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Vol.20 REPUBLIC OF MAURITIUS Ministry of Finance and Economic Development STATISTICS MAURITIUS DIGEST OF PRODUCTIVITY AND COMPETITIVENESS STATISTICS 2016 June 2017 (Price Rs.

150.00) Ministry of Finance and Economic Development STATISTICS MAURITIUS DIGEST OF PRODUCTIVITY AND COMPETITIVENESS STATISTICS 2016 Foreword The Digest of Productivity and Competitiveness Statistics – 2016 is the twentieth issue of the series published by Statistics Mauritius.

It presents data relating to the years 1996 - 2016.
The indices in this publication have been computed on the basis of latest available data as at end of March 2017, and year 2007 as base.

Figures for recent years are provisional and are subject to revision in later issues.

The concepts and definitions used for the computation of the various productivity and competitiveness statistics are described at pages 5 to 13.

It is hoped that the data presented will prove useful to policy makers, planners as well as to the general public.
The co-operation of all organisations, both public and private which have provided information for the preparation of this publication is gratefully acknowledged.

Y. Cassimally (Ms.) Ag.


Director of Statistics Statistics Mauritius Ministry of Finance and Economic Development Port Louis MAURITIUS June 2017 Contact persons Mr. Y. Thorabally (Statistician) Mr. R. Krishnan (Senior Statistical Officer) Statistics Mauritius L.I.C Centre Port-Louis Tel: 2081800 Fax: 213 0234 CONTENTS CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS Productivity Indicators Economic Productivity Measures Competitiveness Indicators Estimates of Capital Stock EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1.
APPROACH TO PRODUCTIVITY MEASUREMENT 1.1 The relevance of productivity measurement 1.2 The productivity process 1.3 Coverage 1.4 Caution to users 2.

INDICATORS FOR THE TOTAL ECONOMY 2.1 Structure of the economy 2.2 Output and inputs 2.3 Trends in labour productivity 2.4 Trends in capital productivity 2.5 Capital - labour ratio and capital - output ratio 2.6 Trends in multifactor productivity 2.7 Comparison of productivity trends 2.8 Trends in Unit Labour Cost 2.9 Growth accounting 3.
INDICATORS FOR THE MANUFACTURING SECTOR 3.1 Background 3.2 Output and inputs 3.3 Trends in labour productivity 3.4 Trends in capital productivity 3.5 Trends in multifactor productivity 3.6 Trends in Unit Labour Cost 4.
INDICATORS FOR THE EXPORT ORIENTED ENTERPRISES 4.1 Background 4.2 Output and inputs 4.3 Productivity trends 4.4 Trends in Unit Labour Cost 5. INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS 5.1 General 5.2 Trends in Unit Labour Cost 5.3 International comparison of ULC in the manufacturing sector - 2015 5.4 Evolution of market share - 2 - TABLES A Series A 1 Total Economy A 1.1 Productivity Trends - Total Economy, 1996 - 2016 A 1.2 Unit Labour Cost, Capital-Output Ratio and Capital-Labour Ratio - Total Economy, 1996 - 2016 A 2 The Manufacturing Sector A 2.1 Productivity Trends - Manufacturing sector, 1996 - 2016 A 2.2 Unit Labour Cost, Capital-Output Ratio and Capital-Labour Ratio - Manufacturing sector, 1996 - 2016 A 3 The Export Oriented Enterprises (EOE Sector) A 3.1 Productivity Trends - EOE sector, 1996 - 2016 A 3.2 Unit Labour Cost, Capital-Output Ratio and Capital-Labour Ratio - EOE sector, 1996 - 2016 A 5 The EOE Textile Subsector A 4.1 Productivity Trends - EOE Textile subsector, 1996 - 2016 A 4.2 Unit Labour Cost, Capital-Output Ratio and Capital-Labour Ratio - EOE Textile subsector, 1996 - 2016 A 5 The EOE Non-Textile Subsector A 5.1 Productivity Trends - EOE Non-textile subsector, 1996 - 2016 A 5.2 Unit Labour Cost, Capital-Output Ratio and Capital-Labour Ratio - EOE Non-textile subsector, 1996 - 2016 B The Total Economy by Industry Group B.1 Real output by industry group, 2007 - 2016 B.2 Labour input by industry group, 2007 - 2016 B.3 Capital input by industry group, 2007 - 2016 B.4 Labour productivity by industry group, 2007 - 2016 B.5 Capital productivity by industry group, 2007 - 2016 B.6 Mulifactor productivity by industry group, 2007 - 2016 B.7 Economic Productivity based on Gross Output by industry group, 2012 - 2014 B.8 Economic Productivity based on Value Added by industry group, 2012 - 2014 39-40 39 40 41-42 41 42 43-44 43 44 45-46 45 46 47-48 47 48 49-56 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 - 3 - C Productivity and
 Competitiveness Related Indicators 57-66 C.1 C.2 Average monthly earnings in large establishments by industry group, March 2010 - March 2016 Index of average monthly earnings in large establishments by industry group, March 2010 - March 2016 C.3 Inflation, real monthly earnings and labour productivity in the EOE sector, 1996 - 2016 C.4 Gross value Added (GVA) per capita and per worker, 2007 - 2016 C.5 Exports and imports of goods and services, 1996 - 2016 C.6 Export and import price indices and terms of trade, 2007 - 2016 C.7 Export and import of goods by the EPZ/EOE sector, 1996 - 2016 C.8 Evolution of market share in main partner countries by product group, 2013 - 2016 C.9 Budgetary central government debt and net international reserves, 1996 - 2016 (June) 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 66 D Infrastructure Quality Related Indicators 67-72 D.1 ICT access as at end of year, 2012 - 2016 D.2 Selected telephone and ICT tariffs, 2012 - 2016 D.3 Electricity Tariffs for Commercial and Industrial consumers, 2010 - 2016 D.4 Water Tariffs for Commercial and Industrial consumers, 2000, 2010 - 2016 D.5 Road network, 2010 - 2015 D.6 Yearly rent for industrial building per square foot, 2015 - 2016 D.7 D.8 Export rates of textile products from SSR International Airport - selected Airports, 2015 - 2016 Import rates of textile products from selected Airports to SSR International Airport, 2015 - 2016 D.9 Port Statistics, 2010 - 2016 67 68 69 70 70 71 71 71 72 E International Comparison of Competitiveness Indicators 73-79 E.1 Exchange rates - National currency units per U.S dollar, 2006 - 2016 E.2 Hourly labour cost in national currency for the Manufacturing sector, 2005 - 2015 E.3 Hourly labour cost in U.S dollar for the Manufacturing sector, 2005 - 2015 E.4 Hourly labour cost index in U.S dollar for the Manufacturing sector, 2005 - 2015 E.5 Mauritius: exchange rate movements (value of foreign currency), 2006 - 2016 E.6 Index of Mauritian rupee relative to foreign currency, 2006 - 2016
 E.7 Annual change in the value of foreign currency relative to Mauritian rupee, 2006 - 2016 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 - 4 - LIST OF FIGURES 1.1 The Productivity process 2.1 Labour productivity and its components Total Economy, 2007 - 2016 2.2 Capital productivity and its components Total Economy, 2007 - 2016 2.3 Capital-labour ratio and Capital-output ratio Total Economy,2007 - 2016 2.4 Multifactor productivity and its components Total Economy,2007 - 2016 2.5 Capital , labour and multifactor productivity Total Economy, 2007 - 2016 2.6 Unit Labour Cost - Total Economy, 2007 - 2016 2.7 Contribution of labour, capital and TFP - GDP, 2007 - 2016 3.1 Labour productivity and its components - Manufacturing sector, 2007 - 2016 3.2 Capital productivity and its components - Manufacturing sector, 2007 - 2016 3.3 Multifactor productivity and its components - Manufacturing sector, 2007 - 2016 3.4 Unit Labour Cost - Manufacturing sector,2007 - 2016 4.1 Output and input trends - EOE sector, 2007 - 2016 4.2 Productivity trends - EOE sector, 2007 - 2016 4.3 Unit Labour Cost - EOE sector, 2007 - 2016 5.1 ULC index in Mauritian Rupees and US dollar - Manufacturing sector, 2007 - 2016 5.2 International comparison of ULC in the Manufacturing sector - 2016 19 22 23 24 24 25 25 26 28 28 29 30 31 32 33 35 36 - 5 - CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS A.
Productivity indicators 1.

Real output Real output is defined as value added at constant basic prices.

Value added is the value of any industry’s final output less its purchases of intermediate products, raw materials and services.

Value added is also equal to the amount available for distribution to the factors of production in the form of wages and salaries, profits, allowance for depreciation, interest and dividends.
Output index shows the rate of change in production as compared to a chosen base period.

Output index = Value added (constant price) in year n x 100 Value added in base year 2.

Employment/Labour input Employment/Labour input is most appropriately measured by hours worked and its price by average compensation per hour.
However, due to lack of data, the total number of persons engaged, defined as employers, own account workers, contributing family workers and employees in any type of economic activity is used.

Prior to 2000, employment for year n was calculated as the average of employment at June of year (n) and June of year (n+1).

As from 2000, average employment for a given year is available and thus the data has been used for the computation of labour input.
The labour input index shows the rate of change in employment.

Labour input index = Average number of persons engaged in year n x 100 Average number of persons engaged in base year 3.

Capital input In the absence of data on services provided by capital, an estimate of stock of fixed capital is used.

Capital refers to the net stock of investment in reproducible fixed assets.
Reproducible fixed assets are investments in residential and non-residential building (excluding land), infrastructural work, machinery and equipment.

The standard Perpetual Inventory Method (PIM) has been used for the estimation of the net Capital Stock.

Further details on the PIM approach are given in the section on estimates of capital stock.

Capital input index shows the rate of change in capital.

This estimate uses net capital stock at constant prices.
- 6 - Capital input index = Stock of fixed capital in year n x 100 Stock of fixed capital in base year 4.

Multifactor input The multifactor input is a weighted combination of inputs, namely labour and capital.

Part of compensation of employee in value added is used to weigh labour and the remaining is used to weigh capital.

5.

Labour productivity Labour productivity is conventionally measured as the ratio of real output to labour input.
Although this measure relates output to the number of employees, it does not measure the specific contribution of labour as a single factor of production.

Rather, it reflects the joint effects of many influences, including new technology, capital investment, capacity utilisation, energy use, and managerial skills, as well as the efforts of the workforce.

Labour productivity index shows the rate of change in output per person engaged.

Labour Productivity Index = Output index x 100 Labour input index 6.
Capital productivity Capital productivity is the ratio of real output to stock of fixed capital used in the production process.

This index should be interpreted with care since partial measures can be very misleading if taken alone, as they include amongst other factors, the effects of the substitution of one resource for another, such as capital for labour.

The capital productivity index shows the rate of change in output per unit of capital.
Capital Productivity Index = Output index x 100 Capital input index 7.

Multifactor/Total Factor productivity The limitation of partial productivity measures such as labour and capital, is that they attribute to one factor of production changes in efficiency that are attributable to other factors.

Multifactor productivity (MFP) reflects many influences including qualitative factors such as better management and improved quality of inputs through training and technology.
MFP index shows the rate of change in “productive efficiency” and is obtained as the ratio of output to multifactor input, that is a weighted combination of labour and capital inputs.
MFP index = Output index x 100 Multifactor input index - 7 - A (t) = Q(t) x 100 where {WL(t) x L(t)} + {WK(t) x K(t)} A (t) = Multifactor productivity index in time t Q (t) = Output index in time t WL(t) = Labour’s input share in time t (ratio of compensation of employees to value added) L(t) = Labour input index in time t WK(t) = 1 - WL(t) K(t) = Capital input index in time t 8.

Capital-labour ratio The Capital-labour ratio gives the proportion of stock of fixed capital to labour inputs.
If the ratio increases, capital deepening takes place whilst, when it declines capital widening occurs.

Capital-labour ratio = Real fixed capital utilised in an industry Number of persons engaged in the industry 9.

Capital-output ratio The capital-output ratio represents the units of capital required to produce one unit of output.

This ratio indicates how efficiently investment is contributing to economic growth.
Capital-output ratio = Real fixed capital stock in a specific year Real GVA for the same year - 8 - B.
ECONOMIC PRODUCTIVITY MEASURES ACCORDING TO THE RAMSAY PRODUCTIVITY MODELS (RAPMODS) Economic Productivity is conceptualized as follows: It is the units of monetary value achieved as “Output” or “Value Added” by a conversion system such as manufacturing, mining, processing, service, government and the like, covering all economic systems, for unit monetary value of input of any specific resource or a set of resources or aggregate of all input resources consumed by the conversion system.
The Economic Productivity Measures outlined in the RAPMODS System are based on both System Output (Gross Output) and System Value Added (Value Added).

1.

Total / Overall Productivity Measure (TPM / OPM) Total / Overall Productivity Measure (TPM / OPM) measures the output (Gross Output / Value Added) achieved per unit value of Total System Input (TSI) or all input resources.
All Input Resources = Intermediate Consumption + Compensation of Employees + Other Taxes Total Productivity Measure = Gross Output All Input Resources Overall Productivity Measure = Value Added All Input Resources 2.

Factor Productivity Measure (FPM) Factor Productivity Measure is the output achieved per unit of currency spent on a specific item of factor input.
The Factor Productivity Measure of Compensation of Employees is defined as the output (Gross Output or Value Added) produced per unit value spent as Compensation of Employees.

Factor Productivity Measure of Compensation = Gross Output of Employees (FPM Comp.

based on GO) Compensation of employees - 9 - Factor Productivity Measure of Compensation = Value Added of Employees (FPM Comp.

based on VA) Compensation of employees 3.


Productivity of Intermediate Consumption (Z1 / Z2) Productivity of Intermediate Consumption measures the Output (Gross Output or Value Added) achieved per unit value spent as Intermediate Consumption.

Productivity of Intermediate Consumption (Z1) = Gross Output Intermediate Consumption Productivity of Intermediate Consumption (Z2) = Value Added Intermediate Consumption C. Competitiveness indicators 1.
Labour cost index The compensation of employees is used as a proxy for labour cost as it is more readily available from national accounts data.

It includes wages and salaries in cash and kind, bonus, overtime and social contribution incurred by employers.

2.

Unit labour cost index (ULC) Unit labour cost is the remuneration of labour (compensation of employees) to produce one unit of output.

It is computed as the ratio of the labour cost index to an index of production.
The index shows the rate of change in labour cost per unit of output.

Unit labour cost index = Labour cost index x 100 or Average compensation index x 100 Output index Labour Productivity index For Competitiveness purposes, the exchange rate effect has to be taken into account.

ULC is therefore computed both in local currency and in US dollar.

ULC index (US $) = ULC index (MUR) Exchange rate index of MUR/ US $ - 10 - 3.
Hourly Labour cost Hourly Labour cost is the ratio of compensation to total hours worked, inclusive of overtime.

Compensation of employees comprises wages & salaries in cash and in kind, bonus, overtime and social contribution incurred by employers.

The source of data is the Survey of Employment, Earnings and Hours of work.

4.

Exchange rate The exchange rate quoted at a certain time is the nominal exchange rate.
Although many international transactions take place in US dollars, it is often necessary to get an indication of the average movement of the local currency against that of its major trading partners.

This is desirable as the exchange rate may appreciate against some and depreciate against others.

The effective exchange rate shows the trade-weighted movement of the national currency against those of its main trading partners.
A net effect in nominal terms is obtained as it combines both appreciations and depreciations which might have occurred between the local currency and those of its respective trading partners.

5.

Export ratios 5.1 Openness The openness of the economy is given by the ratio of total trade “exports of goods & services + imports of goods & services” to GVA.
Openness = Exports of goods & services+ Imports of goods & services Domestic production (GVA) x 100 5.2 Net export ratio Net export ratio = Exports of goods & services – Imports of goods & services x 100 Domestic production (GVA) If the net export ratio declines it could mean (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) deterioration in the terms of trade structural shift in production from less import intensive to higher import intensive industries i.e.

capital intensive technology.


export markets are being eroded export incentives have been reduced.

- 11 - 5.3 Net export to export ratios Net export to export ratio = Exports of goods & services – Imports of goods & services x 100 Exports of goods & services If the net export to export ratio declines it could mean (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) deterioration in the terms of trade structural shift in production from less import intensive to higher import intensive industries i.e.

capital intensive technology.


higher value added to relatively lower value added activities higher import intensity of exports.

5.4 Export growth, market growth and market penetration (evolution of market share) If the share of a country’s (Mauritius) export growth of a product or service (say T- shirts) in the market in which it is sold, equals the growth of the imports of the buying country, it can be said that the exporting country (Mauritius) is maintaining its share of the market growth.
If the growth is higher, the exporting country (Mauritius) is penetrating the importing country’s market.

On the other hand, if the growth is lower, the exporting country is losing its market share.

D. Estimates of capital stock 1.

The Perpetual Inventory Method (PIM) The Perpetual Inventory Method (PIM) has been used to produce estimates of the value of the stock of capital assets used in the production process.
Capital assets refer to tangible reproducible fixed assets which include building (excluding land), infrastructural work, machinery and equipment.

The PIM requires current price estimates of Gross Domestic Fixed Capital Formation and price indices over many years, and assumptions about the expected lifetime of the respective assets as shown at paragraph 3.
The PIM produces annual estimates of gross and net capital stock at constant and current prices by accumulating past flows of expenditure on Gross Domestic Fixed Capital Formation (GDFCF).

2.

Consumption of fixed capital Consumption of fixed capital is a cost of production.
It may be defined in general terms as the decline, during the course of the accounting period, in the current value of the stock of fixed assets owned and used by a producer as a result of physical deterioration, normal obsolescence or normal accidental damage.

Gross capital stock is the accumulation of past investment flows less retirements before deduction of any allowances for consumption of fixed capital.
- 12 - Net capital stock is gross capital stock less accumulated capital consumption on items forming the gross capital stock.

Annual estimates of consumption of fixed capital have been derived using the Straight Line Method.

The straight line method is recommended in the System of National Accounts (SNA).

The straight line depreciation function assumes a linear decline in efficiency, that is, it exhibits the same loss every year until the service life ends when efficiency declines to zero.

3.
3.

Assumption used for mean asset life by type Type of asset Mean asset life A .Construction Work Residential building Non residential building Other construction work Age 30 years 40 years 60 years B.
Transport equipment according to type / sector Motor car 8 years Other transport equipment by sector Agriculture Manufacturing Air / Sea Transport Other sectors 15 years 8 years 20 years 12 years C. Other machinery and equipment by sector Agriculture Manufacturing Financial services Public utilities Other sectors 15 years 8 years 5 years 20 years 12 years - 13 - Flow Chart of the PIM process (Perpetual Inventory Method) GDFCF (current prices) Price Index GDFCF (constant prices) P I M Mean Asset Lives/Straight Line Method Consumption of Fixed Capital (constant prices) Gross Capital Stock (constant prices) Net Capital Stock (Constant prices) Reflate by Price Index Consumption of Fixed Capital (current prices) Net capital stock Gross Capital stock (current prices) (current prices) Average Age - 15 - EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Productivity and competitiveness indicators, 2007 – 2016 Productivity is “what you get out for what you put in”.
It expresses the relationship between output of goods and services or real output and the various inputs required for production.

The two main inputs are labour and capital.

Labour productivity is the ratio of real output to labour input whereas capital productivity is the ratio of real output to the amount of fixed capital used in production.

However, these two indicators are restricted since they show the influence of only one factor at a time (labour or capital) on real output.
An improvement over these partial indicators is the Multifactor Productivity (MFP) which takes into account the simultaneous influences of several factors such as better management, improved quality of inputs and higher quality of goods.

MFP is measured as the ratio of real output to a weighted combination of labour and capital inputs.

The Unit Labour Cost (ULC) is defined as the remuneration of labour per unit of output.
ULC can also be expressed as the ratio of average compensation to labour productivity.

A change in ULC indicates how improvement in productivity offsets increases in average compensation.

Revision of classification Industrial classifications are used according to the National Standard Industrial Classification (NSIC), Revision 2 based on the UN International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC) of all economic activities, Rev.

4 of 2008, previous classifications used being NSIC Rev.
1 based on ISIC, Rev.

3 of 1990.

Indicators for the total economy - 16 - Table I below presents the growth rate of the various productivity and competitiveness indices for the total economy.
Table I: Productivity and other related indicators for the total economy Indicator Output (GVA at basic prices) GDP at market prices GDP per capita (market prices) Labour input Capital input Capital - Output ratio Capital - Labour ratio Labour productivity Capital productivity Multifactor productivity 11 Average compensation of employees 12 Unit Labour Cost (Mauritian Rupees) 13 Unit Labour Cost (US Dollars) Output and Inputs Growth rate (%) Annual Average 2007-2016 2015 2016 3.8 3.9 3.7 1.3 4.0 0.2 2.7 2.5 -0.2 0.8 5.5 2.9 1.4 3.0 3.5 3.4 1.3 2.2 -0.8 0.9 1.7 0.8 1.1 2.7 1.0 -12.0 3.5 3.7 3.6 0.1 2.4 -1.1 2.3 3.4 1.1 2.0 6.7 3.2 0.9 Output, as measured by the Gross Value Added (GVA), is the aggregate money of goods and services produced within a country out of economic activity during a specific period, usually a year.
From 2007 to 2016, GVA at basic prices, in real terms, grew on average by 3.8% per annum.

The growth rate for 2016 was 3.5%, higher than the growth of 3.0% registered in 2015.

The Gross Domestic product (GDP) per capita at market prices is an indicator of the standard of living of the population.

With an annual growth of 0.2% in the population and 3.9% in GDP at market prices, GDP per capita grew by 3.7% per annum during the period 2007 to 2016.
During the period 2007 to 2016, whilst real GVA at basic prices increased by an average of 3.8% per annum, capital input grew by 4.0% compared to a growth of 1.3% for labour input.

The capital - labour ratio is defined as the ratio of the stock of fixed capital to labour input.

If the ratio increases, capital deepening takes place whilst, when it declines, capital widening occurs.

Thus, during the period under review, capital deepening took place as the capital - labour ratio increased by 2.7%.
- 17 - Productivity Indicators Labour productivity Labour productivity is measured as the ratio of real GVA to labour input.

The labour productivity index improved from 100.0 in 2007 to 124.4 in 2016, giving an average annual growth of 2.5%.

In 2016, labour productivity grew at a higher rate of 3.4% compared to 1.7% in 2015.

This was the result of a higher GVA growth of 3.5% compared to 3.0% in 2015 while labour input grew by a lower rate of 0.1% in 2016 compared to 1.3% in 2015.
Capital productivity Capital productivity is real GVA per unit of capital.

During the period 2007 to 2016, the index of capital productivity declined at an average annual rate of 0.2% from 100.0 in 2007 to 98.1 in 2016.

Capital productivity registered an increase of 1.1% in 2016 compared to an increase of 0.8% in 2015.

The 1.1% increase in 2016 is explained by a lower growth in capital input (2.4%) compared to that of GVA (3.5%).
Multifactor productivity (MFP) The MFP index shows the rate of change in “productive efficiency”.

In addition to labour and capital inputs, it takes into account qualitative factors such as better management and improved quality of inputs through training and technology.

A growth of 0.8% has been observed in the average annual change in MFP during the period 2007 to 2016.

A growth of 2.0% in MFP was registered in 2016, whilst an increase of 1.1% was observed in 2015.
Other Productivity Indicators Economic Productivity Measures as per the RAPMODS System1, based on Gross Output and Value Added for the different sectors of the economy have also been worked out (Tables B.7 and B.8).

Average compensation and Unit Labour Cost (ULC) Unit labour cost measures the remuneration of labour per unit of output.

It is affected by changes in both average compensation of employees and labour productivity.
During the period 2007 to 2016, average annual compensation of employees increased by 5.5% whilst labour productivity grew by 2.5%.

The higher growth in average compensation of employees compared to that of labour productivity resulted in an average annual growth of 2.9% in ULC.

In 2016, ULC grew by 3.2% compared to 1.0% in 2015.

Indicators for the Manufacturing Sector 1 Ramsay Productivity Models - 18 - Table II shows the main indicators for the manufacturing sector.
Table II: Productivity and other related indicators for the manufacturing sector Indicator Output (Value added at constant prices) Labour input Capital input Capital - Output ratio Capital - Labour ratio Labour productivity Capital productivity Multifactor productivity Average compensation of employees Unit Labour Cost (Mauritian Rupees) Unit Labour Cost (US Dollars) Output and inputs Growth rate (%) Annual average 2007-2016 2015 2016 1.8 -1.5 -2.0 -3.8 -0.6 3.3 3.9 3.6 5.7 2.3 0.8 0.0 -0.6 -4.5 -4.5 -3.9 0.6 4.7 2.2 1.8 1.2 -11.9 -0.1 -2.3 -3.6 -3.5 -1.4 2.2 3.7 2.8 5.0 2.7 0.5 From 2007 to 2016, real output in the manufacturing sector grew on average by 1.8% annually.
However, in 2016, the sector witnessed a decline of 0.1% after a ‘zero’ growth in 2015.

During the period 2007 to 2016, labour input fell by an average of 1.5% annually and capital input by 2.0%.

In 2016, labour input and capital input decreased by 2.3% and 3.6% respectively, after contractions of 0.6% in labour input and 4.5% in capital input in 2015.
Productivity trends During the period 2007 to 2016, labour productivity in the manufacturing sector registered an average annual growth of 3.3% and capital productivity increased by an average of 3.9% annually.

That was the result of a growth of 1.8% in real output and declines of 1.5% and 2.0% in labour input and capital input respectively.

During the same period, multifactor productivity increased by an average of 3.6% per annum.
In 2016, labour productivity in manufacturing grew by 2.2%, higher than the 0.6% growth in 2015.

Capital and multifactor productivity witnessed increases of 3.7% and 2.8% respectively in 2016 compared to increases of 4.7% and 2.2% in 2015. .

-19- 1.

APPROACH TO PRODUCTIVITY MEASUREMENT 1.1 The relevance of productivity measurement Productivity measurement makes use of ratios calculated by comparing output to one input or a combination of inputs in a particular industry, sector or for the entire economy.
The ratio of output to labour or capital gives partial productivity indicators, and the ratio of output to all inputs is termed total factor productivity (TFP).

However, as data is not available to estimate all inputs, a less specific term, multifactor productivity (MFP) is used.

The productivity ratio can increase in the following five ways: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) Output increases while inputs stay constant.

Output increases while inputs decline.

Output stays constant while inputs decline.


Both output and input decreases, with input decreasing at a higher rate.

Both output and input increases, with output increasing at a higher rate.

For countries with growing workforces or high unemployment rates options (i) and (v) are usually preferred as they do not involve reductions in input and therefore does not pose a threat to employment.
Most cost reduction exercises usually entail the retrenchment of labour, as it is a mobile and therefore vulnerable resource.
1.2 The Productivity process Fig1.1 The Productivity Process Effectiveness Effectiveness Management Resource Resource Market Market Labour Labour Materials Materials Energy Energy Capital Capital Conversion Goods Goods and and Services Services Product Product and and Service Service Market Market Efficiency Efficiency Utilisation Utilisation -20- Productivity improvement is brought about in many ways.
For instance, producing the “right products and services” (effectiveness) will lead to an increase in demand, which usually means better utilisation of capacity.

Productivity may also be enhanced through more competent management or better allocation of existing resources, resulting in a higher rate of conversion (efficiency) or greater use (utilisation) of these resources.
1.3 Coverage The series on productivity and competitiveness indicators relate to all production units including small units operating with nine or fewer workers.

The indices have been computed using Gross Domestic Product and Value Added figures based on the results of the 2013 Census of Economic Activities.
This publication presents data available as at end of June 2016 on the performance of the Total economy (a) (b) Manufacturing sector and (c) Export Oriented Enterprises (EOE) comprise manufacturing enterprises, formerly operating with an export certificate and those export manufacturing enterprises holding a registration certificate issued by the Board of Investment (BOI).

1.4 Caution to users Productivity statistics are derived from ratios, therefore they should be used and interpreted with caution.
A rise in output per unit of a single input will measure the combined effect of a change in the efficiency with which all resources have been used.

For example, output per worker will rise if employees are given facilities of professional training in their respective fields as well as motivation and encouragement on the part of their managers.

- 21 - 2.
- 21 - 2.

INDICATORS FOR THE TOTAL ECONOMY 2.1 Structure of the economy The structure of the economy has changed over the years with a gradual shift from agriculture to the service sectors.

For example the share of the agriculture, forestry and fishing sector in Gross Value Added (GVA) which was 4.9% in 2007 went down to 3.5% in 2016.

The manufacturing sector also experienced a fall, from 17.4% in 2007 to 13.9% in 2016.

On the other hand, the share of the services sector has witnessed increases.
The contribution of the different industry groups to the economy, classified according to the National Standard Industrial Classification Rev 2 for the years 2007, 2013 to 2016 are shown in table below.
Table III: Contribution of different industry groups to the economy Agriculture, forestry and fishing Industry group Sugarcane Other Mining and quarrying Manufacturing Sugar Export oriented enterprises Other Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply Water supply, sewerage, waste management and remediation activities Construction Wholesale & retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles Of which: Wholesale and retail trade Transportation and storage Accomodation and food service activities Information and communication Financial and insurance activities Monetary intermediation Financial leasing and other credit granting Insurance, reinsurance and pension funding Other Real estate activities Of which: Owner occupied dwellings Professional, scientific and technical activities Administrative and support service activities Public administration and defence; compulsory social security Education Human health and social work activities Arts, entertainment and recreation Other service activities 2007 1 4.9 2013 1 3.8 Percentage Revised Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 2.2 Output and inputs - 22 - Real output of an industry is measured by value added at constant prices.
At total economy level, real output is hence equal to Gross Value Added at constant prices which indicate the total volume of goods and services produced in the country in a specific year.

From 2007 to 2016, GVA in real terms increased at an annual rate of 3.8%.

Growth rates of real output by industry group and for the whole economy for the period of 2010 to 2016 are given in table B.1.
Labour input measured here by the number of persons engaged, registered an average annual growth of 1.3% during the period 2007 to 2016 while capital input which refers to the net stock of investment in reproducible fixed assets increased by an average of 4.0% annually.

Changes in labour input and capital input for years 2010 to 2016 by sector and for the whole economy are given in table B.2 and table B.3 respectively.
2.3 Trends in labour productivity Labour productivity for the total economy, that is Gross Value Added (GVA) per worker, is calculated by dividing GVA (at constant prices) by the total number of persons engaged.

An increase in GVA per worker can result when GVA increases at a higher rate than employment and a decline can occur when the same GVA is produced with more labour input.
Figure 2.1 – Labour productivity and its components – Total economy, 2007 to 2016 From the above figure, it is observed that the labour productivity index has increased continuously from 100.0 in 2007 to 124.4 in 2016.

The average annual growth in labour productivity for the period under study works out to 2.5%.

In 2016, labour productivity grew at a higher rate of 3.4% compared to 1.7% in 2015.
That was the result of a higher GVA growth of 3.5% compared to 3.0% in 2015 while labour input grew by a lower rate of 0.1% in 2016 compared to 1.3% in 2015.

Trends in labour productivity during the period 2010 to 2016 for the economy as a whole and also for the different sectors are shown in table B.4.

2.4 Trends in capital productivity - 23 - Capital productivity is the ratio of real output to the stock of fixed capital used in the production process.
For the total economy, it is measured by dividing Gross Value Added (at constant prices) in a particular year by the fixed capital stock (at constant prices) used to produce it.

Capital productivity indicates how efficiently capital assets are being used.

Figure 2.2 – Capital productivity and its components – Total economy, 2007 to 2016 0 0 1 = 7 0 0 2 x e d n I Capital productivity is defined as real GVA per unit of capital.
From 2007 to 2016, capital productivity declined at an average annual rate of 0.2% with the index dropping from 100.0 in 2007 to 98.1 in 2016.

Capital productivity registered an increase of 1.1% in 2016, after that of 0.8% in 2015.

The 1.1% increase in 2016 is explained by a lower growth in capital input (+2.4%) compared to that of GDP (+3.5%).

Trends in capital productivity by industry group and for the whole economy are given in table B.5 for the years 2010 to 2016.
2.5 Capital- output ratio and Capital- labour ratio The capital-output ratio represents the units of capital required to produce one unit of output.

The capital-output ratio shows an annual increase of 0.2% from 2007 to 2016 with the index improving from 100.0 in 2007 to reach 101.9 in 2016.

The capital-labour ratio is defined as the ratio of the stock of fixed capital to labour inputs.
The index of the capital-labour ratio has increased from 100.0 in 2007 to 126.7 in 2016, representing an annual growth of 2.7%.

In 2016, the capital-output ratio fell by 1.1%, after a contraction of 0.8% in 2015.

On the other hand, the capital-labour ratio grew at a rate of 2.3% in 2016 compared to 0.9% in 2015.
Figure 2.3 – Capital-labour ratio and capital-output ratio – Total economy, 2007 to 2016 - 24 - 2.6 Trends in multifactor productivity Multifactor productivity (MFP) measures output against the combined effect of a multiplicity of factors of which capital and labour are the most important ones.

The other factors which could be included are better quality products and services, economies of scale, improved access to foreign markets, better management and improved training.
Figure 2.4 – Multifactor productivity and its components – Total economy, 2007 to 2016 During the period 2007 to 2016, MFP increased by an average of 0.8% per annum.

In 2016, MFP registered a higher growth of 2.0% compared to 1.1% in 2015.

- 25 - 2.7 Comparison of productivity trends Figure 2.5 shows the trends in the labour, capital and multifactor productivity indices for the period 2007 to 2016.
Over the years, whilst labour productivity and multifactor productivity grew by 2.5% and 0.8% annually, capital productivity witnessed a negative annual growth of 0.2%.

Figure 2.5 – Capital, labour and multifactor productivity – Total economy, 2007 to 2016 2.8 Trends in Unit Labour Cost (ULC) Figure 2.6 – Unit Labour Cost – Total economy, 2007 to 2016 Year Unit labour cost is affected by changes in both average compensation of employees and labour productivity.
The figure above shows the trend followed by the ULC index.

During the period 2007 to 2016, average annual compensation of employees increased by 5.5% whilst labour productivity grew by 2.5%.

The higher growth in average annual compensation of employees compared to that of labour productivity resulted in an average annual growth of 2.9% in ULC.

In 2016, ULC increased by 3.2%, after an increase of 1.0% in 2015.
- 26 - 2.9 Growth accounting The contribution of different factors to economic growth is determined by the growth accounting technique.

Fig 2.7 - Contribution of labour, capital and other factors productivity to GDP growth 2007 – 2016 From 2007 and 2016, the contribution of labour to the 3.8% average annual growth in GVA worked out to 13% and that of capital to 63%.

The remaining 24% represents the contribution of other qualitative factors such as training, management and technology.
It is to be noted that during the period under study, labour grew by 1.3% and capital by 4.0%.

Growth in other factors is that part of change in output that has not been explained by corresponding changes in labour and capital inputs.

Factors Labour Capital Other factors Percentage 13% 63% 24% - 27 - 3.

INDICATORS FOR THE MANUFACTURING SECTOR 3.1 Background The contribution of the manufacturing sector to GVA decreased from 17.4% in 2007 to 13.9% in 2016.
In 2016, employment in the manufacturing sector stood at 98,700 (17.4% of total employment) compared to 112,900 (22.4 % of total employment) in 2007.

The main activities in the manufacturing sector are grouped under: (i) exports oriented enterprises (ii) Sugar milling (including electricity produced by sugar factories as by-products but excluding electricity produced by the Independent Power Producers (IPPs), and (iii) Other manufacturing which comprises goods mostly meant for the local market.
These groups contributed respectively 5.2%, 0.2% and 8.5% to GVA in 2016.

3.2 Output and inputs From 2007 to 2016, real output in the manufacturing sector grew on average by 1.8% annually.

The sector registered a fall of 0.1% in 2016 after a ‘zero’growth in 2015.

During the same period, labour input declined by an average of 1.5% and capital input by 2.0%.

In 2016, labour input fell by 2.3% after a decrease of 0.6% in 2015.
Capital input kept on decreasing by 3.6% in 2016, following a decline of 4.5% in 2015.

3.3 Trends in labour productivity The labour productivity index reflects the interaction between output and labour input.

During the period 2007 to 2016, labour productivity in the manufacturing sector registered an average annual growth of 3.3%.

Figure 3.1 shows that the labour productivity index has improved over the years, from 100.0 in 2007 to 134.5 in 2016.
In 2016, labour productivity in manufacturing increased by 2.2% while a growth of 0.6% was registered in 2015.

The 2.2% increase in 2016 is the result of a slight negative growth of 0.1% in output coupled with a fall of 2.3% in labour input (Table A2.1).
Figure 3.1 – Labour Productivity - Manufacturing sector, 2007 to 2016 - 28 - 3.4 Trends in capital productivity Figure 3.2 – Capital Productivity - Manufacturing sector, 2007 to 2016 During the period 2007 to 2016, capital productivity increased by an average of 3.9% annually as a result of an increase of 1.8% in real output and a decline of 2.0% in capital input.

- 29 - In 2016, capital productivity witnessed a growth of 3.7%, lower than the 4.7% recorded in 2015.
The 3.7% growth is the result of a slight negative growth of 0.1% in real output compared to the remarkable negative growth of 3.6% in capital input (Table A2.1).

3.5 Trends in multifactor productivity Figure 3.3 – Multifactor Productivity - Manufacturing sector, 2007 to 2016 During the period 2007 to 2016, multifactor productivity (MFP) increased by an average of 3.6% per annum.

In 2016, MFP witnessed an increase of 2.8% compared to 2.2% in 2015 (Table A2.1).
3.6 Trends in Unit Labour Cost Unit labour cost is affected by changes in both average compensation and labour productivity.

From 2007 to 2016, ULC grew at an annual rate of 2.3% due to higher growth in average compensation of employees (5.7%) compared to labour productivity (3.3%).

Figure 3.4 shows that the ULC index in the manufacturing sector has moved from 100.0 in 2007 to 122.7 in 2016.

In 2016, ULC for the manufacturing sector increased by 2.7% compared to 1.2% in 2015 (Table A2.2).
- 30 - Figure 3.4 – Unit Labour Cost - Manufacturing sector, 2007 to 2016 Year - 31 - 4.

INDICATORS FOR THE EXPORT ORIENTED ENTERPRISES 4.1 Background The Export Processing Zone (EPZ) was set up in the early seventies to encourage investment in the manufacturing sector.

When the first companies started operating in 1971, employment in this sector stood at around 650.

It peaked at around 90,000 in the nineties.


The number of persons employed by EPZ establishments was 65,551 (51,554 Mauritians and 13,997 foreigners) in March 2006.

Following the repeal of various industrial enactments in the Finance Act 2006, all industrial certificates including the export certificate (EPZ) lapsed on 1 October 2006.
To have consistent data series on enterprises involved in manufacturing activities for export, in addition to enterprises previously holding an EPZ certificate, enterprises manufacturing goods for export and holding a registration certificate issued by the Board of Investment as from 1 October 2006 are also considered as “Export Oriented Enterprises (EOE)”.

At the end of December 2016, the number of persons employed by the EOE was 52,311 (29,493 Mauritians and 22,818 foreigners).
In 2016, the share of the EOE sector in the economy was 5.2%.

The contribution of the textile and non-textile sub-sectors in the total output of the EOE sector was 69.6% and 30.4% respectively.

4.2 Output and inputs Figure 4.1 – Output and input trends – Export Oriented Enterprises, 2007 to 2016 During the period 2007 to 2016, real output of the EOE sector increased at an average annual rate of 0.5%.
Within the sector, average annual growths of 1.8% and 0.1% were observed in the non- textile and textile establishments respectively.

- 32 - During the period 2007 to 2016, labour input registered an annual decrease of 2.4%.

Labour input registered a ‘zero’ growth in 2016 after a fall of 1.8% in 2015.

From 2007 to 2016, capital input registered an average annual decrease of 3.6%.

In 2016, capital input fell by 1.0% after that of 3.4% in 2015.
4.3 Productivity trends Figure 4.2 – Productivity trends – Export Oriented Enterprises, 2007 to 2016 Figure 4.2 shows the trends in the labour, capital and multifactor productivity indices for the EOE sector for the years 2007 to 2016.

On average, both labour and capital productivity went up during the period under review; with annual growths of 3.0% and 4.2% respectively.
This is explained by an annual increase of 0.5% in real output coupled with decreases of 2.4 % in labour input and 3.6% in capital input during the period under review.

Multifactor productivity grew at an average annual rate of 3.4%.

In 2016, labour productivity in EOE fell by 5.1% after a decrease of 1.3% in 2015.

In 2016, capital productivity and multifactor productivity decreased by 4.1% and 5.0% respectively, while in 2015, capital productivity rose by 0.3% and multifactor productivity fell by 0.7%.
- 33 - 4.4 Trends in Unit Labour Cost Figure 4.3 – Unit Labour Cost – Export Oriented Enterprises, 2007 to 2016 Figure 4.3 shows the trend in unit labour cost (ULC) in the EOE sector for the period 2007 to 2016.

During that period, average compensation of employees in the EOE sector increased by an average annual rate of 6.6% and labour productivity by 3.0%.
The higher growth in average compensation of employees compared to labour productivity caused ULC to increase at an average annual rate of 3.5% during that period.

In 2016, the ULC index grew by 6.7% after that of 5.3% in 2015.
- 35 - 5. INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS 5.1 General Competitiveness is the degree to which a nation can, under free and fair market conditions, produce goods and services that meet the rest of international markets while simultaneously maintaining or expanding the real incomes of its citizens.

Indicators commonly used are unit labour cost, real effective exchange rate and relative market shares.

Some of the competitiveness indicators have been computed and are presented in this report.
5.2 Trends in Unit Labour Cost (ULC) To compare changes in competitiveness, the impacts of exchange rate fluctuations have to be taken into account, since competitiveness of products depends upon changes in the prices of these products in the market.

Figure 5.1 below presents ULC in Mauritian Rupee and US Dollar for the period 2007 to 2016.

It clearly shows that ULC in US dollar is highly associated with changes in exchange rates.
Figure 5.1 - ULC index in Mauritian Rupees (MUR) and US dollar - Manufacturing sector, 2007 - 2016 From 2007 to 2016, ULC in Mauritian Rupees grew by an average of 2.3% annually.

In Dollar terms, the increase was 0.8%, as a result of a 1.5% change in the average annual exchange rate of the Mauritian Rupee vis-à-vis the US Dollar.

In 2016, ULC in Dollar terms rose by 0.5% after falling by 11.9% in 2015.
- 36 - 5.3 International comparison of ULC in the Manufacturing sector - 2016 An international comparison of growth in ULC in the manufacturing sector for the year 2016, in national currency and US Dollar is given in the table IV and figure 5.2 based on latest estimates prepared by The Conference Board International Labour Comparisons program.
Table IV: Growth rate (%) in Manufacturing Unit Labour Cost of selected countries, 2016 Country National currency US $ USA France Germany Italy UK Mauritius Taiwan Korea 3.2 -0.2 -1.0 -0.2 2.6 1.3 0.3 2.7 3.2 -0.4 -0.5 0.0 -9.4 0.5 -2.3 -1.3 Figure 5.2 – International comparison of ULC in Manufacturing – Growth rate (%), 2016 Source: The Conference Board and Statistics Mauritius Estimates It is observed that, in 2016, ULC in the manufacturing sector, expressed in national currency, increased the most in USA.
Mauritius followed with an increase of 2.7%.

In the same year, ULC in US Dollar in the United Kingdom declined by 9.4%, explained by depreciation of the pound sterling against the US Dollar.

Mauritius witnessed an increase of 0.5%.

5.4 Evolution of market share - 37 - Evolution of market share of our products with our main trading partner countries is another indicator pertinent to the analysis of competitiveness.
A country exporting a particular product to another country maintains its share of the market if the growth of its share in the market for that product equals the rate at which the imports of the products grow in the importing country.

Table C.8 shows the evolution of our market share for five SITC1 groups of products, from 2013 to 2016 in some of our main importing countries.
Data for France shows that the share of Mauritius for SITC group 8412 has decreased gradually from 0.3% in 2013 to 0.1 % in 2016 while data for United Kingdom for the same product shows a slight increase from 0.2% in 2013 to 0.3% in 2016.

1 SITC: Standard International Trade Classification 2 Men's or boys coats, jackets, suits, blazers, trousers, shirts, underwear, knitwear and similar articles of textile fabrics not knitted or crocheted.

A.
SERIES A 1 TOTAL ECONOMY Table A 1.1 - Productivity Trends - Total Economy, 1996 - 2016 Real Output Labour Input Capital Input Labour Productivity Capital Productivity (Index 2007 = 100) Multifactor Productivity Index Growth rate % Index Growth rate % Index Growth rate % Index Growth rate % Index Growth rate % Index Growth rate % - -0.6 0.4 -4.6 4.5 -0.6 -3.0 0.6 -0.8 -1.5 0.2 0.1 0.1 -2.1 -0.6 -0.9 -0.7 -0.3 0.7 0.8 1.1 81.6 83.8 86.0 84.8 91.2 92.9 92.0 94.8 96.1 96.2 98.1 100.0 101.0 100.7 101.3 102.4 102.9 103.1 104.2 105.3 107.4 3.9 2.6 2.7 -1.4 7.5 1.9 -1.0 3.1 1.4 0.1 1.9 1.9 1.0 -0.3 0.6 1.1 0.5 0.1 1.1 1.1 2.0 - 3 9 - Year 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 1 2016 1Revised Table A 1.2 - Unit Labour Cost, Capital-Output Ratio, Capital-Labour Ratio - Total Economy, 1996 - 2016 Average compensation of employees Unit Labour Cost Labour Productivity Capital Output Ratio Capital Labour Ratio Index Growth rate % Index Growth rate % Index Growth rate % Index Growth rate % Index Growth rate % (Index 2007 = 100) 44.2 46.9 51.8 54.8 59.8 63.9 68.4 72.4
= 100) -0.6 3.6 5.6 3.0 4.3 2.1 3.5 7.6 6.2 2.1 1.8 3.6 3.7 5.1 - -0.1 0.6 -0.4 4.9 -4.3 0.6 3.1 -0.6 0.8 1.5 -0.2 -0.2 -0.1 2.2 0.6 0.9 0.7 0.3 -0.7 -0.8 - - 4 0 - Year 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 1 2016 1Revised A 2 - THE MANUFACTURING SECTOR Table A 2.1 - Productivity Trends - Manufacturing sector, 1996 - 2016 Real Output Labour Input Capital Input Labour Productivity Capital Productivity Year Index Growth rate % Index Growth rate % Index Growth rate % Index Growth rate % Index Growth rate % Multifactor Productivity Index Growth rate % (Index 2000 = 100 - Based on NSIC Rev 1) -2.7 1.0 0.8 -3.5 4.8 2.3 3.2 2.1 2.1 97.6 101.3 105.3 103.3 100.0 100.7 98.0 94.1 89.0 85.3 85.7 86.7 86.4 81.1 79.9 (Index 2007 = 100 - Based on NSIC Rev 2) 2007 2008 1 2009 1 2010 1 2011 1 2012 1 2013 1 2014 1 2015 1 2016 1Revised 100.0 102.9 105.4 107.4 108.1 110.4 115.6 117.7 117.7 117.5 100.0 100.4 92.6 91.3 88.1 87.5 90.0 90.0 89.5
 87.4 2.9 2.4 1.9 0.7 2.1 4.7 1.8 0.0 -0.1 0.7 3.7 3.9 -1.8 -3.2 0.7 -2.7 -4.0 -5.4 -4.2 0.4 1.2 -0.4 -6.1 -1.4 0.4 -7.8 -1.3 -3.5 -0.7 2.8 0.0 -0.6 - -0.9 5.6 -0.6 0.0 -3.8 0.3 0.0 -3.8 -1.2 -2.7 -2.7 -0.1 -4.5 - -4.0 2.3 1.4 -6.7 -1.0 -3.7 -6.8 5.7 - - 4 1 - 6.5 4.2 1.5 -0.7 6.3 2.7 -3.8 1.4 0.0 -4.4 5.1 -2.8 3.2 4.2 6.6 2.5 7.5 4.3 3.3 3.7 4.2 1.8 2.2 2.8 Table A 2.2 - Unit Labour Cost, Capital-Output Ratio, Capital-Labour Ratio - Manufacturing sector, 1996 - 2016 Average Compensation of employees Year Unit Labour Cost Labour Productivity Capital Output Ratio Capital Labour Ratio Index Growth rate % Index Growth rate % Index Growth rate % Index Growth rate % Index Growth rate % (Index 2000 = 100 - Based on NSIC Rev 1) 69.0 71.6 78.4 89.0 100.0 107.2 115.2 125.1 140.7 147.1 158.2 169.3 185.6 201.2 222.2 (Index 2007 = 100 - Based on NSIC Rev 2) 1Revised 82.9 84.4 90.5 98.9 100.0 102.7 110.4 114.0 120.4 125.0
-0.3 6.6 7.0 -0.2 1.0 5.0 2.4 - -5.8 -5.4 -0.9 4.3 -2.2 -1.4 7.1 1.0 3.8 7.3 -5.4 3.2 -3.6 -2.0 -5.8 -2.5 -2.3 -5.6 -1.9 -4.7 -7.0 -1.9 -4.5 -3.5 87.0 84.0 85.0 92.1 100.0 102.9 110.2 117.1 129.5 140.0 138.2 144.2 144.0 153.4 149.7 100.0 99.9 108.4 105.7 108.2 106.0 100.4 100.3 96.3 95.0 -0.5 -3.5 1.2 8.3 8.6 2.9 7.1 6.3 10.6 8.1 -1.3 4.3 -0.2 6.5 -2.4 -0.1 8.5 -2.5 2.3 -2.0 -5.3 -0.1 -3.9 -1.4 - 4 2 - A 3 - THE EXPORT ORIENTED ENTERPRISES (EOE sector) Table A 3.1 - Productivity Trends - EOE sector, 1996 - 2016 Real Output Labour Input Capital Input Labour Productivity Capital Productivity Multifactor Productivity Year Index Growth rate % Index Growth rate % Index Growth rate % Index Growth rate % Index Growth rate % Index Growth rate % (Index 2000 = 100 - Based on NSIC Rev 1) -6.3 -4.6 -5.8 -6.4 8.2 11.2 1.6 -0.9 6.5 (Index 2007 = 100 - Based on NSIC Rev 2) 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 100.0 101.7 101.3 107.5 113.2 114.8 111.3 114.1 110.6 104.9 1.7 -0.4 6.1 5.3 1.4 -3.0 2.5 -3.1 - -0.3 1.3 -5.8 -6.7 -10.5 -8.5 -0.8 3.2 -4.3 -8.9 -1.7 -4.3 -8.9 -1.7 -2.6 -2.3 -0.9 1.5 -1.8 0.0 78.6 82.3 87.6 95.0
 100.0 103.9 103.3 101.3 110.9 116.5 117.7 133.7 130.5 120.4 109.8 100.0 97.6 90.1 82.1 76.3 70.6 70.9 75.5 73.0 72.2 -1.2 4.7 6.4 8.5 5.2 3.9 -0.6 -1.9 9.4 5.1 1.0 13.5 -2.4 -7.7 -8.8 -2.4 -7.7 -8.8 -7.1 -7.4 0.3 6.6 -3.4 - -0.5 2.2 5.3 2.3 9.0 7.7 6.2 8.8 8.4 6.3 9.3 7.9 8.1 3.8 -2.1 1.0 -1.3 -5.1 100.3 101.5 102.0 99.7 100.0 100.9 95.2 92.6 79.7 70.9 76.0 74.4 77.4 83.2 97.2 100.0 104.2 112.4 130.9 148.3 162.4 157.0 151.0 151.5 145.3 8.3 1.2 0.5 -2.3 0.3 0.9 -5.7 -2.7 -13.9 -11.0 7.1 -2.1 4.1 7.4 16.8 4.2 7.9 16.4 13.3 9.5 -3.3 -3.8 0.3 - -2.8 -0.1 -5.2 -6.2 6.1 1.5 6.4 10.3 15.1 5.3 8.7 11.6 10.0 6.2 -2.4 -1.1 -0.7 -5.0 - 4 3 - Table A 3.2 - Unit Labour Cost, Capital-Output Ratio, Capital-Labour Ratio - EOE sector, 1996 - 2016 Average Compensation of employees Unit Labour Cost Labour Productivity Capital Output Ratio Capital Labour Ratio Index Growth rate % Index Growth rate % Index Growth rate % Index Growth rate % Index Growth rate % Year (Index 2000 = 100 - Based on NSIC Rev 1) (Index 2007 = 100 - Based on NSIC Rev 2) -1.6 3.7 3.5 -0.7 2.8 1.8 6.4 2.6 5.3
5.8 3.8 5.4 -1.6 3.7 3.5 - -0.5 2.2 5.3 2.3 9.0 7.7 6.2 8.8 8.4 6.3 9.3 7.9 8.1 3.8 -2.1 1.0 -1.3 -5.1 99.7 98.5 98.0 100.3 100.0 99.1 105.1 108.0 125.5 141.0 131.6 134.4 129.1 120.7 103.3 100.0 96.0 88.9 76.4 67.4 61.6 63.7 66.2 66.0 68.8 -7.7 -1.2 -0.5 2.3 -0.3 -0.9 6.1 2.8 16.2 12.3 -6.7 2.1 -3.9 -6.5 -14.4 -4.0 -7.4 -14.1 -11.8 -8.7 3.4 4.0 -0.3 4.3 87.9 88.0 88.9 94.7 100.0 102.6 108.2 113.7 139.0 159.8 162.6 178.9 182.5 184.8 171.4 100.0 102.0 103.3 95.8 91.4 86.7 87.7 92.2 90.7 89.7 -1.4 0.1 1.0 6.6 5.5 2.6 5.5 5.1 22.3 14.9 1.8 10.0 2.0 1.3 -7.3 2.0 1.3 -7.3 -4.6 -5.2 1.3 5.0 -1.6 -1.0 - 4 4 - A 4 - THE EOE TEXTILE SUBSECTOR Table A 4.1 - Productivity Trends - EOE textile subsector, 1996 - 2016 Real Output Labour Input Capital Input Year Index Growth rate % Index Growth rate % Index Growth rate % (Index 2000 = 100 - Based on NSIC Rev 1) -7.9 -5.5 -8.2 -9.1 4.9 11.9 0.3 -3.4 3.4 88.6 93.3 98.7 100.7 100.0 101.0 95.0 87.5 76.3 67.7 67.7 69.6 64.4 57.8 54.9 (Index 2007 = 100 - Based on NSIC Rev 2) 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 100.0 100.3 97.6 100.7 104.9 104.7 106.5 112.0 108.1 100.5 0.3 -2.6 3.1 4.2 -0.3 1.8 5.2 -3.6 -7.0 100.0 92.5 83.0 78.8 76.0 74.0 73.4 74.8 73.0 72.5 0.5 5.3 5.8 2.0 -0.7 1.0 -5.9 -7.9 -12.8 -11.3 0.0 2.8 -7.5 -10.3 -5.0 -7.5 -10.3 -5.0 -3.6 -2.7 -0.8 1.9 -2.4 -0.6 78.7 82.4 87.6 95.0 100.0 104.1 103.4 101.5 111.3 117.3 118.5 135.0 132.3 122.4 111.8 100.0 98.0 90.6 82.8 77.1 71.5 71.9 76.7 74.2 73.5 -1.2 4.7 6.3 8.4 5.3 4.1 -0.6 -1.9 9.7 5.4 1.0 14.0 -2.0 -7.5 -8.6 -2.0 -7.5 -8.6 -6.9 -7.3 0.6 6.6 -3.2 -0.9 Labour Productivity Capital Productivity Growth rate % Growth rate % Index Index Multifactor
 Productivity Index Growth rate % -2.1 2.6 5.2 2.5 4.9 8.8 8.4 7.7 8.8 8.4 8.6 8.6 8.0 2.5 2.6 3.2 -1.2 -6.4 100.2 101.7 102.3 100.0 100.0 100.7 93.3 89.9 75.3 64.9 67.4 66.2 67.7 70.7 80.0 100.0 102.4 107.7 121.6 136.1 146.4 148.2 146.1 145.6 136.7 9.6 1.6 0.5 -2.3 0.0 0.7 -7.3 -3.7 -16.3 -13.8 3.8 -1.8 2.4 4.4 13.2 2.4 5.2 12.9 11.9 7.6 1.2 -1.4 -0.4 - -4.2 -0.2 -5.9 -7.0 3.0 2.0 8.9 8.5 16.2 6.0 7.5 10.4 9.3 4.0 2.3 1.6 -0.9 -6.3 - 4 5 - Table A 4.2 - Unit Labour Cost, Capital-Output Ratio, Capital-Labour Ratio - EOE textile subsector, 1996 - 2016 Year Average Compensation of employees Unit Labour Cost Labour Productivity Capital Output Ratio Capital Labour Ratio Index Growth rate % Index Growth rate % Index Growth rate % Index Growth rate % Index Growth rate % (Index 2000 = 100 - Based on NSIC Rev 1) -0.5 9.7 12.5 9.7 6.3 15.9 6.9 12.6 4.1 7.4 11.8 11.5 17.0 12.6 (Index 2007 = 100 - Based on NSIC Rev 2) -1.4 8.6 8.3 3.5 2.4 18.4 4.2 7.0 1.6 2.4 2.7 2.8 8.6 3.4 2.8 6.9 2.9 1.9 2.6 0.8 - -2.1 2.6 5.2 2.5
138.5 7.8 0.9 1.0 3.9 6.1 3.8 -2.1 2.6 5.2 2.5 4.9 8.8 8.4 7.7 8.8 8.4 8.6 8.6 8.0 2.5 2.6 3.2 -1.2 -6.4 99.8 98.3 97.8 100.0 100.0 99.3 107.2 111.2 132.9 154.1 148.4 151.2 147.7 141.4 125.0 100.0 97.7 92.8 82.2 73.5 68.3 67.5 68.4 68.7 73.2 -8.8 -1.5 -0.5 2.3 0.0 -0.7 7.9 3.8 19.5 16.0 -3.7 1.9 -2.3 -4.2 -11.6 -2.3 -5.0 -11.4 -10.7 -7.0 -1.2 1.4 0.4 6.5 88.9 88.3 88.7 94.3 100.0 103.1 108.9 116.0 145.8 173.3 175.1 194.0 205.5 212.0 203.9 100.0 105.9 109.2 105.1 101.4 96.6 97.9 102.5 101.7 101.3 -1.7 -0.6 0.5 6.3 6.0 3.1 5.6 6.5 25.7 18.9 1.1 10.8 5.9 3.2 -3.8 5.9 3.2 -3.8 -3.5 -4.7 1.4 4.7 -0.8 -0.3 - 4 6 - A 5 - THE EOE NON - TEXTILE SUBSECTOR Table A 5.1 - Productivity Trends - EOE non-textile subsector, 1996 - 2016 Real Output Labour Input Capital Input Year Index Growth rate % Index Growth rate % Index Growth rate % Labour Productivity Growth rate % Index Capital Productivity Growth rate % Index Multifactor Productivity Index Growth rate % (Index 2000 = 100 - Based on NSIC Rev 1) -3.0 2.9 6.9 6.0 8.2 5.1 5.8 0.9 8.7 7.7 21.1 8.8 6.4 5.5 14.3 (Index 2007 = 100 - Based on NSIC Rev 2) 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 1 2016 1Revised 100.0 106.5 111.6 126.7 136.6 143.4 124.4 120.2 117.8 117.4 6.5 4.9 13.5 7.8 5.0 -13.2 -3.4 -2.0 -0.3 95.9 95.5 97.3 96.9 100.0 104.1 98.8 101.1 105.2 112.2 107.6 113.1 124.6 120.5 132.7 100.0 110.2 106.5 117.3 117.7 116.1 114.7 115.0 114.9 114.5 -1.3 -0.5 1.9 -0.4 3.2 4.1 -5.1 2.3 4.1 6.6 -4.0 5.1 10.2 -3.3 10.1 10.2 -3.3 10.1 0.3 -1.3 -1.3 0.3 -0.1 -0.4 78.0 82.0 87.4 95.1 100.0 103.0 102.5 100.3 108.4 112.0 113.0 125.1 119.3 108.0 96.9 100.0 95.3 86.3 77.4 71.0 64.9 64.1 68.0 64.7 63.5 -1.1 5.1 6.6 8.7 5.2 3.0 -0.5 -2.1 8.1 3.3 0.8 10.8 -4.7 -9.5 -10.3 -4.7 -9.5 -10.3 -8.3 -8.6 -1.3 6.1 -4.8 -1.8 82.6 85.4 89.6 95.4 100.0 100.9 112.5 111.0 115.9 117.1 147.8 153.0 147.7 161.2 167.3 100.0 96.6 104.8 108.0 116.0
 123.5 108.5 104.5 102.5 102.6 -1.8 3.4 4.9 6.4 4.8 0.9 11.5 -1.4 4.4 1.0 26.2 3.5 -3.4 9.1 3.8 -3.4 8.5 3.1 7.4 6.4 -12.1 -3.7 -2.0 0.1 101.6 99.5 99.7 97.2 100.0 102.1 108.5 111.9 112.5 117.2 140.8 138.3 154.4 179.9 229.2 100.0 111.7 129.4 163.7 192.5 221.0 194.3 176.8 182.0 184.8 -1.9 -2.1 0.3 -2.5 2.9 2.1 6.3 3.1 0.6 4.2 20.1 -1.8 11.6 16.5 27.4 11.7 15.8 26.5 17.6 14.8 -12.1 -9.0 2.9 1.5 90.4 91.1 93.7 96.0 100.0 101.3 110.3 111.5 113.8 117.2 142.8 142.8 152.2 172.9 204.7 100.0 106.7 120.4 141.1 157.0 175.1 153.1 139.5 138.4 138.8 -2.0 0.7 2.9 2.4 4.2 1.3 9.0 1.1 2.0 3.0 21.9 0.0 6.6 13.6 18.4 6.7 12.9 17.2 11.3 11.5 -12.6 -8.8 -0.8 0.3 - 4 7 - Table A 5.2 - Unit Labour Cost, Capital-Output Ratio, Capital-Labour Ratio - EOE non-textile subsector, 1996 to 2016 Year Average Compensation of employees Unit Labour Cost Labour Productivity Capital Output Ratio Capital Labour Ratio Index Growth rate % Index Growth rate % Index Growth rate % Index Growth rate % Index Growth rate % (Index 2000 = 100 - Based on NSIC Rev 1) 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 56.4 68.0 78.3 104.6 100.0 119.7 90.7 85.5 82.0 85.6 107.4 136.9 -2.2 20.6 15.2 33.5 -4.4 19.7 -24.3 -5.7 -4.2 4.4 25.5 27.5 2008 2009 2010 145.9 153.9 132.4 (Index 2007 = 100 - Based on NSIC Rev 2) 6.6 5.5 -14.0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 1 2016 1Revised 100.0 107.5 109.4 100.8 120.0 130.6 140.3 153.8 159.5 165.2 7.5 1.8 - -0.4 16.6 9.7 25.5 -8.8 18.6 -32.1 -4.4 -8.2 3.3 -0.6 23.2 10.4 -3.4 -17.1 11.3 -6.1 - -1.8 3.4 4.9 6.4 4.8 0.9 11.5 -1.4 4.4 1.0 26.2 3.5 -3.4 9.1 3.8 -3.4 8.5 3.1 7.4 6.4 -12.1 -3.7 -2.0 0.1 98.4 100.6 100.3 102.9 100.0
 98.0 92.2 89.4 88.9 85.3 71.0 72.3 64.8 55.6 43.6 100.0 89.5 77.3 61.1 52.0 45.2 51.5 56.6 54.9 54.1 2.0 2.2 -0.3 2.6 -2.8 -2.0 -5.9 -3.0 -0.6 -4.0 -16.7 1.8 -10.4 -14.2 -21.5 -10.5 -13.7 -21.0 -15.0 -12.9 13.8 9.9 -2.9 - -1.1 4.9 -4.3 3.8 -3.1 5.1 5.4 -13.5 -6.4 -18.5 -13.5 -6.4 -18.5 -8.6 -7.3 0.0 5.9 -4.8 -1.5 - 4 8 - Table B.1 - Real output by industry group, 2010 - 2016 B - THE TOTAL ECONOMY BY INDUSTRY GROUP Industry Agriculture, forestry and fishing 2010 112.7 2011 116.7 2012 118.0 Index 2013 118.5 2014 122.9 2015 122.6 2016 127.1 2010 -0.4 2011 3.5 2012 1.1 (Index 2007=100) Real Ouput Growth Rate (%) Mining and quarrying 100.2 81.2 74.5 71.1 69.3 67.0 67.6 Manufacturing 107.4 108.1 110.4 115.6 117.7 117.7 117.5 Export Oriented Enterprises 107.5 113.2 114.8 111.3 114.1 110.6 104.9 Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning 112.0 117.0 122.2 127.6 132.7 137.7 143.5 4.4 1.9 6.1 4.6 Water supply, sewerage, waste management and remediation activities 98.8 101.3 103.5 106.1 109.3 112.6 114.8 -0.3 Construction 123.5 121.0 117.4 107.8 98.6 93.8 93.8 Wholesale & retail trade; repair of motor vehicles, motorcycles 108.5 112.2 116.1 119.3 122.9 126.4 130.2 Transportation and storage 110.9 115.0 118.0 120.8 124.2 128.4 133.4 Accomodation and food service activities 106.1 109.4 109.5 112.7 119.6 130.0 141.9 4.3 3.8 4.3 8.8 Information and communication 140.7 153.8 167.5 179.4 190.9 204.1 216.1 11.1 Financial and insurance activities 120.5 127.3 134.6 142.0 149.8 157.7 166.7 Real estate activities (Other) 119.0 128.1 138.4 148.5 159.2 168.9 178.1 Professional, scientific and technical activities 126.4 135.0 144.8 154.8 163.4 171.7 181.5 Administrative and support service activities 117.5 129.1 139.7 151.0 162.9 173.8 184.1 Public administration and defence; compulsory social security 105.7 110.9 113.8 114.8 121.0
 121.9 125.0 Education 107.1 111.1 115.8 117.6 120.7 123.7 124.3 Human health and social work activities 112.5 118.5 126.0 132.7 141.7 146.5 149.6 Arts, entertainment and recreation 130.5 139.2 149.9 161.5 172.4 180.7 189.7 Other service activities 109.7 115.7 120.9 126.1 130.3 134.3 138.4 Total Economy 113.8 118.2 122.5 126.6 131.2 135.1 139.9 4.5 6.7 5.8 8.2 3.2 3.7 4.9 5.5 6.2 4.5 1Revised 2013 0.5 -4.6 4.7 -3.0 4.4 2.5 2014 3.7 -2.5 1.8 2.5 4.0 3.0 2015 -0.3 -3.4 0.0 -3.1 3.8 3.0 -19.0 -8.2 0.7 5.3 4.4 2.5 2.1 1.4 4.5 2.2 -2.0 -3.0 -8.2 -8.5 - - 4 9 - 2016 3.7 1.0 -0.1 -5.1 4.2 2.0 0.0 3.0 3.9 9.2 5.9 5.7 5.5 5.7 5.9 2.5 0.5 2.1 5.0 3.1 3.5 Table B.2 - Labour input by industry group, 2010 - 2016 Industry Index Growth Rate (%) (Index 2007=100) Labour input Agriculture, forestry and fishing 93.6 91.1 89.5 91.8 94.1 94.5 2010 1 2011 1 2012 1 2013 1 2014 1 2015 1 2016 94.1 Mining and quarrying 100.0 100.0 111.1 116.7 122.2 122.2 122.2 Manufacturing 91.3 88.1 87.5 90.0 90.0 89.5 87.4 -1.0 0.0 -1.3 -2.7 -1.8 0.0 11.1 -3.5 -0.7 2.5 5.0 2.8 2010 1 2011 1 2012 1 2013 1 2014 1 2015 1 Export Oriented Enterprises 85.7 83.5 81.5 80.8 82.0 80.5 80.5 -1.7 -2.6 -2.3 -0.9 Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning 115.0 115.0 115.0 115.0 110.0 110.0 110.0 Water supply, sewerage, waste management and remediation activities 111.5 111.5 123.1 123.1 123.1 126.9 126.9 Construction 106.3 106.5 107.0 106.8 101.8 100.5 99.0 Wholesale & retail trade; repair of motor vehicles, motorcycles 114.0 116.8 119.3 122.8 126.6 129.3 130.7 Transportation and storage 119.3 120.1 121.2 133.1 135.3 142.4 143.1 Accomodation and food service activities 119.1 120.1 122.1 126.1 128.7 131.7 134.7 Information and communication
 103.4 102.0 107.5 111.6 113.6 116.3 118.4 Financial and insurance activities 128.0 131.2 135.5 140.9 145.2 145.2 145.2 4.5 0.0 2.7 3.3 3.2 4.6 0.7 5.3 Real estate activities (Other) 128.6 128.6 157.1 185.7 200.0 200.0 200.0 12.5 Professional, scientific and technical activities 109.0 109.0 121.8 135.9 141.0 147.4 155.1 Administrative and support service activities 105.2 101.7 102.6 105.2 109.0 108.2 108.2 Public administration and defence; compulsory social security 103.3 102.6 101.5 103.6 105.9 106.4 105.6 Education 109.0 110.1 111.5 112.6 112.6 114.4 115.1 3.7 0.8 -0.5 2.0 Human health and social work activities 122.7 124.7 125.3 124.7 124.0 128.0 129.3 12.9 Arts, entertainment and recreation 165.2 165.2 193.5 213.0 230.4 252.2 265.2 18.8 Other service activities 101.0 100.0 102.7 105.1 106.4 107.7 107.7 Total Economy 105.4 104.9 106.2 109.4 110.9 112.3 112.5 0.7 1.9 0.0 0.0 0.2 2.4 0.6 0.8 -1.3 2.5 0.0 0.0 -3.3 -0.7 1.0 1.6 0.0 -1.0 -0.5 1Revised 2.5 4.8 0.0 1.5 -4.3 0.0 -4.7 3.1 1.7 2.1 1.8 3.1 7.7 3.8 3.7 2.2 0.0 0.0 10.3 0.5 2.1 0.9 1.6 5.3 3.3 0.0 0.0 -0.2 2.9 9.8 3.2 3.8 4.0 22.2 18.2 11.8 11.6 2.5 2.0 1.0 0.8 -1.0 1.3 0.5 -0.5 -0.5 17.1 10.1 2.7 1.3 2.3 3.0 8.2 1.3 1.3 2016 -0.5 0.0 0.5 0.0 - 5 0 - -0.6 -2.3 -1.8 0.0 0.0 3.1 0.0 0.0 -1.2 -1.5 2.2 5.2 2.3 2.4 0.0 0.0 4.5 -0.8 0.5 1.6 3.2 9.4 1.3 1.3 1.1 0.5 2.3 1.8 0.0 0.0 5.2 0.0 -0.7 0.6 1.0 5.2 0.0 0.1 Table B.3 - Capital input by industry group, 2010 - 2016 Industry Index Growth Rate (%) (Index 2007=100) Capital input 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 1 2016 2010 2011 2012 2014 2015 1 Construction 147.9 166.6 184.9 193.3 204.2 210.9 207.7 12.7 12.7 11.0 Agriculture, forestry and fishing 110.8 113.1 115.5 129.5 133.2 133.2 132.4 Mining and quarrying Manufacturing 208.5 253.3 295.1 335.7 306.4 272.5 235.5 96.5 95.4 92.8 90.4 90.3 86.2 83.1 Export Oriented Enterprises 82.1 76.3 70.6 70.9 75.5 73.0 72.2 Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning 97.5 101.4 108.1 111.9 114.0 112.0 116.5 Water supply, sewerage,
 waste management and remediation activities 96.0 107.5 129.1 153.9 191.1 250.1 295.3 1.4 23.7 -3.8 -8.8 0.5 2.6 Wholesale & retail trade; repair of motor vehicles, motorcycles 121.6 137.2 150.5 156.0 158.5 159.7 160.9 Transportation and storage 105.9 103.5 101.1 98.4 96.7 94.5 93.1 7.6 1.7 Accomodation and food service activities 143.4 149.4 154.6 157.6 157.7 157.3 156.7 11.1 Information and communication 104.0 104.9 106.1 107.6 108.2 109.1 109.4 1.3 Financial and insurance activities 116.2 122.5 129.0 134.8 144.7 154.3 162.8 11.0 Real estate activities (Other) 155.0 155.2 156.5 157.1 161.2 167.5 174.8 Professional, scientific and technical activities 209.9 257.0 304.2 357.9 436.1 537.8 550.9 Administrative and support service activities 135.8 157.6 183.8 214.1 310.5 383.1 487.7 Public administration and defence; compulsory social security 119.2 131.2 138.6 145.4 154.9 158.0 165.0 Education 114.5 115.7 124.1 133.9 138.5 144.3 145.4 Human health and social work activities 145.1 159.1 177.9 192.2 202.8 209.9 213.4 Arts, entertainment and recreation 158.9 181.8 211.4 239.8 254.5 259.7 267.4 Other service activities 109.6 113.1 113.9 114.2 113.7 112.7 111.8 Total Economy 116.8 122.4 127.7 132.4 136.2 139.2 142.5 5.3 22.7 -1.4 7.3 1.6 12.5 14.3 3.6 5.1 1Revised 2.1 21.5 -1.2 -7.1 4.0 2.1 16.5 -2.7 -7.4 6.6 2013 12.1 13.8 -2.6 0.3 3.5 2016 -0.6 0.0 -11.1 -13.6 -4.5 -3.4 -1.7 -3.6 -1.0 4.0 2.9 -8.7 -0.1 6.6 1.8 12.0 20.1 19.2 24.2 30.9 18.1 12.8 9.7 4.5 3.6 5.6 1.6 -2.3 -2.3 -2.6 - -0.5 2.8 - 5 1 - 3.3 0.7 -2.3 -0.3 0.9 6.6 3.9 23.3 23.4 2.0 4.2 3.5 2.1 -0.9 2.2 -1.5 0.7 -1.5 -0.3 0.2 5.5 4.4 2.4 27.3 4.4 0.8 1.6 2.9 -0.7 2.4 Table B.4 - Labour productivity by industry group, 2010 - 2016 (Index 2007=100) Labour Productivity Industry Index Growth Rate (%) Agriculture, forestry
 and fishing 2010 1 120.4 2011 1 128.0 2012 1 131.8 2013 1 129.1 2014 1 130.7 2015 1 129.6 2016 135.1 Mining and quarrying 100.2 81.2 67.1 61.0 56.7 54.8 55.3 Manufacturing 117.6 122.7 126.1 128.4 130.7 131.5 134.5 Export Oriented Enterprises 125.4 135.6 140.8 137.8 139.2 137.4 130.4 Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning Water supply, sewerage, waste management and remediation activities 97.4 88.6 90.8 84.1 86.2 101.7 106.3 111.0 120.6 125.2 130.5 Construction 116.2 113.6 109.7 100.9 Wholesale & retail trade; repair of motor vehicles, motorcycles Transportation and storage Accomodation and food service activities 95.1 92.9 89.1 96.0 95.7 91.1 97.3 97.3 89.7 97.2 90.8 89.4 88.8 96.9 97.1 91.8 92.9 88.7 93.3 97.7 90.2 98.7 90.4 94.7 99.6 93.2 105.4 Information and communication 136.1 150.7 155.8 160.8 168.0 175.4 182.6 10.4 10.8 Financial and insurance activities Real estate activities (Other) 94.1 92.5 97.1 99.7 99.3 88.1 100.8 103.2 108.7 114.9 80.0 79.6 84.5 89.1 Professional, scientific and technical activities 116.0 123.9 118.9 113.9 115.8 116.5 117.0 Administrative and support service activities 111.7 126.9 136.2 143.6 149.5 160.7 170.2 Public administration and defence; compulsory social security Education Human health and social work activities Arts, entertainment and recreation 98.3 91.7 79.0 102.3 108.1 112.0 110.8 114.3 114.6 118.3 100.9 103.8 104.5 107.2 108.1 108.0 95.1 84.2 100.5 106.4 114.3 114.5 115.7 -7.1 77.5 75.8 74.8 71.7 71.5 -11.2 Other service activities 108.6 115.7 117.7 120.0 122.5 124.6 128.5 Total Economy 107.9 112.7 115.3 115.7 118.3 120.3 124.4 5.5 2.6 1Revised 2010 1 2011 1 2012 1 2013 1 2014 1 2015 1 2016 6.3 2.9 -19.0 -17.4 -0.8 -3.4 0.6 4.2 1.0 2.2 -1.3 -5.1 -2.0 -9.1 1.8 -2.1 4.4 2.5 -8.0 -0.1 -6.8 -0.3 3.2 1.5 -9.2 -4.2 5.5 -1.1 0.6 5.9 1.2 -6.9 1.8 1.0 8.7 3.0 -4.0 -0.1 1.1 3.9 4.5 2.4 -0.5 1.7 4.1 3.1 2.6 7.4 0.6 4.4 3.3 7.9 0.1 -0.3 1.6 0.5 1.1 4.0 -0.8 -5.2 2.1 7.3 3.7 1.6 2.8 3.8 4.5 -7.4 -3.5 1.3 1.7 -1.5 3.4 2.3 -11.6 -4.0
 7.3 3.6 2.9 5.7 4.3 8.1 4.4 2.5 -2.2 0.9 3.1 2.3 3.1 7.7 6.8 13.6 5.7 2.7 3.7 6.7 6.5 4.5 -8.0 -2.2 -1.3 -4.2 1.8 2.3 2.0 0.3 2.1 2.3 1.7 1.7 3.8 -0.1 -3.7 0.6 -1.7 6.2 4.4 5.3 6.1 0.5 7.5 0.3 0.9 0.2 - 5 2 - 4.2 2.0 1.5 1.9 3.4 6.8 4.1 5.7 5.5 0.5 5.9 3.2 -0.1 1.0 -0.2 3.1 3.4 Table B.5 - Capital productivity by industry group, 2010 - 2016 (Index 2007=100) Industry Agriculture, forestry and fishing Mining and quarrying Manufacturing Capital Productivity Growth Rate (%) 2010 101.8 48.1 2011 103.1 32.1 2012 102.1 25.3 Index 2013 91.6 21.2 2014 92.3 22.6 2015 1 92.0 2016 96.0 2010 -1.8 2011 1.3 2012 -1.0 24.6 28.7 -15.6 -33.3 -21.2 111.2 113.4 118.9 127.9 130.3 136.5 141.5 6.0 1.9 Export Oriented Enterprises 130.9 148.3 162.4 157.0 151.0 151.5 145.3 16.4 13.3 Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning 114.9 115.4 113.1 114.0 116.4 123.0 123.2 4.1 0.4 2013 -10.3 -16.1 7.5 -3.3 0.8 2014 0.8 6.8 1.9 -3.8 2.1 2015 1 -0.3 8.6 4.7 0.3 5.6 2016 4.4 16.9 3.7 -4.1 0.2 4.9 9.5 -2.0 Water supply, sewerage, waste management and remediation activities Construction Wholesale & retail trade; repair of motor vehicles, motorcycles 102.9 83.5 89.2 94.2 72.6 81.8 80.2 63.5 77.1 68.9 55.8 76.5 57.2 48.3 77.5 45.0 44.5 79.1 Transportation and storage 104.7 111.1 116.7 122.7 128.4 135.9 143.4 Accomodation and food service activities 74.0 73.2 70.9 71.5 75.8 82.6 90.6 Information and communication 135.3 146.6 157.9 166.8 176.4 187.0 197.6 Financial and insurance activities 103.6 103.9 104.3 105.3 103.5 102.2 102.4 Real estate activities (Other) Professional, scientific and technical activities Administrative and support service activities Public administration and defence; compulsory social security Education Human health and social work activities Arts, entertainment and recreation 69.6
78.1 87.2 69.9 67.8 31.9 45.4 77.2 85.7 69.8 69.6 38.9 -2.8 -8.5 -14.9 -14.0 -17.1 -21.3 -13.6 45.1 -7.5 -13.0 -12.6 -12.2 -13.4 -8.0 100.9 101.9 32.9 -13.8 -12.8 80.9 37.7 75.8 85.5 70.1 71.0 -3.5 2.6 -2.0 9.7 -5.8 1.3 -8.3 6.2 -1.1 8.3 0.3 7.6 9.8 -3.8 2.1 -6.8 -7.7 2.5 -0.6 -5.3 -4.7 2.6 -3.9 -6.8 2.1 -0.9 -5.7 5.0 -3.2 7.7 0.3 7.1 -9.4 -7.2 -2.9 -2.8 -4.9 -7.4 3.8 -0.7 -0.8 5.2 0.9 5.6 1.0 6.9 -9.2 -7.2 -3.8 -5.8 -2.5 -5.1 4.0 -0.3 1.3 4.6 6.0 5.8 -1.7 4.5 2.0 5.8 9.0 6.0 -1.2 2.1 -13.4 -14.8 - 5 3 - 1.5 2.2 5.5 9.6 5.7 0.2 1.0 3.2 -25.6 -13.5 -16.8 -1.1 -0.8 1.2 0.6 3.9 0.7 -1.2 -1.6 -0.1 2.7 3.9 0.8 -1.9 -0.3 0.5 2.0 3.9 1.1 Other service activities 100.1 102.2 106.1 110.4 114.7 119.2 123.8 Total Economy 97.4 96.6 95.9 95.6 96.3 97.1 98.1 1Revised Table B.6 - Multifactor productivity by industry group, 2010 - 2016 Industry Index Growth Rate (%) (Index 2007=100) Multifactor Productivity Agriculture, forestry and fishing -1.1 2.8 0.9 -6.7 Mining and quarrying 60.4 44.1 35.8 30.3 31.6 33.3 36.8 -10.2 -27.0 -18.8 -15.5 Manufacturing 113.7 117.0 121.8 128.1 130.5 134.4 138.5 5.0 2.9 Export Oriented Enterprises 127.7 140.5 149.1 145.6 143.9 142.8 135.7 11.6 10.0 Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning 110.6 111.7 111.0 113.0 117.6 123.5 124.6 Water supply, sewerage, waste management and remediation activities Construction Wholesale & retail trade; repair of motor vehicles, motorcycles 94.3 95.1 90.8 92.0 86.9 85.5 82.2 79.6 82.1 77.7 71.1 81.6 72.0 63.7 82.2 62.1 59.8 83.6 57.6 60.8 85.4 Transportation and storage 98.5 103.0 106.1 103.9 106.9 108.3 113.1 Accomodation and food service activities 77.8 77.8 75.8 76.4 80.6 87.2 94.8 Information and communication 135.6 148.1 157.1 164.2 172.7 181.9 190.9 Financial and insurance activities 100.0 101.4 102.5 103.7 103.4 104.1 105.8 Real estate activities (Other) Professional, scientific and technical activities Administrative and
 support service activities Public administration and defence; compulsory social security Education Human health and social work activities Arts, entertainment and recreation Other service activities 104.8 109.5 112.4 115.6 118.9 122.1 126.3 Total Economy 101.3 102.4 102.9 103.1 104.2 105.3 107.4 2.5 -1.1 -4.0 -2.4 1.7 -0.4 9.9 -3.9 -0.2 -9.6 9.0 2.0 1.8 -7.0 -8.6 4.2 0.6 1.0 -2.4 -8.7 -5.9 4.5 0.0 9.2 1.4 7.2 -9.0 0.2 2.6 2.7 0.1 -3.5 4.5 1.1 4.1 6.2 -0.6 -10.7 -8.4 -3.9 3.0 -2.6 6.1 1.1 3.9 -8.9 -2.9 1.6 1.5 0.5 -7.5 2.7 0.5 1Revised 0.5 4.4 1.9 0.0 5.3 3.0 2016 4.3 10.7 3.0 -2.4 -1.1 -0.7 -5.0 1.8 -5.4 4.0 5.0 -7.4 -13.7 -10.7 -10.4 -6.1 - 5 4 - 0.9 -7.3 1.7 2.1 4.4 8.8 5.0 1.7 1.8 2.7 0.8 2.8 5.4 5.2 -0.3 3.6 1.7 1.4 8.2 5.3 0.6 2.8 -10.8 -12.1 -19.9 -10.1 -13.9 1.7 1.8 4.0 0.1 2.9 1.1 -0.3 0.3 -0.3 0.8 2.7 1.1 2.3 -0.1 1.0 1.4 3.4 2.0 5.2 -0.6 -2.0 0.8 4.5 1.2 4.1 -8.2 -4.2 -1.3 -0.6 2.8 -4.2 2.9 0.1 Table B.7 - Economic productivity based on Gross Output by industry group, 2012 - 2014 Industry (Gross Output/Intermediate Consumption) (Gross Output/Compensation of Employees) (Gross Output/All Input Resources 2) Productivity of Intermediate consumption (Z 1) Factor Productivity Measure of "Compensation of employees" (FPM comp.
based on GO) Total Productivity Measure (TPM) Agriculture, forestry and fishing Mining and quarrying Manufacturing Export Oriented Enterprises Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities Construction Wholesale & retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles Transportation and storage Accomodation and food service activities Information and communication Financial and insurance activities Real estate, renting and business activities (excl.
owner occupied dwellings) Professional, scientific and technical activities Administrative and support service activities Public administration and defence; compulsory social security Education Human health and social work activities Arts, entertainment and recreation Other service activities Total Economy - 5 5 - 2014 1 1.590 1.242 1.309 1.185 1.213 1.314 1.224 1.907 1.245 1.557 1.549 1.470 3.151 1.816 1.581 1.201 1.166 1.416 1.663 1.432 1.448 1 Revised 2 All Input Resources= Intermediate Consumption + Compensation of Employees + Other Taxes Table B.8 - Economic productivity based on Value Added by industry group, 2012 - 2014 Industry Productivity of Intermediate consumption (Z 2) (Value Added/Intermedaite Consumption) 2013 1 2012 1 2014 1 Agriculture, forestry and fishing Mining and quarrying Manufacturing Export Oriented Enterprises Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities Construction Wholesale & retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles Transportation and storage Accomodation and food service activities Information and communication Financial and insurance activities Real estate, renting and business activities (excl.
owner occupied dwellings) 1.879 0.537 0.633 0.607 0.287 1.397 0.555 2.010 0.634 1.159 1.921 1.138 4.178 Professional, scientific and technical activities 2.843 Administrative and support service activities Public administration and defence; compulsory social security Education Human health and social work activities Arts, entertainment and recreation Other service activities Total Economy Revised 2 All Input Resources= Intermediate Consumption + Compensation of Employees + Other Taxes Factor Productivity Measure of "Compensation of employees" (FPM comp.
based on VA) Overall Productivity Measure (OPM) (Value Added/Compensation fo Employees) 2013 1 2012 1 2014 1 (Value Added/All Input Resources 2) - 5 6 - 1.005 0.477 0.520 0.450 0.297 0.744 0.434 1.281 0.498 0.828 0.975 0.683 2.543 1.347 1.003 0.933 0.825 1.103 0.972 0.992 0.767 Table C.1 - Average monthly earnings 1 in large establishments by industrial group, March 2010 - March 2016 C. PRODUCTIVITY AND COMPETITIVENESS RELATED INDICATORS Industrial group March 2010 2 March 2011 2 March 2012 2 March 2013 2 March 2014 2 March 2015 2 March 2016 3 Rupees Agriculture, forestry and fishing Sugarcane Mining and quarrying Manufacturing Export oriented enterprises Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply Water supply, sewerage, waste management and remediation activities Construction 13,909 13,240 16,095 10,948 9,408 33,345 21,285 17,779 Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles 16,930 Transportation and storage Accommodation and food service activities Information and communication Financial and insurance activities Real estate activities Professional, scientific and technical activities Administrative and support service activities Public administration and defence; compulsory social security Education Human health and social work activities Arts, entertainment and recreation Other services All Sectors 21,527 14,297 25,776 33,797 29,471 31,762
 11,347 22,109 23,180 24,108 16,389 14,233 18,571 1 Earnings of daily, hourly and piece rate workers have been converted to a monthly basis 2 Revised 3 Provisional - 5 7 - Table C.2 - Index of average monthly earnings1 by industry ( large establishments), March 2010 - March 2016 Industrial group March 2010 2 March 2011 2 March 2012 2 March 2013 2 March 2014 2 March 2015 2 March 2016 3 (Base March 2010 = 100) Agriculture, forestry and fishing Sugarcane Mining and quarrying Manufacturing Export oriented enterprises Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply Water supply, sewerage, waste management and remediation activities Construction Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles Transportation and storage Accommodation and food service activities Information and communication Financial and insurance activities Real estate activities Professional, scientific and technical activities Administrative and support service activities Public administration and defence; compulsory social security Education Human health and social work
 activities Arts, entertainment and recreation Other services All Sectors 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1 Earnings of daily, hourly and piece rate workers have been converted to a monthly basis 2 Revised 3 Provisional - 5 8 - Table C.3 - Inflation, real monthly earnings and labour productivity (EOE sector) 1996 - 2016 Base Year 2000 =100 Year C.P.I Inflation rate (%) Average monthly nominal earnings Average monthly real earnings* Labour Productivity Earnings (Rupees) Index Growth rate (%) Index Growth rate (%) Index Growth rate (%) * Deflated by the Consumer Price Index 269.3
-2.8 1.4 2.6 -1.3 3.0 3.9 1.7 -2.1 -2.0 - - 5 9 - 6.7 1.3 1.5 4.2 5.9 3.5 -0.5 2.2 5.3 2.3 9.0 7.7 6.3 9.3 7.9 8.1 3.8 -2.1 1.0 -1.3 -5.1 Table C.4 - Gross Value Added (GVA) per capita and per worker, 2007 - 2016 Gross Value Added (at current basic prices) Per Capita2 Per Worker (Rupees Million) (Rupees) U.S.$ (Rupees) U.S.$ - 6 0 - 14,325 17,236 15,658 16,683 19,242 19,291 19,441 20,364 18,272 18,949 Year 2007 1 2008 1 2009 1 2010 1 2011 1 2012 1 2013 1 2014 1 2015 1 2016 1 Revised 2 The per capita GVA has been calculated using mid year population Table C.5 - Exports and imports of goods and services, 1996 - 2016 Exports of goods and services (Rs Mn) (a) 50,465 54,194 65,711 69,800 74,786 91,369 89,366 90,895 96,466 112,969 128,994 142,580 145,170 139,101 157,790 173,405 188,619 180,305 200,198 200,007 193,255 Year 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 1 2016 1 Revised Imports of goods and GDP Market services (Rs Mn) Prices (Rs Mn) (b) 51,010 58,498 66,543 73,176 74,938 83,043 84,443 87,818 99,763 122,916 151,434 165,910 183,113 165,579 191,609 215,234 230,401 229,219 243,980 241,189 234,087 ( c) 79,365 88,175 100,042 109,400 122,410 134,392 145,055 162,291 180,908 191,393 213,444 255,211 284,254 291,756 307,957
 330,647 350,644 372,397 392,062 409,524 434,188 Net exports goods and services (Rs Mn) (a - b) Net exports Net exports to Exports (a - b)/a% (a - b)/c% to GDP -545 -4,304 -832 -3,376 -152 8,326 4,924 3,077 -3,297 -9,947 -22,440 -23,330 -37,943 -26,478 -33,819 -41,829 -41,782 -48,914 -43,782 -41,182 -40,832 -1.1 -7.9 -1.3 -4.8 -0.2 9.1 5.5 3.4 -3.4 -8.8 -17.4 -16.4 -26.1 -19.0 -21.4 -24.1 -22.2 -27.1 -21.9 -20.6 -21.1 -0.7 -4.9 -0.8 -3.1 -0.1 6.2 3.4 1.9 -1.8 -5.2 -10.5 -9.1 -13.3 -9.1 -11.0 -12.7 -11.9 -13.1 -11.2 -10.1 -9.4 Total Trade (Rs Mn) (a + b) 101,475 112,692 132,254 142,976 149,723 174,412 173,809 178,712 196,229 235,885 280,428 308,490 328,283 304,680 349,399 388,639 419,020 409,524 444,178 441,196 427,342 Total trade as a % of GDP (a + b)/c% 127.9 127.8 132.2 130.7 122.3 129.8 119.8 110.1 108.5 123.2 131.4 120.9 115.5 104.4 113.5 117.5 119.5 110.0 113.3 107.7 98.4 - 6 1 - Table C.6 - Export & Import Price Indices and Terms of Trade, 2007 - 2016 Year 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Export Price Import Price Index (A) Annual change (%) Index (B) Annual change (%) (Reference Year 2007 = 100) Terms of trade (A/B) 100.0 97.2 96.7 93.7 97.2 103.9 108.6 104.0 105.2 106.5 5.3 -2.8 -0.5 -3.1 3.7 6.9 4.5 -4.2 1.1 1.2 100.0 109.6 103.2 110.6 117.6 124.6 122.7 118.3 105.4 100.0 5.8 9.6 -5.8 7.2 6.3 6.0 -1.5 -3.6 -10.9 -5.1 100 89 94 85 83 83 89 88 100 107 - 6 2 - The IPI provides an overall measure of pure price changes (in Mauritian Rupees) of goods imported into the country.
The Export Price Index (EPI) provides an overall measure of pure price changes (in MauritianRupees) of domestically produced goods exported to other countries.
Table C.7 - Export and import of goods by the EPZ/EOE sector, 1996 - 2016 Exports of goods (Rs Mn) (a) Imports of goods (Rs Mn) (b) Value Added (Rs Mn) ( c) Net exports of goods (Rs Mn) (a - b) Net exports to Exports (a - b)/a% Net exports to Value Added (a - b)/c% - 6 3 - 108.8 99.9 94.2 116.4 118.7 123.2 121.2 121.3 112.2 103.3 97.2 95.7 84.7 108.2 107.2 88.9 98.9 85.8 98.9 101.5 95.6 Year 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 1 2016 2 1 Revised 2 Provisional Table C.8 - Evolution of market share in main partner countries by product group, 2013 - 2016 SITC GROUP 841 : Men's or boys coats, jackets, suits, blazers, trousers, shirts, underwear, knitwear and similar articles of textile fabrics not knitted or crocheted.
2013 Country Total Imports (000 US $) of which from Mauritius (000 US $) Market share United Kingdom 4,162,141 3,550,366 France 14,767,113 USA 7,101,393 Germany 3,068,716 Italy 8,342 8,909 152,032 4,508 2,766 0.2 0.3 1.0 0.1 0.1 Total Imports (000 US $) 4,662,531 3,832,618 14,917,199 7,443,206 3,367,887 2014 of which from Mauritius (000 US $) 11,553 5,917 167,351 586 4,057 Market share 0.2 0.2 1.1 0.0 0.1 Total Imports (000 US $) 4,533,337 3,580,868 15,118,410 6642396.1 2,993,570 2015 1 of which from Mauritius (000 US $) 10,970 4,163 165,502 931 4,793 Market share 0.2 0.1 1.1 0.0 0.2 Total Imports (000 US $) 4,051,459 3,513,032 14,219,731 6823950.3 2,979,905 SITC GROUP 842 : Women's and girls', coats, capes, jackets, suits, blazers, trousers, skirts, shirts, underwear, knitwear and similar articles of textile fabrics not knitted or crocheted.
2013 Country Total Imports (000 US $) of which from Mauritius (000 US $) Market share United Kingdom 5,886,121 4,919,075 France 16,225,627 USA 7,613,804 Germany 2,885,199 Italy 127 1,855 9,554 2,234 2,118 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 Total Imports (000 US $) 6,495,455 5,318,094 15,397,651 8,146,895 3,126,103 2014 of which from Mauritius (000 US $) 402 1,615 16,284 2,477 4,018 Market share 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 Total Imports (000 US $) 6,360,258 5,046,952 16,084,744 7315121.2 2,816,975 2015 1 of which from Mauritius (000 US $) 1,704 1,471 15,211 1,754 3,230 Market share 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 Total Imports (000 US $) 5,931,846 5,114,257 15,624,137 7426457.3 2,840,689 SITC GROUP 843 : Men's or boys coats, capes, jackets, suits, blazers, trousers, shorts, shirts, underwear, knitwear and similar articles of textile fabrics knitted or crocheted.
2013 Country Total Imports (000 US $) of which from Mauritius (000 US $) Market share United Kingdom 1,541,281 1,045,248 France 5,892,400 USA 1,404,213 Germany 902,528 Italy 1 Revised 14,454 8,574 3,861 92 3,163 2 Provisional 0.9 0.8 0.1 0.0 0.4 Total Imports (000 US $) 1,717,602 1,084,246 6,261,493 1,556,337 988,803 2014 of which from Mauritius (000 US $) 11,670 10,190 3,451 122 1,924 Market share 0.7 0.9 0.1 0.0 0.2 Total Imports (000 US $) 1,714,407 1,018,432 6,813,528 1430492.7 939,475 2015 1 of which from Mauritius (000 US $) 8,106 6,663 2,452 167 1,071 Source : Comtrade.un.org and Statistics Mauritius estimates Market share 0.5 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.1 Total Imports (000 US $) 1,604,273 1,036,185 6,284,466 1470554.3 942,151 2016 2 of which from Mauritius (000 US $) 12,318 4,136 140,039 2,463 2,504 2016 2 of which from Mauritius (000 US $) 5,613 1,587 17,063 1,614 3,027 2016 2 of which from Mauritius (000 US $) 8,265 6,380 1,008 1,342 3,233 Market share 0.3 0.1 1.0 0.0 0.1 Market share - 6 4 - 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 Market share 0.5 0.6 0.0 0.1 0.3 Table C.8 (cont'd) - Evolution of market share in main partner countries by product group , 2013 - 2016 SITC GROUP 844 : Women's and girls' coats, capes, jackets, suits, blazers, trousers, shorts, shirts.
underwear, knitwear and similar articles of textile fabrics knitted or crocheted.
Country M a r k Total Imports (000 US $) 2013 2014 2015 1 of which from Mauritius (000 US $) Market share Total Imports (000 US $) of which from Mauritius (000 US $) Market share Total Imports (000 US $) of which from Mauritius (000 US $) Market share Total Imports (000 US $) 2016 2 of which from Mauritius (000 US $) Market share United Kingdom 3,040,230 32,321 France USA 2,355,749 22,152 10,685,053 2,442 Germany 3,915,365 Italy - 6 5 - SITC GROUP 845 : Articles of apparel of textile fabrics, whether or not knitted or crocheted, n.e.s.
Country M a r k Total Imports (000 US $) 2013 2014 2015 1 of which from Mauritius (000 US $) Market share Total Imports (000 US $) of which from Mauritius (000 US $) Market share Total Imports (000 US $) of which from Mauritius (000 US $) Market share Total Imports (000 US $) 2016 2 of which from Mauritius (000 US $) Market share United Kingdom 8,718,646 119,865 France USA 8,314,372 63,110 31,362,347 12,225 Germany 12,207,694 3,894 1.4 0.8 0.0 0.0 9,484,605 126,884 8,914,019 81,770 32,546,494 16,254 13,422,777 2,261 Italy 1 Revised Source : Comtrade.un.org and Statistics Mauritius estimates 5,575,994 2 Provisional Table C.9 - Budgetary Central Government Debt and Gross/Net International Reserves, 1996 - 2016 Year 1996* 1997* 1998* 1999* 2000* 2001* 2002* 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2 2008 2 2009 2 2010 2 2011 2 2012 2 2013 2 2014 2 2015 2 2016 Budgetary Central Government Debt (Rs Mn) 33,805 39,478 45,370 51,011 56,830 60,561 75,879 96,121 94,095 106,490 114,084 122,875 122,988 135,721 155,348 168,559 176,728 197,122 216,714 236,328 257,918 GDP at market prices Budgetary Central Government Debt as % of GDP Government Deficit (Rs Mn) Government Deficit as % of GDP Gross/Net International Reserves1 Amount (Rs Mn) 15,561 21,443 21,339 22,575 25,214 31,760 40,551 48,414 50,021 53,932 61,974 83,500 83,946 97,802 102,773 108,079 92,988 105,009 124,344 152,902 178,865 No.
of weeks of imports 22 27 25 24 24 29 35 39 34 30 30 37 33 44 40 41 21 23 27 34 39 - 6 6 - * From 1996-2002, Government deficit excludes loan to National Infrastructure Development Fund (NIDF) and Privatisation Fund Data for Budgetary Central Government Debt and Government Deficit are as at end of June up to 2009.
As from 2010 data are on calendar year basis 1 1996 to 2011 data refers to "Net International Reserves" while 2012 onwards data refers to "Gross International Reserves" - Source: Bank of Mauritius 2 Revised D. INFRASTRUCTURE QUALITY RELATED INDICATORS Table D.1 - ICT access as at end of year, 2012 - 2016 ICT access 1.

Fixed telephone lines ('000) 2.

Fixed telephone lines per 100 inhabitants 3.

Mobile cellular subscriptions ('000) of which pre-paid postpaid 4.
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants 5.

Mobile cellular tariffs for 100 minutes of use during a month as a percentage of GNI per capita 3 6.

Percentage of population covered by mobile telephony 7.

8.

Internet subscriptions ('000) of which fixed 1 mobile Internet subscriptions per 100 inhabitants of which fixed 1 mobile 9.

Broadband internet 2 subscriptions ('000) of which fixed 1 mobile 10.
Broadband internet 2 subscriptions per 100 inhabitants of which fixed - 6 7 - mobile 1 includes wireless 2 broadband Internet refers to connection to the internet at a speed equal to or greater than 256 kbps, as the sum of capacity in both directions 3 Revised: Figures for Mobile cellular tariffs for 100 mins of use during a month as a percentage of GNI have been revised in light of the Population census results conducted in 2011 51.5 31.5 36.8 22.5 28.4 Table D.2 - Selected telephone and internet tariffs¹ as at end of year, 2012 - 2016 Telephone and internet 2012 2013 2014 Rupees 2015 Rupees 2016 - 68 - 1.
Fixed telephone Local call Peak Off-peak Residential monthly line rental Business monthly line rental 2.

Mobile Cellular telephone On same network To a different network To a fixed telephone 3. International Direct Dialling- per minute call from fixed telephone to: Australia China France Germany Hong Kong India Japan Madagascar Malaysia New Zealand Reunion Island Singapore South Africa UK&North Ireland USA 4.
Internet Rs 0.85 for first minute and Rs 0.01 per second thereafter Rs 0.60 for first minute and Rs 0.01 per second thereafter 90.00 225.00 90.00 225.00 90.00 225.00 90.00 225.00 90.00 225.00 Rs 1.20 per minute Rs 3.60 per minute Rs 3.48 per minute 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Peak Off-peak Peak Off-peak Peak Off-peak Peak Off-peak Peak Off-peak Dial up per minute (Peak time) Dial up per minute (Off-Peak time) ADSL 512 kbps (per month)* Residential use Business use ADSL 1 mbps (per month)* Residential use Business use Internet access tariff for 20 hours of use per month as percentage of GNI per capita Source: Information and Communication Technologies Authority (ICTA) 1 main service provider 621 1250 621 1250 708 2400 708 2400 2.2 2.1 * Unlimited volume Usage 0.57 0.27 621 1250 708 2400 2.0 0.57 0.27 621 1250 708 2400 1.9 0.57 0.27 621 1250 708 2400 1.8 Table D.3 - Electricity Tariffs for Commercial and Industrial consumers, 2010 - 2016 Commercial Tariff Running Charge per kWh Demand Charge per kVA Minimum Charge Tariff 1 2010 3 2011 4 , 2012-2016 2010 3 2011 4 , 2012-2016 2010 3 2011 4, 2012-2016 215 Rs 9.10 Rs 10.01 - - 217 Rs 5.58 Rs 6.14 Rs 186.00 per kVA of Maximum Demand, subject to a min.
of 20 kVA Rs 186.00 per kVA of Maximum Demand, subject to a min.
of 20 kVA 1 Tariff: 215 - Flat Rate Tariff for Commercial Consumers 217 - Maximum Demand Tariff for Commercial and Bulk Consumers Industrial Tariff Rs 178.00 per month or part thereof per kW or fraction thereof of total connected load, subject to a minimum of Rs 178.00 per month Rs 196.00 per month or part thereof per kW or fraction thereof of total connected load, subject to a minimum of Rs 196.00 per month A sum equal to the highest Demand charge paid in any one of the preceding 6 months of account A sum equal to the highest Demand charge paid in any one of the preceding 6 months of account Running Charge per kWh Demand Charge per kVA Minimum Charge Tariff 2 2010 3 2011 4 , 2012 - 2016 2010 3 2011 4 , 2012 - 2016 2010 3 2011 4 , 2012 - 2016 - 6 9 - 313 Rs 2.84 Rs 3.12 Rs 144.00 per kVA of Maximum Demand, subject to a min.
of 20 KVA Rs 144.00 per kVA of Maximum Demand, subject to a min.

of 20 KVA 315 Rs 4.91 Rs 5.40 - - 317 Rs 2.60 1st 250,000 kWh Rs 2.28 all additional kWh Rs 2.86 1st 250,000 kWh Rs 2.51 all additional kWh Rs 144.00 per kVA of Maximum Demand, subject to a min.

of 20 kVA Rs 144.00 per kVA of Maximum Demand, subject to a min.
of 20 kVA 2 Tariff: 313 - Maximum demand Tariff for Industrial Consumers 315 - Flat Rate Tariff for Industrial Consumers 317 - Maximum demand Tariff for Industrial Consumers possessing an export enterprise certificate Source: Central Electricity Board A sum equal to the highest Demand charge paid in any one of the preceding 6 months of account Rs 103.00 per month or part thereof per kW or fraction thereof of total connected load, subject to a min.
of Rs 103.00 per month A sum equal to the highest Demand charge paid in any one of the preceding 6 months of account 3 Effective as from 01 April 2008 4 Effective as from 01 December 2010 A sum equal to the highest Demand charge paid in any one of the preceding 6 months of account Rs 113.00 per month or part thereof per kW or fraction thereof of total connected load, subject to a min.
of Rs 113.00 per month A sum equal to the highest Demand charge paid in any one of the preceding 6 months of account Table D.4 - Water Tariffs for Commercial and Industrial consumers, 2000, 2010 - 2016 Commercial consumers Industrial consumers Rupees - 70 - Tariff First 17 cubic metres First 25 cubic metres First 100 cubic metres Next 150 cubic metres All additional cubic metres Minimum charge per month Ground water per cubic metre For producing drinks For Agricultural & Domestic purposes Other 2000 1 na na 11.00 14.00 18.00 2010 2 & 2011 2012 3 2013-2016 na na 12.50 16.00 21.00 391.00 na na na 23.00 2000 1 na na 9.50 11.00 14.00 2010 2 & 2011 2012 3 2013-2016 na na 10.00 12.00 16.00 na 450.00 na na 18.00 187.00 212.50 391.00 237.50 250.00 450.00 na na na na na na na na na na na na 2.73 5.50 na na na na na na 10.00 0.70 7.70 1 Effective as from 01 February 2000 2 Effective as from 01 August 2002 na: Not applicable Source: Central Water Authority Table D.5 - Road network, 2010 - 2015 3 Effective as from 01 January 2012 Year 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Length of roads (km) Motorways Main roads Secondary roads Other roads Total Number of vehicles per km of road Table D.6 - Yearly rent of industrial building per square foot, 2015 - 2016 - 71 - Ground Floor First Floor Second Floor Source: Development Bank of Mauritius 2015 93.00 69.00 60.00 Rupees 2016 108.00 84.00 72.00 Table D.7 - Export rates of textile products from SSR International Airport to selected Airports, 2015 - 2016 Rupees Destination Minimum 100 kg < 500kg 500kg < 1000kg 1000kg or more 2015 2016 2015 2016 2015 2016 2015 2016 London Paris Munich Zurich Note: Except for the minimum charge, all
44.60 Note: Except for the minimum charge, all rates are per kilo or 6000 c.c, which ever is higher Source: Air Mauritius - Cargo Department Table D.8 - Import rates of textile products from selected Airports to SSR International Airport, 2015 -2016 Rupees Port of embarcation Currency Minimum 100 kg < 500kg 500kg < 1000kg 1000kg or more 2015 2016 2015 2016 2015 2016 2015 2016 Hong Kong Jakarta Johanesburg Kuala Lumpur Mumbai Singapore Tokyo via Hong Kong HKD USD USD USD INR SGD JPY Note: Except for the minimum charge, all rates are per kilo or 6000 c.c, which ever is higher Source: Air Mauritius - Cargo Department D.9 - Selected Port Statistics, 2010 - 2016 Containers Traffic: Exports Imports of which Transhipment Containers Captive Containers Cargo traffic Imports Exports Dry Bulk Cargo Imports Exports Liquid Bulk Cargo Imports Exports Containerised Cargo Imports Exports Transhipment (inwards) Unit TEU1 TEU TEU TEU TEU Tonnes Tonnes Tonnes Tonnes Tonnes Tonnes Tonnes Tonnes Tonnes Tonnes Tonnes Tonnes Tonnes Annual container handling capacity TEU/year Average container vessel dwell time Average container vessel pre-berthing waiting time Average container vessel berth productivity Average gross container crane productivity Average container vessel stay at berth Average general cargo vessel stay at berth Average general cargo vessel pre-berthing waiting time Hours Hours Hours Hours Hours Hours Hours Average general cargo vessel berth productivity Tonnes/hour Average dry bulk vessel stay at berth Average dry bulk vessel pre-berthing waiting time 1 TEU: Twenty-foot Equivalent Unit Hours Hours 2010 332662 110848 221814 109992 222670 6229677 5099628 1130049 1818278 1675531 142747 1486930
Source: Mauritius Ports Authority - 7 2 - E. INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON OF COMPETITIVENESS INDICATORS Table E.1 - Exchange Rates - National currency units per U.S Dollar, 2006 - 2016 Country Currency 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union (France, Germany, Portugal, etc.)
United Kingdom Australia Hong Kong Japan Korea Mexico Singapore Sri Lanka Taiwan Euro 1.26 1.37 1.47 1.39 1.33 1.39 1.29 1.33 1.33 1.11 1.11 Pound Dollar Dollar - 7 3 - Yen 116.31 117.76 103.39 93.68 87.78 79.70 79.82 97.56 105.74 121.05 108.70 Won 954.32 928.97 1098.71 1274.63 1155.74 1106.94 1126.16 1094.67 1052.29 1130.96 1159.30 Peso 10.91 10.93 11.14 13.50 12.62 12.43 13.15 12.77 13.30 15.87 18.67 Dollar 1.59 1.51 1.41 1.45 1.36 1.26 1.25 1.25 1.27 1.37 1.38 Rupee 103.94 110.62 108.30 114.91 113.00 110.47 127.54 129.05 130.54 135.87 145.70 Dollar 32.51 32.85 31.52 33.02 31.50 29.38 29.56 29.68 30.30 31.74 32.23 Mauritius* Rupee 31.15 31.37 28.36 31.94 30.89 28.75 29.93 30.66 30.62 35.12 35.85 Source: The Federal Reserve Board * Average buying and selling rates Table E.2 - Hourly compensation costs in manufacturing, national currency, 2005 - 2015 Country Currency 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Australia Canada France Germany Japan Dollar Dollar Euro Euro Yen Korea, Republic of Won 15182.83 16573.22 18054.50 18509.06 19192.54 20674.30 21262.83 23024.69 24043.46 25033.54 25650.45 Mauritius Rupee 48.38 50.21 44.38 49.25 55.21 61.07 67.03 73.60 79.32 84.62 88.79 Mexico Portugal Singapore Taiwan Peso Euro Dollar Dollar 303.21
256.70 262.79 273.49 278.08 279.08 288.25 303.21 United Kingdom Pound 16.33 16.94 17.60 18.44 18.78 18.76 19.06 19.54 19.83 20.06 20.58 United States Dollar 30.13 30.47 32.07 32.78 34.19 34.75 35.50 35.64 36.34 37.04 37.71 Source: The Conference Board and Statistics Mauritius estimates - 7 4 - Table E.3 - Hourly compensation costs in manufacturing, U.S. dollars, 2005 - 2015 US Dollar Country 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Australia 28.59 29.15 33.28 35.28 32.88 39.56 46.40 47.72 47.09 46.07 38.75 Canada France 26.26 28.59 31.29 32.08 29.38 34.42 36.45 36.91 36.63 34.56 30.94 32.67 33.85 37.96 41.63 39.72 39.04 42.77 40.67 42.85 44.18 37.59 Germany 38.17 39.31 43.72 47.27 45.76 44.25 47.61 45.89 48.98 49.47 42.42 Japan 25.23 24.03 23.72 27.48 30.06 31.75 35.66 35.35 29.13 26.94 23.60 Korea, Republic of 14.83 17.36 19.43 16.80 15.03 17.88 19.19 20.44 21.96 23.77 22.68 - 7 5 - Mauritius Mexico Portugal Singapore 13.24 13.76 15.70 18.86 17.54 19.41 23.11 24.16 23.95 26.82 25.41 Taiwan 7.92 8.05 8.18 8.69 7.77 8.31 9.28 9.39 9.37 9.49 9.51 United Kingdom 29.69 31.17 35.21 33.91 29.25 28.99 30.54 30.87 31.00 33.01 31.44 United States 30.13 30.47 32.07 32.78 34.19 34.75 35.50 35.64 36.34 37.04 37.71 Source: The Conference Board and Statistics Mauritius estimates Table E.4 - Hourly labour cost index in U.S Dollar for the Manufacturing sector, 2005 - 2015 (Year 2000=100) Country 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Australia 174.3 177.7 202.9 215.1 200.5 241.2 282.9 291.0 287.1 280.9 236.3 France Germany Japan Korea, Republic of 154.2 180.5 202.0 174.6
94.3 Korea, Republic of 154.2 180.5 202.0 174.6 156.2 185.9 199.5 212.5 228.3 247.1 235.8 - 7 6 - Mauritius Mexico Portugal Singapore Taiwan United Kingdom 143.9 151.1 170.7 164.4 141.8 140.5 148.0 149.6 150.3 160.0 152.4 United States 120.8 122.1 128.5 131.4 137.0 139.3 142.3 142.8 145.7 148.5 151.1 Source: The Conference Board and Statistics Mauritius estimates Table E.5 - MAURITIUS: Exchange rate movements* (value of foreign currency), 2006 - 2016 Mauritian rupees Country 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Australian Dollar 23.73 26.36 24.08 25.33 28.47 29.74 31.09 29.49 27.37 26.27 26.58 British Pound 57.83 62.86 52.73 50.07 47.72 46.09 47.44 47.82 50.25 53.73 48.60 Indian Rupee 0.70 0.76 0.66 0.67 0.68 0.62 0.56 0.52 0.50 0.55 0.53 Japanese Yen(100) 27.01 26.90 27.65 34.40 35.41 36.25 37.70 31.29 28.73 28.91 33.15 South Africa Rand 4.74 4.50 3.48 3.85 4.25 4.01 3.68 3.19 2.81 2.76 2.45 - 7 7 - Singapore Dollar 19.87 21.07 20.19 22.09 22.77 22.97 24.07 24.35 23.97 25.48 26.00 Swiss Franc 25.01 26.17 26.28 29.52 29.65 32.45 31.91 32.71 33.05 36.33 36.34 US Dollar 31.15 31.37 28.36 31.94 30.89 28.75 29.93 30.66 30.62 35.12 35.85 EURO 39.51 42.92 41.61 44.52 40.95 39.99 38.49 40.60 40.53 38.99 39.68 *Average buying and selling rates Table E.6 - Index of Mauritian rupee relative to foreign currency, 2006 - 2016 (Base 2000=100) Country 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Australian Dollar 156.6 174.0 158.9 167.2 187.9 196.3 205.2 194.7 180.7 173.4 175.4 British Pound 145.3 157.9 132.5 125.8 119.9 115.8 119.2 120.1 126.2 135.0 122.1 Indian Rupee 118.6 128.8 111.9 113.6 115.3 105.1 94.9 88.1 84.7 93.2 89.8 Japanese Yen(100) 112.0 111.6 114.7 142.7 146.9
 150.4 156.4 129.8 119.2 119.9 137.5 - 7 8 - South Africa Rand 125.1 118.7 91.8 101.6 112.1 105.8 97.1 84.2 74.1 72.8 64.6 Singapore Dollar 130.6 138.5 132.7 145.2 149.7 151.0 158.3 160.1 157.6 167.5 170.9 Swiss Franc 161.4 168.8 169.5 190.5 191.3 209.4 205.9 211.0 213.2 234.4 234.5 US Dollar 118.6 119.5 108.0 121.6 117.6 109.5 114.0 116.8 116.6 133.7 136.5 EURO 164.6 178.8 173.4 185.5 170.6 166.6 160.4 169.2 168.9 162.5 165.3 Table E.7 - Annual change* in the value of foreign currency relative to Mauritian rupee, 2006 - 2016 Percentage Country 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Australian Dollar -5.8 -10.0 9.5 -4.9 -11.0 -4.3 -4.3 5.4 7.7 4.2 -1.2 British Pound -8.1 -8.0 19.2 5.3 4.9 3.5 -2.8 -0.8 -4.8 -6.5 10.6 Indian Rupee -4.3 -7.9 15.2 -1.5 -1.5 9.7 10.7 7.7 4.0 -9.1 3.8 Japanese Yen(100) -1.6 0.4 -2.7 -19.6 -2.9 -2.3 -3.8 20.5 8.9 -0.6 -12.8 South Africa Rand -1.3 5.3 29.3 -9.6 -9.4 6.0 9.0 15.4 13.5 1.8 12.7 - 7 9 - Singapore Dollar -10.7 -5.7 4.4 -8.6 -3.0 -0.9 -4.6 -1.1 1.6 -5.9 -2.0 Swiss Franc -6.0 -4.4 -0.4 -11.0 -0.4 -8.6 1.7 -2.4 -1.0 -9.0 0.0 US Dollar -6.2 -0.7 10.6 -11.2 3.4 7.4 -3.9 -2.4 0.1 -12.8 -2.0 EURO -8.1 -7.9 3.1 -6.5 8.7 2.4 3.9 -5.2 0.2 3.9 -1.7 *+ appreciation of MUR vis a vis currency *- depreciation of MUR vis a vis currency