendices V, VI).

This interview schedule was used across all focus groups and individual interviews, in order to maintain consistency across interviews.
Focus groups and semi-structured interviews lasted approximately 90 minutes each.
Four focus group and five individual semi-structured interviews were carried out as follows: 18 19 • Two mini focus groups (n=4 and n=3, respectively) with male participants who reported high relationship satisfaction; • One mini focus group (n=3) and 1 focus group (n=8) with female participants who reported high relationship satisfaction; • Three individual interviews with female participants who reported low relationship satisfaction; and • Two individual interviews with male participants who reported low relationship satisfaction.
Ethical considerations This research project observed an obligation towards ethical sensitivity and towards the safeguarding of the wellbeing of its participants.

In order to ensure that individuals participated in the study out of their own free will, potential participants were recruited only after provided with information about the research and what their participation would involve, in addition to obtaining their informed consent.
Written consent was requested to approve that the interviews would be audio- recorded.

The issue of confidentiality was explained thoroughly on meeting the participants, in order to promote a safe environment and to encourage a sincere and comprehensive exploration during the data collection process.

Anonymity when participating in the focus groups was promoted through the careful grouping of selected participants.
Confidentiality and anonymity were further secured by limiting access to the data collected to only the researchers and supervisors, and through the use of pseudonyms when reporting research findings.

The recorded data was retained in conformity with the Data Protection Act and will be destroyed once the research has been completed.

Furthermore, participants were informed of their right to withdraw from the study, even after giving their consent.
Following participation in this study, individuals were debriefed at the end of each focus group and interview through receiving general information about the therapeutic support services available locally.

Introducing the Participants Twenty-three participants took part in this research.

Participants’ ages ranged from 36 to 68 years.

The sample included both male and female participants; fourteen participants were female while nine participants were male.
The participants came from different socio- economic and educational backgrounds.

All of the participants in this research reported to be in a heterosexual relationship.

The participants who contributed to this research came from diverse couple relationships.

The majority of the participants were married.

Among the seventeen married participants, one married a lone parent with a child.

Out of the total sample, five participants reported to be in a reconstituted family.
Among these participants, three reported to be separated and/or annulled from a previous marriage and not 20 21 remarried, while one was a widower.

Four participants were in a living-together- apart relationship, including one participant who was in an inter-cultural relationship.

Two participants were cohabiting.

The large majority of participants were parents.


The tables below provide a brief overview of the socio-demographic background of the research participants, including the gender and civil status of participants.

This is then followed by a descriptive account of participants’ perspectives in relation to the research questions.

Findings Understanding the context of couple relationships The couple cannot be studied detached from its wider context.
This was made evident through participants’ responses, wherein social, cultural, and economic contexts feature as having a central impact on couple life and work-family balance.

Work and financial stress, consumerism, the media and technology were highlighted as intricately affecting and changing couple relationships, as elucidated below.

The perceived ease of marital dissolution also transpired as shaping the meaning given to couple relationships in Maltese society today.

Tables 1-5.
Tables 1-5.

Participants’ gender and civil status according to focus groups and interviews.

20 21 The impact of work Struggling to achieve a balance between work and family life was repeatedly said to negatively affect the couple relationship.

Participants gave substantial importance to spending quality time together as a couple.

Work commitments, however, are perceived as consuming much of one’s day, leaving very little time and energy for the couple relationship.

You need to find time for each other.


There’s a difference between courtship and married life.

During courtship, you are constantly spending time with your fiancée, you go together wherever you go.

When you’re married, things start to change.

Work after work, [you have] a mortgage for the house, etc.

And you try to manage with everything.

Then, God willing, you have children, then work increases even more, and time for each other is always decreasing.
(John, L131) Nowadays women also work, work, work all the time, it creates stress on the relationship.

You need to find balance... You need to have space to enjoy time with the family.

(Isabelle, L188) For some, long working hours or alternating work shifts were described as creating a scenario where partners scarcely meet.

Ruth explained how she and her husband had realised that, at one point, they were only seeing each other for around one hour in the evening.
This led her to make an effort to change her working hours.

When I was [working] on shift and my husband worked office hours, we ended up in a situation where ... he arrives from work at around half past five or quarter to six, and I start work at seven o’clock, he comes, I don’t drive, when he comes home food would be ready but he couldn’t eat as he would need to drive me to work at that time, then he would return home and eat alone.
So we spent a period like this, and I was always trying to see what I can do because I wanted to change my shift... His worked also involved travelling then, so sometimes if I was on leave [from work], he would be abroad.

So it was really a very bad situation.

(Ruth, L616) [People] spend more time with others, with colleagues from work, than [with their partner].

They never see their wives, because of spending 12 hours at work.
At work, they are with a group of people, then when they return home their wives go to work, and they absolutely never meet.

Then the relationship doesn’t continue going well for some.

(Ruth, L633) Engaging in telework was described by one female participant as a way to balance work and family life better.

Yet, working from home was also described as impinging on the time available for the couple to talk at home.

22 23 I work from home... You need to decide what’s important.
For us it is important to keep the full salary, now for me to do that, I need to work in the evening [from home].

When I arrive home at 1.30 p.m., until the children come and sleep at 8.00 p.m., my husband and I do all that’s needed, then at 8.00 p.m.

I turn on the computer to start working.

To a certain extent, I am not affecting the family, because I would have managed to do homework with the children, cook, iron, everything.
But then there’s the imbalance in the evening that [my husband and I] don’t have much time to communicate.

If there is really a need to talk, the computer is closed and we talk...

But you need to choose.

(Jennifer, L504) With respect to the impact of work on the couple relationship, the couple’s struggle to find time together was not the only factor identified by the participants.
Many also suggested that spending considerable time with colleagues presents the risk of infidelity, for instance, when going out with workmates to places of entertainment after work hours.

This perception emerged in both male and female focus groups and interviews.

You spend more time away from home, away from your wife.

At the work environment there are other women.

If you put a match next to fire, it will catch on fire.
(John, L469) People [at work] organise work activities where they exclude their partners, instead of doing a team-building activity, they go spend an afternoon in a hotel...

They go abroad, rent an apartment, and everyone stays together.

Or else, if there’s a work meal, after the meal it doesn’t end there, but they go to Paceville till 3 a.m. or 4 a.m. (Ruth, L186) Veronica described going out with workmates and friends as important to her.
In order to prevent arguments with her husband, she agrees with her husband about when she will be back.

If I would have agreed with my husband that I’d stay until a certain time, for instance I do go out with friends sometimes, I don’t always stay long...

I tell him how long I am going to be... or else there would be a good fight.

(Veronica, L209) Workmates and friends were often described as having a significant influence on the couple relationship and attitudes towards infidelity.
The accounts of several participants suggest that social attitudes to infidelity have become more lax.

If all his friends don’t respect their wives and seek other women, there is a bigger chance that he will do the same.

The whole environment affects [the couple].

(Ruth, L247) 22 23 I had friends who told me, when going to Paceville, don’t remove your wedding ring, show it, then [women] will flood you...

It has become an adventure.


Sexuality has been degraded to a very low level, it is not even intimate, nowadays it is just [about] pleasure.

(Julian, L86) Participants’ key reason for both partners working and/or for one partner to work long hours was to ensure income adequacy in order to make ends meet.

Participants also noted that their financial needs were influenced by emerging lifestyle and child- rearing norms and expectations, partially due to increased consumerism.
When I had my first child, I stopped working.

It creates stress.

It is very very difficult!

...There is tension from both partners.

(Ruth, L595) Consumerism and making ends meet Across the various focus groups and interviews, consumerism was consistently identified by participants as shaping one’s ideals and as impinging on couple relationships and family life.
The pervasiveness of consumerism and its impact on ‘norms’ is described as increasingly adding to the economic pressures experienced by couples.

This often leads partners to work more in order to make ends meet, consequently resulting in having less time to spend together as a couple, and as a family.

Money is running out because we are living in luxury, because luxury has become a necessity.
So you work more, you work full-time and it is not enough, [you add] part-time, that means even less time at home... (John, L463) When we got married, my husband and I spent two years without a finished kitchen, we had a base for the cupboard and I remember I had attached a curtain so that you can’t see the cans!

But the bigger picture was the marriage, the relationship.

I became pregnant with my son too and we were hands-on with the baby, [focused on] what the baby needs and everything.
I had no resentment that I was living without doors and without a kitchen, and neither did my husband.

Yet I know couples that care about wanting the best kitchen, the latest iPhone, going abroad, branded clothes, etc.

(Elizabeth, L557) We need more money than we used to...

When I was young, I didn’t need a mobile phone, I didn’t need certain things that my daughter nowadays constantly demands from her mother.

When I was young, these things didn’t exist...


If I wanted to buy something, I needed ten pounds and that’s it.

Today it’s more costly.

Her friends have a mobile so she wants a mobile, you need a computer for school...

When children see that others have things, if you don’t have them too you feel like you’re less...

The couple wants to give everything to their children to keep them well, but they don’t always have enough finances.
(John, L420) 24 25 The parents in this study described the difficult reality of coping financially when raising children.

As depicted above, this is in part augmented by a consumer-driven society, where parents are frequently faced with the dilemma of not wanting to deprive their children.

Parents also discussed not wanting to let their children ‘miss out’ on extra-curricular opportunities.

Several parents discussed enrolling their children in dance, football nurseries and other classes.
Some of these activities had developed into a long-lasting and mounting financial commitment.

At times, partners disagreed on choices related to such expenses.

My mum never sent me to dance lessons, and I always wanted this, it might have been different then, so I always wished to teach my children something more than just school.

My daughter is fifteen years old now and she is still attending dance four times a week.

So on top of school and private lessons, you become tired, you pay a lot of money.
I can’t tell her not to go...

The money we make never seems like enough... My husband sometimes complains about this, he tells me “where will she get with dance?”...

He doesn’t feel like it’s money well spent, he feels I’ve wasted the money.

(Victoria, L545) As illustrated above, participants explained how keeping up with financial pressures, while also juggling work and family life, has become a growing challenge for couples today.
Such pressures are being experienced by individuals and couples, regardless of their age.

The high expectations we have in society affect the couple relationship negatively...

Some call it consumerism...
When we were children we had peer pressure, but nowadays a 50 year old person like me has more pressure than a 12 or 14 year old, and I think that affects the relationship... You want to do what others do, but you can’t always do what others do... [For example] so now at age 50, because you see everyone buying a motorcycle on Facebook, you go and buy a motorcycle... That’s fine if your wife likes riding a motorcycle and you like it too, but if your wife doesn’t like riding a motorcycle and you haven’t ever driven one before... it’s not going to work...
But because you’re looking at the pictures and the photos, and everybody is going on a bike ride to Sicily... Maybe your wife might want something different... [People] consume things or do things, because they think they will improve their situation... Then you end up with financial pressures, [and] pressure of time.
(Nicholas, L177) Financial stress As portrayed by many participants, even though working long hours is experienced as unfavourable, the income is viewed as necessary to meet the costs of children’s educational needs and extracurricular activities, in addition to mortgage repayments.

Inadequate income was described by many as being a major stressor on the couple relationship, inducing tension between partners.
This corroborates findings from the Sustainable Relationships quantitative survey, where perceived income inadequacy 24 25 was found to be detrimental to satisfaction within the couple relationship, in addition to overall life satisfaction (PFWS, 2016).

It is a struggle, it is a struggle for those who may be on a minimum wage and might want to improve the family’s standard of living, and it depends on how many children they have.
(Catherine, L211) Sadly, despite long working hours and the distress this causes, income adequacy still emerged as a major concern for participants.

Unemployment, too, was considered as very stressful.

If a couple isn’t very tight and partners don’t back each other, [unemployment] is fatal.

Imagine not being able to put food on the table, it will take its toll on you.

(Thomas, L385) Mass media portrayal The impact of the media consistently surfaced as a key theme.
Many participants viewed the media as strongly influencing the expectations individuals have of couple relationships and marriage.

Such influences were further described as encroaching on family life, at times having a negative effect.

Participants described that when individuals internalise the idealised images of romanticism and married life as portrayed by the media, couples are often left ill-prepared for the reality of coupledom.

A lot of people confuse films with reality...


The way women are treated in films.

A film is a film, it is romantic, but love is when you know you are right but still choose to be patient and move on... You are compromising, you are giving.

(Christopher, L177) There is a huge difference between what the media portrays about the family and real life... Media portrays that you get married and you will be happy, that you will have healthy children, and illness is not mentioned.
Everything is portrayed positively, that you will have a lot of time [together], but in reality most of your time is at work... A beautiful wedding is portrayed, the dress and everything, and they don’t see beyond that point, what comes after.

They don’t consider the finances.

A wedding costs you €20,000 nowadays... People just put more weight on their shoulders than they can carry, they end up having to work and work a lot, and then won’t have time for each other.
(David, L62) The media gives you the impression that, for instance, even at home people dress up well...

I don’t watch a lot of soap operas, but apparently it’s like there’s nothing really to do at home, it’s as if everything [chores] gets done on its own.

You don’t really see realistic things on the media.

(Ruth, L291).

26 27 The impact of technology Technology is similarly outlined as having an increasing effect on couple relationships.
The advancement of technology is largely perceived as influencing the meaning individuals give to communication between partners.

Technology is also considered as heightening the perceived risks of infidelity.

Some respondents perceived technology and devices as hindering communication between partners.

There is an increased and pervasive use of mobile devices, with individuals frequently checking in on social media and consequently not attending to those in front of them.
This occurs even between partners.

Despite already having limited time to spend together as a couple, several participants report that “couples may be seen at a restaurant, constantly on their mobiles” (John, L493), seemingly not paying attention to one another and not really talking to each other.
On the other hand, some participants had a positive view of technology, acknowledging that when partners are away from each other, due to long hours at work, mobile phones can be a means of communicating with each other.

This is described as a means of ‘touching base,’ or maintaining an ongoing ‘connection’ between partners.

A phone call to see how you are would break the day... At least a text, “are you ok?” “Love you,” and four kisses.

I do this more [than him], but now he’s gotten used to it.
With a couple of words, we make a feast.

(Catherine, L1109) When time passes, I start expecting him to call...

Even a message.

Before I didn’t pay attention to how I wrote, now I started using even kiss signs and that type of thing...

So if you can’t see the person, you communicate in a different way; a message, a phone call... Touching base for two minutes makes the day go on.
(Stephanie, 1117L) Participants also perceived technology as a growing risk factor for the couple relationship, with many suggesting that technology has made infidelity easier because it creates more opportunities to meet others.

The chances have increased compared to before.

You have many more chances to do things that undermine your marriage.

Nowadays, you don’t even have to leave your home, I can stay on the computer and start chatting with a woman I’ve never met.

This wasn’t possible before.


(James, L473) The perceived ease of marital dissolution While the participants of this study, both those who were married and not, entered marriage with the hope that it would last forever, the perceived fragility of marriage surfaced across all focus groups and individual interviews.

The participants of this study gave utmost importance to striving to make marriage work, even those 26 27 participants who had experienced marital breakdown themselves.
Nevertheless, participants consistently conveyed their perception that marriage is increasingly being seen as easily dissoluble in contemporary society.

Many participants attributed the fragility of marriage to social and media influences, the changing view of commitment, to work routines and socialisation, and to the ease of legal separation/ divorce.

One respondent said that marital breakdown is today seen as “no big deal” (John, L106).
John added that while in bygone times, it was said that courtship was as durable as the tie of a bow, nowadays everything is considered this way, even marriage.

This was illustrated in the metaphor below by Walter.

“Today, [people] live with a suitcase behind the door, and as soon as the first problem crops up for the couple, it’s goodbye” (Walter, L539).

Having children was frequently presented as a deterrent to relationship dissolution.
On the other hand, and as already noted, participants also perceived that social norms around infidelity have weakened.

This was portrayed as destabilising the conventional view of exclusivity in couple relationships and adding to the risk of couple breakdown.

Expectations of a long-term relationship The participants in this study were invited to explore and share their subjective views on what individuals expect in a long-term relationship.
This was investigated through a broad overarching question in the beginning of each focus group and interview, allowing participants to speak freely about their own perspectives and experiences.

While participants’ responses were diverse and multi-faceted, several common threads emerged, which are captured in Figure 1 below.

Figure 1.

Emergent themes in respondents’ expectations of a long-term relationship.
28 29 The cultural meanings attached to expectations of long-term couple relationships were described as changing over the years.

Some participants stated that traditionally couples gave priority to having children through marriage, whereas couples today were described as giving more priority to companionship and enjoying each other in a long-term relationship.
As further explicated below, people essentially expect reciprocity in a long-term relationship; they want to enjoy a partner relationship characterised by mutual respect, love, trust and loyalty.

In most focus groups and interviews, these components emerged as central to what an individual desires and expects from one’s partner in a long-term relationship.

Such aspects were described as interrelated and as growing in a relationship with time.
Participants accentuated that respect, trust and love are expected throughout the ups and downs experienced by couples, even when partners disagree with each other.

Individuals correspondingly hold expectations pertaining to communication and to how their partner speaks to them.

The participants of this study also gave importance to quality time and engaging in shared activities as a couple.
Although participants emphasised the need to make an ongoing effort to work towards these various ideals, the notion that marital dissolution has become a default option which is easily considered nowadays was a recurring lament.

The intricate details of the expectations and beliefs pertaining to enduring couple relationships, as uncovered through this research, are further illustrated below and corroborated through participant quotes.
Respect When asked what they expect in a couple relationship, participants described respect as a principal expectation and as a sine qua non of long-term couple relationships.

Many participants believed that respect should be mutual.

Respect needs to be there, I expect that, because if I give it, I expect it back.

I have this system where, if I am giving everything, you need to give back.
(Pauline, L13) They also understood respect to mean being heard by your partner, finding a friend in your partner when needed, and having someone who shares life and family responsibilities with you.

Respect is when a couple is capable of good communication... they both listen, and when I have a problem I can find a friend in my husband.
I should find in my husband a partner who helps to raise a family together, respect that I am accepted as I am, not for a dream that could be, and that I also accept my husband the way he is...That we give priority to each other above everything else... We are number one to each other.

(Elizabeth, L116) 28 29 Indeed, many participants gave weight to respectful communication, as further deconstructed below.

Respecting your partner was seen as being open and honest, not hiding things from your partner.
Respect also meant being faithful and apologising when you are wrong.

Moreover, participants saw respect as demonstrated in small everyday things.

Saying sorry... That is very important...

It mends things.

For me, that is respect.

The fact that he is saying sorry, he is respecting you, because otherwise he would just say nothing and leave.
(Isabelle, L1031) You especially show respect in the small things, along the way... Like if [your partner] forgets his/her mobile downstairs, you tell them let me go get it for you, you show that you care.

It is something that is fostered with time.

(James, L1169) Respect was described as placing each partner’s needs at par, and making decisions together.

Respect was linked to “being recognised... acknowledged” (Paul, L641) by your partner, and to affirming the dignity of your loved one.
Regrettably, this was not experienced by all respondents.

Pauline disclosed how her partner’s treatment of her at times caused her to feel dismissed and incapable, even through seemingly minor interactions such as the following.

My friend was going to fit a desk for her computer, and her husband told her to ask me to take the measurements ...

I asked [my partner] not to forget the tape measure... he said no, because he wants to talk to them, because otherwise I would mix everything up.
Am I not capable of giving them the measurements?

... It’s like I am incapable, you know?

... He’s stubborn.

It’s like what he says is always right.

(Pauline, L459) When one’s dignity is not respected by one’s partner, the individual may feel exploited.

This may range from ill-treatment in the couple relationship to abuse, as illustrated by Margaret who is currently still married, but is living separately from her husband due to maltreatment.

I am property to him.

That is how he looked at me...


He had work, he had a good job...

I was a designer ...

When I was going to get married my boss did not want to lose me, and I had a considerable wage... [My husband] did not allow me [to work].

He dominated me...

I did not have a penny in the bank, he never communicated with me about [his] wage, I was there to cook...

I raised our children alone...

He ate and left me home alone... Why should I have to ask him to give me money to buy clothes?
You feel like you’re nothing.

Your identity is thrown in the rubbish.

(Margaret, L259) Nicholas similarly described respect as affirming the autonomy of one’s partner, and not overstepping his/her rights.

30 31 This is respect, you have another individual, an individual who is autonomous, and you have no right over her.

I have no right over my wife.

I never told her what to wear...

I don’t feel I have the right... You have no right to change a person.
(Nicholas, L289) Several participants held the belief that if respect is lacking, love may eventually wane.

Others noted that respect goes beyond the couple relationship if children are present, and if the couple relationship were to break down, partners can still maintain a respectful relationship as parents.

This was described as challenging at times.

Respect is there...
Respect is there...

Even if you didn’t stay with your wife, she is still the mother of your children, you are still the father of her children, if she needs something you give it to her because you spent your best moments together.

(Nicholas, L362) Love Love was described by the interviewees as having many manifestations.

It was seen as a willingness to do everything for the other person.

It meant tolerance and, at times, patience.


It also meant accepting loved ones as they are and helping them to grow.

Moreover, loving your partner was described as a choice one makes to stay with a particular person.

The things that show most how much you love someone is where you are patient.

You see your love towards that person in her defects rather than in the good, because with the good things everyone is easy...
If you are married, there are certain things you need to be patient with... You try to help the person, or at least draw their attention... For instance, when you tell [someone] that some things might hurt you.

(Thomas, L1260) Love is not simply a word, it is said a lot, for me love is...

Accepting me as I am...

Many times, we expect the other person to change as we would wish...
I have been through this a lot, and I suffered because of this... How can you have love toward someone yet not accept him as he is?

...

I was married for sixteen years, after that experience I compare today [with my current partner]...

I realise that [my ex-wife] had this difficulty.

It used to make me ask myself whether I did something wrong, whether something is wrong with me.

(Paul, L226) You know what I think love is?


It’s when I think of this person and say, is there anyone else in the world I would want to be with?

No.

If you brought someone else to me, I would say no.

This is who I want.

(Isabelle, L795) 30 31 Love is when there is someone you want to live your life with, and if you could spend every waking moment with, you would.

That is love...
That is love...

When you are young, you love your mother and want to be with her all the time, you look for your mother, you look for your father, that is one type of love... With love between partners, if you could you would spend all your time with [your partner], you think about [your partner], you wish him/ her well, that is love.

There are many who think love is in the bed, that does not mean anything, despite being necessary.
(Walter, L139) While love was described as being potentially egoistic, some participants described how, for them, love took on another dimension when the person was not simply loving for the purpose of personal gain.

Trust When exploring trust in long-term couple relationships, participants strongly emphasised that trust is built with time.

The beginning of a relationship was largely described as a time of uncertainty and insecurity.
As the relationship progresses, respect and love begin to develop, and this reinforces a sense of trust.

At first, your head is full of uncertainties, a lot of fears... [Worrying about] where she still is... A long-term relationship goes through this phase.

When there is respect and love... You trust when there is... this respect; that you are giving and receiving, respect from both sides.
(Walter, L111) In a couple relationship, trust was also defined as believing that your partner’s decisions and actions are taken with your wellbeing in mind too.

Trust is seeing that what [my partner] is doing, or when I show that what I am doing...

Through what I am doing I am working for the family.

So the other person trusts in me that the decision I took is also in his/her interest.

So I trust you.

If you made a mistake, but you made it with good intentions, this is trust.
(Nicholas, L306) Trusting one’s partner was described as challenging at times.

Despite being in a long- term relationship, several participants reported fears induced by risks of infidelity.

As illustrated earlier, such risks are perceived as very high due to the increased opportunities to meet others, in addition to the more lax attitudes towards infidelity in societies today.

32 33 Case example of processing trust in the couple relationship Bridget and Matthew have been in a relationship for six years.
The couple lives together apart.

Bridget came out of a physically and emotionally abusive marriage.

She is also a survivor of childhood abuse, and described feeling betrayed by those persons who should have protected her most.

Leaving her ex-husband was a difficult feat due to financial dependence, and an underlying imbalance of power and control.

Despite the odds, Bridget’s resiliency enabled her to leave her abusive situation in order to build a new life with her children.
Matthew was also previously married.

His marriage ended when his wife had engaged in an extramarital relationship.

Trust presented as a central issue in the couple’s narrative.

Bridget described her belief that trust is a pact one makes with another person.

In making this pact with Matthew, each promises that neither will hurt the other.

She described this pact as unbreakable and stated that secrecy is unacceptable.
In the beginning of their relationship, Bridget explained how she assessed Matthew to be a humble man with modest behaviour.

Moreover, he showed respect towards her and her children.

These were presented by Bridget as core elements in building a foundation of trust with time.

Nonetheless, she continues to refuse Matthew’s proposals to marry.
Amongst other variables, she described not wanting to re- experience her past, in addition to fearing couple breakdown as this has become quite common, and also implies legal and financial strains which she cannot afford.

Throughout their relationship, building trust has proven to be an intricate task for both partners.

Bridget described Matthew as jealous at times.

Couple conflict often arose in the earlier stages of their relationship when Bridget felt “suffocated” by Matthew’s fears of infidelity.
She felt it was unfair that her partner did not trust her because of his previous wife’s disloyalty.

This was an issue the couple eventually had to confront.

One strategy that facilitated a resolution included communicating openly and honestly, even about trivial things, such as about people who flirt with her on Facebook.

Bridget also highlighted the importance of setting of boundaries, such as trusting the person without checking on his/her mobile, or calling excessively, and so on.
32 33 Fidelity Fidelity and loyalty emerged as a common expectation in long-term couple relationships.

Keeping your partner’s feelings in mind, even when the couple is not together, was described by some participants as a required disposition in a long- term relationship.

If, for instance, I am joking with someone...

If I were to think, if my husband was next to me, would I still be comfortable saying those words I’m choosing?

(Ruth, L1045).
(Ruth, L1045).

Due to the increased opportunities for infidelity, and more socially normalised attitudes towards it, infidelity emerged as a prevalent risk factor for long-term couple relationships.

This transpired across all focus groups and interviews.

Yet, even though infidelity is perceived as a more common reality in couple relationships today, the participants of this study stressed the serious implications this has on the couple.
If one betrays the person one is in a relationship with, you lose everything you’ve done with the person... (Bridget, L78) As further illustrated below, loyalty is defined by participants as including, but going beyond, fidelity.

Loyalty was tied to expecting your partner to be reliable and to not ‘let you down.’ Loyalty includes expecting your partner to give priority to the family’s wellbeing and to prioritising the partner relationship over other roles and relationships, including one’s career.
Loyalty towards me and our children; that his main focus is on us as a family... Loyalty is not just about extramarital affairs, loyalty is much deeper... That he does not let me down on the important things... (Elizabeth, L99) Work is often important to my husband...

But if work is that important and then he neglects me, that is disloyal, he would be more loyal to his work and his ambition than to the family.
(Josephine, L109) Communication Communication was presented as a crucial aspect associated with the wellbeing of the couple.

Participants stressed that attention must be given to the way partners speak to each other, in order to nurture a sense of happiness and security in the relationship.
Participants emphasised that serious difficulties may arise within the couple relationship when communication is deficient, but also when communication between partners is hurtful, criticising, dismissive, or dishonest.

34 35 Maureen described her partner’s communication style as a primary factor contributing to her dissatisfaction in her relationship.

She referred to his tone of voice and choice of words that made her feel upset and belittled.
The way [my partner] speaks to me, not that he swears on anything of that sort, but, for example, when he calls me foolish, I cannot stand that, and I try to bite my tongue, but then I can’t resist not answering back.

If I speak well to you, you should speak well to me.

Whether or not you have stress at work, you have arrived home...

I don’t snap at him for nothing, when he does that it bothers me so much.
(Maureen, L64) I have low self-esteem... At his workplace, I start thinking that maybe because he finds workmates attractive, maybe that’s why when they call about work, [he says] “yes, yes, alright, leave it in my hands”...

I call him, for instance, and it’s “What do you want?

What do you want?

Why are you calling me now?”...

So then I start seeing myself as ugly...

I start saying I definitely am not attractive to him.
(Maureen, L496) Maureen continued to describe how communication between herself and her partner made both of them feel upset sometimes when they interacted with one another.

He tells me that I hurt him when we fight and I tell him to go, to leave if he wants, to leave if he is unhappy.

I say this to him honestly because I feel like, with the words he tells me, I have to say this to him if I think he’s not happy [in the relationship], shouldn’t he leave?
(Maureen, L716) When differences arise, making time to discuss and to talk through the dilemma cooperatively was seen as important to cultivating good communication in the couple relationship.

However, disagreement on major issues and emotional reactivity often acted as obstacles to constructive conflict resolution.

Some participants commented on the need to be conscious of the emotions of one’s partner and, particularly, to wait to discuss when the partner is calm.
Several participants also disclosed the difficulty they themselves found to apologise to their partner.

It’s not easy, you need to find the mechanics of it.

For instance, I become very angry if there’s something which I expect to have been done differently...

I am aware, but it still affects me.

Then it is difficult for me to say sorry too...

Sometimes there are issues that we see differently, so we disagree...

It is not enjoyable, and sometimes it doesn’t pass in just one day.
(Ruth, L423) I am a bit passive, so most of the time my husband is the volcano, not me, not because I don’t become angry, but I keep a lot inside, I calm myself...

I let him be and then speak to him at a quieter time, you can’t talk to him in that moment, I let the volcano erupt, I let him calm down too, then I go speak to him quietly...

I would have time to think and would be prepared to talk to him.

(Veronica, L430) 34 35 Furthermore, being open with one’s partner was underlined by many participants.
Hiding something from one’s partner, or not being transparent out of fear of not being understood by one’s partner, was described as destructive.

Stephanie discussed a major impediment she and her husband faced after their baby was born.

She spoke of having been on the verge of seeking marital separation, as she felt betrayed by her husband.
On sharing and processing this experience, she illustrates how the issue of betrayal, which was most evident on the surface, was a symptom of the underlying lack of communication and disconnection between the partners.

Seeking counselling and strengthening their communication in response to this challenge was described as bringing the couple closer than it had been before.

I had spent some time not paying attention to my husband...
I put the children first, and he didn’t show me that something is wrong... My husband had withdrawn and kept everything inside, and nowadays we have the internet and these things, he used the internet, and I realised.

I did not want to continue, I wanted to separate... We went to a counsellor...

The fact that he was talking to someone else hurt me... You need to talk [about] what we can fix today, what his day at work was like, what my day at home was like, you need to talk to each other.
I learned from this mistake, sometimes learning from mistakes brings you closer together...

I saw improvement too... Before I used to speak to him and he never gave me much attention, so I started not paying attention to him either... Today, both of us talk about what to do if we have a problem.

(Stephanie, L970) Communication between partners was described by some as including more than just spoken or written words.

Sometimes there are also small things that can demonstrate communication.
For example, recently I had to go abroad alone, and [my husband] knows how much I hate going abroad on my own...

I am a Snickers fanatic...

I open up my suitcase and find a Snickers on my clothes...

Even though I know he hates going shopping, but he went to the supermarket and bought it, he put it there for me.

(Isabelle, L1200) Reciprocity Relationships require reciprocity.

This emerged as a common expectation of a long- term couple relationship.
James’ description of the significance of affective reciprocity between partners, in addition to the reciprocation of supportive behaviours, reflects this expectation mentioned by a number of participants: When you love someone, you want to find someone who loves you; when you help someone, [you expect] to find someone who helps you; that the other person is there for you just like you are there for him/her.
(James, L80) 36 37 Quality time together Amongst the major factors identified as influencing couple wellbeing, the experience of constantly struggling to spend time together as a couple emerges most strongly.

This struggle has a significantly detrimental effect even for individuals in self- described “happy” relationships.

Spending time together as a couple was given substantial importance by participants.

However, this is often limited due to the impact of work and having children.
Couples have to make an effort to find time to spend together on their own.

You’d have so many things on your mind that you start seeing everything as too much and you wouldn’t have the energy for it.

Life has become so complicated with the children and work, for instance my son has his O-levels right now.

School, private lessons, waterpolo, a whole day straight, until half past ten at night.
Not even a second of peace at home to eat with the family nowadays... [My partner and I] don’t have much time to spend together, quality time doesn’t exist, it is very scarce.

(Vince, L105) Bridget described how finding time together is essential to allow opportunities for the couple to communicate and for partners to show interest in one another.

Moreover, when overwhelmed with the various demands and stressors of everyday life, the couple is at risk of putting relationship needs to the side.
Partners’ demonstration of affection may consequently diminish.

The most important thing to do is to not take the other person for granted, because when you get used to someone, you become comfortable, [for example] you feel tired and want to sleep and ignore him, you take the person for granted.

I believe that both men and women need affection, because [we are] living a fast life, you need to go to school, to work – it’s stressful.
So I believe that, at least for half an hour a day, you need to sit down and talk, and not be selfish.

For instance, I was selfish when I always talked about my work and my career, but he has a business and I need to find time to ask him about his work at the shop.

So you have to give in and give more time to each other.

(Bridget, L64).

When our daughter began having extracurricular activities after school, we realised that our time with each other [as a couple] had ceased.
We started realising we are losing that connection... One thing we did was that we agreed to go together to drive our daughter when she had a lesson, so that we spend that hour or two together having tea and talking, like a date.

(Ruth, L369) Influences on relationship satisfaction At the heart of this research lies our fundamental interest in gaining a more profound understanding of what affects couple wellbeing and how it may be supported.
36 37 As John succinctly illustrated, the couple relationship is dynamic and naturally characterised by ups and downs.

“Like anyone else, I sometimes have arguments with my wife, and sometimes I am in seventh heaven” (John, L128) This perception featured across all participants, both those who had reported high relationship satisfaction scores in the quantitative study, and those who had reported poor relationship satisfaction.
The various factors which influence the couple relationship may indeed be viewed as contributing to a “large jigsaw puzzle, in which every piece counts” (Thomas, L373).

Participants also outlined that the little day-to-day things affect couple relationships in the long-term.
To gain a better understanding of the dynamic processes which develop in couple relationships, we asked participants about their perceptions and experiences of what influences the couple relationship; what promotes couple wellbeing and what may hinder the couple relationship.

Figure 2 below presents a summary of the emergent factors which influence relationship satisfaction.

These factors are then discussed in further depth.

Figure 2.
Figure 2.

Emergent themes in respondents’ perceptions of major factors which influence couple wellbeing.

38 39 Shared couple activities Drawing on the importance given to spending quality time together as a couple, participants further postulated that it is not just about spending time together, it is more about doing something together.

Participating in joint leisure activities emerged as crucial to promote closeness in couples.

You need to make time together, not just spend time at home.
I mean, if one [partner] is watching T.V.

and the other is reading, that is not time together.

If both go on a 20 minute walk together, that is time together.

That’s why having a common interest helps.

(Nicholas, L38) Going abroad together, walking the dog together, for me, I would feel like I did something great, that’s fun for me... You need to have some common interests, although you don’t have to be similar in everything.
(Melanie, L382) I feel happy when we go abroad, we escape for a short while together, we do take our children though.

I feel it unites us again as a family.

With work, our daughter in one place, our son in another, you don’t really have the chance... My husband works two jobs during summer... We literally do not see him...

Thank goodness for September.

(Victoria, L971) Sharing religious or spiritual practices also emerged as having an important role in the couple relationship for some participants.
I believe you must pray together, because I believe this unites you... We pray together every evening, despite whatever may have happened during the day.

(Bridget, L245) Making an effort to participate in your partner’s hobbies, even when they are different from your own preferred activities, was perceived as a crucial strategy appreciated by one’s partner.

When showing interest and participating in each other’s pastimes, it becomes something shared.
This was described as enhancing the bond between partners.

My wife and I run together.

She didn’t used to run with me before, I used to go on my own, but 2 years ago she started, so we share this hobby.

(Nicholas, L129) If I like going to museums and he really dislikes that, or I like to go shopping and he doesn’t like that, there needs to be some respect because it is his holiday as well, you need to balance.

(Isabelle, L401) You need to do things that [your partner] enjoys...
If my husband likes cars and is going to a car museum, it helps if you show interest in his things and likewise.

You need to find a little balance.

You encourage [him], even if you don’t like that thing.

If you do activities together and show interest, it becomes something shared, it enhances your bond.

(Ruth, L960) 38 39 Feeling understood by one’s partner Feeling understood by one’s partner also emerged as pertinent to participants in this study.
Participants deemed it important to make an effort to listen to one another.

This was presented as a key behaviour to preserve a loving, respectful relationship between partners.

That you understand each other, you listen to each other.

I feel that this helps me a lot, especially with [my husband].

He likes to talk a lot, he opens up about work matters, since he works alone and does not have friends.
So he tells me his problems, sometimes I don’t feel like it, but I stay quiet and listen to him because he needs to tell me...

I need to hear him and he needs to hear me... At the same time, this helps you know what’s going on in his life.

(Veronica, L329) The way he understands me, even if I’m talking about something not so ‘mainstream’, he tries to understand it, he tries to discuss it.
(Ruth, L778) Showing each other affection Romance in the couple relationship was portrayed as essential, regardless of age.

Simple acts or gestures were described by participants to explain romance.

These relationship maintenance behaviours ranged from demonstrations of physical affection to thoughtful gestures and showing your partner that you are thinking of him/her.
To some participants, special occasions, such as anniversaries and Valentine’s Day, were experienced as important moments which they dedicated to the couple relationship.

Romanticism needs to keep on going, even though you get older.

You may plan something, plan a surprise...

It doesn’t need to stop because of age.

(Ruth, L382) It is always ongoing, for instance, compared to my parents.

Despite loving each other, I don’t recall my mother or father ever buying even a birthday card for each other.
We still do this.

On Valentine’s Day, the children go to sleep at 8 o’clock, we buy Chinese [food].

Things like that, it’s always ongoing... We keep it ongoing with messages, cards, and things like that.

(Jennifer, L387) The small things [matter]...

The affection, being ready to make an effort to show affection, if not, this will hinder [the relationship]... My wife likes to be shown affection, she comes from work, at least a hug...
I am not an affectionate person, not the type who likes to hug or kiss others.

I never saw my mother kiss my father...

They were married for fifty years.

(Walter, L607) 40 41 With time, you end up taking things for granted, even when it comes to saying “I love you”, you don’t do it... Or you say it but it becomes just like a “good morning”, and [your partner] doesn’t even notice.
(James, L1024) Although participants gave substantial importance to the need for affection, many experienced a decline in the demonstration of affection over time.

Sexual intimacy Several participants considered intimacy as another facet of affection and crucial to relationship satisfaction.

However, keeping the ‘spark’ in a long-term relationship was described as requiring effort to uphold and often there is a decline.
Some participants attributed this decline in intimacy to a lack of time and to the necessity to prioritise other basic needs, such as attending to children and work demands.

Others described how partners become so familiar with each other along the years that they stop ‘getting to know’ each other, often taking things for granted and losing a sense of ‘curiosity’ in the other.

I think that the evening is the best... You are together, I think every couple loves to cuddle.
(Stephanie, L1158) I sometimes joke with my wife and tell her that, when we were dating, I used to see her more.

When you are still discovering the person, you talk the whole time, you are discovering new things, then after some years you would know certain things, and would have less to talk about...

In a new relationship you make more effort and show more interest...

Affection becomes expressed less... Our daughter also disrupted the relationship, [she disrupts] time and intimacy with my wife.
(John, L1004) Maintaining closeness in the couple relationship requires partners to adapt to each other as they grow and change with time.

When you’ve been together for a long time, I think that it is important to evolve, because the things that counted for me when we were dating are completely different today.

So you need to adapt yourself in some way and learn more about [your] partner.
(Ruth, L349) Respondents noted how a decline in sexual intimacy and a pronounced disparity in partners’ sexual desire contributes to dissatisfaction, as well as to feelings of rejection and fears of infidelity.

When I used to approach my wife and she told me that she didn’t feel like it because she is tired, after a long time acting this way, the first thing that came up in my mind is that she was having a relationship with someone else.
(Walter, L478) 40 41 My partner does not seek me that much for sex, and there was a time when it was even worse.

This affects me.

I question why.

I am not the type who will go and touch him... As a woman you feel it, I don’t have that attention, it affects me.

(Pauline, L509) Last time I was so happy, it was like something big happened...

I was watching a film... And when he fell asleep, I felt him hold my hand, and it felt like heaven!
I started wondering whether he was dreaming that he is holding someone else’s hand.

(Pauline, L794) A lack of intimacy and poor relationship satisfaction are perceived as linked to potential relationship breakdown.

If you find someone else, it probably reflects that something is missing, not necessarily sex.

If your wife doesn’t speak to you, you might seek someone to open up with, and you may find this in someone else.
(James, L916) Humour Sharing laughter and humour were seen to contribute to relationship satisfaction, and to enhance bonding in the couple relationship.

For several participants this emerged as central to a sense of wellbeing and connection within the couple relationship.

My husband likes to joke and he keeps me happy, he jokes.

It’s my life.

As long as I laugh, because I love to laugh!


I have always been like that since a young age, always laughing, so he keeps me [happy], and I complement him as well because I also like to make jokes.

I feel like humour keeps me alive with him.

I feel, and he feels young at heart.

(Victoria, L698) If you stop jokes and laughter...

I don’t know...

I see them as things that broaden love...

He used to joke before...

Things have changed...


I would like us to be happy with each other... not fight... You can’t avoid fighting, but joking a bit is important...

He used to make me laugh a lot!

He laughed a lot.

I used to feel so good with him...

I start thinking he’s not happy [with me] anymore, because he’s not joking that way, he is very tired.

(Pauline, L333) How decisions are made Shared decision-making was considered key to a happy couple relationship.
Disagreement concerning parental practices was illustrated as a potential area of conflict.

42 43 I like to participate in everything, when we make a decision I would also want her to participate, I wouldn’t just go ahead and make a decision on my own, not because I am not able to or she is not able, but so that we are both aware of what’s happening.

(Thomas, L575) We immediately talked about how we don’t want to behave towards our daughter in a certain way, we both supported her in the same way.
(Ruth, L780) If my son asks me something and I don’t know how to respond, I tell him that I will discuss with Papa and then we will see.

(Josephine, L478) However, several participants also described that in a couple relationship, one partner may take more of the initiative, while the other is more passive.

Some participants described how they took the lead in decision-making in some areas, while their partner took the lead in others.
I think that in certain areas, one [partner] will decide most, and in certain areas, the other will decide.

(Thomas, L536) Everyone has his/her areas... My wife was a teacher, I don’t intrude on matters of [the children’s] education, because I don’t have as much knowledge as her.

(David, L568) The importance of supporting decisions taken by one’s partner was also noted.
Ruth described feeling supported by her husband when she decided to take on a major career role, which required her to leave her former job and enrol in a university course.

He supports me.

After I had our daughter, I decided to go into nursing.

Before I had a completely different job.

He was willing to go to work while I studied.


(Ruth, L783) We are both very busy... She is interested in choir, I support her in this, and she supports me, I have working hours that vary according to our concerts, I am very busy working during weekends sometimes, but she comes and supports me.

(Paul, L416) Negotiating household chores The way couples negotiate and share domestic tasks is also central to couple functioning.
Participants described that, when it comes to the division of household chores, cooperation affects both individual wellbeing and the couple relationship.

42 43 Different participants had different experiences.

The majority of female participants who were employed discussed the importance of sharing responsibilities within the home, and when this was lacking several of these participants reported distress.

I’ve been married for 27 years.

I remember when we came back from our honeymoon...


I began working in the first week, and my husband worked as a nurse.

He cooked a dish of baked rice then.

[Excitedly] I started thinking he was going to cook often.

It turns out that 27 years have passed and that was the first and last meal he ever prepared...

In a relationship, you need to be straightforward, it is not easy to deal with egoism, it is sometimes a struggle ...

I might be too much of a giving person...


I might have brought this situation with my own hands, and did not respond to it early on...

Despite this, I am still ok with my marriage and happy with our children, I have my ups and downs, sometimes I think if only he had cleaned at least the plates today, isn’t he realising that I am a bit tired??
(Catherine, L914) Three of the fourteen female participants referred to themselves as stay-at-home mothers who took on the major responsibilities of housework and childcare, while their partners worked full-time.

For these women who have adopted traditional gender roles within the couple system, consensus between partners on division of labour was given importance.

This was illustrated by Natasha, a stay-at-home mother whose husband works in construction.
“[My husband] doesn’t really help me [at home], well when the children were much younger he did help a bit, but now they are growing, one is turning ten and the other thirteen.

[My husband] has told me that since I don’t work (outside the home), and I agree it’s true, why should he do my work?

...” (Natasha, L845) Nicholas also spoke about how he and his wife have adopted traditional gender roles.

I don’t do chores at home...

I think [people] think my wife is like a slave...


I think she lowered her expectations more than I did.

But we’re comfortable... She does everything and I don’t do anything at home.

I take care of all the finances...

If one of us passes away, I don’t know what we’d do.

(Nicholas, L152) While it is apparent that conventional gender prescriptions still influence some couple systems when it comes to the division of labour, regardless of their age group, this is not manifested in all couples.
Isabelle described negotiating the division of labour within the household based on what is practical for the couple when considering the different skills or preferences of her and her husband.

Christopher described participating in daily domestic tasks and wanting to live a different script in his marriage than that modelled in his parents’ relationship.

44 45 I don’t behave like my father.

My father used to come from work, sit down on the sofa and turn on the television, and he never got up.
I didn’t want to do that because I used to see my mother complain all the time, always on the go, and I didn’t want my wife to go through what my mother did.

So as soon as I arrive home, I start cooking and I clean, or I do homework with the children... Because, apart from the fact that my wife works part- time, housework is a twenty-four hour day job.

(Christopher, L35) I hate ironing, but then if a frame needs to be hung then I need to do those sort of things, he doesn’t, but then he irons the clothes.
You need to decide, so no-one feels like he/she is the maid of the house.

I think that is important, because otherwise there would be resentment.

(Isabelle, L951) During the male focus group discussions, mutual involvement in household responsibilities was given prominence by most participants.

It appeared that males in a reconstituted family, or post-separation relationship, reported assuming major responsibilities for housework and for care of biological children.
These participants described living apart from their current partners, while some did cohabit for part of the week.

One married male participant in a non-distressed couple relationship reported working from home and also taking on the role of a “house-husband” while his wife worked long hours (Walter, L16).

Taking care of the home is hard... You need to clean, you need to cook, you need to wash the clothes, you need to iron, these are daily things.
And you need to do your work... My wife does absolutely nothing, I don’t expect her to, she leaves at six o’clock in the morning to find parking, and before 8 o’clock in the evening she doesn’t come back, and is filled with tension.

Next week she is going abroad for a conference, and she needs to organise everything on her own, I know what type of pressure she has.

Why would I go and tell her to do this or that?

She finds everything spotless when she comes home.


That is why you need to work for marriage on a daily basis, because it is easy to get fed up.

(Walter, L699) How differences are handled Compatibility between partners was a key feature addressed by several participants.

Some participants postulated that having shared interests and similarities between partners contributes to the good functioning of the couple relationship.
Issues such as similar hobbies, level of education, income, values, political views and personality were some of the things outlined.

Other participants stressed that having commonalities is not essential.

Instead, how partners manage their differences and their conflicts was viewed as more important to these individuals.

The experiences of several participants further illustrated how inter-partner dissimilarities neither defined nor hindered their relationship.
This included one participant currently in a 44 45 multicultural relationship with the partners coming from different backgrounds and nationalities yet feeling they are in a solid relationship despite living apart for a large share of the year.

Another participant disclosed that she and her husband both held strong but opposing political views, yet they worked to ensure that these would never come between them.
I think that rather than having different work backgrounds, for example, a bus driver and a teacher [in a relationship], you may have a clash, for example, because he does not want her to continue to study.

But you can have a bus driver who actually supports her in studying... It’s one’s values not one’s work.

(John, L715) My husband and I don’t agree on politics, this has no effect on us.
I don’t think politics should affect [you] that much... We are both mature about it, and we have never spoken in front of our children about this, we never influenced them, but they grew up and built their own opinions.

(Isabelle, L274) When further exploring the strategies used to negotiate differences between partners, a lack of compromise and perceived selfishness in the other partner featured as major hindrances to the management of inter-couple differences or disagreements.
My husband rarely visits my side of the family, he has nothing against them... My family meets a lot, I visit my mother daily and [my husband] wanted to stop that.

I told him that he could do anything but that.

I did not keep him from going to his mother’s, so I told him not to stop me... For me family is important, every Sunday we eat at my mother’s, my siblings and I meet, and my husband never comes.

His family is different...


I do wish he would come with me, like my brother and his wife, they are there every Sunday, he and his wife stay there a bit and we take a coffee together, that is special for me.

(Veronica, L733) Participants also discussed complementarity with their partners.

When partners’ personalities complement each other, this was seen as contributing to a sense of harmony in the couple relationship, while also instilling growth in each other.
Vince described his appreciation of his partner’s ‘bubbly’ character, which he found helpful especially due to being quite reserved himself.

I am a quiet reserved person, I am not bubbly.

She is different, so I know that she is going to keep the household alive, or if we go out with my daughter and mother she keeps the conversation.

Her character keeps our home alive.

I am not capable of going somewhere and talking to everyone...
This also encourages me to do certain things that I wouldn’t try if it wasn’t for her.

(Vince, L415) 46 47 Putting the other first Putting the other first was also seen as necessary in long-term couple relationships.

John described the importance of both partners being ready to make sacrifices in couple relationships, and of being “ready to give in, and not continuing to contest [with your partner]” (John, L128).
Giving without expecting in return is further illustrated in the following instance: If you are egoistic, your marriage will not yield anything, you need to dedicate your life to those around you, not reason “what will I gain?”... Give as much as you can... Give, and if anything comes in return, welcome it.

(Walter, L118).

This degree of putting others first takes us beyond the notion of reciprocity described earlier.
The continuum between selfishness and selflessness is once again re-defined by Frances who argued that respect and putting each other’s needs in the forefront go hand-in-hand.

Self-centred behaviour continued to emerge as a risk factor for couple breakdown and as a detriment to family wellbeing.

Here the needs of the individual are once again part of the equation.

Even if the husband goes out to work and then never comes home to help the family, there is no respect towards one another... And vice versa.
If the wife selfishly cares only for herself... and puts herself before the family, the family will not work that way... You are in a relationship, you have to bring others before you, without neglecting yourself.

(Frances, L144) The impact of children Children were highly prioritised throughout the conversations that developed across the various focus groups and individual interviews.

Participants who were parents consistently described children as influencing their relationship with their partner.
While considering them a blessing, they also conceded that having children could place stress on the couple relationship.

Participants with children in the household described how having children further added to the challenge of making time together as a couple.

Once you have children, you give them priority.

Not that you disregard your husband, but sometimes... they interfere a bit.
I don’t mean this in a bad way, I thank God for them, we were lucky to have two [children] after seven years, so we really wanted to have children, but I think that they create stress on the couple.

(Jennifer, L804) With children, the [couple] relationship starts taking on a different dimension, and the relationship can regress instead of improve.

It regresses because you become tired, more work and less money, less leisure, more different opinions...

But children help to establish a family.


(Nicholas, L373) 46 47 [Our daughter] is eleven years old.

She occupies a lot of our time, and it should be that way, we don’t deprive her of anything.

Both of us try our best...

But since she is always with us, even if we go out, we can never go out just me and my wife like we used to before, we always have our daughter with us, many times because we wouldn’t have anyone to leave her with so we have to take her.
But time for us alone to go somewhere, to be close, to talk, we don’t find.

(John, L150) Several participants with children maintained that the couple relationship should take priority over the parent-child relationship.

Children should know their place in the family.

They are not number one, the number one is your partner... For instance, in finances, I do not mean that my wife would inherit and my children wouldn’t, but eventually what we would have built together, she should get the better share of...
If we go for a day to Comino, I don’t focus on the children who are home alone, now they have grown up, [my wife] is the number one.

(Nicholas, L416) Nevertheless, there were differing views on managing loyalties towards one’s partner and one’s children.

For some participants, the partner’s closeness to their children lead them to feel like they came second.

Especially for women, when they have children, they are first...
I am not saying she doesn’t continue to love [her partner], but maternal instincts are there.

(Thomas, L1440) When we had our daughter, I viewed [my husband] as forgetting all about me.

I used to tell him that, before we had our daughter, he used to fear that when we have a baby I would forget him...

I made an effort not to disregard him, but the opposite happened!

I used to tell him that he has forgotten me...

If you’re not strong, you break down...

Sometimes I cried.
Sometimes I cried.

If affected me so much... All of the attention went on our daughter, and I really had become an outsider to him.

(Victoria, L842) Participants in reconstituted families demonstrated that their children from a previous relationship, retained priority even after entering into a new couple relationship.

Children are first as children, but they are not like the partner.
The partner, or wife, is not less than them, but for me personally, deep down my children are everything... My partner isn’t, she will always remain a foreigner to me.

She is the person I love, she is the person I respect, she is the person I want to spend my life with...

But the children are sacrosanct.

They are everything.

(David, L1500) Making an effort to spend time together as a couple, and to talk with each other without the children, was given priority by most participants with children.
48 49 We can’t talk about certain things when our daughter is with us, for example when talking about discipline on children...

So you go out together, for a coffee, even go out shopping together, because that is an important part of building the relationship.

(James, L168) The impact of children on the couple relationship was viewed as changing according to the age of the children.
The family was portrayed as going through different life stages which are more or less shaped by the different developmental stages of children.

Before having children, participants described partners as being more organised around the couple relationship.

When the couple has children, having infants or toddlers was viewed as a different stage than when having young children or adolescents.
When the children grow up and eventually leave home, the couple enters a new stage with different needs and benefits.

Participants highlighted how partners need to manage different stressors across the various family life stages.

Infancy and adolescence were particularly challenging to many respondents.

I think that you need to adapt to different situations...
Right now we have young children, I cannot go to that fancy restaurant, if we were to have an evening myself and [my husband] that would be different.

Also, sometimes my husband is a bit selfish in these things, for example, we should go somewhere that the children would enjoy and not always [to places] where there’s food he likes...

Sometimes, with men, you have to tell them these things...

Sometimes it’s hard to convince him.


(Veronica, L914) With a baby... you have the first six months breastfeeding, but then with each period there is something beautiful, they become toddlers, start walking, so you need to be more careful.

Every period is beautiful.

The worst I think is ages fourteen, sixteen.

It’s the most difficult age to raise children...

They act like bullies, stay with friends, feel grown up, turn against you.
(Bridget, L511) There are couples who, after children leave, are on pension, they start having time again, but they stop talking, because while raising the children they put their attention on the children only, and they become distant.

(Thomas, L986) Although parenting may be taxing on the couple relationship, having children was frequently underlined as a reason for partners to make an effort to stay in the relationship.
Because I am a parent, when I had troubles with my wife I did not grab my bag and leave... You stay there for the children to be raised well.

(Walter, L961) The children keep you there, in a relationship.

When you fight, you don’t leave the children... For children, couple breakdown is a trauma.

(Veronica, L876) 48 49 Paul described how he persisted in his relationship with his former wife, despite the difficulties faced.
He described being in a dilemma because while leaving the relationship would affect his children, inter-parental conflict was ultimately leaving a negative mark on them too.

Relationships with in-laws Several participants also described that in-laws may also influence the couple relationship.
Although it was noted that they may be of support at times, participants discussed the negative effects that relationships with in-laws sometimes have on the couple relationship, particularly where one partner may still be enmeshed with his or her parent/s’ system.

Not to use the word ‘intrusion’, because their intention may not be to intrude, but they defeat what the couple builds and where the couple is going, with just a comment or sentence, they can divert you from where you would like to go.
(Jennifer, L230) Influence comes from the parents too, they influence a lot.
For instance, when we first got married, I used to worship my father... My father was the type that, if you had a problem, he will surely solve, whatever it is; a problem with work, a money problem, a relationship problem, you can talk to him... My wife couldn’t stand the way I viewed my father... She couldn’t stand how attached I was to him... My father used to influence me so much that I sometimes didn’t pay attention to my wife, even on simple decisions...
This left her feeling that I left her out and lied to her about things.

(Walter, L378) James continued to share about similar experiences with his wife, and how the couple managed conflicts around their in-laws by communicating with honesty and fairness, rather than obstinate loyalty towards the family of origin.

Since we’ve been married, all the arguments we’ve had revolved around, and involved, the in-laws, in one way or another.
I think that what helped each of us most was that we always recognised, for example, if my mother was wrong or mistaken, and my wife says that my mother is wrong, I admit it, rather than trying to justify her because she is my mother, and vice versa.

(James, L1700) As further illustrated below, participants gave importance to prioritising the partner relationship and the immediate family system over the wider family network.
The extended families are there, but when I say ‘family’, I mean us: mummy, daddy and the children.

And we should decide what’s best for our family.

(Jennifer, L548).

50 51 The partners’ prior formative experiences The personal stories and life experiences which partners carry into the relationship are also identified as contributing to couple functioning and relationship satisfaction.
This includes one’s upbringing in the family of origin, which was described as determining the formation of the individual.

I think it goes way back, not only to when the couple is married.

When a couple is married the parents may affect them, one’s upbringing also may make a big impact on how a person relates to the woman he marries.
For example, if the mother was absent or highly criticizing, this will surely have an effect, unless this person succeeds in receiving guidance and mending the situation, it will surely have an effect on how he behaves with his wife.

(Ruth, L240) The baggage you bring with you from home influences the [couple] relationship... You come from one family and your wife comes from another, and sometimes your upbringings can be very different.
(Walter, L312) Experiences with one’s family of origin were described as moulding the image one has of families and relationships.

Your family of origin influences.

My parents are together, I had a good childhood, but I know friends whose mother and father separated, and I think their image of the family is different than mine.

I am not saying that everyone is like that, but for some.
They go into a relationship without thinking about the long-term, they enter a relationship knowing it can disappear easily...

They are more prepared...

It is something they view as normal.

(James, L335) Previous relationships also emerged as influential on the couple’s relationship.

Christopher described how his wife’s experience with her former partner influenced how she related to him, often creating dynamics which he viewed as problematic.

Previous relationships [influence].


My wife had an unpleasant relationship before.

Although he didn’t abuse her physically, he abused her psychologically... She began calling me to ask permission to go to Valletta with her friends, or somewhere with her mother... She used to do this out of fear from her [previous] partner.

I used to tell her to go wherever she wants, and that I trust her.
(Christopher, L337) 50 51 Major life challenges In addition to some of the factors outlined above, other principal issues which individual participants perceived as major difficulties and associated with couple distress included infertility, illness and disability.

The stories shared by several participants conveyed how couples may thrive despite facing serious challenges in life.

However, even couples who described themselves as happy were not immune to the stress of major challenges.
For example, when a couple tries to have a child but experiences infertility, the stability of the relationship was described as being disrupted due to the tension which may develop between partners.

Such tension is augmented by the toll of procedures related to assisted reproduction.

Several participants spoke about the hardship the couple faces when having a child with a disability.
Some areas that may be impacted in the couple relationship when a child has a disability include finances, social life, self-esteem, communication, future planning, recreation, sexuality and parenting style.

The impact of having a child with a disability may disrupt the course of the couple relationship.

Learning about the child’s disability and keeping united as a couple system emerged as essential.
Both of us are very tired, with our son’s disability, both of us are tired, because [he] needs that attention all the time, constantly...

It is very, very difficult, we sometimes tell each other maybe we have all this tension between us because of [our son]...

Sometimes, when [my partner] and I are talking, [our son] interrupts and starts becoming upset, very upset, so we barely communicate, almost not at all.

(Pauline, L57) Our younger son has autistic tendencies, this was a big blow for us.
When he was young he had speech delay...

Imagine sending your son to school and not knowing if he was going to speak... We went to CDAU and she told us “Your son is autistic”... As soon as we left, we cried... You work more together, through the turmoil we experienced... We did a very good job in hiding what we were going through.

We didn’t show anyone anything, not even our friends knew...

Even our parents...
Even our parents...

But I think you [need to] keep the children in their place, and not put them before your wife, or before your husband... My children don’t come before my wife... We do everything together.

(Christopher, L1011) The lived experience of physical and/or mental illness of one’s partner was also shared by a number of the participants.

One example of a couple facing mental health problems was described by John, whose wife suffered from postnatal depression.
Adjusting his work commitments and seeking professional help facilitated management of the stressful situation.

52 53 Case example of the impact of the experience of partner illness on the couple relationship John and Lisa are a married couple with children.

Both are dedicated parents.

Following the birth of their daughter, Lisa began experiencing symptoms pertaining to postnatal depression.

John described how this took a toll on their marriage, at times also inducing conflict between him and his wife.
In his account, John adopted a non-judgmental understanding of his wife’s difficulty.

This may have facilitated the couple’s ability to persevere.

John demonstrated compassion towards his wife, through acknowledging how his absence due to work commitments contributed to the couple’s distress at the time.

In addition to the couple seeking professional advice, the couple tried to stay “as close as possible” (John, L1656).

John reduced his work commitments to be more present for his wife.
John framed this as his ‘duty’.

A spotlight on the couple experience in reconstituted families This qualitative study provided the opportunity to listen to the narratives of individuals coming from diverse couple formations, such as individuals in cohabiting, married, and living-apart-together relationships.

In the earlier quantitative study, 65% of those respondents who had separated were subsequently cohabiting with another partner (PFWS, 2016).
Five participants in the qualitative study reported to be in a reconstituted family.

Reconstituted, or blended, families are those in which one or both partners were previously married or partnered, with children from previous marriages or partnerships.

When exploring the experience of couples in reconstituted families, the participants’ stories conveyed the additional needs and challenges they face, on top of all the more common challenges of family life.
This section will briefly elucidate the unique findings which emerged through the lived experiences of individuals in a reconstituted family, hence facilitating a richer understanding of couple relationships in contemporary Maltese families.

52 53 Case example of a couple within a reconstituted family David was previously married for over ten years.

He has now been separated for several years and has a daughter and son from his first marriage.
David is currently in a long-standing relationship with Rose, who is also separated with children.

The couple lives together apart.

David described how his children spend half of the week with him, and half of the week with their mother.

He decided that it is important for him to continue living in his house, despite being in a committed relationship with Rose, as he shares his home with his children.
When they are with their mother, David spends the rest of his week living with his partner and her children.

He described this living arrangement as a ‘different style,’ where the partners alternate from living apart to cohabiting.

This has become a normal routine for the couple.

For David, it allows him to balance his loyalty towards his children and that towards his partner.

He reported to be very satisfied in his relationship.
Although his partner has a good relationship with his children, and sometimes cooks for them, David stated that he does not treat her like their mother.

He also expressed that he does not try to act like a father with Rose’s children.

He struggled in building a relationship with Rose’s son, and still refrains from giving him advice.

He enjoys it when her son approaches him to talk about something.

David does not believe in marrying again.


He views Rose as the person he wants to spend his life with; the person he trusts and whom he feels trusts him; the person he helps, and the person who helps him.

He considers their relationship as similar to a married couple, yet ‘built’ differently.

Most of the five participants from a reconstituted family reported living apart from their partner.
Three participants stated that they had a different residence from that of their partner, despite being in a long-term relationship.

Some of these participants said that, although they have separate homes, they routinely sleep over at their partner’s house or vice versa; hence cohabiting for part of the week while living apart for the rest of the week.
Out of the five participants, one participant reported to be cohabiting with his current partner, and another was currently married to his partner and living with her and her nineteen-year-old daughter from a previous marriage.

Wanting to prioritise the wellbeing of one’s biological children often gave rise to challenges in the living arrangements of reconstituted families.. Having a new partner move in was portrayed as potentially disrupting or intruding on the children’s home or family structure.
This was a common theme regardless of the children’s ages; that is, whether they were young children, adolescents, or even young adults.

This is illustrated in Paul’s story, who has been separated for twelve years, and who takes care of his three daughters, all residing with him.

Although his daughters are now in their twenties, he is still cautious about having his partner move in as he fears that this may affect them negatively.

54 55 I have a partner, but we don’t live together.
And I don’t believe I should, I don’t believe that my partner should live in my home as long as I have my children, and she doesn’t believe so either... She has certain respect, and I never wanted to impose anything on my children.

I wanted to be sure that they are safe and happy.

(Paul, L81) Bridget similarly explained how she decided not to allow her partner to move in for the sake of her children.

In this case, her partner had asked her to move in.
Bridget’s account demonstrates how, despite living apart, she and her partner have implemented several routines commonly practiced by couples who do live together, such as the morning commute to work and doing house chores together.

We don’t live together.

He has a flat, he wanted to come live with me, but I don’t feel that...

He meets me to go to work in the morning, then he leaves work and meets me again, and even because of my children, I always told them that he is my partner and not their father.
He sometimes sleeps with us, and he comes to help me clean the home, we carry the weight together, like folding clothes together.

But for now, for now, no.

(Bridget, L570) Demonstration of affection between partners in a reconstituted family may at times be hindered by the presence of children from another partner.

Vince, who is widowed, described that, although his new partner moved in with him and his two children, he feels uneasy demonstrating affection towards her within his own home.
Through his account he disclosed how he perceives his couple relationship as being different from that of a “normal” married couple.

I do not feel comfortable holding my partner’s hand in front of my children, obviously because she is not their mother...

When we are alone, that’s fine...

But there is something that keeps me back, for example, I would not hug my partner in front of my children, I don’t feel comfortable, and neither does she.
My couple situation is different than a normal married couple, where I would have a wife and children...

I don’t even feel comfortable when I am out and with my family...

If we are walking down the street, we wouldn’t hold hands.

(Vince, L202) From the accounts of both Paul and Vince, it is evident that their deportment and the presence of children from a previous relationship also influences the new partner’s behaviours and sense of ease in the relationship.
While Paul stated that his partner also decided that she should not move in as long as his children are still at home, Vince’s partner was described as feeling uncomfortable hugging or holding hands in front of his children.

Building a relationship with the children of one’s partner emerged as an important issue for the participants of this study.

Parents expressed wanting their children to be accepted by their new partner, and wanting their partner to be accepted by the children.
Partners entering a relationship with someone who has children also communicated wanting to be accepted by their partner’s children.

54 55 When I met [my partner], I told him... You must love me and my children...

It would be better if he doesn’t love me but he loves my children...

I do think he loves my children.

(Bridget, L441) My children have accepted [my partner] and she has accepted them, and she loves them and helps them, they were younger then and now they have grown.
(Vince, L55) I didn’t just let my partner in our home immediately, first the children got to know about her, then my mother, and then there was everyone’s consent.

(Vince, L199) Some participants spoke of their difficulties in communicating and bonding with their partner’s children.

Split loyalties towards one’s biological children and one’s partner also transpired as affecting the couple relationship.

Furthermore, couple conflict may arise when managing differences of opinion around the children.
Those participants who were with a partner who had children from a previous relationship demonstrated that, when children are not your own, it is very difficult to be involved in the upbringing of the children, even when living in the same household.

My wife has a teenage daughter who lives with us.

Sometimes I feel like I am competing with her for my wife’s attention...
Sometimes I think [her daughter] tries to ask her questions like “Mum, do you love me?” Like she asks her certain questions to try to see who her mother loves most.

I know it might sound silly, but this bothers me, because for me my wife comes first (Thomas, L1371) Further to this, Thomas described how he was also hesitant to address issues concerning his wife’s daughter due to his fear that her daughter would not trust his intentions.
I think that if I told [my partner’s daughter] something myself, she might take it like, “He is not my father,.” Whereas, if her mother told her, she is her mother.

So I can’t really say certain things, or if I do say them they will be interpreted differently.

I would be trying to help her, to give advice, but she interprets it as if I’m picking on her... It’s like, you have another person living with you at home, but to talk to her you need to go through somebody else.
I can’t just go ahead and tell her, I need to tell my wife.

(Thomas, L1623) Being accepted by extended family members also emerged as important for the couple in a reconstituted family.

For Bridget, being accepted by her partner’s parents, and their acceptance and inclusion of her children into the family, was a vital step in her relationship with her partner.

56 57 [My partner] started telling his mother and his father [about us].

I thought wow he must be happy with me!


When they heard about my three children they weren’t happy about it.

But then his father asked me to visit him, he told me that I seem like a humble woman and that I have a career and work....He told me that he admires people like me.

Today they love me like their own daughter.

Thank God, [they love] my children too, they have no preferences, even for Christmas they buy presents for everyone, just like they do for the children of [my partner’s] siblings...
I am grateful to his mother for that.

(Bridget, L699) The prospect of remarriage was a major area of conflict in those cases where partners differed in whether or not they wished to marry and/or to have children.

[My partner] and I have arguments, she wants to get married and wants children, but I don’t... It’s hard to find a way to tell her that I don’t want to get married, she can stay if she likes it but she can leave otherwise.

But I can’t do this.

...


I love her, and, she has respected me, my children, and she has helped me...

I don’t want to mislead her, to promise her something to keep her quiet... [My partner] wishes something that I cannot give her.

I know that deep down she is not happy...

It is painful for her to stay with me, she is not going to become a mother and she really wants this...

I already made a family... Knowing that she is not one hundred percent happy is a problem for me.
(Vince, L79) He asks me to get married, I tell him that I need more time.

My son will grow more.

To marry him, I would need to feel like I would not be able to live without him.

And I am not like this...

I am strong and am capable of living without him, so I surely don’t want to marry...

I tell him the truth, that I don’t want to marry again and pass through the same [experience].
(Bridget, L576) Following this overview of the major outcomes of this study, relevant recommendations for practice and policy will be put forward in the next section.

The propositions presented are discussed vis-à-vis the key components which were found to contribute towards happy couple relationships, in addition to the emergent factors which are experienced as hindering the wellbeing of couples and their relationship.
56 57 Conclusions and Recommendations This study adds depth to existing knowledge on couple processes which affect relationship satisfaction, and on contextual factors which shape the couple experience.

A description of the participants and the major conclusions stemming from this study are summarised below, followed by recommendations for policy and further research.

Who was studied?

The sample included twenty-three participants in a heterosexual long-term relationship.
The participants were between the ages of 36 and 68, with slightly more female participants than males.

All participants were Maltese nationals.

The participants came from different occupational and educational backgrounds.

All of the participants in this study reported to be in a long-term relationship.
When it came to the civil status of participants, seventeen were married, three participants were separated and/or annulled from a previous marriage and not remarried, one participant was a widower, and two participants held a ‘single’ civil status.

From all the participants, five reported to be in a reconstituted family, four were in a living- together-apart relationship, and two participants were cohabiting.

Most of the participants were parents.

What do people value in their relationships?


Reciprocity emerged as a major expectation of couples in a long-term relationship.

Participants described wanting to be in a couple relationship characterised by mutual respect, love, trust and loyalty.

Reciprocal respect in the couple relationship was identified as central to the wellbeing of partners, even as manifested through small day-to-day interactions.
Among the various ways that respect is demonstrated, communicating in a respectful manner was highlighted as vital.

Furthermore, love was described as more than an affective dynamic between partners, with the behavioural component of love emerging as an essential part of couple life.
This was reflected through tolerance and patience, through a willingness to help one’s partner when needed and to do things for one’s partner even in moments when this was not requested by him or her Participants spoke of the need to feel accepted by, and to accept, their partners as they are, and to help each other to grow.

Substantial value was given to trust and fidelity, where trust was seen to increase over time.
Moreover, profound value was given to spending quality time together as a couple, and to engaging in shared activities as a couple.

What enhances relationship satisfaction?

Nurturing a sense of closeness and a ‘connection’ between partners along the years requires not only sharing quality time and joint leisure activities as a couple, but also maintaining a sense of ongoing curiosity and interest in one’s partner.

For some, this included sharing religious or spiritual practices.
Relationship satisfaction was further described as sustained through the demonstration of affection and shared intimacy; through both the physical expression of love and thoughtfulness expressed through 58 59 caring and romantic acts.

Participants also highlighted that sharing laughter and humour are central to a sense of wellbeing and bonding within the couple relationship.

Compatibility between partners also featured as fostering satisfaction in one’s relationship.
While commonalities between partners were given importance, participants also emphasized that complementarity and managing partner differences constructively are essential.

Feeling understood by one’s partner similarly emerged as highly relevant to satisfaction in one’s relationship.

Shared decision-making was given key importance in maintaining a happy relationship.
Although decisions across different areas of couple and family life do not necessarily have to be made conjointly, participants gave importance to overall agreement when it comes to who takes the lead in certain decisions, and who takes the lead in others.

Supporting one’s partner in decisions made was also important.

Furthermore, reaching consensus and perceived fairness in the negotiation of household chores was also found to contribute to relationship satisfaction.
What contributes to relationship dissatisfaction?

Participants consistently reported that couple distress is often augmented as partners struggle to find time together due to the cumulative demands of work and having children.

Financial inadequacy and striving to make ends meet were marked as having a critical role in this equation.
As partners make an effort to cope with the day-to-day needs of family life, participants reported that a lack of time with one’s partner and decreased communication may lead partners to gradually take one another for granted and drift apart, with a decline in intimacy featuring as a major contributor to relationship dissatisfaction.

Self-centred behaviour also emerged as a deterrent to relationship satisfaction and family wellbeing.
A lack of compromise and perceived selfishness in one’s partner featured as major hindrances to the management of inter-couple differences or disagreements.

Although having children was described as enriching the couple relationship, raising children was experienced by all parents in this study as taxing on the couple relationship, especially when partners disagree on parental practices, and when one partner feels ‘second best’ if the other is perceived to place priority on the children.
Infancy and adolescence were described as particularly challenging.

Split loyalties between one’s partner and one’s children proved to be relevant across all family structures; however those in a reconstituted family highlighted that the presence of children from a previous relationship steps up the complexity and may require more commitment and thoughtfulness from parents and partners.
The prioritization of the couple relationship was also indicated as a requisite for the partners’ wellbeing when it comes to relationships with in-laws.

Enmeshment and over- involvement of one’s parents, as well as allegiance to one’s parents over the partner, were reported as generating couple conflict and reducing relationship satisfaction.
Major difficulties in life, including infertility, mental and other illness, and disability were underlined as having a substantial impact on the couple relationship.

Such 58 59 experiences were perceived as contributing significantly to couple distress.

Several participants did convey, however, that the couple may thrive despite facing serious challenges in life.

What do individuals experience as influencing the couple relationship?
Contextual factors consistently emerged as having a central impact on couple life and on partners’ ability to successfully realise a satisfactory work-family life balance.

The influence of work, and the increasing roles of consumerism, technology and the media were underscored as impinging on family life and intricately moulding couple relationships.

Participants reported constantly struggling to achieve a balance between work and family life due to work commitments.
Despite long working hours and the distress this causes, income adequacy still emerged as a major concern for participants.

Inadequacy was related to meeting basic living needs, as well as emerging needs as influenced by new ‘norms’ in lifestyle expectations and childrearing practices.

The perceived ease of marital dissolution Participants consistently conveyed their perception that marriage is increasingly being seen as easily dissoluble in contemporary society.
The fragility of marriage was attributed to the changing view of commitment to the relationship, social media and mass media influences, work routines, socialisation, and the ease of legal separation/divorce.

Having children was frequently indicated as a deterrent to relationship dissolution.

Recommendations for policy and practice The emergent findings of this study give voice to the experiences of couples within the Maltese context who come from different life situations.
These experiences provide a better understanding of the presenting needs and challenges of diverse couples and families today, hence informing recommendations for practice and policy.

A number of recommendations generated from this study are presented below.

The importance of nurturing the couple relationship was highlighted by this study as vital to the quality of life of individuals and their dependent children, when present.
Supportive couple relationships emerged as an important resource when families face major difficulties in life.

In order to promote stable, mutually satisfying couple relationships which contribute to individual and family wellbeing, relationship education requires prioritisation in our policies.
Relationship education needs to support all couples, irrespective of their religious beliefs or whether they are married or not, in developing caring, respectful, trusting and loving relationships, and in developing key relationship skills, such as effective communication, sharing realistic expectations, and decision-making.

In the case of couples with children, co- parenting is to be given its due importance as suggested in the Strategic Policy for Positive Parenting 2016 -2020.
60 61 Courses in relationship education that are evidence-based are to be offered to all couples.

Relationship education should also address the reality of post-separation and divorce, and reconstituted families, with particular emphasis on co-parenting in this context.
Family friendly policies are to be further developed and encouraged across the various segments of the labour market, given the negative impact which long working hours was found to have on the wellbeing of the couple in Maltese society, and the high value given to spending quality time together for relationship satisfaction.

Guidance on time management for parents can be offered as part of wellness initiatives at the place of work.
This study further highlights that income inadequacy contributes significantly to the experience of couple distress.

The presence of children was indicated as adding to financial pressures on the couple relationship.

These findings substantiate outcomes from the quantitative CATI survey (PFWS, 2016).

In this regard, the decrease of 2.3% in the at risk of poverty and social exclusion indicator between 2015 and 2016 is encouraging (NSO 2017).
Further to this, personal finance education using a values-based active learning approach should be made available both within the formal and informal education systems and via community initiatives.

Such an initiative would help participants to reflect on needs versus wants, to make smart and responsible decision-making around consumption, and to plan realistic budgets to meet their family’s needs.
The study also draws attention to the formidable role which the media and advertising have in shaping couples’ ideals, consequently encroaching on family life.

This demonstrates the need to strengthen school- based consumer and media education and to provide lifelong learning opportunities for nurturing consumer and media literate adults and parents.
The participants in this study underlined the increased stress experienced by couples with children in infancy and adolescence, hence adding to the findings of the CATI survey (PFWS, 2016), which indicated that respondents with adolescent children had lower life and relationship satisfaction.

The outcomes of the qualitative study continue to underscore the importance of the Strategic Positive Parenting Policy for Malta 2014–2018.
Parenting programmes should not simply focus on the skills needed to raise children, but should adopt a more systemic approach which addresses the couple relationship, recognising parents as partners, and the relationship between partners as central to parenting.

Limitations of the study The study only captured couples who were between ages 36 to 68.

Given this age range, the experiences of younger and elderly individuals in a couple relationship could not be portrayed in this study.
This is considered relevant in view of the fact that the mean age at first marriage in Malta is 31.6 for males and 29.2 for females (Eurostat, 2017), and also when taking into consideration our aging population.

According to the last census, 31.8% of married individuals in Mata are over sixty years of age.
60 61 Suggestions for further research Given that some minority groups were not captured in the sample, further in- depth qualitative research with LGBTI, multi-faith and multi-cultural couples is suggested.

This research would explore how relationship satisfaction and meaning are constructed within the couple relationship, and how couples understand the context of their relationship.
Likewise, the study did not capture the experiences of couples who have children outside marriage at a relatively younger age.

The experiences of these couples, including the higher incidence of breakdown in this particular group of couples, need to be studied in more depth.

The experiences of older couples are also missing, in spite of the fact that this sector of the population is on the increase and their couple relationships are an important determinant for their wellbeing.
The implications of population ageing upon families, and specifically the fact that the bulk of carework with elderly parents is undertaken by the family, suggests the need for a closer look at the impact of eldercare upon the couple relationship.

The various strategies adopted by couples who successfully meet household, childrearing and work commitments in a mutually satisfying manner would also be worth capturing and sharing.
The expressed and unmet demand for couple therapy, as well as trends in the help-seeking behaviour of couples, and the provision of such therapy by various providers in the statutory, private and non-profit sectors were not directly explored in this study.

A separate study on the subject may inform policy with regard to the development of such services.

62 63 62 63 References Abela, A.

(2014) Changing dynamics in Maltese marriages.


Paper presented at the 1st European Conference on Systemic Research in Therapy, Education and Organizational Development entitled ‘Linking Systemic Practice and Systemic Research”, Heidelberg, Germany.

Amato, P. R., & DeBoer, D. D. (2001).

The transmission of marital instability across generations: Relationship skills or commitment to marriage?.

Journal of Marriage and Family, 63(4), 1038-1051.

Burstein NR.

Economic influences on marriage and divorce.


Journal of Policy Analysis and Management.

2007;26:387–429.

Campbell, L., Lackenbauer, S. D., & Muise, A.

(2006).

When is being known or adored by romantic partners most beneficial?

Self-perceptions, relationship length, and responses to partner's verifying and enhancing appraisals.

Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(10), 1283-1294.

Cheung, M. (2005).
Cheung, M. (2005).

A cross-cultural comparison of gender factors contributing to long-term marital satisfaction: A narrative analysis.

Journal of Couple & Relationship Therapy, 4(1), 51-78.

Chopik, W. J., & O’brien, E. (2017).

Happy you, healthy me?

Having a happy partner is independently associated with better health in oneself.

Health Psychology, 36(1), 21.

Christiano, K. J.

(2000).

Religion and the family in modern American culture.

In S. K. Houseknecht & J. G. Pankhurst (Eds.


), Family, religion, and social change in diverse societies (pp.

43-78).

New York: Oxford University Press.

Daneshpour, M., Asoodeh, M. H., Khalili, S., Lavasani, M. G., & Dadras, I.

(2011).

Self- described happy couples and factors of successful marriage in Iran.

Journal of Systemic Therapies, 30(2), 43.

Ellison, C. G., Burdette, A. M., & Bradford Wilcox, W. (2010).
The couple that prays together: Race and ethnicity, religion, and relationship quality among working-age adults.

Journal of Marriage and Family, 72(4), 963-975.

Eurostat.

(2017).

Mean age at first marriage, 2013.

Retrieved from http://appsso.

eurostat.ec.

europa.eu/nui/submitViewTableAction.do Gabb, J., & Fink, J.

(2015).

Couple relationships in the 21st Century.

Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.

Gabb, J., & Fink, J.

(2015).


Telling moments and everyday experience: Multiple methods research on couple relationships and personal lives.

Sociology, 49(5), 970-987.

64 65 Gabb, J., Klett-Davies, M., Fink, J., & Thomae, M. (2013).

Enduring love?

Couple relationships in the 21st century.

Survey Findings Report.

Milton Keynes: The Open University.

Retrieved January, 1, 2014.

Gottman, J. M. (1994).

What predicts divorce?

Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.


Gottman, J., Carrère, S., Swanson, C., & Coan, J.

A.

(2000).

Reply to “From Basic Research to Interventions”.

Journal of Marriage and Family, 62(1), 265-273.

Harold, G. T., Aitken, J. J. and Shelton, K. H. (2007), Inter-parental conflict and children’s academic attainment: a longitudinal analysis.

Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48.

Harold, G. T., Pryor, J., & Reynolds, J.

(2001).

Not in front of the children?


How conflict between parents affects children.

One-Plus-One Marriage and Partnership Research: London.

Harris, V. W. (2010).

Marriage tips & traps: 10 secrets of nurturing your marital friendship.

Plymouth, MI: Hayden-McNeil Publishing.

Harris, V. W., Bedard, K., Moen, D., & Álvarez-Pérez, P. (2015).

The Role of Friendship, Trust, and Love in Happy German Marriages.

Marriage & Family Review, 52(3), 262- 304.

Harris, V. W., Skogrand, L., & Hatch, D. (2008).


Role of friendship, trust, and love in strong Latino marriages.

Marriage & Family Review, 44, 455–488.

Heiman, J. R., Long, J. S., Smith, S. N., Fisher, W. A., Sand, M. S., & Rosen, R. C. (2011).

Sexual satisfaction and relationship happiness in midlife and older couples in five countries.

Archives of sexual behavior, 40(4), 741-753.

Kalmijn, M., Loeve, A., & Manting, D. (2007).


Income dynamics in couples and the dissolution of marriage and cohabitation.

Demography, 44(1), 159-179.

Keizer, R., & Komter, A.

(2015).

Are “Equals” Happier Than “Less Equals”?

A Couple Analysis of Similarity and Wellbeing.

Journal of Marriage and Family, 77(4), 954-967.

Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., Bane, C., Glaser, R., & Malarkey, W. B.

(2003).

Love, marriage, and divorce: newlyweds' stress hormones foreshadow relationship changes.
Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 71(1), 176.

Lavner, J.

A., & Bradbury, T. N. (2012).

Why do even satisfied newlyweds eventually go on to divorce?.

Journal of Family Psychology, 26(1), 1.

Lewin, A. C. (2005).

The effect of economic stability on family stability among welfare recipients.

Evaluation Review, 29, 223–240.

64 65 Luo, S. (2009).

Partner selection and relationship satisfaction in early dating couples: The role of couple similarity.
Personality and individual differences, 47(2), 133-138.

Malinen, K., Kinnunen, U., Tolvanen, A., Rönkä, A., WierdaBoer, H., & Gerris, J.

(2010).

Happy spouses, happy parents?

Family relationships among Finnish and Dutch dual earners.

Journal of Marriage and Family, 72(2), 293-306.

Markman, H. J., Stanley, S. M., & Blumberg, S. L. (2001).

Fighting for your marriage.

San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

McDaniel, B. T., Drouin, M., & Cravens, J. D. (2017).

Do you have anything to hide?


Infidelity-related behaviors on social media sites and marital satisfaction.

Computers in Human Behavior, 66, 88-95.

McNulty, J. K., Wenner, C. A., & Fisher, T. D. (2016).

Longitudinal associations among relationship satisfaction, sexual satisfaction, and frequency of sex in early marriage.

Archives of Sexual Behavior, 45(1), 85-97.

National Statistics Office (2017) SILC 2016: Salient indicators.

News Release no.

151/2017 Nakamura, M., & Akiyoshi, M. (2015).


What Determines the Perception of Fairness Regarding Household Division of Labor between Spouses?.

PloS one, 10(7), e0132608.

National Centre for Family Research (2016).

Sustaining relationships: Couples and singles in a changing society.

Malta: The President’s Foundation for the Wellbeing of Society.
Retrieved from The President’s Foundation for the Wellbeing of Society website: http://pfws.org.mt/wp-content/themes/pfws/loadfile/Sustaining_ Relationships_Final[1].pdf National Statistics Office (NSO).

(2014).

Census of population and housing 2011: Final report.

Valletta: National Statistics Office.

Neyer, F. J., Wrzus, C., Wagner, J., & Lang, F. R. (2011).

Principles of relationship differentiation.

European Psychologist.

Olson, D. H., & Olson, A. K. (2000).

National survey of marital strengths.


Retrieved from http://www.prepare-enrich.com/research Overall, N. C., Fletcher, G. J., & Simpson, J.

A.

(2010).

Helping each other grow: Romantic partner support, self-improvement, and relationship quality.

Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36(11), 1496-1513.

Papp, L. M., Cummings, E. M., & Goeke-Morey, M. C. (2009).

For richer, for poorer: Money as a topic of marital conflict in the home.

Family relations, 58(1), 91-103.


Reis, H. T., Clark, M. S., & Holmes, J. G. (2004).

Perceived partner responsiveness as an organizing construct in the study of intimacy and closeness.

Handbook of closeness and intimacy, 201-225.

66 67 Rosen, R. C., Heiman, J. R., Long, J. S., Fisher, W. A., & Sand, M. S. (2016).

Men with Sexual Problems and Their Partners: Findings from the International Survey of Relationships.

Archives of sexual behavior, 45(1), 159-173.

Sandilya, G., & Shahnawaz, G. (2014).


Willingness to Forgive the Spouse: A Qualitative Study.

Psychological Studies, 59(4), 413-418.

Schneewind, K. A., & Gerhard, A. K. (2002).

Relationship personality, conflict resolution, and marital satisfaction in the first 5 years of marriage.

Family Relations, 51(1), 63-71.

Skogrand, L., Johnson, A. C., Horrocks, A. M., & DeFrain, J.

(2011).

Financial management practices of couples with great marriages.

Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 32(1), 27-35.
Swann, W. B., De La Ronde, C., & Hixon, J. G. (1994).

Authenticity and positivity strivings in marriage and courtship.

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66(5), 857.

Symoens, S., & Bracke, P. (2015).

Work-family conflict and mental health in newlywed and recently cohabiting couples: a couple perspective.

Health Sociology Review, 24(1), 48-63.

Vazhappilly, J. J., & Reyes, M. E. S. (2016).

Couples’ Communication as a Predictor of Marital Satisfaction Among Selected Filipino Couples.
Psychological Studies, 1-6.

Valenzuela, S., Halpern, D., & Katz, J. E. (2014).

Social network sites, marriage well- being and divorce: Survey and state-level evidence from the United States.

Computers in Human Behavior, 36, 94-101.

Whisman, M. A., & Uebelacker, L. A.

(2009).

Prospective associations between marital discord and depressive symptoms in middle-aged and older adults.

Psychology and aging, 24(1), 184.

Whisman, M. A., Uebelacker, L. A., & Weinstock, L. M. (2004).
Psychopathology and marital satisfaction: the importance of evaluating both partners.

Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 72(5), 830.

White, L., & Rogers, S. J.

(2000).

Economic circumstances and family outcomes: A review of the 1990s.

Journal of Marriage and Family, 62(4), 1035-1051.

Williams, D. T., & Cheadle, J. E. (2016).

Economic hardship, parents’ depression, and relationship distress among couples with young children.

Society and mental health, 6(2), 73-89.


66 67 Appendix I: Information sheet with covering letter (English version) Dear Sir/Madam, On behalf of the President’s Foundation for the Wellbeing of Society, we would like to thank you for participating in a recent study carried out by the National Centre for Family Research by telephone interviewing.

We greatly appreciate your time, as well as the valuable information you gave us on relationships and wellbeing.
At that time, you indicated an interest in possibly participating in future research.

We are writing to tell you that we would like to invite you to participate in an approved research study about couple relationships.

Participation in this research includes attending a focus group to discuss what may help or hinder couple relationships.

The focus group will be led by Professor Angela Abela, Chairperson of the National Centre for Family Research on (date and time), at San Anton Palace, Attard.
Light refreshments and snacks will be provided.

Participation in this research will be voluntary and any information shared will remain confidential and treated according to the terms of the Data Protection Act.

Further information about this research will be provided shortly through telephone, by a representative of the National Centre for Family Research.

Thank you again for considering this research opportunity.
This information sheet is for individuals in the Maltese community who we are inviting to participate in the research titled The Meaning of Relationships, with a special emphasis on the Couple Relationship in Maltese Families.

Information Sheet Introduction The National Centre for Family Research is currently conducting a study on The Meaning of Relationships to Life Satisfaction, on behalf of the President’s Foundation for the Wellbeing of Society.
You are being invited to take part in this research after showing your interest in contributing to a follow-up study during a telephone survey which you recently participated in.

Purpose of the research The quality of relationships may influence the wellbeing of individuals, family life, and society as a whole.

We are interested in exploring how various factors may impact life satisfaction and relationship satisfaction.

We would like to find ways to promote wellbeing amongst the Maltese population.
Through this research, we aim to reach a better understanding of how persons can be supported in leading a meaningful life and how they can be supported in their relationships.

68 69 What does participation involve?

The research will involve your participation in a group discussion that will take about one and a half hour.

Your participation in this research is entirely voluntary.

It is your choice whether to participate or not.


You are free to withdraw from this study, even after giving consent, without being disadvantaged in any way.

Should you feel uncomfortable in any way in a particular focus group, you may ask to join another focus group.

If you choose to participate, you will be asked to take part in a discussion in a group of approximately 8 persons.

This discussion will be guided by a moderator.


The group discussion will start with the moderator making sure that you are comfortable and providing time to answer any questions about the research that you may have.

Then the group will be asked questions about relationships, life satisfaction and what we give meaning to in our lives.

You do not have to share any information that you are not comfortable sharing.
The discussion will take place at San Anton Palace, Attard, and no one else but the people who take part in the discussion and the moderator will be present during this discussion.

The entire discussion will be audio-recorded, but no one will be identified by name on the recording.

Any personal details will be kept private.

The information recorded is confidential and we will not be sharing information to anyone outside of the research team.
The recordings will be destroyed once the research has been completed.

We will ask you and others in the group not to talk to people outside the group about what was said in the group in order to respect confidentiality.

Conclusion Thank you for showing interest in this research.

Your contribution may help us to inform local policy-makers and practitioners on how to promote and nurture personal and relational wellbeing.
This study has been approved by the Ethics Board of the President’s Foundation for the Wellbeing of Society, which is a committee whose task is to make sure that research participants are protected from harm.
68 69 Appendix II: Information sheet with covering letter (Maltese version) Għażiż/a Sinjur/a, F’isem il-Fondazzjoni tal-President għall-Ġid tas-Soċjeta`, nixtiequ nirringrazzjawk għall-parteċipazzjoni tiegħek fi studju riċenti li sar miċ-Ċentru Nazzjonali għar- Riċerka tal-Familja permezz ta’ servej telefoniku.

Napprezzaw immens il-ħin tiegħek, kif ukoll l-informazzjoni li inti qsamt magħna dwar ir-relazzjonijiet.

Dan huwa ta’ valur kbir għalina.


F’dan is-servej, inti wrejt l-interess tiegħek fil-possibilta` li terġa’ tagħti kontribut f’aktar stħarriġ.

Aħna qegħdin niktbulek sa biex nistiednuk tipparteċipa f’riċerka approvata dwar il-koppji.

Il-parteċipazzjoni f’din ir-riċerka se tinvolvi diskussjoni fi grupp, fejn jiġu diskussi diversi fatturi li jistgħu jaffettwaw is-sodisfazzjon fir-relazzjoni tal-koppja.
Din id-diskussjoni se tkun iffaċilitata minn Professor Angela Abela, Chairperson taċ-Ċentru Nazzjonali ghar-Riċerka tal-Familja fid-(data u ħin) sa 8.00pm, fil-Palazz ta’ San Anton, Ħ’Attard.

Ser jiġu provduti wkoll xi xorb u ikel f’dan il-ħin.

Il-parteċipazzjoni tiegħek f’din ir-riċerka għandha tkun volontarja u kull informazzjoni li tingħata f’dan l-istħarriġ ser tibqa’ kunfidenzjali u ser tiġi trattata skont it-termini tal- Protezzjoni tad-Data.
Inti ser tirċievi telefonata dalwaqt dwar din ir-riċerka għal aktar informazzjoni, mingħand rappreżentant taċ-Ċentru Nazzjonali għar-Riċerka tal-Familja.

Grazzi mill-ġdid għall-konsiderazzjoni tiegħek f’din l-opportunità ta’ riċerka.

Tagħrif dwar ir-Riċerka Din l-ittra tipprovdi informazzjoni sa biex nistiednu persuni fil-kommunita` biex jipparteċipaw fir-riċerka dwar X’ifissru r-Relazzjonijiet, b’emfażi speċjali fuq ir- relazzjoni tal- koppja fil-familji Maltin.
Introduzzjoni Iċ-Ċentru Nazzjonali għar-Riċerka fuq il-Familja qiegħed iwettaq studju dwar X’ifissru r- Relazzjonijiet għas-Sodisfazzjon tal-Ħajja, f’isem il-Fondazzjoni tal-President għall-Ġid tas- Socjeta`.

Qegħdin nistiednuk sa biex tieħu sehem f’dan l-istudju, wara li urejt l-interess tiegħek biex terġa’ tagħti kontribut fir-riċerka waqt servej telefoniku li pparteċipajt fih riċentement.
L-għan tar-riċerka Il-kwalita` tar-relazzjonijiet tagħna tista’ tinfluwenza kemm lilna, kemm il-ħajja tal- familja, kif ukoll lis-soċjeta` in ġenerali.

Aħna nteressati li nesploraw kif diversi fatturi jistgħu jaffettwaw is-sodisfazzjon tal-ħajja u s-sodisfazzjoni fir-relazzjoni tal-koppja.

Nixtiequ nsibu modi ta’ kif nippromovu s-saħħa psiko-soċjali tal-populazzjoni Maltija.
70 71 Permezz ta’ din ir- riċerka, aħna qed nimmiraw li nifhmu aħjar kif l-individwu jista’ jiġi sostnut biex jgħix ħajja sinjifikanti u kif jista’ jiġi appoġġat fir-relazzjonijiet tiegħu.

X’tinvolvi l-parteċipazzjoni tiegħi?

Din ir-riċerka se tinvolvi l-parteċipazzjoni tiegħek f’diskussjoni fi grupp, li ddum madwar siegħa u nofs.

Il-parteċipazzjoni tiegħek f’din ir-riċerka għandha tkun kompletament volontarja.

Hija l-għażla tiegħek għandikx tieħu sehem jew le.
Inti tista’ tirtira l- parteċipazzjoni f’kwalunkwe mument, mingħajr ma tkun disvantaġjat/a.

Jekk ma tħossokx komdu/a f’xi grupp partikolari, tista’ titlob biex tingħaqad ma’ grupp ieħor.

Jekk inti tiddeċiedi li tipparteċipa fir-riċerka, se tiġi mitlub/a biex tieħu sehem f’diskussjoni fi grupp ta’ madwar 8 persuni.

Din id-diskussjoni se tkun iffaċilitata minn moderatur.
Id- diskussjoni se tibda billi l-moderatur jiżgura li inti tkun komdu/a u billi jalloka ħin biex iwieġeb il-mistoqsijiet tiegħek dwar ir-riċerka.

Il-grupp se jiddiskuti mistoqsijiet dwar ir- relazzjonijiet, is-sodisfazzjon tal-ħajja, u x’naraw li hu sinifikanti għalina fil-ħajja tagħna.

Wieġeb b’mod li tħossok komdu/a u aqsam sa fejn tagħżel inti.

Id-diskussjoni se ssir fil-Palazz ta’ San Anton, Ħ’Attard, u ħadd ħlief il-persuni li se jipparteċipaw fid-diskussjoni u l-moderatur se jkunu preżenti.
Id-diskussjoni se tiġi rrekordjata, iżda ħadd m’hu se jiġi ddentifikat b’ismu.

Dettalji personali se jinżammu privati.

L-informazzjoni rrekordjata hija kunfidenzjali u se jkollu aċċess għalih biss it- tim tar-riċerka.

Ir-rekordjar għandu jiġi mħassar hekk kif ir-riċerka tasal fi tmiemha.

Ġentilment nitolbu kemm lilek, kif ukoll il-membri l-oħra tal-grupp, sa biex ma titkellmux ma’ persuni barra mill- grupp dwar dak li ntqal fil-grupp, biex b’hekk nirrispettaw il-kunfidenzjalita`.
Konklużjoni Grazzi ta’ l-interess li wrejt f’dan l-istudju.

Il-kontribuzzjoni tiegħek tista’ tgħinna biex inkunu nistgħu nressqu rakkomandazzjonijiet indirizzati lill-Gvern, aġenziji u professjonisti adattati, bl-għan li nippromovu u nrawmu kwalita’ tajba tal-ħajja fuq livell kemm personali kif ukoll relazzjonali.
Dan l-istudju ġie approvat mill-Bord ta’ l-Etika tal-Fondazzjoni tal-President għall- Ġid tas- Soċjeta`, li huwa kumitat li l-kompitu tiegħu jinvolvi l-ħarsien tal-parteċipanti tar-riċerka.
70 71 Appendix III: Consent form (English version) National Centre for Family Research This informed consent form is for individuals in the Maltese community who we are inviting to participate in the research titled The Meaning of Relationships, with a special emphasis on the Couple Relationship in Maltese Families.

Consent Form I, here the undersigned, have read the foregoing information, or it has been read to me.
I have had the opportunity to ask questions about it and any questions I have been asked have been answered to my satisfaction.

I consent voluntarily to be a participant in this study on The Meaning of Relationships to Life Satisfaction, which is being conducted by the National Centre for Family Research, on behalf of the President’s Foundation for the Wellbeing of Society.
I understand that any information I provide is confidential within the research team and no identifiable personal data will be published.
Name of Participant Signature of Participant Date ____/____/____ Name of Researcher Signature of Researcher 72 73 Appendix IV: Consent form (Maltese version) Iċ-Ċentru Nazzjonali għar-Riċerka fuq il-Familja Din il-formola ta’ kunsens tipprovdi informazzjoni sa biex nistiednu persuni fil- kommunita` biex jipparteċipaw fir-riċerka dwar X’ifissru r-Relazzjonijiet, b’emfażi speċjali fuq ir-relazzjoni tal-koppja fil-familji Maltin.
Formula ta’ Kunsens Jien, hawn taħt iffirmat/a, nikkonferma li qrajt it-tagħrif dwar ir-riċerka, jew ġie moqri u spjegat lili.

Ingħatajt l-opportunita` li nistaqsi dwar din ir-riċerka u l-mistoqsijiet li kelli ġew imwieġba b’mod sodisfaċenti.
Jiena nagħti l-kunsens volontarju tiegħi li nieħu sehem f’dan l- istudju dwar X’ifissru r-Relazzjonijiet għas-Sodisfazzjon tal-Ħajja, li qed isir miċ-Ċentru Nazzjonali għar-Riċerka fuq il-Familja, f’isem il- Fondazzjoni tal-President għall-Ġid tas- Socjeta`.

Jien nifhem li kull informazzjoni provduta ser tkun itrattata b’mod kunfidenzjali u hija aċċessibbli biss għat-tim tar- riċerka, u l-ebda informazzjoni li tista’ twassal għall- identifikazzjoni tiegħi m’għandha tiġi ppubblikata.
Isem tal-Parteċipant Firma tal-Parteċipant Data ____/____/____ Isem tar-Riċerkatur/Riċerkatriċi Firma tar-Riċerkatur/Riċerkatriċi 72 73 Appendix V: Interview schedule (English version) Introduction • Moderator introduction • Introduce the research and the President’s Foundation for the Wellbeing of Society • Description of the format of the session, confidentiality and other ground rules 1.

What do you think that people expect (or look for) in a long-term relationship?

2.
2.

What factors might influence a couple’s relationship?

3.

What promotes relationship satisfaction?

4.

What hinders relationship satisfaction?

5.

Can you tell more about what you mean by being shown respect in a relationship?

Can you give examples?

6.

Can you tell more about what you mean by having good communication?

Can you give examples?

7.

Can you tell more about what you mean by trust in a relationship?

Can you give examples?

8.


Can you tell more about what you mean by love in a relationship?

Can you give examples?

9.

What matters most to you in your relationship?

10.

If you had to change some things in your relationship, what would you change and what would you keep?

11.

What role do children have in the couple relationship?

Does age make a difference?

Why and how?

12.

In the group there are persons who are married, others are cohabiting, others are widowed and in a new relationship.
Can different persons each tell us what it is like to be in a relationship?

As we are approaching the end of this discussion, do you have any other suggestions?

Debriefing Thank you for participating in this focus group.

Families may face challenges from time to time.

If you feel that therapeutic support may be of help to you, you may phone for an appointment at the Family Therapy Service within AġenzijaSedqa on 2295 9000 or at Cana Counselling Services Floriana on 22039300.
You may also call Supportline 179.

74 75 Appendix VI: Interview schedule (Maltese version) Introduzzjoni Introduzzjoni tal-moderatur Introduzzjoni tar-riċerka, u l-Fondazzjoni tal-President għall-Ġid tas-Soċjeta’ • • • Deskrizzjoni tas-sessjoni, il-kunfidenzjalita’, u regoli oħra tal-grupp 1.

X’taħsbu li n-nies jistennew/ifittxu meta jkunu f’relazzjoni ta’ koppja fit-tul?

2.

Liema huma dawk il-fatturi li għandhom influenza fir-relazzjoni tal-koppja?

3.

X’jgħin lir-relazzjoni?

4.


X’itellef ir-relazzjoni?

5.

Tistgħu tgħidu x’tifhmu meta xi ħadd jgħid li l partner juri rispett?Tistgħu tagħtu eżempji?

6.

X’tifhmu b’kommunikazzjoni tajba?

Tistgħu tagħtu eżempji?

7.

X’tifhmu b’fiduċja?

Tistgħu tagħtu eżempji?

8.

X’tifhmu b’imħabba?

Tistgħu tagħtu eżempji?

9.

X’inhu l-iktar importanti għalik fir-relazzjoni tiegħek?

10.

Kieku kellek tbiddel xi ħaġa fir-relazzjoni, xi tbiddel u x’iżomm?

11.
11.

It-tfal x’importanza għandhom fir-relazzjoni tal-koppja?

L-eta tat-tfal tagħmel differenza?

12.

Fil-grupp hemm min hu miżżewweġ, oħrajn jikkoabitaw, oħrajn f’relazzjoni gay u oħrajn f’relazzjoni ġdida.

Tistgħu tgħidulna kif inhi r-relazzjoni għal kull wieħed u waħda minnkom?

Resqin lejn it-tmiem, għandkom xi ħaġa oħra li tixtiequ żżidu?

Debriefing Grazzi talli pparteċipajtu f’dan il-focus group.

Il-familji jistgħu jaffaċċjaw sfidi fil-familji tagħhom .
Jekk taħsbu li sapport terapewtiku jista’ jkun ta’ għajnuna, tista’ ċċemplu għal appuntament l-FTS fuq 22959000 jew Cana 22039300 jew is-Supportline 179.

74 75