Source document: https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1694819357569.pdf (Antigua and Barbuda)
LAWS OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA Registered Land (CAP.

374 1 CHAPTER 374 T H E REGISTERED LAND ACT Arrangement of Sections Section PART I PRELIMINARY 1.

Short title.

2.

Interpretation.

3.

Reconciliation with other laws.

PART I1 ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION DIVISION 1 -LAND REGISTRIES AND OFFICERS 4.

Registration District.

5.

Registrar.

6.

General powers of Registrar 7.

Indemnity of officers.

8.

Seal of registry.

9.

The Land Register and the Land Adjudication Act.

10.
10.

Compilation of the Land Register.

11.

Manner of registration.

12.

Cancellation of obsolete entries.

13.

New editions of Register.

14.

Registry Map and Land Adjudication Act.

15.

Correction of the Registry Map and new editions.

16.

Mutation.

17.

General boundaries.

2 CAP.

374) Registered Land LAWS OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA 18.

Fixed boundaries.

19.

Maintenance of boundary features.

20.

Interference with boundary features.

2 1 .

Gombinations and subdivisions.

22.

Reparcellation.


PART I11 EFFECT O F REGISTRATION 23.

Effect of registration with absolute title.

24.

Effect of registration with provisional title.

25.

Effect of registration of a lease.

26.

Effect of registration of Crown land.

27.

Voluntary transfer.

28.

Overriding interests.

29.

Conversion of provisional into absolute title.

30.

Entries to constitute actual notice.

PART IV CERTIFICATE AND SEARCHES 31.

Land certificates and certificates of lease.

32.

Production of certificate.


33.

Dispositions of leases and charges.

34.

Lost or destroyed certificates.

35.

Searches and copies.

36.

Evidence.

PART V DISPOSITIONS 37.

Subsequent dealings.

38.

Protection of persons dealing in registered land.

39.

Additional fee for delayed registration.

40.

Power to compel registration.

41.

Priority of registered interests.

42.

Stay of registration.

43.

Merger of registered interests.

44.

Leases.

LAWS OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA Registered Land (CAP.


374 3 45.

Periodic tenancies.

46.

Registration of leases.

47.

Lessor's consent to dealing with lease.

48.

Lease of charged land.

49.

Duration of leases.

50.

Future leases.

5 1.

Holding over.

52.

Agreements implied in leases on part of lessor.

53.

Agreements implied in leases on part of lessee.

54.

Meaning of "in repair".

55.

Lessor's right of forfeiture and effect of forfeiture of sub-leases.

56.

Notice before forfeiture.

57.


Relief against forfeiture.

58.

Variation and extension of leases.

59.

Substitution of leases.

60.

Subleases.

61.

Surrender of leases.

62.

Determination of leases.

63.

Voluntary registration of leases.

64.

Form and effect of charges.

65.

Second or subsequent charge.

66.

Presumption that money paid is interest.

67.

Agreements implied in charges.

68.

Chargee's consent to transfer.

69.

Variation of charges.

70.

Right of redemption.

71.


Right of third party to transfer of charge.

72.

Chargee's remedies.

7 3.

Appointment powers, remuneration and duties of receiver.

74.

Chargee's powers of leasing.

75.

Chargee's power of sale.

76.

Application of purchase money.

77.

Variation of powers.

78.

No right of entry into possession or foreclosure.

79.

Discharge of charge.

80.

Satisfaction of charges.

81.

Tacking and further advances.

82.

Consolidation.

4 CAP.


374) Registered Land LAWS OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA 83.

Transfers.

84.

Certificate as to payment of rates, taxes, etc.

85.

Conditional transfers not registrable.

86. bonditions repugnant to interest transferred.

87.

Transfer of part.

88.

Transfer of leases.

89.

Effect of transfer on agreement in leases.

90.

Transfer of land or lease subject to charge.

91.

Transfer of land subject to lease.

92.

Transfer of unregistered leases.

93.

Easements.

94.


Restrictive agreements.

95.

Profits.

96.

Release and extinguishment of easements, restrictive agreements and profits.

97.

Discharge and modification of easement, restrictive agreements and profits.

98.

Natural rights.

99.

Licences.

DIVISION 6-CO-PROPRIETORSHIP AND PARTITION 100.

Registration of more than one proprietor.

101.

Characteristics of joint proprietorship and severance thereof.

102.

Characteristics of proprietorship in common.

103.


Partition of land owned in common.

104.

When Registrar may order sale.

105.

Procedure where share is small.

PART VI INSTRUMENTS AND AGENTS 106.

Form of instrument.

107.

Execution of instruments.

108.

Verification of execution.

109.

Stamps, taxes and licence.

110.

Disposal of instruments.

11 1.

Minors.

112.

Agents and persons under disability.

LAWS OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA Registered Land (CAP.

374 5 1 13.

Gift to person under disability.


114.

Powers of attorney.

115.

Effect of registered power of attorney.

PART VII TRANSMISSIONS AND TRUSTS 116.

Transmission on death of joint proprietor.

1 17.

Transmission on death of sole proprietor or proprietor in common.

118.

Effect of transmission by death.

119.

Transmission on bankruptcy.

120.

Liquidation.

12 1.

Transmission by compulsory acquisition or judgment of court.

122.

Trusts.

123.

Survivor of trustees.


PART VIII RESTRAINTS O N DISPOSITION DIVISION 1-INHIBITION 124.

Power of Court to inhibit registered dealings.

125.

Effect of inhibition.

126.

Cancellation of inhibition.

127.

Lodging of cautions.

128.

Notice and effect of cautions.

129.

Withdrawal and removal of cautions.

130.

Second caution in respect of the same matter.

13 1.

Wrongful cautions.

DIVISION 3-RESTRICTIONS 132.

Restrictions.

133.

Notice and effect of restrictions.

134.


Removal and variation of restrictions.

PART IX PRESCRIPTION 135.

Acquisition of land by prescription.

136.

Principles of possession.

6 CAP.

374) Registered Land LAWS OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA 13 7.

Procedure on application.

138.

Acquisition of easements and profits by prescriptions.

1 RECTIFICATION AND COMPENSATION PART X 139.

Rectification by Registrar.

140.

Rectification by Court.

141.

Right of compensation.

142.

Amount of compensation.

143.


Procedure for claiming compensation.

144.

Recovery of compensation paid.

145.

Errors in survey.

PART XI DECISIONS O F REGISTRAR AND APPEALS 146.

Power of Registrar to state case.

147.

Appeals.

148.

Effect of appeals on disposition.

149.

Appeal Rules.

PART XI1 MISCELLANEOUS 150.

Addresses.

15 1.

Service of notices.

152.

Meaning of "opportunity of being heard".

153.

Offences.

154.

Fees.

155.

Recovery of fees and expenses.

156.


Enforcement of Registrar's orders for payment.

15 7.

Jurisdiction of Courts.

158.

Rules.

159.

Saving of rights.

160.

Act to bind Crown and Government.

161.

Other Law.

LAWS OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA Registered Land (CAP.

374 7 REGISTERED LAND (30th December, 1975.)

PART I PRELIMINARY 1.

This Act may be cited as the Registered Land Act.

Short title.

2. requires- In this Act, except, where the context otherwise Inte~retation.
"application book" means the application book kept under section 4 (6); "charge" means an interest in land securing the pay- ment of money or money's worth or the fulfilment of any conditions, and includes a subcharge and the instrument creating a charge; "chargee" means the proprietor of a charge; "chargor" means the proprietor of charged land or of a lease or charge; '6 Court" save as is otherwise expressly provided, means the High Court; "dealing" includes disposition and transmission; "disposition" means any act inter uivos by a proprietor whereby his rights in or over his land, lease or charge are affected, but does not include an agree- ment to transfer, lease or charge; "easement" means a right attached to a parcel of land which allows the proprietor of the parcel either to use the land of another in a particular manner or 8 CAP.
374) Registered Land LAWS OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA to restrict its use to a particular extent, but does not include a profit; "to file" means to place in relative parcel file; 1 "guardian" means any person responsible for protec- ting the interests of any person who is under a disability, whether by reason of age, unsoundness of mind or any other cause; " instrument" includes any deed, judgment, decree, order or other document requiring or capable of registration under this Act; "interest" in land includes absolute ownership of land; "land" includes land covered with water, all things growing on land and buildings and other things permanently affixed to land; "Land Register" means the Land Register compiled under Division 2 of Part 11; '6 lease" means the grant, with or without considera- tion, by the proprietor of land of the right to the exclusive possession of his land, and includes the right so granted and the instrument granting it, and also includes a sublease, but does not include an agreement for lease; "lessee" means the holder of a lease; "lessor" means the proprietor of leased land; L 6 licence" means a permission given by the proprietor of land or a lease which allows the licensee to do some act in relation to the land or the land comprised in the lease which would otherwise be a trespass, but does not include an easement or a profit; "minor" means a person under the age of eighteen years; LAWS OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA Registered Land (CAP.
374 9 "parcel" means an area of land separately delineated on the Registry Map and given a number; "periodic tenancy" means a tenancy from year to year, half year to half year, quarter to quarter, month to month, week to week or the like; "personal representative" means executor of the will or administrator of the estate; "profit" means the right to go on the land of another and take a particular substance from that land, whether the soil or products of the soil; L' proprietor" means the person registered under this Act as the owner of land or a lease or a charge; "the register" means the leaf of the Land Register kept in respect of a parcel of land or of a registered lease; ' 6 to register" means to make an entry, note or record in the register under this Act, and "registered", 6 L unregistered" and "registration" bear corresponding meanings; "Registrar" means the Registrar of lands appointed under section 5; "registration section" means a registration section established under section 14; "registry" means the land registry established under section 4; "Registry Map" means the map or series of maps refer- red to in section 14; "transfer" means the passing of land, a lease or a charge by act of the parties and not by operation of law, and also the instrument by which such passing is effected but does not include an agreement to transfer.
6' transmission7' means the passing of land, a lease or a charge from one person to another by operation of law 10 CAP.

374) Rgistered Land LAWS OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA Reconciliation with other laws.

on death or insolvency or otherwise howsoever, and includes the compulsory acquisition of land under any written law; < d trustee" includes personal representative; 1 < < valuable consideration" includes marriage, but does not include a nominal consideration.

3.
3.

(1) Except as otherwise provided in this Act, no other law and no practice or procedure relating to land shall apply to land registered under this Act so far as it is incon- sistent with this Act: Provided that, except where a contrary intention appears nothing contained in this Act shall be construed as permitting any dealing which is forbidden by the express provisions of any other law or as overriding any provision of any other law requiring the consent or approval of any authority to any dealing.
(2) The provisions of this Act shall apply only to land, interests in land or dealings in land registered under this Act.

PART I1 ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION Registration District.

4.
For the purposes of this Act there shall be established and maintained at Saint John's in the island of Antigua a land registry in which there shall be kept- (a) a register, to be known as the Land Register, in accordance with Division 2 of this Part; ( b ) a map to be known as the Registry Map, in accordance with Division 3 of this Part; (c) parcel files containing the instruments which support subsisting entries in the Land Register and any filed plans and documents; (6) a book to be known as the application book in which shall be kept a record of all applications numbered consecutively in the order in which they are made at the registry; LAWS OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA Registered Land ( C A P .
374 1 1 (e) an index, in alphabetical order, of the names of the proprietors of land, leases and charges, showing the numbers of the parcels in which they are interested; and Cf) a register and file of powers of attorney; 5 .

( 1 ) The Public Service Commission may appoint Registrar.
a Registrar of Lands who shall be responsible for administer- ing the land registry in accordance with this Act; but where no such appointment is made the Registrar of the Supreme Court shall be the Registrar of Lands by virtue of his office.
(2) Nothing done or omitted to be done by any person duly appointed as Registrar of the Supreme Court in the performance or purported performance of the functions and duties of Registrar of Lands shall be or be deemed to be invalid by reason only that such person had not been appointed by the Public Service Commission.

6.

The Registrar may exercise the following powers General of Registrar.
powers in addition to any other powers conferred on him by this Act, that is to say- (a) he may require any person to produce any instrument, certificate or other document or plan relating to the land, lease or charge in question, and that per- son shall produce the same; (b) he may summon any person to appear and give any information or explanation respecting land, a lease or a charge, or any instrument, certificate or other docu- ment or plan relating to the land, lease or charge in question, and such person shall appear and give such information or explanation; (c) he may refuse to proceed with any registration if any instrument, certificate or other document, plan, information or explanation required to be produced or given is withheld or any act required to be performed under this Act is not performed; (6) he may administer oaths or take a declaration in lieu thereof, and may require that any proceedings, information or explanation shall be verified on oath or by statutory declaration; 12 C A P .
374) Registered Land LAWS OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA (e) he may order that the costs, charges and expenses incurred by him or by any person in connec- tion with any investigation or hearing held by him for the purpose of this Act shall be borne and paid by such person in such manner and in such proportions as he may think fit, and the amount of any such costs, charges and expenses as shall have been incurred by the Registrar shall be deemed to be a fee to which the pro- visions of sections 154 and 155 of this Act shall apply.
Indemnity of officers.

Seal of registry.

7.

The Registrar shall not, nor shall any other officer of the registry be, liable to any action or proceeding for or in respect of any act or matter done or omitted to be done in good faith in the exercise or supposed exercise of the powers of this Act, or any regulations made thereunder.

8.
8.

The registry shall have a seal, and every instru- ment purporting to bear the imprint of such seal shall be received in evidence and, unless the contrary is shown, shall be deemed without further proof to be issued by or under the direction of the Registrar.

9.

The Land (1) The Land Register shall comprise a register Register and the in respect of every parcel which has been adjudicated in Land Adjudication Act.
accordance with the Land Adjudication Act and a register in respect of each lease required by this Act to be registered.

Cap.

234.
(2) Each register shall show whether the land is private land or Crown Land and, in respect of private land, whether the title is absolute or provisional, and shall be divided into three sections as follows- A the property section, containing a brief descrip- tion of the land or lease, together with particulars of its appurtenances and, where the title is provisional, of the information recorded in the adjudication record under section 16 (1) (d) of the Land Adjudication Act, and a reference to the Registry M a p and filed plan, if any; B the proprietorship section, containing the name, and, where possible, address of the proprietor and a LAWS OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA Registered Land (CAP.
374 13 note of any inhibition, caution or restriction affecting his right of disposition; C the incumbrances section, containing a note of every incumbrance and every right adversely affecting the land or lease.

(3) No entry shall be required in the proprietorship sec- tion of land which is described as Crown Land.

10.

(1) Whenever an adjudication record has become Z,",PP;?

of final under section 23 of the Land Adjudicatioi~ Act and the Register.
Adjudication Officer has delivered the adjudication record to the Registrar, the Registrar shall prepare a register for each parcel shown in the adjudication record and for any lease required to be registered, and shall register therein any of the particulars in the adjudication record which requires registration.

(2) Any person having an interest in any parcel registered under the Title by Registration Act shall be given Cap.
429. notice by the Registrar in writing that the particulars of his registration have been transferred to the Land Register com- piled under this Act and thereupon the Title by Registra- tion Act shall cease to apply to such parcel and this Act shall apply thereto.
(3) O n receipt of such notice the owner of a title registered under the Title by Registration Act shall, unless his certificate of title has been retained by the recording officer, surrender such certificate to the Registrar and shall, if he so requests, be given a land certificate or certificate of lease under this Act without payment of any fee prescribed.

11.
11.

( I ) The first registration of any parcel shall be g;;;;;t;', effected by the preparation of a register in accordance with the provisions of section 9 of this Act and the signing by the Registrar of the particulars of the ownership and the par- ticulars of incumbrances, if any, appearing thereon.

(2) Every subsequent registration shall be effected by an entry in the register in such form as the Registrar may from time to time direct, and by the cancellation of the entry, if any, which it replaces.
14 CAP.

374) Registered Land LAWS OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA Cancellation of obsolete entries.

12.

The Registrar may cancel any entry in the register which he is satisfied has ceased to have any effect.

New editions of Register.

13.

The Registrar may at any time open a new edition of a ;egister showing only subsisting entries and omitting therefrom all entries that have ceased to have any effect.

DIVISION 3-MAPS, PARCELS AND BOUNDARIES 14.


(1) The Registry Map shall be compiled from Registry Map and Land Adiudication ~ c t .
the demarcation maps made under the Land Adjudication Act, and shall be dkided into registration sections which, so far as is possible, shall have the same boundaries and names as the adjudication sections; the registration sections, where the adjudication sections are so divided, shall be divided into blocks which shall be given the same letters or numbers or combinations of letters and numbers as are given on the demarcation maps.
(2) The parcels in each registration section or block shall be numbered consecutively following the numbering in the adjudication proceedings, and the name of the registration section and the number or letter of the block (if any), and the number of the parcel shall together be a sufficent reference to any parcel.

(3) The Registrar may, at any time, cause registration sections or blocks to be combined or divided, or cause their boundaries to be varied.
(4) A plan may be filed in respect of a particular parcel to augment the information available from the registry map, and the filing of the plan shall be noted in the register.

Correction of the Registry Map and new editions.

15.

(1) The Registrar may cause to be made a survey of any land for the purposes of this Act and, after informing every person affected thereby, may cause the Registry Map to be corrected as a result of such survey.
(2) The Registrar may, at any time, direct the prepara- tion of a new Registry Map or any part thereof, and there may be omitted therefrom any matter which the Registrar considers obsolete.

LAWS OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA Registered Land ( C A P .

374 15 16.

(1) On the application of a proprietor of land, Mutation.
and subject to the agreement of all persons affected thereby, the Registrar may order alteration of the Registry Map, but no such alteration shall be effected except on the instruc- tions of the Registrar in writing in the prescribed form, to be known as a mutation form and the mutation form shall be filed.

(2) Whenever the boundary of a parcel is altered on the Registry Map, the parcel number shall be cancelled and the parcel shall be given a new number.

17.
17.

(1) Except where, under section 18, it is noted ::::>tries.

in the register that the boundaries of a parcel have been fued, the Registry Map and any filed plan shall be deemed to indicate the approximate boundaries and the approximate situation only of the parcel.
(2) Where any uncertainty or dispute arises as to the position of any boundary, the Registrar, on the application of any interested party, shall, on such evidence as the Registrar considers relevant, determine and indicate the posi- tion of the uncertain or disputed boundary.

(3) Where the Registrar exercises the power conferred by subsection (2), he shall make a note to that effect on the Registry Map and in the register and shall file such plan or description as may be necessary to record his decision.
(4) No Court shall entertain any action or other pro- ceedings relating to a dispute as to the boundaries of registered land unless the boundaries have been determined as provided in this section.

(5) Except where, as aforesaid, it is noted in the register that the boundaries of a parcel have been fixed, the Court or the Registrar may, in proceedings concerning the parcel, receive such evidence as to its boundaries and situation as it or he thinks fit.

18.
18.

(1) If the Registrar in his discretion considers it E,"U',ddaries.

desirable to indicate on a filed plan, or otherwise to define in the register, the precise position of the boundaries of a parcel or any parts thereof, or if any interested person makes 16 CAP.

374) Registered Land LAWS OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA application to the Registrar, the Registrar shall give notice to the owners and occupiers of the land adjoining the boun- daries in auestion of the intention to ascertain and fix the boundaries.
I ) The Registrar shall, after giving all persons appear- (2 ing by the register to be affected an opportunity of being cause to be defined by survey the precise position heard, of the boundaries in question, file a plan containing the necessary particulars and make a note in the register that the boundaries have been fixed, and thereupon the plan shall be deemed to define accurately the boundaries of the parcel.

Maintenance of boundary features.

19.


(1) Every proprietor of land shall maintain in good order any features which demarcate his boundaries, whether established pursuant to the requirements of any other law or pursuant to an order of the Registrar or of the pro- prietor's own accord.
(2) The Registrar may in writing order the demarca- tion within a specified time of any boundary in such perma- nent manner as he may direct, and any person who fails to comply with such an order shall be guilty of an offence and liable on summary conviction to a fine of three hundred dollars.
(3) The Registrar may in writing order which of adjoining proprietors shall be responsible for the care and maintenance of any feature demarcating a common boun- dary, and any proprietor so ordered to be responsible who allows the boundary feature or any part of it to fall into disrepair or to be destroyed or removed shall be guilty of an offence and liable on summary conviction to a fine of three hundred dollars.

20.
20.

( 1 ) Any person who wilfully defaces, removes, injures or otherwise impairs any boundary feature or any part of it unless authorized to do so by the Registrar shall be guilty of an offence and liable on summary conviction to a fine of fifteen hundred dollars and to imprisonment for three months.

(2) Any person convicted of such an offence, whether or not any penalty therefor is imposed upon him, shall be Interference with boundary features.

LAWS OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA Registered Land (CAP.


374 liable to pay the cost of restoring the boundary feature, and such cost shall be recoverable as a civil debt by any person responsible under section 19 for the maintenance of the feature.

2 1.

(1) Where contiguous parcels are owned by the Combinations and subdivisions.
same proprietor and are subject in all respects to the same rights and obligations, the Registrar, on application by the proprietor, may combine those parcels by closing the registers relating to them and opening a new register or registers in respect of the parcel or parcels resulting from the combination.
(2) Upon the application of the proprietor of a parcel for division of his parcel into two or more parcels, the Registrar shall effect the division by closing the register relating to the parcel and opening new registers in respect of the new parcels resulting from the division, and recor- ding in the new registers all subsisting entries appearing in the closed register: Provided that- (i) nothing shall be done under this section which would be inconsistent with this Act or any other law; and (ii) no parcel which is subject to a lease shall be subdivided so as to subdivide the land com- prised in such lease; and (iii) where a proprietor is subdividing his parcel for the purpose of building development, the Registrar may require him to submit a plan of the proposed subdivisions prepared by a surveyor licensed under the Land Surveyors Cap.
*39- Act and certified by the appropriate authority as conforming with the requirements of any planning law for the time being in force.

22.

(1) The Registrar may, on the application of the Beparcellation.

proprietors of contiguous parcels who are desirous of changing the layout of their parcels, and with the consent in writing of all other persons in whose names any right or interest in such parcels is registered, and of any cautioner, cancel 18 CAP.
374) Registered Land LAWS OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA the registers relating to such parcels and prepare new registers in accordance with the revised layout: Provided that, where in the opinion of the Registrar a paoposed reparcellation involves substantial changes of ownership which should be effected by transfers without invoking this section, he may in his discretion refuse to effect such reparcellation.
(2) Upon any such reparcellation, the new parcels shall, notwithstanding section 37, vest in the persons in whose names they are registered.

PART I11 EFFECT OF REGISTRATION Effect of registration with absolute title.

23.
Subject to the provisions of section 27 the registra- tion of any person as the proprietor with absolute title of a parcel shall vest in that person the absolute ownership of that parcel together with all rights and privileges belonging or appurtenant thereto, free from all other interests and claims whatsoever, but subject- (a) to the leases, charges and other incumbrances and to the conditions and restrictions, if any, shown in the register; and ( b ) unless the contrary is expressed in the register, to such liabilities, rights and interests as affect the same and are declared by section 28 not to require noting on the register: Provided that- (i) nothing in this section shall be taken to relieve a proprietor from any duty or obligation to which he is subject as a trustee; (ii) the registration of any person under this Act shall not confer on him any right to any minerals or to any mineral oils unless the same are expressly referred to in the register.
Effect of registration with provisional title.

24.

Subject to the provisions of section 27 the registra- tion of any person as the proprietor with a provisional title of a parcel shall not affect or prejudice the enforcement of LAWS OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA Registered Land ( C A P .
374 19 any estate, right or interest adverse to or in derogation of the title of that proprietor arising before such date or under such instrument or in such other manner as is specified in the register of that parcel; but save as aforesaid, such registra- tion shall have the same effect as the registration of a person with absolute title.

25.
Subject to the provisions of section 27, the Effect of regstration of a registration of a person as the proprietor of a lease shall vest 1,,,,. in that person the leasehold interest described in the lease, together with all implied and expressed rights and privileges belonging or appurtenent thereto and subject to all implied and expressed agreements, liabilities and incidents of the lease: Provided that if the title of the lessor is a provisional title the enforcement of any estate, right or interest affecting or in derogation of the right of the lessor to grant the lease shall not be prejudiced.
26.

The registration of land as Crown Land shall, ~ ~ ; ~ r ; ~ o n of subject to any registered incumbrances, enable the Governor- crown land.

General by a disposition registered under this Act to dispose of such land.

27.
27.

Every proprietor who has acquired land, a lease voluntary or a charge by transfer without valuable consideration shall hold it subject to any unregistered rights or interests subject to which the transferor held it, and subject also to the provi- sions of any law relating to bankruptcy and to the winding- up provisions of the Companies Act, but save as aforesaid Cap.

94. such transfer when registered shall in all respects have the same effect as a transfer for valuable consideration.

transfer.

28.
transfer.

28.

Unless the contrary is expressed in the register, ~ all registered land shall be subject to such of the following overriding interests as may for the time being subsist and affect the same, without their being noted on the register- (a) rights of way, rights of water and any easement of profit subsisting at the time of first registration under this Act; ( b ) natural rights of light, air, water and support; ~ ~ ~ ~ .

n g 20 C A P .
374) Registered Land LAWS OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA (c) rights of compulsory acquisition, resumption, entry, search, user or limitation of user conferred by any other law; (d) leases or agreements for leases for a term not exceeding two years, and periodic tenancies within the meaning of section 2 ; (e) any unpaid moneys which, without reference to registration under this Act, are expressly declared by any law to be a charge upon land; V ) rights acquired or in process of being acquired by virtue of any law relating to the limitation of actions or by prescription; (g) the rights of a person in actual occupation of land or in receipt of the rents and profits thereof save where inquiry is made of such person and the rights are not disclosed; ( h ) electric supply lines, telephone and telegraph lines or poles, pipelines, aqueducts, canals, weirs and dams erected, constructed or laid in pursuance or by virtue of any power conferred by any law: Provided that the Registrar may direct registration of any of the liabilities, rights and interests .hereinbefore defined in such manner as he thinks fit.
Conversion of provisional into absolute title.

29.

( 1 ) Any proprietor registered with a provisional title or any interested person may at any time apply to the Registrar to be registered or to have the proprietor registered, as the case may be, with an absolute title.
( 2 ) If the applicant satisfies the Registrar that the qualification to which the provisional title is subject has ceased to be of effect, the Registrar shall make an order for the registration of the proprietor with absolute title after such advertisement as the Registrar may think fit; (3) O n the making of any such order or on the applica- tion of any interested party after the expiration of twelve years from the date of first registration with a provisional title, the Registrar shall substitute in the register the words "absolute title7' for the words "provisional title" and the title of the proprietor shall thereupon become absolute.
LAWS OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA Registered Land (CAP.

374 2 1 30.

Every proprietor acquiring any land, lease or Entries to charge shall be deemed to have had notice of every entry not;ce.

in the register relating to the land, lease or charge.

constitute actual PART IV CERTIFICATE AND SEARCHES 3 1.
(1) The Registrar shall, if requested by any pro- ~ , " ; ~ ~ ~ f , " t " , ~ s prietor of land or a lease where no land certificate or cer- .f &ate of lease has been issued, issue to him a land certificate or a certificate of lease, as the case may be, in the prescribed form showing all subsisting entries in the register affecting that land or lease: Provided that- lease.
(i) only one such certificate shall be issued in respect of each parcel of land or lease; (ii) no certificate of lease shall be issued unless the lease is for a certain period exceeding twenty- five years.

(2) A land certificate or certificate of lease shall be only prima facie evidence of the matters shown therein, and the land or lease shall be subject to all entries in the register whether they are shown on the certificate or not.
(3) When there is more than one proprietor, the pro- prietors shall agree among themselves as to who shall receive the certificate and failing agreement the certificate shall be filed in the registry.

(4) The date of issue of a land certificate or certificate of lease shall be noted in the register.

32.

(1) If a land certificate or a certificate' of lease Production of certificate.
has been issued, then, unless it is filed in the registry, or the Registrar dispenses with its production, it shall be pro- duced on the registration of any dealing with the land or lease to which it relates, and a note of such registration shall be made on the certificate.

2 2 C A P .

3 7 4 ) Registered Land LAWS OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA Dispositions of leases and charges.

Lost certificates.
Lost certificates.

destroyed (2) If the dealing is a transfer, the certificate if produced shall be destroyed, and in such case a new certificate may be issued to the new proprietor.

I (3) If the dealing is a charge, the certificate, if any, shall be filed in the registry.

33.
33.

O n the registration of any dealing of a lease or charge the duplicate and the triplicate of the lease or charge shall be produced to the Registrar, who shall note particulars of the dealing on the filed lease or charge and on the duplicate and triplicate thereof unless the Registrar is satisfied that they cannot be produced.

34.
34.

(1) If a land certificate or certificate of lease is lost or destroyed, the proprietor may apply to the Registrar for the issue of a new certificate, and shall produce evidence to satisfy the Registrar of the loss or destruction of the previous certificate.

(2) The Registrar may require a statutory declaration that the certificate has been lost or destroyed.
(3) The Registrar, if satisfied with the evidence as to the loss or destruction of the certificate, and after the publica- tion of such notice as he may think fit, may issue a new certificate.

(4) When a lost certificate is found, it shall be delivered to the Registrar for cancellation.

Searches and copies.

35.


(1) Any person, on application in the prescribed form and on payment of the prescribed fee, may inspect dur- ing official hours of business any register and any sheet of the Registry Map or any filed instrument or plan.

(2) Any person, on application in the prescribed form and on payment of the prescribed fee, shall be entitled to a certified copy of any register or part of the Registry Map or any plan or instrument filed in the registry.
(3) Any person on application in the prescribed form and on payment of the prescribed fee, may require an official search in respect of any parcel, and the Registrar shall issue LAWS OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA Registered Land (CAP.

374 2 3 a certificate of official search setting forth particulars of the subsisting entries in the register of that parcel.

36.

(1) A certified copy of the register or part of the Evidence.
Registry M a p or any plan or instrument filed in the registry shall be admissible in evidence in all actions and matters and between all persons or parties, to the same extent as the orginal, and a signature on any such certified copy pur- porting to be the signature of the Registrar shall be presumed to be the signature of the Registrar until the contrary is proved.
(2) No legal practitioner, trustee, personal representative or other person in a fiduciary position shall be answerable in respect of any loss occasioned by the inaccuracy of any such certified copy as is referred to in subsection (1).
(3) No process for compelling the production of the register, or of the Registry Map, or of any filed instrument or plan, shall issue from any Court except with the leave of that Court, which leave shall not be granted if a certified copy will suffice, and any such process, if issued, shall bear thereon a statement that it is issued with the leave of the Court.

P A R T V DISPOSITIONS 37.


(1) No land, lease or charge registered under this Egz" Act shall be capable of being disposed of except in accord- ance with this Act, and every attempt to dispose of such land, lease or charge otherwise than in accordance with this Act shall be ineffectual to create, extinguish, transfer, vary or affect any estate, right or interest in the land, lease or charge.
(2) Nothing in this section shall be construed as prevent- ing any unregistered instrument from operating as a con- tract, but no action may be brought upon any contract for the disposition of any interest in land unless the agreement upon which such action is brought, or some memorandum or note thereof, is in writing, and is signed by the party to 2 4 CAP.
374) Registered Land LAWS OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA be charged or by some other person thereunto by him lawfully authorised: Provided that such an action shall not be prevented by reasonionly of the absence of writing, where an intending purchaser or lessee who has performed or is willing to per- form his part of a contract- (i) has in part performance of the contract taken possession of the property or any part thereof; or (ii) being already in possession, continues in possession in part performance of the contract and has done some other act which is exclusively referable to and in furtherance of the contract.
Protection of persons dealing in registered land.

38.

(1) No person dealing or proposing to deal for valuable consideration with a proprietor shall be required or in any way concerned- (a) to inquire or ascertain the circumstances in or the consideration for which such proprietor or any previous proprietor was registered; or (6) to see to the application of any consideration or any part thereof; or Cap.

429.

Cap.

375.
429.

Cap.

375.

(c) to search any register kept under the Title by Registration Act or the Registration and Records Act.

(2) Where the proprietor of land, a lease or a charge is a trustee he shall in dealing therewith be deemed to be absolute proprietor thereof, and no disposition by such trustee to a bonafide purchaser for valuable consideration shall be defeasible by reason of the fact that such disposition amounted to a breach of trust.
(3) Nothing contained in this section shall relieve a pur- chaser for valuable consideration of his obligation to search the registry.

Additional fee for delayed registration.

39.

Where an instrument is presented for registra- tion later than three months from the date of the instrument, then, as well as the registration fee, an additional fee equal LAWS OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA Registered Land (CAP.
374 2 5 to the registration fee shall be payable for each three months which have elapsed since such date: Provided that in no such case shall the additional fee exceed five times the original registration fee payable.

40.
40.

(1) If he is satisfied that any person, through his :,"z!2,",9'pe1 wilful default, has failed to renister any instrument which is registrable under this Act, ;he ~ e ~ i s t r a r may by notice in writing order such person to present such instrument for registration, and thereupon the registration fee and any additional fee payable under section 39 of this Act shall become due and shall be payable whether the instrument is presented for registration or not.
(2) Any person who fails to comply with an order of the Registrar under subsection (1) of this section within one month of the service of the notice shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable on summary conviction to a fine of three hundred dollars.

41.

(1) Interests appearing in the register shall have Priority of registered priority according to the order in which the instruments which ;,te,sts.
led to their registration were presented to the registry, irrespective of the dates of the instruments and notwithstand- ing that the actual entry in the register may be delayed: Provided that where an instrument is prepared in the registry it shall be deemed to have been presented on the date on which application for its preparation was made to the Registrar.
(2) Instruments sent by post or under cover and received during the hours of business shall be deemed to be presented simultaneously immediately before the closing of the office to business on that day, and instruments so sent but received between the time of closing and the next opening of the office for business shall be deemed to be presented simultaneously immediately after such opening.
(3) Where more than one instrument or application are presented on the same day, or on different days but at so short an interval from each other that in the opinion of the Registrar there is doubt as to their order of priority, the 26 CAP.

374) Registered Land LAWS OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA Stay of registration.

Registrar may refuse registration until he has heard and determined the rights of the parties interested thereunder.

42.
(1) Where any person proposing to deal with registered land has, with the consent in writing of the pro- prietor, applied for an official search and has stated in his application the particulars of the proposed dealing, the registration of any instrument affecting the land to be com- prised in or affected by the proposed dealing shall be stayed for a period (hereinafter referred to as the suspension period) of fourteen days from the time at which application for the search was made, and a note shall be made in the register accordingly.
(2) If within the suspension period a properly executed instrument effecting the proposed dealing is presented for registration, such instrument shall have priority over any other instrument which may be presented for registration during the suspension period, and shall be registered not- withstanding any caution or other entry for which application for registration may have been made during the suspension period.
(3) Subject to subsection (2) any instrument or docu- ment for which application for registration is made during the suspension period other than that effecting the proposed dealing shall be dealt with in the same manner, shall have the same priority and shall be as effectual as if no stay of registration had been obtained.

Merger of registered interests.

43.
Where, upon the registration of a dealing, the interests of- (a) lessor and lessee; or ( b ) chargor and chargee; or (G) the proprietor of a parcel which is burdened with an easement, restrictive agreement or profit and the proprietor of a parcel which benefits therefrom, vest in the same proprietor, such interests shall not merge unless a surrender or discharge is registered or the parcels are combined or there is a declaration of merger, which may be contained in the instrument evidencing the dealing.
LAWS OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA Registered Land (CAP.

374 44.

Subject to the provisions of this Act and of any Leases.
other law, the proprietor of land may lease the land or part of it to any person for a definite period or for the life of the lessor or of the lessee or for a period which though indefinite may be terminated by the lessor or the lessee, and subject to such conditions as he may think fit: Provided that, if only part is leased, the lease shall be accompanied by a plan or other description which the Registrar, in his absolute discretion, deems adequate to iden- tify the part leased.

45.
45.

(1) Where in any lease the term is not specified ~ ; ~ ~ ~ ; s , and no provision is made for the giving of notice to terminate the tenancy, the lease shall be deemed to have created a periodic tenancy.

(2) Where the proprietor of land permits the exclusive occupation of the land or any part thereof by any other per- son at a rent but without any agreement in writing, that occupation shall be deemed to constitute a periodic tenancy.
(3) The period of a periodic tenancy created by this subsection shall be the period by reference to which the rent is payable, and the tenancy may be terminated by either party giving to the other notice, the length of which shall, subject to any other law, be not less than the period of the tenancy and shall expire on one of the days on which rent is payable.

46.
A lease for a specified period exceeding two years, Registration of or for the life of the lessor or of the lessee, or a lease which l contains an option whereby the lessee may require the lessor to grant him a further term or terms which, together with the original term, exceed two years, shall be in the prescribed form, and shall be completed by- eases ' (a) opening a register in respect of the lease in the name of the lessee; and ( b ) filing the lease; and ( c ) noting the lease in the incumbrances section of the register of the lessor's land or lease.
28 CAP.

374) Registered Land LAWS OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA Lessor's consent to dealing with lease.

47.
47.

Upon the registration of a lease containing an agreement, express or implied, by the lessee that he will not transfer, sub-let, charge or part with possession of the land leasd or any part thereof without the written consent of the lessor, the agreement shall be noted in the register of the lease, and no dealing with the lease shall be registered until the consent of the lessor, verified in accordance with sec- tion 108 has been produced to the Registrar.

Lease of charged land.

48.


Where any land is subject to a charge, no lease of such land shall be registered without the previous consent in writing of the proprietor of the charge, verified in accord- ance with section 108, unless the charge expressly dispenses with the necessity for such consent.

Duration of leases.

49.

(1) Where the period of a lease is expressed as commencing on a particular day, that day is excluded in computing that period.
(2) Where no day of commencement is named, the period commences on the date of execution of the lease, and that day is excluded in computing that period.

(3) Where the period is a year or a number of years, in the absence of an express agreement to the contrary, the lease shall last during the whole anniversary of the day on which such period commences.

Future Leases.

50.
Future Leases.

50.

(1) A lease may be made for a period to com- mence on a future date, not being later than twenty-one years from the date on which the lease is executed, but shall be of no effect unless it is registered.

Holding over.

(2) Any instrument purporting to create a lease to com- mence on a date more than twenty-one years after the date of the instrument, or to take effect on the fulfilment of any condition, is void.

5 1.
5 1.

(1) Where a person, having lawfully entered into occupation of any land as lessee, continues to occupy that land with the consent of the lessor after the termination of the lease he shall, in the absence of any evidence to the con- trary, be deemed to be a tenant holding the land on a periodic LAWS OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA Registered Land (CAP.

374 2 9 tenancy on the same conditions as those of the lease so far as those conditions are appropriate to a periodic tenancy.
( 2 ) For the purposes of this section, the acceptance of rent in respect of any period after the termination of the lease shall, if the former tenant is still in occupation and subject to any agreement to the contrary, be taken as evidence of consent to the continued occupation of the land.

52.

(1) Save as otherwise expressly provided it shall ~ ~ f , " d " ; ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ be an implied convenant in every lease on the part of the ,, part of lessor.
lessor- ( a ) that so long as the lessee pays the rent and observes and performs the agreements and conditions contained or implied in the lease and on his part to be observed and performed, the lessee shall peaceably and quietly possess and enjoy the leased premises during the period of the lease without any lawful interruption from or by the lessor or any person rightfully claiming through him; (6) not to use or permit to be used any adjoining or neighbouring land of which he is the proprietor or lessee in any way which would render the leased premises unfit or materially less fit for the purpose for which they were leased; (c) to keep the roof, main walls and main drains, and, where part only of the building is leased, the com- mon passages and common installations, in repair; (4 where any dwelling-house, flat or room is leased furnished, that such house, flat or room is fit for habita- tion at the commencement of the tenancy; and (e) that if at any time the leased premises or any part thereof are destroyed or damaged by fire, civil com- motion or accident not attributable to the negligence of the lessee, his servants or licensees, so as to render the leased premises or any part thereof wholly or par- tially unfit for occupation or use, the rent or a just pro- portion thereof according to the nature and extent of the damage sustained shall be suspended and cease to be payable until the leased premises have again been rendered fit for occupation and use; but that if the leased LAWS OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA CAP.
374) Registered Land premises have not been so rendered fit for occupation and use within six months of their destruction or damage as aforesaid, the lessee may at his option, and on giv- ing one month's written notice of his intention so to 'do, terminate the lease.

Agreements implied in leases on part of lessee.

an implied covenant in every lease on the part of the lessee- 53.
Save as otherwise expressly provided it shall be (a) to pay the rent reserved by the lease at the times and in the manner therein specified; ( b ) to pay all rates, taxes and other outgoings which are at any time payable in respect of the leased premises during the continuance of the lease unless the same are payable exclusively by the lessor by virtue of any law; (c) in the case of agricultural land, to farm the same in accordance with the practice and any rules of good husbandry and to yield up the land at the end of the term in good heart; (d) where a building or part of a building is leased, to keep the interior of the leased premises in repair, fair wear and tear excepted; ( e ) where the lease is of furnished premises to keep the furniture in as good condition as it was at the com- mencement of the period, fair wear and tear only excepted, and to replace such articles as are lost, destroyed or so damaged as to be beyond repair with articles of equal value to those so lost, destroyed, or damaged; V) to permit the lessor or his agent with or without workmen or others at all convenient times and after reasonable notice to enter on the leased premises and examine their condition; (g) to repair or otherwise make good any defect or breach of agreement for which the lessee is responsi- ble and of which notice has been given by the lessor to the lessee, within such reasonable period as may be specified in the notice; and (h) not to transfer, charge, sublease or otherwise part with the possession of the leased premises or any LAWS OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA Registered Land ( C A P .
374 3 1 part thereof without the previous written consent of the lessor, which consent shall not be unreasonably withheld.

54.

Where an agreement is contained or implied in Meaning of "in repair".
any lease to keep a building or a particular part of a building c c in repair", it shall, in the absence of an express provision to the contrary, mean in such state of repair as that in which a prudent owner might reasonably be expected to keep his property, due allowance being made for the age, character and locality of the building at the commencement of the lease: Provided that there shall not be read into such an agree- ment an undertaking to put any building into a better state of repair than that in which it was at the commencement of the lease.
55.

(1) Subject to the provisions of section 57 and :;;&$',hiof to any provision to the contrary in the lease, the lessor shall have the right to forfeit the lease if the lessee- forfeiture of sub-leases.

( a ) commits any breach of, or omits to perform, any agreement or condition on his part expressed or implied in the lease; or ( b ) is adjudicated bankrupt; or (c) being a company, goes into liquidation.
(2) The right of forfeiture may be- (a) exercised, where neither the lessee nor any per- son claiming through or under him is in occupation of the land, by entering upon and remaining in posses- sion of the land; or ( b ) enforced by action in the Court.
( 3 ) The right of forfeiture shall be taken to have been waived if- ( a ) the lessor accepts rent which has become due since the breach of agreement or condition which entitled the lessor to forfeit the lease or has by any other positive act shown an intention to treat the lease as subsisting; and ( b ) the lessor is, or should by reasonable diligence have become, aware of the commission of the breach: 3 2 C A P .
374) Registered Land LAWS OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA Provided that the acceptance of rent after the lessor has commenced an action in the Court under subsection (2) shall not operate as a waiver.
I (4) The forfeiture of a lease shall terminate every sublease and every other interest appearing in the register relating to that lease, but- (a) where the forfeiture is set aside by the Court on the grounds that it was procured by the lessor in fraud of the sublessee; or ( 6 ) where the Court grants relief against the forfeiture under section 57, every such sublease and other interest shall be deemed not to have terminated.

56.
Notwithstanding anything to the contrary con- tained in the lease, no lessor shall be entitled to exercise the right of forfeiture for the breach of any agreement or condi- tion in the lease, whether expressed or implied, until the lessor has served on the lessee a notice- ( a ) specifying the particular breach complained of; and ( 6 ) if the breach is capable of remedy, requiring the lessee to remedy the breach within such reasonable period as is specified in the notice; and (c) in any case other than non-payment of rent, requiring the lessee to make compensation in money for the breach, and the lessee has failed to remedy the breach within a reasonable time thereafter, if it is capable of remedy, and to make reasonable compensation in money.
57.

(1) A lessee upon whom a notice has been served under section 56 or against whom the lessor is proceeding, by action or re-entry, to enforce his right of forfeiture, may apply to the Court for relief; and the Court may grant or refuse relief, as the Court, having regard to the proceedings and the conduct of the parties and the circumstances of the case, thinks fit, and, if it grants relief, may grant it on such terms as it thinks fit.

Notice before forfeiture.

Relief against forfeiture.


LAWS OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA Registered Land (CAP.
374 3 3 (2) The Court on application by any person claiming as sublessee or chargee of any interest in the property or part of the property comprised in the lease forfeited or sought to be forfeited, may make an order vesting the property or such part in such sublessee or chargee for the whole period of the lease or any less period, upon such conditions as the Court in the circumstances of the case thinks fit: Provided that nothing in this subsection shall apply in the case of a forfeiture arising from a breach to which the sublessee is a party or from the breach of an express agree- ment or condition against subleasing, parting with the posses- sion of or disposing of the property leased.
(3) For the purpose of this section a lease limited to continue as long only as the lessee abstains from commit- ting a breach of agreement or condition shall be and take effect as a lease to continue for any longer term for which it could subsist, but terminable by a proviso for re-entry on such breach.

(4) Nothing in this section shall empower the Court to grant relief against forfeiture for non-payment of rent.
(5) This section shall have effect notwithstanding any stipulation or agreement to the contrary and whether the lease is registered or not.

5 8 .
5 8 .

Subject to the provision of section 56 the ~ ~ ; ~ i ~ + ~ ; d agreements and conditions contained or implied in any 1,,,,,. registered lease may be varied, rescinded or added to, and the period of any registered lease may from time to time be extended, by an instrument executed by the lessor and the lessee for the time being and registered before the expiration of the then current term of the lease.

59.
59.

Where upon presentation of a lease for registra- f z P : y i o n of tion the Registrar is satisfied that the lessee is the person registered as the proprietor of a prior lease in respect of the same land, he shall cancel the registration of the prior lease and register the new lease subject to the incumbrances registered against the prior lease.

3 4 CAP.

374) Registered Land LAWS OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA Subleases.

60.
60.

(1) Subject to any provision in his lease affec- ting his right to do so, the proprietor of a registered lease may, by a sublease in the prescribed form, sublease for any period which is less than the remainder of the period of his lease.

(2) Save as otherwise expressly provided in this Act, the provisions of this Act affecting leases, lessors and lessees shall apply to subleases, sublessors and sublessees, with such adaptations as are necessary.
(3) If a lease is terminated by operation of law or under any law relating to bankruptcy or liquidation proceedings such termination shall terminate the sublease.
(4) In addition to the agreements specified by this Act to be implied in leases, there shall be implied in every sublease under this Act an agreement by the sublessor that he will, during the continuance of the sublease, pay the rent reserved by the lease under which the sublessor holds, and observe and perform the agreements and conditions thereof.
(5) Where a sublessee has paid to the sublessor-'s lessor the rent or any part of the rent payable by the sublessor under the lease under which the sublessor holds, the sublessee shall be entitled to set off any sum so paid against the rent payable by him to the sublessor in respect of the sublease.

Surrender of leases.

6 1.
(1) Where the lessor and the lessee agree that the lease shall be surrendered it shall be surrendered in the follow- ing manner- (a) an instrument shall be prepared in the prescribed form, or else the word "surrendered" shall be inscribed on the lease or on the duplicate or triplicate thereof; ( b ) the instrument or inscription shall then be executed by the lessor and lessee; ( c ) the Registrar shall then cancel the registration of the lease; and (6) the instrument or inscribed lease shall then be filed; LAWS OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA Registered Land ( C A P .
374 3 5 and thereupon, or upon such earlier date as is expressed in the instrument or inscription, the interest of the lessee shall cease.

( 2 ) No lease which is subject to a charge or a sublease shall be surrendered without the consent in writing of the proprietor of the charge or sublease.

62.

(1) Where- Determination of leases.


( a ) the period of a lease has expired; or (b) an event upon which a lease is expressed to ter- minate has happened; or ( c ) a lessor has lawfully re-entered; or (d) a notice duly given to terminate the lease has expired, and the lessor has recovered possession of the land leased, the lease and every other interest appearing on the register relating to the lease shall thereupon terminate, and the lessor may apply in writing to the Registrar to cancel the registration.
( 2 ) An application under this section shall be supported by such evidence of the matters giving rise to the termina- tion and the recovery of possession by the lessor as the Registrar may require, and the Registrar on being satisfied of the matters set forth in the application shall cancel the registration of the lease.

63.

Where an application is made to the Registrar zd;;zzn of to register any lease which is not compulsorily registrable lease,.
under this Act but which is capable of registration, the Registrar shall not register such lease unless- ( a ) it is in the prescribed form, or in such form as the Registrar may approve, and (b) in the case of a sublease, every lease superior to that sublease complies with condition ( a ) of this sec- tion and is registered in priority to the sublease.

3 6 CAP.

374) Registered Land LAWS OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA Form and effect of charges.

64.
(1) A proprietor, may, by an instrument in the presc~ibed form, charge his land or lease or charge to secure the payment of an existing or a future or a contingent debt or other money or money's worth or the fulfilment of a con- dition, and the instrument shall contain a special acknowledgement that the chargor understands the effect of section 72 of this Act and the acknowledgement shall be signed by the chargor or, where the chargor is a corpora- tion, by one of the persons attesting the affixation of the com- mon seal.
(2) A date for the repayment of the money secured by a charge may be specified in the charge instrument, and where no such date is specified or repayment is not demanded by the chargee on the date specified the money shall be deemed to be repayable three months after the service of a demand in writing by the chargee.

(3) The charge shall be completed by its registration as an incumbrance and the registration of the person in whose favour it is created as its proprietor and by filing the instrument.
(4) A charge shall not operate as a transfer but shall have effect as a security only; and a chargee may not re- quire a chargor to give him a power of attorney in addition to a charge for the sole purpose of security.
(5) There shall be included in an instrument of charge securing the fulfilment of a condition or the payment of an annuity or other periodical payment not of the nature of interest on a capital sum such provisions as the parties think fit for disposing, subject to the provisions of section 76 of this Act, of the money which may arise on the exercise by the chargee of his power of sale, either by setting aside the proceeds of sale or part thereof and investing it to make future periodical payments, or by payment to the chargee of such proceeds or part thereof to the extent of the estimated capital value of the chargee's interest, or otherwise.
LAWS OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA Registered Land (CAP.

374 37 65.

A Proprietor whose land or lease or charge is sub- :;E,","~,";~ ject to a charge may create a second or subsequent charge charge.

in the same manner as the first charge and the same provi- sions shall apply thereto, but any sale under the power expressed or implied in any such charge shall be expressed to be subject to all prior charges unless all those charges have been discharged.

66.
66.

If any question arises whether any payment made Presumption that money paid is by the chargor is in respect of principal or interest, such ;nterest~ payment shall be presumed to be in respect of interest to the extent of all interest which is due and payable at the date of payment.

67. on the part of the chargor- It shall be an implied covenant in every charge Agreements implied in charges.
( a ) to pay the principal money on the day therein appointed and, so long as the principal money or any part thereof remains unpaid, to pay interest thereon, or on so much thereof as for the time being remains unpaid, at the rate and on the days and in manner therein specified;, (b) to pay all rates, taxes and other outgoings which are at any time payable in respect of the charged property; (c) to repair and keep in repair all buildings and other improvements upon the charged land or comprised in the charged lease and to permit the chargee or his agent, at all reasonable times and after reasonable notice to the chargor to enter the land and examine the state and condition of such buildings and improvements; (d) to insure and keep insured all buildings upon the charged land or comprised in the charged lease against loss or damage by fire in the joint names of the chargor and chargee with insurers approved by the chargee to the full value thereof; ( e ) in the case of a charge of agricultural land, to farm the land in accordance with the rules of good husbandry; 3 8 CAP.
374) Registered Land LAWS OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA (f) in the case of a charge of land or of a lease, not to lease the charged land or any part thereof, or sublease the whole or any part of the land comprised in the charged lease, for any period longer than one ;ear without the previous consent in writing of the chargee which consent shall not be unreasonably withheld; (g) not to transfer the land, lease or charge, charged or any part thereof without the previous written con- sent of the chargee which consent shall not be unreasonably withheld; (h) in the case of a charge of a lease, during the continuance of the charge to pay the rent reserved by the lease and observe and perform the agreements and conditions thereof, and to keep the chargee indemnified against all proceedings, expenses and claims on account of the non-payment of the said rent or any part thereof, or the breach or non-observance of the said agreements and conditions or any of them, and, if the lessee has an enforceable right to renew the lease, to renew it; (2) where the charge is a second or subsequent charge, to pay the interest from time to time accruing due on each prior charge when it becomes due, and to repay the principal money due on each prior charge; and where the chargor fails to comply with any of agreements implied by paragraphs (b), (c), (4, (e), the Cd, and (h) that the chargee may spend such money as is necessary to remedy the breach, and may add the amount so spent to the principal money, and that thereupon the amount shall be deemed for all purposes to be part of the principal money secured by the charge.
Chargee's consent to transfer.

68.

Where a charge contains an agreement, express or implied, by the chargor with the chargee that he will not transfer the land, lease or charge charged or any part thereof without the written consent of the chargee, the agreement shall be noted in the register and no transfer by the chargor shall be registered until the written consent of the chargee verified in accordance with section 108 has been produced to the Registrar.
LAWS OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA Registered Land (CAP.

374 3 9 69.

The amount secured, the method of repayment, Variation of charges.

the rate of interest or the term of the charge may be varied by the registration of an instrument of variation executed by the parties to the charge, but no such variation shall affect the rights of the proprietor of any subsequent charge, unless he has consented to the variation in writing on the instru- ment of variation.

70.
70.

(1) Subject to the provisions of this section, a zj,h&fion.
chargor, on payment of all money due and owing under the charge at the time of payment or on fulfilment of any condi- tion secured thereby and on payment of any costs or expenses properly incurred by the chargee in exercising any power conferred on him by section 72 may redeem the charged land or lease or charge at any time before it has been sold under section 75 and any agreement or provision which purports to deprive the chargor of this right of redemption shall be void; and, for the purposes of this subsection, land, a lease or a charge shall be deemed to have been sold when a bid has been accepted at the auction sale.
(2) If the chargor wishes to redeem the charged land or charge before the date for repayment specified in the charge, he shall be entitled to do so on payment to the chargee, in addition to any other money then due or owing under the charge, of interest on the principal sum as prescribed in subsection (3).
(3) If the chargor seeks to redeem the charged land or lease or charge after the date specified in the charge, or where no such date is specified, he shall give the chargee three month's notice of his intention to redeem the charge or shall pay him three months' interest in lieu thereof.
(4) If at any time the chargor is entitled and desires to repay the money secured by the charge, and the chargee is absent or cannot be found, or the Registrar is satisfied that the charge cannot be discharged otherwise, the chargor may deposit the amount due with the Registrar in trust for the person entitled thereto, and thereupon the obligations of the chargor under the charge shall cease, and the Registrar shall cancel the registration of the charge, and shall pay the amount deposited to the chargee if the chargee applies for 40 CAP.
374) Registered Land LAWS OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA it within twelve years of date of deposit, and if the amount is not so paid it shall be paid into the Consolidated Fund.

Right of third party to transfer of charge.

71.

On his tendering to the chargee such sums as wodld have been payable to the chargee if the chargor had sought to redeem the charge under section 70 any of the following persons, that is to say- Chargee's remedies.
( a ) any person, other than the chargor, who has an interest in the land or lease or charge charged; or ( b ) any surety for the payment of the amount secured by the charge; or (6) any creditor of the chargor who has obtained a decree for sale of the charged land, lease or charge, may require the chargee to transfer the charge to him.

72.
72.

( 1 ) If default is made in payment of the prin- cipal sum or of any interest or any other periodical payment or of any part thereof, or in the performance or observance of any agreement expressed or implied in any charge, and continues for one month, the chargee may serve on the chargor notice in writing to pay the money owing or to per- form and observe the agreement, as the case may be.
(2) If the chargor does not comply with a notice served on him under subsection ( 1 ) within three months of the date of such service, the chargee may- ( a ) appoint a receiver of the income of the charged property; or ( b ) sell the charged property; Provided that a chargee who has appointed a receiver may not exercise the power of sale unless the chargor fails to comply with a further notice served on him under subsec- tion ( 1 ) within three months of the date of such service.
(3) The chargee shall be entitled to sue for the money secured by the charge in the following cases only- ( a ) where the chargor is bound to repay the same; ( b ) where, by any cause other than the wrongful act of the chargor or chargee the charged property is LAWS OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA Registered Land (CAP.
374 41 wholly or partially destroyed or the security is rendered insufficient and the chargee has given the chargor a reasonable opportunity of providing further security which will render the whole security sufficient, and the chargor has failed to provide such security; ( 6 ) where the chargee is deprived of the whole or part of his security by, or in consequence of, the wrongful act or default of the chargor: Provided that- (i) in the case specified in paragraph (a) of this sub-section- (a) a transferee from the chargor shall not be liable to be sued for the money unless he has agreed with the chargee to pay the same; and (6) no action shall be commenced until a notice served in accordance with sub-section (1) has expired; (ii) the Court may, at its discretion, stay a suit brought under paragraph (a) or paragraph (6) of this sub-section, notwithstanding any agree- ment to the contrary, until the chargee has exhausted all his other remedies against the charged property.
73.

(1) The appointment of a receiver under the Appointment powers conferred by section 72 shall be in writing signed ..muner,tion by the chargee.

powers, and duties of receiver.

(2) A receiver may be removed at any time and a new receiver appointed in writing signed by the chargee.
(3) A receiver appointed under this section shall be deemed to be the agent of the chargor for the purposes for which he is appointed; and the chargee shall be solely respon- sible for the receiver's acts and defaults unless the charge otherwise provides.

(4) The receiver shall have power to demand and recover all the income of which he is appointed receiver, by action or otherwise, in the name of the chargor, and to give effectual receipts accordingly for the same.

42 C A P .
42 C A P .

374) Rexistered Land LAWS OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA (5) A person paying money to the receiver shall not be concerned to inquire into the validity of the receiver's appointment.
"(6) Subject to the provisions of sub-section (8) the receiver shall be entitled to retain out of any money received by him all costs, charges and expenses incurred by him as receiver, and, for his remuneration, a commission at such rate, not exceeding five percent of the gross amount of all moneys received, as is specified in his appointment, or if no rate is so specified at the rate of five percent of that gross amount, or such other rate as the chargor and the chargee and other chargees, if any, agree or the Court thinks fit to allow on application made by the receiver for that purpose.
( 7 ) The receiver shall apply insurance money in making good the loss or damage in respect of which the money is received.
(8) Subject to the provisions of subsection ( 7 ) the receiver shall apply all money received by him in the follow- ing order of priority- (a) in the discharge of all rents, rates, taxes and outgoings whatever affecting the charged property; and (6) in keeping down all annual sums or other payments, and the interest on all principal sums, having priority to the charge in right whereof he is receiver; and ( 6 ) in payment of his commission, costs, charges and expenses and of the premiums on fire, life and other insurance, if any, properly payable under the charge instrument or under this Act, and the cost of executing necessary or proper repairs directed in writing by the chargee; and (d) in payment of the interest accruing due in respect of any principal money due under the charge; and (e) in or towards the discharge of the money secured by the charge, if so directed in writing by the chargee, and shall pay the residue, if any, of the money received by him to the person who, but for the appointment of the receiver, would have been entitled to receive the income of LAWS OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA Registered Land (CAP.
374 43 which he is appointed receiver, or who is otherwise entitled to the charged property.

74.

(1) The proprietor of a charge on land or a lease Chargee's powers of leasing.
who has appointed a receiver under the powers conferred on him by section 7 2 , shall, in the absence of any express provision to the contrary contained in the charge, have power, subject to the provisions of this Act and of any other written law- ( a ) to grant leases in respect of the charged land or the land comprised in the charged lease or any part or parts thereof; and ( b ) to accept a surrender of any lease so granted and of any lease created by the chargor, and may, for such purposes, execute in the place of the chargor any instrument required to effect such lease or surrender.
( 2 ) Every lease granted by a chargee shall- ( a ) be made to take effect in possession not later than twelve months after its date; ( b ) reserve the best rent that can reasonably be obtained, regard being had to the circumstances of the case, but without a fine or premium being obtained; (c) be for a term not exceeding twenty-one years; and (6) contain a declaration by the chargee that he has appointed a receiver, with the date of appointment.

75.
75.

(1) A chargee exercising his power of sale shall Chargee's power of sale.
act in good faith and have regard to the interests of the chargor and may sell or concur with any person in selling the charged land, lease or charge, or any part thereof, together or in lots, by public auction for a sum payable in one amount or by instalments, subject to such reserve price and conditions of sale as the chargee thinks fit, with power to buy in at the auction and to resell by public auction without being answerable for any loss occasioned thereby.

44 CAP.
44 CAP.

374) Registered Land LAWS OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA (2) Where the chargor is in possession of the charged land or the land comprised in the charged lease, the chargee shall become entitled to recover possession of the land upon a bid being accepted at the auction sale.
I (3) A transfer by a chargee in exercise of his power of sale shall be made in the prescribed form, and the Registrar may accept it as sufficient evidence that the power has been duly exercised, and any person suffering damage by an irregular exercise of the power shall have his remedy in damages only against the person exercising the power.
(4) Upon registration of such transfer, the interest of the chargor as described therein shall pass to and vest in the transferee freed and discharged from all liability on account of the charge, or on account of any other incum- brance to which the charge has priority (other than a lease, easement or profit subsisting at the time the charge was effected or to which the chargee has consented in writing).
(5) A chargee, in exercising his power of sale, shall have the same powers and rights in regard to easements and restric- tive agreements as are conferred upon a proprietor by sec- tions 93 and 94.

Application of purchase money.

76.
The purchase money received by a chargee who has exercised his power of sale, after discharge of any prior incumbrances to which the sale is not made subject or after payment into Court of a sum sufficient to meet any such prior incumbrances, shall be applied- (a) first, in payment of all costs and expenses properly incurred and incidental to the sale or any attempted sale; (6) secondly, in accordance with any express pro- vision in the charge (as required by section 64) for disposing of such money and, in the absence of any such express provision, in discharge of the money due to the chargee at the date of the sale; and ( 6 ) thirdly, in payment of any subsequent charges in the order of their priority, LAWS OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA Registered Land (CAP.
374 45 and the residue of the money so received shall be paid to the person who immediately before the sale was entitled to redeem the charged land, lease or charge.

77.

The provisions of sections 70 (2) and (3), 72, 73, variation of powers.
74 and 75 may in their application to a charge be varied or added to in the charge: Provided that any such variation or addition shall not be acted upon, unless the Court, having regard to the pro- ceedings and conduct of the parties and to the circumstances of the case, so orders.

78.

For the avoidance of doubt, it is hereby declared ~ ; ~ , 4 ' S , " , ~ ~ t ~ : Z that the chargee shall not be entitled to foreclose nor to enter foreclosure.
into possession of the charged land or the land comprised in a charged lease nor to receive the rents and profits thereof by reason only that default has been made in the payment of the principal sum or of any interest or other periodical payment or of any part thereof or in the performance or observance of any agreement expressed or implied in the charge.

79.

(1) A discharge, whether of the whole or of a part Discharge of charge.
of a charge, shall be made by an instrument in the prescribed form, and (if of the whole) the word "Discharged" may be endorsed on the charge or the duplicate or triplicate and the endorsement executed by the chargee and dated.

(2) A discharge shall be completed by cancellation in the register of the charge, or part thereof as the case may require and fding the instrument of discharge or the endorsed charge.

80.

Upon proof to the satisfaction of the Registrar- f;:;:;?
(a) that all money due under a charge has been paid to the chargee or by his direction; or of ( b ) that there has occurred the event or cir- cumstances upon which, in accordance with the provi- sions of any charge, the money thereby secured ceases to be payable and that no money is owing under the charge, 46 CAP.
374) Registered Land LAWS OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA the Registrar shall order the charge to be cancelled in the register, and thereupon the land, lease or charge shall cease to be subject to the charge.

81.

(1) Provisions may be made in the charge for a Tacking and further advances.
chargee to make further advances or give credit to the chargor on a current or continuing account, but, unless that provi- sion is noted in the register, further advances shall not rank in priority to any subsequent charge except with the consent in writing of the proprietor of the subsequent charge.

(2) Except as provided in this section, there is no right to tack.

Consolidation.

82.
Consolidation.

82.

A chargee has no right to consolidate his charge with any other charge unless the right is expressly reserved in the charges or in one of them and is noted in the register against all the charges so consolidated.

Transfers.

83.

(1) A proprietor, by an instrument in the prescribed form, may transfer his land, lease or charge to any person with or without consideration.
(2) The transfer shall be completed by registration of the transferee as proprietor of the land, lease or charge and by filing the instrument.

(3) The transferee of a charge may require the chargor to execute the transfer for the purpose of acknowledging the amount due under the charge at the date of execution of the transfer.

84.
The Registrar shall not register any instrument purporting to transfer or to vest any land, or a lease of land, situated within the area of a rating authority unless there is produced to the Registrar a written statement by the authority that all rates taxes and other charges payable to the authority in respect of the land for the last twelve years have been paid up to and including the last rateable period before the day on which the instrument was presented for registration: Certificate as to payment of rates, taxes, etc.
LAWS OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA Registered Land (CAP.

374 47 Provided that no such statement shall be required where the instrument relates to- (i) land which is subject to a lease and the leasehold interest is, by virtue of any written law, the rateable property; or (ii) a lease, and the land or another leasehold interest is, by virtue of any written law, the rateable property.

85.
85.

A transfer to take effect on the happening of any Conditional transfers not event or on the fulfilment of any condition or at any future registrable.

time shall not be capable of registration.

86.

(1) Any condition or limitation purporting to Conditions repugnant to restrain absolutely a transferee or any person claiming under interest him from disposing of the interest transferred shall be void.

transfemed.
transfemed.

(2) Any condition or limitation made in relation to a transfer which purports to determine the interest of the transferee on the happening of any future event or on the failure of a future event to happen shall be void.

(3) Except as provided in Division 5 of this Part, no transfer of land shall contain a direction that the land shall be used or enjoyed by the transferee in a particular manner.

87.
87.

No part of the land comprised in a register shall Transfer of part- be transferred unless the proprietor has first subdivided the land and new registers have been opened in respect of each subdivision.

88.

O n the transfer of a lease, unless the contrary Transfer of leases.
is expressed in the transfer, there shall be implied- (a) a warranty on the part of the transferor that the rent, agreements and conditions on the part of the lessee to be paid, performed and observed have been so paid, performed and observed up to the date specified in the transfer or, if no such date is specified, the date of the transfer; and (6) an agreement on the part of the transferee to pay the said rent as from the day following the date specified in the transfer or the date of the transfer, as 48 C A P .
374) Registered Land LAWS OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA Effect of transfer on agreement in leases.

the case may be, and to perform and observe the said agreements and conditions.

89.
A transferee from a lessor or from a lessee shall possess all the rights, and be subject to all the liabilities, of the lessor or lessee, as the case may be, expressed or implied in the lease, or arising or which have arisen thereunder, and the transferor shall cease to be under any obligation or possessed of any rights in respect of the lease: Provided that nothing in this section shall affect the rights or liabilities of the lessor or lessee, as the case may be, in respect of a breach of any of the agreements expressed or implied in the lease which occurred before the transfer.
Transfer of land or lease subject to charge.

90.
90.

In every transfer of land or a lease subject to a charge, there shall be implied an agreement by the transferee with the transferor to pay the interest secured by the charge at the rate and at the times and in the manner specified in the charge and to keep the transferor indemnified against the principal sum secured by the charge and from and against all liability in respect of any of the agreements on the part of the transferor therein contained or implied.

Transfer of land subject to lease.

91.


A transfer of land which is subject to a lease shall be valid without the lessee acknowledging the transferee as lessor, but nothing in this section- (a) affects the validity of any payment of rent made by the lessee to the transferor; or (b) renders the lessee liable, on account of his failure to pay rent to the transferee, for any breach of agree- ment to pay rent before notice of the transfer is given to the lessee by the transferee or transferor.
Transfer of unregistered leases.

92.

A transfer of a lease of registered land which lease does not require registration, and is not registered, shall not itself require registration, but if application is made to the Registrar to register such transfer, he shall not do so unless the transfer is in the prescribed form and the lease and prior transfers or other dealings therewith have been registered.

LAWS OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA Registered Land (CAP.

374 49 93.
374 49 93.

(1) The proprietor of land or a lease may, by Easements.

an instrument in the prescribed form, grant an easement over his land or the land comprised in his lease, to the pro- prietor or lessee of other land for the benefit of that other land.

(2) Any proprietor transferring or leasing land or a lease may in the transfer or lease grant an easement, for the benefit of the land transferred or leased, over land retained by him, or reserve an easement for the benefit of land retained by him.
(3) The instrument creating the easement shall specify clearly- (a) the nature of the easement, the period for which it is granted and any conditions, limitations or restric- tions intended to affect its enjoyment, and ( b ) the land burdened by the easement and, if required by the Registrar, the particular part thereof so burdened; and (6) the land which enjoys the benefit of the easement, and shall, if so required by the Registrar, include a plan sufficient in the Registrar's estimation to define the easement.
(4) The grant or reservation of the easement shall be completed by its registration as an incumbrance in the register of the land burdened and in the property section of the land which benefits, and by filing the instrument.

(5) An easement granted by the proprietor of a lease shall be capable of existing only during the subsistence of the lease.

94.

(1) Where an instrument, other than a lease or Restrictive agreements.
charge, contains an agreement (hereinafter referred to as a restrictive agreement) by one proprietor restricting the building on or the user or other enjoyment of his land for the benefit of the proprietor of other land, and is presented to the Registrar, the Registrar shall note the restrictive agree- ment in the incumbrances section of the register of the land 5 0 CAP.
374) Registered Land LAWS OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA or lease burdened by the restrictive agreement, either by entering particulars of the agreement, or by referring to the instrument containing the agreement, and shall file the instryment.

(2) Unless it is noted in the register, a restrictive agree- ment is not binding on the proprietor of the land or lease burdened by it or on anybody acquiring the land or lease.
(3) The note of a restrictive agreement in the register does not give the restrictive agreement any greater force or validity than it would have had if it had not been registrable under this Act and had not been noted.

(4) In so far as the restrictive agreement is capable of taking effect, not only the proprietors themselves but also their respective successors in title shall be entitled to the benefit and subject to the burden of it respectively, unless the instrument otherwise provides.

Profits.

95.
Profits.

95.

(1) The proprietor of land or a lease may, by an instrument in the prescribed form, grant a profit.

(2) The instrument shall indicate clearly the nature of the profit, the period for which it is to be enjoyed and- (a) whether it is to be enjoyed in gross, or as appurtenant to other land or a lease; and (6) whether it is to be enjoyed by the grantee exclusively or by him in common with the grantor.
(3) The grant of a profit shall be completed- (a) by its registration as an incumbrance in the register of the land or lease which it affects; and (b) where it is appurtenant to other land or a lease, by its registration in the property section of the register of the land or lease to which it is appurtenant; and (c) by filing the instrument.

(4) A profit which is not appurtenant to land may be dealt with as though it were land.

LAWS OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA Registered Land (CAP.


374 5 1 (5) A profit granted by the proprietor of a lease shall be capable of subsisting only during the subsistence of the lease.

96.

(1) Upon presentation of a duly executed release ~ ~ , " ~ i ~ ~ ~ e , t in the prescribed form, the registration of the easement, profit of easement, or restrictive agreement shall be cancelled, and the easement, :=::Ah; profit or restrictive agreement shall be cancelled, and the profits.
easement, profit or restrictive agreement shall thereupon be extinguished.

(2) O n the application of any person affected thereby, the Registrar may cancel the registration of an easement, profit or restrictive agreement upon proof to his satisfaction that- (a) the period of time for which it was intended to subsist has expired; or (b) the event upon which it was intended to ter- minate has occurred; or (c) it has been abandoned.

97.
97.

The Court shall have power, on the application Discharge and modification of of any person interested in land affected by an easement, restrictive agreement or profit by order wholly or partially restrictive to extinguish or to modify any such easement, restrictive profits.
agreement or profit (with or without payment by the appli- cant of compensation to any person suffering loss in conse- quence of the order), on being satisfied- agreements and (a) that, by reason of changes in the character of the property or the neighbourhood or other cir- cumstances of the case which the Court deems material, the easement, restrictive agreement, or profit ought to be held to be obsolete; or (b) that the continued existence of the easement, restrictive agreement or profit impedes the reasonable user of the land for public or private purposes without securing practical benefits to other persons or, as the case may be, will, unless modified, so impede such user; or 52 CAP.
374) Registered Land LAWS OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA Natural rights.

(c) that the proposed discharge or modification will not injure the person entitled to the benefit of the ease- ment, or restrictive agreement or profit.

1 98.

Nothing in this Act shall be construed as derogating from the natural right to support, light, air or access to a highway appertaining to any land nor from such ancillary rights as are necessary for effective enjoyment of an easement.

Licences.

99.
Licences.

99.

( 1 ) Without prejudice to section 127 a licence is not capable of registration.

( 2 ) A licence relating to the use or enjoyment of land is ineffective against a bonafide purchaser for valuable con- sideration unless the licensee has protected his interest by lodging a caution under section 127.

Registration of more than one proprietor.

Characteristics joint proprietorship and severance thereof.

DIVISION 6-CO-PROPRIETORSHIP AND PARTITION 100.


(1) When any land is conveyed, transferred, devised, or devolves to two or more persons in their own right, such persons shall be deemed and taken to be pro- prietors in common, unless expressly declared to be joint proprietors: Provided that all land conveyed, transferred or devised to executors or trustees shall be held by them as joint proprietors.
( 2 ) Every instrument made in favour of two or more persons, and the registration giving effect to it, shall show- ( a ) whether such persons are joint proprietors or proprietors in common; and ( 6 ) where they are proprietors in common, the share of each proprietor.

.
.

1 ( 1 ) Where the land, lease or charge is owned jointly, no proprietor is entitled to any separate share in the land, and consequently- ( a ) dispositions may be made only by all the joint proprietors; and LAWS OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA Registered Land ( C A P .

374 5 3 (6) on the death of a joint proprietor, his interest shall vest in the surviving proprietor or the surviving proprietors jointly.
(2) For avoidance of doubt it is hereby declared that- ( a ) the sole proprietor of any land, lease or charge may transfer the same to himself and another person jointly; and ( b ) a joint proprietor of any land, lease or charge may transfer his interest therein to all the other proprietors.
(3) Joint proprietors, not being trustees, may execute an instrument in the prescribed form signifying that they agree to sever the joint proprietorship, and the severance shall be completed by registration of the joint proprietors as proprietors in common in equal shares and by filing the instrument.

102.

(1) Where any land, lease or charge is owned F$zzz 2 in common, each proprietor shall be entitled to an undivided comma,.
share in the whole, and on the death of a proprietor his share shall be administered as part of his estate.

(2) No proprietor in common shall deal with his undivided share in favour of any person other than another proprietor in common of the same land, except with the con- sent in writing of the remaining proprietor or proprietors of the land, but such consent shall not be unreasonably withheld.

103.
103.

(1) An application for the partition of the land :;:::;of owned in common may be made in the prescribed form to com,o,.

the Registrar by- land ( a ) any one or more of the proprietors; or ( b ) any person in whose favour an order has been made for the sale of an undivided share in the land in execution of a decree, and subject to the provisions of this Act and of any written law by or under which minimum areas or frontages are prescribed or the consent of any authority to a partition is 54 CAP.
374) Registered Land LAWS OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA When Registrar may order sale.

Procedure where share is small.

required, the Registrar shall effect the partition of the land in accordance with any agreement of the proprietors in com- mon or, in the absence of agreement, in such manner as the Registrar may order.
(2) Partition shall be completed by closing the register of the parcel partitioned and opening registers in respect of the new parcels created by the partition and filing the agree- ment or order.

104.
(1) Where for any reason the land sought to be partitioned is incapable of partition or the partition would adversely affect the proper use of the land, and a demand is made by the applicant or one or more of the other pro- prietors in common that the land or any share or shares in the land be sold, the Registrar shall, in default of any agree- ment between the proprietors in common, value the land and the shares of the proprietors in common and order the sale of the land or the separation and sale of such shares by public auction or make such other order for the disposal of the application as he thinks fit.
(2) A proprietor in common shall be entitled to pur- chase the land or any share so offered for sale, either at the auction or at any time by private treaty.

105.
105.

(1) Where the land sought to be partitioned is capable of partition generally, but the resultant share of any particular proprietor in common would be less in area than any minimum prescribed by or under any written law; the Registrar shall add such share to the share of any other pro- prietor or distribute such share between two or more other proprietors in such manner and in such proportion as, in default of agreement, he thinks fit.
(2) Where the Registrar proceeds in accordance with subsection (1) he shall assess the value of the share added or distributed and shall order that there be paid to the pro- prietor of the share by each proprietor who had received an addition to his share the value of such addition.

(3) Where any sum is payable under subsection (2) by any proprietor in common to any other proprietor in com- mon, the Registrar may order that such sum be secured by way of charge on the share of the person liable to pay it.
LAWS OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA Registered Land (CAP.

374 55 PART VI INSTRUMEN.I.S A N D AGEN-I.S 106.

(1) Every disposition of land, a lease or charge Form of instrument.

shall be effected by an instrument in the prescribed form or in such other form as the Registrar may in any particular case approve.

(2) Leases and charges shall be presented for registra- tion in triplicate.
(3) Instruments shall contain a true statement of the amount or value of the purchase price or loan or other con- sideration (if any), and an acknowledgement of the receipt of the consideration.

107.

(1) Every instrument evidencing a disposition Execution of instruments.
shall be executed by all persons shown by the register to be proprietors of the interest affected and by all other parties to the instrument: Provided that the Registrar may dispense with execu- tion by any particular party (other than the donee under a disposition by way of gift) where he considers that such execution is unnecessary.
(2) Subject to subsection (2) of section 120 an instru- ment shall be deemed to have been executed only: (a) by a natural person, if signed by him; (b) by a corporation- (i) if sealed with the common seal of the corpora- tion, affixed thereto in the presence of and attested by its clerk, secretary or other per- manent officer and by a member of the board of directors, council or other governing body of the corporation; or (ii) in the case of a corporation not required by law to have a common seal, if signed by such persons as are authorised in that behalf by any law or by the statute or charter of the corpora- tion or, in the absence of any express provi- sion, by the persons duly appointed in writing 5 6 CAP.
374) Registered Land LAWS OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA Verification of execution.

for that purpose by the corporation, evidence of which appointment has been produced to the satisfaction of the Registrar.

s 108.
s 108.

(1) Subject to subsection (3) of this section, a person executing an instrument shall appear before the Registrar or such public officer or other person as is prescribed and, unless he is known to the Registrar or such public officer or other person, shall be accompanied by a credible witness for the purpose of establishing his identity.
(2) The Registrar or public officer or other person shall satisfy himself as to the identity of the person appearing before him and ascertain whether he freely and voluntarily executed the instrument, and shall complete thereon a certificate to that effect.

(3) Subject to subsection ( 4 ) an instrument which is required to be executed by or on behalf of the Crown, shall be deemed to be executed when it has been signed by the Governor-General.
( 4 ) A caution which is required to be executed by or on behalf of Government shall be deemed to be executed when it has been signed by the Attorney-General or the Permanent Secretary to the Minister to whom responsibility for lands is assigned.
(5) The Registrar may dispense with verification under this section- (a) if he considers that it cannot be obtained except with difficulty and he is otherwise satisfied that the docu- ment has been properly executed; or ( b ) in cases in which to his knowledge the docu- ment has been properly executed, and shall record on the document his reasons for dispensing with the appearance of the parties.
(6) No instrument executed out of Antigua and Barbuda shall be registered unless it has endorsed thereon or attached thereto a certificate in the prescribed form completed under the hand and seal of a Judge, magistrate, justice of the peace, LAWS OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA Registered Land (CAP.

374 57 notary public, commissioner for oaths, or a diplomatic or consular agent of Antigua and Barbuda.

109.

(1) No instrument required by law to be Stamps* taxes and licence.
stamped shall be accepted for registration unless it is duly stamped.
( 2 ) Notwithstanding any other provisions of this Act, no instrument of transfer, lease or charge shall be accepted for registration unless- ( a ) it has endorsed thereon or attached thereto a certificate by the Commissioner of Inland Revenue that all taxes in respect of the land to be transferred leased or charged, including land appreciation tax, if any, have been paid; ( b ) Where the transferee, lessee or chargee is not a Citizen of Antigua and Barbuda, there is produced evidence that the transferee, lessee or chargee, as the case may be, has obtained the necessary licence to hold land under the Non-citizens Land Holding Regulation Act or evidence that such licence is not required.
Zg3.

0 .

(1) Subject to subsection ( 2 ) of this section and Disposal of instruments.

to subsection ( 2 ) of section 112, all instruments accepted by the Registrar shall be retained in the registry for as long as they support a current entry in the register and for six years thereafter.

(2) When a lease or charge is registered, particulars of registration shall be noted on the duplicate and the triplicate thereof, and the duplicate and the triplicate shall be returned to the person who presented them.
(3) Six years or more after an entry in the register has been superseded or has ceased to have any effect, the Registrar may destroy any instrument which supported the entry.

1 .

(1) For the avoidance of doubt it is hereby Minors- declared that the name of a minor may be entered in the register either on first registration or as a transferee or on transmission.

58 CAP.
58 CAP.

374) Refistered Land LAWS OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA (2) Nothing in this section enables any minor to deal with land or any interest in land by virtue of such registra- tion, and, where to his knowledge a minor is registered, the Registrar shall enter a restriction accordingly.

I (3) Where a disposition by a minor whose minority has not been disclosed to the Registrar has been registered, such disposition may not be set aside only on the grounds of minority.

Agents and persons under disability.

.


2 (1) Except as provided in subsection (3) no instrument executed by any person as agent for any other person shall be accepted by the Registrar unless the person executing it was authorised in that behalf by a power of attorney executed and verified in accordance with sec- tions 107 and 108.

(2) The original of such power of attorney or, with the consent of the Registrar, a copy thereof certified by the Registrar shall be filed.
(3) Where any person who, if not under a disability, might have made any application, done any act or been a party to any proceeding under this Act or under any rules made thereunder a minor, a person of unsound mind or a person under any other disability, the guardian of such per- son, or if there is no such guardian a person appointed under some written law to represent that person, may make any application, do any act and be party to any proceeding on behalf of that person, and shall generally represent that per- son for the purposes of this Act.
(4) Before accepting any document executed by a guard- ian or a person so appointed to represent a person under a disability, the Registrar shall satisfy himself that the per- son claiming to be the guardian is entitled to execute the document or require the production of the appointment of the person so appointed, and shall file a note of the explana- tion which satisfied him or a copy of the appointment, as the case may be.

Gift to person under disability.

3 .


A person under a disability who has been registered as proprietor of land, a lease or a charge acquired LAWS OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA Registered Land (CAP.
374 59 by him by way of gift may, within six months after he ceases to be under a disability, repudiate the gift if he has not already disposed of the subject-matter thereof, but no such repudia- tion shall be effective until- (a) he has transferred the land, lease or charge to the donor who shall be bound to accept it; and ( b ) the transfer has been registered.

114.
114.

( 1 ) Upon the application of the donor or the donee of a power of attorney which contains any power to dispose of any interest in land, such power of attorney shall be entered in the register of powers of attorney and the original, or with the consent of the Registrar a copy thereof certified by the Registrar, shall be filed in the file of powers qf attorney.
(2) Every such power of attorney shall be in the prescribed form or such other form as the Registrar may in any particular case approve, and shall be executed and verified in accordance with sections 107 and 108.
(3) The donor of a power of attorney filed in accord- ance with the provisions of sub-section ( 1 ) may at any time give notice to the Registrar in the prescribed form that the power has been revoked, and thereupon the revocation shall be entered in the register of powers of attorney and noted upon the power, and the notice shall be filed in the file of powers of attorney.
(4) Any interested person may give notice in writing to the Registrar that a power of attorney which has been registered under subsection ( 1 ) has been revoked by the death, bankruptcy or disability of the donor or the death or disability of the donee, accompanied by such evidence as the Registrar requires, and thereupon the revocation shall be entered in the register of powers of attorney and noted upon the power, and the notice shall be filed in the file of powers of attorney.
(5) Subsections (3) and (4) do not apply to a power of attorney given for valuable consideration during any time during which it is, by virtue of the terms thereof, irrevocable.

60 CAP.
60 CAP.

374) Registered Land LAWS OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA (6) If owing to the length of time since the execution of a power of attorney or for any other reason the Registrar considers it desirable, he may require evidence that the power has not been revoked, and may refuse to register any disposi- tion by the donee of the power of attorney until satisfactory evidence is produced.

Effect of registered power of attorney.

.


5 ( 1 ) A power of attorney which has been registered under section 114 and of which no notice of revoca- tion has been registered under that section shall be deemed to be subsisting as regards any person acquiring any interest in land affected by the exercise of the power, for valuable consideration and without notice of revocation and in good faith, or any person deriving title under such a person.
(2) Any person making any payment or doing any act in good faith in pursuance of a power of attorney registered under section 114 shall not be liable in respect of the pay- ment or act by reason only that before the payment or act the donor of the power had died or become subject to a disability or become bankrupt, or had revoked the power, if the fact of death, disability, bankruptcy or revocation was not at the time of the payment or act known to the person making or doing the payment or act.
PART VII Transmission on death of joint proprietor.

6 ~f one of two or more joint proprietors of any land, lease or charge dies, the Registrar, on proof to his satisfaction of the death, shall delete the name of the deceased from the register.

Transmission on death of sole proprietor or proprietor in common.
1 1 ( I ) If a sole proprietor or a proprietor in com- mon dies, his personal representative, on application to the Registrar in the prescribed form and on production to him of the grant, shall be entitled to be registered by transmis- sion as proprietor in the place of the deceased with the addi- tion after his name of the words "as executor of the will of (here insert name of deceased) deceased" or "as administrator of the estate of (here insert name of the deceased) deceased7', as the case may be.
LAWS OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA Registered Land (CAP.

374 6 1 (2) Upon production of a grant, the Registrar may, without requiring the personal representative to be registered, register by transmission- ( a ) any transfer by the personal representative; ( b ) any surrender of a lease or discharge of a charge by the personal representative.

(3) In this section, "grant" means the grant of Pro- bate of the will or the grant of letters of administration of the estate of the deceased proprietor.

118.
118.

( 1 ) Subject to any restriction of his power of ~~~~fSifn by disposing of the land, lease or charge contained in his death.
appointment, the personal representative or the person beneficially entitled on the death of the deceased proprietor, as the case may be, shall hold the land, lease or charge sub- ject to any liabilities, rights or interest which are unregistered but are nevertheless enforceable and subject to which the deceased proprietor held the same, but for the purpose of any dealing he shall be deemed to have been registered as proprietor thereof with all the rights conferred by this Act on a proprietor who has acquired land, a lease or a charge, as the case may be, for valuable consideration.
(2) The registration of any person as aforesaid shall relate back to and take effect from the date of the death of the proprietor.

119.
119.

(1) A trustee in bankruptcy shall, upon produc- t;;;;;;::; tion to the Registrar of a certified copy of the order of the court adjudgini a proprietor bankrupt,'or directing that the estate of a deceased proprietor shall be administered accor- ding to the law of bankruptcy, be registered as proprietor of any land, lease or charge of which the bankrupt or deceased proprietor is proprietor in his place, and a copy of the order shall be filed.
(2) A trustee in bankruptcy shall be described in the register as "trustee of the property of.. ....................... ........................................................................... (here insert name of bankrupt) 62 CAP.

374) Registered Land LAWS OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA Liquidation.
(3) The trustee in bankruptcy shall hold any land, lease or charge of which he is registered as proprietor subject to any restrictions contained in any law relating to bankruptcy or in any order of court and subject to any liabilities, rights or interests which are unregistered but are nevertheless enforceable and subject to which the bankrupt or the deceased proprietor held the same, but for the purpose of any dealing with such land, lease or charge the trustee in bankruptcy shall have all the rights and be subject to all the limitations conferred or imposed by this or any other written law on a proprietor who has acquired land, a lease or a charge for valuable consideration.
120.

(1) Where a company is being wound up, the liquidator shall produce to the Registrar any resolution or order appointing him liquidator, and the Registrar shall enter the appointment in respect of any land, lease or charge of which the company is registered as proprietor, and shall file the copy of the resolution or order.
(2) An instrument executed by or on behalf of a com- pany in liquidation delivered for registration after the appointment of the liquidator has been entered under subsec- tion (1) shall be sealed with the common seal of the com- pany and attested by the liquidator or, in the case of a com- pany not required by law to have a common seal, shall be signed by the liquidator whose signature shall be verified in accordance with section 108.

Transmission by compulsory acquisition or judgment court.

121.
121.

Where the Crown or any person has become entitled to any land, lease or charge under any law or by virtue of any order or certificate of sale made or issued under any law, the Registrar shall, on the application of any interested person supported by such evidence as he may require, register the Crown or the person entitled, as the proprietor.

Trusts.

122.
Trusts.

122.

(1) A person acquiring land or a lease or a charge in a fiduciary capacity may be described by that capacity in the instrument of acquisition and, if so described, shall be registered with the addition of the words "as trustee", but the Registrar shall not enter particulars of any trust in the register.

LAWS OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA Registered Land ( C A P .
374 63 (2) An instrument which declares or is deemed to declare any trust, or a certified copy thereof, may be deposited with the Registrar for safe custody; but such instrument or copy shall not form part of the register or be deemed to be registered.
(3) Where the proprietor of land, a lease or a charge is a trustee, he shall hold the same subject to any unregistered liabilities, rights or interest to which it is subject by virtue of the instrument creating the trusts, but for the purpose of any registered dealings he shall be deemed to be the absolute proprietor thereof, and no person dealing in good faith for valuable consideration shall be deemed to have notice of the trust, nor shall any breach of the trust create any right to indemnity under this Act.
123.

Whenever two or more proprietors are registered S u m i v ~ r trustees.

of jointly as trustees, and the survivor of such proprietors would not be entitled to exercise alone the powers which are vested in them, the Registrar shall enter a restriction to that effect.

PART VIII 124.

(1) The Court may make an order in this Divi- Er';i;:tCourt sion referred to as a n inhibition, inhibiting for a particular regstered time, or until the occurrence of a particular event, or dealings.
generally until further order, the registration of any dealing with any land, lease or charge.

(2) A copy of the inhibition under the seal of the Court, with particulars of the land, lease or charge affected thereby, shall be sent to the Registrar, who shall register it in the appropriate register, and no inhibition shall bind or affect the land, lease or charge until it has been registered.

125.

So long as an inhibition remains registered, no EkLi;dn.
instrument which is inconsistent with it shall be registered.

126.

The registration of an inhibition shall be z;b';%p of cancelled in the following cases and in no other- 64 CAP.
374) Refistered Land LAWS OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA (a) on the expiration of the time limited by the inhibition; or ( b ) on proof to the satisfaction of the Registrar of the occurrence of the event specified in the inhibition; or (c) on the land, lease or charge being sold by a chargee, unless such sale is itself inhibited; or (6) by order of the Court.

Lodging of cautions.

127.

(1) Any person who- DIVISION 2-CAUTIONS Cap.

169.
(a) claims any unregistrable interest whatsoever, in land or a lease or a charge; or (6) is entitled to a licence; or (c) has presented a bankruptcy petition against the proprietor of any registered land, lease or charge; or (6) being a Bank or financial institution as defined in section 2 of the Financial Institutions (Non-Banking) Act has advanced money to the proprietor of land or a lease or a charge, may lodge a caution with the Registrar forbidding the registration of dispositions of the land, lease or charge con- cerned and the making of entries affecting the same.
(2) A caution may either- (a) forbid the registration of dispositions and the making of entries altogether; or (b) forbid the registration of dispositions and the making of entries to the extent therein expressed.

(3) A caution shall be in the prescribed form and shall state the interest claimed by the cautioner and the Registrar may require the cautioner to support it by a statutory declaration.

(4) The Registrar may reject a caution which he con- siders unnecessary.
LAWS OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA Registered Land (CAP.

374 65 (5) Subject to the provisions of this section, the cau- tion shall be registered in the appropriate register.

128.

( 1 ) The Registrar shall give notice in writing Notice and effect of cautions.

of a caution to the proprietor whose land, lease or charge is affected by it.

(2) So long as a caution remains registered, no disposi- tion which is inconsistent with it shall be registered except with the consent of a cautioner or by order of the Court.
129.

(1) A caution may be withdrawn by the cau- EE:yyl and tioner or removed by order of the Court or, subject to the cautions.

provisions of subsection (2), by order of the Registrar.

(2) (a) The Registrar may, on the application of any person interested, serve notice on the cautioner warn- ing him that his caution will be removed at the expira- tion of the time stated in the notice which shall not be less than fourteen days.
(b) If at the expiration of the time stated the cau- tioner has not objected, the Registrar shall remove the caution.

(c) If the cautioner objects to the removal of the caution, he shall notify the Registrar in writing of his objection within the time specified in the notice, and the Registrar after giving the parties an opportunity of being heard, shall make such order as he thinks fit, and may in the order make provision for the payment of costs.
(3) O n registration of a transfer by a chargee in exer- cise of his power of sale under section 75 the Registrar shall remove any caution which purports to prohibit any dealing by the chargor and which was registered after the charge by virtue of which the transfer has been effected.

(4) O n the withdrawal or removal of a caution, its registration shall be cancelled, but any liability of the cautioner previously incurred under section 131 shall not be affected by the cancellation.

66 CAP.
66 CAP.

374) Registered Land LAWS OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA Second caution in respect of the same matter.

130.

The Registrar may refuse to accept a further caution by the same person or anyone on his behalf in rela- tion to the same matter as a previous caution.

Wrongful cautions.

13 1.


Any person who lodges or maintains a caution wrongfully and without reasonable cause shall be liable, in an action for damages at the suit of any person who has thereby sustained damage, to pay compensation to such person.

Restrictions.

132.
Restrictions.

132.

(1) For the prevention of any fraud or improper dealings or for any other sufficient cause, the Registrar may, either with or without the application of any person interested in the land, lease or charge, after directing such inquiries to be made and notices to be served and hearing such persons as he thinks fit, make an order (in this Division referred to as a restriction) prohibiting or restricting dealings with any particular land, lease or charge.
(2) A restriction may be expressed to endure- ( a ) for a particular period; or ( b ) until the occurrence of a particular event; or (c) until the making of a further order, and may prohibit or restrict all dealings or only such dealings as do not comply with specified conditions, and the restriction shall be registered in the appropriate register.
(3) The Registrar shall order a restriction to be entered in any case where it appears to him that the power of the proprietor to deal with the land, lease or charge is restricted.

Notice and effect of restrictions.

133.

(1) Upon the entry of a restriction the Registrar shall give notice thereof in writing to the proprietor affected thereby.

(2) So long as any restriction remains registered, no instrument which is inconsistent with it shall be registered except by order of the Court or of the Registrar.
LAWS OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA Registered Land (CAP.

374 6 7 134.

(1) The Registrar may at any time, upon Removal and variation of application by any person interested or of his own motion, Rstrictions.

and after giving the parties affected thereby an opportunity of being heard, order the removal or variation of a restriction.
(2) Upon the application of a proprietor affected by a restriction, and upon notice thereof to the Registrar, the Court may order a restriction to be removed or varied, or make such other order as it thinks fit, and may make an order as to costs.

PART IX 135.

(1) The ownership of land may be acquired by f~u;?

of peaceable, open and uninterrupted possession without the prescription.
permission of any person lawfully entitled to such posses- sion for a period of twelve years: Provided that no person shall so acquire the ownership of Crown land.

(2) Any person who claims to have acquired the owner- ship of land by virtue of the provisions of subsection (1) may apply to the Registrar for registration as proprietor thereof.

136.

(1) Where it is shown that a person has been Principles of possession.
in possession of land, or in receipt of the rents or profits thereof, at a certain date and is still in possession or receipt thereof, it shall be presumed that he has, from that date, been in uninterrupted possession of the land or in uninter- rupted receipt of the rents or profits until the contrary be shown.
(2) Possession of land or receipt of the rents or profits thereof by any person through whom a claimant derives his possession shall be deemed to have been the possession or receipt of the rents or profits by the claimant.

(3) Where from the relationship of the parties or from other special cause it appears that the person in possession of land is or was in possession on behalf of another, his posses- sion shall be deemed to be or to have been the possession of that other.

68 CAP.
374) Registered Land LAWS OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA (4) If a person whose possession of land is subject to conditions imposed by or on behalf of the proprietor con- tinues in such possession after the expiry of the term during which such conditions subsist, without fulfilment or com- pliadce with them by such person and without any exercise by the proprietor of his right to the land, such subsequent possession shall be deemed to be peaceable, open and uninter- rupted possession within the meaning of section 135.
(5) For the purposes of subsection (4) of this section- (a) a tenancy at will shall be deemed to have ter- minated at the expiration of a period of one year from the commencement thereof unless it has previously been determined.

( 6 ) a periodic tenancy shall be deemed to have ter- minated at the expiration of the period: Provided that where any rent has subsequently been paid in respect of the tenancy it shall be deemed to have terminated at the expiration of the period for which the rent has been paid.
(6) Possession shall be interrupted- ( a ) by physical entry upon the land by any person claiming it in opposition to the person in possession with the intention of causing interruption if the possessor thereby loses possession; or ( b ) by the institution of legal proceedings by the proprietor of the land to assert his right thereto; or ( 6 ) by any acknowledgement made by the person in possession of the land to any person claiming to be the proprietor thereof that such claim is admitted.
(7) No person possessing land in a fiduciary capacity on behalf of another shall acquire by prescription the owner- ship of the land as against such other.

Procedure on application.

137.

(1) O n application by any person for registra- tion as proprietor under section 135 the application shall be advertised by the Registrar at the expense of the applicant in such manner as the Registrar may direct.

LAWS OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA Retistered Land ( C A P .
374 69 ( 2 ) The Registrar shall give notice of any such applica- tion to the proprietor of the land affected and to any other person who may, in his opinion, be affected thereby.
(3) After one month has elapsed from the date of giv- ing notice under subsection (2) the Registrar, on being satisfied that the applicant has acquired the ownership of the land claimed, may allow the application and register him as proprietor of the land claimed, subject to any interests on the register which have not been extinguished by the possession.

138.
138.

( 1 ) Except in respect of Crown land, easements Acquisition of easements and and profits may be acquired without registration by profits by peaceable, open and uninterrupted enjoyment thereof for a prescription.

period of twenty years: Provided that no easement or profit shall be so acquired unless the proprietor of the land burdeneJ by such easement or profit is, or by reasonable diligence might have been, aware of such enjoyment and might by his own efforts have prevented it.
( 2 ) Where any person claims to have acquired an ease- ment or profit by virtue of the provisions of subsection ( 1 ) he may apply to the Registrar for registration thereof, and the Registrar, on being satisfied as to the claim and subject to such notices, advertisements and conditions as the Registrar may direct, shall register the easement or profit as an incumbrance on the register of the land affected and, in the case of an easement, in the property register of the land which benefits.

PART X 139.
PART X 139.

(1) The Registrar may rectify the register or ::$:;:?

by any instrument presented for registration in the following cases- ( a ) in formal matters and in the case of errors or omissions not materially affecting the interest of any proprietor; 70 CAP.

374) Refistered Land LAWS OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA ( 6 ) where any person has acquired an interest in land by prescription under PART IX; (c) in any case and at any time with the consent .
of all persons interested; (d) where, upon resurvey, a dimension or area shown in the register or registry map is found to be incorrect, but in such case the Registrar shall first give notice to all persons appearing by the register to be interested or affected of his intention so to rectify.

( 2 ) Upon proof of the change of the name or address of any proprietor, the Registrar shall, on the written applica- tion of the proprietor make an entry in the register to record the change.

Rectification by Court.


140.

(1) Subject to the provisions of subsection ( 2 ) the Court may order rectification of the register by direc- ting that any registration be cancelled or amended where it is satisfied that any registration including a first registra- tion has been obtained, made or omitted by fraud or mistake.
( 2 ) The register shall not be rectified so as to affect the title of a proprietor who is in possession or is in receipt of the rents or profits and acquired the land, lease or charge for valuable consideration, unless such proprietor had knowledge of the omission, fraud or mistake in consequence of which the rectification is sought, or caused such omis- sion, fraud or mistake or substantially contributed to it by his act, neglect or default.

Right of Compensation.

141.
(1) Subject to the provisions of this Act and of any written law relating to the limitation of actions, any per- son suffering damage by reason of- (a) any rectification of the register under this Act; or ( b ) any mistake or omission in the register which cannot be rectified under this Act, other than a mistake or omission in a first registration; or (c) any error in a certificate of official search issued by the Registrar or in a copy of or extract from the LAWS OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA Registered Land (CAP.
374 7 1 register or in a copy of or extract from any document or plan, certified under the provisions of this Act, shall be entitled to be compensated by the Government out of money provided from the Consolidated Fund.
(2) No compensation shall be payable under this Act to any person who has himself caused or substantially con- tributed to the damage by his fraud or negligence, or who derives title (otherwise than under a registered disposition made bona fide for valuable consideration) from a person who so caused or substantially contributed to the damage.

142.
142.

Where compensation 1s awarded in respect of ion, the loss of any interest in land, it shall not exceed- (a) where the register is not rectified, the value of the interest at the time when the mistake or omission which caused the damage was made; or (6) where the register is rectified, the value of the interest immediately before the time of rectification.

143.

The Registrar may, on the application of any Procedure for interested party, determine whether a right of compensa- compensation.
tion has arisen under this Part of this Act and, if so, award compensation and may add thereto any costs and expenses properly incurred in relation to the matter.

claiming 144.

Where any moneys are paid by way of com- Recovery compensation of pensation under this Part of this Act, the Governor-General paid.
shall be entitled to recover by suit or otherwise the amount so paid from any person who has caused or substantially contributed to the loss by his fraud or negligence, and to enforce any express or implied agreement or other right which the person who is compensated would have been entitled to enforce in relation to the matter in respect of which the com- pensation has been paid.

145.

(1) As between the Government and a pro- Errors in survey.
prietor, no claim to compensation shall arise and no suit shall be maintained on account of any surplus or deficiency in the area or measurement of any land disclosed by a survey showing an area or measurement differing from the area or 7 2 CAP.

374) Registered Land LAWS OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA Power of Registrar to state case.

Appeals.

measurement disclosed on any subsequent survey or from the area or measurement shown in the register or on the Registry Map.
I(2) As between a proprietor and any person from or through whom he acquired the land, no claim to compensa- tion shall be maintainable on account of any surplus or defi- ciency in the area or measurement above or below that shown in any other survey or above or below the area or measure- ment shown in the Register or on the Registry Map, after a period of six months from the date of registration of the instrument under which the proprietor acquired the land.

PART XI 146.
PART XI 146.

Whenever any question arises with regard to the exercise of any power or the performance of any duty conferred or imposed on him by this Act, the Registrar may and shall if required to do so by an aggrieved party state a case for the opinion of the Court; and thereupon the Court shall give its opinion thereon, which shall be binding upon the Registrar.

147.
147.

(1) T h e Governor-General or any person aggrieved by a decision, direction, order, determination or award of the Registrar may, within thirty days of the deci- sion, direction, order, determination or award, give notice to the Registrar in the prescribed form of his intention to appeal to the Court against the decision, direction, order, determination or award.
(2) O n receipt of a notice of appeal, the Registrar shall prepare and send to the Court and to the appellant, and to any other person appearing to him from the register to be affected by the appeal, a brief statement of the question in issue.

(3) O n the hearing of the appeal, the appellant and the Registrar and any other person who, in the opinion of the Court, is affected by the appeal may, subject to any rules of court, appear and be heard in person or by a legal practitioner.
LAWS OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA Registered Land (CAP.

374 7 3 (4) The Court may make such order on the appeal as the circumstances may require, and every such order shall be given effect to by the Registrar.

(5) The costs of the appeal shall be in the discretion of the Court.

148.

(1) An appeal to the Court shall not affect a ~ ~ ; ~ s ; ~ s ; $ ~ ~ " disposition for valuable consideration made in good faith and registered before delivery of notice of the appeal to the Registrar.
(2) A note that an appeal is pending shall be made in the register affected by the appeal and any disposition shall be subject to such notice.

149.

The Court may make rules of Court for AppealRules.

regulating applications and appeals to the Court under the provisions of this Act, and for the fees to be paid in respect thereof.

PART XI1 150.

Any person who under this Act submits a Addresses.


caution or any instrument for registration or, is the proprietor of any land, lease or charge, shall furnish to the Registrar in writing a postal address within Antigua and Barbuda for service, and shall notify him in writing of any change in that address- Provided that the Registrar may in his discretion dispense with this requirement in regard to any particular registration or kind of registration.

15 1.
15 1.

A notice under this Act shall be deemed to have k;::;.

been served on or given to any person- of (a) if served on him personally; or ( 6 ) if served on an attorney holding a power of attorney whereunder such attorney is authorised to accept such service; or (c) if sent by registered post to him at his last known postal address in Antiuga and Barbuda or elsewhere and 74 C A P .
374) Re~istered Land LAWS OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA a receipt purporting to have been signed by him has been received in return; or (6) if service cannot be effected in one of the above ,mentioned ways, by displaying it in a prominent place on the land affected for a period of three weeks and by two publications in a local newspaper.

Meaning of "opportunity of being heard-.

152.
(1) Where by this Act a thing is to be or may be done after giving a person an opportunity of being heard, that person shall be deemed to have been given such an opportunity- (a) if he attends before the Registrar personally or by a legal practitioner or other agent, and is given such an opportunity; or ( b ) if he intimates personally or by a legal practi- tioner or other agent, that he does not wish to be heard; or (c) if he fails to attend pursuant to a notice in writing indicating the nature of the thing to be done and appointing a day and time not less than thirty days after service of the notice at which he will, if he attends before the Registrar, be heard.
(2) Where a person or a legal practitioner or other agent on his behalf attends before the Registrar concerning a mat- ter on which he is entitled to an opportunity of being heard, or fails to attend pursuant to such a notice as aforesaid, the Registrar may, if he thinks fit, adjourn the hearing from time to time, and, notwithstanding the failure to attend, may, if he thinks fit, hear such person at any time.
(3) Where by this Act all persons interested are to be given an opportunity of being heard, it shall be sufficient if all persons who, according to any subsisting entry in the register, appear to be so interested or affected are given such opportunity.

Offences.

153.

(1) Any person who- ( a ) knowingly misleads or deceives any person authorised by or under this Act to require information in respect of any land or interest in land; or LAWS OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA Registered Land (CAP.
374 7 5 ( b ) fraudulently issues or makes, or fraudulently procures the issue or making, of any certificate or other document, or any registration, or any erasure or altera- tion in any certificate or other document or in any register; or (c) fraudulently uses, assists in fraudulently using or is privy to the fraudulent use of any instrument or form purporting to be issued or authorised by the Registrar; or (6) causes any defacement, obliteration, mutilation or unauthorised entry or alteration to be made on or in any register or filed instrument, shall be guilty of an offence and liable on summary convic- tion to a fine of fifteen thousand dollars or to imprisonment for one year.
(2) If any person after the delivery to him of a sum- mons to attend before the Registrar or to produce any docu- ment neglects or refuses without reasonable cause to attend in accordance with the summons, or to produce any docu- ment which he is required by the summons to produce, or to answer upon oath or otherwise any question which is lawfully put to him by the Registrar under the powers con- ferred by this Act, he shall be guilty of an offence and liable on summary conviction to a fine of three hundred dollars.
154.

(1) There shall be payable in respect of land Fees.

certificates, certificates of leases, searches, survey plans, printed forms and all other matters connected with registra- tion such fees as shall from time to time be prescribed, and the Registrar may refuse registration until the fees are paid.

(2) The Registrar may act notwithstanding that the prescribed fee or any part thereof has not been paid, but the unpaid fee or part of a fee shall be recorded in the register.
(3) The Registrar may refuse to register a disposition of any land, lease or charge against which unpaid fees are recorded until such fees are paid.

76 CAP.

374) Registered Land LAWS OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA Recovery of fees and expenses.

155.

Unpaid fees or expenses incurred by the Registrar shall constitute a civil debt recoverable by the Registrar.

Enforcement of Registrar's orders for payment.

156.
156.

An order for the payment of a sum of money made by the Registrar under any power conferred by this Law shall be deemed to be an order of a Magistrate's court and shall be enforceable as such.

Jurisdiction of Courts.

Rules.

157.


Civil suits and proceedings relating to the owner- ship or the possession of land, or to a lease or charge, registered under this Act or to any interest in any such land, lease or charge, being an interest which is registered or registrable under this Act, or being an interest which is refer- red to in section 28 shall be tried by the Court, or where the value of the subject matter in dispute does not exceed fifteen hundred dollars by a Magistrate's court.

158.
158.

The Minister responsible for legal affairs may make rules generally to give effect to the purposes and pro- visions of this Act, and in particular, and without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing, for prescribing the forms to be used under this Act and the fees payable for anything to be done thereunder, and for prescribing anything which under this Act may be prescribed.

Saving of rights.

159.


Nothing in this Act shall prejudice any of the interests, rights, powers and privileges conferred on the Crown or the Government by any other written law.

Act to bind Crown and Government.

Other Law.

160.

Subject to section 159, this Act binds the Crown and the Government.

161.
161.

Any matter not provided for in this Act or in any other written law in relation to land, leases and charges registered under this Act and interests therein shall be decided in accordance with the principles of justice, equity and good conscience.