Source document: https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696588989899.pdf (United States)
I 117TH CONGRESS 2D SESSION H. R. 8296 To protect a person’s ability to determine whether to continue or end a pregnancy, and to protect a health care provider’s ability to provide abortion services.
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES JULY 7, 2022 Ms. CHU (for herself, Ms. PRESSLEY, Ms. LOIS FRANKEL of Florida, and Ms. ESCOBAR) introduced the following bill; which was referred to the Com- mittee on Energy and Commerce A BILL To protect a person’s ability to determine whether to con- tinue or end a pregnancy, and to protect a health care provider’s ability to provide abortion services.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa- tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, SECTION 1.

SHORT TITLE.

This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Women’s Health Pro- tection Act of 2022’’.

SEC.

2.

FINDINGS AND PURPOSE.
(a) FINDINGS.—Congress finds the following: (1) On June 24, 2022, in its decision in Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization, the Su preme Court overruled Roe v. Wade, reversing dec- ades of precedent recognizing the constitutional right to terminate a pregnancy before fetal viability, and to terminate a pregnancy after fetal viability where it is necessary, in the good-faith medical judg- ment of the treating health care professional, for the preservation of the life or health of the person who is pregnant.
(2) In their joint dissent, Justices Breyer, Sotomayor, and Kagan write, ‘‘[The majority] says that from the very moment of fertilization, a woman has no rights to speak of.

A State can force her to bring a pregnancy to term, even at the steepest per- sonal and familial costs.’’.

(3) The dissenting Justices continue, ‘‘The Mis- sissippi law at issue here bars abortions after the 15th week of pregnancy.
Under the majority’s rul- ing, though, another State’s law could do so after ten weeks, or five or three or one—or, again, from the moment of fertilization.

States have already passed such laws, in anticipation of today’s ruling.

More will follow.’’.


(4) The dissenting Justices also stated, ‘‘one re- sult of [the] decision is certain; the curtailment of •HR 8296 IH women’s rights, and of their status as free and equal citizens.’’.
(5) Indeed, some States acted to ban abortion outright in the immediate aftermath of the Dobbs decision, with half the States in the country expected to ban abortion entirely in the days and weeks to come.
(6) Even before Roe was overturned, access to abortion services had been obstructed across the United States in various ways, including blockades of health care facilities and associated violence, pro- hibitions of, and restrictions on, insurance coverage; parental involvement laws (notification and consent); restrictions that shame and stigmatize people seek- ing abortion services; and medically unnecessary reg- ulations that neither confer any health benefit nor further the safety of abortion services, but which harm people by delaying, complicating access to, and reducing the availability of, abortion services.
(7) Abortion services are essential to health care, and access to those services is central to peo- ple’s ability to participate equally in the economic and social life of the United States.
Abortion access allows people who are pregnant to make their own •HR 8296 IH decisions about their pregnancies, their families, and their lives.
(8) Reproductive justice requires every indi- vidual to have the right to make their own decisions about having children regardless of their cir- cumstances and without interference and discrimina- tion.
Reproductive Justice is a human right that can and will be achieved when all people, regardless of actual or perceived race, color, national origin, immi- gration status, sex (including gender identity, sex stereotyping, or sexual orientation), age, or disability status have the economic, social, and political power and resources to define and make decisions about their bodies, health, sexuality, families, and commu- nities in all areas of their lives, with dignity and self-determination.
(9) Reproductive justice seeks to address re- strictions on reproductive health, including abortion, that perpetuate systems of oppression, lack of bodily autonomy, white supremacy, and anti-Black racism.

This violent legacy has manifested in policies includ- ing enslavement, rape, and experimentation on Black women; forced sterilizations; medical experimen- tation on low-income women’s reproductive systems; and the forcible removal of Indigenous children.
Ac- •HR 8296 IH cess to equitable reproductive health care, including abortion services, has always been deficient in the United States for Black, Indigenous, and other Peo- ple of Color (BIPOC) and their families.
(10) The legacy of restrictions on reproductive health, rights, and justice is not a dated vestige of a dark history.

Presently, the harms of abortion-spe- cific restrictions fall especially heavily on people with low incomes, BIPOC, immigrants, young people, people with disabilities, and those living in rural and other medically underserved areas.
Abortion-specific restrictions are even more compounded by the ongo- ing criminalization of people who are pregnant, in- cluding those who are incarcerated, living with HIV, or with substance-use disorders.

These communities already experience health disparities due to social, political, and environmental inequities, and restric- tions on abortion services exacerbate these harms.
Removing medically unjustified restrictions on abor- tion services would constitute one important step on the path toward realizing Reproductive Justice by ensuring that the full range of reproductive health care is accessible to all who need it.
(11) Abortion-specific restrictions are a tool of gender oppression, as they target health care serv- •HR 8296 IH ices that are used primarily by women.
These pater- nalistic restrictions rely on and reinforce harmful stereotypes about gender roles, women’s decision- making, and women’s need for protection instead of support, undermining their ability to control their own lives and well-being.

These restrictions harm the basic autonomy, dignity, and equality of women, and their ability to participate in the social and economic life of the Nation.
(12) The terms ‘‘woman’’ and ‘‘women’’ are used in this bill to reflect the identity of the majority of people targeted and affected by restrictions on abortion services, and to address squarely the tar- geted restrictions on abortion, which are rooted in misogyny.

However, access to abortion services is critical to the health of every person capable of be- coming pregnant.
This Act is intended to protect all people with the capacity for pregnancy—cisgender women, transgender men, non-binary individuals, those who identify with a different gender, and oth- ers—who are unjustly harmed by restrictions on abortion services.
(13) Since 2011, States and local governments have passed nearly 500 restrictions singling out health care providers who offer abortion services, •HR 8296 IH interfering with their ability to provide those services and the patients’ ability to obtain those services.
(14) Many State and local governments have imposed restrictions on the provision of abortion services that are neither evidence-based nor gen- erally applicable to the medical profession or to other medically comparable outpatient gynecological procedures, such as endometrial ablations, dilation and curettage for reasons other than abortion, hysteroscopies, loop electrosurgical excision proce- dures, or other analogous non-gynecological proce- dures performed in similar outpatient settings in- cluding vasectomy, sigmoidoscopy, and colonoscopy.
(15) Abortion is essential health care and one of the safest medical procedures in the United States.

An independent, comprehensive review of the state of science on the safety and quality of abortion services, published by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine in 2018, found that abortion in the United States is safe and effec- tive and that the biggest threats to the quality of abortion services in the United States are State reg- ulations that create barriers to care.
These abortion- specific restrictions conflict with medical standards and are not supported by the recommendations and •HR 8296 IH guidelines issued by leading reproductive health care professional organizations including the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, the Soci- ety of Family Planning, the National Abortion Fed- eration, the World Health Organization, and others.
(16) Many abortion-specific restrictions do not confer any health or safety benefits on the patient.

Instead, these restrictions have the purpose and ef- fect of unduly burdening people’s personal and pri- vate medical decisions to end their pregnancies by making access to abortion services more difficult, invasive, and costly, often forcing people to travel significant distances and make multiple unnecessary visits to the provider, and in some cases, foreclosing the option altogether.
For example, a 2018 report from the University of California San Francisco’s Advancing New Standards in Reproductive Health research group found that in 27 cities across the United States, people have to travel more than 100 miles in any direction to reach an abortion provider.

(17) An overwhelming majority of abortions in the United States are provided in clinics, not hos- pitals, but the large majority of counties throughout the United States have no clinics that provide abor- tion.
•HR 8296 IH (18) These restrictions additionally harm peo- ple’s health by reducing access not only to abortion services but also to other essential health care serv- ices offered by many of the providers targeted by the restrictions, including— (A) screenings and preventive services, in- cluding contraceptive services; (B) testing and treatment for sexually transmitted infections; (C) LGBTQ health services; and (D) referrals for primary care, intimate partner violence prevention, prenatal care and adoption services.
(19) The cumulative effect of these numerous restrictions has been to severely limit, and now eliminate entirely, the availability of abortion serv- ices in some areas, creating a patchwork system where the provision of abortion services is legal in some States and illegal in others.
A 2019 report from the Government Accountability Office exam- ining State Medicaid compliance with abortion cov- erage requirements analyzed seven key challenges (identified both by health care providers and re- search literature) and their effect on abortion access, •HR 8296 IH 10 and found that access to abortion services varied across the States and even within a State.
(20) International human rights law recognizes that access to abortion is intrinsically linked to the rights to life, health, equality and non-discrimina- tion, privacy, and freedom from ill-treatment.

United Nations (UN) human rights treaty monitoring bod- ies have found that legal abortion services, like other reproductive health care services, must be available, accessible, affordable, acceptable, and of good qual- ity.
UN human rights treaty bodies have likewise condemned medically unnecessary barriers to abor- tion services, including mandatory waiting periods, biased counseling requirements, and third-party au- thorization requirements.

(21) Core human rights treaties ratified by the United States protect access to abortion.
For exam- ple, in 2018, the UN Human Rights Committee, which oversees implementation of the ICCPR, made clear that the right to life, enshrined in Article 6 of the ICCPR, at a minimum requires governments to provide safe, legal, and effective access to abortion where a person’s life and health is at risk, or when carrying a pregnancy to term would cause substan- tial pain or suffering.
The Committee stated that •HR 8296 IH 11 governments must not impose restrictions on abor- tion which subject women and girls to physical or mental pain or suffering, discriminate against them, arbitrarily interfere with their privacy, or place them at risk of undertaking unsafe abortions.
Further- more, the Committee stated that governments should remove existing barriers that deny effective access to safe and legal abortion, refrain from introducing new barriers to abortion, and prevent the stigmatiza- tion of those seeking abortion.

(22) UN independent human rights experts have expressed particular concern about barriers to abortion services in the United States.
For example, at the conclusion of his 2017 visit to the United States, the UN Special Rapporteur on extreme pov- erty and human rights noted concern that low-in- come women face legal and practical obstacles to ex- ercising their constitutional right to access abortion services, trapping many women in cycles of poverty.
Similarly, in May 2020, the UN Working Group on discrimination against women and girls, along with other human rights experts, expressed concern that some states had manipulated the COVID–19 crisis to restrict access to abortion, which the experts rec- ognized as ‘‘the latest example illustrating a pattern •HR 8296 IH 12 of restrictions and retrogressions in access to legal abortion care across the country’’ and reminded U.S. authorities that abortion care constitutes essen- tial health care that must remain available during and after the pandemic.
They noted that barriers to abortion access exacerbate systemic inequalities and cause particular harm to marginalized communities, including low-income people, people of color, immi- grants, people with disabilities, and LGBTQ people.

(23) Abortion-specific restrictions affect the cost and availability of abortion services, and the settings in which abortion services are delivered.
People travel across State lines and otherwise en- gage in interstate commerce to access this essential medical care, and more would be forced to do so ab- sent this Act.

Likewise, health care providers travel across State lines and otherwise engage in interstate commerce in order to provide abortion services to patients, and more would be forced to do so absent this Act.
(24) Health care providers engage in a form of economic and commercial activity when they provide abortion services, and there is an interstate market for abortion services.
•HR 8296 IH 13 (25) Abortion restrictions substantially affect interstate commerce in numerous ways.
For exam- ple, to provide abortion services, health care pro- viders engage in interstate commerce to purchase medicine, medical equipment, and other necessary goods and services.

To provide and assist others in providing abortion services, health care providers en- gage in interstate commerce to obtain and provide training.
To provide abortion services, health care providers employ and obtain commercial services from doctors, nurses, and other personnel who en- gage in interstate commerce and travel across State lines.

(26) It is difficult and time and resource-con- suming for clinics to challenge State laws that bur- den or impede abortion services.
Litigation that blocks one abortion restriction may not prevent a State from adopting other similarly burdensome abortion restrictions or using different methods to burden or impede abortion services.

There is a his- tory and pattern of States passing successive and different laws that unduly burden abortion services.
(27) When a health care provider ceases pro- viding abortion services as a result of burdensome and medically unnecessary regulations, it is often •HR 8296 IH 14 difficult or impossible for that health care provider to recommence providing those abortion services, and difficult or impossible for other health care pro- viders to provide abortion services that restore or re- place the ceased abortion services.
(28) Health care providers are subject to license laws in various jurisdictions, which are not affected by this Act except as provided in this Act.
(29) Congress has the authority to enact this Act to protect abortion services pursuant to— (A) its powers under the commerce clause of section 8 of article I of the Constitution of the United States; (B) its powers under section 5 of the Four- teenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States to enforce the provisions of sec- tion 1 of the Fourteenth Amendment; and (C) its powers under the necessary and proper clause of section 8 of Article I of the Constitution of the United States.
(30) Congress has used its authority in the past to protect access to abortion services and health care providers’ ability to provide abortion services.
In the early 1990s, protests and blockades at health care facilities where abortion services were provided, and •HR 8296 IH 15 associated violence, increased dramatically and reached crisis level, requiring Congressional action.
Congress passed the Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act (Public Law 103–259; 108 Stat.

694) to address that situation and protect physical access to abortion services.

(31) Congressional action is necessary to put an end to harmful restrictions, to federally protect ac- cess to abortion services for everyone regardless of where they live, and to protect the ability of health care providers to provide these services in a safe and accessible manner.
(b) PURPOSE.—It is the purpose of this Act— (1) to permit health care providers to provide abortion services without limitations or requirements that single out the provision of abortion services for restrictions that are more burdensome than those re- strictions imposed on medically comparable proce- dures, do not significantly advance reproductive health or the safety of abortion services, and make abortion services more difficult to access; (2) to promote access to abortion services and women’s ability to participate equally in the eco- nomic and social life of the United States; and •HR 8296 IH 16 (3) to invoke Congressional authority, including the powers of Congress under the commerce clause of section 8 of article I of the Constitution of the United States, its powers under section 5 of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States to enforce the provisions of section 1 of the Fourteenth Amendment, and its powers under the necessary and proper clause of section 8 of arti- cle I of the Constitution of the United States.
SEC.

3.

DEFINITIONS.

In this Act: (1) ABORTION SERVICES.—The term ‘‘abortion services’’ means an abortion and any medical or non-medical services related to and provided in con- junction with an abortion (whether or not provided at the same time or on the same day as the abor- tion).

(2) GOVERNMENT.—The term ‘‘government’’ includes each branch, department, agency, instru- mentality, and official of the United States or a State.
(3) HEALTH CARE PROVIDER.—The term ‘‘health care provider’’ means any entity or indi- vidual (including any physician, certified nurse-mid- •HR 8296 IH 17 wife, nurse practitioner, and physician assistant) that— (A) is engaged or seeks to engage in the delivery of health care services, including abor- tion services; and (B) if required by law or regulation to be licensed or certified to engage in the delivery of such services— (i) is so licensed or certified; or (ii) would be so licensed or certified but for their past, present, or potential provision of abortion services permitted by section 4.
(4) MEDICALLY COMPARABLE PROCEDURE.— The term ‘‘medically comparable procedures’’ means medical procedures that are similar in terms of health and safety risks to the patient, complexity, or the clinical setting that is indicated.

(5) PREGNANCY.—The term ‘‘pregnancy’’ refers to the period of the human reproductive process be- ginning with the implantation of a fertilized egg.
(6) STATE.—The term ‘‘State’’ includes the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and each territory and possession of the United States, and any subdivision of any of the •HR 8296 IH 18 foregoing, including any unit of local government, such as a county, city, town, village, or other general purpose political subdivision of a State.
(7) VIABILITY.—The term ‘‘viability’’ means the point in a pregnancy at which, in the good-faith medical judgment of the treating health care pro- vider, based on the particular facts of the case be- fore the health care provider, there is a reasonable likelihood of sustained fetal survival outside the uterus with or without artificial support.

SEC.

4.

PERMITTED SERVICES.
(a) GENERAL RULE.—A health care provider has a statutory right under this Act to provide abortion services, and may provide abortion services, and that provider’s pa- tient has a corresponding right to receive such services, without any of the following limitations or requirements: (1) A requirement that a health care provider perform specific tests or medical procedures in con- nection with the provision of abortion services, un- less generally required for the provision of medically comparable procedures.
(2) A requirement that the same health care provider who provides abortion services also perform specified tests, services, or procedures prior to or subsequent to the abortion.
•HR 8296 IH 19 (3) A requirement that a health care provider offer or provide the patient seeking abortion services medically inaccurate information in advance of or during abortion services.
(4) A limitation on a health care provider’s abil- ity to prescribe or dispense drugs based on current evidence-based regimens or the provider’s good-faith medical judgment, other than a limitation generally applicable to the medical profession.

(5) A limitation on a health care provider’s abil- ity to provide abortion services via telemedicine, other than a limitation generally applicable to the provision of medical services via telemedicine.
(6) A requirement or limitation concerning the physical plant, equipment, staffing, or hospital transfer arrangements of facilities where abortion services are provided, or the credentials or hospital privileges or status of personnel at such facilities, that is not imposed on facilities or the personnel of facilities where medically comparable procedures are performed.
(7) A requirement that, prior to obtaining an abortion, a patient make one or more medically un- necessary in-person visits to the provider of abortion •HR 8296 IH 20 services or to any individual or entity that does not provide abortion services.
(8) A prohibition on abortion at any point or points in time prior to fetal viability, including a prohibition or restriction on a particular abortion procedure.

(9) A prohibition on abortion after fetal viabil- ity when, in the good-faith medical judgment of the treating health care provider, continuation of the pregnancy would pose a risk to the pregnant pa- tient’s life or health.
(10) A limitation on a health care provider’s ability to provide immediate abortion services when that health care provider believes, based on the good-faith medical judgment of the provider, that delay would pose a risk to the patient’s health.
(11) A requirement that a patient seeking abor- tion services at any point or points in time prior to fetal viability disclose the patient’s reason or reasons for seeking abortion services, or a limitation on the provision or obtaining of abortion services at any point or points in time prior to fetal viability based on any actual, perceived, or potential reason or rea- sons of the patient for obtaining abortion services, regardless of whether the limitation is based on a •HR 8296 IH 21 health care provider’s degree of actual or construc- tive knowledge of such reason or reasons.
(b) OTHER LIMITATIONS OR REQUIREMENTS.—The statutory right specified in subsection (a) shall not be lim- ited or otherwise infringed through, in addition to the limi- tations and requirements specified in paragraphs (1) through (11) of subsection (a), any limitation or require- ment that— (1) is the same as or similar to one or more of the limitations or requirements described in sub- section (a); or (2) both— (A) expressly, effectively, implicitly, or as implemented singles out the provision of abor- tion services, health care providers who provide abortion services, or facilities in which abortion services are provided; and (B) impedes access to abortion services.
(c) FACTORS FOR CONSIDERATION.—Factors a court may consider in determining whether a limitation or re- quirement impedes access to abortion services for purposes of subsection (b)(2)(B) include the following: (1) Whether the limitation or requirement, in a provider’s good-faith medical judgment, interferes with a health care provider’s ability to provide care •HR 8296 IH 22 and render services, or poses a risk to the patient’s health or safety.
(2) Whether the limitation or requirement is reasonably likely to delay or deter some patients in accessing abortion services.

(3) Whether the limitation or requirement is reasonably likely to directly or indirectly increase the cost of providing abortion services or the cost for ob- taining abortion services (including costs associated with travel, childcare, or time off work).
(4) Whether the limitation or requirement is reasonably likely to have the effect of necessitating a trip to the offices of a health care provider that would not otherwise be required.

(5) Whether the limitation or requirement is reasonably likely to result in a decrease in the avail- ability of abortion services in a given State or geo- graphic region.
(6) Whether the limitation or requirement im- poses penalties that are not imposed on other health care providers for comparable conduct or failure to act, or that are more severe than penalties imposed on other health care providers for comparable con- duct or failure to act.
•HR 8296 IH 23 (7) The cumulative impact of the limitation or requirement combined with other new or existing limitations or requirements.
(d) EXCEPTION.—To defend against a claim that a limitation or requirement violates a health care provider’s or patient’s statutory rights under subsection (b), a party must establish, by clear and convincing evidence, that— (1) the limitation or requirement significantly advances the safety of abortion services or the health of patients; and (2) the safety of abortion services or the health of patients cannot be advanced by a less restrictive alternative measure or action.

SEC.

5.
SEC.

5.

APPLICABILITY AND PREEMPTION.
(a) IN GENERAL.— (1) Except as stated under subsection (b), this Act supersedes and applies to the law of the Federal Government and each State government, and the im- plementation of such law, whether statutory, com- mon law, or otherwise, and whether adopted before or after the date of enactment of this Act, and nei- ther the Federal Government nor any State govern- ment shall administer, implement, or enforce any law, rule, regulation, standard, or other provision having the force and effect of law that conflicts with •HR 8296 IH 24 any provision of this Act, notwithstanding any other provision of Federal law, including the Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993 (42 U.S.C.
2000bb et seq.).

(2) Federal statutory law adopted after the date of the enactment of this Act is subject to this Act unless such law explicitly excludes such applica- tion by reference to this Act.
(b) LIMITATIONS.—The provisions of this Act shall not supersede or apply to— (1) laws regulating physical access to clinic en- trances; (2) insurance or medical assistance coverage of abortion services; (3) the procedure described in section 1531(b)(1) of title 18, United States Code; or (4) generally applicable State contract law.
(c) DEFENSE.—In any cause of action against an in- dividual or entity who is subject to a limitation or require- ment that violates this Act, in addition to the remedies specified in section 8, this Act shall also apply to, and may be raised as a defense by, such an individual or entity.

SEC.

6.

EFFECTIVE DATE.

This Act shall take effect immediately upon the date of enactment of this Act.
This Act shall apply to all re- •HR 8296 IH 25 strictions on the provision of, or access to, abortion serv- ices whether the restrictions are enacted or imposed prior to or after the date of enactment of this Act, except as otherwise provided in this Act.

SEC.

7.

RULES OF CONSTRUCTION.


(a) IN GENERAL.—In interpreting the provisions of this Act, a court shall liberally construe such provisions to effectuate the purposes of the Act.

(b) RULE OF CONSTRUCTION.—Nothing in this Act shall be construed to authorize any government to inter- fere with, diminish, or negatively affect a person’s ability to obtain or provide abortion services.
(c) OTHER INDIVIDUALS CONSIDERED AS GOVERN- MENT OFFICIALS.—Any person who, by operation of a provision of Federal or State law, is permitted to imple- ment or enforce a limitation or requirement that violates section 4 of this Act shall be considered a government offi- cial for purposes of this Act.

19 SEC.

8.

ENFORCEMENT.


(a) ATTORNEY GENERAL.—The Attorney General may commence a civil action on behalf of the United States against any State that violates, or against any gov- ernment official (including a person described in section 7(c)) that implements or enforces a limitation or require- ment that violates, section 4.
The court shall hold unlawful •HR 8296 IH and set aside the limitation or requirement if it is in viola- 26 tion of this Act.
(b) PRIVATE RIGHT OF ACTION.— (1) IN GENERAL.—Any individual or entity, in- cluding any health care provider or patient, ad- versely affected by an alleged violation of this Act, may commence a civil action against any State that violates, or against any government official (includ- ing a person described in section 7(c)) that imple- ments or enforces a limitation or requirement that violates, section 4.
The court shall hold unlawful and set aside the limitation or requirement if it is in vio- lation of this Act.

(2) HEALTH CARE PROVIDER.—A health care provider may commence an action for relief on its own behalf, on behalf of the provider’s staff, and on behalf of the provider’s patients who are or may be adversely affected by an alleged violation of this Act.
(c) EQUITABLE RELIEF.—In any action under this section, the court may award appropriate equitable relief, including temporary, preliminary, or permanent injunctive relief.

23 24 25 (d) COSTS.—In any action under this section, the court shall award costs of litigation, as well as reasonable attorney’s fees, to any prevailing plaintiff.
A plaintiff shall •HR 8296 IH 27 not be liable to a defendant for costs or attorney’s fees in any non-frivolous action under this section.
(e) JURISDICTION.—The district courts of the United States shall have jurisdiction over proceedings under this Act and shall exercise the same without regard to whether the party aggrieved shall have exhausted any administra- tive or other remedies that may be provided for by law.
(f) ABROGATION OF STATE IMMUNITY.—Neither a State that enforces or maintains, nor a government official (including a person described in section 7(c)) who is per- mitted to implement or enforce any limitation or require- ment that violates section 4 shall be immune under the Tenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, the Eleventh Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, or any other source of law, from an action in a Federal or State court of competent jurisdic- tion challenging that limitation or requirement.
SEC.

9.

SEVERABILITY.

If any provision of this Act, or the application of such provision to any person, entity, government, or cir- cumstance, is held to be unconstitutional, the remainder of this Act, or the application of such provision to all other persons, entities, governments, or circumstances, shall not 24 be affected thereby.
Æ •HR 8296 IH t