Source document: https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1694571378626.pdf (Australia)
2013 Midterm Evaluation of the Gender Justice Program in Indonesia Prepared by: Wiladi Budiharga Indry Oktaviani This evaluation has been supported by Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade – Australian Aid and Oxfam December 2013 The role of the private sector in promoting economic growth and reducing poverty in the Indo-Pacific regionSubmission 72 - Exhibit List of Abbreviations and Acronyms GJ EJ RC GBV OAU NTT NTB WCC SSP Yabiku Posyandu BP PKK LBG MDGs SDGs LBH APIK Gapoktan RPJMD RPJP FKPT MAS TRUK – F UU PKDRT UU PA LLB ALLB ADBMI PAUD : Gender Justice Program : Economic Justice Program : Rights in Crisis Program : Gender based violence : Oxfam Australia : Nusa Tenggara Timur / East Nusa Tenggara : Nusa Tenggara Barat / West Nusa Tenggara : We Can Campaign : Sanggar Suara Perempuan : Yayasan Amnaut Bife Kuan : Pos Pelayanan Terpadu/Integrated services post : Balai Perempuan/women’s hall of Koalisi Perempuan Indonesia : Pemberdayaan Kesejahteraan Keluarga/Family welfare empowerment : Lopo Belajar Gender/Gender learning hub : Millenium Development Goals : Sustainable Development Goals : Lembaga Bantuan Hukum Asosiasi Perempuan Indonesia untuk Keadilan/ The Legal Aid Bureau of Indonesian Women’ Association for Justice : Gabungan Kelompok Tani/Peasant groups’ Association : Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Daerah/ Regional Midterm Development Plan : Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Panjang/Long Term Development Plan : Forum Komunikasi Perempuan Tana Mera/Tana Mera Women’ Communication Forum : Majelis Adat Sasak/Sasak Customary Assembly : Tim Relawan untuk Kemanusiaan – Flores/Volunteer for humanity - Flores : Undang-undang Penghapusan Kekerasan Dalam Rumah Tangga/ The Ellimination of Domestic Violence’ Law : Undang-undang Perlindungan Anak/ The Child Protection’ Law : Laki-laki Baru/New Men : Aliansi Laki-laki Baru/New Men’ Alliance : Advokasi Buruh Migran Indonesia/Indonesian Migrant Worker Advocacy : Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini/Early childhood education The role of the private sector in promoting economic growth and reducing poverty in the Indo-Pacific regionSubmission 72 - Exhibit 1.
Executive Summary 1.1 Background The Gender Justice (GJ) Program is embedded in Oxfam’s Indonesia Joint Country Analysis and Strategy (JCAS) April 2011 to March 2015.

The GJ Program envisions an Indonesia where women are equal citizens and women and men enjoy their rights even in times of shocks and disaster.

The program is divided into four focus areas.


The first focuses on enabling the women’s movement to influence actors who can address issues that impact on the lives of women, especially the poor and marginalised.

The second focuses on women’s participation and leadership; to enable women to influence decisions which impact on their lives and their societies.

The third focuses on reducing the occurrence of gender based violence (GBV).
The fourth focus area is to increase the engagement of men in the objectives and efforts of the women’s movement to promote gender justice.

The objective of this midterm evaluation as stated in the Terms of Reference (ToR) is to assess the first two years of program implementation (April 2011 – April 2013).

The evaluation was designed to determine to what extent the project has been able to realise the achievement of planned outcomes and evaluate the effectiveness of program partnerships and strategies.
The midterm evaluation also provided recommendations to support strategic planning for the next program and JCAS.

The methodology applied in this evaluation is the “fourth generation” of evaluation that stresses the importance of stakeholder participation1.

In addition, this evaluation applies the approach of Appreciative Inquiry2 which stresses the positive achievements in developing ideas to advance program objectives.
The techniques used in collecting data include: (1) document review; (2) individual interviews, focus group discussions (FGD) with selected respondents in the selected regions (Makasar, Nusa Tenggara Barat-NTB, Nusa Tenggara Timur-NTT, Papua and Yogyakarta)3; and (3) questionnaires completed by national and local partners and target groups.
The framework for assessment as stipulated in the ToR includes: (1) the relevance to the needs and problems of the beneficiaries; (2) the efficiency in terms of the cost to achieve project results; (3) the effectiveness in achieving project goals and objectives; (4) the impact of the project in the wider society; (5) the sustainability of the project; (6) partnership issues between Oxfam and partners as well as between partners; (7) accountability mechanisms in sharing information; and (8) learning drawn from the monitoring and evaluation mechanisms.
1 See Guba EG and Lincoln YS, Fourth Generation Evaluation, Sage, 1989 2 See Cooperrider, David L, Diana Whitney and Jacqueline M. Stavros, Appreciative Inquiry Handbook for Leaders of Change, 2nd edition, Crown Custom Publishing, Inc., Ohio, 2008 3 Please refer to Annex 2 The role of the private sector in promoting economic growth and reducing poverty in the Indo-Pacific regionSubmission 72 - Exhibit 1.2 Findings and results Findings of the midterm evaluation are based on a general quantitative assessment of the GJ program by the target groups and implementers using a questionnaire with a tiered rating system4; and a general qualitative assessment of the program based on interviews with program stakeholders.
1.2.1 General quantitative assessment by the target groups The assessment of the target groups on the various foci of the evaluation is as follows: a) the program is relevant in its response to the needs and problems faced by women in the program area (average value of 4.35 on a scale of 1 to 5); b) the implementation of the program is effective in realising the intended change among the direct target groups (average value of 4.11); c) there is potential impact beyond the direct target groups (average value of 3.98) d) the program so far has been implemented efficiently (average value of 3.79 ) e) in regards to sustainability (average value of 3.61).
1.2.2 General quantitative assessment by the implementing partners The assessment of the implementing partners on the various foci of the evaluation is as follows: a) b) the efficiency of program implementation (average value of 4.17); the relevance of the program in responding to the needs and problems of women facing gender injustice in the target areas (average value of 4.15); the sustainability of the program (average value of 4.10); the effectiveness of the implementation of the program (average value of 3.97); the impact of the program on the wider public and beyond the direct target groups (average value of 3.82).
c) d) e) 1.2.3 General qualitative assessment of the program The GJ Program has high relevance to the needs of women especially poor and marginalised women.

In the health sector, women in Eastern Indonesia are facing high mortality rates due to poor maternal health, malnutrition and low access to health services.

Eastern Indonesia is also considered the poorest area in the country.

This is compounded by the threat to livelihood security due to degradation of natural resources and continuing pollution.
Cultural beliefs also contribute to the poor condition 4 The values provided for the general quantitative assessment by target groups and implementing partners represent the degree to which the questionnaire respondents, in aggregate, agreed or disagreed with statements in the questionnaire.

The value of 1 means ‘fully disagree’; 2 means ‘disagree’; 3 means ‘agree on some aspects but diasgree on other aspects’; 4 means ‘agree’; and 5 means ‘fully agree’.
The statements were formulated to address the framework areas of the evaluation.

The role of the private sector in promoting economic growth and reducing poverty in the Indo-Pacific regionSubmission 72 - Exhibit of women, as many communities disregard women’s rights and alienate them from decision making.

Women’s alienation from decision making also occurs within the government system as indicated by the low ratio of women representatives in the People’s Consultative Assembly Parliament (17.6%).
In some districts there are no women parliament members and even among women parliament members there is a lack of feminist perspectives.

In the program target areas, the situation of women is worsened by the high rates of gender based violence, including domestic violence, sexual violence, underage marriage, polygamy and trafficking.
Women’s groups that existed prior to the program seem to have been successful through the program in strengthening the role of women but this has resulted in additional workloads adding to the ‘double burden’ of women.

In response to the above context, the GJ program is designed to promote gender justice in focus areas by organising women from the community to the national levels, through the national women’s movement to influence decision making in areas that are relevant.
The specific areas addressed depend on the women themselves and include both national and local issues that include GBV, access to services (health and education) and participation and leadership in formal and informal decision-making bodies.

This approach includes research-based advocacy, organisational support for the women’s movement that consolidates provincial and local efforts, and specific focus on building women’s capacity in decision making, participation and leadership.
With regard to program effectiveness, through the strategies taken, the GJ program has contributed to significant improvement in targeted women’s lives as well as the lives of their families, particularly children under their care.5 The program has raised awareness on the importance of women’s groups and undertaken critical analysis on gender injustice.
It has increased women’s capacity and participation in decision making, particularly on issues related to their lives, and has increased women’s access to and ability to influence government, customary, and religious institutions.

Incorporation of principles of non-violence and the rights of women and children into customary systems of regulation (awig-awig6) at the village level has been particularly successful.
Women are able to fulfill their rights as citizens, such as through active monitoring of corruption, money-politics at local elections, and the implementation of social protection programs.

In terms of networking, this program has strengthened women’s networks, mostly at the local and provincial levels.

The program increases people’s intolerance of GBV including domestic violence, child abuse, trafficking, under age marriage, and polygamy.
This result is achieved through 5 Although the program is not designed to work with or benefit children directly, the focus on women as the main beneficiaries means that their dependents will also directly benefit due to the primary role women play as carers.

6 Awig-awig is a customary regulation at the village level, particularly occuring in Balinese and Sasak communities.
The role of the private sector in promoting economic growth and reducing poverty in the Indo-Pacific regionSubmission 72 - Exhibit awareness campaigns and formal and non-formal policy advocacy from the village to national levels.

The program is also successful in increasing men’s engagement in promoting gender justice and controling men’s abusive behaviour, in particular through peer approaches between men and promotion of redefined roles for ‘ideal men’.
At the same time, the program supports the effective handling of GBV cases in communities by formal and informal authorities.

One of the factors that contribute to increased effectiveness of the handling of GBV cases is increased networks between police and communities, in particular through training of paralegals7 to work with police to handle cases in more appropriate ways.

This illustrates the importance of the stakeholder approach and working in both the formal and informal spheres.
The midterm evaluation identifies the high efficiency of program implementation.

The partner organisations and many community members have been encouraged to find ways to support their own activities.

For example, Koalisi Perempuan Indonesie (Indonesian Women’s Coalition), one of the program’s main partners, self-funds their district secretariats and many members contribute meals, snacks, and drinks during meetings or activities.
A paralegal in Yabiku collects dues from each member of Arisan8 groups to support the paralegals’ operational costs.

The allocated program funds are considered to have been managed carefully and efficiently.

Funds are utilised based on budget plans and any additional budget is accounted for.

Oxfam seems to be flexible in managing cases of under-spent funds.

Most of the partners and targeted communities acknowledge that funds have been sufficient to achieve results to date.
However, some partners consider the allocated fund to be insufficient in reaching remote areas in Eastern Indonesia or in providing long-term legal services.

It is also acknowledged that the availability of resources (funds, paralegals, advocates, trainers) is inadequate to deal significantly with the volume of GBV incidents that occur in Eastern Indonesia.

This highlights the importance of efforts which advocate for the replication of similar strategies by relevant government institutions.
While it might be too early to confirm program impacts in this midterm evaluation, there are some indicators of potential impacts.
These indicators are: first, the enthusiasm of the people beyond targeted communities to understand and address gender justice issues; second, the networks developed among women’s groups that provides an avenue for mutual support but also strengthens the national women’s 7 Paralegals provide support to victims of GBV through the provision of information on reporting violence and prosecuting cases; by accompanying women throughout the prosecution and the legal process; and by advising women on how to access support services.
Many paralegals are themselves survivors of GBV.

8 Arisan is a rotating savings group scheme.

Generally each members of the Arisan group would deposit some amount of money (as agreed by all members) on a regular basis (weekly or monthly).

The group then conducts a lottery to determine whose turn it is to receive the collected money for their own purpose.

When the rotation has been completed, each member will have paid an equal amount to other members to the amount received.
Commonly, there is no interest in this saving scheme; however some rules might be changed based on members’ considerations, and interest might be applied as agreed.

The Arisan can vary from an essential form of credit in poorer social circles, funding an otherwise unaffordable business venture, wedding, or large purchase, to a purely social gathering for rich housewives with the money incidental.
The role of the private sector in promoting economic growth and reducing poverty in the Indo-Pacific regionSubmission 72 - Exhibit movement; third, a positive appreciation from government officers and legal defenders for gender justice activities and the work of paralegals; and fourth, partners’ efforts to integrate the perspectives of women in formal regulations that impact directly on the lives of women such as those that govern the working of village administrations and those related to the establishment of Family Courts (RUU Desa and RUU Peradilan Keluarga9).
The potential for program sustainability is evident in strategies such as the codification of awig-awig (village customary regulations) in NTB that institutionalises program supported change; the emphasis on personal change and volunteerism in individuals and communities that should be sustained beyond program support; and the program support for the women’s movement to influence the government’s programs on gender justice.

This influence is expected to also continue beyond program support.
In terms of partnership, Oxfam involves the program partners in the planning, monitoring and evaluation of the program.

In 2013, the program conducted several meetings for partners at the provincial and national levels.

The meetings were aimed to promote initiatives for collaboration and mutual exchange among partners at the national and provincial levels.
The following lessons have been drawn from the evaluation process: First, working on gender justice in customary regulations at the village level (awig-awig) is an appropriate strategy to bridge the gap between national policy and actual practice in communities.

Second, most activists in the communities have many obligations regarding not only gender justice issues but also other issues (such as health and early childhood) which they are also active in.
On the one hand, this might be an opportunity to integrate gender justice with these other issues, but it also means these activists need capacity support to achieve this.

In addition, for issues such as GBV and domestic violence, community activists do need legal or paralegal knowledge to assist.
It is therefore important to consider the burden and many obligations of community activists recognising the broad skills and knowledge required to deal with GJ issues but also other issues that arise in the communities where they work.

Third, men are better able to influence other men’s perspectives on GBV and gender justice through a peer-group approach.

Fourth, communities that engage men in promoting gender justice are more likely to have positive results and make good progress.
1.3 Recommendations The evaluation shows that the program is considered a success by various partners with various approaches.

From the feedback by partners in the targeted geographical areas, 9 RUU Desa is the draft regulation on Village Government and the RUU Peradilan Keluarga is the draft regulation for establishment of Family Courts.
The role of the private sector in promoting economic growth and reducing poverty in the Indo-Pacific regionSubmission 72 - Exhibit it is clear that the program has achieved some of its purpose and impacts, and has the potential for sustainability.

Based on the results of this evaluation, there is a series of recommendations for the continuation or replication of this program or the development of new programs.
These recommendations are tailored for Oxfam and partners that are responsible for the implementation of this program.

These recommendations are relevant for the next phase of implementation of this program and the planning for program closure.

These recommendations were gathered during interviews, from questionnaires, during the workshop to present findings and are also ideas of the evaluation team.

The full responsibility for these recommendations is, however, in the hands of the evaluators.
1.3.1 Recommendations for the next phase of the program implementation 1.

Document the program strategies and support replication by partners and government.

The program was able to initiate some pilot strategies in promoting gender justice.

One of the strategic roles of NGOs is to develop strategies to promote gender justice and equality within communities.
For this program this includes support for paralegals to handle cases of GBV, the reformulation of awig-awig, massive awareness campaigns, redefining the concept of men through Laki-laki Baru (New Men) that are discussed in annual partner program reflections.

The process to promote change and to reflect on how this is achieved should be well documented as the basis for replication by government or other communities.

Therefore, good documentation and record-keeping within partner organisations is needed.
Following successes in pilot project implementation and strategy development, this evaluation has three recommendations for the GJ program: first, support the replication of pilot activities by partners; second promote strategies for financial sustainability of key program strategies; and third, support replication by government through adoption of the program’s principles and objectives into policies.

2.

Extend the reach of the program to marginalised groups such as people with disabilities and the aged.
In terms of community, the program has focused on women and children to date.

Interventions, undertaken by women’s groups, mainly reach working-aged people aged 25 to 40.

In order to target better the most marginalized groups, the program should target those living with disabilities and the aged.

These groups are considered to be abandoned by government and are rarely included in the women’s movement.
In 2010, there were 18 million aged people in Indonesia and this is expected to increase to 28 million in 2025.

In 2011 twelve percent of the elderly lived below the poverty line (2 million people), while 27.5 percent were considered vulnerable to poverty.

In 2006 the government initiated Program Jaminan Sosial Lanjut Usia (Social Security for the Elderly); providing conditional cash transfers for older persons who are poor and neglected.
In 2011 the program only covered 13,250 persons, a very small number compared to the The role of the private sector in promoting economic growth and reducing poverty in the Indo-Pacific regionSubmission 72 - Exhibit estimated population of poor and neglected aged persons10.

GJ issues are also relevant to the aged.

The female elderly are often still burdened by their role as nurturer for children or grandchildren or as household caretakers and some continue to be vulnerable to GBV.
They face different challenges compared to younger women.

Social support mostly comes from their peers.

Unfortunately many older women have problems with mobility which might hinder their access to information and peer support networks.

3.

Mainstream a complementary approach to programs among partners.

The evaluation has indicated a need to promote complementarity or learning between partner programs that can enhance the effectiveness of the program.
Some partner programs unintentionally complement another partners program.

An example here is the Laki-laki Baru (New Man) work that could be further mainstreamed throughout the GJ program.

The mainstreaming could use two approaches.

First, the ideas of Laki-laki Baru should be integrated into men’s groups which are attached to partners, such as Sahabat Koalisi Perempuan or husbands of paralegals.
Second, a pilot strategy for an integrated program between more than two partners in one village/kampong should be initiated (for example: Koalisi Perempuan, LBH APIK, Laki-laki Baru, and We Can Campaign).

This integrated program should be planned systematically among partners and Oxfam and could be extremely effective by combining the key program focal areas in specific villages or areas.

4.

Enlist traditional leaders as advocates of gender justice.
Efforts to ensure women’s participation and protection of women’s and children’s rights in the customary assembly in the implementation of awig-awig are being developed.

This includes ensuring that traditional leaders adopt gender justice values.

It is important to replicate the process of enlisting traditional leaders as advocates of gender justice in other places with similar contexts.
This builds upon the strong influence and recognition of these leaders in their communities and the need to develop peer groups of these leaders to that they can agree common principles or strategies to utilise.

This may be more easily achieved in rural Indonesia, where people live in close community, as opposed to in urban areas.

The above process recognises and builds upon the influence of traditional leaders but can be expanded to other influential groups such as through religious leaders.
1.3.2 Recommendations regarding the closure of the program 1.

Identify available national-level funding sources for sustaining the program.

Since Indonesia is experiencing rapid economic growth, donor funds for development and human rights initiatives are loess available compared to less developed countries.
However, there are many development and empowerment funds allocated by the 10 See Social Assistance for the Elderly in Indonesia: An Empirical Assessment of Asuransi Sosial Usia Lanjut, March 2013, Tim Nasional Percepatan Penanggulangan Kemiskinan (TNP2K) and AUSAID The role of the private sector in promoting economic growth and reducing poverty in the Indo-Pacific regionSubmission 72 - Exhibit from the national funds are distributed level to the government.

These village/kampung level.


Therefore, knowledge of the available funds, particularly their source (whether government funds or donor-funds delivered through government), allocated amounts, and requirements for access and program implementation, is needed.

Such information provides the basis for strategies to sustain some program activities using local funds.
Another strategy may include engaging in the formulation of village development plans such as Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Desa (RPJMDes)11, so that women’s group can access, use, and control funds allocated for women’s empowerment or others with similar objectives.

2.

Support local partners’ capacity to access funds and administer programs.
In relation to accessing local funds, there is a need to increase local partners’ capacity in organisational and financial management, monitoring and evaluation of programs, and report/proposal writing.

This capacity building should be complemented by strategies to strengthen the spirit of volunteerism and the volunteers themselves targeting community activists.
11 Midterm Development Plan of village for period of 5 years The role of the private sector in promoting economic growth and reducing poverty in the Indo-Pacific regionSubmission 72 - Exhibit