Source document: https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696591580079.pdf (Zimbabwe)
An introduction to national sources and regional dimensions of the recent process of decolonization, for a better understanding of the existence and significance of the related documentary heritage, leading to greater knowledge, respect and preservation of this heritage, and the establishment of a Regional Memory of the World Registry.

This supports the member states and people of the Southern African Development Community in their initiative to teach and learn Southern African Liberation History.
Partners SARDC under the direction of Munetsi Madakufamba, Executive Director Phyllis Johnson, Special Projects Published under the direction of Prof Hubert Gijzen, Regional Director and Representative UNESCO Regional Office for Southern Africa and the coordination of Al Amin Yusuph UNESCO Regional Adviser for Communication and Information “Our archives are treasure troves - a testament to many lives lived and the complexity of the way we move forward.
They contain clues to the real concerns of day-to-day life that bring the past alive.” –Sara Sheridan, posted on National Archives of Namibia Facebook page United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Regional Office for Southern Africa (ROSA) 8 Kenilworth Road, Newlands, P.O.
Box HG 435, Highlands, Harare, Zimbabwe Tel (+263 242) 776775/9 E-mail harare@unesco.org Website www.unesco.org Southern African Research and Documentation Centre (SARDC) Julius K. Nyerere House, 15 Downie Avenue, Belgravia, Box 5690, Harare, Zimbabwe Tel (+263 242) 791141 E-mail sardc@sardc.net Website www.sardc.net Knowledge for Development history@sardc.net © UNESCO, SARDC 2020 Photos, illustrations and quoted content as credited Permissions have been sought from copyright holders, but if any are missed, please contact us ISBN 978-1-77929-558-3 Citation.
UNESCO, SARDC.

2020.

Preserving Memory of African Liberation through access to Heritage Archives.

UNESCO, SARDC.

Harare The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO or SARDC concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
The ideas and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors; they are not necessarily those of UNESCO or SARDC and do not commit the Organization.

2 Foreword By Professor Hubert Gijzen UNESCO Regional Director and Representative Professor Hubert Gijzen This publication highlights a preliminary survey of the Liberation Heritage Archives in nine countries in Southern Africa, conducted in collaboration with the Southern African Research and Documentation Centre (SARDC).
The nine countries are Botswana, Eswatini, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe.

The report also contains 12 case studies, which identify unique and irreplaceable archives that need further protection and maintenance for posterity.

We need to go beyond preservation by digitising the archives and making them accessible to a wider public.
Curating the archives for education purposes will “strengthen and consolidate the longstanding historical, social and cultural affinities and links among the people of the region” as articulated in Article 5 of the SADC Treaty.

These historical links are being lost and the preservation and access to documentary heritage can help to retrieve them.
This initiative also speaks to the African Union’s Agenda 2063 – The Africa We Want, through Aspiration 5, which calls for an Africa with a Strong Cultural Identity, Common Heritage, Values and Ethics.

It is essential that these records be catalogued, preserved and digitized for current and future generations.
This preliminary survey of Liberation Heritage Archives contributes to the Recommendation concerning the Preservation of, and Access to Documentary Heritage including in Digital Form adopted by the UNESCO General Conference in November 2015.

The 2015 recommendation provides a legislative basis for UNESCO’s Memory of the World Programme.
The UNESCO Memory of the World Programme supports UNESCO Member States in protecting documentary heritage worldwide through various actions such as identification of documentary heritage, support for preservation, strengthening access to documentary heritage, advocating for policy measures for preservation and dissemination, and strengthening national and international cooperation in preserving and disseminating documentary heritage.
I hope that this report will serve as the first baseline for the establishment of a Regional Memory of the World Registry and will help readers to have a better understanding of the existence and significance of the documentary heritage related to National Liberation Movements in Southern Africa.

I also hope it will encourage global citizens to contribute to their preservation.
3 Foreword The first words of the title of this publication, Preserving Memory, are indicative of the need to collect and protect the African liberation heritage for the enrichment of current and future generations.

The contents of the publication identify liberation heritage archives in the nine SADC Member States that were surveyed in this pilot phase.
These are the countries covered by the UNESCO Regional Office for Southern Africa (ROSA) – Botswana, Eswatini, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe.

I am impressed by the commitment and the work involved in identifying the knowledge centres in those countries, which through their collections support the aspirations of Preserving Memory of African Liberation through Access to Heritage Archives.
I am encouraged by the rich quantity of liberation heritage archives identified.

I am also particularly gratified that Namibia is well documented, including the University of Namibia, Parliament of Namibia, National Archives, Museums Association, Namibia University of Science and Technology, the SWAPO Party Archive and Research Centre as well as other party archives, and the Evangelical Lutheran Church, whose documentation is extensive and well-preserved.
Young people who have had an opportunity to review this publication have been overwhelmingly enthusiastic, and more excited than my generation would have been about archives.

Notable among their comments are: Hon.

Professor Peter.
H. Katjavivi o ‘This publication is very intriguing, and it leaves me longing to visit these archives for more knowledge of our liberation.’ o ‘This is a unique guide that shows us where to find the rich collections of liberation history but also shows us what to expect in those actual places.’ o ‘This wakes us up to the need to preserve, digitize and make accessible online the rich collections of history to empower students and others with the material that is not available in schools.’ o ‘This can be an important guide/dictionary for various researchers and students who need to know where to find these unique materials, online and offline.’ o ‘What I particularly like in the book is the use of visuals, drawing interest to visit the archives for knowledge.’ o ‘The flow and connection of the archives identified in this book has been presented in a unique way that tells a common history of the region.’ 4 Most of the entries contain material that is national in scope, and there are also entries on regional archives that include the Southern African Development Community (SADC), Southern African Research and Documentation Centre (SARDC) and the archives of the OAU Liberation Committee in the United Republic of Tanzania and the Federal Republic of Ethiopia, as well as the archives of the SADC Hashim Mbita Project on Southern African Liberation Struggles.
Several national university holdings also include regional materials, notably in Tanzania, Zambia and South Africa.

This is a taste of what is to come as the mapping survey continues beyond the nine pilot countries.

Some of the liberation heritage archives are difficult to access, but others have an online presence that is often very innovative and provides more than one model for others to increase their presence online.
However, preservation and digitization are time-consuming and costly exercises, and I would like to appeal to UNESCO to take the lead in developing a joint initiative and mobilizing resources for this purpose.

Also of interest to UNESCO and national governments is the inclusion of 12 case studies of unique archives that are threatened in various ways.
We are advocating the inclusion of some of these unique sources in the UNESCO Memory of the World (MoW) which is for the protection of source material (documents, film, audio) similar to the protection of structures as World Heritage Sites.

There are only seven entries for SADC Member States to date.

May I take this opportunity to propose the establishment of a Regional MoW Committee and to urge SADC Member States to take an active role in creating or resuscitating their national MoW Committees.
I would like to place on record my thanks and appreciation to UNESCO for their work in preserving knowledge and memory, as well as to SARDC staff for their vision and continuing good work in support of SADC and regional development, and all the libraries, archives and knowledge centres who have been struggling to preserve this aspect of our rich history in Southern Africa.

Hon.
Professor Peter H. Katjavivi Speaker of the National Assembly of Namibia Founding Vice-Chancellor of the University of Namibia Chairman of the Southern African Research and Documentation Centre 5 Contents Forewords 3,4 Contents and List Case Studies 6 Introduction 7 Regional Heritage Archives 9 National Heritage Archives 13 Botswana 13 Eswatini 16 Lesotho 18 Malawi 20 Mozambique 23 Namibia 27 South Africa 34 Zambia 76 Zimbabwe 85 Reference 98 Acknowledgements 99 LIST OF CASE STUDIES Case Studies contained here re Memory of the World Regional Liberation Heritage Archives 12 Identification for Digital Access and Return 15 Libandla Parliamentary Archives 17 The Royal Archives of Lesotho CASE STUDY 1 CASE STUDY 2 CASE STUDY 3 CASE STUDY 4 CASE STUDY 5 National Archives as Guardians of Documentary Heritage 20 CASE STUDY 6 Arquivo Histórico de Moçambique 23 19 Historical Archive of Mozambique CASE STUDY 7 Documentation of Evangelical Lutheran Church in Namibia 31 CASE STUDY 8 MoW Registry 37 CASE STUDY 9 Collection, Promotion, Awareness and Access to Archives 67 CASE STUDY 10 The Liberation Centre, the National Archives, UNZA and Heritage Documentation 78 CASE STUDY 11 Broadcast Archives and Liberation Radio CASE STUDY 12 Preserving Memory of African Liberation through 83 Heritage Archives 97 National Archives, Church and Party Documents Missions and Mission Schools, and Individual Memory Archives of War and Negotiation 6 INTRODUCTION The UNESCO Memory of the World Programme aims to ensure universal and permanent access to preserve documentary heritage, and chart the legacy of the past to the present and future, by maintaining a register of documentary heritage of international, regional and national significance, thus facilitating preservation and access.
This is intended to guard against collective amnesia.

For southern Africa, this has deep resonance at all three levels, especially for the recent history of the liberation and decolonization process, as the national and regional focus has been on nation-building and not on preserving historical records, including living records.
There are some exceptions in the region, notably South Africa, and to some extent Mozambique and Namibia, but for most of the nine countries covered, the interest in this area is quite recent.

Where records have been preserved at international level, these are largely not accessible in southern Africa and, although some of these collections are partly accessible online, the access may be restricted to institutions or require international payments.
The main exceptions are the SADC Hashim Mbita Project on Southern African Liberation Struggles: Contemporaneous Documents 1960-1994, which was driven by the former Executive Secretary of the OAU Liberation Committee, Hashim Mbita(late), and provides valuable context, interviews and analysis, without which the gap in regional history would be much larger.

This was published by the Southern African Development Community (SADC) and funded by SADC Member States.
They are also implementing The African Liberation Heritage Programme on Roads to Independence, hosted by the United Republic of Tanzania as the focus of preserving historical sites and knowledge, with the African Union.
SADC Education Ministers have agreed to strengthen their national history curricula to include liberation history, and SARDC is working with SADC and UNESCO to produce teaching Modules on the regional dimensions of National Liberation Movements Heritage that motivates the values of unity, tolerance and inclusion.

The UNESCO General History of Africa, which is well known and widely respected, produced mainly by African scholars, has included a section on Africa’s resistance to colonial rule.
The SADC Common Agenda contained in Article 5 of the SADC Treaty, expresses the determination to “strengthen and consolidate the longstanding historical, social and cultural affinities and links among the people of the region.” These historical links are being lost and the preservation and access to documentary heritage can help to retrieve them.
This initiative also speaks to the African Union’s Agenda 2063 – The Africa We Want, through Aspiration 5: An Africa with a Strong Cultural Identity, Common Heritage, Values and Ethics.

These initiatives by SADC and UNESCO mark a significant contribution to the recent history of southern Africa, and provide the basis and inspiration to preserve and protect the documentary heritage.
The Mbita project collected and published some irreplaceable living history, but its main focus was on collecting historical recollections, not on preserving access to documentary heritage.

The Memory of the World register contains only 7 entries in total from 3 countries among the 9 countries surveyed in southern Africa and these are primarily colonial or anthropological or court records, although all are of great significance to the region and would not be accessible without the MoW register.
All of these are essential to understanding the recent history of the region, including the trial records of Nelson Mandela and others at Rivonia in 1963 that resulted in his 27 years in prison, mostly on Robben Island; and the 1897 judgement dockets of the Zimbabwean resistance leaders Nehanda and Kaguvi leading to their subsequent execution by colonial authorities.
Both of these trials and judgements inspired continuing resistance leading 7 eventually to liberation from minority rule and apartheid, as did the actions of Hendrik Witbooi whose Letter Journals are entered into MoW from Namibia, with the visionary and poetic power of the 19th century guerrilla leader known as “the captain who disappears into the grass”, including what may be the first written formulation of the concept of Pan-Africanism.
Negotiations for the end of apartheid are registered in MoW through documentation of the Convention for Democracy in South Africa (CODESA), but documentary evidence of the resistance that brought about the CODESA is not registered.

The records of the Dutch East India Company are registered as recommended by Netherlands, and valuable anthropological records on the San culture are preserved.

Some audio-visual material from South Africa is reg- istered as a liberation archive.
South Africa has played a leading role in preserving and making accessible liberation heritage records in various ways, through online access platforms that are very well presented and accurate references to liberation heritage, through personal collections deposited at universities, foundations and museums, and through personal leadership foundations and museums, and interactive museums.
Here mention must be made of the Lilliesleaf Farm Trust that successfully combines all of the above and facilitates online tours in addition to visits.

We have documented as many as possible in this publication but the South African platform in this regard is very rich, and we look forward to hearing from and finding others from the nine countries covered by the UNESCO Regional Office for Southern Africa.
All of the nine countries surveyed have government institutional archives and repositories but few focus on developing the national liberation heritage.
The liberation movements have been patchy in cataloguing their archives and preserving documentation or making it accessible, with notable exception of the African National Congress of South Africa, and the South West Africa People’s Organization (SWAPO) of Namibia, whose liberation archives are at least partly accessible, as are those for the Mozambique Liberation Front (FRELIMO) through the National Historical Archives.
In some cases, language may be a barrier to users, including colonial and local languages, but emerging technologies could help to cross this bridge.

The SADC Mbita project, for example, has published its collection in the original languages, and an initiative is underway to try to provide some translations.

In some countries, personal initiatives have placed important documentation online and continue to do so, a notable example being Mozambique History Net, which is accessible in English and Portuguese.
Clearly there is a need for the identification and preservation of documentary heritage of liberation without delay, and a need to make this accessible to the youth of today, who are hun- gry for their history and who need to know that the independence they are enjoying was won by the youth of yesterday, from whom they can learn how to develop the opportunities they have for improvement and take up the challenges that are theirs to address for the next gener- ation.
We have found that visual presentation and social media are useful tools in this com- munication.

This publication identifies some existing heritage archives in the 9 countries covered by the UNESCO Regional Office for Southern Africa (ROSA) — Botswana, Eswatini, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe.
The objective is to provide a mapping report of existing heritage archives that may need support for preservation or digitization, and can be recorded in national/regional/international registries, with identification of some that can be recommended for inclusion in the global Memory of the World (MoW) register maintained by UNESCO.

Most historical archives in the region outside South Africa are in need of preservation and digitisation to ensure longevity and accessibility.
Member States of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) are encour- aged to identify and recommend their unique heritage documentation for inclusion in the reg- ister and to establish a regional MoW Committee.

8 REGIONAL HERITAGE ARCHIVES There are significant collections of transboundary and regional heritage documentation at various centres in the region and these are mainly located in Tanzania, South Africa and Zimbabwe.
There are significant archives on southern Africa held in Africa outside the nine countries catalogued, in Algeria, Ethiopia, Ghana and Egypt; and there are also rich sources at archives and collections outside the continent.
There is a significant list identified to be inserted for reference of institutions with holdings in countries outside Africa, such as Cuba, Russia, China, Netherlands, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Denmark and former Yugoslavia, as well as the United Kingdom, United States, Germany, Portugal, France and Belgium.
Notable among these as unique and largely untapped research sources on Africa, are the archives of New African magazine, the Anti-Apartheid Movement, the Nordic-Africa Institute and Nordic Documentation on the Liberation Struggle, the Netherlands National Archives, and the Museum of the Non-Aligned Movement in Belgrade, as well as archives and institutes of southern African studies in China, Cuba and Russia.
Some of these have online access, notably New African and the archives of the Anti- Apartheid Movement.

These should have links to the outputs of this survey, and should be accessible in all Member States of SADC and the African Union.
Email registry@sadc.int Southern African Development Community (SADC) SADC Secretariat, SADC House, Private Bag 0095, Gaborone, Botswana Tel +267 395 1863 Website www.sadc.int The Southern African Development Community (SADC) was established 40 years ago in April 1980 at a mee!ng hosted by President Kenneth Kaunda in Lusaka, Zambia, as the Southern African Development Coordina!on Conference (SADCC).
This followed two preliminary mee!ngs hosted by the other two original members of the Front Line States, President Seretse Khama of Botswana in 1978 and President Julius Nyerere in Tanzania in 1979.

Ini!ally involving sectors hosted by Member States in a decentralized manner, the SADC Secretariat was later centralized in Gaborone, Botswana.
9 The governance structure of SADC has a double troika system involving an Organ for Poli!cs, Defence and Security Coopera!on launched in June 1996 as a formal ins!tu!on of SADC with a mandate to support the achievement and maintenance of security and the rule of law.

Within the structure of the SADC Secretariat, the Organ is overseen by the Execu!ve Secretary, but retains the opera!onal ﬂexibility for quick response .inherited from the Frontline States and can be seen as a con!nua!on of their work.
The SADCC documenta!on including prepara!ons and any FLS documenta!on remaining should be viewed as a regional heritage archive, regardless of the country of archive, and should be included in this ini!a!ve and recommended for the Memory of the World registry (see Case Study 1 below).
A"er the independence of Namibia in 1990 and when South Africa was moving purposefully toward the establishment of majority governance, the SADCC was transformed in 1992 into SADC as a Regional Economic Community (REC), one of the building blocks of con!nental unity through the African Union.

All of this process is part of regional heritage documenta!on.
SADC Hashim Mbita Project on Southern African Libera!on Struggles Available from the SADC Secretariat in Gaborone, Botswana Published by Mkuki na Nyota Publishers, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania Tel +255 787 558 448 www.mkukinanyota.com This series of nine volumes of interviews and descrip!ons on the libera!on of southern Africa from colonial administra!on was funded and produced by SADC Member States, and published in the United Republic of Tanzania, with co­editors from Tanzania and Mozambique, and a regional editorial commi$ee.
The research materials were largely retained by Member States although some remains archived in Tanzania, with the oﬃce documenta!on to be returned to the SADC Secretariat in Gaborone.

This material should be part of the regional preserva!on eﬀort, as proposed in Case Study 1.

University of Dar es Salaam and University of Zambia Mwalimu Nyerere Mlimani Campus Great East Road Campus, Lusaka P.O.
Box 35146, Dar es Salaam Ridgeway Campus, University Teaching Hospital These two universi!es are the oldest and largest in their respec!ve countries and have signiﬁcant historical status with notable heritage archives from the SADC region, as do the Na!onal Archives of Tanzania and Zambia.

UDsm was formally established as a na!onal university in 1970, previously a college, and UNZA was established in 1965, opening in 1966.
These countries hosted signiﬁcant numbers of student exiles over an extended period of !me, many of whom studied, wrote papers and placed documents for safe­keeping at these two universi!es, as did the libera!on movements, including some holdings from the Libera!on Centre oﬃces of various na!onal libera!on movements hosted by Zambia, and rich documenta!on on the Central African Federa!on (1953­1963).
In addi!on, the na!onal broadcasters of these two countries house signiﬁcant radio and television archives of regional heritage materials.

OAU Libera!on Commi"ee Archives at the Na!onal Archives of Tanzania in Dodoma and at the African Union in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia When the Organiza!on of African Unity (OAU) was established on 25 May 1963, the African leaders also established the legal framework for a Coordina!ng Commi$ee which became 10 known as the OAU Libera!on Commi$ee, hosted in Dar es Salaam.
This commi$ee coordinated the material support to the na!onal libera!on movements in southern Africa, and the documenta!on is rich and extensive, sealed at the Libera!on Commi$ee oﬃces for more than 20 years and then moved to the Na!onal Archives of Tanzania in the capital Dodoma, where this is stored and gradually made accessible to the public.
Southern African Research and Documenta!on Centre (SARDC) Julius K. Nyerere House, 15 Downie Avenue, Belgravia, Harare Tel +263 242 791141 Email history@sardc.net www.sardc.net Knowledge for Development The Southern African Research and Documenta!on Centre (SARDC) is an independent regional knowledge resource centre and think tank that facilitates research that informs development, established in 1985 through the expressed need of the Front Line States for informa!on to cross borders and for regional perspec!ves to be developed and heard.
This includes heritage research, which appears in most SARDC ini!a!ves and publica!ons.

The Founding Patron of SARDC was the late Mwalimu Julius K. Nyerere.

The SARDC Board Chairman is Hon.

Professor Peter H. Katjavivi, MP, Speaker of the Na!onal Assembly of Namibia, a historian and founding Vice­Chancellor of the University of Namibia.
SARDC comprises several ins!tutes working on regional policy issues in southern Africa including regional economic integra!on, energy, gender, and environment, water resources and climate change, and southern African history; and works in partnership with the Southern African Development Community (SADC) through an MOU.
SARDC has established a new ins!tute for China Africa Studies in Southern Africa, which partners leading research ins!tutes and think tanks in China; and the scope of work of the History Library is being expanded with related publica!ons and projects, including an ini!a!ve with UNESCO and SADC on the regional dimensions and linkages of the na!onal libera!on movements.
The SARDC History Library has a massive collec!on of documents on the libera!on history of southern Africa in various forms – original documents and reports as well as books, magazines, ar!cles, photos and audio­visual, etc.

– and oﬃcial documents since the forma!on of SADC and the African Union; the independence movement and an!­apartheid movement as far back as 1964; and, some records of the OAU Libera!on Commi$ee from incep!on in 1963.

That covers more than 60 years of regional History.
This collec!on is also a unique and authen!c source of documenta!on on the economic and military destabiliza!on of the region by apartheid South Africa through the 1980s, as SARDC produced the oﬃcial Commonwealth and United Na!ons reports that es!mated the cost to the region of this war which delayed regional development, as US$45­60 billion and 1.5 million lives lost.
But these reports and documents are not accessible online and, while well maintained, are not stored in ideal condi!ons.This collec!on is rooted in the founda!on documenta!on provided by the Founding Directors, David Mar!n and Phyllis Johnson through their extensive collec!on on the decoloniza!on and libera!on in southern Africa.

Their personal archives are also a unique resource that needs preserva!on, cataloguing and digital access.
11 Memory of the World CASE STUDY 1 Regional Liberation Heritage Archives The regional heritage documentation described above should be preserved, digitised and recommended for Memory of the World on the basis of authenticity, uniqueness and irreplaceability, rarity, integrity, and threat to the archives or collections, and to chart the legacy of the past to the present and future.
SADC library and archives including those of the SADC Hashim Mbita Project, and the history library and archives of the Southern African Research and Documentation Centre are of intrinsic and permanent value, are unique and irreplaceable.

The SADC library and heritage documentation has been produced, collected and stored mainly in printed paper versions that can deteriorate and are not widely accessible.
To rectify this, the documentation should be preserved and digitized, including the Mbita project research in various formats of text, audio and video.

The SARDC history library, including rare documents and publications on the liberation of southern Africa and the destabilization of the region in the 1970s and 1980s, are stored in unsuitable conditions that are subject to dust and damp, having been rescued at least once from water damage.
This rare collection of original documents and publications, including some books that are out of print and copyright available, should be accessible in an online history portal similar to that of the Anti-Apartheid Movement and the historical collection of the National Archives of the Netherlands.
The two universities in Tanzania and in Zambia located in host countries that were already independent, were host to students and staff in exile from throughout the region during the liberation period, and hold significant heritage holdings that should be documented with SADC and SARDC, as the holdings also relate to regional heritage and the economic and military destabilization of the region by the apartheid regime in the 1980s before the independence of Namibia and majority rule in South Africa.
Outside the scope of this study but strongly recommended for action including collection, preservation and digitisation, and integral to the narrative of the two regional heritage archives mentioned above, are the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) Archives at the African Union in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, and the OAU Liberation Committee Archives located at the National Archives of Tanzania in Dodoma.
Three other institutions with significant regional heritage holdings directly relevant to several neighbouring countries are presented under South Africa below, that is, the very rich archives of the African National Congress of South Africa whose history is inextricably connected to neighbouring countries in the region and elsewhere in Africa; and Fort Hare University, where many nationalist leaders studied; as well as the Mayibuye Archives at University of the Western Cape.
The extensive holdings of the South African History Archive; and the rich access provided by South African History Online; as well as the Bailey Archives in Johannesburg including Drum magazine; all have significant regional dimensions.
12 NATIONAL HERITAGE ARCHIVES BOTSWANA “If you don’t know your history, you do not know where you are going.” Sir Seretse Khama, founding President of the Republic of Botswana Botswana Na!onal Archives and Records Services State Drive/Khama Crescent Government Enclave, Gaborone P.O.
Box 239, Gaborone, Botswana Tel +267 391 182 +267 391187 Email archives@gov.bw Website www.gov.bw The Botswana Na!onal Archives and Records Services (BNARS) is a government department established by the Na!onal Archives Act (1978, amended 2007).
The Botswana Na!onal Archives had been established in 1967 as a por’olio responsibility of the Ministry of Home Aﬀairs, un!l 1978 when Parliament enacted the Archives legisla!on which formally established the Na!onal Archives of Botswana for the preserva!on of public documenta!on.

Circular No.4 of 1993 established BNARS as a department and gave it the mandate to provide records and informa!on management service to government agencies; and to collect, preserve and access the na!on’s documentary heritage.
However most of the documenta!on is na!onal and post­independence.

The papers of the founding President, Sir Seretse Khama about the independence process in Botswana and neighbouring states, are found in various collec!ons mainly outside the country, and are documented in published books.

Others are held by the Government of Botswana.

The Na!onal Archives Act provides that records which are 20 years and above are open for public access.
A study of the impact of the Act on archival prac!ce in 2018 (SASA, Vol 51) concludes that many parts of the Act need amendment such as digital records, management of private archives, access to archives and penal!es, in response to a rapidly changing technological environment in which “many organisa!ons in the SADC region are saving and accessing records in a highly networked environment.” The study recommends increasing access and awareness of other archives that may not be known to the Na!onal Archives.
Of interest here is the digital networking system used by the University of Cape Town to provide access to the Black Sash collec!on while the widely sca$ered documenta!on remains wherever it is located and all centres have access to the digital database.

Some documenta!on is accessible through various collec!ons online or outside the country.
For example, the Melville J. Herskovits Library of African Studies at Northwestern University in USA includes since 2008 several publica!ons of the Botswana Democra!c Party and selec!ons from early speeches of Sir Seretse Khama, as the ﬁrst president of the party and country.
Other documents and papers are held in the United Kingdom at The Na!onal Archives, Kew; School of 13 Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Special Collec!ons; as well as na!onal newspaper archives in UK; and sahistory.org.za.

Another online reference source is aluka.org, a repository of historical documents from Botswana and elsewhere, including essays and documents by the respected American author and ac!vist William Minter, but this has only paid or ins!tu!onal access.
United Na!ons documents on Botswana’s independence, including the Secretary­General’s Report of 1965­08­31 can be found in the Repository at Princeton University, Firestone Library.

Archives and Records Management Centre.

Botswana BNARS is located at the Parliament buildings in the City Centre of Gaborone.
Parliament of Botswana P O Box 240, Gaborone, Botswana Tel +267 0800 600 927 Mobile +267 3616800 Email parliament@gov.bw Na!onal Library Service of Botswana Head Oﬃce, Loapi House, Plot 1272, Lithuli Road, Gaborone Private Bag 0036, Gaborone The Na!onal Library is the legal deposit and copyright library for Botswana, oﬃcially opened on 8 April 1968, and strives to be a world class library and informa!on hub.
Historical documents such as papers about Botswana’s recep!on of refugees from neighbouring countries during the libera!on period are mainly available in journals, some of them online, as are papers or books about some of the key par!cipants such as Ntwaesele “Fish” Keitseng who supported many Southern African exiles to travel through Botswana into exile, including Nelson Mandela (Comrade Fish: memories of a Motswana in the ANC underground, Fish Keitsing [1919­2005], Barry Morton and Jeﬀ Ramsay, Pula Press 1999, revised 2018), also accessible online.
Na!onal Library of Botswana University of Botswana Special Collec!ons Private Bag UB 0022, Gaborone Tel +267 355 0000 These unique and rare collec!ons are a primary source of data made of rich historical material in the form of manuscripts, historical reference photographs and images; images of archival documents and mul!media; correspondence; notebooks; photographs and other artefacts.

This is a general heritage collec!on and does not iden!fy signiﬁcant libera!on documenta!on.
UB is one of the two legal repositories in the country, required by law to collect and house at least one copy of every document published in Botswana, and has relevant historical publica!ons.

Special collec!ons are catalogued and accessible at the main campus, but 14 appointment is required for access to the archival collec!ons.
Special Collec!ons is the home for local content output such as the na!onal, university and private archives, including the mul!­disciplinary collec!on of well­ known historian Professor Thomas Thlou whose work included books on the history of Botswana, and Seretse Khama 1921­1980.
University of Botswana Memory of the World CASE STUDY 2 Identification for Digital Access and Return The challenge of heritage documentation in Botswana is slightly different in that, while the existing archives are quite well preserved as noted in this section, a consequential amount of substantive documentation on Botswana’s recent history is scattered in archives outside the continent, mainly in the United Kingdom and United States, in a form that is not digitally accessible in Africa.
There is a strong case to be made for a mapping of Botswana’s historical documentation internationally with the intention of digitisation, access and possible return of documents to the country, especially the papers, photographs and historical documents pertaining to independence and the founding President of Botswana, Chief Sir Seretse Khama, who played a leading role in the independence of all of southern Africa from colonial rule.
Such a collection would be a candidate for inclusion in the Memory of the World (MoW) as it is authentic, unique and irreplaceable, endangered in the sense that it is widely scattered, and of intrinsic, permanent value.
MoW aims to ensure universal and permanent access to preserve documentary heritage, and chart the legacy of the past to the present and future, by maintaining a register of documentary heritage of international, regional and national significance, thus facilitating preservation and access, and intended to guard against collective amnesia.
This has deep resonance for the whole of Southern Africa, especially for the recent history of the liberation and decolonization process, as the national and regional focus has been on nation-building and not on preserving historical records, including living records.
A considerable amount of the heritage documentation of the region, whether archives or not, is kept outside the continent, including very many important images and videos of historical and cultural value that often require external payment for access that is beyond the reach of students or public in the region.

Botswana provides a leading case for digitisation and repatriation of heritage documentation, but in fact this applies in various way to all of the nine countries surveyed.
Where records have been preserved at international level, these are often not accessible in southern Africa.

Some can only be accessed with payment or through the address of a participating university.

15 KINGDOM OF ESWATINI Fax +267 2416 1241 director_archives@gov.sz , ps_mict@gov.sz Na!onal Archives Parliament Road, Lobamba, P.O.
Box 946, Mbabane, Eswa!ni Tel +267 2416 1276/8 E­mail The Na!onal Archives are located in the Lobamba area, along the Mbabane­Manzini road, next to the Houses of Parliament and across from Somhlolo Na!onal Stadium.

The Archives house non­current (primary) archival records of permanent value, the Open Access Archives Indexes date from 1881­1969.

New collec!ons are processed and accessioned for public access a"er 30 years in line with the provisions of the Archives Act.
Private papers and family history are stored at the Na!onal Archives, as well as audio casse$es, videos, CDs and DVDs, and archival photographs of events and individuals da!ng back the colonial era and through prepara!ons for independence.
Maps and secondary materials da!ng back to 1901 are available for on­site public consulta!on including books, government publica!ons, reports, conference papers, gaze$es; Times of Swaziland da!ng from 1905; press cu(ngs from South African Newspapers and SADC publica!ons accessible from the Archives Special Library.

There is no speciﬁc reference to an!­apartheid documents but the country has a rich history of support for libera!on and there should be signiﬁcant references among documents and newspapers.
The personal papers and documents of King Sobhuza II who ruled Swaziland (Eswa!ni) for 82 years (1900­1982) from the age of four months (under a regent un!l age 21) and through the period of Independence in 1968, remain with the State and family, but government records of the period are lodged with the Na!onal Archives.

The Swaziland Na!onal Archives was established through Archives Act No.

5/1971 and placed under the Deputy Prime Minister’s oﬃces in Mbabane.
The new Archival building in Lobamba was oﬃcially opened in September 1978 by His Majesty King Sobhuza II with Queen Mamohato of Lesotho as guest of honour, indica!ng the deep respect for archives by tradi!onal authori!es.

The department was then placed under two diﬀerent ministries and, from 2009 to date, was transferred to the Ministry of Informa!on, Communica!ons and Technology.
Archival photo showing the 1921 corona!on of King Sob­ huza II who led the country to independence in 1968 Na!onal Museum P.O.

Box 100, Lobamba, Mbabane Tel +268 2416 1489/1179 Email info@sntc.org.sz The Museum has a library collec!on of Swazi historical books and printed ma$er for research purposes.

There is also photography sec!on with a darkroom for processing ﬁlms of various aspects of tradi!onal life, ceremonies and natural heritage exists at the museum.
King Sobhuza II was a ﬁrm supporter of the libera!on of neighbouring countries and any references to him and his long life should contain libera!on heritage informa!on.

16 Na!onal Museum at Lobamba Parliamentary Library of Eswa!ni Parliament Road, H107 Lobamba Tel +268 2416 2407 Fax +268 2416 1603 Email clerktoparl@swazi.net The Parliament (Libandla) is located in Lobamba and has Upper and Lower Chambers.
The parliamentary library should contain books and records of the libera!on period, although any debate about apartheid would have been cau!ous due to the proximity of apartheid South Africa.

These parliamentary records should be preserved and digi!zed, as with those of the other countries surveyed here.
Parliament (Libandla) at Lobamba Memory of the World CASE STUDY 3 Libandla Parliamentary Archives The parliamentary archives for the Libandla in Eswatini and in most of the other eight countries surveyed, although usually well organized, need effective preservation and digitization.
This has been initiated in some countries for current records and is progressing slowly back into history as time and funds permit, however the historical documentation since independence and before is often not well preserved or maintained in suitable conditions, with the exception of South Africa and Namibia.

These records are unique and irreplaceable and form part of the record of discussions during the period of liberation history leading to independence.
University of Eswa!ni Private Bag 4, Kwaluseni Tel +268 2517 0000 Fax +268 2518 5276 Email kwaluseni@uniswa.sz The University of Eswa!ni (UNESWA) is the na!onal university, established by act of Parliament in 1982, as the University of Swaziland.

The university developed from the University of Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland, which was established in 1964 as the University of Bechuanaland, Basutoland and Swaziland.
Many libera!on exiles sought refuge in Swaziland and pursued their studies here, including several notable South African exiles.

The university library and archive contains records and documents of this period.

There are three campuses, including the main campus a Kwaluseni.

There may be references at the other four universi!es and colleges, although some are more recent.

17 KINGDOM OF LESOTHO Na!onal Libraries and Archives P.O.

Box 52, Maseru 100, Lesotho Tel + 266 313034 ext.


45 Fax + 266 310194 The Kingdom of Lesotho has three main libraries: The Na!onal Library, the Thomas Mofolo Library and Na!onal Archives at the University of Lesotho, and the Morija Museum and Archives, though there are a range of “academic and research libraries, documenta!on centres, school libraries, special libraries, public libraries and a na!onal library services system”.
Many records from the pre­independence period can be found in the UK Na!onal Archives, Kew.

The Na!onal Library of Lesotho is situated in the na!onal capital of Maseru, and had a collec!on of around 88,000 volumes in 2007.

The Thomas Mofolo Library, situated in the University of Lesotho, in the village of Roma, about 34 km from Maseru, is larger, with a collec!on of more than 170,000 volumes (2007).

The Na!onal Archives are housed in the basement of the library at the University of Lesotho.
They contain a wide range of material, including newspapers dated back to the early 20th century and almost a full collec!on of Basutoland Annual Colonial reports.

Though many oﬃcial court documents have been lost, signiﬁcant material from the colonial period remains.
Morija Museum and Archives PO Box 12, Morija 190, Lesotho Tel +266 2236 0308 Email info@morijafest.com The Morija Archives hosts a unique collec!on assembled by missionaries since late 19th century, which forms part of the unique history of the Basotho na!on.
The Morija collec!on contains an array of colonial documents and newspapers from Basutoland, including early edi!ons of the Naledi newspaper, and documents of the Basutoland Na!onal Council and annual colonial reports, and Paris Evangelical Mission Society.

It covers colonial records, missionary registers, newspapers and valuable material in French, German and many African languages, mainly Sesotho.
The Archives include those of the Lesotho Evangelical Church (LEC), previously known as the Paris Evangelical Missionary Society (PEMS), but also thousands of rare books on Lesotho and southern Africa, journals and newspaper collec!ons, government publica!ons, academic theses, grey literature, maps, photographs and other valuable documenta!on.

These collec!ons form the basis for research and publishing, as well as exhibi!ons and educa!onal programmes for schools, visitors and tourists.
Royal Archives Museum and Informa!on Centre, Matsieng PO Box 1, Maseru, 100, Lesotho Tel +266 27006984 / 22218008 The facility contributes to educa!on development due to massive archives housed in it, which comprise of informa!on rela!ng to royalty and chie"ainship in Lesotho from the !me of Moshoeshoe I. Addi!onal services provided include; guided tour to places of interest in Matsieng such as Ruins of Paramount Chief Letsie I’s lodgings, royal cemetery and dinosaur footprints, library services to students and researchers as well as raising awareness about environmentally friendly waste management system.
It also contributes to socio­economic development through public par!cipa!on in some of the project’s ac!vi!es.

This includes the archives of King Moshoeshoe II (1966­1990, 1995­1996) although government documents and the period leading up to Independence in 1966 are lodged with the Na!onal Archives.
18 Memory of the World CASE STUDY 4 The Royal Archives of Lesotho The Royal Family of Lesotho has been based in Matsieng since just after the 1858 war, when Matsieng was established by the second Lesotho king, Mohato (Letsie 1).

Matsieng is near Morija, the original missionary settlement in Lesotho dating from 1843, where King Letsie 111 was born.

The royal family has been based at Matsieng continuously since the founding of Matsieng, which has been a ‘royal hub’ of the Basotho kingship and chieftainship.
The documents that have accumulated at Matsieng cover material dating from the early 19th century.
The collection includes records of historical, political, legal and economic significance: records on chieftainship and succession to high office; court proceedings and judgements; boundary disputes and resolutions; traditional marriage systems and records; inheritance documentation and disputes; official speeches; correspondence (of national and international significance, as it includes official communications between Lesotho and the UK, and diplomatic contacts with many other countries); books and serials; official administrative records covering the colonial period; records of public works; financial records of governmental divisions.
Most of this material is unique.

Repatriation of the Royal Archives material will allow a much more comprehensive, complete and coherent record to be established, documenting the national history of Lesotho from the early 19th century.

The material was in poor storage at the Royal residence in Matsieng, The original archival material is still temporarily housed at the National University of Lesotho Library for safekeeping.
Na!onal University of Lesotho Ins!tute of Southern African Studies P0 Roma 180, Maseru 100, Lesotho Tel +266 2234 0601 +266 5221 3000 Email The Na!onal University of Lesotho is a vibrant ins!tu!on that grew and developed rapidly a"er its separa!on from the University of Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland.

The Ins!tute of Southern African Studies (ISAS) was created by libera!on exiles from Zimbabwe and elsewhere who were studying and teaching at the university, and is well respected throughout the region.
The library resources are a rich source of documenta!on about the libera!on heritage, and so are the many local and regional graduates.

ISAS collaborates and network with other universi!es, government, communi!es, ins!tutes and scholars in the region as well as interested organiza!ons elsewhere with similar objec!ves.

It collects, documents and makes informa!on accessible to researchers, publicises and disseminates research outputs.
info@nul.ls The main purposes of ISAS are research and the development of informa!on systems and services, with focus on the Southern African region.

However, ISAS also collaborates with other African and developing countries, and has been engaged in regional and sub­regional research projects since the 1980s.
In addi!on to research reports, papers, and special publica!ons, ISAS publishes several series, including a Southern African Studies Series and a Human and Peoples’ Rights Series, and has a Book Depository with a wide selec!on of ISAS books online.

NUL’s vision is to be a vibrant African University, nurturing thought leaders.

19 MALAWI Na!onal Archives of Malawi P.O.
Box 62, Zomba Tel +265 525 240, +265 524 148, +265 524 184 Email archives@sdnp.org.mw The Na!onal Archives of Malawi is a government department that operates under the Na!onal Archives Act and the Printed Publica!ons Act “to collect, organize, control, preserve and make available to the Malawi Na!on, and other interested persons, with informa!on which reﬂects the country’s historical, poli!cal, judiciary, religious, economic, social and cultural heritage, irrespec!ve of the media.” It was established in 1947 in Zomba as a regional branch of the then Central African Archives and later known as the Na!onal Archives of Rhodesia and Nyasaland.
A"er the dissolu!on of the Federa!on of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, and on achieving na!onal independence in 1964, the Zomba branch was declared the Na!onal Archives of Malawi, and operates through several service points with regional records centres in Lilongwe and Mzuzu.

This is the na!onal repository of oﬃcial documents and houses signiﬁcant historical archives for the period before and a"er independence, including oﬃcial documents on the Central African Federa!on (1953­63) and the colonial era.
Na!onal newspapers and publica!ons archived here also contain a signiﬁcant historical record of the independence period for Malawi and neighbouring countries.

The Historical Manuscripts sec!on is responsible for the acquisi!on of historical informa!on from private ins!tu!ons such as corporate bodies, churches, clubs, etc and also individuals such as missionaries, colonial administrators, poli!cians, etc.
A project was conducted in 2015­2016 in partnership with the Na!onal Archives for the digi!sa!on and reloca!on of church archives in Malawi through the Endangered Archives Programme of the Bri!sh Library.
Memory of the World CASE STUDY 5 National Archives as Guardians of Documentary Heritage A study of the preservation of documentary heritage in Malawi in 2015 (SASA, Vol 48) which remains valid five years later, sets out to identify documentary heritage preserved at the National Archives; determine the importance of preserving documentary heritage; identify techniques used in preservation; and identify challenges and solutions to enable the National Archives “and other guardians of documentary heritage” to develop sustainable preservation programmes, as well as stimulating more research on the preservation of documentary heritage, concluding that “there is lack of appreciation on the importance of preservation of documentary heritage by policy makers making it a least government priority.” 20 The study identified documentary heritage materials preserved at the National Archives including historical manuscripts and published works as well as the conditions and methods.
Challenges include the lack of purposely built infrastructure, limited funding and understaffing.

Recommendations are in response to these challenges through promotion to various users including the public, government and donors; planning for customised infrastructure; and lobbying for more funding and staff.
There is no discussion of preservation through digital technology, but the study concluded that documentary heritage “forms an important aspect of the country’s memory and helps in bridging the past and the present, and in shaping the future.” The study recommends increasing access and awareness of other archives that may not be known to the National Archives.
This collection is not accessible online and the study recommends computerisation, digitising the film collection, and publishing the Malawi National Bibliography online, as well as conducting public awareness of the role of National Archives in national development.

The study also recommends the construction of a purpose-built archival structure for the proper management and administration of records and archives, and increasing records and literature surveys.
The National Archives of Malawi says it appreciates the support of the University of Malawi Libraries and the National Library Service in providing the necessary information to researchers when such information is not readily available at the National Archives.

These two institutions are therefore useful links to the National Archives of Malawi.
Na!onal Library Service of Malawi Lilongwe City Centre, Malawi Tel +265 1 773 700 Website www.nls.mw The Na!onal Library Service Board is a Statutory Corpora!on established under the Na!onal Library Service Act of 1967.

NLS operates na!on­wide public library and informa!on services in Malawi.

Its statutory responsibili!es are to promote, establish, equip, manage, maintain and develop libraries in Malawi.
Its mission is to ensure that people of Malawi have access to educa!onal, training, recrea!onal and informa!on materials for na!onal development.

Its statutory responsibili!es, as s!pulated in the Act, are to promote, establish, equip, manage, maintain and develop libraries in Malawi.
It has seventeen branches in twelve out of the twenty eight districts of the country, and has, through its Rural Library Service, established over two thousand library centres in schools, health centres, prisons, district councils, agricultural development divisions and churches whose aim is to provide, suitable relevant reading and reference materials for use in rural communi!es for func!onal informa!on, educa!on and sustenance of literacy skills.
Na!onal Library Service of Malawi Malawi Broadcas!ng Corpora!on The Malawi Broadcas!ng Corpora!on (MBC) is a state­run radio company founded just a"er Independence in 1964.

From headquarters in Blantyre, MBC runs the na!onal television sta!on and two radio sta!ons, transmi(ng on FM, Medium Wave and Shortwave frequencies, and Online.
MBC has been broadcas!ng throughout the post­independence period and well before the Independence of ﬁve other countries in the region, and should have signiﬁcant historical audio­visual archives.
Website www.mbc.mw 21 University of Malawi Library P.O Box 280, Zomba, Malawi Tel +265 01 524 222 Email registrar@cc.ac.mw The University of Malawi library at Zomba is a rich source of books, papers and scholarly wri!ng about the na!onal in Malawi and independence period neighbouring countries, notably Zambia and Zimbabwe, and various analyses and documents of the period of the Central African Federa!on.

Na!onal Library Service of Malawi Society of Malawi library P.O.
Box 125, Blantyre Tel +265 01 872617 Email societyofmalawi@africa­online.net The Society was established in 1946 as The Nyasaland Society with membership open to all.
The resource has a reference library of about 3,000 books covering the period before, during and a"er independence, including the period of the Central African Federa!on of Northern and Southern Rhodesia (Zambia, Zimbabwe) and Nyasaland (Malawi); and a historical electronic photographic archive of about 10,000 historical images, some of which can be purchased as prints.
Malawi Congress Party collec!on Na!onal Headquarters, City Centre, Private Bag 388, Lilongwe Tel +265 1 795 994 Email editor@malawicongress.party The state of cataloguing and storing the Malawi Congress Party (MCP) archives is not yet known, but this is a rich source about the nego!a!ons for independence following the demise of the Central African Federa!on.
This was the independence party of the founding President and medical doctor, Dr Has!ngs Kamuzu Banda, who was called back from exile to lead the independence party and who later played public and private role in publicly establishing rela!ons with apartheid South Africa including exchange of ambassadors, while allowing some Zimbabwean poli!cal leaders to freely move in and out of the country.
The party archives are rich in this heritage documenta!on, as is the Kamuzu Academy that he established as a boarding school based on elite Bri!sh boarding schools.
Kamuzu Academy in Malawi 22 MOZAMBIQUE Arquivo Histórico de Moçambique Historical Archive of Mozambique Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo Travessa do Verietá no 58, CP 2033, Maputo, Mozambique Tel +258 21 323 428 Website www.ahm.uem.mz Director Professor Joel das Neves Tembe joelnevestembe@gmail.com +258 82 309 0960 Arquivo Histórico de Moçambique (AHM) is the repository of records of the Republic of Mozambique and serves as the na!onal archives, under the oversight of Eduardo Mondlane University (UEM).
It became the repository of government records from independence in 1975, having been established for that func!on 40 years previously by the Portuguese colonial government in 1934.

Its mandate is to collect, store, preserve and publicly access documents of informa!ve and eviden!al value, produced and / or received by public and private ins!tu!ons.
As part of the implementa!on of the Na!onal System of State Archives (SNAE) Decree 36/2007, AHM par!cipates in the deﬁni!on and dissemina!on of government policy, and advises the ministry that assumes the coordina!ng role of SNAE on legisla!ve projects related to the Na!onal Archives Policy.
AHM has in its custody about 30 thousand linear metres of textual documenta!on, grouped in 68 archival resources available for public consulta!on, and various special collec!ons including photographs, philately, oral sources, microﬁlms, posters, maps and a specialized library, among others.

The AHM uses this tool ICA­AtoM to provide the virtual access to part of its collec!on that is digi!zed, to researchers, students and public.
This collec!on contains documents from the Mozambican libera!on struggle contributed from individual archives of par!cipants and supporters.

The Director of the Na!onal Historical Archives, Professor Joel das Neves Tembe was co­editor with Tanzanian Professor Arnold J. Temu for the SADC Mbita Project on Southern African Libera"on Struggles.

He is Professor of African History at Eduardo Mondlane University in Maputo.
Memory of the World CASE STUDY 6 Arquivo Histórico de Moçambique Historical Archive of Mozambique The Historical Archive of Mozambique recently celebrated 85 years of existence, bringing into focus a wish to strengthen its identity as a true national archive.

However, the construction of a purpose-built building, equipped with up-to-date information storage equipment, is considered a necessity in order to avoid damage to or loss of important documents.
23 Only three of the archive’s five buildings are currently in operation: the headquarters, the one next to the National Library, and the third, on the campus of Eduardo Mondlane University.

The two that are not operational are on East Timor Avenue and the corner of Filipe Samuel Magaia and 24 de Julho Avenues, both in Maputo city.

Most of these buildings were not built as archives, but have been adapted to function as such.
The archive houses accounts of the Mozambique’s history since the 19th century, preserved in the form of audio cassettes and on microfilm and paper.

To give some idea, the headquarters building stores 22,000 books, 160 periodicals, an oral archive of 14,000 audio cassettes, civil and notary registration documents, and Eduardo Mondlane’s own collection.

The other building, located next to the National Library in Maputo, houses over 300,000 microfilmed documents.
The Historical Archive has in its collection about 30,000 linear metres of treated textual documentation, grouped in 82 archival funds, available for public consultation.

It also has about 100,000 varied images from special collections and 700 hours of sound recordings.

Club of Mozambique from Jornal Domingo, 29 July 2019 Centro de Estudos Africanos, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane Centre for African Studies, Eduardo Mondlane University Av.
Julius Nyerere, Rua da Reserva da Universidade, Maputo 1993, Mozambique Tel +258 21 490 828 Website www.uem.mz The Centre for African Studies at Eduwardo Mondlane University (UEM) has a signiﬁcant and in!mate history in the libera!on of neighbouring countries, and a signiﬁcant archive of research and documenta!on, notably on Mozambique and South Africa.
Ruth First of the ANC of South Africa was worked here as Research Director un!l she was assassinated in 1982 by a parcel bomb sent to her at the university.

CEA was founded just a"er independence in 1975 by Tomaz Aquino Messias de Bragança, who became an iconic intellectual and advisor to President Samora Machel, and died with him in the crash of the presiden!al plane in South African territory in 1986.

The CEA con!nues to generate research and analysis of historical and current issues.
24 FRELIMO Party Archives Mozambique Libera!on Front Tel +258 21 490181/9 Email info@frelimo.org.mz Website www.frelimo.org.mz The archives of the Mozambique Libera!on Front (FRELIMO) contain publica!ons and documents on FRELIMO history before and a"er independence in 1975, i.e.
the poli!cal orienta!on, military strategy, educa!on and health, the equality of women and men, importance of na!onal unity, and deﬁni!on of the enemy; speeches at rallies led by Samora Machel, the founding president of Mozambique and other Frelimo leaders and ac!vists; as well as individual and collec!ve memoirs of ﬁghters in the armed struggle for independence and the resistance to colonialism in Mozambique.

Documenta!on is generally well kept and organized, but condi!ons of storage need improvement.
Some documenta!on has been reissued recently in a series of small booklets or pamphlets.

A signiﬁcant quan!ty of the original material is stored at the Na!onal Historical Archives at Eduardo Mondlane University, although some remains in private collec!ons.
Digi!za!on of part of the collec!on, including the publica!on Mozambique Revolu"on, is accessible at www.aluka.org in JSTOR Struggles for Freedom in Southern Africa, but access has limited ins!tu!onal membership and may require payment, depending on loca!on of access.
Museu da Revolução Museum of the Revolu!on Avenida 24 de Julho 3003, Maputo, Mozambique The struggle for independence against Portuguese colonialism is well­documented at the Museum of the Revolu!on in Maputo, with photographs, maps, military artefacts such as weapons and uniforms, and memorabilia over four ﬂoors, providing a real experience of the guerrilla resistance movement that swept through Mozambique in the 1960s leading to independence on 25 June 1975, and evokes the inspiring history of the revolu!on in the capital city, Maputo in Mozambique.
The museum provides detailed informa!on of the peoples’ struggle against the Portuguese colonialism and is a storehouse of history of Mozambique’s freedom.

The use of maps, pictures and revela!on of weapons chronicle the ﬁght on which the cap!ons and the text are highlighted.
Mozambique History Net online archive Website www.mozambiquehistory.net The purpose of the Mozambique History Net website is to make available selected newspaper clippings and some other resources dealing with contemporary Mozambican history and presented in a thema!cally organised form.

A high propor!on of this material is in Portuguese from the period of the na!onal libera!on struggle in the early 1960s to 1994.
It includes the conﬂict between the Mozambican government and Renamo from the 1970s un!l October 1992, as well as the en!re period of the presidency of the late Samora Machel.
The website contains about 400 subject ﬁles based on physical dossiers containing press clippings mainly from Mozambican and southern African sources, as well as book covers, and was established by archivist Dr Colin Darch, who worked at Eduardo Mondlane University in Maputo a"er independence and later as Head of the Library at the University of Cape Town.
25 Rádio Moçambique Rua da Radio N 2, CP 2000, Maputo Tel +258 21 42 99 08 Faxt +258 21 42 98 26 Email dinfoweb@rm.co.mz Website www.rm.co.mz The ﬁrst radio sta!on in Mozambique began broadcas!ng on shortwave and AM on 18 March 1933, and was launched as Rádio Clube de Moçambique in 1935, broadcas!ng mostly in English.

Post­independence Rádio Moçambique has radio studios in the provinces broadcas!ng in 14 local languages as well as Portuguese.
The external service in English con!nued to broadcast on shortwave from Maputo for a few hours daily and allocated an hour to the Zimbabwe libera!on movement based there to present broadcasts to neighbouring Zimbabwe (Southern Rhodesia).

The genera!on who were children growing up in neighbouring Zimbabwe during the libera!on period remember listening to Voice of Zimbabwe broadcas!ng from Mozambique.
The audio historical archives of Rádio Moçambique are extensive in Portuguese and local languages, and also for the RM external service in English.

The condi!on of the audio archive is not conﬁrmed but would require conversion of old formats to digital technology.

The na!onal broadcasters in other countries oﬀered this service to the other libera!on movements, where the reach included Namibia as well as Zimbabwe and South Africa.
(See Case Study 11) Televisão de Moçambique Televisão de Moçambique – EP, Av 25 de Setembro, Nº 154, Maputo Caixa Postal 2675, Maputo Tel +258­21 308117 /9 Fax +258 21 308122 Website www.tvm.co.mz Televisão de Moçambique (TVM) was launched in 1981 as experimental television and changed its name in 1991 as broadcas!ng extended to weekdays.

TVM began broadcas!ng via satellite ion 2001, thus reaching the en!re country.

The opera!ons of TVM are supported by government as well as commercial revenue.
TVM has extensive audio­visual archives since 1981, which this !meframe is momentous in the libera!on history of Mozambique as well as South Africa, Zimbabwe and Namibia.

Jornal No!cias www.jornalno!cias.co.mz Mozambique has a lively newspaper sector, in print and online, mainly in Maputo.

No"cias is the na!onal daily newspaper, and there are private dailies and several weeklies.
The archives of No"cias are extensive since Independence in 1975 and through the libera!on period to 1994, but not yet digi!zed for online access.
26 NAMIBIA @Na!onalarchivesofnamibia Na!onal Archives of Namibia Eugene Marais Street, Khomas, Windhoek Tel + 264 61 293 5211 Directorate of Namibia Library and Archives Service Ministry of Educa!on, Arts and Culture Website www.moe.gov.na The Na!onal Archives of Namibia (NAN) was established in 1939 and has a wide­ranging collec!on on the history of the country including archives of the an!­colonial resistance and the libera!on struggle.
Special collec!ons include a library, 5800 maps and plans, 800 posters, 16000 catalogued photos, an extensive audio­visual collec!on of 330 catalogued ﬁlms and videos, 800 oral history sound casse$es, 1300 microﬁlms, and an ephemera collec!on, as well as a complete collec!on of all local newspapers from 1897 to 1962.

Substan!al audio­ visual and photographic collec!ons await cataloguing.
Historical documents on display include the Witbooi diaries and Maherero papers, as well as token passes that were used to control the movement of people under German colonial rule.

Most of the extensive holdings are government and court records, spanning the German colonial administra!on in Namibia (1884­1915) through the South African administra!on (1915­1990) to independent Namibia (since 1990).
Records from the German period are in the German language; those from the South African period are in Afrikaans or English.

There are signiﬁcant pre­colonial records consis!ng of trea!es and correspondence of local leaders, as well as missionary records, plus almost 1000 private accessions.

The Archives serves as a repository for older material from the na!onal broadcaster.
Since independence, a special eﬀort to secure non­governmental records of the libera!on struggle, including oral history, has resulted in substan!al accessions from Namibian ac!vists, poli!cal par!es, interna!onal solidarity groups, and the United Na!ons, and this eﬀort is con!nuing, including papers on the founding of the Ovamboland People’s Organiza!on in 1959 and some documents of the former SWAPO President and Founding President of Namibia, Sam Nujoma.
Special collec!ons in this regard include: /Interna!onal Solidarity with Namibia /Apartheid Legisla!on and Policy in Namibia /Early An!­Colonial Resistance in Namibia /Core Readings /Namibia Poster Collec!on /Namibia Resistance Publica!ons /Namibia Transi!on to Independence /United Na!ons and Namibia.
The NAN is governed by the Archives Act of 1992 as a division of the Ministry of Educa!on, and housed in a purpose­built and climate­ controlled building that it shares with the Na!onal Library of Namibia, which is the legal deposit and copyright library for Namibia.
27 Of par!cular importance are fragments of memory about genocide in Namibia in the German colonial era in 1904­1908, when leaders of the resistance to German occupa!on rebelled and fought to defend their territory, under Samuel Maherero and Kaptein Hendrik Witbooi, whose papers are kept in this collec!on.

Witbooi was known as the “captain who disappears into the grass” because of his guerrilla tac!cs.
The German military sta!on at Waterberg was occupied by Herero mounted infantry and guerrilla forces, but colonial forces fought back using breech­loading ar!llery and belt­fed Maxim machineguns at the Ba$le of Waterberg.

General Von Trotha issued an extermina!on order to shoot all Herero, whether armed or unarmed, including men, women and children.
The surviving popula!on, weakened by an outbreak of rinderpest that decimated ca$le and thus the local economy and food security, were forced into the Omaheke desert and any who tried to return to their land were killed or put into concentra!on camps, and water sources were poisoned.

Most of the Herero popula!on died (75­80 percent) and half the Nama popula!on.

Witbooi was killed in ac!on in 2005 and Maherero took part of the remaining popula!on into exile.
Soon a"er, diamonds were discovered in the territory.

Exis!ng fragments of this memory need to be retained “lest we forget”.

A UN report in 1985 iden!ﬁed this as an a$empt at extermina!on, and therefore genocide.

The United Na!ons Genocide Conven!on deﬁnes genocide as “acts commi$ed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a na!onal, ethnical, racial or religious group”.
Skulls and other remains that were taken to Germany as trophies and for experimenta!on began to be returned to Namibia in 2011 a"er intense lobbying, and most recently in 2018, when a Namibian delega!on formally received the remains during a church ceremony in Germany, including 19 skulls, a scalp and bones.

Heads and human trophies were also taken from Tanzania, South Africa and Zimbabwe to Germany and Britain, and repatria!on discussions are s!ll in progress.
University of Namibia 340 Mandume Ndemufayo Ave, Pionierspark, Windhoek Tel +264 61 206 3228 / +264 61 206 3111 Contact The Archivist archives@unam.na Website www.unam.edu.na The Archives Unit at the University of Namibia (UNAM) holds private archival collec!ons on Namibian history which are available for research.

In addi!on there are UNAM publica!ons, photographic and poster collec!ons, and documenta!on.
The database is available for search of whole collec!ons or individual ﬁles, items or subject !tles, and all items described in the database are available physically at the UNAM Archives, including the following collec!ons: Du Pisani Collec!on /Finnish Evangelical Lutheran Mission (FELM) Collec!on /Henderson Collec!on /Katjavivi Collec!on /Tjitendero Collec!on /UNAM Publica!ons /Williams Collec!on /Photographic Collec!ons /Poster Collec!ons /United Na!ons Ins!tute for Namibia (UNIN) Collec!on.
All of these collec!ons are of historical value and relevant to the libera!on history.

The UNIN, for example, was an educa!onal body set up by the United Na!ons Council for Namibia in Lusaka, Zambia on 26 August 1976 through the vision of the then UN Commissioner for Namibia, Sean MacBride.

The main purpose for the crea!on of UNIN was to have a facility for the educa!on of Namibians in prepara!on for taking up roles in independent Namibia.
28 The UNAM Archives Unit was established in 1994 and is located at the lower ground ﬂoor of the Main Library, with the mandate of ensuring the survival of UNAM’s memory for administra!ve, legal, historical and future research purposes.
Among its holdings is a le$er from Andimba Herman Toivo ya Toivo in 1967 while incarcerated at Robben Island in South Africa a"er convic!on by a Pretoria court for terrorism, as well as documents on “Life under Apartheid”, the annexa!on of Walvis Bay into Cape Province, and SWAPO campaigns such as “Towards the Future”.
Main Library Digital Namibian Archive Namibia University of Science and Technology 13 Jackson Kaujeua Street, Windhoek Private Bag 13388, Windhoek Tel +264 61 207 9111 Website www.dna.nust.na The Digital Namibian Archives (DNA) is a coopera!ve project of the Namibia University of Science and Technology, Utah Valley University, and the Na!onal Archives of Namibia, an innova!ve project to develop a rich digital resource that reﬂects the diversity of voices and cultural stories of Namibian people to individuals throughout the United States, Africa and the world.
These stories may disappear with the passing of elders who hold the oral tradi!ons of the indigenous peoples and the personal stories of individuals who par!cipated in Namibia’s struggle for freedom.

The Digital Namibian Archive will also gather and preserve images of independence, photo nega!ves of the colonial period, documents of transi!on, and other artefacts.

This includes photo and audio collec!ons, and the Hendrik Witbooi Collec!on, among others.
The project is intended not only to counter the loss of oral tradi!on by capturing and cataloguing oral histories, but also to develop skills and capacity among Namibians to con!nue to expand the archive, including workshops for students and professionals on digital capture, restora!on, design, edi!ng and asset management.

Old Loca!on Tsumeb Mine Floods in Namibia 29 Museums Associa!on of Namibia 131, 2nd Floor, Maeura Park, Centaurus Road, Windhoek P.O.
Box 147, Windhoek Namibia Tel +264 61 302230 Email museums@iway.na / jeremysilvester3@gmail.com Website www.museums.com.na The Museums Associa!on of Namibia supports the establishment and development of museums throughout the country, and holds a signiﬁcant collec!on of heritage documents and objects.

Among its achievements is the produc!on of a mobile exhibi!on en!tled “The Namibian Genocide: Learning from The Past” to circulate throughout Namibia.
The Museums Associa!on is proac!ve to develop a heritage network in Namibia to encourage greater co­opera!on and communica!on between stakeholders in the heritage sector; ac!vely seeks to encourage links with other partners to strengthen the role of museums as educa!onal resources and tourist a$rac!ons; and encourages young people to consider a career in the heritage sector through an internship scheme.
The museums associa!on is involved in seeking the repatria!on of cultural property held in museums overseas, and seeks to prevent the illegal trade in cultural artefacts from Namibia, as well as building co­opera!ve links with sister organiza!ons in neighbouring countries.
As a non­governmental organisa!on represen!ng museums and heritage ins!tu!ons throughout the country, and oﬃcially recognized by Government as the voice of Namibian museums, the Associa!on receives an annual grant from Government and is tasked “to facilitate the establishment of heritage ins!tu!ons at regional and local level and to support such ins!tu!ons by providing guidance, assistance and exper!se where necessary and possible.” One example is the Mbunza Living Museum near Rundu in the north of the country close to the border with Angola, a place unlike any other.
The Living Museum of the Mbunza is a tradi!onal school for culture and a communal business for the local people of the Kavango.

With this sustainable project they aim to preserve their tradi!onal culture while genera!ng an income.

This is a living archive of tradi!onal knowledge, culture and experience.

Na!onal Library of Namibia Evangelical Lutheran Church in Namibia Bishop Dr. Shekutaamba V.V.
Nambala Private Bag 2018, Ondangwa, Namibia Tel +264 81 129 4573 Email east.ﬁnance@elcin.org.naWebsite www.elcin.org.na These are valuable archives covering a long period since the establishment of the Lutheran Church in Namibia almost 150 years ago up to and throughout its involvement in the na!onal libera!on struggle.

The Evangelical Lutheran Church in Namibia (ELCIN) has a total membership of well over half a million people, mainly in northern Namibia.
Previously known as the Evangelical Lutheran Ovambo­Kavango Church (ELOC), it played a signiﬁcant role in opposi!on to apartheid in Namibia.

A collec!on of archival material is placed at the UNAM Archives Unit.

30 The independent church known as the Evangelical Lutheran Ovambo­Kavango Church was established in 1954 and the ﬁrst Namibian bishop of ELOC, Leonard Auala, played a notable role in the struggle for na!onal independence.
In 1971 an open le$er was wri$en jointly with Moderator Paulus Gowaseb of the Rhenish Mission’s United Evangelical Lutheran Church in South West Africa (later known as the Evangelical Lutheran Church in the Republic of Namibia) to the Prime Minister of South Africa, B.J.
Vorster, which declared their church’s opposi!on to the con!nued rule of South Africa and the acceptance of the recommenda!on by the Interna!onal Court of Jus!ce for the withdrawal of South Africa’s mandate and a transi!on period towards independence.

Other Lutheran churches in Namibia which also have historical archives are the southern­ based Evangelical Lutheran Church in the Republic of Namibia and the German­speaking Evangelical Lutheran Church in Namibia (GELK).
The church developed out of the work of the Finnish Missionary Society that began in 1870 among the Ovambo and Kavango people in the northern area of what became German South West Africa.
Memory of the World CASE STUDY 7 Documentation of Evangelical Lutheran Church in Namibia The heritage documentation of the churches in Namibia, notably the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Namibia (ELCIN), originally known as the Evangelical Lutheran Ovambo- Kavango Church (ELOC), should be recommended for the MoW registry due to its active role and archives on the development and liberation of the country from apartheid.

Other churches in Namibia also hold significant heritage archives.
Churches and rural missions are a rich source of documentation in all of the nine countries, and this should be explored, preserved and catalogued.

For example, the archives of central organizations such as the South African Council of Churches (SACC) in South Africa are well preserved, but the various roles of specific churches in the liberation of Zimbabwe such as the European churches or African churches or individuals, are not well documented.
There is one entry to date from Namibia in UNESCO’s Memory of the World Registry, accepted as authentic, unique and irreplaceable.

❖ Letter Journals of Hendrik Witbooi Documentary heritage submitted by Namibia and recommended for inclusion in the Memory of the World Register in 2005 — Hendrik Witbooi (traditional name !Nanseb /Gabemab, born ca.1835; died 1905) is a key figure in Namibian history.
Between 1884 and 1894, he resisted German advances at gaining colonial control over Namibia by attempting to forge a united front against the conclusion of “protection treaties”.
Witbooi’s insights into the nature of colonialism, about the fundamental difference between conflict with African competitors and with European invaders, his attempts at formulating African legal concepts, and the visionary and poetic power of some of his texts are the qualities that set his letters apart and above the bulk of contemporary and earlier African texts of the same genre.

The texts include what may be the first written formulation of the concept of Pan-Africanism.
Hendrik Witbooi 31 The Parliament of Namibia Parliament Building, 14A Love Street Private Bag 13323, Windhoek Tel +264 61 288 9111 Chief Librarian Tel +264 61 288 2620 r.dacruz@parliament.na Website www.parliament.gov.na This parliamentary library contains books and archives da!ng back to the colonial period and through the libera!on struggle and UN nego!a!ons for independence, up to the Cons!tuent Assembly, elec!ons and independence.
The objec!ve of the library is to provide an informa!on service that meets the requirements of parliamentarians, and to organize and preserve the records of parliament, current and historical da!ng back to the colonial era.

This includes the comprehensive records of the Cons!tuent Assembly that was convened following pre­ independence elec!ons in November 1989 un!l 20 March 1990, the day before Independence, and produced the Cons!tu!on of Namibia.
The Cons!tuent Assembly was chaired by Dr Hage Geingob, the current President of Namibia, and became the Na!onal Assembly of Namibia at independence on 21 March 1990.

The parliamentary archives are housed in a parliament building that was constructed in 1912­ 13 as an administra!on building for the German colonial government, using forced labour by survivors of the Herero­Nama genocide of 1904­5.

A status of Chief Hosea Ku!ko was placed in front a"er Independence.
The Archives consist of parliamentary papers and legisla!on, commi$ee reports, and the Hansard records of proceedings in the Na!onal Assembly and Na!onal Council.
Others relevant documents are accessible online through the United Na!ons website and peacemaker.un.org The current Speaker of the Na!onal Assembly, Hon Prof. Peter Katjavivi, who was founding Vice­Chancellor of the University of Namibia, has lodged some of his documents with the university, and has extensive documenta!on of the period before Independence.

His two predecessors (late) le" a rich archive of documenta!on from the libera!on period and post­ independence.
The ﬁrst Speaker of the Na!onal Assembly (1990­2005), Dr Mosé Tjitendero, ini!ated and mo!vated the idea of a regional Parliamentary Forum, SADC PF, which is hosted by the Parliament of Namibia and for which there are extensive records leading up to and a"er its formal establishment by the SADC Summit in August 1997.
The second Speaker of the Na!onal Assembly (2005­2015), Theo Ben Gurirab, served previously as Minister of Foreign Aﬀairs and as Prime Minister, and his personal documenta!on could be extensive, including his long period as SWAPO representa!ve at the UN headquarters in New York through the various phases leading to Independence.
All three Speakers of the Na!onal Assembly have had a life!me history of service to the country before and a"er Independence, and these archives should be an essen!al part of the na!onal memory.
32 SWAPO Party Archive and Research Centre 36 Promenaden Road, Windhoek Tel +264 61 23864 Website www.sparc.na The SWAPO Party Archive and Research Centre (SPARC) counts its collec!on at about 3.5 million documents, 200 hours of ﬁlm and video, and some 7000 photographs, with most of the collec!on repatriated from the party’s oﬃces and bases in Angola as well as from Zambia, Tanzania and other former SWAPO oﬃces in Africa and around the world.
Ins!tu!ons and individuals who were involved or had knowledge of the struggle have also donated material.

This includes some of the papers of the leaders Sam Nujoma, Andimba Toivo ya Toivo and others, and books about them.

The centre was established in August 2003 to iden!fy and collect documents, photographs, slides and ﬁlms rela!ng to the struggle for freedom and independence and libera!on from apartheid.

SPARC opened at its new premises in 2007.


The archive is said to have a website where some of the material can be accessed, but this is diﬃcult to locate.

An update on this collec!on was included in the Guide to the SWAPO Collec!on in the Basler Afrika Bibliographien, co­published with the Namibia Resource Centre & Southern Africa Library in Basel, Switzerland (2006).

Basler Afrika Bibliographien is a centre of documenta!on and exper!se on Namibia and southern Africa, located in Basel.
Many records in Germany, including those of the Green Party, contain documenta!on about SWAPO and Namibia, although the Green Party’s posi!on on Namibian libera!on from apartheid South Africa and previously German colonial rule has received li$le scholarly a$en!on, partly because the Green Party is rela!vely young and ﬁrst entered the Bundestag in 1983.

Although certain research restric!ons apply, such as the 30­year rule, the Green Party does not enforce this and archives are accessible.
Other Party Archives A number of other smaller par!es including the South West African Na!onal Union (SWANU), the Democra!c Turnhalle Alliance (DTA) and the family of its leader Dirk Mudge, may have historical archives.

Some may be available through other pla’orms, such as handwri$en le$ers by Mishake Muyongo when he was Vice­President of SWAPO before his expulsion, and other papers of the party he formed in Zambezi Region through which he was elected to the Cons!tuent Assembly.
33 SOUTH AFRICA Na!onal Archives and Records Service Na!onal Archives Building, 24 Hamilton Street, Arcadia, Tshwane Tel +27 12 441 3200 Website www.na!onal.archives.gov.za The Na!onal Archives and Records Service of South Africa (NARSSA) located in the City of Tshwane (Pretoria) preserves public and non­public records with enduring value for use by the public and the State.
The holdings exceed 140 kilometres of shelving comprising records in a variety of media including paper­based text and electronic records as well as audio­visual, photographic and cartographic material.

As this is a public archive, its records originate mainly from the business of governmental bodies.

Various systems are used to protect the records from ﬁre, ﬂooding, pests, and degenera!on, by regula!ng temperature, humidity and ligh!ng, and special storage containers.
Documents archived by NARSAA date back to 1652 and have accumulated to the extent that the Department of Arts and Culture (DAC) ini!ated the construc!on of a new facility that provides for an es!mated 500,000 linear metres of storage space in a facility of 107,000 square metres.

Cu(ng­edge technology will ensure a na!onal archive of interna!onal standard that reﬂects the rich cultural heritage of the people of South Africa.
Many of the recordings relate to the poli!cal trials that happened during the apartheid regime.

For centuries an archival record was iden!ﬁed with manuscripts and wri$en records.

With !me the “archival record” came to mean recorded informa!on, without regard to form or medium.

Essen!al to this deﬁni!on is the understanding that a record takes on archival quality if the informa!on it contains has enduring value.
Archival records can therefore be paper­based text, electronic records, audio­visual, photographic or cartographic material.

Against this understanding of archival records, South Africa can boast well­preserved records in the form of rock pain!ngs going back thousands of years.

The oral tradi!on is very rich and highly developed, and the markings and symbols on items such as tradi!onal shields make the history come alive today.

The mission of NARSSA is supported by other func!ons and objects.
The public programming aims to make public and non­public records accessible, but also to promote their use, and is ac!vely collec!ng non­public records to ﬁll the gaps in social memory and in documen!ng na!onal experiences, including the Na!onal Oral History Programme.
The na!onal archive is a repository of South African stories and history, including the Zuid­Afrikaansche Republiek, 1829 ­ 1900; the Transvaal Colony, 1900 ­ 1910; the Transvaal Province, 1910 ­ 1994; and Union Government records from 1910 onward.
34 A handwri$en journal and other papers documen!ng Nelson Mandela’s journey through Africa in 1962 to meet Oliver Tambo in exile, visit Algeria’s Na!onal Libera!on Front and a$end a conference of the Pan­African Freedom Movement for East, Central and Southern Africa (PAFMECSA) in Ethiopia, as well as to Bechuanaland (Botswana) and Tanganyika (United Republic of Tanzania), are lodged here and published online by SA History Online.
In these historic records, Mandela wrote of military support and training, and he provides a unique descrip!ve record of this period in Africa.

A recorded message by Mandela much later a"er he became President of South Africa, stresses the importance of archives and memory in taking the country from its past into its future.

Na!onal Archives of South Africa OR Tambo and NR Mandela at PAFMECSA, 1962 The Na!onal Archive has repositories in Pretoria, Cape Town, and Bloemfontein.
The Old Cape Archives, which is a na!onal monument and the most prominent architectural landmark in Queen Victoria Street, Cape Town, has been fully refurbished and restored by the Department of Public Works as part of a long­term programme on preserving and revitalising culturally signiﬁcant buildings.

The Archives were moved to the former Roeland Street gaol site and the Old Cape Archives building is occupied by the South African Library.
Western Cape Archives and Records Service, 72 Roeland St, Gardens, Cape Town, 8001 The Old Cape Archives Preserved Old Entrance to the Roeland Street Prison.

The Heritage Portal Memory of the World Mandela’s handwri"en journal and papers from his journey through Africa in 1962 to meet OR Tambo in exile and a"end PAFMECSA should be recommended for Memory of the World register as a unique and irreplaceable record of that period.
35 marcel.vanrossum@dac.gov.za Bureau of Heraldry collec!on The State Herald, 24 Hamilton Street, Arcadia, Pretoria Private Bag X236, Pretoria 0001 Mr Marcel van Rossum, Department of Arts and Culture Tel +27 12 441 3200 Fax +27 12 323 5287 E­mail The Bureau of Heraldry is the South African heraldic authority, established in Pretoria in 1963.

This falls under the Department of Arts and Culture, and is located at the Na!onal Archives.
The mission is to provide a na!onal service for the design and registra!on of coats of arms, ﬂags, pennants, decora!ons, medals, seals, insignia of rank and other emblems, uniforms and names and special names, and provide a professional heraldic service to the Government and the public on a na!onal and interna!onal level, the ins!tu!on of Na!onal Orders and the popularisa!on of Na!onal Symbols including the Na!onal Flag, the Na!onal Coat of Arms, and the Na!onal Anthem.
Fax to e­mail +27 86 529 6407 Archives of CODESA 1991 – 1992 and Archives of Mul!­Party Nego!a!ng Process 1993 Na!onal Archives, 24 Hamilton Street, Arcadia, Pretoria, 2000 Private Bag x236, Pretoria, 0001 Tel +27 12 441 3200 Website www.na!onal.archives.gov.za The archives of the Conven!on for a Democra!c South Africa (CODESA) 1991­1992 and archives of the Mul!­Party Nego!a!ng Process 1993, the ﬁnal stages leading to the 1994 elec!ons and change in the governance of South Africa, forms part of the documentary heritage held by the Na!onal Archives on behalf of the people of South Africa.
The inten!on of CODESA was to bring about an undivided South Africa, free from apartheid and discrimina!on; to work to heal the divisions of the past; to strive to improve the quality of life for all South Africans through economic development and social jus!ce; to create a climate conducive to peaceful cons!tu!onal change; and to set in mo!on the drawing up of a new Cons!tu!on.

More discussions followed at CODESA II in May 1992.

The Mul!

Party Nego!a!ng Forum (MPNF) followed these talks in 1993.
These records were accepted for the MoW register in 2013.

(See Case Study 8).

Department of Arts and Culture Tel +27 12 441 3205 / +27 12 441 3202 E­mail archives@dac.gov.za Website www.dac.gov.za The Na!onal Archives as well as heritage sites, museums and monuments of South Africa reside under the Department of Arts and Culture, a department of the South African government that promotes, supports, develops and protects the arts, culture and heritage of the country.
36 Memory of the World CASE STUDY 8 MoW Registry There are five entries from South Africa to date in UNESCO’s Memory of the World Registry, accepted as authentic, unique and irreplaceable.
❖ Archives of the CODESA (Convention For A Democratic South Africa) 1991 - 1992 and Archives of the Multi-Party Negotiating Process 1993 Documentary heritage submitted by South Africa and recommended for inclusion in the Memory of the World Register in 2013 — Records concerning the Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA) launched at the World Trade Centre in Kempton Park on 20 December 1991, with 19 political parties participating.
The Declaration of Intent, signed during CODESA, is one of the most important documents in recent South African history as, in this document, almost all the parties involved in the struggle agreed to put negotiations before an armed conflict.

The Declaration of Intent led to a Peace Accord which opened the way for successful talks with the 1994 democratic elections as a result.

Records concerning the Multi Party Negotiating Forum (MPNF) started on 1 April 1993 at the World Trade Centre in Kempton Park.
Twenty-six parties were involved.

Many technical committees were established and important issues were resolved, leading to democratic elections and change in the governance of South Africa.

❖ Criminal Court Case No.
253/1963 (State Versus N Mandela and Others) Documentary heritage submitted by South Africa and recommended for inclusion in the Memory of the World Register in 2007 — The Rivonia Trial was the first time that the state used its powers under the Acts that banned the African National Congress (ANC) and the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) in 1960, to arrest and prosecute the top leadership structure of the largest internal anti-apartheid organisation involved in the struggle for a democratic South Africa.
This trial gave Nelson Mandela the opportunity to proclaim the goal of the ANC from the dock to the public.

The court case led to the imprisonment of Nelson Mandela and other leaders at Robben Island and other prisons until their release in 1990.
❖ Liberation Struggle Living Archive Collection Documentary heritage submitted by South Africa and recommended for inclusion in the Memory of the World Register in 2007 – Audio-visual material is a fundamental source of knowledge on the history of the last century of South Africa and portrays the major turning points of the struggle for liberation from the system of apartheid.
Under the Apartheid regime, the foreign media were able hold up a mirror for the world to witness what was happening within South Africa.

Some local filmmakers were also able to document many nuances of the unfolding history of the country.

However, many of the local inhabitants, both black and white, never saw that footage and are still unaware of what really happened in the country of birth of their forefathers and themselves.
Arrest warrant for Nelson Mandela leading to his imprisonment © Na!onal Archives and Records Service of South Africa 37 ❖ The Bleek Collection Documentary heritage submitted by South Africa and recommended for inclusion in the Memory of the World Register in 2009 — The Bleek Collection consists of papers of Dr W.H.I.

Bleek (1827-1875), his sister-in-law Lucy Lloyd (1834-1914), his daughter Dorothea Bleek (1873-1948) and G.W.
Stow (1822-1882) relating to their researches into the San language and folklore, as well as albums of photographs.

Bleek developed a phonetic script for transcribing the characteristic clicks and sounds of the |Xam language which is used by linguists to this day.

Although some of the material was published by Lucy Lloyd and Dorothea Bleek, a great deal remains unpublished.
The material provides an invaluable and unique insight into the language, life, religion, mythology, folklore and stories of this late Stone Age people.
© Na!onal Library of South Africa ❖ Archives of the Dutch East India Company Documentary heritage submitted by Netherlands and recommended for inclusion in the Memory of the World Register in 2003 — The Dutch East India Company, Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie (VOC), was a Dutch Trading Company founded in 1602 and liquidated in 1795, the largest and most impressive of the early modern European trading companies operating in Asia.
About twenty-five million pages of records have survived in repositories in Jakarta, Colombo, Chennai, Cape Town, and The Hague.

The archives make up the most complete and extensive source on early modern world history anywhere with data relevant to the history of hundreds of Asia’s and Africa’s former local political and trade regions.
Additional information is available at the website www.tanap.net (Towards a New Age of Partnership, which aims to unravel a “braided” world history through the VOC and related archives) Possible new entries to the UNESCO Memory of the World register that should be recommended in the following section are: – ❖ Nelson Mandela’s personal journal from his Africa trip in 1962 including PAFMECSA — ANC archives at University of Fort Hare including Oliver Tambo’s recollections –Rivonia Trial records and other items at Liliesleaf Farm Museum — Bailey’s African History Archive of Drum magazine and photographs — and the IDAF collection held by the UWC-Robben Island Mayibuye Archives.
Several others can be identified from this publication.
Parliament of South Africa Parliament Street, Cape Town P O Box 15, Cape Town 8000 Tel +27 21 403 2911 Email info@parliament.gov.za Website www.parliament.gov.za The Parliament of South Africa has heard many speeches and statement since it ﬁrst opened as the Parliament of the Cape of Good Hope in 1854, became the Union Parliament in 1910, and then eventually a democra!c Parliament in 1994, but perhaps none so poe!c as Thabo Mbeki when he addressed a joint si(ng of Parliament as Deputy President on 8 May 1996 38 a"er the adop!on of the Cons!tu!on Bill two years a"er majority elec!ons, saying, “I am an African”....
This is among the historic proceedings captured by the parliamentary Hansard throughout the period, with some records now accessible online.

The parliamentary records are extensive and the parliamentary library also has extensive special collec!ons of rare books, artworks, historical maps, manuscripts, photographs and other materials and artefacts.

The Mendelssohn or Africana, Jardine and Anglo­Boer War Collec!ons represent a major asset of Parliament, and are an important part of the na!onal memory.
UNIVERSITIES University of Fort Hare Na!onal Heritage and Cultural Studies Centre Faculty of Social Science and Humani!es, University of Fort Hare Private Bag X1314, Alice, 5700, South Africa Tel +27 40 602 2242 / 2379 / 2233 Email zmnguni@u).ac.za Contact Mosanku Maamoe Email mmaamoe@u).ac.za Website www.u).ac.za The Na!onal Heritage and Cultural Studies Centre (NAHECS) at the University of Fort Hare (UFH) holds archives of the African Na!onal Congress (ANC) as part of the Libera!on Movement archives.
The Oliver Reginald (OR) Tambo archive at the UFH includes transcripts of Tambo’s own recollec!ons of his childhood and school and university years, recorded on tape in 1988, as well as notebooks and documents wri$en and annotated by Tambo, notably those from the 30 years he lived outside the country from 1960, as leader of the ANC in exile, becoming ANC president in 1967 a"er the death of Chief Albert Luthuli.
The ANC records include those of Nelson Mandela as Deputy President of ANC and later President from 1991.

NAHECS holds some records of Robert Sobukwe, who founded the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) in 1959, including speeches and statements he made as the ﬁrst President of the Students Representa!ve Council in 1949 when he was a student there and a member of the ANC Youth League.
The 1940s genera!on of youth leaders from South Africa and some neighbouring countries were exposed to poli!cs at Fort Hare and began to develop their strategies to oppose apartheid, including Sobukwe, Tambo, Mandela, Govan Mbeki, Robert Mugabe, Herbert Chitepo and Mangosuthu Buthelezi.

Tambo wrote in his autobiography that, “For young black South Africans like myself, it was Oxford and Cambridge, Harvard and Yale, all rolled into one.” He became UFH Chancellor in 1991.
UFH is the custodian of archives of the libera!on movements, most of which were donated by poli!cal par!es a"er their unbanning in 1990.

These include, in addi!on to ANC, some of the records of the PAC, the Azanian Peoples’ Organisa!on (AZAPO), the Black Consciousness Movement (BCM), the Unity Movement (UMSA), and the New Unity Movement (NUM) as well as the Sport and Libera!on Materials Collec!on.
UFH has become a broad­based heritage ins!tu!on 39 which focuses on archival, museum, academic and heritage transforma!on, as well as developing a research unit.

Its signiﬁcant museum collec!ons have been unanimously declared a “na!onal cultural treasure” by Parliament.

NAHECS has thus assumed the objec!ve in its proﬁle and commitment of becoming a signiﬁcant player in the transforma!on of the South African heritage and cultural landscape.
Memory of the World OR Tambo papers and recollec!ons, and the ANC collec!on at UFH, should be recommended for Memory of the World register.
www.mayibuyearchives.org University of the Western Cape UWC­Robben Island Mayibuye Archives University of Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535 Tel +27 21 959 2935 / 2954 Fax +27 21 959 3411 Email mayibuyearchives@uwc.ac.za Website www.robbenisland.org.za The Robben Island World Heritage Site has rich archival resources located at the Mayibuye Archives situated in the Main Library on the campus of the University of the Western Cape.
The Archives consist of unique mul!media collec!ons depic!ng many facets of resistance during the freedom struggle waged against apartheid from within and outside the borders of South Africa.

The ini!al core collec!on contains the material collected by the Interna!onal Defence and Aid Fund (IDAF) which was banned in 1966 and con!nued its work in London un!l 1991.
A"er the unbanning of organiza!ons in 1990 and release of poli!cal prisoners, IDAF closed and the collec!on was relocated to South Africa to form the nucleus of the archives of the innova!ve Mayibuye Centre for History and Culture in South Africa.
In a detailed descrip!ve ar!cle on the contents, Rheina Epstein (2005) says the UWC­Robben Island Mayibuye Archive “provides a unique and o"en fragile documentary record of South Africa’s history and culture, par!cularly with regard to the apartheid period, the freedom struggle and poli!cal imprisonment in South Africa.” “When Cabinet decided on establishing the Robben Island Museum (RIM) as the ﬁrst oﬃcial heritage ins!tu!on of the new democracy, it also recommended that the IDAF/Mayibuye collec!ons be incorporated into the museum.
A"er intensive nego!a!ons the Mayibuye Centre was disbanded and its collec!ons and those of the Robben Island Museum were merged to form the combined UWC­Robben Island Mayibuye Archives, s!ll part of RIM but located on the UWC campus where the resources can be more safely preserved and more easily accessed by researchers, students and community groups.” (Epstein 2005) The agreement between the two organisa!ons says that, “both ins!tu!ons concur that the collec!on is a na!onal treasure which needs to be preserved in perpetuity for the na!on within the parameters of South African Law.” This is one of the largest archives of libera!on struggle materials in the country, including journals, newspapers and periodicals, press clippings and correspondence; personal collec!ons; and Oral History interviews with exiles conducted 1992­1995.
The sec!on on historical papers contains more than 350 collec!ons of personal and organisa!onal 40 documents, many of which were banned under apartheid, such as the ANC; South African Congress of Trade Unions (SACTU); United Democra!c Front (UDF); and from outside the country, the archives of the Dutch, Irish and Australian An!­Apartheid Movements.
Personal documents include the prison wri!ngs of Ahmed Kathrada; Mkwayi Wilton Zimasile; Brian Bun!ng; Albie Sachs; and Kader and Louise Asmal, among others, as well as extensive personal documents of Archbishop Desmond Tutu; papers from the Black Sash movement; and the Hilda Bernstein collec!on.

Many of these documents require special care due to the frailty of the materials and need long­term preserva!on through digi!sa!on.
The photographic library contains more than 30,000 nega!ves, 80,000 prints and some 4,000 transparencies of historical subjects, places, events and people.

This includes notable photographic collec!ons of Eli Weinberg, Leon Levson and Billy Paddock, among others.
The ﬁlm video library comprises 10,000 documentary recordings and several hundred hours of news footage, as well as stock footage from more than 200 produc!ons, with a catalogue and shot list to facilitate access; and recording, viewing and dubbing equipment for all video formats.

Most of the ﬁlms and videos were banned in South Africa before 1990.
The sec!on on sound and oral history comprises 28 collec!ons with more than 2,000 recordings on casse$es and tapes, including interviews with former poli!cal prisoners, speeches, events and conference recordings.

The art collec!on contains high­quality artworks by ar!sts from within and outside the country, including the Mozambique collec!on of Albie Sachs, and the Abe Berry cartoon collec!on.
“Art against Apartheid” is perhaps South Africa’s most valuable interna!onal art collec!on, the result of a global appeal by a France­based associa!on, Ar!sts of the World against Apartheid.

The collec!on contains more than 2,000 posters oﬀering a visual history of grassroots campaigning and community arts, and includes banners and murals.
There is a collec!on of exhibi!ons that contains more than 30 exhibi!ons put together over 30 years such as Children under Apartheid and Women under Apartheid, both sponsored by the UN Centre against Apartheid, and others.

RIM’s archival collec!ons of artwork are available to researchers and public access by appointment.
The Mayibuye archive at UWC is funded by the Department of Arts and Culture, and works with other partners on the preserva!on and access to special collec!ons, such as the Ruth First Papers, which are the collected notes and wri!ngs of Ruth First, ac!vist, campaigning journalist and scholar.

This collec!on contains the material rela!ng to her period in the UK 1964­1978, including her teaching materials and published books.
An ini!a!ve is underway to digi!ze her papers from the period in Mozambique from 1978 un!l her assassina!on in 1982.

The project is based at the Ins!tute of Commonwealth Studies in London in partnership with UWC­Robben Island Mayibuye Archives and the Centre for African Studies at Eduardo Mondlane University in Maputo.

The collec!on is hosted on the library service for the School of Advanced Study, University of London.
www.ruthﬁrstpapers.org.uk 41 Memory of the World The IDAF collec!on at UWC­Robben Island Mayibuye Archives, and the Art Against Apartheid collec!on should be recommended for Memory of the World register, and the Ruth First Papers.
Cell +27 82 4430838 Doxa Collec!on University of Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535 DOXA Produc!ons, 11 Blackwood Close, 7806 Hout Bay Tel +27 21 790 72 47 Contact Craig Ma$hew craig@doxa.co.za The Doxa collec!on comprises 674 video tapes star!ng on the Uma!c and Betacam SP formats from the early 1980s to 1994, shot and archived by Craig Ma$hew.

The Doxa collec!on comprises both original tapes and copies, and the tapes are logged and numbered.
The collec!on was moved in 2006 from the Doxa oﬃce in Hout Bay to a more secure loca!on at the University of the Western Cape in Bellville in a dedicated storage room within the Centre for Humani!es.

The archive holds unique material which documents key events during the struggle against Apartheid in the Western Cape, notably the African Na!onal Black Consciousness Movement.
Congress and the University of Cape Town h$ps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cape_Town Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701 Private Bag x 3, Rondebosch 7701, Western Cape www.specialcollec!ons.uct.ac.za Website www.uct.ac.za The University of Cape Town (UCT) is a public research university founded in 1829 as the South African College, making it the oldest higher educa!on ins!tute in the country.
The UCT Libraries, founded in 1905, has the main Chancellor Oppenheimer Library located on the upper campus and seven branch libraries across various campuses.

The library system has more than 1.2 million volumes, over 72,000 e­journals and almost 30,000 print journals.

The Special Collec!ons consist of print and audio­visual materials on African studies and specialised subjects.
The newspaper holdings are rich and varied, and include nearly complete runs of Cape Town’s two main daily newspapers, the Cape Argus (from 1857) and the Cape Times (from 1876) through to 1994 and beyond, as well as community newspapers in various local languages, some da!ng back to the 19th century.

The collec!ons include press clippings and bulle!ns by area or topic.
Special Collec!ons holds several series of ﬁled press clippings in which original cu(ngs are stored in thema!c folders, available for researchers and may be photocopied for personal research.

These holdings are in microﬁlm and hard copy formats; and microﬁlm readers and printers are available.

Restric!ons may apply to the use of old or rare newspaper resources.
42 Memory of the World Among the Special Collec!ons is a searchable database of Black Sash Archival Collec!ons which could be a model for other sca#ered collec!ons.

Database of Black Sash Archival Collec!ons in South Africa The Librarian, Special Collec!ons Tel +27 21 650­4089 Fax +27 21 689­7568 Website www.specialcollec!ons.uct.ac.za Black Sash Na!onal Oﬃce, Elta House, 3 Caledonian Road, Mowbray 7700, Cape Town P.O.
Box 1282, Cape Town 8000 Tel +27 21 686 6952 Fax +27 21 686 6971 Email info@blacksash.org.za Website www.blacksash.org.za The Black Sash was a non­violent liberal resistance organisa!on founded in 1955 in Cape Town, made up of white women who campaigned for jus!ce and equality.

This work over more than 60 years has resulted in an archive that is sca$ered ins!tu!onally and geographically.
The database of Black Sash Archival Collec!on aims to facilitate access to this dispersed material, enabling researchers to iden!fy what archival material is held and where it is located.

It is not a subs!tute for accessing the actual records.

The database is designed to enable searching of collec!ons containing material on or related to the Black Sash, and this was compiled using informa!on received from the contribu!ng repositories.
The database is a work in progress, and UCT Libraries Special Collec!ons would like to know if errors or omissions are iden!ﬁed or if more details are available: — lib­mss@uct.ac.za or +27 21 650 4424 The database is a guide compiled from thousands of entries detailing the Black Sash archival material housed in several South African ins!tu!ons, created through a joint project of the Black Sash and the UCT Libraries supported by the Andrew W. Mellon Founda!on.
It lists documents, press clippings, photographs and publica!ons held at UCT, UNISA, Wits University, Cory Library at Rhodes University, Alan Paton Centre at UKZN, and elsewhere.

It is available in electronic format at these repositories and on the Black Sash website.
This provides a guide and chronicle, in outline, of the history of the Black Sash involvement in South Africa’s struggle for freedom and jus!ce, publicly acknowledged by Nelson Mandela as “...the conscience of white South Africa.” Archive and Public Culture Research Ini!a!ve Department of Historical Studies, Room A17, The Jon Berndt Thought Space AC Jordan Building, Upper Campus, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701 Contact The Administrator Tel +27 21 650 2077 / 4013 Email apc­admin@uct.ac.za Website www.apc.uct.ac.za The Archive and Public Culture Research Ini!a!ve (APCRI) is a trans­disciplinary research ini!a!ve exploring the conjunc!ons of archive and public life, and was established in 2009 to 43 grapple with cri!cal ques!ons about history, memory, iden!ty and the public sphere in South Africa.
Funded by the Na!onal Research Founda!on and based at the UCT History department, this inter­disciplinary research project explores the workings of the Archive in contemporary culture.
The Archival Pla$orm in South Africa UCT Department of Historical Studies, Archive and Public Culture Research Ini!a!ve Email director@archivalpla’orm.org Website www.archivalpla’orm.org The Archival Pla’orm (AP) was developed to facilitate a shi" in understanding away from archives solely as storehouses of records to one of archives as a necessary site of poli!cal ac!vism, and is commi$ed to the use of memory and archives as dynamic public resources.
AP is a project of the Archive and Public Culture Research Ini!a!ve at UCT in partnership with the Nelson Mandela Founda!on in facilita!ng advocacy, networking and research in the archive and heritage sector.

The Archival Pla’orm focuses on the memory, cultural prac!ces, artefacts, places and documentary record of the country’s history and the discourse around re­making the past in the present.
It facilitates dialogue and informa!on­sharing between professionals, academics, government employees, memory ac!vists, archival users and heritage prac!

!oners in ins!tu!ons, organisa!ons and communi!es.

The APCRI ac!vely seeks to learn from the Pla’orm and, in turn, to make its research ﬁndings available to the Pla’orm and its users.

See website for the report on State of the Archives: An Analysis of South Africa’s Na"onal Archival System.
The Archival Pla’orm was established in response to challenges raised by delegates at a conference in 2007 that was a high­proﬁle a$empt to draw a$en!on to the growing crisis in the archives and resulted in an Open Report to the Minister of Arts and Culture, which sounded a very serious warning about the state of the na!onal archival system.

It is intended to play a cataly!c role in the way in which prac!

!oners, theorists and the public think about archives and the ways in which archiving is prac!sed.
The Archival Pla’orm is intended to draw a$en!on to the poli!cal and social role of archives in facilita!ng the work of building social cohesion in a historically fractured society.

But it is also intended to address the speciﬁc concerns of the sector ­ the prac!cal challenges of digi!sa!on, poor communica!on and coordina!on, uneven or inadequate funding and training opportuni!es.
At the heart of Archival Pla’orm ac!vity is a concern with the archive as the record of the past: the choices and decisions that are made about what is preserved and what it not; the systems that are used to safeguard the archive; the mechanisms through which decisions about what is accessible and what is restricted are made; the ways in which the archive is curated or brought into the public domain and; the purpose to which it is put.
Centre for African Studies at UCT University of Cape Town, Upper Campus, Harry Oppenheimer Ins!tute Building Level 3, Engineering Mall Road, Rondebosch, Cape Town Tel +27 21 650 4034Fax +27 21 650 3579 www.africanstudies.uct.ac.za African Studies is an interdisciplinary teaching and research cluster located in the School of African and Gender Studies, Anthropology and Linguis!cs.

Typically, the students are 44 interested in the cri!cal and intellectual tradi!ons of the global South.
The Centre for African Studies is the longest­established ins!tu!on of its kind and carries a mandate for promo!ng and suppor!ng African Studies across the various Facul!es at UCT and supports a number of projects involving research, seminars and conference, including pre­colonial studies and the land ques!on, and student ini!a!ves on de­colonisa!on of the curriculum.
University of KwaZulu­Natal Gandhi­Luthuli Documenta!on Centre Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu­Natal Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000 Contact Mr Thiru Munsamy, Sr Librarian and Head of Centre Tel +27 31 260 7351 Cell +27 82 8232208 Website www.scnc.ukzn.ac.za The objec!ve of the Centre is documen!ng Kwa­Zulu Natal history, and showcasing Indian and African unity.
The Centre includes an Archival service, Museum service, an Academic division intended to host resident fellows and conferences, and the Research ini!a!ve to conduct research on its materials.

The objec!ve of the Archival division is to provide a service with a na!onal, interna!onal and ins!tu!onal outlook.
The Centre encourages private organisa!ons, individuals and families to donate their private papers for safe­keeping and make them available through a highly advanced automated system of informa!on storage and retrieval which is intended to draw a regional, na!onal and interna!onal spotlight on new and exci!ng research material.

Of par!cular interest are the records of the Indentured Indian Immigrant records.
The Indenture Scheme under which Indians came to South Africa during 1860­1911 is marked by a strict record of each immigrant, documen!ng when he/she came, the area they came from (India), age, sex, caste, height, name of ship, employer etc.

These records are available to trace ancestry and this facility to trace Heritage and family is unique in the country.

The Centre hosts the annual Phyllis Naidoo Lecture that a$racts high­proﬁle speakers and par!cipants.
The late Dr Phyllis Naidoo was an an!­apartheid stalwart, lawyer and author who was conferred with one of South Africa’s highest honours, the Order of Luthuli, for her contribu!ons to the struggle for democracy.

An alumnus of University of Natal, she was known for her indomitable spirit and commitment to the struggle.

45 Mahatma Gandhi Chief Luthuli Phyllis Naidoo The M.K.

Gandhi Library is housed at the Gandhi­Luthuli Documenta!on Centre.
The library was named a"er Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, an Indian lawyer and na!onalist who later used non­violent resistance to lead the successful campaign for India’s independence.

He went to work in South Africa as a young lawyer in 1893 and lived there for 21 years, raised a family, and founded the Natal Indian Congress in 1894.

He returned to India in 1915, age 45, to organise the grassroots to campaign for their rights.
Commonly called Bapu (papa) in India, he o"en said that although he was born in India he was made in South Africa.

He was given the venerable !tle of Māhatmā soon a"er his return to India in 1914 which stayed with him throughout his life.

The Gandhi Library was oﬃcially opened in 1921, a"er his departure to India, at a !me when public library services for Indians were severely neglected.
The library was the vision of an Indian merchant who se$led in South Africa, and supported the collec!on of books and magazines with a focus on history (including of India), poli!cs, religion, language, tradi!on and culture, as well as a large collec!on of vernacular newspapers from India.

This valuable library archive is now kept at the Gandhi­Luthuli Documenta!on Centre, originally the University of Durban­Westville Documenta!on Centre and renamed post­1994.
Fax +27 33 260 6143 Alan Paton Centre & Struggle Archives University of KwaZulu­Natal, Pietermaritzburg Private Bag X01, Sco$sville, 3209 Tel +27 33 260 5926 Email alanpatoncentre@ukzn.ac.za / gani@ukzn.ac.za / clarkj@ukzn.ac.za Website www.paton.ukzn.ac.za The Alan Paton Centre (APC) collects, preserves and conserves documents, manuscripts, papers, books, journals, tapes, videos, posters, artefacts and informa!on on aspects of resistance to apartheid in the KwaZulu­Natal Midlands.
The papers and archives of many organisa!ons and individuals who were involved in the struggle against apartheid have been collected at the APC as a record of the struggle years in the region.

The Centre began shortly a"er Alan Paton’s death in 1988, when his widow, Mrs Anne Paton, donated the contents of his study to the former University of Natal.

His study has been recreated at the APC, and contains most of his books, journals, awards and memorabilia.
Core dona!ons of manuscripts were made, including his papers, poetry and short story manuscripts, and correspondence.

Paton was an author and a poli!cian, and a founder member of the Liberal Party of South Africa in 1953.

He is the author of the well­known novel Cry The Beloved Country (1946).
46 The APC is used by staﬀ and students, researchers and visitors, postgraduate and undergraduate students from other ter!ary ins!tu!ons, scholars from local schools and people from Pietermaritzburg and other areas of KwaZulu­Natal.

There is no entry fee, but school groups need to make a booking, and it is useful for researchers to contact the APC in advance, so the research material can be ready.

Use of documents is restricted in only a few cases, by request of donor.
Centre for African Literary Studies University of KwaZulu­Natal, Pietermaritzburg Private Bag X01, Sco$sville, 3209 Tel +27 33 260 6249Fax +27 33 260 6268 Website www.cals.ukzn.ac.za The Centre for African Literary Studies (CALS) contains 15,000 books, journals and rare tape and video material, described by independent bibliographer Hans Zell as “a rare and quite unique collec!on”.
CALS was launched in 2004 as a resource available to staﬀ and students of UKZN and other ter!ary ins!tu!ons, interna!onal researchers and visitors, and the public.

Campbell Collec!ons 220 Gladys Mazibuko Road, Durban 4001 Tel +27 31 260 1720Email campbellcollec!ons@ukzn.ac.za Website www.campbell.ac.za The Campbell Collec!ons are housed in a neo­Cape Dutch style house, Muckleneuk, formerly the home of Natal sugar farmer and poli!cian Sir Marshall Campbell (1848­1917).
The Campbell Collec!ons were established by his son William (1880­1962) and daughter Killie Campbell (1881 ­ 1965), a well­known collector of Africana who lived at Muckleneuk un!l her death in 1965 when her collec!ons were bequeathed to the University of Natal.
Digital Innova!on South Africa University of KwaZulu­Natal Howard College Campus EG Malherbe Library Room G029 King George V Avenue Durban 4001 Tel +27 31 260 1705 Fax +27 31 260 3550 Website www.disa.ukzn.ac.za Digital Innova!on South Africa (DISA) is a freely accessible online scholarly resource focusing on the socio­poli!cal history of South Africa, par!cularly the struggle for freedom during the period from 1950 to the ﬁrst democra!c elec!ons in 1994, providing access to a wealth of material on this period of the country’s history.
Much !me, crea!ve thought and debate goes into the selec!on of the content, and par!cipa!on and input is encouraged from interested persons, scholars and ins!tu!ons in South Africa and overseas.

47 DISA aims to make southern African material of high socio­poli!cal interest in archives and libraries in southern Africa accessible to scholars and researchers.

To achieve this goal, the material will be digi!zed and made available online for global access, including an!­apartheid periodicals 1960­1994.
Special Collec!ons at DISA include documenta!on from UKZN as indicated above – Gandhi­Luthuli, Alan Paton, Killie Campbell, and CALS, as well as a complete set of the ANC publica!on Sechaba from its ﬁrst edi!on in 1967 un!l 1990, documen!ng the struggle for freedom in South Africa.
University of the Witwatersrand Historical Papers Research Archive Historical Papers, William Cullen Library, Ground Floor, Room 2, East Campus, University of the Witwatersrand 1 Jan Smuts Avenue, Johannesburg Private Bag X1, Wits 2050, Johannesburg 2001 Contact Archivist Gabriele Mohale Email gabriele.mohale@wits.ac.za / brown.maaba@wits.ac.za Website www.wits.ac.za Historical Papers at the William Cullen Library, Wits University is one of the largest and most comprehensive independent archives in Southern Africa.
It houses over 3400 collec!ons of historical, poli!cal and cultural importance, from the mid­17th Century to the present, and also holds a huge volume of poli!cal trial records, photographs, press clippings, oral interviews, and material collected by several research ins!tu!ons and individual researchers.
The collec!ons of personal papers include those of Hilda and Rusty Bernstein from 1931­ 2006, received in 2010 and made up of documents, photographs, tapes, publica!ons and newspaper cu(ngs, and others such as documents from the ANC Camps in Exile 1984­1993, Alexandra Peace Commi$ee records 1992­1999, etc.

and a large collec!on of photographs.

There is an online alphabe!cal index of the extensive collec!ons of documents and a separate index for photographs.
The 1272 holdings that are accessible online are mainly colonial archive material and personal papers, with a few excep!ons.

The oﬄine resources are a broader collec!on including trade unions, poli!cal par!es, women’s organisa!ons, and church bodies, as well as the records of poli!cal trials, photographs, press clippings, oral interviews, and material collected by several research ins!tu!ons and individual researchers.
Many collec!ons are deposited at this historical archive at Wits University for safekeeping and preserva!on, and access.

Among these are the papers of Robert Mangaliso Sobukwe who was considered so dangerous by the Na!onal Party government that its parliament enacted the “Sobukwe clause”, a statute which granted broadly applicable powers, but was speciﬁcally intended to authorise the arbitrary extension of Sobukwe’s imprisonment.
Sobukwe was a strong 48 believer in an Africanist future for South Africa and rejected any model sugges!ng working with anyone other than Africans, deﬁning African as anyone who lives in and pays allegiance to Africa and who is prepared to subject himself to African majority rule.

He le" the ANC to form the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) and was elected its ﬁrst President in 1959.
A collec!on of 10 boxes of documents and photographs was presented to Wits University in 1997 by Benjamin Pogrund, a close friend and biographer, and former deputy editor of the Rand Daily Mail, including extensive correspondence.
University of South Africa Archives and Special Collec!ons Preller St, Muckleneuk, Pretoria, 0002 Tel +27 012 429 2560 Contact Ammi Ryke Email rykea@unisa.ac.za; avdwesth@unisa.ac.za Website www.unisa.ac.za The University of South Africa (UNISA) is the largest university system in South Africa by enrolment, with 350,000 students through various colleges and aﬃliates, including interna!onal students from 130 countries, and the only such mega­university in Africa.
Archives and Special Collec!ons houses some archival records (notably posters) of the libera!on movement in South Africa and the period of transi!on to post­apartheid governance presided over by F.W.

De Klerk.

Collec!ons include An!­Apartheid Movements, Luthuli Cultural and Welfare Services, and Sanc!ons against South Africa.
49 Thabo Mbeki African Leadership Ins!tute 263 Nana Sita Street, Pretoria Tel +27 12 337 6157 Emails tmali@unisa.ac.za or neitota@unisa.ac.za UNISA hosts the Thabo Mbeki African Leadership Ins!tute (TMALI), a joint ini!a!ve of the Thabo Mbeki Founda!on (TMF) and UNISA, with the objec!ve of “cul!va!ng Africa’s next genera!on of thought leaders”.
The main purpose of the ins!tute is to train Africans for the poli!cal, economic, social and cultural renewal of the African con!nent and its people, from a Pan­African perspec!ve, using an African­centred approach.

Since 2010, more than 1500 students from the African Con!nent and further aﬁeld have gained invaluable training from TMALI’s unique curriculum at undergraduate level, expanding in 2017 to oﬀer a new range of exci!ng and rigorous postgraduate programmes.
These are supported by a growing collec!on of relevant documenta!on about Africa and diaspora.

Rhodes University Cory Library Rhodes University, Lucas Avenue, Grahamstown 6139 PO Box 184, Grahamstown 6140 Tel +27 46 603 8373 Email cory@ru.ac.za Website www.ru.ac.za The Cory Library for Humani!es Research, formerly The Cory Library for Historical Research, is a research library at Rhodes University in Grahamstown.
The university was founded in 1904 and, since the ini!al deposit of Sir George Cory’s collec!ons there has been a par!cular focus on the history of the Eastern Cape Province, and on Grahamstown itself, with a strong collec!on of material on the Kingdom of Lesotho, and substan!al holdings on the wider history of Southern Africa.

The library’s archival holdings include Xhosa history, mission and church history, as well as educa!on, mining, commercial and agricultural history.
Collec!ons include manuscripts and other documents, Cape and other government publica!ons, rare and modern books, periodicals and newspapers, Maps, photographs, microﬁlm, video and audio recordings, and digital records.
The manuscript and archival collec!ons include personal documents such as diaries, autobiographies, family histories and farmers’ diaries; and ins!tu!onal collec!ons of churches, local poli!cal and non­governmental organisa!ons, business and professional bodies, service clubs and educa!onal ins!tu!ons.
North West University Records, Archives and Museum Services Private Bag X1290, Potchefstroom 2520 Tel +27 18 299 2814 / 389 2017 Email rouxshane.bosman@nwu.ac.za Website www.nwu.ac.za The North­West University (NWU) is one of the largest universi!es in South Africa due to the merger of Potchefstroom University for Chris!an Higher Educa!on and the former University of Bophuthatswana, with three campuses at Potchefstroom, Mahikeng (Maﬁkeng) and Vanderbijlpark.
The Ferdinand Postma Library at NWU in Potschefstroom houses a permanent F.W De Klerk collec!on and exhibi!on.
50 Walter Sisulu University Africana and Special Collec!ons The Sasol Library, Walter Sisulu University Private Bag X2, Mthatha 5117 Tel +27 47 502 2314 047 / 502 2318 Email nnqolase@wsu.ac.za; vlusu@wsu.ac.za Website www.wsu.ac.za Walter Sisulu University (WSU) is a university of technology and science located in Mthatha, East London, Bu$erworth and Komani in the Eastern Cape province that opened on 1 July 2005 through a merger the Border Technikon, Eastern Cape Technikon and the University of the Transkei, with a total enrolment at that !me of about 24,000.
The Africana and Special Collec!ons contain rare books, university archives since 1976 through the “homelands” period, a pamphlet collec!on, the Broster collec!on of isiXhosa beadwork, cultural artefacts, statues and busts of South African poli!cal leaders such as Oliver Tambo, Walter Sisulu, Chris Hani and others.
MUSEUMS AND ARCHIVES Email info@waltersisulusquare.co.za Walter Sisulu Square and Kliptown Open Air Museum Cnr Klipspruit Valley Road and Union Road Kliptown, Soweto Tel +27 11 945 2200 Website www.waltersisulusquare.co.za Walter Sisulu Square is located in the heart of Kliptown in Soweto at the site where thousands of people met on 25­26 June 1955 on a dusty ﬁeld to draw up the Freedom Charter, an alterna!ve vision to the repressive policies of the apartheid state.
Almost 40 years would pass before it could be implemented but it provided a guiding light during the darkness of apartheid.

The document, which is kept in two authen!cated original copies at the Na!onal Archives and at Liliesleaf Farm Museum, emphasised a non­racial society, liberty and individual rights.

The Freedom Charter is the founda!on of the 1996 Cons!tu!on and Bill of Rights.
The Square features an open­air museum that tells the story of the Freedom Charter and has a rich collec!on that explains how the Freedom Charter was wri$en as a collabora!ve eﬀort by thousands of South Africans of all races.

The conical brick tower at the centre of the Square is a monument to the document itself and contains the full principles of the Charter engraved in bronze.
The Square is named a"er Walter Max Ulyate Sisulu, a poli!cal ac!vist during the apartheid era who was ANC Secretary­General 1949­1951 and Deputy President 1991­1994.

He was jailed at Robben Island with Nelson Mandela and released from prison in 1989.

51 Kliptown was chosen because it was a mul!racial, freehold area originally intended as a buﬀer between adjoining Soweto and Johannesburg.

By the advent of democracy in April 1994, Kliptown had become derelict.
Due to the na!onal signiﬁcance of the area, an urban regenera!on and business tourism project known as The Greater Kliptown Regenera!on Development was ini!ated.

The Kliptown Open Air Museum is a historical people’s museum and archive in Soweto that incorporates informal traders, shops, art galleries, exhibi!on spaces, restaurants and a hotel with conferencing facili!es.
Walter Sisulu Square in the heart of Kliptown, Soweto, is South Africa’s ﬁrst township entertainment explosion, located at a site that symbolises and documents freedom.
Kliptown Open Air Museum at Walter Sisulu Square is a monument to the Freedom Charter Chancellor House Archive Corner Fox Street and Gerard Sekoto Street, Ferreirasdorp, Johannesburg city centre Nelson Mandela and Oliver Tambo established the ﬁrst black ﬁrm of a$orneys in South Africa, called Mandela & Tambo, opera!ng from Chancellor House which was also the ANC headquarters and is now a museum and archive.
From 1952, Mandela & Tambo A$orneys was a thriving legal prac!ce that fought apartheid’s restric!ons on black life and defended clients who had been accused of breaking apartheid’s cruel and pe$y laws.

It now contains a wealth of archival material, including photos, le$ers and newspaper clippings.

Mandela and Tambo, who both went on to lead the ANC, opened their oﬃce on the top ﬂoor in 1952 and closed it in 1960, when their poli!cal work made it impossible for them to operate the law prac!ce.
They held poli!cal mee!ngs at Chancellor House, and it was a hub of legal prepara!ons for those arrested during the 1952 deﬁance campaign, and in 1956, when Mandela and Tambo were among 156 defendants charged with treason for suppor!ng the Freedom Charter in calling for a non­racial, democra!c society.
52 In his book Long Walk to Freedom, Mandela wrote that for black South Africans, the Chancellor House oﬃces were “a place where they could come and ﬁnd a sympathe!c ear and a competent ally, a place where they would not be either turned away or cheated, a place where they might actually feel proud to be represented by men of their own skin colour.” The building was renovated to create condi!ons for the museum and archive to traces the building’s history and to house the digital archive of cases handled by Mandela and Tambo.
Chancellor House is across the street from the city’s stately main Magistrates Court.
Inside Chancellor House in Johannesburg city centre looking across to the main Magistrates Court Liliesleaf Farm History Museum and Archive 7 George Ave, Rivonia, Sandton, 2128 Tel +27 11 803 7882 Email Lulamile@llt.co.za Website www.liliesleaf.co.za Liliesleaf Farm in Rivonia, Johannesburg is regarded as the birthplace of the ANC military wing, Mkhonto weSizwe, and was a mee!ng place and safe house for ANC and the South African Community Party (SACP) from 1961 un!l it was raided in mid­1963 by heavily armed police who arrested the leadership and charged them with sabotage in what became known as the Rivonia Trial; eight were convicted including Nelson Mandela and Walter Sisulu.
The Liliesleaf Farm Museum and Archive is tes!mony to the many lives that changed the poli!cal landscape of South Africa.

Through its innova!ve educa!onal programmes and tours, including online access, this visual experience can appeal to the youth, bringing their forma!ve history closer and encouraging them to face today’s challenges with the same courage and crea!ve dedica!on.
Among the archival holdings at Liliesleaf, in addi!on to relevant documents of the !me from the ANC and SACP, is one of the two authen!cated original copies of the Freedom Charter adopted by the Congress of the People at Kliptown in 1955.

One of the original documents is kept at Liliesleaf Farm, and the other original is stored at the Na!onal Archives of South Africa, although this is widely available online, including dra"s with handwri$en notes and other annotated versions.
Lilliesleaf was once the nerve centre of the libera!on movement and a place of refuge for its leaders a"er the Unlawful Organisa!ons Act of 7 April 1960 was proclaimed, declaring illegal all groups campaigning for the end of apartheid.

The ANC and the PAC were banned and forced to go underground.

Today, Liliesleaf is one of South Africa’s foremost, award­winning heritage and archival sites where the journey to democracy in South Africa is documented through archival records, documents and physical space.
Liliesleaf opened to the public in 2008 and has a$racted thousands of local and interna!onal visitors eager to understand and engage with a pivotal period in South Africa’s struggle for equality, human rights and democra!c governance.

53 An archive is a collec!on of preserved historical resources, evidence that provokes its users to think about the past.

It acts as an external storage of collec!ve memory.
The Liliesleaf archive is the heritage of all South Africans and of all human beings who are commi$ed to democracy and human rights, thus it strives to preserve this archive while making it accessible to visitors by appointment.

James Kantor, the unsuspec!ng 8th co­accused at the Rivonia Trial, asked his fellow accused to write mini biographies, which he put in his book “Health Grave”, which is a recollec!on of his arrest and trial for sabotage.
Among the archives are the original handwri$en biographies produced by the Rivonia trialists at his request.

There are objects such as the Pen Gun and bullets given to Oliver Tambo who served as ANC President from 1967 to 1991, to protect him against would­be assassins, which was donated to Liliesleaf by former ANC intelligence chief, Ronnie Kasrils.
Poli!cal journals, publica!ons and rare books in this archive, include records of the Rivonia Trial (11 July 1963 ­ 12 June 1964) collected by Percy Yutar, the Chief State Prosecutor at the trial and Deputy A$orney­General of the Transvaal, and a complete collec!on of press cu(ngs on this subject from 28 August 1963 ­ 13 June 1999.

Images also show the Pen Gun given to Oliver Tambo, and fragment of Mandela’s Wai!ng for Trial card.
Memory of the World This unique and irreplaceable collec!on at Liliesleaf Farm Museum should be recommended for the Memory of the World register.
Hector Pietersen Memorial and Museum 8287 Khumalo Street, Orlando West, Soweto, Johannesburg 1804 Tel +27 11 536 0611 / 2 Website www.soweto.co.za h$p://www.guateng.net/ The Hector Pieterson Memorial and Museum is dedicated to preserving the memory of the student uprising of 16 June 1976 and the events surrounding it that added energy and impetus to the struggle against apartheid and changed its face to that of a new genera!on.
It is a large museum and archive that contains a moving collec!on of oral tes!monies, pictures, audio­ visual displays and historical documents rela!ng to the tragic events of 1976.

The exhibits provide background to the reasons for the protests while illustra!ng what happened in their a"ermath.

It commemorates those who died in the uprising, and celebrates the role of students in the struggle for freedom.
The Hector Pieterson Memorial and Museum opened in Soweto in 2002, near the place where he was shot dead during a mass demonstra!on mainly by secondary school students.

54 In the iconic image of the day, Mbuyisa Makhubu is carrying 12­year­old Hector Pieterson, one of the ﬁrst children shot in the 1976 resistance to Bantu Educa!on, as commemorated annually in South Africa as Youth Day.
This image of the fatally wounded student was taken by photographer Sam Nzima (late) and the museum is located just two blocks from the site of the shoo!ng.

His photo that was used worldwide now hangs in the Hector Pieterson Museum and is owned by the Sam Nzima Founda!on.

Hector Pieterson’s sister, Antoine$e Sithole, shown at le" in the picture, gives tours at the museum and says that visi!ng schoolchildren of today ﬁnd the story “unbelievable”.
Baileys African History Archive 264 Fox Street, City and Suburban, Johannesburg Unit 25, 1st Floor, Arts On Main, Cnr Main and Berea St, Maboneng, Johannesburg, 2094 Tel +27 11 334 5558 Cell +27 76 776 0154 Email bahapix@iafrica.com Contact Bongi Maswanganyi, Archivist Bailey’s African History Archive (BAHA) holds almost 40 years of material from the edi!ons of Drum magazine that started publishing in March 1951, and its sister publica!ons – Golden City Post, Trust, True Love, and City Press.
The Archive contains a wealth of informa!on from poli!cs to culture and the complexi!es of many of the Anglophone African na!ons in the period of Independence, from the 1950s through the 1980s, including specially compiled books on various leaders and countries emerging into independence such as Julius Nyerere and Tanganyika (Tanzania), Jomo Kenya$a and Kenya, Nigeria, and many others, later Zimbabwe.
The wri!ng is richly descrip!ve and accessible, produced by highly experienced journalists who were the known names of the !me and went on to become accomplished authors.

Drum was fun to read and appealed to the youth, becoming must­have, as users swarmed around trucks carrying the magazine to purchase their copy on a weekly basis.

It was at its core the social media of that era, on a diﬀerent pla’orm.
Drum magazine, which started as The African Drum, was not ﬁnancially successful at ﬁrst, and it was taken over by Jim Bailey who, with the assistance of a team of passionate writers and photographers, rebranded the magazine to make it more dynamic.

Drum was so successful that Bailey used its urban, racy style to produce a number of East and West African edi!ons.
Drum appealed to readers in more than 10 countries and some 240,000 copies of each weekly edi!on was distributed in South Africa, the Central African Federa!on (pre­ independence Malawi, Zambia and Zimbabwe), Kenya, Tanganyika, Uganda, Nigeria, Ghana and Sierra Leone.

55 More than confron!ng apartheid, the Drum writers and photographers celebrated survival in its streets.
The late, award­winning photographer Peter Magubane described the atmosphere in the newsroom: “Drum was a diﬀerent home; it did not have apartheid.

There was no discrimina!on in the oﬃces of Drum magazine.

It was only when you le" Drum and entered the world outside of the main door that you knew you were in apartheid land.
But while you were inside Drum magazine, everyone there was a family.” Drum’s heyday 1951­1965 was the decade of poten!al Black emergence, when the Freedom Charter was wri$en and the Deﬁance Campaign was launched, and the Na!onalist government responded with severe crackdowns and treason trials.

It was the decade of the movement to the ci!es, of Sophiatown, jazz and the jazz opera King Kong with a cast of black actors, of shebeens and ﬂamboyant gangsters (tsotsis) with chrome­laden American cars.
It was a !me of op!mism and hope, captured in the pages of Drum, a “record of naivety, op!mism, frustra!on, deﬁance, courage, dancing, drink, jazz, gangsters, exile and death.” Memory of the World Truly earning its descrip!on as iconic, Bailey’s African History Archive is unique and irreplaceable, a special treasure that should be recommended for the Memory of the World register.
BAHA Digital Archive Website www.baha.co.za This website has been set up to host the BAHA Digital Archive, a work in progress and that is being added to and developed over !me.

Baileys African History Archive seeks to ensure the quality, accuracy and conﬁden!ality of personal informa!on in its possession and applies the principles of protec!on of personal informa!on.

It was not only the writers, but the photographs that are unique in framing the !me.
The main photographer and ar!s!c director was Jürgen Schadeberg, who arrived in South Africa in 1950 a"er leaving a war­ravaged Berlin.

He became one of the rare European photographers to chronicle the daily lives of the people.

He trained a genera!on of black photographers, including Magubane and Alf Khumalo, another well­known photographer on the staﬀ, trained by Schadeberg, now 89.
His own photos are captured on his own unique photo website www.jurgenschadeberg.com spanning a period of more than 70 years and also part of the memory of the con!nent.
Apartheid Museum Northern Park Way and Gold Reed Road, Johannesburg 2001 PO Box 82283, Southoale 2135, Tel +27 11 309 4700 Fax +27 11 309 4726 Email info@apartheidmuseum.org www.apartheidmuseum.org The Apartheid Museum, the ﬁrst of its kind, illustrates the rise and fall of apartheid, and is acknowledged as the pre­eminent museum dealing with 20th century South Africa, at the heart Johannesburg 56 of which is the apartheid story.
The museum opened in 2001 as part of the Gold Reef City complex (Akani Egoli), and the design, space and landscape oﬀers the interna!onal community a unique South African experience.

The exhibits are assembled and organised by a mul!­disciplinary team of curators, ﬁlm­makers, historians and designers, and include provoca!ve archival ﬁlm footage, photographs, text panels and artefacts illustra!ng events and human stories.
The museum relies on dona!ons, contribu!ons and sponsorships to sustain its growth, and contains permanent exhibi!ons, temporary exhibi!ons and a Mandela exhibi!on.

A new virtual reality exhibi!on documents history in a way that can be in!mately experienced by individual visitors.
The Walter Sisulu virtual reality exhibi!on !tled “Reality Check, Walter Sisulu Accused #2” running November 2019 ­ March 2020, is an animated Virtual Reality (VR) experience based on the sound recordings of the Rivonia Trial (1963­1964).

It is the ﬁrst of its kind to be hosted by the Apartheid Museum, and was created through a partnership of the museum and a Paris­based ﬁlm produc!on company, La Générale de Produc!on.
Since there is no actual visual footage of the Rivonia Trial, a trove of 256 hours of sound archives were used to bring to life the poli!cal ba$le waged by Nelson Mandela and his seven co­ defendants, including Walter Sisulu.

“Sisulu was a man of ac!on and confronta!on.

...And his determina!on, his courage, his calm a(tude have brought out the absurdity of the regime.” Reality Check: Accused #2: What is it about?

The 15­minute VR­ﬁlm looks at one of the accused: Accused No.

2, Walter Sisulu.
2, Walter Sisulu.

The exhibi!on is !tled Reality Check, not only in reference to the use of VR technology, but to remind us that we some!mes forget remarkable individuals who were working behind the scenes.

The recordings used in the ﬁlm were recently found and restored by France’s Ins!tut Na!onal de l’Audiovisuel.

Background informa!on about Walter Sisulu and the events leading up to the trial are also on display.
Speaking at the opening, the Ambassador of France said: “Tonight is a moving moment for us.
Through the voice of Walter Sisulu, in this speciﬁc venue in South Africa, the Apartheid Museum; we immerse ourselves in a common memory.” The Nelson Mandela Founda!on Archive Nelson Mandela Centre of Memory 107 Central St, Houghton Estate, Johannesburg, Gauteng 2198 Tel +27 11 547 5600 Email archives@nelsonmandela.org Razia Saleh, Senior Archivist www.nelsonmandela.org Email RaziaS@nelsonmandela.org www.archive.nelsonmandela.org “In the life of any individual, family, community or society, memory is of fundamental importance.
It is the fabric of iden"ty.

” Nelson Mandela 57 The Nelson Mandela Founda!on (NMF) was established in 1999 when Mandela stepped down a"er serving one term as South Africa’s ﬁrst democra!cally elected President.

This is where he worked from the end of his presidency in 1999 un!l the end of his public service in 2004, and the NMF has in its custody an archive of the life and !mes, works and wri!ngs.
The physical collec!ons include the handwri$en papers, oﬃcial records and unique artefacts from his personal archive in addi!on to records from the Oﬃce of Nelson Mandela a"er his re!rement as President of South Africa.

It is the NMF’s impera!ve to document this vast resource, facilitate access to it, and promote its preserva!on and use.

The Mandela archive is fragmented and sca$ered all over the world in various places.
The Nelson Mandela Centre of Memory does not seek to gather all of this under its roof, but to document where it is and enter into partnerships to preserve and access it.

This site contains the archival descrip!ons, ﬁnding aids and many digi!sed items.

More material will be added over !me.

It also has other collec!ons such as the O’Malley archives.
This resource is hosted by the Nelson Mandela Centre, but was compiled and authored by Padraig O’Malley, the product of almost two decades of research, and includes analyses, chronologies, historical documents, and interviews from the apartheid and post­apartheid eras.
The NMF provided Mandela with a post­presiden!al oﬃce and a base for his charitable work, covering a wide range of endeavours: from building schools to HIV and AIDS work, from research into educa!on in rural areas, to peace and reconcilia!on interven!ons.

Five years later, the Founda!on began its transi!on into an organisa!on focused on memory, dialogue and legacy work.
A comprehensive refurbishment of the Founda!on’s building provided an appropriate physical home, the Nelson Mandela Centre of Memory, opened in 2013 as the oﬃcial home of the Founda!on, as a non­proﬁt museum and educa!onal centre.

The personal artefacts and exhibi!ons, which are permanently on display, outline his life and the context of his struggle for freedom.

Le$ers from prison, personal photographs and his Nobel Peace prize all have pride of place at the centre.
Entry to the permanent exhibi!on, The Life and Times of Nelson Mandela, is free of charge, but a tour can be booked in advance via the online booking facility or by calling ahead.

Many visitors say you can feel Mandela’s presence when you walk around the oﬃce where he worked from 2002 to 2010.

Here you will see his books, his personal desk and even the chair he sat in.

The Nelson Mandela Founda!on has a Reading Room where researchers can access valuable historical documents from the archive.
The Nelson Mandela Centre of Memory can provide research support and fact­checking.

Digital materials provided on this pla’orm are for research purposes only, and permission to publish, copy, or otherwise use these images must be obtained from NMF.
58 Mandela House 8115 Vilakazi St, Orlando West, Soweto, 1804 Tel +27 11 936 7754 Website www.mandelahouse.com Nelson Mandela’s home on Vilakazi Street in Orlando West, Soweto (South West Town), now the Mandela Family Museum, known as Mandela House, is the place where he lived from 1946 to 1962 and his family con!nued to live there while he was in prison from 1963­1990.

He donated the house to the Soweto Heritage Trust on 1 September 1997, to be used as a museum.
The Na!onal Monuments Council declared the property a na!onal monument In terms of Government no!ce 126 published in the Government Gaze$e no.

19719, February 1999.

The Mandela House strives to be a leading centre for the preserva!on, presenta!on, and research of the history, heritage and legacy of the Mandela Family.

Luthuli Museum 3233 Nokukhanya Luthuli St, Groutville, KwaDukuza, 4450 P.O.
Box 1869 Stanger, KwaDukuza 4450 Tel +27 32 559 6822 Fax +27 32 559 6806 Contact Ms Zinhle Nyembe on +27 10 300 6631 Email proﬃcer@luthulimuseum.org.za / curator@luthulimuseum.org.za The Luthuli Museum is a na!onal cultural ins!tu!on charged with conserving, upholding, promo!ng and propaga!ng the life, values, philosophies and legacy of the late Chief Albert Luthuli (1898­1967).
Since its forma!on, the Luthuli Museum has been involved in a rigorous process of collec!ng and repatria!ng oral histories, photographs, pain!ngs, documents and other artefacts to assist with developing knowledge about the Legacy of Chief Albert Luthuli and the Libera!on Struggle in South Africa, and supports on­site and travelling exhibi!ons that honour, explore and inform about the legacy of Chief Albert Luthuli and the Libera!on Movement.
59 60 Freedom Park Corner of Koch and 7th Avenue, Salvokop, Pretoria Tel +27 12 336 4000 www.freedompark.co.za “...the day should not be far oﬀ, when we shall have a people’s shrine, a freedom park, where we shall honour with all the dignity they deserve, those who endured pain so we should experience the joy of freedom.” (Nelson Mandela, 1999) Today Freedom Park stands on 52 hectares on Salvokop in Pretoria, with its Garden of Remembrance symbolising the ﬁnal res!ng place of all who gave their lives in the conﬂicts which shaped South Africa’s freedom, a tribute to African and human dignity, and a place for renewal of the human spirit.
The Freedom Park opened in December 2007 as a space where South Africans and visitors can reﬂect on and absorb the past, to inform the future, as a diﬀerent kind of spiritual archive for preserving history and memory, and generate a deeper feeling for freedom that gives context to wri$en and spoken documenta!on.

This is regarded as one of the most ambi!ous heritage projects that government has invested in, an a$empt to encapsulate the heart and soul of South Africa in a physical space.
South African writer and ac!vist Dr Wally Serote says it serves, “as a permanent reminder for us, now and for future genera"ons, that South Africans did take a step forward to put closure to the past while not forge$ng it.” The healing and refreshing elements of Freedom Park include Isivivane, a spiritual res!ng place of those who played a part in the freedom and libera!on of South Africa, including a symbolic burial ground surrounded by eleven boulders; a sacred place known as Lesaka, with a body of water at both entrances for bap!sm and drinking; and the Lekgotla of nine Umlahlankosi trees represen!ng the provinces of South Africa.
Sikhumbuto, another element of the experience, includes a Wall of Names that can accommodate more names, an amphitheatre, an eternal ﬂame, and a sanctuary, reﬂec!ng Ubuntu, dignity and human rights.

Mveledzo is a spiral path that allows a contempla!ve journey for visitors; Uitspanplek is a tranquil space with a view, in which to rest; and Tiva, a large body of water symbolising peace.

There are water points with rock basins for cleansing hands.
Another component is the Pan African archives, s!ll due for comple!on.

A Khoi proverb says, “a dream is not a dream un!l it is shared by the en!re community.” Moshate func!ons as an exhibi!on space with several components: The beginning, the ancestors, the people, colonisa!on and resistance, industrialisa!on and urbanisa!on, building the na!on and the con!nent, the eternal ﬂame remembering unsung heroes, and a gallery of libera!on leaders from the country and beyond.
61 African Na!onal Congress Archives Tel +27 11 376 7258 Cell +27 86 509 5607 Email zmvunelo@anc1912.org.za Contact Mr Zolile Mvunelo, Coordinator Archives Unit, ANC www.ancarchive.org The libera!on archive of the African Na!onal Congress (ANC) forms part of the na!onal archival heritage of South Africa as it bridges the gap of undocumented history of people who were previously marginalised by the apartheid government.
The archive facilitates research into the 100­year history of the ANC, the oldest formal libera!on movement in the World.

The website has been set up as an ANC Archives research site speciﬁcally to facilitate research into this history, and also contains photo galleries.

This research site and its contents are the outcome of a digital archives project that was ini!ated in October 2011.

Growing and enriching this archive is part of an ongoing project.
Currently many of the digi!sed ﬁles do not have associated informa!on (metadata).

The oﬃcial website for the ANC Archives is made up of historical speeches, interviews, documents and pictures, and contains audio, document, photo, quotes and video content.

The collec!ons here represent a snapshot of the digi!zed material deposited at the University of Fort Hare.
Oliver & Adelaide Tambo Founda!on 58 Bompas Road, Dunkeld, Johannesburg Tel +27 11 8802680/1 Fax: +27 11 8802682 Email info@tambofounda!on.org.za Website www.tambofounda!on.org.za The Oliver and Adelaide Tambo Founda!on is a public beneﬁt organisa!on that ac!vely promotes the memory of the Tambos through educa!on, community­upli"ment, arts and culture, and women­empowerment ini!a!ves, and hosts a series of dialogues with ins!tu!ons of higher learning and other stakeholders in the private and public sector, that seek to ins!l in future genera!ons the values that the Tambos stood for, such as collec!ve leadership, humility, integrity, jus!ce, equality and pan­Africanism.
The Founda!on was established in 2011 to promote, protect and preserve the legacies of Oliver and Adelaide Tambo and to provide future leaders with the tools to reinforce the gains made by their genera!on.

The archive containing the original collec!on of Oliver Tambo Papers is lodged at Fort Hare University and contains correspondence, diaries, notebooks, materials reﬂec!ng his changing responsibili!es within the ANC and the an!­apartheid struggle, photographs, audio­visual materials and ephemera.
Thabo Mbeki Founda!on No 7 North Avenue, Killarney, Johannesburg, 2193 Private Bag X 444, Houghton, 2041, South Africa Tel +27 11 486 1560 Fax +27 11 486 0723 Email info@mbeki.org Website www.mbeki.org The Thabo Mbeki Founda!on is a non­proﬁt organisa!on established by former President Mbeki a"er his re!rement, to support the achievement of Africa’s Renaissance; and serves as one of the intellectual hubs of the African Renaissance Movement and a premier African centre for dialogue, research and publica!ons.
The Founda!on seeks to support pla’orms 62 for dialogue and reﬂec!on, mobilise progressive forces, and promote eﬀorts for Africa’s poli!cal, social, economic and cultural development.
The Founda!on plans to facilitate interac!on and coopera!on among progressive forma!ons in Africa and the African diaspora; contribute to training of African youth to become change agents consistent with the interests of the people of Africa; and provide a credible pla’orm to help ensure that the African voice is heard and respected throughout the world.
His documents and papers from the libera!on struggle are included in the archives of the African Na!onal Congress that are housed at Fort Hare University, and the documents from his period as deputy President and President of South Africa remain the property of the presidency.

However, his personal papers are likely to be lodged with the new presiden!al library that he is planning and fundraising for.
Mbeki announced in November 2019 that his presiden!al library will house, among others, the archives and papers of Kwame Nkrumah, the founding President of Ghana, a decision taken by Nkrumah’s family.

“I think that’s a demand on us not to betray the con!nent,” Mbeki said.

“We, all of us, decided we must do something about our memory as a people, in part because we don’t want other people to deﬁne us.

We must tell our own stories and interpret our own stories.
That’s why this library is important.” Chris Hani Ins!tute 5th Floor, COSATU House, 110 Jorissen Cnr Simmons, Braamfontein, 2000 Tel +27 11 399 3040 Email priscilla@chi.org.za www.chi.org.za The Chris Hani Ins!tute (CHI) was launched in 2003 to promote the values and principles prac!ced by Chris Hani and others in their struggle to serve the aspira!ons of working people and the poor in Southern Africa.
The CHI aims to engage in the ba$le of ideas, to develop alterna!ves to neo­liberalism, and to deepen the links between progressive intellectuals in universi!es and inside the democra!c movement.

The research, educa!onal work and public engagement is from the perspec!ve of working (and workless) people, from the losers rather than the winners in post­apartheid South Africa.
The Ins!tute has a collec!on of historical material on the life and contribu!on of Chris Hani in the poli!cal development of South Africa.

Hani was Commissar and Deputy Commander of Mkhonto weSizwe, the armed wing of the ANC, and Chief of Staﬀ from 1987.

He had joined the ANC Youth League in 1957, graduated from Fort Hare University in 1961 with a BA in La!n and English, and le" the country in 1962, returning as a trained military cadre ﬁrst in 1973.
He was the General Secretary of the SACP, elected in 1991 un!l his assassina!on in April 1993.

He was a popular leader in the party and the community, and a dedicated organizer of the ANC underground.
The Steve Biko Founda!on Steve Biko Centre Steve Biko Centre, One Zotshie Street, Ginsberg, King William’s Town, 5601 Tel +27 43 605 6700 +27 43 605 6705 Contact Programmes Manager Ms Asanda Mbaxa Website www.sbf.org.za Email admin@sbf.org.za 63 The Steve Biko Founda!on, established in 1998, is a community development organiza!on inspired by the legacy of Bantu Stephen Biko.
Its vision is to be the premier independent promoter of the values Steve Biko lived and died for: restoring people to their true humanity.

The Founda!on focuses its work on reducing inequality, strengthening democracy and promo!ng the intangible aspects of development: history, iden!ty, culture and values ­ the issues that speak to the soul of the na!on.
Located in Ginsberg Township in King William’s Town, Eastern Cape, the Steve Biko Centre was oﬃcially opened on 30 November 2012, as an ini!a!ve of the Steve Biko Founda!on to translate global interest in the legacy of Black Consciousness leader into an intellectual, economic and developmental resource for the local and regional economy.
The Steve Biko Centre Archive and Library provides knowledge and informa!on in various formats, including audio CDs, DVDs, e­books and virtual library items, microﬁlm media, photographs, academic journals, periodicals, maps and pamphlets.

It features a collec!on of rare African­centred (Africana) literature, as well as an archive with rare historical materials related to Steve Biko and the Black Consciousness Movement.
Forming part of the Biko Heritage Trail, the Steve Biko Centre is a living monument that uses memory to channel local energies to contemporary development challenges.

With world class conferencing, exhibi!on and training facili!es for use by business, government and tourists, the Centre also implements developmental projects for youth and the community.
O"en, when ar!cula!ng the developmental agenda, the issues at the forefront of discourse are housing, electricity and water; with less emphasis on the intangible, yet essen!al aspects of heritage, culture and history.

The Steve Biko Centre contributes to both facets of development.
South African History Online (SAHO) 349 Albert Road, Woodstock 7925, Cape Town P O Box 137, Observatory 7935, Cape Town Telephone +27 21 447 4365 or +27 21 447 3434 Email info@sahistory.org.za Website www.sahistory.org.za South African History Online (SAHO) was established in 2000, as a not for proﬁt Sec!on 21 organisa!on, to address the biased way in which South Africa’s history and heritage, as well as the history and heritage of Africa, is represented in public and in educa!onal and cultural ins!tu!ons.
SAHO has become one of the largest popular history projects in the country and its website is the largest online history website on the con!nent.

The SAHO mission is to promote a cri!cal engagement with our past and to facilitate the telling of the stories of people who have contributed to building South Africa, the con!nent and the values of democracy, non­racialism and a just society.

SAHO is well presented, accessible, accurate, and gives close a$en!on to copyright and referencing.
SAHO has a number of projects including the Online Encyclopaedia on South African History and the Arts.

The ﬂagship project is the website, with a vast archive of ar!cles, biographies, books, photographs, documents, and audio and video material.

The biography feature alone 64 consists of close to 7,000 entries, making SAHO the largest biography project in South Africa.

This is the portal to our extensive archive of over 40,000 resources, including text, PDFs, audio and video material.
The archive is searchable by keyword and medium.

It is organised into collec!ons of related material.

It is easy to access and use, and quick to iden!fy relevant informa!on.

SAHO is commi$ed to promo!ng access to knowledge and informa!on, promo!ng history, and promo!ng the idea that Africa’s collec!ve resources are u!lised to build a new history of the con!nent, by building partnerships with higher educa!on and heritage ins!tu!ons, archives and community based groups.
A primary strategy is building this archive site as an independent and innova!ve popular South African and African history project, popularizing history, and strengthening partnerships with universi!es, archives, museums and community­ based history groups to strengthen our overall research capacity, teaching and promo!on of history, jointly organize conferences, exhibi!ons and publishing projects.
SAHO has a Board of Trustees, a small administra!ve arm, a web team, senior researchers and an editorial team, interns, individuals and educa!onal ins!tu!onal partners who contribute new content for the website.

Other sources include newspaper and broadcas!ng archives.

SAHO for example, is one of few ini!a!ves to ac!vely collect archives and references to leaders such as Winnie Madikizela­Mandela and has a growing list of speeches and press clippings up to her death in 2018.
SAHO con!nues to collect current references to her life and work.

Other references being collected by SAHO and made accessible online include uMkhonto weSizwe (1961­1999), Chris Hani, Alfred Nzo who was the longstanding secretary­ general of the ANC from 1969 to 1991, and his precdecessor Duma Nokwe (1958­69).

Nzo, who was the ﬁrst Minister of Foreign Aﬀairs of South Africa (1994 to 1999), was succeeded as ANC Secretary­General by Cyril Ramaphosa (1991­1997).

Not only ANC but Robert Sobukwe, F.W.


De Klerk, and others, Josepha Shabalala, Hugh Masekela, Miriam Makeba, Johnny Clegg and others.

Memory of the World This historical archive is already digital and easily accessible, and ensures accuracy of its informa!on and full credit of copyright to content and images.

This should be recommended for the Memory of the World register as a na!onal treasure for the reasons given above.
65 info@saha.org.za South African History Archive (SAHA) 1 Kotze Street, Braamfontein, Johannesburg Box 31719, Braamfontein 2017, Johannesburg Email www.saha.org.za The South African History Archive Trust (SAHA) is an independent archive dedicated to documen!ng, suppor!ng and promo!ng greater awareness of past and contemporary struggles for jus!ce through archival prac!ce, outreach, and the u!lisa!on of Access to Informa!on laws.
Items collected over the past 30 years since SAHA was founded include posters, photographs, legal documents, audio and visual recordings, and other ephemera.

Established by an!­apartheid ac!vists in 1988, SAHA was closely connected in its forma!ve years to the United Democra!c Front, the Congress of South African Trade Unions, and the African Na!onal Congress.
SAHA is now poli!cally non­aligned and commi$ed to: Recapturing lost and neglected histories; Recording aspects of South African democracy in the making; and Bringing history out of the archives and into schools, universi!es and communi!es in new and innova!ve ways; Extending the boundaries of freedom of informa!on in South Africa; Raise awareness, both na!onally and interna!onally, of the role of archives and documenta!on in promo!ng and defending human rights.
Among the Archives held at the South African History Archive (SAHA) are the Transvaal Indian Congress (TIC) Collec!on / Johannesburg Democra!c Ac!on Commi$ee (JODAC) Collec!on / South African Youth Congress (SAYCO) Collec!on / United Democra!c Front (UDF) Collec!on / ANC Youth League (ANCYL) Collec!on / Julie Frederikse Collec!on of Photographs / SAHA Exiles Project / SAHA Original Photograph Collec!on / Austrian An!­Apartheid Movement (AAM) / Congress of South African Students (Mamelodi Branch) / Azanian Student Conven!on (Wits University) / 1981 Detainees Oral History Project / Gille de Vlieg Photographic Collec!on / John Harris Collec!on / Zenzo Nkobi Photograph Collec!on; and many others.
Truth and Reconcilia!on Commission Archives SAHA has had a special focus on retrieving and making publicly accessible the archives of the Truth and Reconcilia!on Commission (TRC), based on the belief that the TRC archives cons!tute a rich resource for social memory, both in South Africa and interna!onally.

A joint project with the University of the Witwatersrand Historical Papers was ini!ated 2003­2006 aimed at iden!fying, preserving and promo!ng public access to the TRC archive.
The following outputs were produced: A Guide to Archival Sources Rela"ng to the South African Truth And Reconcilia"on Commission; A Select Bibliography to the South African Truth And Reconcilia"on Commission ; and the addi!on of relevant archival materials to both SAHA collec!ons and Historical Papers archives; the TRC Oral History Project featuring interviews with 63 individuals who worked for the Commission in various capaci!es; and the Traces of Truth website, featuring digi!sed copies of key archival materials rela!ng to the TRC housed at SAHA and Historical Papers, in ﬁve broad categories: background, human rights viola!ons, amnesty, repara!ons, and a"ermath.
SAHA launched a request for transcripts of ﬁve speciﬁc closed hearings in 2003, under the Promo!on of Access to Informa!on Act (PAIA).

When this was refused by the Department of Jus!ce arguing that this contained highly personal informa!on protected under Sec!on 29, SAHA then submi$ed a PAIA request for the full archive in 2006.
At the end of 2014, SAHA 66 took possession of 174 records from Sec!on 29 hearings, describing it as a “vast” volume of material to be processed but, when concluded, the records will be publically accessible online.
SAHA launched a cross­programma!c pilot project in 2015 to consolidate its archival prac!ce and informa!on ac!vism that has focused on making the work and records of the TRC more accessible, and is commi$ed to making its archival materials intellectually and physically accessible for public Exhibi!on and Display, both na!onally and interna!onally.
SAHA/SABC Truth Commission Special Report Mul!media Product and TRC Exhibi!on launch, The Ramparts, Cons!tu!on Hill, 9 December 2010 Na!onal Centre for Truth and Reconcilia!on Ministry of Jus!ce Director TRC Unit (Stakeholders, Informa!on & Research) Contact Lufuno Mmbadi Tel +27 +12 357 4678, Fax: +27 +12 357 8570 E­mail lmmbadi@jus!ce.gov.za / tmokushane@jus!ce.gov.za www.jus!ce.gov.za The Na!onal Centre for Truth and Reconcilia!on is the oﬃcial archival repository for all of the materials of the Truth and Reconcilia!on Commission of South Africa which dictated that a permanent archive would be established to contain the records of the TRC.
The report of the Truth and Reconcilia"on Commissionis accessible in PDF format on the Ministry of Jus!ce website at www.jus!ce.gov.za > trc > report > ﬁnal report Memory of the World CASE STUDY 9 Collection, Promotion, Awareness and Access to Archives Archives misplaced or inaccessible are not quite the same as lost or damaged, but can be categorized in the comment of the teenage daughter of a Professor of Education who told her father that, “If I don’t know about it, it’s the same as if it didn’t happen.” The access, promotion and awareness of the rich historical archives available in southern Africa is an essential part of their preservation and use.
Preserving them for who?

As the society moves inexorably online, it is essential that archives take the same trajectory and are ever more accessible online.

There are some very good examples and effective practices in this section that should be shared and replicated at other institutions while understanding and respecting differing local conditions.
The UCT process and software used for accessing Black Sash documentation in various scattered locations while it remains at the original locations and all have access to a network of related documentation, is a case to learn from and determine its suitability for other collections.

A different system is used for the Nelson Mandela 67 holdings that are scattered worldwide but these are not as readily or collectively accessible.
One specific recommendation would be a joint project of UCT with University of Botswana to identify and access the scattered holdings on Seretse Khama using this method.

This may provide a new “effective practice”.

There are many others.

Other effective methods of sharing access to archive material include visual mobile exhibitions, which are very effective especially in rural areas, but need to use good reproductions and not original material.
Another key method of access and preservation is to identify those archives that are unique, irreplaceable and endangered that could qualify for the UNESCO Memory of the World register.
MEDIA ARCHIVES Africa Media Online Hilltops Oﬃce Park, 73 Villiers Dr, Clarendon Pietermaritzburg Email bandile@africamediaonline.com, editor@africamediaonline.com www.africamediaonline.com Africa Media Online specialises in the digi!sa!on of archival and museum collec!ons and can meet exac!ng interna!onal standards for digital capture such as FADGI 4­Star and Metamorfoze Strict using equipment and so"ware approved by the World’s leading heritage and scien!ﬁc ins!tu!ons.
We also adhere to ethical prac!ces in keeping with the care of irreplaceable heritage resources.

Africa Media Online operates diﬀerent workﬂows appropriate for the capture of various materials: Fragile manuscripts; Photographic prints; Nega!ves and transparencies; Bound manuscripts; Documents; Maps and posters; Pain!ngs and 2D artworks; and Scien!ﬁc specimens.
Africa Media Online’s core vision is “Africans telling Africa’s Story” and fundamental to that is our commitment to ensure that ownership of our heritage stays in the hands of the custodians of that heritage.

Even if the original object is out of copyright, we work hard to ensure that custodianship remains in your hands and of course, you are free to grant open access to that material should you see ﬁt.
Na!onal Film Video & Sound Archives of South Africa 163B Andries St, Pretoria Central, Pretoria, 0002 Tel +27 12 441 3150 The Na!onal Film, Video and Sound Archives of South Africa (NAFVSA) are intended to preserve the audio­visual heritage of South Africa.

NAFVSA specialises in ﬁlms that were made about or in South Africa irrespec!ve of the format, and has traced, accessioned, restored, preserved and made ﬁlms available to the public.
Ini!ally known as the South African Film Ins!tute (SAFI), the name was changed to the Na!onal Film Archives (NFA) and in 1982 it was incorporated into State Archives Service.

In 1985 the name was changed to the Na!onal Film, Video and Sound Archives (NAFVSA).

Apart from the audio­visual collec!on NAFVSA also has slides, posters, scripts, a library and photographs dealing with audio­visual material, as well as informa!on on the arts such as literature, music, sculp!ng, pain!ng, the theatre etc.
68 NAFVSA is a sub­directorate of the Na!onal Archives and Records Service of South Africa, located in Pretoria, and has a broad mandate to collect audio­visual and related material which was made in or about South Africa.

It also aims to preserve the audio­visual heritage of South Africa, and to make this heritage accessible to all.

Material is mainly donated by the ﬁlm and music industries, as well as private donors.
In 1989 it a$ained full membership of the Interna!onal Associa!on of Sound Archives (IASA) and in 1996 became a provisional member of the Federa!on of Interna!onal Film Archives (FIAF).

The NAFVSA falls under the Department of Arts and Culture and is the only na!onal ins!tu!on of its kind in South Africa.
SABC Sound Archives +27 714 3987 +27 11 714 4671 raserokapp@sabc.co.za mokgopotp@sabc.co.za SABC Radio Archives Radio Park Building, Henley Road, Auckland Park, Johannesburg PO Box 931, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, Gauteng Contact Peter Raseroka Peggy Makgopo Tel +27 11 714 4624 Email assmanni@sabc.co.za Email contactcentre@sabc.co.za Website www.sabc.co.za The collec!on is made up of Radio broadcast material: interviews, dramas, documentaries, reports, concerts, music produc!ons, discussions, talks, book readings, serials, poetry, nature and habitat sounds, speeches, including prime ministers of SA, special events, e.g.
1994 elec!ons.

Acetate discs: interviews, speeches and discussions.

The Radio Archives collects and receives material from all the SABC Public Broadcast Services (PBS) Radio Services of which selected material is catalogued and stored in the archive repositories across the country.

A small percentage of the collec!on is donated by former staﬀ or the public.

The collec!on includes 78 rpm disks, old broadcast tapes, minidisks, CDs etc.

The Radio Archives has also ini!ated an oral history project.
The project focuses on supplemen!ng the Radio Archive catalogue by including interviews with personali!es broadcast by the SABC.

www.sowetanlive.co.za www.businesslive.co.za Newspaper Archives The Cape Argus, The World, The Sowetan, The Rand Daily Mail www.iol.co.za The newspaper archives in South Africa are a rich source of informa!on about the history of the country narrated on a daily or weekly basis since the 19th century and con!nuing to recent history and/or the present.
Some had an iconic role in the history of the country and region, and in opposing apartheid.

The most valuable archives are contained in the pages of each publica!on as they tell history as it happened, and o"en competed for exclusive stories or “breaking news”.

Most newspapers publish online now but their vast archival holdings of 69 documents, records and photographs remain largely in original form.
Newspapers normally retain their archives in what is called a “morgue” but some may have been relocated to the Na!onal Archives.

Examples follow.

The Cape Argus was founded in 1857 as a daily newspaper published by Sekunjalo in Cape Town, and is commonly referred to as The Argus.

Although it was not the ﬁrst English­language newspaper in South Africa, it was the ﬁrst to use the telegraph for news gathering.
The Argus is s!ll published, owned by Independent News and Media, and located at Newspaper House in Cape Town.

The Argus Prin!ng Company (established 1889) took over the company, Bantu Press Limited, in 1933 and also the ownership of The Bantu World.

Argus monopolized the black press through its 10 weekly papers.
The World, originally The Bantu World, was the Argus daily newspaper where Sam Nzima worked and it became famous for publishing his iconic photograph of Hector Pieterson during the Soweto uprising in 1976.

The World was the ﬁrst newspaper in South Africa to report that the defeat of the South African defence force units opera!ng in Angola, by Angolan and Cuban troops, had brought closer the possibility of libera!on from apartheid in South Africa.

The World and its weekend edi!on was banned in 1977.
The editor Percy Qoboza and editorial staﬀ were detained in Modderbee Prison in Benoni on 19 October 1977.

One of the detainees was Aggrey Klaaste (1940­2004), later editor of The Sowetan, said one of the mo!va!ons for the closure of The World was that The Commi$ee of Ten was formed in the newspaper’s oﬃces to help run Soweto a"er the 1976 protests.

Six of the newspaper’s reporters disappeared in the late 1970s a"er being arrested by the police.
The loca!on of the newspaper archives is not known, but could be with another Argus newspaper, The Sowetan.

The Sowetan is an English­language South African daily newspaper that started in 1981 as a libera!on struggle newspaper and was freely distributed to households in the then apartheid­ segregated township of Soweto.

It has grown to be one of the largest na!onal newspapers in South Africa and is owned by the Tiso Blackstar Group, formerly Johnnic Communica!ons, Avusa and Times Media Group.
Avusa means “to rouse feelings, to revive and evoke ac!on.” The name was changed in 2007 in order to avoid confusion between Johnnic Communica!ons and Johnnic Holdings.

In 2012, Avusa was acquired by a unit of Mvelaphanda Group and renamed Times Media Group, which was then relisted on the JSE.

The name was changed again to Tiso Blackstar in 2017, and is now called Arena Holdings.
SowetanLIVE is the website of The Sowetan, and carries content from the print edi!on along with unique online­only content throughout the day, all week long.

The oﬃces of The Sowetan are at Hill on Empire, 16 Empire Road, Johannesburg but the loca!on of the extensive newspaper archives is not conﬁrmed.
The Rand Daily Mail was a South African newspaper located in Johannesburg and published from 1902 un!l it was controversially closed in 1985 a"er adop!ng an outspoken an!­ apartheid stance in the midst of a massive clampdown on ac!vists by the security forces, and was re­launched in 2014 as Business Live, owned by the Times Media Group.
The RDM had a reputa!on in the 1970s and 1980s as a liberal newspaper that opposed apartheid, and was ac!ve in covering events outside the country in the region and con!nent, including the ANC in exile and South African military and economic destabiliza!on of neighbouring countries.

The daily newspapers and the archive oﬀer a rich source of informa!on of the !me about the country and the region, but loca!on and condi!on of the archives is not conﬁrmed.
70 Chimurenga Library PO Box 15117, Vlaeberg, 8018, South Africa 157 Victoria Road, Woodstock 7925, Cape Town Tel +27 21 422 4168 www.chimurengachronic.co.za Curated by the editors and contributors of Chimurenga magazine, the Chimurenga library is an online archiving project that proﬁles independent pan­African paper periodicals from around the world.
It focuses on cultural and literary magazines, both living and ex!nct, which have been inﬂuen!al pla’orms for dissent and which have broadened the scope for print publishing on art, new wri!ng and ideas in and about Africa.

The Chimurenga Library is an ongoing inven!on into knowledge produc!on and the archive that seeks to re­imagine the library as a laboratory for extended curiosity, new adventures, cri!cal thinking, daydreaming, socio­poli!cal involvement, partying and random perusal.
Curated by Chimurenga, it oﬀers an opportunity to inves!gate the library and the archive as conceptual and physical spaces in which memories are preserved and history decided, and to reac!vate them.
It started in 2009 as an ongoing archiving project that proﬁles independent pan­African paper periodicals from around the world, and quickly evolved and expanded to include several major research projects, such as Panafest – the story of four pan­African fes!vals that shaped public cultures on the con!nent (Dakar 66, Algiers 69, Kinshasa 74 and Lagos 77).
The Chimurenga Library focuses on how we forge communi!es, produce and circulate knowledge and operate in the border zones between informal/formal, licit/illicit, chao!c/ordered, etc.

Our research has yielded an eclec!c repository of stories and anecdotes, digital copies of documents, artworks, images, sound and ﬁlm footage, as well as books, magazines and albums.
Our methodology is o"en closer to detec!ve work, replete with en!rely unexpected fortuitous coincidences, even encounters with ghosts, allegorical and otherwise.
All our exhibi!ons embody the proposi!on evoked by the !tle by “ﬁnding oneself,” as Moses Molelekwa put it, on library shelves and in communi!es; quietly encroaching upon exis!ng classiﬁca!on systems; and proposing a naviga!on system, clearly subjec!ve and aﬀec!ve, for content found both in Chimurenga and the collec!on of the library, archive or community we are working in.
Chimurenga Library exhibi!ons include public talks and conversa!ons, and live performances and interviews, that func!on amidst cartographic installa!on, mapping “routes” that link ideas with people, wri!ng, research, music, publica!ons, record cover design and other materials.

Founded in 2002, Chimurenga (a Shona word that loosely translates as “struggle for freedom”) is at the centre of vibrant new cultural projec!on across Africa, which includes championing new music, literature and visual arts.
71 Community Video Educa!on Trust P O Box 2870, Cape Town 8000 Tel +27 21 425 5625 Email cvet@mail.ngo.za ; natalie@union.org.za ; sleightj@gmail.com Website www.cvet.org.za The Community Video Educa!on Trust (CVET) has more than 20 years of involvement in programmes to democra!se media access and use video technology as a catalyst in social development.

CVET has an African Online Digital Library and a digital archive of videos taken in South Africa in the late 1980s and early 1990s.
The raw footage available on this website documents an!­apartheid demonstra!ons, speeches, mass funerals, celebra!ons, and interviews with ac!vists.

Videos capture the ac!vism of trade unions, students and poli!cal organiza!ons, including the ac!vi!es of the United Democra!c Front.

The CVET archive is a unique, publicly accessible video record of the peak of popular resistance against apartheid.
Africana Library, Kimberley 63­65 Dutoitspan Road, Kimberley 8301 Tel +27 53 830 6247 Fax +27 53 830 6680 Email info@africanalibrary.co.za Website www.africanalibrary.co.za The Africana Research Library owes its existence to the Kimberley Public Library which opened in 1887.

The Public Library was converted into the Africana Research Library in 1984.
Its collec!on consists of books, manuscripts, maps, photographs and other documentary material on Kimberley, the Diamond Fields, the South African War of 1899 to 1902, the Northern Cape archaeology and geology, and many thousands of items documen!ng the region’s history and impact on South Africa and Africa.

A large collec!on of photographs is available and prints can be ordered.
The library was restored and refurbished between 1984 and 1986 as an exclusively Africana research library, open to all researchers.

There is a Special Collec!on, primarily of European origin, that includes early printed books which date back as far as 1475.

The Africana Library Trust was established in 2005 when it became the legal custodian of all the collec!ons housed in the Africana Library.

The Africana Trust oversees the administra!on and preserva!on of the library’s holdings.
In order to meet these obliga!ons, it is dedicated to raising the necessary funding.

This centre was established to not only allow the Trust to fulﬁl its mandate to preserve the Library’s collec!ons, but also to assist in the process of preserva!on of South Africa’s documentary heritage by training of paper conservators and bookbinders at courses presented by highly skilled paper conservators.
The Paper Conserva!on, Bookbinding and Training Centre is located at the De Beers Archives in Stockdale Street, Kimberley.
Africana Library interior 1887 Barnato building 72 Provincial Archives Services Which do not form part of the Na!onal Archives and Records Service of South Africa Eastern Cape Provincial Archives 5 Eales Street, King William’s Town Private Bag X7486, King William’s Town, 5600 Tel +27 43 604 4017 / 6 Email qondi.malotana@srac.ecprov.gov.za Contact Provincial Archivist This Archive is responsible for the records of the Eastern Cape Province, established in 1994, and the records of the former Ciskei and Transkei homelands, and inherited the Port Elizabeth Intermediate Depot of the former State Archives Service (SAS), the Ciskei Archives Repository in King William’s Town and Transkei Archives Repository in Mtatha.
Fax +25 43 642 2014 Mthatha Archives Repository Corner of Owen Street and Alexander Road, Mthatha Tel +27 47 532 5148 The Eastern Cape provincial repository in Mthatha is one of three legislated custodians of documents showing how Xhosa families, communi!es and socie!es were wrenched apart in the colonial era, leaving disloca!on and instability from which recovery has been diﬃcult.

The archive is unique in its holdings da!ng to the 1800s.
Port Elizabeth Archives Repository 1 De Villiers Street, Port Elizabeth Private Bag X3932, North End, Port Elizabeth, 6056 Tel +27 41 484 6467 Fax +27 41 484 6451 Email This repository has records which originated at all levels of the provincial government and at the diﬀerent local authori!es in the Eastern Cape, as well as the various magistrates oﬃces.
johan.vanzyl@srac.ecprov.gov.za Free State Provincial Archives 29 Badenhorst Street, Bloemfontein Private Bag X20504, Bloemfontein 9300 Tel +27 51 522 6762 E­mail fsarch@sacr.fs.gov.za The Free State Provincial Archives and Records Service is responsible for records of the Free State Province, established in 1994.

Its predecessors were the former Orange Free State Provincial Administra!on, the Orange River Colony, the Orange Free State, and earlier administra!ons.
The Free State repository houses the records of the former QwaQwa homeland.
Fax +27 51 522 6765 Gauteng Provincial Archives Centre Kagiso, Krugersdorp, 1754 Private Bag X33, Johannesburg 2000 Tel +27 11 355 2659 Cell +27 83 507 8032 Fax +27 11 355 2505 Email Koekie.Meyer@gauteng.gov.za www.gpg.gov.za 73 The Gauteng Provincial Archives and Records Service is administered as a sub­programme of the Directorate of Library and Archival Services in Gauteng, and is responsible for the records of the Gauteng Province (part of the former Transvaal Province), established in 1994.
The new centre at Kagiso is set to store and preserve oﬃcial public documents with a lifespan of 20 years and older.

Documents that become public a"er 20 years will be accessible, and those not older than 20 years will be accessible from relevant en!

!es or departments.

The centre will also facilitate community programmes and services including oral history recording.

The centre will protect and preserve not only public records, but Gauteng’s rich history as told and captured by the public.
KwaZulu­Natal Provincial Archives Department of Arts, Culture and Tourism 171 Boshoﬀ Street, Pietermaritzburg 3200 Tel +27 33 341 3611 Fax +27 866 121 489 E­mail The KwaZulu­Natal Archives Unit is the custodian of documents, oral history, maps and photographs that tell the province’s history.

KZN Archives came into existence in 2001, in terms of the KwaZulu­Natal Archives Act, Act 5 of 2000 Schedule 5 of the Cons!tu!on which provides for the provincialisa!on of the archives.
ngcoyas@dact.kzntl.gov.za Durban Archives Repository Nashua House, 14 De Mazenod Street, Greyville, Berea 4001 Private Bag X22, Greyville 4023 Tel +27 31 309 5682 Fax +27 31 309 5685 Email dbnarchives@kzndac.gov.za Pietermaritzburg Archives Repository 231 Pietermaritz Street, Pietermaritzburg Private Bag X9012, Pietermaritzburg 3200 Tel +27 33 342 4712 Fax +2733 394 4353 Email pmbarchives@kzndac.gov.za The repository contains all the records of the oﬃces of Natal colonial government.
Post­ colonial records include the records of provincial administra!on, government oﬃces, local authori!es, magistrates and commissioners.

The holdings include the records of the Landros, Pietermaritzburg, from the Voortrekker period; the old Provincial Council Library.

Non­public records include material for the Colenso and Shepstone collec!ons, more than 10,000 photographs and a map collec!on.
Ulundi Archives Repository Block 4, Unit A, Ulundi Private Bag X75, Ulundi 3838 Tel +27 35 879 8500 Email uldarchives@dact.kzntl.gov.za Ulundi Archives have collec!ons of oral history in order to record the history that has not been documented.

It has repositories in Ulundi, Durban and Pietermaritzberg.
Limpopo Provincial Archives Service Department of Sport, Arts and Culture Archives Service 15 Grobler Road, Polokwane 74 Private Bag X9549, Polokwane 0700 Tel +27 15 284 4043 Cell +27 72 468 5528 Fax +27 86 546 0880 Contact Jabu Nka!ngi Email nka!ngij@sac.limpopo.gov.za The Limpopo Archives are responsible for records of the Limpopo Province (formerly Northern Province), established in 1994, and has a collec!on of records of the former homelands ­ Venda, Lebowa and Gazankulu.
Mpumalanga Provincial Archives Service 1st Floor, Building 5, 7 Government Boulevard Riverside Park Ext 2, Nelspruit P O Box 1243, Nelspruit, 1200 Tel +27 13 766 5081 Fax +27 13 766 8256 Email nfmahalefa@mpg.gov.za Northern Cape Provincial Archives Service Department of Sport, Arts & Culture Building 22 Aba$oir Road, Ashburnham 8301, Kimberley Private Bag X5004, Kimberley 8300 Tel +27 53 807 4700 / 4795 Fax +27 53 807 4600 Email emanong@ncpg.gov.za North West Provincial Archives and Records Services Department of Sports, Arts and Culture Corner University Drive and Dr Albert Luthuli, Mmabatho 2745 Private Bag X 90, Mmabatho 2735 Tel +27 18 388 3963 Cell +27 78 847 1967 Email tmonyepao@nwpg.gov.za tsempe@nwpg.gov.za An Oral History programme helps to document the unrecovered aspects of the na!on’s history that have been neglected in the past.
Records have been made in audio and audio visual formats, and these are available for research, subject to certain restric!ons.
Western Cape Provincial Archives and Records Service 72 Roeland Street, Cape Town Private Bag X9025, Cape Town 8000 Tel +27 21 466 8100 E­mail Archives@pgwc.gov.za Records@pgwc.gov.za The Western Cape Archives and Records Service collects, manages and preserves records that form part of our archival heritage for use by the government and people of South Africa, and has in its custody some archival records da!ng from 1651 when the ﬁrst colonial se$lement was established by Dutch se$lers.
Archival records include Public records created by government departments and organisa!ons in the course of performing their func!ons, and Non­public records that are private records and papers created by individuals.

75 ZAMBIA Na!onal Archives of Zambia Government Road, Ridgeway, Lusaka P.O.

Box 500 10, Lusaka Tel +260 1 254 080 Email naz@zamnet.zm Ministry of Home Aﬀairs, Independence Avenue, Lusaka P.O.
Box 50997, Lusaka Tel +260 211 254261 / 231720 / 221891 Email: info@moha.gov.zm Website www.moha.gov.zm The Na!onal Archives of Zambia (NAZ) has responsibility for the preserva!on of documents, manuscripts, maps and pictorial material on Zambia; control and custody of public archives and records of government, state corpora!ons and individuals; and facilita!ng lawful access to informa!on.
NAZ is the legal deposit library for publica!ons produced in the country, and has responsibility to provide suitable facili!es for the safe custody of documenta!on for its preserva!on and con!nued access.

The library holds 70,000 volumes.

NAZ houses materials on three dis!nct historical periods: Early history (pre­ 1888); Northern Rhodesia, the colonial era (1888–1964); Post­Independence (1964–present).
Livingstone Museum Plot 567, Mosi­Oa­Tunya Road, Livingstone The Livingstone Museum, formerly David Livingstone Memorial Museum and Rhodes­ Livingstone Museum, is the largest and oldest museum in Zambia, opened in 1934 and located in Livingstone, near Victoria Falls.
The museum has more than 8,000 records including primary records of the colonial government, personal papers of mid­19th century explorers and missionaries such as Dr. David Livingstone and his companions, early cartographic maps, notebooks, diaries and newspapers from as far back as 1906 when the ﬁrst newspaper was produced in the country.
The David Livingstone Gallery presents his story with the main themes of his early life, his missionary work at Khuruman, his early travels to the upper Zambezi River, and his Trans­African journey 1852­1856 on which he was taken by local guides Juma and Susi to see the Falls, known locally in the Tonga language as Mosi oa Tunya (the Smoke that Thunders), which he named “Victoria Falls” in honour of the Bri!sh Queen and promoted the name interna!onally.
Other thema!c galleries are on ethnography, archaeology, natural history, and research collec!ons are accessible on request.

Bust at the Livingstone Museum honouring Kenneth David Kaunda, First President of the Republic of Zambia (1964­1991) 76 United Na!onal Independence Party The United Na!onal Independence Party (UNIP) was formed by Kenneth Kaunda and others in 1959 and was the driving force behind the achievement of Zambia’s independence in 1964.
UNIP was the country’s ruling party from 1964­1973, and the only oﬃcial party from 1973­ 1991.

This collec!on of UNIP documenta!on was located at Freedom House, the party headquarters, including important ﬁles of the Zambian African Na!onal Congress formed in 1948 as the Northern Rhodesia Congress (NRC) and disbanded in 1973 a"er the Choma declara!on on party and state.
The Endangered Archives Programme (EAP) of the Bri!sh Library supported a project in 2007 (EAP121) for the electronic reproduc!on of the documentary collec!on of UNIP.
The EAP121 project says the importance of the party records goes well beyond poli!cal history, no!ng that “the compara!ve shallowness of the post­colonial collec!ons of the Na!onal Archives of Zambia... makes the archives of the party a prime resource for virtually all historians of modern Zambia.” Following UNIP’s loss of elec!ons in 1991, the archives of the party suﬀered from almost complete neglect and decay.
The party records were kept at an unused warehouse in a light industrial area, which was vulnerable to rain and ﬁre.

The Na!onal Archives intervened in 2003 to ensure the records were stored in cardboard boxes, thus oﬀering par!al protec!on against dampness, rats and silverﬁsh.

Some unboxed documents were damaged, but most of the records were in a suitable state for electronic reproduc!on.
Twelve of the 16 sec!ons have been listed, digi!sed and burnt on DVD, the old catalogue has been revised, and the digital collec!on comprises more than 1,000 DVDs.

The four series omi$ed from the project consist of personal administra!ve work (UNIP 4) and government and published materials (UNIP 7, 14 and 15) which are available elsewhere.

The original records are s!ll housed at the UNIP archives.
Copies of the digi!sed material have been deposited at the Na!onal Archives of Zambia in Lusaka, and the Bri!sh Library in London where they are freely accessible to the public.

Reference to 3,058 archival records can be accessed online.

EAP121/1 Records of the African Na!onal Congress (ANC) party of Zambia [1948­1973] EAP121/2 United Na!onal Independence Party of Zambia (UNIP) [1949­1988].
The building housing the UNIP ar­ chives Kenneth Kaunda Founda!on Plot No 21 A Serval Road, Kabulonga, Lusaka — 4th Floor, West Tower, Nelson Mandela Square, Sandton City, Johannesburg Contact Ms Mammel Manissa, Coordinator Tel +27 11 100 2397 Fax +27 86 681 4826 Website www.kennethkaundafounda!on.org “In pursuit of poli"cal and economic freedom of Africa” The stated objec!ves of the KK Founda!on are to promote peace and security, jus!ce and equity; crea!ng the enabling environment for growth and development; and to show an African icon “who has dis!nguished himself in every sector, standing tall as a bright light for African leaders to emulate.
We celebrate Dr. Kenneth Kaunda.” 77 While the KKF undertakes various ac!vi!es including and especially focused on HIV and AIDS, there is no indica!on of responsibility for the legacy or archives of Dr Kaunda.

Yet Zambia’s role in the libera!on of Africa was anchored in the poli!cal philosophy of the founding President, who believed, like his colleagues in Botswana and Tanzania, that Independence of one country was meaningless without the libera!on of the con!nent.
The records of his service at State House 1964­1991 were kept at the State House Archives, and the Na!onal Archives does not have capacity to take custody of such collec!ons.

Dr Kaunda’s personal papers remain with him, and have been the subject of a$en!on by various external ins!tu!ons including Boston University in the United States where he had a one­year residency in 2003 as the Balfour African President­in­Residence at Boston University’s African Presiden!al Archives and Research Centre.
Dr. Kenneth D. Kaunda Memory of the World CASE STUDY 10 The Liberation Centre, the National Archives, UNZA and Heritage Documentation Zambia was a place of great historical importance to the region, during the Central African Federation of (Northern and Southern) Rhodesia and Nyasaland, and after Independence due to its hosting of the liberation movements.
A Liberation Centre was established in Lusaka with the full support of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) Liberation Committee, and the liberation movements were given offices there, as well as accommodation in the city and land outside the city for holding and training camps for refugees and recruits.
While much of the documentation of individual liberation movements was packed and returned home with them when they went back to their countries after independence, there should be a great deal of original documentation that remained in Zambia, not least that of the various Zambian authorities, such as Home Affairs, Defence, and Foreign Affairs, in addition to remaining documentation of the liberation movements.
Some of this is difficult to locate and may be kept within the ministries or in the National Archives or at UNZA or elsewhere after the Liberation Centre closed and the OAU Liberation Committee ended its work.

Much will be chronicled in media archives, both print and broadcast.

This requires a special study in Zambia at various locations to try to determine where this documentation is or if it remains scattered, and catalogue it for preservation and digitisation.
In tandem with Dr Kaunda’s commitment and conviction, Zambia offered itself as a base for liberation movements, at an enormous economic and security cost.

The Liberation Centre had offices for liberation movements from Angola, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa and Zimbabwe.

The cost was heavy and is not well documented in terms of its impact on subsequent national development, in terms of the sacrifices made by Zambians so neighbours could be free.
78 UNIVERSITIES The University of Zambia Great East Road Campus P.O.

Box 32379, Lusaka Tel +260 21 129 1777 / 8 Tel +260 975 446 064 Email customerrela!ons@unza.zm Website www.unza.zm Ridgeway Campus P.O.

Box 50516, Lusaka Tel +26021 125 2641 The University of Zambia (UNZA) is a public university located in the capital, Lusaka; it is Zambia’s largest learning ins!tu!on and oldest public university, established in 1965.
UNZA has a depository for government and interna!onal publica!ons, and a repository of printed oﬃcial documents of the United Na!ons and agencies.

The library has an extensive of collec!ons of government publica!ons, Zambiana including oral history and archival material, Africana, Livingstonia and material of the former Portuguese territories in southern and central Africa.
UNZA holds books and periodicals, academic papers and archival ﬁles, as well as history manuscripts including some papers and diaries of the founding President, Dr. Kenneth David Kaunda.

Elizabeth Colson Research and Documenta!on Centre Ins!tute of Economic and Social Research UNZA, Box 32379, Lusaka The Elizabeth Colson Research and Documenta!on Centre is the informa!on resource unit of the Ins!tute of Economic and Social Research (INESOR).
The Centre holds an excellent collec!on of books, journals in print and non­print /electronic materials, as well as manuscripts and oﬀprints, government reports, historical and cultural informa!on.

INESOR was established to support the research needs of the Ins!tute but over the years has become indispensable to researchers, lecturers, students and the public for Social Science Research, and the collec!on is searchable through the library catalogue on the website.
The Centre prides itself as a hub of historic manuscripts and has embarked on digi!zing them with the aim of strengthening access, awareness and use for educa!onal purposes.

79 Copperbelt University Jambo Drive, Riverside, Kitwe Box 21692 Tel +260 212 290 899 Website www.cbu.ac.zm Copperbelt University (CBU) is a public university located in Kitwe, in the mineral­rich territory of central Zambia known as the Copperbelt, and is the second­largest public university in Zambia, established 1987.
The CBU Ins!tu!onal Repository is a full text open access database, established to increase visibility of the intellectual output of the University.
Email pro@cbu.ac.zm Dag Hammarskjöld Peace Ins!tute at CBU The Dag Hammarskjöld Memorial at the site of the plane crash that killed the United Na!ons Secretary­General and 15 others on 17 September 1961, 13kms from Ndola in Zambia’s copperbelt, has a memorial garden and visitors centre with informa!on displays about Dag Hammarskjöld and his role in the United Na!ons, as well as documen!ng the circumstances leading to the crash, which are s!ll under inves!ga!on.
He was on an oﬃcial UN mission to try to resolve the conﬂict in the southern Katanga province of the Congo (now Democra!c Republic of Congo) just over one year a"er its Independence from Belgium in June 1960.

A Dag Hammarskjöld Peace Founda!on chair has been established at the Copperbelt University in 2006, and the historical impact of the crash and its cause remain topical for research in the region and in Europe with a new inquiry opened recently.
Tanzania­Zambia Railway Kapiri Mposhi The Tanzania­Zambia Railway (TAZARA) runs from Kapiri Mposhi in the Zambian Copperbelt to the port of Dar es Salaam, and was built with support from China the 1970s to provide an alterna!ve route to the sea and reduce Zambia’s dependence on its southern neighbour, Rhodesia, and apartheid South Africa.

The TAZARA story is rich with symbolism of the period, of dependence and independence, and is now a modern railway.
There should be historical records with the Na!onal Railways or elsewhere, and the Copperbelt University should retrieve these and catalogue them as a unique resource for preserva!on and digi!sa!on.
Evelyn Hone College of Applied Arts and Commerce Dushambe Road, Lusaka Box 30029, Lusaka Tel +260 211 225 127 Website www.evelynhone.edu.zm The Evelyn Hone College of Applied Arts and Commerce is the largest public technical training ins!tu!on in Zambia, oﬃcially opened one year before Independence by Sir Evelyn Dennison Hone, the last Bri!sh Governor of Northern Rhodesia, oﬀering its ﬁrst courses in 1963.
Evelyn Hone College has three libraries in diﬀerent physical loca!ons (Main Library, Reference Library, and Media Library).

The Libraries are commi$ed to suppor!ng the college in teaching, research and outreach, and to serving the community through its collec!ons, preserva!on eﬀorts and access to informa!on.

The library resources could be expected to host signiﬁcant papers and documents from the libera!on period as many Zambian students and exiles from the region studied there.
80 Na!onal Assembly of Zambia Parliament Road, Lusaka P.O.

Box 31299, Lusaka 10101 Tel +260 211 292425 / 36 Fax +260 211 292252 Email info@parliament.gov.zm www.parliament.gov.zm The ﬁrst mee!ng of the Northern Rhodesia Parliament took place in May 1924 in Livingstone, the ﬁrst capital of Northern Rhodesia (Zambia), moving later to Lusaka in the old Secretariat Area.

A"er Independence in 1964, the Na!onal Assembly moved to new premises at Lusaka Hill.
This makes the Zambian Parliament one of the oldest con!nuously func!oning legislatures in Southern Africa, marking 50 years in 2014.

The archival material in the parliamentary library provides a rich history, although the pre­independence records may have been moved to the Na!onal Archives and elsewhere, including debates during the Central African Federa!on (1953­63).
The parliamentary research library contains among its holdings the Hansard records of debates on achieving na!onal Independence, changing perspec!ves and legisla!on for na!on­ building, and some of the rich debates during the libera!on period up to 1994 when Zambia was at the centre, hos!ng exiles from six neighbouring countries.

The records should be digi!zed for long­ term preserva!on.
MEDIA The rich historical records of resistance to the Central African Federa!on (1953­63), Zambian independence in 1964, and 30 years of support for the independence of neighbouring countries is contained in archives in Zambia, known and unknown, in some cases fragmented and lacking proper storage, but this needs further study (as indicated in Case Study 10).
Audio and Visual archives are in many ways the most eﬀec!ve in communica!ng the past in the present, to hear the voices and see the faces of those whose names appear on paper.

Much of this is kept by broadcasters and other media in Zambia and neighbouring countries but is not accessible, leaving the accessibility to foreign agencies that charge high copyright fees for the use of similar material, fees that could be charged within the region.
The na!onal broadcasters and na!onal media provide an extensive source for audio­visual material in all of the countries surveyed, but in most cases the material is not well stored or catalogued, and o"en not iden!ﬁed.

This needs a$en!on through joint ini!a!ves.

Zambia Na!onal Broadcas!ng Corpora!on Mass Media Complex, Alick Nkata Road, Lusaka P.O.
Box 50015, Lusaka Tel +260 211 251983 Fax +260 211 254920 Website www.znbc.co.zm The Zambia Na!onal Broadcas!ng Corpora!on (ZNBC), formerly Zambia Broadcas!ng Services, is a media pla’orm oﬀering Radio and Television Broadcas!ng services in Zambia and beyond the borders, distribu!ng video and audio content, and is a strategic ins!tu!on in the country opera!ng as a statutory body under the Ministry of Informa!on and Broadcas!ng Services (MIBS).
81 ZNBC is mandated to educate, inform and entertain Zambians by means of radio sta!ons and television channels.

ZNBC is the oldest and largest radio and television service provider in Zambia, with the widest reach, established in its current form as a Public Service Broadcaster by an Act of Parliament in 1987, but broadcas!ng radio in Zambia since 1941 and television since 1961.
These were integrated in 1967, a"er Independence, into the Zambia Broadcas!ng Services, and should be holding extensive, historical audio­visual archives for the period leading to Independence and a"er.

Zambia Daily Mail Longolongo Road, Lusaka P.O.

Box 31421, Lusaka Tel 260 211 227 793 / 5 Fax +260 211 227 795 Website www.daily­mail.co.zm The Zambia Daily Mail is an English­language daily broadsheet newspaper published in Zambia, and is one of two state­owned newspapers in Zambia.
Started 1960, the newspaper emerged from the Central African Mail, which was bought from the Bri!sh peer David Astor in 1965.

It was renamed the Zambian Mail and subsequently the Zambia Daily Mail in 1970.

The newspaper became a means of communica!on for the new government as na!on­ building progressed.
The newspaper had very good journalists and daily coverage of the progress towards independence in neighbouring countries up to South Africa in 1994, and including Angola and Mozambique before and a"er Independence in 1975.

The morgue (newspaper library) at the Zambia Daily Mail should have quan!

!es of archives, in print, photographic and audio­visual formats that should be properly catalogued and digi!zed.

Times of Zambia Head Oﬃce – Kabelenga Avenue, Ndola P.O.
Box 70069, Ndola Tel +260 212 617096/612865 Website www.

!mes.co.zm Lusaka oﬃce, Freedom Way P.O.

Box 30394, Lusaka Tel +260 211229076 / 227348 The Industrial Development Corpora!on announced recently that it has dissolved the Board and disbanded the management of Zambia’s oldest newspaper, pu(ng opera!ons under the direc!on of the other state­owned paper, the Zambia Daily Mail.
The newspaper had various owners including the South Africa Argus group before independence and Lonrho from 1965, before it was given to UNIP in 1975, and eventually reverted to a state­owned newspaper in the 1990s, a sister paper to the Mail.

The Times recently went online in English, and has been publishing only the Sunday edi!on.

However, it is not clear what has happened to the substan!al archives for that signiﬁcant period in the history of the country.
As the oﬃce is in Ndola, the historical archives could be lodged with Copperbelt University in Kitwe rather than ferrying to Lusaka, but the current status is not clear, and this requires some Urgent Ac!on to determine the status.

This newspaper library would contain valuable material on the items men!oned above due to its proximity of loca!on, for example local reporters and photographers would have covered Hammerskjöld plane crash and Tazara Railway.
82 Memory of the World This irreplaceable historical archive may be endangered and could be discarded as excess during the transi!on of the newspaper if the oﬃce in Ndola is closed.

There should be urgent ac!on to assess and remove the archives to nearby Copperbelt University or elsewhere for safekeeping and digi!sa!on.

This may be a candidate for recommenda!on to the MoW register depending on the content and condi!on of the remaining Archives.
Zambia Ins!tute of Mass Communica!on Plot 3529, Government Road, Ridgeway, Lusaka P.O.

Box 50386 RW, Lusaka Tel +260 211 251 811 Website www.zamcom.co.zm The Zambia ins!tute of Mass Communica!on (ZAMCOM) Educa!onal Trust is an independent professional media training ins!tute in Zambia which oﬀers professional training in Media, Communica!on and Ethical Standards for par!cipants from within and outside Zambia.
The Ins!tute was established in the 1980s as the In­service Training wing of the Ministry of Informa!on and Broadcas!ng Services.

ZAMCOM was very ac!ve in the 1980s and 1990s and should have signiﬁcant archival material in print and audio­visual formats.

The archives may have been moved to another ins!tu!on, or retained as a training tool.

This should be assessed so the archives can be catalogued.
Memory of the World CASE STUDY 11 Broadcast Archives and Liberation Radio National Broadcasters in Zambia and most of the countries surveyed have significant historical archives that are unused, uncatalogued and unknown, that could be made into heritage programming on various platforms and turned into revenue that can be used for preservation and conversion to digital technology.
Such programming would also provide a unique visual historical record, especially that covering the 30 years post- independence in Zambia when various liberation movements were based there 1964-1994 and the country and its economy were often under direct attack.
These should be preserved, catalogued, converted from obsolete formats and digitized, to determine if there are collections of material suitable for the MoW register, and it seems almost certain that some of these collections would qualify as all are unique, rare, irreplaceable and endangered.
Of special interest is the liberation radio programming that was broadcast from Zambia, Tanzania, Mozambique and later Zimbabwe, by Radio Freedom (ANC), Voice of Namibia (SWAPO), Voice of Zimbabwe (ZANU) and Voice of the Revolution (ZAPU), and also television coverage and audio-visual material.

Radio Freedom was the oldest liberation radio station in Africa when it slipped quietly off air in 1991.
The ANC 83 Vice President, Walter Sisulu had launched Radio Freedom in 1963 from a hidden location in Johannesburg, but apartheid authorities soon seized the transmitter and ANC realised that radio broadcasting must be done from outside the country.

ANC was later given time on Radio Zambia, Radio Luanda, Radio Madagascar, Radio Ethiopia and Radio Zimbabwe.
SWAPO broadcast from Egypt in the early 1960s but officially launched programming with the Namibian Hour broadcast from Tanzania in 1966 and Zambia in 1973, soon changing its name to Voice of Namibia.

Zimbabwe was granted airtime by Egypt as early as 1958 through ZAPU, and the founding President of Ghana, Kwame Nkrumah extended the use of the new Ghana Broadcasting shortwave transmitter to ZANU from 1963 until his fall in 1966.
Both the VoZ and VoR launched sustained broadcasting from Tanzania in 1963 and later Zambia from 1967, before VoZ moved to Radio Mozambique.

Assisted by the OAU Liberation Committee and the Front Line States, these radio broadcasts relayed news about the fight for liberation in Africa and elsewhere, as well as war communiqués, speeches by nationalist leaders, and revolutionary songs.
The liberation movements, the host countries and their national broadcasters may have audio archives from that period, and these should be identified, catalogued and digitized.

The national broadcasters could benefit from developing joint heritage programming initiatives using their audio archives.
(Mosia, Lebona et al) 84 ZIMBABWE Na!onal Archives of Zimbabwe Borrowdale Road, Gunhill, Harare P. Bag 7729, Harare Tel +263 242 792741/2/3 Director Mr I. Murambiwa E­mail imurambiwa@archives.gov.zw Website www.archives.gov.zw The Na!onal Archives of Zimbabwe (NAZ) is a government department under the Ministry of Home Aﬀairs and was established through an Act of Parliament in 1935, now known as the Na!onal Archives of Zimbabwe Act, 1986.
NAZ is the storehouse of the na!on’s documented history and safeguards the historical records of Zimbabwe, as well as some microﬁlm of 16th/17th century Portuguese documents.
The NAZ mandate is to acquire, preserve and provide access to historic documents, objects and stories that promote na!onal memory, pride and iden!ty, including current records harvested from Ministries, Departments and Parastatals, and acquisi!ons acquired through purchases, dona!ons and legal deposits from individuals and non­state organisa!ons.
Major challenges in fulﬁlling this mandate include archaic policies and procedures, obsolete equipment and inadequate shelving space, as well as marke!ng the archives as a public access ins!tu!on.

NAZ is trying to digi!ze the current public sector records management in response to e­ governance, and is strengthening its online footprint and digital access through a KOHA pla’orm.
Digi!za!on began with the ﬁlm and video collec!on, and conversion equipment is in use, but other historical and heritage holdings da!ng back to 1890 through the colonial and libera!on periods up to and beyond independence in 1980 are acutely in need of preserva!on and digital access, as well as building renova!ons to facilitate appropriate preserva!on, opera!ons and security.

All collec!ons suﬀer from lack of resources for preserva!on and maintenance.
Public Archives, Research and Library Services consists of records of historical signiﬁcance that are over 25 years of age, historical manuscripts that are open to the public, as well as a unique and comprehensive assembly of printed ma$er such as books, manuscripts, periodicals and newspapers stretching back over 100 years, including newspapers.
Newspapers and photographs provide a reminder of the libera!on war, nego!a!ons and cons!tu!onal developments that led to the birth of Zimbabwe on 18 April 1980 and the Unity Accord 1987.

Government and public record documents include speeches, statements and interviews by Robert Mugabe, Joshua Nkomo and the government leadership, as well as images of the post­Independence period.
The display on the mezzanine ﬂoor concentrates on the ﬁrst Chimurenga, the Ndebele­Shona revolt of 1896­97, and puts into perspec!ve the historical struggle for independence.

This is a valuable asset for undertaking research into Zimbabwe, including the illustra!ons and audio­visual units.

The NAZ has been reaching out to help ins!tu!ons that have signiﬁcant holdings of unique but uncatalogued records of the libera!on period, including broadcas!ng and poli!cal par!es, with some progress.
The Na!onal Archives is collabora!ng with the Department of Arts, Culture and Heritage for an inventory of intangible culture heritage, and con!nues to see the relevance of the theme of the World Day for Audio­Visual Heritage a few years back that said, “It’s Your Story – Don’t lose it!” A valuable collec!on of oral history collected just a"er independence including mainly stories of the libera!on struggle from the rural areas, is irreplaceable and needs preserva!on.
85 The current Oral History programme con!nues to ﬁll gaps of undocumented and under­ documented materials in the na!onal collec!on, although this progresses very slowly due to constraints in staﬃng and resources.

NAZ has worked on this in collabora!on with tradi!on leaders and support services department, Na!onal Museums and Monuments, and Zimbabwe Defence Forces civil and military rela!ons unit.
The Na!onal Archives of Zimbabwe is made up of ﬁve sec!ons each with speciﬁc obliga!ons and has ﬁve provincial oﬃces as well as the headquarters in Harare.

The provincial oﬃces hold historical material, and some of this is under threat from poor storage facili!es.
The Na!onal Archives and Reference Library in Bulawayo holds historical references da!ng back more than 100 years, including newspaper ﬁrst edi!ons that are pre­20th century, yet the building construc!on is not strong and parts of the roof have blown oﬀ on several occasions during the rainy season.

Memory of the World This unique and irreplaceable collec!on at the Na!onal Archives of Zimbabwe is a na!onal treasure in need of protec!on, preserva!on and digi!sa!on.
Some collec!ons should be recommended for the Memory of the World register.

There is one entry from Zimbabwe to date in UNESCO’s Memory of the World Registry, accepted as authentic, unique and irreplaceable, and this is held by the National Archives of Zimbabwe: ❖ Nehanda and Kaguvi mediums’ judgement dockets (April 1897).

Case between State versus Nehanda and Kaguvi spirit mediums leading to their execution.
Documentary heritage submitted by Zimbabwe and recommended for inclusion in the Memory of the World Register in 2015 — Kaguvi and Nehanda dockets comprises the judgement record, judge Watermeyer`s criminal record book (1898-1899), some manuscripts as well as all the court proceedings.

Kaguvi and Nehanda were key spirit mediums who inspired the Zimbabwean revolution against colonial rule.
Under their guidance and leadership, individual chiefdoms were united to resist the colonial wave in what now is remembered as the first Chimurenga (War of Liberation) 1895-6.

Na!onal Museums and Monuments of Zimbabwe Penrose Hill Building, 107 Ro$en Row, Harare P.O.
Box CY 1485, Causeway, Harare Tel +263 242 774208 / 752876 The Na!onal Museums and Monuments of Zimbabwe (NMMZ) are responsible for museums and heritage sites throughout the country, including at the Na!onal Heroes shrine, and all suﬀer from lack of resources for upkeep.

Many of these sites have, or should have, archival informa!on accessible to the public, but the most of the archival material is not well­stored and some has been moved.
In addi!on to archival material, fresh publica!ons are needed to 86 tell the stories of the Independence heritage, especially but not only at the Na!onal Heroes shrine and at Great Zimbabwe, Khami, Nhaletale, Ntabazinduna and other heritage sites.

Interac!ve museums could be designed at selected sites as there is substan!al sight and sound material for the purpose.
Na!onal Gallery of Zimbabwe Main Gallery, Julius Nyerere Way, Harare Tel +263 242 270 4666 Email info@na!onalgallery.co.zw Na!onal Gallery of Zimbabwe in Bulawayo Joshus Nkomo Street, Bulawayo Tel +263 292 70721 Website www.na!onalgallery.co.za The Na!onal Gallery of Zimbabwe (NGZ) is dedicated to the presenta!on and conserva!on of Zimbabwe’s contemporary art and visual heritage.
The NGZ has been in existence for almost 60 years, and in its life!me has witnessed the drama!c shi" in the country from colonialism to independence.

In addi!on, it has been central to the meteoric rise of Zimbabwean ar!sts in the world art market.

The Gallery was ini!ally planned in the 1930s, but the outbreak of the Second World War impeded the colonial government’s involvement in its progress.
However, the idea was given new life when in 1943, Sir James McDonald, a friend and colleague of Cecil John Rhodes, le" a bequest of 30,000 pounds “in trust for the people of the colony” to establish an art gallery and art museum in Salisbury, Southern Rhodesia.

The passing of the Na!onal Gallery Act of Parliament in early 1952 saw the dissolu!on of the Inaugural Board and the establishment of the Board of Trustees.
From the outset, the Gallery was conceived as a na!onal ins!tu!on, ac!ng as the ar!s!c representa!ve not only for Southern Rhodesia, but also Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland, which were governed from 1953 to 1963 as a united Federa!on.

The substan!ve permanent collec!on of visual art and tradi!onal sculpture dates back to the 1950s and is a heritage archive in itself, and the NGZ has a library and archive of art history and heritage collected since the 1950s to the present.
Parliament of Zimbabwe Kwame Nkrumah & 3rd Street, Harare Box CY 298 Causeway Harare Tel +263 4 700 181 / 9 +263 4 252 936 / 55 Email clerk@parlzim.gov.zw The Parliament of Zimbabwe has a research library of full informa!on and parliamentary ac!vi!es, including the Hansard records of debates and legisla!on, da!ng from Independence in April 1980 and going back through UDI in 1965 and at least to self­government in 1923.

This is not a public library but can be accessed with approval.
This type of documenta!on is now accessible online for the records of the past decade but the earlier records are not stored in ideal condi!ons and not all accessible or used.
This is likely to improve with the move to the new Parliament building and could be coordinated with an exercise for preserva!on and digi!sa!on so the records can be protected, but also to establish a quality library and informa!on service organised through a well­coordinated, consulta!ve selec!on and acquisi!on process and systema!c dissemina!on of relevant informa!on resources to parliamentarians, senators, researchers and other users of the library.
The documenta!on should be assessed for possible recommenda!on to the MoW register.

87 www.zna.gov.zw www.defence.gov.zw Zimbabwe Defence Force Zimbabwe Na!onal Army Ministry of Defence One of the major achievements of the transi!on to Independence and a"er is the uniﬁca!on of the military, to build peace and a uniﬁed defence force of three armies with very diﬀerent experiences and training.
That was successfully achieved through collabora!on of the leadership of the command of all three armies, with some external support and technical training.

This aspect of the libera!on history that brought peace to the country following the Lancaster House Agreement in 1979 is almost forgo$en, despite the peace largely enjoyed by the country as a result of its success.
There are other examples in the country and region where Zimbabwe has played a key role in building the SADC Standby Force and the African Standby Force.

There are also interna!onal achievements in bringing and keeping peace, such as the United Na!ons peace­ making and peacekeeping mission for Angola commanded by Zimbabwe that was hailed as a major success.
These achievements are o"en due to the extensive training and educa!on gained during the libera!on war which had clear objec!ves for peace, but this is not catalogued for analysis of lessons and challenges.

The ZDF holds extensive documenta!on from all of these exercises before and a"er Independence.
There is suﬃcient exper!se in the military history commi$ee to ini!ate a heritage process in collabora!on with the new Zimbabwe Na!onal Defence University (ZNDU), the SADC Regional Peacekeeping Training Centre (RPTC) in Harare, and partner ins!tu!ons to retain the memory of peace­building and lessons learned.

UNIVERSITIES University of Zimbabwe The University of Zimbabwe (UZ) is a public university in Harare, Zimbabwe.
UZ opened in 1952 as the University College of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, and was ini!ally aﬃliated with the University of London.

It was later renamed the University of Rhodesia, and adopted its present name upon Zimbabwe’s independence in 1980.
UZ has had an ac!ve history department throughout this period, and has an extensive library and archive from the !me of the Central African Federa!on of Rhodesia and Nyasaland (1953­1963) through to independence, including collec!ons of papers, books and documents on the na!onalist period and the libera!on war.

UZ had eminent pre­ colonial scholars pre­ and post­independence who generated seminal studies of various historical periods.
The facili!es are used mainly by students and not much external engagement or promo!on or public seminars, and the condi!on of archives is to be determined.

Some papers kept by individuals may be well stored but inaccessible.
Midlands State University Private Bag 9055, Senga Road, Gweru PR +263 54 226 0359 Fax +263 54 226 0233 Email infoandpr@staﬀ.msu.ac.zw Website www.msu.ac.za Midlands State University is a government­owned university established post­independence, that oﬀers studies in various parts of the country through MSU campuses.

The university has nine facul!es oﬀering a wide variety of courses and many specialist programmes.
There is an ac!ve programme for History and Interna!onal Studies, based at the Zvishivane campus, and this department has collected documenta!on and generated new perspec!ves on various dimensions of the na!onal and con!nental history, and con!nues to be ac!ve in becoming a leading history studies and research centre.

The library collec!ons are not generally accessible online but there is increasing access to journals and other periodicals, including some history ar!cles.
MSU History was the na!onal focal point for the SADC Mbita Project on Southern African Libera"on Struggles.
88 Great Zimbabwe University P.O Box 1235, Masvingo Tel +263 39266648 /58 /60 /63 Website www.gzu.ac.zw The Great Zimbabwe University (GZU), then known as Masvingo State University, was established in 1999 as a degree programme of the University of Zimbabwe prior to acquiring its own university mandate, and has a strong focus on culture and heritage inspired by its proximity to the Great Zimbabwe monument.
The university library, although less than 20 years old, has a$racted and accumulated a signiﬁcant collec!on of heritage studies, documents, books and other publica!ons, including digital.

GZU is increasingly making available scholarly online databases via the library website, including full text access to over 160,000 eBooks and 20,000 3­Journal !tles.
Simon Muzenda School of Arts, Culture and Heritage Studies Centre for Culture and Heritage Studies (CCHS) Great Zimbabwe University P.O Box 1235, Masvingo Website www.gzu.ac.za The Centre for Culture and Heritage Studies (CCHS) currently operates from the Mashava Campus of GZU as a non­teaching, research and support unit of the Simon Muzenda School of Arts, Culture and Heritage Studies.
This Centre solely focuses on research and outreach ac!vi!es that promote the University’s niche area of culture and heritage.

The Centre is responsible for leading the culture and heritage ac!vi!es, programmes and research projects in line with the university’s mandate.
The Centre also organizes exhibi!ons, seminars and workshops, conducts research and consultancy work, and produces publica!ons to raise awareness of the need for heritage preserva!on and cultural reclama!on, to inﬂuence cultural policy issues and to keep the public informed about the importance of crea!ve industries.
MEDIA Zimbabwe Broadcas!ng Corpora!on 1 Northend Road, Pockets Hill, Highlands, Harare Tel _263 242 498 605 / 644 Email news@zba.co.za Website www.zbcnews.co.zw Zimbabwe Broadcas!ng Corpora!on (ZBC) is the state­owned na!onal broadcaster, which changed its name from Rhodesia Broadcas!ng in 1980.

Although much archival material was removed or destroyed prior to independence, there remains a signiﬁcant amount including archives restored in the 1980s and interviews with historical ﬁgures who are now late.
This is not properly catalogued and cannot be iden!ﬁed for use in current programming to preserve history and memory, or to generate income from new programming using this historical archive.

The audio­visual archives are extensive and largely uncatalogued for conversion and preserva!on, however there is a collabora!ve ini!a!ve with the Na!onal Archives of Zimbabwe to provide exper!se and work on this together, supported by UNESCO.
89 Zimpapers Herald House, George Silundika & Sam Nujoma Streets, Harare Tel +263 242 795 771 Website www.herald.co.zw Zimbabwe Newspapers (1980) Ltd is the oldest newspaper publisher and commercial printer in Zimbabwe, and the largest publisher of newspapers, having been in the industry since 1891.

Zimpapers publishes 13 newspaper !tles and runs a Broadcas!ng division for radio and television, and an online pla’orm.
Some provincial newspapers are also heritage publica!ons which started publishing before independence, such as The Manica Post (1893) in Mutare, The Chronicle (1894) in Bulawayo, The Sunday News and Sunday Mail in 1930 and 1935, respec!vely.

The archives of these newspapers are part of the na!onal memory, as is each newspaper edi!on since incep!on, telling history as it unfolds.

The early material is lodged with the Na!onal Archives of Zimbabwe.
This material could be used crea!vely to generate content as Zimpapers operates a Broadcas!ng division with two radio sta!ons and Zimbabwe Television Network (TVN).

The Group has responded to emerging digital technologies and migra!on by crea!ng innova!ve digital products that have increased its audience reach and enhanced the visibility of adver!sing.
Zimpapers is the only publisher and printer opera!ng as a public company, having been ﬂoated on 8 March 1927 as the Rhodesian Prin!ng and Publishing Company Limited, changing its name in 1980.

The 1927 launch makes it one of the oldest lis!ngs on the Zimbabwe Stock Exchange.

For more than 80 years, readers have had the opportunity to buy and trade in the shares of “their newspaper”, which has seen hundreds of smaller investors joining the big ins!tu!onal investors in taking a stake in the equity.
Email mchikukura@gmail.com Zimbabwe Heritage Trust 42 Selous Avenue, CBD, Harare Tel +263 242 708 447 / 732 313 Website www.the patriot.co.zw The Zimbabwe Heritage Trust records and archives Zimbabwean history and heritage from the documents and literature, from the ﬁeld, ins!tu!ons (ter!ary ins!tu!ons, Na!onal Archives, Museums and Na!onal Monuments) as well as recorded interview with prac!

!oners /par!cipants.


This is captured mainly in video form for further processing into documentaries for television broadcast or DVDs for sale.

The same is also further processed into the literature that informs the public.
The Zimbabwe Heritage Trust produces a weekly newspaper, The Patriot, which houses extensive historical archives a"er just a few years of opera!on, including an extensive archive of published ar!cles on African heritage and pre­colonial socie!es as well as the colonial occupa!on and resistance, and Independence and beyond.
LIBERATION ARCHIVES Zimbabwe African Na!onal Union Patrio!c Front (ZANU PF) Willoughby Crescent, Harare Tel +263 242 750697 / +263 773 097 744 Dep Dir Informa!on, Chira!dzo Malinganisa Email infor@zanupf.org.zw www.zanupf.org.zw Zimbabwe African Na!onal Union­Patrio!c Front (ZANU PF) was formed a"er the Unity Accord of 1987, although the Patrio!c Front was established more than a decade earlier to tmchira!dzo@gmail.com 90 provide a joint nego!a!ng front for the libera!on movement.
ZANU PF brought together the leadership of ZANU and the Patrio!c Front­Zimbabwe African Peoples Union (PF­ZAPU) into a joint na!onal poli!cal party to address the objec!ves of the libera!on movement in building the country, a"er military reuniﬁca!on had been achieved soon a"er Independence.
The two arms of the libera!on movement had the same objec!ve of retrieving the land taken in the colonial occupa!on, providing access to educa!on, and achieving Independence for the country, but they had separated in 1963 over diﬀerences about poli!cal and military strategies in achieving these objec!ves.
The exis!ng archives of the resistance da!ng from the 1890s through the early na!onalist period up to the 1940s and 1950s under the leadership of Benjamin Burombo, Masotsha Ndlovu and others are lodged with the Na!onal Archives in Harare and Bulawayo, although sca$ered and incomplete due to the insecurity of the !mes when formal records could be incrimina!ng.

From the 1960s and 1970s, the documenta!on has remained largely with the libera!on movement.
Archives of the former ZANU PF and its military wing ZANLA were stored in unsafe condi!ons a"er Independence and moved to party headquarters but remain uncatalogued and in need of preserva!on.

Some remain in Mozambique, in the capital Maputo, and need to be retrieved.

The PF ZAPU and ZIPRA archives were returned from Zambia but sca$ered, lost or destroyed during the insecurity of the post­Independence period.

Some memory has been reconstructed through oral history interviews.
Much archival material of both par!es remains with individuals, both ins!tu!onal material and personal, and some of this is being preserved by the founda!ons listed below.

There was also a signiﬁcant quan!ty of audio­visual and documentary records in the Rhodesian military and security ﬁles that were destroyed at Independence or moved to counterparts in South Africa, on na!onal and regional ac!vi!es, including the forma!on and training of the Mozambique Na!onal Resistance near Umtali (Mutare) in Rhodesia.
The loca!on of these archives has not been iden!ﬁed but should not be open to the public, digi!zed and returned to Zimbabwe.

Documenta!on of the party leadership should be found in these archives, although this may be sca$ered, including images of the imprisonment of the leadership of ZANU and ZAPU, and images of the libera!on war, as well as speeches, statements and records of party mee!ngs up to and including Independence.
Post­Independence documenta!on should be accessible through speeches, statements and interviews, although records of party mee!ngs of the Politburo, Central Commi$ee and Na!onal Consulta!ve Assembly are conﬁden!al except for the Opening and closing statements.

The personal archives of Robert Mugabe remain with the family and are not yet accessible.
Friends of Joshua Nkomo Trust Contact crea!ve director Rayban Sengwayo +263 77 840 555 The Friends of Joshua Nkomo Trust have collected photographs and documenta!on on the late Father Zimbabwe, and have established a number of projects to honour his legacy and that of other African libera!on leaders, such as Julius Kambarage Nyerere and the late ZPRA Commander Rodgers Alfred Nikita Mangena.

The Trust has proposed the implementa!on of ini!a!ves for township tourism and heritage trails.
A small museum has been established in Bulawayo to display part of the photographs collected since the Trust was established more than a decade ago.
91 Joshua Nkomo Legacy Restora!on Project Trust 6518 Wingrove Road, Thorngrove, Bulawayo Tel +263 772 704 667, +263 777 399 595, +27 83 565 3315 Email info@joshuankomolegacy.org Website www.joshuankomolegacy.org The Joshua Nkomo Legacy Restora!on Project Trust (JNLRPT) is recogni!on of the rich heritage that Joshua Mqabuko Nkomo “Father Zimbabwe” has bequeathed to the na!on of Zimbabwe and it seeks to promote and sustain his legacy.
The core mission is research, data collec!on, cura!on, exhibi!ons and displays, dialogue, commemora!ons, preserva!on of artefacts and relevant informa!on pertaining to the life and !mes of Joshua Mqabuko Nkomo.
The JNLRPT was registered in 2018 as a Trust to generate an integrated and dynamic informa!on resource on the life and !mes of Dr Joshua Mqabuko Nkomo which contains an archive of his life and !mes, works and wri!ngs; and is working with the Zimbabwe Tourism Authority to develop the Joshua Nkomo Heritage Trails.

The JNLRPT hosts the annual Joshua Nkomo Legacy Walk in commemora!on of Umdala Wethu, the late Vice President.
Dr Simon Vengesai Muzenda Heritage Site KwaVaMuzenda, Mucheke, Masvingo This heritage and cultural centre was established in Masvingo’s oldest suburb of Mucheke through renova!on of the two grass­thatched rondavels where the late Vice President known as the “soul of the na!on” lived and worked as a carpenter in the 1950s to early 1960s taking an ac!ve role in the na!onalist ac!vi!es.

From the mid­1960s he became the key contact person in the area for na!onalist combatants.
The Masvingo City Council preserved the late Vice President’s former dwelling and the site was refurbished by the Friends of Dr Joshua Nkomo Trust.

At the heritage site, some of the items used by the late Vice President Muzenda such as his ﬁrst car and other paraphernalia with something to do with his pre­independence history will be on display.
This may qualify as an archive as well as museum or heritage site due to the plans to have a range of related pictures and documents on display to facilitate public knowledge about the libera!on heritage.
Josiah Magama Tongogara Legacy Founda!on 111 Fife Avenue, Harare, Zimbabwe Tel +263 242 795 921 Email josiahtongogarafounda!on@gmail.com Website www.tongogarafounda!on.com The Josiah Magama Tongogara Legacy Founda!on (JMTLF) was established in 2007 in memory of the late African freedom ﬁghter, General Josiah Magama Tongogara, and was founded to uphold the legacy of a man of wisdom, courage, strength and honour.
He provided the leadership, command structure and discipline to achieve na!onal Independence, and his goal at the Lancaster House nego!a!ons was to achieve peace.

The JMTLF provides educa!onal opportuni!es for students who are doing well in school but are disadvantaged in terms of resources.
The JMTLF has a collec!on of historical material in form of pictures, documents, personal le$ers and notebooks, and has begun to mount exhibi!ons to share knowledge of this history through images, objects and documenta!on.
92 Mafela Trust 6 Robert Mugabe Way, North End, Bulawayo Contact Zephaniah Nkomo Tel +263 292 202628Cell +263 7323 233 06 The Mafela Trust has been documen!ng ZAPU and ZIPRA’s role in the Independence of Zimbabwe, including an account of people who died or disappeared during the libera!on struggle.

The Trust was formed in 1989 to record this history as well as archiving informa!on, artefacts and other heritage materials.
The Mafela Trust collec!on of original documents is lodged with the Southern African History Trust (SAHA) in South Africa as indicated below: The Mafela Trust collec!on (SAHA AL3289) The inventory was created in 2012 covering the period 1979­2011 and includes 5 archival boxes of paper­based materials; digital materials; photographs; audio and video materials, in English, and accessible for research, although copyright restric!ons may apply for reproduc!on.

See SAHA copyright statement.


Established in 1989 by a group of freedom ﬁghters of the Zimbabwe African People’s Union (ZAPU) to research and document the lost history of ZAPU and its armed wing, the Zimbabwe People’s Revolu!onary Army (ZPRA) during the libera!on war in Zimbabwe, the Mafela Trust is named for the late commander of ZPRA, Lookout Musuku Mafela.

The Mafela Trust has launched numerous na!onal projects in an a$empt to recoup what has been lost.
The Fallen Heroes project, which is an iden!ﬁca!on and commemora!on of those who died during the libera!on war; and the War Graves project for the loca!on and subsequent exhuma!on of war graves, as well as further research and oral history projects bear testament to the Mafela Trust’s determina!on to recover the ZAPU/ZPRA history, including documen!ng the history around the formal alliance with Umkhonto weSizwe (MK), the military wing of the African Na!onal Congress (ANC).
The materials produced as part of these projects form the bulk of the Mafela Trust collec!on at SAHA and include paper­based and digital materials, photographs, oral history interviews and video material.

These materials, iden!ﬁed as endangered in the course of a research, digi!sa!on and oral history project conducted by SAHA in 2010 and 2011, were relocated to Johannesburg in 2011 for comprehensive archival processing, and a selec!on of the material has been digi!sed.
Lookout Masuku Mafela with Rex Nhongo (Solomon Mujuru) Dumiso Dabengwa Founda!on No.

4 Burnside Road, Burnside, Bulawayo Tel +263 292 46 773 |+263 782 444 020 | +263 775 988 722 Email info@dumisodabengwafounda!on.org programs@dumisodabengwafounda!on.org Website www.dumisodabengwafounda!on.org The Dumiso Dabengwa Founda!on is a non­proﬁt organiza!on that provides an alterna!ve approach to the current model of development coopera!on.
The founda!on seeks the emancipa!on and capacita!on of people for an independent, well­governed and self­reliant con!nent with empowered ci!zens.

It seeks to counter the various ills of post­independent abnormali!es that weaken our social, economic and poli!cal ﬁbre.
Among the objec!ves of the Founda!on are documen!ng the ZIPRA libera!on war history; promo!on of cons!tu!onalism, democracy and good governance; and promo!on of na!onal healing, reconcilia!on and peace­building ini!a!ves through Gukurahundi discourse.

93 CHURCHES The many churches and denomina!ons in Zimbabwe have had an ac!ve role in the libera!on heritage, including support for the resistance to colonial occupa!on or support for the colonial state.
All of the established European churches have extensive documentary archives in this regard, and the tradi!onal African churches have oral archives through memory, as do the Remba whose history and tradi!on is a combina!on of both.

A cataloguing should begin of the documenta!on, objects and stories, and this is a study in itself, just the churches.

This study may not have an end but it could have a beginning, and any informa!on shared in this regard would be valuable to preserving memory.
Some examples are given here but this is not extensive.

St Augus!ne’s Mission at Tsambe, Penhalonga, was established in 1891 with ﬁnancial support from the Society for the Propaga!on of the Gospel (SPG) and the Society for the Propaga!on of Chris!an Knowledge (SPCK), and volunteers arrived from England to open an industrial training school in 1899.
A turning point in St. Augus!ne’s development occurred in 1915 when, in response to a request, priests from the Community of the Resurrec!on (CR) based in Grahamstown, South Africa, took over opera!on of the mission raising the standards of educa!on and ministerial training.

Under CR’s direc!on, St. Augus!ne’s at Tsambe became a leading academic ins!tu!on.

Teacher training was introduced with the ﬁrst African teachers gradua!ng 1923.
In 1939, a"er much internal debate and without support from the government, St. Augus!ne’s became the ﬁrst mission to introduce secondary educa!on for African students, a signiﬁcant milestone as this level was oﬀered only outside the country.

The CR withdrew from St. Augus!ne’s in 1983 and the mission is now under the control of the Anglican Diocese of Mutare, which runs a primary and secondary school (St. Augus!ne’s High School), a health clinic, mission chapel and orphanage.
St Augus!ne’s proximity to the Mozambique border and the leadership of Rev.

Keeble Prosser played a signiﬁcant though clandes!ne role in the libera!on heritage, as it was a place where people could easily move back and forth cross­border, although this was not the policy of the Anglican Church.

Na!onalist combatants addressed mee!ngs at the school, found refuge there, received food and clothing as well as medical a$en!on at the clinic.
One commander, Tendai Pfepferere was killed there by Rhodesian forces, but the mission remained largely a peaceful and safe haven.

St Augus!ne’s has extensive archives from the !me of its founding through the resistance and libera!on period un!l Independence and a"er.
Other missions in the rural areas of Zimbabwe took on a similar role which kept them safe from both sides in the bush, and these included Old Umtali Mission, Gokomere Mission near Masvingo and Bondolﬁ near Great Zimbabwe, Cyrene Mission near Bulawayo and other Catholic missions who ministered to the hungry and wounded.
Dadaya Mission in Zvishavane in the Midlands province educated genera!ons of African scholars, headed for a period by Garﬁeld Todd of the New Zealand Churches of Christ Mission, who became a liberal Prime Minister of Southern Rhodesia 1953­ 1958 during the Federa!on, and an outspoken opponent of white rule.

Cyrene Mission outside Bulawayo had a reputa!on for African educa!on and support for libera!on, and its story is told through its extensive original artworks, which need preserva!on.
94 Catholic missions and churches of some other denomina!ons were sensi!ve to the lack of human rights in Rhodesia and supported African aspira!ons in various ways, largely through educa!on, and all have extensive archives.

More than 30 missionaries were killed during the war, almost en!rely by the Rhodesian Forces whose Selous Scouts operated “pseudo gangs”.
One Catholic priest who was threatened was told, “One dead missionary is as good as a hundred dead terrorists to us.” Some individuals were outspoken in their support or in their ac!vi!es, such as Father Emmanuel Ribeiro of St Mary’s Church in Highﬁeld, who was the Prison Chaplain through the mid­1960s and 1970s, including ministering to young men in prison and on death row, as well as na!onalist leaders.

Others were Father Gough, Sister Aquina and others based in then Salisbury.
The Catholic Bishop of Mutare, Donal Lamont, was outspoken, threatened, expelled and stripped of ci!zenship; Father Fidelis Mukonori of Chishawasha and CCJP (see below) went out into the rural areas during the war, carrying messages and supplies; and another well­known Irish Catholic priest at a mission in Hwedza provided educa!on to the youth and then supported them when they returned to mobilize their communi!es.
Others were imprisoned or expelled, such as Sister Janice MacLaughlin, a Mary Knoll sister widely known as Sister Janice, who was regarded as radical for suppor!ng equality and human rights.

A"er expulsion from Rhodesia, she went to Maputo to support the libera!on movement.

The church role in this heritage is a rich tapestry of experiences that required missions and individuals to examine their beliefs.

There are signiﬁcant records of this important period that should be more accessible.
Mambo Press P.O.

Box 1023, Gweru Tel +263 254 224 016 /7, 228 351 Email tmahwihwi@gmail.com Founded in May 1957, Mambo Press started as the Catholic Mission Press of the Diocese of Gweru, and was envisaged as a press capable of supplying the literary needs of the local Catholic missions and schools.

The founding staﬀ comprised of one priest, one brother, three Canisius Sisters from Switzerland and a few untrained young local assistants.
Within ﬁve years, the press was providing the ﬁrst transla!ons of vernacular liturgical books and supplying readers for students in indigenous languages.

The establishment of the press coincided with a large expansion of mission schools of which the Catholic Church was managing the greatest propor!on.

Real change and expansion came about when Fr.

Mike Traber, SMB took charge of the press in 1962.


The name Catholic Mission Press was changed to Mambo Press and was no longer to be concerned only with prin!ng Catholic or religious literature.

There was to be prac!sed that broad vista of Chris!an humanism seen against the background of both tradi!onal and modern Africa.

Mambo Press was to reﬂect in its publica!ons the aspira!ons of the emerging African na!onalism, state of aﬀairs in race as well as church­state rela!ons.
The newspaper Moto, launched by Mambo Press in that period, lent itself more to a cri!cal review of current aﬀairs whereas books and pamphlets concentrated more on analysis and research.

Mambo Press established a public library, bookshops and a prin!ng press.
Moto magazine became one of the most outspoken voices during the pre­Independence period and was published throughout providing scathing cri!cism of the colonial government and support for African na!onalist par!es, o"en under threat from the authori!es.

Moto is no longer publishing but its pages provide a snapshot of the !me and Mambo Press has signiﬁcant archives of the achievements and challenges of that period.
95 ccjp@zcbc.co.zw; nadirccjp@zcbc.cozw Catholic Commission for Jus!ce and Peace in Zimbabwe 2nd Floor Africa Synod House, 29­31 Selous Avenue (cnr 4th Street) PO Box CY 284, Causeway, Harare Tel +263 242 762861/ 704415/ 792693/ 795259 Fax +263 242 762861 Email The Catholic Commission for Jus!ce and Peace (CCJP) in Zimbabwe was established in 1972 as the Catholic Commission for Jus!ce and Peace in Rhodesia, and was an ac!ve beacon in monitoring, researching and revealing the human rights abuses and atroci!es of the Rhodesian authori!es, largely through the work of some key people – Brother Arthur, Brother Fidelis, Sister Janice and John Deary.
Brother Arthur witnessed the abduc!on of the na!onalist leader Edson Sithole and his assistant outside the Ambassador Hotel in Harare, spoke about their disappearance and tried without success to ﬁnd them.

There were many other ac!vi!es and reports.

CCJP has signiﬁcant archives of this period that should be catalogued, preserved and made accessible.
Cell +263 712 209 718 Zimbabwe­Mozambique Province of the Society of Jesus 52 Mount Pleasant Drive, Mount Pleasant, Harare Tel +263 242 745335 | +263 242 744507 Fax +263 242 745334 www.jesuitszimbabe.co.zw The Society of Jesus (Jesuits) has the longest history of any religious order in Zimbabwe, stretching back to the Catholic priest Gonçalo da Silveira who arrive in Tete in 1560 via the Zambezi River and proceeded to the court of the Mutapa in the territory of Munhumutapa, where he remained doing his mission, but traders along the river felt threatened by his presence, so they killed him and threw his body in the river.
Thus ended the mission un!l 300 years later when many missionary socie!es were arriving in Africa, and Pope Leo XIII signed a decree establishing the Zambezi Mission which he entrusted it to the Society of Jesus (1879­ 1887).

There are signiﬁcant archives to be iden!ﬁed.

Silveira House is the Jesuit Social Jus!ce and Development Centre, a Catholic Church­based organisa!on named a"er the ﬁrst Jesuit priest to come to Zimbabwe in the 16th century, Father Gonçalo da Silveira.
It was founded in 1964 by Fr John Dove SJ and in its early years, the Centre provided a forum for discussion of strategies to counteract the social, poli!cal and racial oppression of the Rhodesian regime of Ian Smith.

Silveira House also provided educa!on and learning opportuni!es to African students.

Silveira House has signiﬁcant archives of the period.
Zimbabwe Catholic Bishops` Conference Africa Synod House, 29/31 Selous Avenue, Harare Box CY 738 Causeway Tel +263 242 705368/9 Fax +263 242 704001 The Catholic Church is one of the earliest in Zimbabwe and their opera!ons date back as far as the sixteenth century when the evangelical eﬀorts started.

They also assisted in the resistance to colonial rule and now work on issues of reconcilia!on, jus!ce and peace.

Signiﬁcant archives exist.
96 Memory of the World CASE STUDY 12 Preserving Memory of African Liberation through Heritage Archives National Archives, Church and Party Documents Missions and Mission Schools, and Individual Memory Archives of War and Negotiation The National Archives of Zimbabwe (NAZ) is the main focal point for documentary and oral rememberings of liberation heritage, with the expertise and passion to mobilize and penetrate the other available resources to create a central database of what is available and where.
(See UCT above in South Africa section for example of a methodology and software to generate a networked collection of scattered documentation on Black Sash, which remains in its original locations but is networked online).

This could be applied in Zimbabwe with pertinent collections that are held by churches, parties and individuals, and by church missions and mission schools in the rural areas.
As the country reaches 40 years beyond Independence (1980-2020), it is suitable to use this anniversary to add momentum to such an initiative to identify and catalogue a national collection that can be catalogued, preserved and digitized without moving it around unless that is desirable for preservation or other reasons.

The NAZ should always be ready to lead such initiatives without concerns by contributors about the safety of their archives, and technology makes that possible.
A study on preparing collections for digitisation (Garaba, 2014) gives practical insights that apply to these various collections and proposes the development of a resource manual based on observations and interviews regarding readiness for digitisation and to promote best practices.

Although the research was conducted in KwaZulu-Natal, these conditions are quite universal in the region and similar challenges have been observed in Zimbabwe.
“The findings revealed that the lack of adequate housing facilities and the need to promote access were incentivising the need to pursue this expensive but noble venture.

In other words, the two models of digitisation preferred by these archival repositories were on demand and user initiated, respectively.
Despite the great enthusiasm by these surveyed institutions to leapfrog into the digital era, the study concluded, inter alia, that there was a need for the repositories to ensure that their analogue material was meticulously organised before embarking on digitisation.
Other pertinent issues included the need for pragmatism, laying parameters in as far as the scope and purpose of what such a project would aim at, identifying resources (human, technical and financial), the benefits to be derived from the digitisation, time framing, transforming the organisational culture, copyright issues, metadata provision, collaborating and selection of content to be digitised.
“...It was Bailey who advocated that information professionals need to recognise that although technology moves quickly, with organisations slow to change, we need to work to expedite our responsiveness to change, whatever its pace.
...There is need for archival repositories to move with the times in search of relevance in this InfoTech world; hence, in some academic circles digitisation has been viewed as the microfilm of the new millennium.” 97 Other Reference The informa!on in this publica!on is drawn mainly from the websites and online footprints of the ins!tu!ons and organisa!ons men!oned, and others indicated.

Other References speciﬁcally quoted as follows: Associated Press, 2011.

Nelson Mandela’s law oﬃce reborn as a museum.


AP 4 May 2011 reprinted in The Guardian Epstein, Rheina.

2005.

UWC­Robben Island Mayibuye Archives.

Koopse Bibl.

March/April 2005 Garaba, Francis.

2014.

Preparinig collec!ons for digi!sa!on: The case of religious archives in Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu­Natal, South Africa.

In Verbum Eccles.

(Online) Vol 35 N 1, January 2014.

Pretoria.

Accessible through www.scielo.org.za Kern, Thorsten.

2019.
2019.

West Germany and Namibia’s Path to Independence, 1969­1990: Foreign Policy and Rivalry with East Germany.

Basel Namibia Studies Series 21, Basler Afrika Bibliographien 2019 Lechevallier, Aurélien.

2019.

French Ambassador to South Africa speaking at the Opening of the VR exhibi!on Reality Check at the Apartheid Museum in Johannesburg.

Apartheid Museum, 19 November 2019.

Johannesburg Mkuwira, RM.

2015.

Preserva!on of documentary heritage in Malawi.


Journal of the South African Society of Archivists, Vol 48, 2015. www.ajol.info Mosia, Lebona; C. Riddle and J. Zaﬃro.

1994.

From Revolu!onary to Regime Radio: Three Decades of Na!onalist Broadcas!ng, in Africa Media Review Vol 8 No 2, African Council for Communica!on Educa!on.

@Michigan State University Libraries, African e­journals project www.pdfproc.lib.msu.edu Mosweu, T and S Iwani.

2018.
2018.

The implica!ons of the Na!onal Archives and Records Services act on archival prac!ce in Botswana.

Journal of the South African Society of Archivists, Vol 51, 2018. www.ajol.info Neves de Souto Amélia.

2013.

Memory and Iden!ty in the History of Frelimo: Some research themes.

Kronos No.
Kronos No.

39, University of Western Cape www.jstor.org 98 Acknowledgements This mapping of liberation heritage archives in nine countries has been very enlightening and inspiring to the researchers and the partners, revealing that each country that we surveyed has a wealth of knowledge on this subject, including knowledge of the regional and continental dimensions and linkages.

We look forward to comments, additions and corrections, and to expanding this work to other African countries and beyond.
Priority now should be focused on preservation to maintain the historical records and digitization to make this information more accessible, as well as taking action to recommend some collections to the UNESCO Memory of the World registry as recommended here.

We have already commended the key online libraries in this regard and urge them to continue the excellent work in making accurate information easily accessible.
UNESCO and SARDC have worked on this together, under the guidance of the UNESCO Regional Director for Southern Africa, Professor Hubert Gijzen, as coordinated by the Regional Advisor for Communication and Information at UNESCO ROSA, Mr Al-Amin Yusuph and his colleagues.

The SARDC Chairman, Hon.


Professor Peter H. Katjavivi, and the Executive Director, Mr Munetsi Madakufamba, have supported and guided this process, as coordinated by Phyllis Johnson and Monica Mutero, with researchers Raymond Ndhlovu, Vennah Makoni and Elssy Chinungu.

We want to thank the institutions mapped in this survey for their work in collecting this information and placing online the information about themselves and their holdings.
A few pilot institutions were contacted directly but most institutions refer users to their website and we found most of these as accessible and accurate sources.

99 Notes 100