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Budget of the u.s. government FISCAL YEAR 2022 O FFICE O F MANAGEM ENT A ND B U DG ET Budget of the u.s. government FISCAL YEAR 2022 OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET THE BUDGET DOCUMENTS Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2022 contains the Budget Message of the President, information on the President’s priori- ties, and summary tables.
Analytical Perspectives, Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2022 contains analyses that are designed to highlight specified subject areas or provide other significant presenta- tions of budget data that place the budget in perspec- tive.

This volume includes economic and accounting analyses, information on Federal receipts and collec- tions, analyses of Federal spending, information on Federal borrowing and debt, baseline or current ser- vices estimates, and other technical presentations.
Supplemental tables and other materials that are part of the Analytical Perspectives vol- ume are available at https://whitehouse.gov/omb/ analytical-perspectives/.

Appendix, Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2022 contains detailed information on the various appropriations and funds that constitute the budget and is designed primarily for the use of the Appropriations Committees.
The Appendix contains more detailed financial infor- mation on individual programs and appropriation accounts than any of the other budget documents.

It includes for each agency: the proposed text of appropriations language; budget schedules for each account; legislative proposals; narrative explana- tions of each budget account; and proposed general provisions applicable to the appropriations of entire agencies or group of agencies.
Information is also provided on certain activities whose transactions are not part of the budget totals.

BUDGET INFORMATION AVAILABLE ONLINE The President’s Budget and supporting materials are available online at https://whitehouse.gov/omb/ budget/.

This link includes electronic versions of all the budget volumes, supplemental materials that are part of the Analytical Perspectives volume, spread- sheets of many of the budget tables, and a public use budget database.
This link also includes Historical Tables that provide data on budget receipts, outlays, surpluses or deficits, Federal debt, and Federal em- ployment over an extended time period, generally from 1940 or earlier to 2022 or 2026.

Also available are links to documents and materials from budgets of prior years.

For more information on access to electronic ver- sions of the budget documents, call (202) 512-1530 in the D.C. area or toll-free (888) 293-6498.
To pur- chase the printed documents call (202) 512-1800.

GENERAL NOTES 1.

All years referenced for budget data are fiscal years unless otherwise noted.

All years referenced for economic data are calendar years unless otherwise noted.

2.

Detail in this document may not add to the totals due to rounding.
U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE, WASHINGTON 2021 Table of Contents Page The Budget Message of the President ................................................................................................1 Confronting the Pandemic and Rescuing the Economy ................................................................5 Building Back Better .............................................................................................................................9 Delivering Results for All Americans through an Equitable, Effective, and Accountable Government ...................................................................................................29 Summary Tables ....................................................................................................................................35 OMB Contributors to the 2022 Budget .............................................................................................63 THE BUDGET MESSAGE OF THE PRESIDENT To The Congress of The UniTed sTaTes: Where we choose to invest speaks to what we value as a Nation.
This year’s Budget, the first of my Presidency, is a statement of values that define our Nation at its best.

It is a Budget for what our economy can be, who our economy can serve, and how we can build it back better by putting the needs, goals, ingenuity, and strength of the American people front and center.

The Budget is built around a fundamental understanding of how our economy works and why, for too long and for too many, it has not.
It is a Budget that reflects the fact that trickle-down economics has never worked, and that the best way to grow our economy is not from the top down, but from the bottom up and the middle out.

Our prosperity comes from the people who get up every day, work hard, raise their family, pay their taxes, serve their Nation, and volunteer in their communities.

If we make that understanding our foundation, everything we build upon it will be strong.

And we have already seen how that economic vision is working.
When I took office, America was a Nation in crisis.

A once-in-a-century pandemic was raging, claiming thousands of American lives each day.

A punishing economic crisis had erased 22 million jobs in just 2 months in the spring of 2020 and upended the lives of millions more.
The pain these crises caused was visible not just in the data, but in the lives of millions of Americans: Americans who faced an empty chair at the dinner table where a loved one once sat; who had to shut down the family business; who lined up for miles in their cars waiting for a box of food to be put in the trunk; who went to bed staring at the ceiling wondering how they would get through tomorrow.
Through the American Rescue Plan, we answered the emergency and provided desperately needed relief to hundreds of millions of Americans.

Immediately, the law began delivering shots in arms and checks in pockets.

The American Rescue Plan is also helping schools reopen safely, helping child care centers stay in business, and helping families pay for child care.

In fact, it is providing the largest investment in American child care since World War II.
It is delivering food and nutrition assistance to millions of Americans facing hunger.

It is providing rental assistance to keep people from being evicted from their homes.

It is helping small businesses and restaurants stay open or re-open.

It is making healthcare more affordable.

It is supporting the recovery of State and local governments.

And it is putting us on track to cut child poverty in half this year.
1 2 The BuDgeT MeSSAge OF The PReSIDeNT With the resources provided by the American Rescue Plan, we are turning the corner on the pandemic, and powering an equitable economic recovery.

In my first 100 days in office, our economy created more than 1.5 million jobs, the most in the first 100 days of any President on record.

But more work remains—not simply to emerge from the immediate crises we inherited, but to build back better.
The Budget lays out the essential investments that my Administration has proposed through the American Jobs Plan and the American Families Plan.

The American Jobs Plan puts millions of Americans to work to build our Nation back not just to the way it was before the pandemic, but back better.

Americans will rebuild America’s transportation infrastructure, water infrastructure, and broadband connectivity infrastructure.
Americans will build a clean energy future while investing in communities at risk of being left behind during our energy transition.

American workers and American farmers will make unprecedented progress in our effort to tackle climate change.
And, thanks to the biggest increase in non-defense research and development spending on record, Americans will boost America’s innovative edge in markets where global leadership is up for grabs—markets like battery technology, biotechnology, computer chips, and clean energy.

Finally, the American Jobs Plan will create new and better jobs for caregiving workers who have been underpaid and undervalued for far too long.
The American Families Plan addresses four of the biggest challenges facing American families today, and lays the groundwork for individual, family, community, and national success tomorrow.

It guarantees four additional years of education for every American, beginning with 2 years of universal high-quality pre-school for every 3- and 4-year old in America, and adding 2 years of free community college.
It would make college more affordable and tackle equity gaps with increased Pell grants and investments in institutions serving low-income, first generation students, and students of color.

And it provides access to quality, affordable child care to low- and middle-income families, expanded access to healthy meals because no child in America should be hungry or under-nourished, comprehensive paid family and medical leave, and expanded game-changing tax credits for families and workers.
The Budget complements these historic plans with additional proposals to reinvest in the foundations of our Nation’s strength—expanding economic opportunity, improving education, tackling the climate crisis, and ensuring a strong national defense while restoring America’s place in the world.
In the 1950s, our Department of Defense created a Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) to enhance our national security, and DARPA’s work helped lead to the creation of the internet, global Positioning System, and more.

The Budget would create an Advanced Research Projects Agency for health tasked with developing a new generation of medical breakthroughs—marshalling our Nation’s incredible scientific capacity to help prevent, detect, and treat diseases like cancer, diabetes, and Alzheimer’s.
And it calls on the Congress to make progress on healthcare by cutting prescription drug costs and expanding and improving the Affordable Care Act, Medicaid, and Medicare coverage.

The Budget invests directly in the American people and will strengthen our Nation’s economy and improve our long-run fiscal health.

It reforms our broken tax code to reward work instead of wealth, while also fully paying for the American Jobs Plan and the American Families Plan over 15 years.
It will help us build a recovery that is broad-based, inclusive, sustained, and strong.

And it will demonstrate to the American people that we value them and that we recognize that they are the key to our shared prosperity; that their government sees them, hears them, and is able to deliver for them again.
BuDgeT OF The u. S. gOVeRNMeNT FOR FISCAL YeAR 2022 3 It will send to the world the message that I shared with a Joint Session of the Congress in April: that America is on the move again, and that our democracy is proving it can deliver for our people and is poised to win the competition for the 21st Century.

There are many challenges ahead.

But every time America has faced moments of testing, we have emerged stronger.

And I believe this Budget will help us become stronger than ever.
I look forward to working with the Congress to deliver on this agenda this year.

JOSePh R. BIDeN, JR.

The WhiTe hoUse.

CONFRONTING THE PANDEMIC AND RESCUING THE ECONOMY America has always been defined by the grit and determination of its people, and our capacity to come together in common purpose at moments of great challenge.
Across the generations, that spirit of resilience has seen us through war and depression, natural disasters and disease, and countless crises that have tested the Nation’s strength, persistence, and commitment to core values and to one another.

For more than a year, we have confronted a confluence of challenges that have called on that resilience like never before.
Inheriting Historic Challenges When the President took office, America was in the grips of the worst pandemic in a century and a painful economic downturn that had up- ended virtually every aspect of American life.

By January, more than 24 million Americans across the Nation had contracted COVID-19.

Infection rates and hospitalizations were soaring.

More than 400,000 Americans had lost their lives and thousands were dying every single day.
A more contagious variant of the virus had begun ap- pearing in communities across America.

Meanwhile, the Administration inherited a disorganized and ineffective national vaccination effort that was struggling to get off the ground.

When the President took office, only eight per- cent of America’s seniors—and very few work- ing-age adults—had received their first shot.
At the same time, more than 10 months into the COVID-19 pandemic, the Nation still lacked adequate testing capacity and faced shortages of supplies like basic protective equipment for those working on the frontlines.

The broad failure to control the spread of COVID-19 in the months before the President took office had devastating and far-reaching consequences.
Millions of students and par- ents were forced to navigate the challenges of remote learning—straining countless fami- lies and disproportionately affecting Black, hispanic, Asian, and Native American stu- dents, as well as students with disabilities and english language learners.

Disruptive chang- es in people’s daily lives also took a signifi- cant toll on both mental and physical health.
Medically fragile individuals and those with chronic diseases such as hypertension, obesi- ty, and diabetes had to make the decision to either protect their health and avoid a nega- tive outcome from COVID-19, or risk losing their jobs.

More Americans reported experi- encing symptoms of anxiety, overdose deaths rose, and domestic violence surged.
Moreover, the COVID-19 pandemic exposed and exacer- bated deeply rooted health inequities in the Nation and laid bare gaps and weaknesses in America’s public health infrastructure.

As the virus tore across America, it left enor- mous economic damage in its wake.

In January, more than 10 million Americans were out of work, with a national unemployment rate of 6.3 percent.
After accounting for workers who either dropped out of the labor force or could not find full-time work, the unemployment rate was over 12 percent.

More than 52 percent of America’s unemployed had been jobless for more than 15 weeks, a level of long-term unem- ployment unseen since the depths of the great Recession.

In addition, 1 in 11 Black workers and 1 in 12 Latino workers were unemployed.
5 6 CONFRONTINg The PANDeMIC AND ReSCuINg The eCONOMY Thousands of small businesses closed their doors—many permanently—with many others struggling to stay afloat.

Delivering Immediate Relief: Passing the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 The jobs crisis was particularly severe among women.
When the President took office, a stag- gering 2.5 million women had dropped out of the labor force due to the COVID-19 pandemic— many to help care for their children, with poten- tial lifetime consequences in terms of economic security.
Between February 2020 and January 2021, the labor force participation rate for wom- en dropped by 3.7 percent overall, 6.4 percent for Black women, and 6.6 percent for hispanic wom- en, eviscerating more than 35 years of progress in labor force participation in just one year.

The economy was hit hardest in female dominated in- dustries like retail and restaurants.
On top of the job loss in those sectors, women working on the frontlines of the COVID-19 pandemic in nursing homes and hospitals—many of whom are often low-paid women of color—risked their health and scrambled to take care of their own families so they could care for others.

early childhood and child care providers—a significant share of which are owned by women and people of color—have also been devastated by the COVID-19 pandemic.
estimates suggest that among child care provid- ers open at the beginning of the COVID-19 pan- demic, as of December 2020, roughly one in four were closed.

As a result of this enormous economic disrup- tion, countless Americans who were financially stretched even before the COVID-19 pandemic were plunged into an economic emergency.

One in three households struggled to afford basic expenses.

Millions of households reported not having enough to eat.
Millions of Americans fell behind on their rent or mortgage payments, with more than 15 million households report- ing overdue payments when the President took office.

Roughly two to three million people lost employer sponsored health insurance between March and September.

Further, going into the COVID-19 pandemic, about 30 million people lacked coverage, limiting their access to the healthcare system when the COVID-19 pan- demic struck.
In the face of these twin public health and eco- nomic crises, the President took immediate, bold action to deliver relief to the American people.

The President proposed and signed into law the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (the American Rescue Plan)—a historic, comprehensive pack- age designed to help change the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, deliver desperately need- ed support to millions of workers, families, and small businesses, and build a bridge to a robust, equitable economic recovery.
The American Rescue Plan advanced three critical priorities.
First, it included urgently needed resources to help families and businesses weather the worst of the COVID-19 pandemic, including: $1,400 per-person rescue payments for households across America; extended unem- ployment insurance; housing and nutrition as- sistance; increased access to safe and reliable child care and affordable healthcare; historic expansions of middle class tax relief for work- ing families; a solution to the crisis in America’s multi-employer pension system; and support for hard-hit small businesses.
Second, it provided vi- tal resources to help safely reopen K-8 schools in communities across the Nation and address the needs of students.

Third, it provided resources to help mount an unprecedented government-wide effort to defeat the COVID-19 pandemic, includ- ing funding to: set up community vaccination sites nationwide; dramatically scale up testing and tracing; eliminate supply shortage problems; support community health centers; and address health disparities.
The resources included in the American Rescue Plan, coupled with the President’s whole-of-gov- ernment response, have already begun to change the course of the COVID-19 pandemic and bol- ster the economy.

In a matter of months, the Administration turned the slow-moving and un- derperforming vaccination effort it inherited into one of the most effective vaccination systems any- where in the world.
The Administration exceeded BuDgeT OF The u. S. gOVeRNMeNT FOR FISCAL YeAR 2022 7 the President’s initial goal of administering 100 million shots in his first 100 days, ultimately administering 220 million shots in the President’s first 100 days in office—an unprecedented nation- al mobilization.
As of May 17, nearly 60 percent of American adults had received at least one shot; nearly 85 percent of all seniors had received at least one shot and nearly 73 percent were fully vaccinated; and daily deaths were down more than 80 percent since January 20.

All Americans 12 and older are now eligible for a COVID-19 vaccine.

In addition, the Administration met the President’s goal to reopen a majority of K-8 schools within the first 100 days.
As the Administration has ramped up the na- tional COVID-19 pandemic response, the economy has started to get back on track.

The President oversaw the creation of more than 1.5 million new jobs in his first 100 days in office—more than any president on record.

economists have raised their gross Domestic Product growth forecasts for 2021 to 6.6 percent, which would be the fast- est pace of economic growth in America in nearly four decades.

Consumer confidence and spending are on the rise.


Business activity is rebounding.

Moreover, the Administration is ensuring the American Rescue Plan reaches families, commu- nities, and small businesses.

The Department of the Treasury has already delivered more than 165 million relief payments of up to $1,400 per person.
The American Rescue Plan is delivering nutrition assistance to millions of Americans fac- ing hunger, rental assistance and mortgage relief to help families stay in their homes, and loans to small businesses to help keep their doors open.

It includes the largest investment in child care since World War II, which will especially benefit wom- en of color.

It is reducing healthcare premiums, expanding access to insurance coverage, and ad- dressing persistent health disparities.
It ensures that millions of American workers and retirees will receive the pensions they earned.

In addition, it is projected to reduce poverty by 32 percent, lifting a total of nearly 13 million Americans out of poverty—this would mean a 38-percent drop in the Black poverty rate, a 43-percent drop in the hispanic poverty rate, a 23-percent drop in the Asian American and Pacific Islander poverty rate, and a 50-percent drop in the child poverty rate.
Emerging from Crises and Focusing on the Future While significant challenges remain, the American Rescue Plan has succeeded by virtu- ally every measure in helping address the im- mediate economic and public health crises the Administration inherited.
however, even as the Administration makes significant strides to get the Nation back on track, the President believes it is not enough to go back to the way things were before the COVID-19 pandemic struck, or to set- tle for a shrunken view of what America can be.
The President believes this is a moment to build back better and to rise to meet the full range of challenges and opportunities before us—from re- building America’s crumbling physical and care infrastructure and creating millions of good-pay- ing jobs, to combatting climate change and revi- talizing American manufacturing, to expanding access to both early childhood and higher edu- cation and addressing systemic inequities, and more.

None of this work will be easy.


Many of the chal- lenges America faces have been years or decades in the making.

These challenges do not lend them- selves to quick or easy solutions, nor will they be fully resolved in a single year or with a single bud- get.

But it is precisely at the moments of greatest consequence that Americans have shown their ca- pacity to think big and do the hard work of chart- ing a new and better course for the future.

Our charge now is to carry that legacy forward.


BUILDING BACK BETTER under the President’s leadership, America is getting back on track.

We have begun turning the tide on the pandemic.

Our economy is grow- ing and creating jobs.

Students are getting back into classrooms.

And we have shown yet again there is no quit in America.

But our work has only begun.


For all of the hard-won progress our Nation has made in recent months, we cannot afford to simply return to the way things were before the pandemic and economic downturn, with the old economy’s structural weaknesses and inequities still in place.
We must seize this moment to rei- magine and rebuild a new American economy— an economy that invests in the promise and po- tential of every single American; that leaves no one out and no one behind; and that makes it easier for families to break into the middle class and stay in the middle class.

The Budget details the President’s proposals to advance that agenda this year.
It includes the two historic plans the President has already put forward—the American Jobs Plan and the American Families Plan—and outlines a pack- age of discretionary proposals to help restore core functions of government and reinvest in the foundations of the Nation’s strength.

It also calls on the Congress to reduce prescription drug costs and expand and improve health coverage.
enacting the Budget policies into law this year would strengthen our Nation’s economy and lay the foundation for shared prosperity, while also putting the Nation on a sound fiscal course.

Importantly, even as the Administration pur- sues this historic agenda, the President also be- lieves that there will be more to accomplish in the coming years.

This year’s Budget gives a full accounting of the first, critical steps our Nation must take to begin the work of building back better.
The American Jobs Plan The Budget begins with the American Jobs Plan—an investment in America that would cre- ate millions of good jobs, rebuild the Nation’s in- frastructure, and position the united States to out-compete China.

Public domestic investment as a share of the economy has fallen by more than 40 percent since the 1960s.

The American Jobs Plan would invest in America in a way that has not occurred since the interstate highways were built and the Space Race was won.
The united States is the wealthiest Nation in the world, yet ranks 13th when it comes to the overall quality of the Nation’s infrastructure.

After decades of disinvestment, America’s roads, bridges, and water systems are crumbling.

The electric grid is vulnerable to catastrophic out- ages.

Too many lack access to affordable, high- speed internet and to quality housing.
The past year has led to job losses and threatened econom- ic security, eroding more than 30 years of prog- ress in women’s labor force participation.

It has unmasked the fragility of America’s caregiving infrastructure.

In addition, the Nation is falling behind its biggest competitors in research and development (R&D), manufacturing, and train- ing.
It has never been more important to invest in strengthening the Nation’s infrastructure and competitiveness, and in creating the good-pay- ing, union jobs of the future.

9 10 BuILDINg BACK BeTTeR As with great projects of the past, the President’s plan would unify and mobilize the Nation to meet the great challenges of our time: the climate crisis and the ambitions of an auto- cratic China.

It would invest in Americans and deliver the jobs and opportunities they deserve.
unlike past major investments, the plan priori- tizes addressing long-standing and persistent racial injustice.

The plan targets 40 percent of the benefits of climate and clean infrastructure investments to disadvantaged communities.

In addition, the plan invests in rural communities and communities impacted by the market-based transition to clean energy.

Specifically, the President’s plan: Fixes Highways, Rebuilds Bridges, and Upgrades Ports, Airports, and Transit Systems.
The President’s plan would: modern- ize 20,000 miles of highways, roads, and main- streets; fix the 10 most economically significant bridges in the Nation in need of reconstruction; repair the worst 10,000 smaller bridges, provid- ing critical linkages to communities; replace thousands of buses and rail cars; repair hundreds of stations; renew airports; modernize ports of entry; and expand transit and rail into new communities.
Delivers Clean Drinking Water, a Renewed Electric Grid, and High-Speed Broadband to All Americans.

The President’s plan would eliminate all lead pipes and service lines in drinking water systems, improving the health of the Nation’s children and communities of color.

It would put hundreds of thousands of people to work laying thousands of miles of transmission lines and capping hundreds of thousands of or- phan oil and gas wells and abandoned mines.
It would also bring affordable, reliable, high-speed broadband to every household, including the more than 35 percent of rural families who lack access to broadband infrastructure, the millions of families paying too much for broadband, and the millions of low-income and marginalized com- munities left behind by digital redlining and the digital divide.
Builds, Preserves, and Retrofits More than Two Million Homes and Commercial Buildings, Modernizes the Nation’s Schools and Child Care Facilities, and Upgrades Veterans’ Hospitals and Federal Buildings.
The President’s plan would create good jobs by building, rehabilitating, and retrofitting afford- able, accessible, energy efficient, and resilient housing, commercial buildings, schools, and child care facilities all over the Nation while also vast- ly improving the Nation’s Federal facilities, espe- cially those that serve veterans.

Solidifies the Infrastructure of America’s Care Economy by Creating Jobs and Raising Wages and Benefits for Essential Home Care Workers.
These workers—the majority of whom are women of color—have been underpaid and undervalued for too long.

The President’s plan makes substantial investments in the infrastruc- ture of America’s care economy, starting by creat- ing new and better jobs for caregiving workers.

It would provide home and community-based care for individuals who otherwise would need to wait as many as five years to get the services they badly need.
The President also looks forward to working with the Congress on other policies to improve economic security and access to health- care for seniors and people with disabilities.

Revitalizes Manufacturing, Secures U.S. Supply Chains, Invests in R&D, and Trains Americans for the Jobs of the Future.

The President’s plan would ensure that the best, di- verse minds in America are put to work creat- ing the innovations of the future while creat- ing hundreds of thousands of quality jobs today.
American workers would build and make things in every part of the Nation, and they would be trained for well-paying, middle-class jobs using evidence-based approaches such as sector-based training and registered apprenticeships.

Creates Good-Quality Jobs that Pay Prevailing Wages in Safe and Healthy Workplaces while Ensuring Workers Have a Free and Fair Choice to Organize, Join a BuDgeT OF The u. S. gOVeRNMeNT FOR FISCAL YeAR 2022 11 Union, and Bargain Collectively with Their Employers.
To ensure that American taxpayers’ dollars benefit working families and their com- munities, and not multinational corporations or foreign governments, the plan requires that goods and materials are made in America and shipped on u.S.-flag, u.S.-crewed vessels.
The plan also would ensure that Americans, especially those who have endured systemic discrimination and exclusion for generations, finally have a fair shot at obtaining good-paying jobs with: a choice to join a union; higher and equal pay; safe and healthy workplaces; and workplaces free from racial, gender, and other forms of discrimination and harassment.

Restructures the Corporate Tax Code to Ensure that Wealthy Corporations Pay Their Fair Share and Invest Here at Home.
Alongside the American Jobs Plan, the President has put forward a Made in America tax plan that would reward investment at home, stop profit shifting, and ensure other nations would not gain a competitive edge by becoming tax havens.

The key components of the Made in America tax plan include a 28-percent corporate tax rate and a global minimum tax alongside a strong incentive for other countries to enact reasonable minimum taxes as well.
The plan also includes measures to prevent corporate inversions and offshoring, as well as a new minimum tax on corporate book income to ensure that massive, profitable com- panies can no longer get away with paying no Federal income tax.

In addition, the plan also eliminates tax preferences for fossil fuels.
This is a generational opportunity to fundamentally shift how countries around the world tax corpo- rations so that big corporations cannot escape or eliminate the taxes they owe by offshoring jobs and profits.
The American Families Plan To complement the American Jobs Plan and help extend the benefits of economic growth to all Americans, the Budget also includes the American Families Plan—a historic investment to: help families cover the basic expenses that so many struggle with now; lower health insurance premiums; and continue the historic reductions in child poverty in the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (American Rescue Plan).
Together, these plans reinvest in the future of the American econ- omy and American workers and would help the Nation out-compete China and other countries around the world.

Specifically, the President’s American Families Plan: Adds at Least Four Years of Free Edu- cation.

Investing in education is a down pay- ment on the future of America.

As access to high school became more widely available at the turn of the 20th Century, it made America the best- educated and best-prepared Nation in the world.
Yet, everyone knows that 12 years is not enough today.

The American Families Plan would make transformational investments from early child- hood to postsecondary education so that all chil- dren and young people are able to grow, learn, and gain the skills they need to succeed.

It would provide universal access to high-quality pre- school to all three- and four-year-olds, led by a well-trained and well-compensated workforce.

It would provide Americans two years of free com- munity college.
It would invest in making col- lege more affordable for low- and middle-income including students at historically students, Black Colleges and universities (hBCus), Tribal Colleges and universities (TCus), and Minority- Serving Institutions (MSIs) such as hispanic- Serving Institutions (hSIs) and Asian American and Native American Pacific Islander-Serving Institutions.
It would also invest in America’s teachers and students, improving teacher train- ing and support so that schools become engines of growth at every level.

Provides Direct Support to Children and Families.

The Nation is strongest when every- one has the opportunity to join the workforce and contribute to the economy.

however, many work- ers struggle to both hold a full-time job and care for themselves and their families.
The American Families Plan would provide direct support to families to ensure that low- and middle-income families spend no more than seven percent of their income on child care, and that the child care they access is of high-quality and provided by a 12 BuILDINg BACK BeTTeR well-trained and well-compensated child care workforce.
It would also provide direct support to workers and families by creating a national com- prehensive paid family and medical leave pro- gram that would bring the American system in line with competitor nations that offer paid leave programs.

A comprehensive paid family and med- ical leave program would allow workers to take the time they need to bond with a new child, to care for their own serious illness, and to care for a seriously ill loved one.
The system would also al- low people to manage their health and the health of their families.

The plan would also make in- vestments to improve maternal health and pro- vide critical nutrition assistance to families who need it most and expand access to healthy meals to the Nation’s students—dramatically reducing childhood hunger.

Extends Tax Cuts for Families with Chil- dren and American Workers.
While the American Rescue Plan provided critical help to hundreds of millions of Americans, too many fam- ilies and workers feel the squeeze of too-low wag- es and the high costs of meeting their basic needs and aspirations.

At the same time, the wealthi- est Americans continue to get further and further ahead.
The American Families Plan would ex- tend key tax cuts in the American Rescue Plan that benefit lower- and middle-income workers and families, including the expansions of the Child Tax Credit, the earned Income Tax Credit, and the Child and Dependent Care Tax Credit.

In addition to making it easier for families to make ends meet, tax credits for working families have been shown to boost child academic and economic performance over time.
The American Families Plan would also extend the expanded health in- surance tax credits in the American Rescue Plan.

These credits are providing premium relief that is lowering health insurance costs by an aver- age of $50 per person per month for more than nine million people, and would enable millions of uninsured people to gain coverage.

producing a larger, more productive, and healthi- er workforce on a sustained basis, and generating savings to States and the Federal government.
A recent review indicates that every dollar in- vested in early childhood programs resulted in an estimated range of $2.50 to $10.80 in benefits as children grew up healthier, were more likely to graduate high school and college, and earned more as adults.

A 2020 study by Nobel Laureate James heckman found that every dollar invested in a high-quality, birth until age five program for the most economically disadvantaged children re- sulted in $7.30 in benefits.
Paid leave has been shown to keep mothers in the workforce, increas- ing labor force participation and boosting econom- ic growth.

In addition, sustained tax credits for families with children have been found to yield a lifetime of benefits, ranging from higher educa- tional attainment to higher lifetime earnings.

Supports Tax Reform that Rewards Work— Not Wealth.


The American Families Plan also includes commonsense reforms to the income tax code that would rebalance the tax system away from special preferences for wealth and toward fair treatment regardless of the type of income.

The President’s tax agenda would not only re- verse some of the biggest 2017 tax law giveaways, but would reform the tax code so that the wealthy have to play by the same rules as everyone else.
It would ensure that high-income Americans pay the tax they owe under the law—ending the un- fair system of enforcement that collects almost all taxes due on wages, while regularly collecting a smaller share of business and capital income.

The plan would also eliminate long-standing loop- holes, including lower taxes on capital gains and dividends for the wealthy, which reward wealth over work.
Importantly, these reforms would also rein in the ways that the tax code widens racial disparities in income and wealth.
Reinvesting in the Foundations of the Nation’s Strength Leading economic research has shown that the investments proposed in the American Families Plan would yield significant economic returns— boosting productivity and economic growth, The American Jobs Plan and the American Families Plan represent once-in-a-generation in- vestments in the Nation’s future that would cre- ate jobs, grow the middle class, and expand the BuDgeT OF The u. S. gOVeRNMeNT FOR FISCAL YeAR 2022 13 benefits of economic growth to all Americans.
To truly build back better, the Nation must also be- gin to reinvest in core functions of government and the foundations of the Nation’s strength— and that is exactly what the Budget does.

Over the past decade, due in large measure to overly restrictive budget caps, the Nation signifi- cantly underinvested in crucial public services, benefits, and protections.

Since 2010, non-defense discretionary funding has shrunk significantly as a share of the economy.
The consequences of this broad disinvestment are plain to see.

Anticipating, preparing for, and fighting a global pandemic requires a robust public health infrastructure.

Yet, going into the COVID-19 pandemic, funding for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) was 10 percent lower than a decade ago, adjusted for inflation.

Creating an economy that works for everyone—including rural, urban, and tribal communities—requires investments in work- ing families who drive growth and prosperity.
however, the government has chronically under- invested in crucial programs such as head Start, which serves 95,000 fewer children today than it did a decade ago.

Responding to the climate crisis depends on helping communities transition to a cleaner future.

Instead of investing in climate science and technology at the environmental Protection Agency (ePA), funding has been re- duced by 27 percent since 2010, adjusted for inflation.
The President believes now is the time to be- gin reversing this trend—and the expiration of nearly a decade of budget caps presents a unique opportunity to do so.

That is why the Budget in- cludes targeted discretionary investments across a range of key areas—from improving America’s public health infrastructure and improving edu- cation, to tackling the climate crisis and foster- ing economic growth and security, to restoring America’s global standing and confronting 21st Century security challenges.
Overall, the Budget would restore non-defense discretionary funding to 3.3 percent of gross Domestic Product, roughly equal to the histori- cal average over the last 30 years, while provid- ing robust funding for national defense as well as for other instruments of national power—includ- ing diplomacy, development, and economic state- craft—that enhance the effectiveness of national defense spending and promote national security.
EXPANDING OPPORTUNITY The American Jobs Plan and the American Families Plan would boost worker productivity, invest in American ingenuity, create good-paying jobs, and provide real opportunity and security for millions of families.

Those plans are comple- mented by the Budget’s additional foundational investments.
Together, this suite of policies would contribute to a stronger, more inclusive economy over the long term by: advancing economic digni- ty, equity, and security for all Americans; expand- ing opportunity; and creating good-paying jobs.

Improving Education in education is both a moral and economic im- perative.

That is why the Budget proposes a his- toric $36.5 billion investment in Title I grants, a $20 billion increase from the 2021 enacted level.
This investment would provide under-resourced schools with the funding needed to deliver a high-quality education to all of their students by ensuring teachers at Title I schools are paid competitively, providing equitable access to a rig- orous curriculum, increasing access to preschool, and providing meaningful incentives for States to examine and address inequalities in school fund- ing systems.

Makes Historic Investments in High-Pov- erty Schools.
Addressing entrenched disparities Expands Access to Affordable Early Child Care and Learning.
To lay the foundation for 14 BuILDINg BACK BeTTeR the major long-term investments in the American Families Plan, the Budget includes $7.4 billion for the Child Care and Development Block grant, an increase of $1.5 billion from the 2021 enacted level, to expand access to quality, affordable child care for families across the Nation, as well as an $11.9 billion investment in head Start, a $1.2 bil- lion increase, which would ensure more children start kindergarten ready to learn on day one.
The Administration would also work with States to ensure that these resources support increased wages for early educators and family child care providers, the majority of whom are women of color.

Boosts Support for Children with Dis- abilities.


To ensure that children with disabili- ties have the opportunity to thrive, the Budget includes $16 billion, a $2.7 billion increase from the 2021 enacted level, for Individuals with Disabilities education Act (IDeA) grants that would support special education and related ser- vices for more than 7.6 million preschool through grade 12 students.

This is a significant first step toward fully funding IDeA.
The Budget also pro- vides $732 million for early intervention services for infants and toddlers with disabilities or de- lays, funding services that have a proven record of improving academic and developmental out- comes.

The $250 million increase for early inter- vention services would be paired with reforms to expand access to these services for underserved children, including children of color and children from low-income families.

Prioritizes the Physical and Mental Well-Being of Students.
Recognizing the profound effect of physical and mental health on academic achievement, the Budget provides $1 billion in addition to the resources in the American Rescue Plan, to increase the number of counselors, nurses, and mental health profes- sionals in schools.
In addition, the Budget pro- vides $443 million for Full Service Community Schools, which play a critical role in provid- ing comprehensive wrap-around services to students and their families, from afterschool programs, to adult education opportunities, to health and nutrition services.

Increases Pell Grants and Expands Institutional and Student Supports.

The Budget provides discretionary funding to increase the maximum Pell grant by $400—the largest one-time increase since 2009.
This increase, to- gether with the $1,475 Pell grant increase in the American Families Plan, represents a signifi- cant first step to deliver on the President’s goal to double the grant.

The Budget also increases discretionary funding, and provides funding first proposed under the American Families Plan, to expand institutional and student supports at community colleges, hBCus, TCus, and MSIs.
The Administration also looks forward to work- ing with the Congress on changes to the higher education Act of 1965 that ease the burden of student debt, including through improvements to the Income Driven Repayment and Public Service Loan Forgiveness programs.

Advancing Dignity, Equity, and Security Expands Opportunities for Minority-Owned Businesses.
To help address longstanding ra- cial inequity and eliminate barriers for minori- ty-owned firms, the Budget includes $70 million, an increase of $22 million, to fund investments in economic development grants and research to ensure policies effectively support the minor- ity business community.
In addition, the Budget provides $330 million, an increase of 22.2 percent above the 2021 enacted level, to support ex- panding the role of Community Development Financial Institutions (CDFIs), which offer loans to start-ups and small businesses to promote the production of affordable housing and community revitalization projects.
This investment builds on an unprecedented level of support for the CDFI industry in 2021, including more than $3 billion in direct funding, $9 billion for investments in depository and credit union CDFIs and Minority Depository Institutions, and provisions in the American Rescue Plan encouraging CDFI par- ticipation in the $10 billion State Small Business Credit Initiative.

Increases Rural Outreach and Connec- tivity.


The Budget provides $32 million for a renewed and expanded initiative, StrikeForce, to BuDgeT OF The u. S. gOVeRNMeNT FOR FISCAL YeAR 2022 15 help people in high poverty rural communities tap into Federal resources.

The Budget also pro- vides an increase of $65 million from the 2021 en- acted level for the Rural e-Connectivity Program “Reconnect” for rural broadband.
The Budget also includes $318 million for regional commissions, which provide economic development assistance in distressed, rural communities through infra- structure investments, workforce development, and other activities.

The Administration is also committed to ending the abusive practice of misclassifying employees as independent contractors, which deprives these workers of critical protections and benefits.
In addition to including funding in the Budget for stronger enforcement, the Administration in- tends to work with the Congress to develop com- prehensive legislation to strengthen and extend protections against misclassification across ap- propriate Federal statutes.

Spurs Infrastructure Modernization and Rehabilitation in Marginalized Com- munities.
The Budget provides $3.8 billion for the Community Development Block grant program, which includes a targeted increase of $295 million for the modernization and reha- bilitation of public infrastructure and facilities, such as recreational centers and commercial cor- ridor improvements, in historically underfunded and marginalized communities facing persistent poverty.

Supports Transportation Equity.


The Budget includes significant funding for major discretionary competitive grant programs, in- cluding Rebuilding American Infrastructure with Sustainability and equity transit Capital Investment grants, and Port Infrastructure Development grants.

In addition, the Budget in- vests in rail as a down-payment to the President’s commitment to passenger rail.
The Budget also proposes $110 million for a new Thriving Communities initiative, which would foster trans- portation equity by providing capacity build- ing grants to underserved communities.

These programs would ensure that more communities have cleaner, robust, and affordable transporta- tion options, including high-quality transit, eq- uitable transit-oriented development, and other enhancements to improve neighborhood quality of life and address climate change.
Ensures Workers’ Health, Safety, and Rights Are Protected.

The Budget provides in- creased funding to the worker protection agencies in the Department of Labor to ensure workers are treated with dignity and respect in the workplace.

Strengthens the Unemployment Insur- ance System.

The COVID-19 pandemic trig- gered an economic crisis that has left millions of Americans relying on unemployment insur- ance and exposed major flaws and gaps in how the system is administered.
To correct for these weaknesses and address chronic delays, the Budget includes significant support to modern- ize and improve States’ administration of the program and to help unemployed workers return to work, building on investments included in the American Rescue Plan and setting the stage for broad changes to modernize the program.
This includes reforming the unemployment insurance system so it provides adequate benefits in every State, automatically responds to downturns, re- flects the modern economy and labor force, uses more equitable and progressive financing mecha- nisms, and provides expanded reemployment ser- vices.

Reform must also ensure that unemploy- ment insurance benefits are both more accessible and less vulnerable to fraud, including from so- phisticated criminal rings.

Advances Equity in Child Welfare.


The Budget proposes $100 million in new competitive grants to advance racial equity in the child wel- fare system and reduce unnecessary child remov- als.

The Budget also increases funding for State and local child abuse prevention programs by over 30 percent compared to the 2021 enacted level.
The Administration is also interested in working with the Congress to enact further child welfare reforms that advance equity, improve children’s well-being, and ensure all children, birth fami- lies, and prospective kinship, foster, and adoptive parents are served equitably and with dignity.

16 BuILDINg BACK BeTTeR Expanding Housing Opportunity and Reducing the Racial Wealth Gap Extends Housing Vouchers to 200,000 More Families.
At a time when millions of fami- lies are struggling to pay their rent or mortgage, the Budget proposes to provide $30.4 billion for housing Choice Vouchers, expanding vital hous- ing assistance to 200,000 more families with a fo- cus on those who are homeless or fleeing domestic violence.
The President looks forward to working with the Congress to build on this investment and achieve the long-term goal of providing housing vouchers to all eligible households, while increas- ing the program’s impact on equity and poverty alleviation.

Accelerates Efforts to End Homelessness.


The Budget builds on important provisions in- cluded in the American Rescue Plan by providing a $500 million increase for homeless Assistance grants to support more than 100,000 house- holds—including survivors of domestic violence and homeless youth, helping prevent and reduce homelessness.

Enhances Household Mobility and Neigh- borhood Choice.
In addition to expanding the housing Choice Voucher program to serve 200,000 more families, the Budget includes funding for mobility-related supportive services to provide low-income families who live in con- centrated areas of poverty with greater options to move to higher-opportunity neighborhoods.

Supports Access to Homeownership and Pandemic Relief.

The Budget supports access to homeownership for underserved borrowers through the Federal housing Administration’s (FhA) mortgage insurance programs.
FhA is a crucial source of mortgage financing for first- time and minority homebuyers, who accounted for 83 percent and 37 percent, respectively, of FhA home purchase loans in 2020.

In addition, through its expanded and streamlined loss miti- gation program, FhA continues to provide urgent relief to homeowners suffering financially due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Invests in Affordable Housing in Tribal Communities.
Native Americans are seven times more likely to live in overcrowded condi- tions and five times more likely to have plumb- ing, kitchen, or heating problems than all u.S. households.

The Budget helps address the poor housing conditions in tribal areas by providing $900 million to fund tribal efforts to expand af- fordable housing, improve housing conditions and infrastructure, and increase economic opportuni- ties for low-income families.
Creating Jobs and Growth—Now and for the Future Supports a Future Made in America.

The President is committed to ensuring the future is made in America by all of America’s workers.
The American Jobs Plan proposes transformative new funding for manufacturing programs at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), and the Budget complements those invest- ments with additional discretionary funding, en- abling the establishment of two new Manufacturing Innovation Institutes, in addition to institutes pre- viously launched by the Departments of Defense (DOD) and energy (DOe).
The Budget also nearly doubles funding for the Manufacturing extension Partnership to boost the competitiveness of small and medium manufacturers.

(NSF), Renews America’s Commitment to R&D.

The Budget proposes historic increases in funding for foundational R&D across a range of scientific agencies—including the National Science Foundation the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), DOe, NIST, and others—to help spur innova- tion across the economy and renew America’s global leadership.
These investments would: accelerate discoveries that would transform America’s understanding of the solar system and universe; launch the next generation of sat- ellites to study and improve life on earth; and support upgrades to cutting-edge scientific user facilities at DOe national laboratories to build climate and clean energy research programs and train the next generation of scientists at hBCus and MSIs.
This funding, combined BuDgeT OF The u. S. gOVeRNMeNT FOR FISCAL YeAR 2022 17 with the investments proposed as part of the American Jobs Plan, would firmly reestablish the united States as a global leader in R&D.

Committing to Criminal Justice Reform and Redressing Longstanding Injustice Reforms the Federal Criminal Justice System.
The Budget supports key investments in First Step Act of 2018 (FSA) implementation, advancing the provision of high-quality sub- stance use disorder treatment, reentry services, and recidivism reduction programming.

Building on the bipartisan FSA, the Budget also incorpo- rates savings from prison population reduction measures that prioritize incarceration alterna- tives for low-risk offenders.

Invests in Community Policing, Police Reform, and Other Efforts to Address Systemic Inequities.
The Administration will take bold action to root out systemic inequities in the Nation’s justice system.

In addition to investing in programs that support community- oriented policing and practices, the Budget also proposes to expand grants that support efforts to reform State and local criminal justice systems, including funding to support juvenile justice programs, drug courts and alternative court pro- grams, public defenders, and Second Chance Act of 2007 programs.
Invests in Civil Rights Offices across Government.

The Budget supports signifi- cant increases for civil rights offices and activi- ties across Federal agencies to ensure that the Nation’s laws are enforced fairly and equitably.

Promotes State and Local Efforts to Pre- vent and Redress Housing Discrimination.
The Budget provides $85 million in grants to support State and local fair housing enforcement organizations and to further education, outreach, and training on rights and responsibilities under Federal fair housing laws.
The Budget also in- vests in the Department of housing and urban Development (huD) staff and operations ca- pacity to deliver on the President’s housing pri- orities, including commitments outlined in the Presidential Memorandum on Redressing Our Nation’s and the Federal government’s history of Discriminatory housing Practices and Policies.

Makes Major Investments in Environ- mental Justice.
For decades, low-income and marginalized communities have been overbur- dened with air pollution and other environ- mental hazards.

The Budget includes a 44-per- cent increase in funding for ePA’s Brownfields program, which would enable States to clean up contaminated properties and assist them in turning idle properties into hubs for economic revitalization.
The Budget provides $400 mil- lion for huD’s Lead hazard and healthy homes grants, which enable State and local governments and nonprofits to reduce lead- based paint and other health hazards in the homes of low-income families with young children.

The Budget provides $5 million to the Department of Justice (DOJ) to allow the environment and Natural Resources Division to increase affirmative casework related to en- vironmental justice.
INVESTING IN PUBLIC HEALTH INFRASTRUCTURE The united States faces no more urgent task than defeating the COVID-19 pandemic.

That is why the American Rescue Plan included vital funding to set up community vaccination sites na- tionwide, scale up testing and tracing, reduce sup- ply shortage problems, support community health centers, address health disparities, and safely reopen schools.
The Budget builds on this founda- tion by proposing investments to build a healthier, more resilient Nation over the long term, including funding to ensure the Nation is better positioned to prevent and respond to future public health cri- ses, help defeat other diseases and epidemics, and invest in cutting-edge medical research.

18 BuILDINg BACK BeTTeR Strengthening Public Health Infra- structure and Meeting Crisis-Related Needs Improves Readiness for Future Public Health Crises.
The Budget includes $8.7 billion in discretionary funding for CDC—the largest budget authority increase in nearly two decades— to restore capacity at the world’s preeminent pub- lic health agency.
Building on the investments in the American Rescue Plan, CDC would use this additional funding to support core public health capacity improvements in States and Territories, modernize public health data collection nation- wide, train new epidemiologists and other public health experts, and rebuild international capac- ity to detect, prepare for, and respond to emerging global threats.

Expands Access to Mental Healthcare.


The COVID-19 pandemic has helped expose the strain on the Nation’s mental healthcare system and the need for additional sustained resources.
The Budget builds on mental health resources in- cluded in the American Rescue Plan by: calling for historic investments, including $1.6 billion, more than double the 2021 enacted level, for the Community Mental health Services Block grant; additional funding to support the needs of those who are involved in the criminal justice system; resources to partner mental health providers with law enforcement; and funds to expand sui- cide prevention activities.

Invests in Efforts to End Gender-Based Violence.


The COVID-19 pandemic has exacer- bated domestic violence and sexual assault and has compounded the barriers to safety and eco- nomic security, creating a “shadow pandemic” for many women and girls who are largely confined to their home with their abuser.
To help address this growing crisis, the Budget provides $1 bil- lion for DOJ Violence Against Women Act of 1994 programs, nearly double the 2021 level, including funding for new programs to expand restorative justice efforts, protect transgender survivors, and support women at hBCus, hSIs, and TCus to en- sure these institutions have the same resources as other schools to address this pervasive issue.
The Budget also provides a significant increase in funding at the Department of health and human Services (hhS) for domestic violence shelters and community-based programs, hotlines, cash assistance for survivors, medical support, and in- tegrated healthcare services.

The Administration also looks forward to working with the Congress to expand the new cash assistance program for survivors of domestic violence by providing addi- tional resources beyond 2022.
Promotes Health Equity for American Indians and Alaska Natives.

To begin redress- ing long-standing, stark health inequities experi- enced by American Indians and Alaska Natives, the Budget proposes to dramatically increase funding for the Indian health Service (IhS) by $2.2 billion.

In addition, to ensure a more pre- dictable funding stream for IhS, the Budget for the first time includes an advance appropriation for IhS in 2023.

Addresses Racial Disparities in Health- care.


Building on efforts in the American Rescue Plan to advance equity and reduce health dispar- ities in all healthcare programs, the Budget in- cludes additional funding to expand access to cul- turally competent care.

The Budget also includes $153 million for CDC’s Social Determinants of health program to support States and Territories in improving health equity and data collection for racial and ethnic populations.
The Administration also looks forward to working with the Congress to advance the President’s goal of doubling the Federal investment in community health centers, which would help reduce health disparities by ex- panding access to care.

Reduces Maternal Mortality Rate and Ends Race-Based Disparities in Maternal Mortality.
The united States has the highest maternal mortality rate among developed na- tions, with an unacceptably high mortality rate for Black, American Indian/Alaska Native, and other women of color.
To help end this high rate of maternal mortality and race-based dispari- ties in outcomes among birthing people—and in addition to the investment in maternal health included in the American Families Plan—the BuDgeT OF The u. S. gOVeRNMeNT FOR FISCAL YeAR 2022 19 Budget includes more than $200 million to: re- duce maternal mortality and morbidity rates nationwide; bolster Maternal Mortality Review Committees; expand the Rural Maternity and Obstetrics Management Strategies program; help cities place early childhood development ex- perts in pediatrician offices with a high percent- age of Medicaid and Children’s health Insurance Program patients; implement implicit bias train- ing for healthcare providers; and create State pregnancy medical home programs.
Defeating Other Diseases and Epidemics Launches Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health (ARPA-H).

The Budget includes a major investment of $6.5 billion to launch ARPA-h, which would provide signifi- cant increases in direct Federal R&D spending in health.

With an initial focus on cancer and other diseases such as diabetes and Alzheimer’s, this major investment in Federal R&D would drive transformational innovation in health research and speed application and implementation of health breakthroughs.
This funding is part of a $51 billion request for the National Institutes of health (NIh) to continue to support research that enhances health, lengthens life, and reduces illness and disability.

Makes a Major Investment to Help End the Opioid Epidemic.

The opioid epidemic has shattered families, claimed lives, and rav- aged communities across the Nation—and the COVID-19 pandemic has only deepened this cri- sis.
That is why the Budget includes a historic investment of $10.7 billion in discretionary fund- ing in hhS, an increase of $3.9 billion over the 2021 enacted level, to support research, preven- tion, treatment, and recovery support services, with targeted investments to support populations with unique needs, including Native Americans, older Americans, and rural populations.
The Budget also includes $621 million specific to the Department of Veterans Affairs’ (VA’s) Opioid Prevention and Treatment programs, including programs in support of the Jason Simcakoski Memorial and Promise Act.

Combats the Gun Violence Public Health Epidemic.

The Budget includes $2.1 billion, an increase of $232 million above the 2021 en- acted level, for DOJ to address the gun violence public health crisis plaguing communities across the Nation.
Investments include $401 million in State and local grants, an increase of $162 mil- lion or 68 percent.

This level supports existing programs to improve background check systems, and invests in new programs to incentivize State adoption of gun licensing laws and establish vol- untary gun buyback pilot programs.
In addition, a total of $1.6 billion is provided to the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and explosives, an in- crease of $70 million or five percent over the 2021 enacted level, to oversee the safe sale, storage, and ownership of firearms and to support the Agency’s other work to fight violent crime.

The Budget request for hhS doubles funding for firearm violence prevention research at CDC and NIh.
Combined, the Budget includes $200 million in discretionary resources for DOJ and hhS to sup- port a new Community Violence Intervention ini- tiative to implement evidence-based community violence interventions locally, which may include hospital-based interventions.

In addition to these amounts, the Budget supports the American Jobs Plan proposal for $5 billion in total mandatory resources from 2023 to 2029 to provide long-term support for the Community Violence Intervention initiative.
Commits to Ending the HIV/AIDS Epi- demic.

To help accelerate and strengthen ef- forts to end the hIV/AIDS epidemic in the united States, the Budget includes $670 million within hhS to help aggressively reduce new hIV cases while increasing access to treatment, expanding the use of pre-exposure prophylaxis, also known as PreP, and ensuring equitable access to servic- es and supports.

20 BuILDINg BACK BeTTeR TACKLING THE CLIMATE CRISIS Climate change is one of the greatest chal- lenges of our time.
It is also an opportunity to create new industries and good-paying jobs with a free and fair choice to join a union, revitalize America’s energy communities and the economy, and position America as the world’s clean energy superpower.
In addition to the American Jobs Plan, the Budget includes more than $36 billion of investments to combat climate change—an increase of more than $14 billion compared to 2021—by investing in resilience and clean ener- gy, enhancing u.S. competitiveness, and putting America on a path to achieve net-zero emissions no later than 2050—all while supporting commu- nities that have been left behind and ensuring that 40 percent of the benefits from tackling the climate crisis are targeted toward addressing the disproportionately high cumulative impacts on disadvantaged communities.
Building Clean Energy Projects and Investing in Resilience Improves Energy Efficiency, Safety, and Resilience of Low-Income Homes and Public Buildings.

The Budget invests $1.7 bil- lion in energy saving retrofits to homes, schools, and Federal buildings.
This investment includes $800 million in new investments across huD programs for rehabilitation and modernization to further climate resilience and energy efficien- cy, which would lower the costs and improve the quality of public and huD-assisted housing, and $400 million at DOe for the weatherization of low-income homes.

Creates Good-Paying Jobs Building Clean Energy Projects.
Transforming the u.S. electricity sector—and electrifying an increasing share of the economy—represents one of the big- gest job creation and economic opportunity en- gines of the 21st Century.

That is why the Budget provides $2 billion to put welders, electricians, and other skilled laborers to work building clean energy projects across the Nation.
This invest- ment supports a historic energy efficiency and clean electricity standard that would transform the electric sector to be carbon-pollution free by 2035 while creating good-paying union jobs.

Invests in Climate Resilience and Disaster Planning.

The Budget provides $815 million—a $540 million increase above the 2021 enacted lev- el—to incorporate climate impacts into pre-disas- ter planning and projects to ensure that the Nation is rebuilding smarter and safer for the future.
The Budget also provides more than $1.2 billion above the 2021 enacted level to increase the resilience of ecosystems and communities across the Nation to wildfires, flooding, and drought, including an addi- tional $100 million for CDC’s Climate and health program.
Consistent with the President’s national conservation goal and the America the Beautiful initiative, the Budget also makes critical invest- ments to help communities conserve important lands and waters, expand access to the outdoors for underserved communities, and deploy natural solutions to climate change.

Helps Tribal Nations Address the Climate Crisis.

Tribal communities are particularly vul- nerable to the impacts of climate change, which threatens their cultural and economic well-being.
The Budget provides an increase of more than $450 million to facilitate climate mitigation, re- silience, adaptation, and environmental justice projects in Indian Country, including investment to begin the process of transitioning tribal colleg- es to renewable energy.

Increases Demand for American Made, Zero-Emission Vehicles through Federal Procurement.
To provide an immediate, clear, and stable source of demand to help accelerate American industrial capacity to produce clean vehicles and components, the Budget includes $600 million for electric vehicles and charging infrastructure in the individual budgets of 18 Federal agencies, including dedicated funds at the general Services Administration for other agencies and for the united States Postal Service charging infrastructure.
This discretionary in- vestment is one component of an overarching effort—combined with funding in the American BuDgeT OF The u. S. gOVeRNMeNT FOR FISCAL YeAR 2022 21 Jobs Plan—to leverage Federal procurement to create good-paying union jobs, and enable a clean transportation future.

Helping Communities Left Behind Makes the Largest Investment in En- vironmental Justice in History.
To support marginalized and overburdened communities across the Nation, the Budget invests more than $1.4 billion, including $936 million toward a new Accelerating environmental and economic Justice initiative at ePA.

The initiative would create good-paying union jobs, clean up pollu- tion, and secure environmental justice for com- munities that have been left behind.
In order to hold polluters accountable, the initiative in- cludes $100 million to develop a new community air quality monitoring and notification program, which would provide real-time data in the places with the highest levels of exposure to pollution.

Propels an Effort to Create 250,000 Jobs Remediating Abandoned Wells and Mines.

The Budget includes over $580 million to reme- diate thousands of abandoned oil and gas wells and reclaim abandoned mines.
This more than triples the current annual discretionary fund- ing, building on the President’s commitment to create 250,000 good-paying union jobs for skilled technicians and operators in some of the hardest hit communities in the Nation, while cleaning up hazardous sites.

In line with the stated goals of this Administration, the Budget more than doubles funding for the economic Development Administration’s (eDA) Assistance to Coal Communities program.
eDA’s efforts are part of the work of the new Interagency Working group on Coal and Power Plant Communities and economic Revitalization, and complement other targeted investments across the Federal government to help spur economic revitalization, create jobs, and support workers in hard-hit coal, oil and gas, and power plant communities.

Creates Jobs Improving Critical Water Infrastructure.

Clean, safe drinking water should be a right in all communities—rural and urban, rich and poor.
That is why the American Jobs Plan would replace every lead service line in America.

The Budget also includes significant funding—$3.6 billion—that could be used to ad- vance water infrastructure improvement efforts for community water systems, schools, and house- holds.
These water infrastructure improvement efforts include repairing up to 180,000 septic sys- tems, as well as broader efforts to improve drink- ing water and waste water infrastructure, while creating good-paying construction jobs that pay at least the prevailing wage across the Nation and in tribal communities.

Partners with Rural America to Grow Rural Economies and Tackle Rural Poverty.

The Budget includes a number of proposals to invest in and create opportunities for rural Americans.
This includes more than $300 mil- lion in new investments in the next generation of agriculture and conservation, including support for voluntary private lands conservation as part of the America the Beautiful initiative, renew- able energy grants and loans, and the creation of a Civilian Climate Corps to create a new path- way to good-paying jobs in rural America.
The Budget also supports $6.5 billion in lending to support additional clean energy, energy storage, and transmission projects in rural communities.

Increasing Competitiveness through Investments in Innovation and Science Advances Climate Science and Sustain- ability Research.
The Budget proposes over $4 billion to fund a broad portfolio of re- search across multiple agencies including the Department of the Interior, NASA, NSF, and others to improve understanding of the chang- ing climate and inform adaptation and resilience measures.

Spurs Innovation in Clean Energy Tech- nologies.

The Budget invests more than $10 bil- lion—a nearly 30-percent increase over 2021—in clean energy innovation across non-defense agen- cies.
These investments would help transform the Nation’s electric, transportation, buildings, and industrial sectors to achieve a net-zero car- bon economy by 2050.

22 BuILDINg BACK BeTTeR Drives Breakthrough Solutions in Cli- mate Innovation.

The Budget includes a total of $1 billion to create a new Advanced Research Projects Agency for Climate and invests in the existing Advanced Research Projects Agency- energy.
Together, these initiatives would support high-risk, high-reward solutions for adaptation, mitigation, and resilience against the climate crisis and enable robust investments in clean en- ergy technology R&D.

Expands Observations, Research, and Cli- mate Services.

The Budget includes $7 bil- lion for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), an increase of $1.5 bil- lion from the 2021 enacted level.
These additional funds would allow NOAA to: expand its climate observation and forecasting work and provide better data and information to decisionmakers; support coastal resilience programs that would help protect communities from the economic and environmental impacts of climate change; and invest in modern infrastructure to enable these critical efforts.

Leading the World toward Achieving the Objectives of the Paris Agreement on Climate Supports Global Emissions Reductions.
To accelerate progress toward the Paris Agreement targets, the Budget includes a $1.2 billion contribu- tion to the green Climate Fund—the first American contribution since 2017—to help developing countries reduce emissions and adapt to climate change.

The Budget also proposes $485 million to support other multilateral climate initiatives, in- cluding $100 million for international climate ad- aptation programs.
The Budget provides approxi- mately $700 million for the Department of State and u.S. Agency for International Development to assist developing countries in adapting to climate disruptions, expanding clean energy production, and reducing landscape emissions.
CONFRONTING 21ST CENTURY SECURITY CHALLENGES From the COVID-19 pandemic to climate change, from the growing ambitions of China to the many global threats to democracy, success- fully addressing global challenges will require working alongside and in partnership with other nations.
After years of neglect, the Budget makes critical investments in diplomacy and develop- ment that would restore the health and morale of the Nation’s foreign policy institutions, as well as America’s relationships with key partners and allies.

Diplomacy would once again be a center- piece of American foreign policy, and America would once again be a leader on the world stage.

Renews American Leadership and Mobil- izes Global Action.
The Budget proposes re- investing in the Nation’s diplomatic corps and providing funding to support u.S. commitments to the World health Organization, the united Nations (uN) Population Fund, and the uN high Commissioner for human Rights, while continu- ing to press for needed reforms.
The Budget also provides $1 billion in foreign assistance to bring an end to the COVID-19 pandemic and expand global health security activities, including to es- tablish global health Security Agenda capacity- building programs in additional nations and in- crease investments in crosscutting research and viral discovery programs to detect and stamp out future infectious disease outbreaks.
These funds would also support a new health security financ- ing mechanism, developed alongside u.S. partners and allies, to ensure global readiness to respond to the next outbreak.

In addition, recognizing that no single nation can meet the challenge of climate change alone, the Budget provides $2.5 billion for international climate programs to help rally the world against this urgent threat, restore u.S. leadership, and catalyze new climate pledges.

Counters 21st Century Challenges and Threats.


The Budget prioritizes the need to coun- ter the threat from China while also deterring de- stabilizing behavior by Russia.
Leveraging the BuDgeT OF The u. S. gOVeRNMeNT FOR FISCAL YeAR 2022 23 Pacific Deterrence Initiative and working togeth- er with allies and partners in the Indo-Pacific re- gion and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, DOD would ensure that the united States builds the concepts, capabilities, and posture necessary to meet these challenges.
To ensure the united States plays a lead role in defending democ- racy, freedom, and the rule of law, the Budget also includes a significant increase in resources to: strengthen and defend democracies through- out the world; advance human rights; fight cor- ruption; and counter authoritarianism.
In ad- dition, to support agencies as they modernize, strengthen, and secure antiquated information systems and bolster Federal cybersecurity, the Budget provides $500 million for the Technology Modernization Fund, an additional $110 million for the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency, and $750 million in additional invest- ments tailored to respond to lessons learned from the SolarWinds incident.

Strengthens the Nation’s Immigration and Asylum Systems.
The Budget proposes re- sources to implement a fair, orderly, and humane immigration system.

This includes resources necessary to fulfill the President’s commitment to rebuild the Nation’s badly damaged refugee admissions program and support up to 125,000 admissions in 2022.

In addition, the Budget pro- vides over $10 billion in humanitarian assistance to support vulnerable people abroad, including refugees and conflict victims.
The Budget also includes resources to address the naturalization and asylum backlogs, support non-profit legal service providers to help vulnerable populations, and fund non-profit case management programs.

The Budget would also revitalize u.S. leadership in Central America as part of a comprehensive strategy to address the root causes of irregular migration from Central America to the united States, providing $861 million in assistance to the region.
These specific investments comple- ment the President’s legislative efforts to provide a path to citizenship for undocumented immi- grants and implement an immigration system that welcomes all communities Upholds the Nation’s Sacred Obligation to America’s Veterans.
Building on significant investments included in the American Rescue Plan, the Budget proposes $97.5 billion to im- prove access to VA healthcare, an increase of $3.3 billion above the 2022 enacted advance ap- propriations level, including increases in funding for women’s health, mental health, suicide pre- vention, and veterans’ homeless programs.
The Budget also proposes $882 million for medical and prosthetic research—including the largest increase in recent history—to advance VA’s un- derstanding of traumatic brain injury, the effects of toxic exposure on long-term health outcomes, and the needs of disabled veterans.

In addition, the Budget includes $394 million to ensure veter- ans and their families have access to world-class memorial benefits.
THE PRESIDENT’S HEALTHCARE AGENDA TO LOWER COSTS AND EXPAND AND IMPROVE COVERAGE The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) made historic progress in expanding and improving health coverage and lowering health costs.

The American Rescue Plan built on that progress with the most substantial improvement in healthcare affordability since 2010.
For people who obtain coverage through the ACA market- places, the American Rescue Plan increased pre- mium tax credits—and extended them to families with incomes above 400 percent of the Federal poverty level—for two years.

These improve- ments are lowering premiums for more than nine million current enrollees by an average of $50 per person per month, and would enable mil- lions of uninsured people to gain coverage.
The American Rescue Plan was only a first step to lowering costs and expanding cover- age.

Building on that progress, the American Jobs Plan invests $400 billion in strengthening 24 BuILDINg BACK BeTTeR home- and community-based services for older people and people with disabilities and strength- ening the workforce that provides this vital care.
The American Families Plan makes permanent the American Rescue Plan’s expansion of premi- um tax credits and makes a historic investment to improve maternal health and mortality.

Beyond these steps, the President also calls on the Congress to take action this year to reduce prescription drug costs and to further expand and improve health coverage.

The President’s healthcare agenda in these areas includes the following additional policies: Lowering the Costs of Prescription Drugs.
The President supports reforms that would bring down drug prices by letting Medicare negotiate payment for certain high-cost drugs and requir- ing manufacturers to pay rebates when drug pric- es rise faster than inflation.

These reforms would lower drug costs and save money for Medicare beneficiaries and people with job-based insurance.

The reforms could also yield over half a trillion in Federal savings over 10 years, which could help pay for coverage expansions and improvements.
Improving Medicare, Medicaid, and ACA Coverage.

Medicare, Medicaid, and the ACA marketplaces provide critical coverage to tens of millions of Americans, but should be strength- ened through measures like improving access to dental, hearing, and vision coverage in Medicare, making it easier for eligible people to get and stay covered in Medicaid, and reducing deductibles for marketplace plans.
The President also sup- ports eliminating Medicaid funding caps for Puerto Rico and other Territories while aligning their matching rate with States (and moving to- ward parity for other critical Federal programs including Supplemental Security Income and the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program).
Further, evidence shows that we can reform Medicare payments to insurers and certain pro- viders to reduce overpayments and strengthen in- centives to deliver value-based care, extending the life of the Medicare Trust Fund, lowering premi- ums for beneficiaries, and reducing Federal costs.

Creating Additional Public Coverage Op- tions.


The President supports providing Amer- icans with additional, lower-cost coverage choices by: creating a public option that would be avail- able through the ACA marketplaces; and giving people age 60 and older the option to enroll in the Medicare program with the same premiums and benefits as current beneficiaries, but with fi- nancing separate from the Medicare Trust Fund.
In States that have not expanded Medicaid, the President has proposed extending coverage to millions of people by providing premium-free, Medicaid-like coverage through a Federal public option, paired with financial incentives to ensure States maintain their existing expansions.

healthcare is a right, not a privilege.

Families need the financial security and peace of mind that comes with quality, affordable health coverage.
In collaboration with the Congress, the President’s healthcare agenda would achieve this promise.

BuDgeT OF The u. S. gOVeRNMeNT FOR FISCAL YeAR 2022 25 THE IMPACT OF THE PRESIDENT’S POLICIES ON THE NATION’S ECONOMIC AND BUDGET OUTLOOK The Budget makes the investments needed for economic growth and shared prosperity, while also putting the Nation on a sound fiscal course.
Generating Economic Growth and Shared Prosperity The Budget makes historic investments that would increase economic prosperity over the com- ing decade and beyond by increasing American productivity and the number of good-paying American jobs.

The President’s investments are targeted to the everyday Americans who drive the economy forward.
The Budget reflects the basic understanding that workers and families all over the Nation are the engines of America’s prosper- ity and including more people in that prosperity is how the Nation thrives.

The Budget’s investments in infrastructure, research, and other areas would make American businesses and workers more productive, and more productive businesses would increase hiring and pay higher wages.
Rebuilding the Nation’s infrastructure would bridge income and racial gaps in transportation and housing opportuni- ties, create good union jobs, and enable business- es to deliver goods and services more affordably and operate anywhere, including in rural areas that currently lack broadband.

Investments in R&D would ensure that the technologies of the future would be created in America by American businesses with American workers.
Investments in manufacturing supply chains would make it more profitable to produce critical goods here at home and put more Americans to work in good jobs.

In addition, investments to reverse climate change and develop climate resilience would drive technology growth, create millions of well-paying jobs with a free and fair choice to join a union, and mitigate the risk of electricity blackouts and other environmental disasters that disrupt work and cause enormous economic damage.
In addition to raising workers’ wages, the Budget makes critical investments that would increase the total number of American jobs and ensure more of them are good-quality union jobs.

A generational investment in America’s caregiving infrastructure would enable millions of Americans—disproportionately women—to succeed in the workforce and receive the better pay they deserve as they raise children or care for ailing parents.
Long overdue paid family and medical leave would ensure that no American worker is one pregnancy or illness away from los- ing their paycheck and reduce racial disparities in paid leave.

expanding the earned Income Tax Credit would make it possible for more people to join and remain in the workforce.
health invest- ments—from providing clean water to upgrading the public health system to expanding health in- surance tax credits so that millions of people gain coverage and access to care—would lower mortal- ity and disability and enable more Americans to work long healthy fulfilling careers.

The Budget also makes historic investments in children that would improve their health and well-being in the near term while contributing to economic growth and shared prosperity in the long term.
universal preschool, child nutrition expan- sions, and tax cuts that lift millions of families with children out of poverty would ensure that all chil- dren—not only those from privileged backgrounds or advantaged communities—are set up for suc- cess in school and beyond.

historic investments in Title I school funding would help millions of chil- dren in low-income families to compete through high school and beyond.
Free community college and Pell grants, along with investments in regis- tered apprenticeships, other labor-management training programs, and other workforce training investments in the American Jobs Plan, would give students the support to build skills directly applicable to good-paying jobs.
A large and grow- ing body of research shows that these and similar investments not only yield immediate benefits for children and their families but also improve chil- dren’s health and well-being and increase their earnings when they reach adulthood, strengthen- ing America’s future economy.

26 BuILDINg BACK BeTTeR Overall, the Budget represents a comprehen- sive strategy to build an economy that works for everyone, not only the wealthy and well-connect- ed.
These investments would pay dividends for decades to come and would help build a high- skilled workforce, spur faster growth, and create more jobs, higher wages, more security, less pov- erty, less racial inequity, and broader prosperity.

anticipates that real interest rates would likely rise over the coming decade, using projections in line with private forecasters.
Nonetheless, under the President’s policies, including the American Jobs Plan and the American Families Plan, real interest would remain at or below 0.5 percent of the economy throughout the next 10 years, well below the historical average.

Putting the Nation on a Fiscally Responsible Path The Budget charts a fiscally responsible path for delivering a stronger, more prosperous economy.
under the Budget’s proposals, the cost of Federal debt payments would remain well below historical levels throughout the coming decade.

In response to the Nation’s longer-term fiscal challenges, the Budget’s pro- posals would reduce the deficit in later years.

Over the past several decades, interest rates have fallen, even as debt has risen.

This has been a widespread, persistent, and global phe- nomenon, and it has meant that the burden as- sociated with debt has decreased.
given these structural dynamics, the level of interest pay- ments, rather than the size of the debt, is the most relevant benchmark for whether debt is burdening the economy.

Real interest—the Federal government’s an- nual interest payments after adjusting for in- flation—directly measures the economic cost of the debt: the real resources that are going toward paying off old debt, instead of investing in the future.
Real interest has averaged about one percent of the economy since 1980 and was about two percent in the 1990s.

Since then, the effective real interest rate on Federal debt has fallen 10- fold, from over 4 percent to 0.4 percent.

As a result, real fallen.

Strikingly, in 2021, real interest costs are ex- pected to be negative, due to negative real in- terest rates.
The Budget’s economic forecast interest has In the current economic environment, the Federal government has the fiscal space to make critical investments to expand the pro- ductive capacity of the economy, while also keeping real interest cost burdens low by historical standards.

In fact, failing to make investments now that support growth and shared prosperity would leave future genera- tions worse off.
Over the long term, the united States does face fiscal challenges, driven principally by un- derlying demographic pressures on health and retirement programs and inadequate revenue levels.

There is also uncertainty about the in- terest rate outlook.

The Budget’s proposals prudently address these future challenges by making sure that new proposals are not only fully offset, but reduce deficits in the long run and improve the long-term fiscal outlook.
The Budget achieves this through reforms to the tax system.

The Budget provides reforms to the corporate tax code to incentivize job cre- ation and investment in the united States, stop unfair and wasteful profit shifting to tax ha- vens, ensure that large corporations are paying their fair share, and stop a race-to-the-bottom in corporate tax rates around the world.
The Budget also proposes to revitalize tax enforce- ment to ensure that high-income Americans pay the tax they owe under the law—ending the unfair system of enforcement that collects almost all taxes due on wages, while regular- ly collecting a smaller share of business and capital income.

The plan would eliminate long-standing loopholes, including lower taxes on capital gains and dividends for the wealthy, which reward wealth over work.
BuDgeT OF The u. S. gOVeRNMeNT FOR FISCAL YeAR 2022 27 Over time, the savings from these reforms would exceed the cost of the investments, and by large and growing amounts.

The American Jobs Plan and American Families Plan together are paid for over 15 years.

The full set of proposals in the Budget reduce the annual deficit by the end of the 10-year budget window and every year there- after.

In the second decade, the Budget’s propos- als reduce deficits by over $2 trillion.
A Budget that added to long-term deficits would worsen fiscal health, while a Budget that reduced deficits today by underinvesting in the American people would result in slower, more stratified growth that would cause more damage than one that invests appropriately.

The Budget respon- sibly balances these needs and risks by charting an economically and fiscally sound course for the near term and the long term.
DELIVERING RESULTS FOR ALL AMERICANS THROUGH AN EQUITABLE, EFFECTIVE, AND ACCOUNTABLE GOVERNMENT In order to build back better and meet the full range of challenges and opportunities be- fore us, the Nation needs an equitable, effective, and accountable government that delivers re- sults for all Americans.

The President is com- mitted to ensuring the government works for all Americans—and the Budget makes crucial prog- ress toward achieving that goal.
The Budget en- sures Federal agencies are sufficiently resourced and effectively equipped to carry out their missions.
The Budget would help bolster the Administration’s efforts to: center equity across the Federal government; empower, rebuild, and protect the Federal workforce; restore public trust in the Federal government; deliver ser- vices effectively and efficiently; enhance Federal information technology (IT) and cybersecurity; advance America’s clean energy future; and help ensure the future is made in America by all of America’s workers.
Taken together, these ac- tions will support the President’s Management Agenda as it takes shape in the coming months.

Centering Equity in Management and Policymaking Processes The Administration is committed to deliver- ing on the President’s promise to advance equity across the entire Federal government, including for people of color and other underserved com- munities that have been historically denied fair, just, and equitable treatment.
On January 26, 2021, the President said, “we need to make the issue of racial equity not just an issue for any one department of [g]overnment; it has to be the business of the whole of [g]overn- ment.
That’s why I issued, among the first days, my whole-of-[g]overnment [e]xecutive [O]rder that will, for the first time, advance equity for all throughout our [F]ederal policies and insti- tutions.” Through this action, the President has made embedding equity in government decision- making a mandate for the leadership and staff of every department and agency.

At the President’s direction, agencies are working to recognize and redress inequities in their systems, policies, pro- grams, and processes.
Agencies are directed to review policies and activities to assess whether underserved communities and their members face systemic barriers in accessing benefits and opportunities available pursuant to those poli- cies and programs.

The President also issued an executive Order creating the gender Policy Council and laying out a whole-of-government approach to ensure that all policies and programs promote gender equity and advance rights and opportunity for women and girls.
As discussed in the previous chapter, the Budget makes wide- ranging investments in improving the delivery of government programs for all Americans, in- cluding funding for critical work to redress long- standing inequities in health, education, hous- ing, and other areas.

Empowering, Rebuilding, and Protecting the Federal Workforce The Administration is committed to respecting and partnering with career civil servants who form the backbone of the Federal government.
That is why during his first month in office, the President restored collective bargaining rights and worker protections for Federal employees.

The President eliminated Schedule F, which threatened the foundations of the civil service, 29 30 DeLIVeRINg ReSuLTS FOR ALL AMeRICANS and made clear that the Administration will pro- tect scientists and other career civil servants from political interference.
The President also signed an executive Order to ensure that the Federal government interprets Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 as prohibiting workplace discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity.

The Budget builds on these efforts to empower and protect the Federal workforce by: Supporting Career Civil Servants as the Backbone of the Federal Workforce.
To help departments and agencies recruit and retain a di- verse and inclusive Federal workforce, the Budget ensures more Federal employees are eligible for a $15 per hour wage, and provides funding for a pay increase averaging 2.7 percent across the Federal civilian workforce, in parity with the mil- itary pay increase.
The President also took steps on his first day in office to protect the health and safety of Federal employees and contractors dur- ing the COVID-19 pandemic, including enforcing the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s science-based guidelines and directing agencies to finalize and implement workplace health and safety plans.
The President also made clear that he encourages union organizing and collective bargaining by revoking executive Orders 13836, 13837, and 13839 that made it harder for Federal workers to unionize and bargain.

The President’s executive Order on Protecting the Federal Workforce also directs agencies to bargain over additional subjects of bargaining, so that workers have a greater voice in their working conditions.

Achieving Better Hiring Outcomes.


The Budget supports agency efforts to expand and en- hance recruitment and hiring of top talent, and to deploy more effective qualifying assessments to im- prove hiring outcomes.
Specifically, agencies would be required to revitalize their internship programs to begin to reverse the decline in the percentage of the workforce under 30, create and fund agency tal- ent teams, and contribute funding to a new office that would support centralized government-wide hiring actions that improve hiring outcomes for critical po- sitions.
Further, the President’s Memorandum on Revitalizing America’s Foreign Policy and National Security Workforce, Institutions, and Partnerships ordered a series of actions agencies must take to ensure that the national security workforce reflects and draws on the richness and diversity of the Nation it represents.

Modernizing the Personnel Vetting Sys- tem.


The Administration is leading efforts to reform how the executive Branch conducts background checks for its workforce through the Security Clearance, Suitability, and Credentialing Performance Accountability Council (PAC).
The PAC is spearheading several transformative re- forms through the Trusted Workforce 2.0 initiative that will introduce continuous vetting, reduce the time required to conduct background checks for new hires, and improve the mobility of the work- force, all while ensuring the Nation’s security.
Promoting Public Trust in the Federal Government As the President has said, “[w]e have to prove to the American people that their [g]overnment can deliver for them...” The Administration is making important progress in promoting trust in government, and the Budget advances these efforts.

Recommitting to Good Government.


As part of the Administration’s commitment to good government, Federal agencies are working with external stakeholders and their own workforces to develop goals and track progress to improve the delivery of government services in key pri- ority areas.

As the President’s Management Agenda takes shape and agency goals are es- tablished and pursued, the public will be able to follow progress on Performance.gov, which will be updated quarterly.
By being clear about the Administration’s goals, showing the public plans to get there, and being transparent about results, the Administration will continue building trust with the American public.

Ensuring Effective Implementation of COVID-19 Pandemic Relief Funds and Stewardship of Taxpayer Resources.
The Administration will administer COVID-19 BuDgeT OF The u. S. gOVeRNMeNT FOR FISCAL YeAR 2022 31 pandemic relief funding—including funding pro- vided through the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (the American Rescue Plan)—with maxi- mum accountability and transparency and a fo- cus on achieving results.

This requires design- ing programs and service delivery models that achieve equitable results while promoting trans- parency and supporting long-term outcomes that benefit the American people.
These goals can be achieved while minimizing burden to agencies and recipients through sound financial manage- ment, a focus on program integrity, and accurate and timely reporting on data about the use of tax- payer funds.

Fostering Scientific Integrity and Evi- dence-Based Decision-Making.

The President has made clear that it is the policy of this Administration to make decisions guided by the best available science and data.
On January 27, 2021, when signing a Presidential Memorandum charging agencies to advance scientific integrity and evidence-based policymaking, the President committed that his Administration would “pro- tect our world-class scientists from political in- terference and ensure they can think, research, and speak freely and directly to me, the Vice President, and the American people.” evidence- based policy-making and program evaluation are critical in addressing systemic inequities and injustices and maintaining the public’s trust.
The Administration’s commitment to evidence- based policy-making and program evaluation is reflected in the prioritization and design of the Budget’s historic investments in addressing cli- mate change, environmental justice, health se- curity, and pandemic preparedness and will be equally central to implementing these initia- tives.

Agencies’ Learning Agendas and Annual evaluation Plans should reflect their plans to build evidence in these and other priority areas.
Delivering Government Services Effectively and Efficiently Improving Customer Experience.

The Federal government administers a wide array of programs on behalf of the American people, but implementation efforts often fail to adopt a human, customer-focused mindset—preventing these programs from reaching all those they are intended to benefit and serve.
The Administration is implementing a comprehensive approach to improving the access, equity, and overall deliv- ery of Federal services, which includes improving customer experience management.

The Budget supports the Nation’s highest impact service pro- viders across a variety of agencies to deliver on their annual Customer experience Action Plans.
This includes, for example: increasing the use of remote inspection capabilities to enable fami- lies to send the Federal emergency Management Agency digital video and images of disaster property damage for verification and validation; making it possible for individuals to request a call back, rather than waiting on the phone, for more Internal Revenue Service functions; collect- ing customer feedback on interactions with the Transportation Security Administration from passengers that experience secondary screen- ing; and adapting the design of new “journey to discharge” approaches at the Veterans health Administration for patient information to reduce preventable adverse events within three weeks of discharge.
Delivering Better Services through Design and Technology.

Too often, outdated tools, systems, and practices make interacting with the Federal government cumbersome and frustrating.

The COVID-19 pandemic laid bare and exacerbated the government’s technology and service delivery challenges in a time of imme- diate need.
Recognizing this, the Administration requested and received $200 million through the American Rescue Plan for the united States Digital Service (uSDS) for a multiyear invest- ment in the uSDS mission to use design and tech- nology to deliver better services to the American people.
uSDS quickly deployed teams of seasoned operational engineers, service designers, product managers, and procurement experts to bring best practices and new approaches to these technology challenges, ensure access and equity are integrat- ed into products and processes, and help agencies modernize their systems for long-term stability.
uSDS is integrally engaged on American Rescue Plan projects and Administration priorities for 32 DeLIVeRINg ReSuLTS FOR ALL AMeRICANS COVID-19 pandemic vaccines and testing, eco- nomic rescue and recovery, environmental justice, and immigration reform.

Enhancing Federal IT and Cybersecurity Modernizing Federal IT Systems.
In a world of constantly evolving technology and ex- panding cybersecurity threats, the Administration recognizes the critical need for additional invest- ment in enhancing Federal IT to improve ser- vice delivery to the American public.

To sup- port agencies as they modernize, strengthen, and secure outdated information systems, the Budget includes $500 million for the Technology Modernization Fund (TMF).
This builds on the substantial down-payment provided by the Congress in the American Rescue Plan to address urgent IT modernization challenges, bolster cy- bersecurity defenses, and improve the delivery of COVID-19 pandemic relief.

The TMF would continue to serve as the predominant vehicle for delivering improvements to public-facing digital services, enhancements to cross-government col- laboration, and modern technology designed with security and privacy in mind.
cybersecurity practices, implement supply chain risk management programs, develop coordinated vulnerability disclosure programs, and improve cyber threat intelligence analysis.

The Budget also provides $15 million to support the Office of the National Cyber Director established in the William M. (Mac) Thornberry National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021.

Improving the Federal IT Workforce.


To support the Federal IT and cybersecurity portfo- lio, the Budget proposes to identify and address critical skills gaps across the IT and cybersecu- rity workforce.

The Budget invests in innovative programs that improve the government’s ability to recruit, retain, and train a workforce that can build, maintain, and secure Federal information and information systems.
The Administration is focused on continuing the use of reskilling and upskilling training programs to address critical knowledge skills gaps by reinvesting in existing employees.

Moreover, the American Rescue Plan includes resources for uSDS and CISA to hire in- formation technology and cybersecurity experts.

Ensuring the Future Is Made in All of America by All of America’s Workers Bolstering Federal Cybersecurity.
Cyber- security will continue to be a key focus in pro- tecting this Nation’s security, and recent, sig- nificant cybersecurity incidents highlight the long-standing need to modernize Federal IT systems and augment cybersecurity capabili- ties.
The Budget contains $9.8 billion in cyber- security funding to secure Federal civilian net- works, protect the Nation’s infrastructure, and support efforts to share information, standards, and best practices with critical infrastructure partners and American businesses.

This fund- ing includes $110 million for the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) and $750 million to agencies affected by recent, sig- nificant cyber incidents to address exigent gaps in security capability.
These resources would better enable Federal agencies to protect technol- ogy and safeguard citizen’s sensitive information from the threats posed by cyber criminals and adversaries.

Agencies will continue to improve Supporting America’s Workers and Amer- ica’s Clean Energy Future through Federal Contracting.
The Administration will leverage over $600 billion in annual Federal contracting and other Federal assistance—nearly $260 bil- lion of which is spent on manufactured goods each year—to provide good-quality jobs to American workers in manufacturing by strengthening do- mestic sourcing requirements.
This includes the establishment of a Made in America Office within the Office of Management and Budget that works with the Office of Federal Procurement Policy to ensure taxpayer dollars support American manu- facturing.

Agencies will also leverage their vast buying power to advance racial equity using pro- curement strategies to expand and strengthen the government’s contracting base, especially in underserved communities, and drive forward America’s clean energy future.
For example, the Budget invests $600 million to assist agen- cies in transitioning to clean and zero-emission BuDgeT OF The u. S. gOVeRNMeNT FOR FISCAL YeAR 2022 33 vehicles for government fleets and associated in- frastructure, leading the way for a cleaner trans- portation network across America.
The President also issued an executive Order on April 27, 2021 requiring Federal contractors pay their employ- ees—hundreds of thousands of workers who are working on Federal contracts—a minimum wage of at least $15 per hour.
These workers are criti- cal to the functioning of the Federal government: from cleaning professionals and maintenance workers who ensure Federal employees have safe and clean places to work; to nursing assistants who care for the Nation’s veterans; to cafeteria and other food service workers who ensure mili- tary members have healthy and nutritious food to eat; to laborers who build and repair Federal infrastructure.

Providing for a Modern and Diverse Federal Acquisition System.
The Federal government’s ability to effectively meet its many missions requires support from a diverse and resilient contractor base of small, medium, and large entities that consistently produce high-quality products and services with strong customer satisfaction.
The purchasing power of the Federal government has the potential to have a transformative impact on women-, vet- eran-, and minority-owned small businesses and create generational wealth for business owners from traditionally underserved communities.

To meet this dual challenge, the Administration will pursue agile, innovative, outcome-based, and equity-focused, acquisition processes.
This will include a dedicated effort to eliminate bar- riers that small businesses in underserved com- munities face when competing for contracts.

In addition, the Administration will provide the acquisition workforce with supplier and market intelligence data at the point of need, so they can work productively with contractors from across the Nation to achieve more for each taxpayer dol- lar by, among other things, promoting buying as an organized entity and using strategic business practices.
Additional emphasis will be placed on partnering with entities that leverage domestic supply chains, and sources that apply climate- friendly and sustainable practices.

Summary Tables 35 Table S–1.

Budget Totals (In billions of dollars and as a percent of GDP) 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 Totals 2022- 2026 2022- 2031 Budget totals in billions of dollars: Receipts .......................................................................
Outlays ........................................................................ Deficit 1 ..................................................................... Debt held by the public ............................................... Debt held by the public net of financial assets .......... 21,017 18,024 24,167 21,684 26,265 23,520 27,683 24,892 29,062 26,250 30,539 27,720 31,958 29,134 33,266 30,437 34,691 31,860 35,996 33,167 37,481 34,643 39,059 36,216 Gross domestic product (GDP) ....................................... 21,000 22,030 23,500 24,563 25,537 26,516 27,533 28,590 29,697 30,867 32,094 33,391 Budget totals as a percent of GDP: Receipts .......................................................................
Outlays ........................................................................ Deficit ....................................................................... Debt held by the public ............................................... 100.1% 109.7% 111.8% 112.7% 113.8% 115.2% 116.1% 116.4% 116.8% 116.6% 116.8% 117.0% 85.8% 98.4% 100.1% 101.3% 102.8% 104.5% 105.8% 106.5% 107.3% 107.5% 107.9% 108.5% Debt held by the public net of financial assets ..........
Memorandum, real net interest: Real net interest in billions of dollars ........................ Real net interest as a percent of GDP ........................ *0.05 percent of GDP or less.

1 The estimated deficit for 2021 is based on partial year actual data and generally incorporates actuals through March.

–36 0.6% –0.2% –0.6% –0.8% –0.7% –0.5% –0.3% –0.1% –139 –136 –186 –189 –53 134 –86 9 * 50 0.2% 108 0.3% 164 –442 –737 0.5% –0.6% –0.2% B U D G E T O F T H E U .

S .
S .

G O V E R N M E N T F O R F I S C A L Y E A R 2 0 2 2 3 7 Table S–2.

Effect of Budget Proposals on Projected Deficits (Deficit increases (+) or decreases (–) in billions of dollars) 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 Projected deficits in the baseline ..........................................
Percent of GDP .......................................................................... Proposals in the 2022 Budget: 3,129 1,660 14.9% 16.7% 7.3% 4.7% 4.2% 4.4% 4.0% 4.0% 4.5% 4.2% 4.7% 5.0% 1,115 1,148 3,670 1,176 1,068 1,719 1,291 1,517 1,348 1,134 Enact the American Jobs Plan .................................................
Enact the American Families Plan .......................................... ......... ......... ......... –1 Restore non-defense discretionary spending and provide robust funding for national defense 1 ................................... Debt service and other interest effects .................................... ......... ......... ......... –* 84 16 19 * 92 79 53 * 141 88 59 3 152 78 56 9 177 53 54 15 110 –9 48 22 Total proposals in the 2022 Budget ....................................... ......... –1 118 224 291 294 299 170 28 –17 –35 –9 –87 –5 –133 –2 40 25 76 32 27 15 23 30 10 31 Totals 2022- 2026 2022- 2031 6,226 13,176 645 312 241 27 529 270 393 163 –40 –93 1,226 1,355 Resulting deficits in the 2022 Budget ...................................
Percent of GDP ..........................................................................
Memorandum: Enact the American Jobs Plan and the American Families Cumulative Totals 2022- 2036 2022- 2041 Plan, second decade effect ..................................................... Total proposals in the 2022 Budget, second decade effect ...... *$500 million or less 1 Includes mandatory effects of discretionary policy and other conforming technical adjustments –165 –126 –217 –183 –228 –198 –238 –213 –248 –229 –260 –246 –272 –264 –285 –282 –299 –302 –313 –323 –297 406 –1,726 –1,012 3 8 S U M M A R Y T A B L E S Table S–3.
Baseline by Category 1 (In billions of dollars) 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 Totals 2022- 2026 2022- 2031 Outlays: Discretionary programs: Defense ................................................................................. Non-defense .......................................................................... Subtotal, discretionary programs .....................................
Mandatory programs: Social Security ....................................................................... Medicare ................................................................................ Medicaid ................................................................................ Other mandatory programs .................................................. Subtotal, mandatory programs ........................................ Net interest ............................................................................... Total outlays .......................................................................... Receipts: Individual income taxes ............................................................
Corporation income taxes ......................................................... 1,609 212 1,704 268 2,005 266 2,174 367 2,210 412 2,347 432 2,646 425 2,852 424 2,986 433 3,128 432 3,275 433 3,431 11,382 27,053 4,062 1,902 438 Social insurance and retirement receipts: Social Security payroll taxes ................................................ Medicare payroll taxes .......................................................... Unemployment insurance ..................................................... Other retirement ...................................................................
Excise taxes ............................................................................... Estate and gift taxes ................................................................. Customs duties ..........................................................................
Deposits of earnings, Federal Reserve System ........................ Other miscellaneous receipts ................................................... Total receipts ......................................................................... Deficit ........................................................................................... 3,129 3,670 1,719 1,148 1,068 1,176 1,115 1,134 1,348 1,291 1,517 1,660 6,226 13,176 Net interest ............................................................................... Primary deficit .......................................................................... 345 2,784 303 3,367 305 1,414 319 829 365 703 436 739 509 606 581 553 649 699 717 574 798 718 883 778 1,935 4,291 5,563 7,613 3,597 On-budget deficit ....................................................................... 73 Off-budget deficit/surplus (–) .................................................... 1 Baseline estimates are on the basis of the economic assumptions shown in Table
 S-9, which incorporate the effects of the Administration’s fiscal policies.
1,122 226 1,041 135 1,021 270 1,670 48 1,074 74 3,142 –13 938 195 969 99 955 160 1,205 312 1,307 354 5,710 11,303 1,873 516 B U D G E T O F T H E U .

S .

G O V E R N M E N T F O R F I S C A L Y E A R 2 0 2 2 3 9 Table S–4.
Proposed Budget by Category (In billions of dollars) 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 Totals 2022- 2026 2022- 2031 Outlays: Discretionary programs: Defense ................................................................................. Non-defense .......................................................................... Subtotal, discretionary programs .....................................
Mandatory programs: Social Security ....................................................................... Medicare ................................................................................ Medicaid ................................................................................ Other mandatory programs .................................................. Subtotal, mandatory programs ........................................ Net interest ............................................................................... Total outlays .......................................................................... Receipts: Individual income taxes ............................................................
Corporation income taxes ......................................................... 1,609 212 1,705 268 2,039 371 2,242 577 2,288 649 2,436 673 2,676 664 2,896 666 3,044 679 3,194 678 3,354 681 3,526 11,680 27,694 6,330 2,933 693 Social insurance and retirement receipts: Social Security payroll taxes ................................................ Medicare payroll taxes .......................................................... Unemployment insurance ..................................................... Other retirement ...................................................................
Excise taxes ............................................................................... Estate and gift taxes ................................................................. Customs duties ..........................................................................
Deposits of earnings, Federal Reserve System ........................ Other miscellaneous receipts ................................................... Total receipts ......................................................................... Deficit ........................................................................................... 3,129 3,669 1,837 1,372 1,359 1,470 1,414 1,303 1,424 1,307 1,477 1,568 7,452 14,531 Net interest ............................................................................... Primary deficit .......................................................................... On-budget deficit ....................................................................... Off-budget deficit/surplus (–) .................................................... 345 2,784 3,142 – 219
5,490 5,726 8,805 1,260 154 1,115 189 1,205 219 1,045 262 1,174 303 1,223 345 6,956 12,718 1,813 496 4 0 S U M M A R Y T A B L E S Table S–5.
Proposed Budget by Category as a Percent of GDP (As a percent of GDP) 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 Averages 2022- 2026 2022- 2031 Outlays: Discretionary programs: Defense ................................................................................. Non-defense .......................................................................... Subtotal, discretionary programs .....................................
Mandatory programs: Social Security ....................................................................... Medicare ................................................................................ Medicaid ................................................................................ Other mandatory programs .................................................. Subtotal, mandatory programs ........................................ Net interest ............................................................................... Total outlays .......................................................................... Receipts: Individual income taxes ............................................................
Corporation income taxes ......................................................... Social insurance and retirement receipts: Social Security payroll taxes ................................................ Medicare payroll taxes .......................................................... Unemployment insurance ..................................................... Other retirement ...................................................................
Excise taxes ............................................................................... Estate and gift taxes ................................................................. Customs duties ..........................................................................
Deposits of earnings, Federal Reserve System ........................ Other miscellaneous receipts ................................................... Total receipts ......................................................................... 3.4 4.3 7.7 5.2 3.7 2.2 10.8 21.8 1.6 31.2 7.7 1.0 4.6 1.4 0.2 * 0.4 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.2 16.3 3.3 4.4 7.7 5.2 3.2 2.4 13.1 23.8 1.4 32.9 7.7 1.2 4.3 1.3 0.2 * 0.3 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.2 16.3 Deficit ........................................................................................... 14.9 16.7 Net interest ............................................................................... Primary deficit .......................................................................... On-budget deficit ....................................................................... Off-budget deficit/surplus (–) .................................................... *0.05 percent of GDP or less.
1.6 13.3 15.0 –0.1 1.4 15.3 16.3 0.3 3.2 4.0 7.2 5.1 3.3 2.4 6.3 17.1 1.3 25.6 8.7 1.6 4.4 1.5 0.3 * 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.2 17.8 7.8 1.3 6.5 7.6 0.2 3.1 3.8 6.9 5.1 3.4 2.4 5.4 16.3 1.3 24.5 9.1 2.3 4.4 1.6 0.2 * 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.2 18.9 5.6 1.3 4.3 5.3 0.3 3.0 3.6 6.6 5.2 3.3 2.4 5.3 16.2 1.4 24.2 9.0 2.5 4.4 1.6 0.2 * 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.2 18.9 5.3 1.4 3.9 5.0 0.4 3.0 3.4 6.4 5.3 3.6 2.4 5.1 16.4 1.7 24.5 9.2 2.5 4.4 1.6 0.2 * 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.2 19.0 5.5 1.7 3.9 5.1 0.5 2.9 3.3 6.3 5.4 3.7 2.4 4.8 16.3 1.9 24.5 9.7 2.4 4.4 1.6 0.2 * 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 19.4 5.1 1.9 3.2 4.6 0.6 2.9 3.2 6.1 5.5 3.8 2.4 4.3 16.1 2.1 24.3 10.1 2.3 4.4 1.6 0.2 * 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 19.7 4.6 2.1 2.5 3.9 0.7 2.8 3.2 6.0 5.6 4.1 2.5 4.1 16.4 2.3 24.6 10.3 2.3 4.4 1.6 0.2 * * 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.2 18.8 5.9 1.5 4.4 5.5 0.4 2.9 3.4 6.2 5.5 3.7 2.4 4.7 16.3 2.0 24.5 9.7 2.2 4.4 1.6 0.2 * 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.2 19.3 5.2 2.0 3.3 4.6 0.6 B U D G E T O F T H E U .
S .

G O V E R N M E N T F O R F I S C A L Y E A R 2 0 2 2 4 1 Table S–6.

Mandatory and Receipt Proposals (Deficit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars) 4 2 Totals 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2022–2026 2022–2031 American Jobs Plan Build world-class transportation infrastructure: Transform our crumbling transportation infrastructure: Repair roads and bridges ...........................................
Improve road safety for all users ..............................

Modernize public transit ............................................

Invest in reliable passenger and freight rail ............

Create good jobs electrifying vehicles: Spark widespread adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) ...................................................................

Invest in electric school buses ...............................
Improve ports, waterways, and airports: Invest in ports ........................................................ Make our airports the best in the world ...............

Improve coastal ports and inland waterways .......
Invest in the Federally owned Land Ports of ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 1,235 3,488 2,328 3,200 5 3,460 1,411 6,436 3,800 13,468 4,000 25,971 4,000 26,612 2,000 25,397 800 20,952 200 13,685 ......... 1,723 ......... 48,998 17,000 137,367 20,000 95 4,145 1,406 310 4,455 1,060 680 4,630 635 1,090 4,270 ......... 1,360 1,705 ......... 1,230 615 ......... 855 335 ......... 375 150 ......... 1,090 17,925 8,000 6,000 25,000 8,000 250 515 750 765 475 150 ......... ......... 1,610 3,000 1,860 2,658 2,684 4,496 3,575 6,185 4,104 7,058 3,868 7,133 3,219 5,878 2,244 4,118 1,242 2,636 9,319 14,720 23,996 41,543 ......... 17,104 34,349 51,310 68,287 91,528 89,235 75,454 59,249 40,848 19,099 262,578 546,463 Entry portfolio .................................................... 80 Redress historic inequities and build the future of transportation infrastructure: 964 1,014 Restore and reconnect thriving communities .......
Accelerate transformational projects .................... Total, transform our crumbling transportation infrastructure ................................................. ......... ......... 236 367 ......... 15 Make our infrastructure more resilient: Safeguard critical infrastructure and services: Enhance electric grid resilience, including cyber ... ......... 40 180 420 600 460 190 30 228 30 240 30 240 30 120 30 ......... 30 ......... 80 30 48 30 30 12 ......... ......... 1,700 2,000 Urban Heat Stress: Map heat stress .......................................................... Mitigate heat stress ................................................... ......... ......... Community health and hospital resilience: Increase resilience of hospitals and critical infrastructure ......................................................... Fund health emergency preparedness ......................
Build resilience against climate effects .................... ......... ......... ......... 30 120 270 22 68 30 192 580 195 145 90 20 22 60 8 15 ......... 5 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........
Maximize the resilience of land and water resources to protect communities and the environment: Ecosystem resilience, green infrastructure, and conservation on Federal, Tribal and partner lands: Deploy green and conservation-based infrastructure .....................................................

Invest in Tribal fuels management .......................

Invest in natural resource restoration grants and partnerships .......................................................
Improve coastal resilience ..................................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 30 ......... 250 ......... ......... ......... 250 150 1,020 1,000 250 250 4,200 650 2,800 1,250 300 1,200 1,000 250 250 6,000 1,000 4,000 2,500 S U M M A R Y T A B L E S Table S–6.
Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued (Deficit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars) Increase the resilience of large landscape ecosystems .......................................................... Increase western water resilience ......................... ......... ......... 400 300 400 500 400 500 400 500 400 500 400 200 400 ......... 200 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 2,000 2,300 3,000 2,500 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2022–2026 2022–2031 Community resilience and equity: Support disadvantaged community investment in hazard mitigation projects, including incentives for building above existing codes and standards: Totals Invest in disadvantaged communities through the Building Resilient Infrastructure in Communities grant program .............................
Provide Community Development Block Grants ......... ......... ......... ......... for resilience ....................................................... ......... 5 165 340 Invest in a National resilient communities challenge .............................................................

Improve transportation infrastructure resilience (PROTECT grants) ............................................
Flood and drought resilience for vulnerable communities: ......... ......... ......... 21 91 75 262 425 40 435 197 613 300 470 320 825 Establish an affordability program for the National Flood Insurance Program .................. ......... 194 235 349 400 471 Invest in watershed protection and flood prevention ........................................................... .........
Invest in technology to increase drought resilience for agricultural producers ................. ......... Support agriculture resource management and improve irrigation for Tribes and insular areas .... .........
Provide pre-development grants for resilient 5 18 50 infrastructure ..................................................... ......... 140 Provide community transition and relocation assistance ........................................................... ......... ......... ......... ......... 260 ......... ......... ......... ......... 1,740 2,000 320 200 80 ......... ......... 1,400 2,000 Support resilience tools to build back better: Hazard mapping: Update flood and hazard maps in disadvantaged communities ..........................
Expand ocean and coastal mapping ..................

Improve digital high-resolution elevation ......... ......... 60 50 105 50 105 50 30 50 ......... 50 ......... 50 ......... 50 ......... 50 ......... 50 ......... 50 collection mapping ......................................... .........

Improve climate forecast capabilities and information products for the public and monitoring the impacts of climate change: ......... ......... 40 40 50 40 30 ......... ......... .........
Provide localized information to help communities respond to climate change ....... .........

Improve local air and water quality monitoring/modeling ......................................

Develop decision support tools ..........................
Invest in resilience financing mechanisms ....... ......... ......... ......... 32 20 50 70 80 32 50 200 128 38 50 200 160 40 50 200 160 40 50 200 128 20 50 130 80 32 ......... ......... 8 50 ......... 2 50 ......... ......... 50 ......... ......... 50 ......... 300 250 200 560 170 250 870 300 500 200 800 200 500 1,000 Total, make our infrastructure more resilient ....................................................... Total, build world-class transportation ......... 2,829 5,564 6,466 7,568 8,048 6,729 4,806 3,415 2,074 1,747 30,475 49,246 infrastructure ......................................... ......... 19,933 39,913 57,776 75,855 99,576 95,964 80,260 62,664 42,922 20,846 293,053 595,709 B U D G E T O F T H E U .
S .

G O V E R N M E N T F O R F I S C A L Y E A R 2 0 2 2 4 3 Table S–6.
Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued (Deficit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars) 4 4 Totals Rebuild clean drinking water infrastructure, a renewed electrical grid, and high-speed broadband to all Americans: Ensure clean, safe drinking water is a right in all communities: 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2022–2026 2022–2031 Replace 100 percent of the Nation’s lead service lines .........................................................................
Invest in Rural Clean Water infrastructure .............
Tackle new contaminants, including polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) ................................................. Upgrade and modernize America’s drinking water, wastewater, and stormwater systems ................... Total, ensure clean, safe drinking water is a right in all communities .............................................. Digital infrastructure, adoption, and affordability ...... Reenergize America’s power infrastructure: Invest in hydrogen, carbon capture, and sequestration capacity ...........................................
Provide clean energy block grants for early action ....

Provide community solar and storage assistance .... Remediate and redevelop brownfield sites ............... Mobilize the Civilian Climate Corps .........................

Expand the Public Works Program at the Economic Development Administration ................................

Expand rural Main Street revitalization grants ......

Provide Main Street grants to small communities ....
Provide support for biofuels ....................................... Support economic development in Appalachian Expand the Environmental Justice Small Grants program ..................................................................

Invest in lead remediation and healthy homes ........

Provide grants to convert and retool manufacturing facilities ..................................................................
Provide grants to replace leaking natural gas distribution lines .................................................... Reclaim abandoned mines and wells ........................

Accelerate clean energy support to rural co-ops .......
Employ electrical workers upgrading the grid ......... Increase adoption of net-zero agriculture technology ... Total, reenergize America’s power infrastructure Total, rebuild clean drinking water infrastructure, a renewed electrical grid, and high-speed broadband to all Americans ......... ......... 4,500 195 7,200 260 8,550 650 9,000 1,300 9,000 1,755 4,500 2,340 1,800 ......... 450 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 38,250 4,160 45,000 6,500 ......... 350 560 665 700 700 350 140 35 ......... ......... 2,975 3,500 ......... 5,600 8,960 10,640 11,200 11,200 5,600 2,240 560 ......... ......... 47,600 56,000 ......... ......... 10,645 13,000 16,980 48,000 20,505 23,000 22,200 8,000 22,655 8,000 12,790 ......... 4,180 ......... 1,045 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 92,985 100,000 111,000 100,000 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 380 1,500 100 500 1,000 227 38 ......... ......... 174 500 438 670 2,430 3,500 ......... 1,000 2,000 300 22 62 ......... 188 500 564 200 800 1,500 ......... 500 1,000 45 ......... 55 ......... 194 250 582 450 500 ......... 200 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 132 100 534 100 ......... ......... 50 .........
 ......... ......... ......... ......... 64 25 360 50 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 7,900 18,000 1,000 4,250 9,000 1,455 250 196 1,000 9,300 20,000 1,000 5,000 10,000 1,500 250 251 1,000 26 12 566 994 ......... 162 ......... 36 2,125 1,320 2,500 2,994 90 ......... ......... ......... ......... 1,910 2,000 430 1,440 3,200 1,080 194 15,354 580 2,400 1,800 2,520 104 18,968 620 2,880 1,200 3,600 105 21,328 180 3,200 1,400 2,760 129 18,435 40 2,560 ......... 1,140 115 8,871 ......... 1,760 ......... 480 85 4,241 ......... 800 ......... 180 56 1,635 ......... 320 ......... ......... 22 580 ......... ......... ......... ......... 10 58 1,960 10,560 10,000 10,200 704 82,396 2,000 16,000 10,000 12,000 992 97,781 ......... 31,956 80,334 62,473 51,528 49,090 21,661 8,421 2,680 580 58 275,381 308,781 communities ........................................................... ......... S U M M A R Y T A B L E S Table S–6.
Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued (Deficit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars) 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2022–2026 2022–2031 Totals Build, preserve, and retrofit more than two million homes and commercial buildings; modernize our Nation’s schools, community colleges, and early learning facilities; and upgrade veterans’ hospitals and Federal buildings: Build, preserve, and retrofit more than two million homes and commercial buildings to address the affordable housing crisis: ......... ......... .........
Capitalize a clean energy accelerator .......................

Provide efficiency/electrification block grants ..........

Expand weatherization .............................................. Retrofit Housing and Urban Development 27,000 1,600 1,750 ......... 2,800 5,050 ......... 2,900 3,400 ......... 3,200 6,100 ......... 1,600 1,200 ......... 700 ......... ......... 200 ......... multifamily properties ...........................................
Expand the Capital Magnet Fund ............................ Increase the Housing Trust Fund ............................. Support housing and community development in Indian Country .......................................................

Provide project-based rental assistance ....................

Invest in the public housing stock ............................. Construct housing for the elderly ..............................
Stimulate additional rural housing grants, loans, ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... and loan guarantees ............................................... Incentivize zoning reform ..........................................

Invest in Home Online Performance-Based Energy- Efficiency (HOPE) for homes .................................
Provide HOME grants ............................................... Total, build, preserve, and retrofit more than two million homes and commercial buildings to address the affordable housing crisis ................
Modernize our Nation’s schools and early learning facilities: ......... ......... ......... ......... 55 2,400 ......... ......... 8,640 20 ......... 8,820 370 200 800 370 ......... 960 1,200 6,475 342 200 400 342 ......... 670 600 5,985 ......... ......... ......... 10 ......... 7,740 266 200 ......... 266 ......... 320 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 4,860 160 200 ......... 160 ......... 140 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 2,160 72 200 ......... 72 ......... 30 200 4,655 ......... 2,800 ......... 1,260 27,000 12,100 17,500 425 12,000 12,330 750 930 38,800 750 2,000 2,870 8,000 13,125 27,000 13,000 17,500 500 12,000 44,550 1,960 1,930 40,000 1,960 2,000 4,990 10,000 34,300 ......... 35,464 25,732 32,828 28,230 26,326 19,760 17,579 13,657 8,320 3,794 148,580 211,690 Invest in child care infrastructure ............................
Invest in community college infrastructure .............
Invest in K–12 school infrastructure ........................ Total, modernize our Nation’s schools and early ......... ......... ......... 2,500 240 1,000 4,000 888 3,700 4,750 2,064 8,600 5,000 2,400 10,000 5,000 2,400 10,000 2,500 2,160 9,000 1,000 1,512 6,300 250 336 1,400 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 21,250 7,992 33,300 25,000 12,000 50,000 learning facilities ............................................... ......... 3,740 8,588 15,414 17,400 17,400 13,660 8,812 1,986 ......... ......... 62,542 87,000 Upgrade Federal hospitals and buildings: Invest in the General Service Administration Federal Buildings portfolio .................................... ......... 100 450 850 1,000 1,000 900 550 150 ......... ......... 3,400 5,000 Establish and capitalize the Federal Capital Revolving Fund ...................................................... ......... 966 2,264 1,132 133 –133 117 –150 67 –13 –90 4,362 4,293 Veterans Affairs facility maintenance and modernization to deliver 21st Century care: Recapitalize long-term facilities ............................
Perform short-term upgrades to facilities ............. Total, upgrade Federal hospitals and buildings ......... ......... ......... Total, build, preserve, and retrofit more than two million homes and commercial buildings; aodernize our Nation’s schools, community colleges, and early learning facilities; and upgrade veterans’ hospitals and Federal buildings ................................ ......... 40,898 37,568 50,756 51,134 48,897 39,039 28,862 16,395 8,602 3,832 229,253 325,983 B U D G E T O F T H E U .
S .

G O V E R N M E N T F O R F I S C A L Y E A R 2 0 2 2 4 5 Table S–6.
Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued (Deficit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars) 4 6 Totals Solidify the infrastructure of our care economy by creating jobs and raising wages and benefits for essential home care workers: 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2022–2026 2022–2031 Expand Medicaid home and community based services and strengthen the home care workforce ................. Total, solidify the infrastructure of our care economy by creating jobs and raising wages and benefits for essential home care workers .............. ......... 53,000 53,000 53,000 53,000 53,000 44,000 36,000 27,000 18,000 10,000 265,000 400,000 ......... 53,000 53,000 53,000 53,000 53,000 44,000 36,000 27,000 18,000 10,000 265,000 400,000 240 360 560 29,500 40,000 18,030 30,000 30,960 50,000 Invest in research and development (R&D), revitalize manufacturing and small businesses, and train Americans for the jobs of the future: Invest in R&D and the technologies of the future: Advance U.S. leadership in critical technologies and upgrade America’s research infrastructure: Fund research infrastructure, including Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCU) set-aside ............................................... Increase research and development for existing ......... 2,000 5,800 7,200 7,400 7,100 5,540 2,740 1,340 programs ............................................................. ......... 600 2,100 3,600 5,100 6,630 6,090 3,090 1,590 Transform the National Science Foundation by
 640 840 6,400 8,600 10,760 9,720 4,920 2,520 1,320 adding a technology directorate ........................ 4,000 Establish the United States as a leader in climate science, innovation, and R&D: 400 Increase climate-focused research ........................ Increase demonstration funding at energy 1,200 ......... ......... 100 800 1,250 1,230 630 330 180 80 ......... 3,780 5,000 programs ............................................................. ......... 500 1,250 3,250 4,000 3,750 1,750 500 ......... ......... ......... 12,750 15,000 Launch Advanced Research Projects Agency- Climate ............................................................... 2,400 .........
Eliminate racial and gender inequities in research and development and science, technology, engineering, and math: 2,100 3,000 3,000 2,700 600 900 300 ......... ......... 11,400 15,000 Fund research and development grants at HBCUs/ Minority Serving Institutions (MSIs) ..................
Create Science, Technology, Engineering, Math (STEM) centers of excellence ............................. Fund STEM education and training ..................... Total, invest in R&D and the technologies of ......... ......... ......... the future ........................................................ ......... 5,560 17,550 27,070 33,630 37,908 31,076 14,986 7,216 3,556 1,448 121,718 180,000 Retool and revitalize American manufacturers and small businesses: Strengthen manufacturing supply chains for critical goods: Create a Critical Supply Chain Resilience Fund ...
Provide incentives for semiconductor manufacturing and research .............................

Prepare Americans for future pandemics .............
Prepare Americans for future pandemics– Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) (non-add) �������������������������������������������� Prepare Americans for future pandemics– ......... 5,000 10,000 20,000 10,000 5,000 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 50,000 50,000 ......... ......... 750 1,650 4,000 6,485 7,750 7,145 12,000 7,520 13,000 5,815 8,500 995 4,000 390 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 37,500 28,615 50,000 30,000 ��������� 1,620 5,100 5,640 6,000 4,380 900 360 ��������� ��������� ��������� 22,740 24,000 Department of Defense (non-add) ������������������ ��������� ��������� 1,250 1,250 1,250 1,250 ��������� ��������� ��������� ��������� ��������� 5,000 5,000 Prepare Americans for future pandemics– Department of Energy (non-add) ������������������� ��������� 30 135 255 270 185 95 30 ��������� ��������� ��������� 875 1,000 S U M M A R Y T A B L E S Table S–6.
Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued (Deficit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars) 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2022–2026 2022–2031 Jumpstart clean energy manufacturing through Federal procurement: Procure advanced nuclear power ...................... Procure low carbon materials ............................ Electrify the Federal vehicle fleet and support the necessary charging infrastructure .......... Electrify the Postal Service fleet ....................... Procure carbon-free power and sustainable ......... ......... ......... ......... 100 400 250 800 150 1,800 250 2,200 250 800 500 800 500 2,900 1,000 ......... 2,500 3,000 1,000 ......... 1,250 3,000 1,000 ......... 250 2,400 1,000 ......... ......... 300 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 3,500 10,300 3,000 2,400 5,000 16,000 5,000 2,400 buildings ......................................................... ......... 400 2,000 3,200 4,000 4,000 3,600 2,000 800 ......... ......... 13,600 20,000 Totals Make it in all of America: Expand Manufacturing USA .............................
Invest in research at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) labs ........

Expand the Manufacturing Extension Partnership .....................................................

Establish regional innovation hubs ..................

Invest in a community revitalization fund ....... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... Increase access to capital for domestic manufacturers: Modernize the auto supply chain ......................
Establish a manufacturing financing facility ... Finance clean energy manufacturing ............... Increase business and industry guaranteed ......... ......... ......... 300 800 700 3,500 ......... 1,100 3,650 80 600 1,200 800 800 1,400 1,500 20 3,300 3,050 400 2,800 3,500 80 4,950 3,055 640 600 800 1,400 750 360 5,500 50 800 300 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 3,000 3,000 800 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 4,000 4,000 700 750 660 4,400 45 800 ......... ......... 1,020 2,200 40 720 ......... ......... 1,400 550 35 400 ......... ......... 1,920 ......... 30 160 ......... ......... 1,640 ......... 25 ......... ......... ......... 1,340 ......... 20 ......... 7,000 10,000 1,120 19,250 9,850 2,720 7,000 10,000 8,440 22,000 10,000 4,000 loans ................................................................ ......... 220 200 55 20 5 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 500 500 Increase biorefinery, renewable chemical and biobased product manufacturing .................. ......... 4,930 4,060 3,190 1,740 580 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 14,500 14,500 Support U.S. companies abroad and mobilize private sector investment to counter climate change–U.S.
Development Finance Corporation ..................................................... ......... 51 80 100 100 100 100 Develop vibrant global markets to support U. S. job creation–USAID Development Assistance Program ....................................... 32 Create a national network of small business incubators and innovation hubs: ......... 12 56 72 80 68 49 48 20 ......... ......... 431 600 24 8 ......... 252 400 Support small business manufacturing through the Small Business Administration ................ Support small business manufacturing ......... 1,500 1,875 2,250 2,625 3,750 4,875 6,000 7,125 ......... ......... 12,000 30,000 through the Minority Business Development Agency ............................................................ 100 Partner with rural and Tribal communities to create jobs and economic growth in rural America: 1,650 Create a new rural partnership fund ................ 1,050 1,500 ......... ......... 100 100 100 650 100 100 100 100 100 100 500 1,000 150 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 5,000 5,000 Total, retool and revitalize American manufacturers and small businesses ........ ......... 26,943 43,952 66,121 54,487 47,535 27,468 18,622 10,479 1,773 1,460 239,038 298,840 Invest in workforce development: Pair job creation efforts with next generation training programs: Scale Sectoral Employment through Career Training for Occupational Readiness (SECTOR) ........................................................... ......... ......... 196 1,288 1,944 2,200 2,372 2,400
 2,400 2,400 2,400 5,628 17,600 B U D G E T O F T H E U .
S .

G O V E R N M E N T F O R F I S C A L Y E A R 2 0 2 2 4 7 Table S–6.
Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued (Deficit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars) 4 8 Totals Provide Comprehensive Supports for Dislocated Workers (CSDW) ................................................ ......... 234 1,638 1,800 1,800 1,800 1,800 1,800 1,800 1,800 1,800 7,272 16,272 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2022–2026 2022–2031 Target workforce development opportunities in underserved communities: Support subsidized jobs ......................................... Support the phase out of 14(c) ...............................
Expand reentry training and violence prevention efforts ..................................................................
Invest in community violence intervention .......... Community violence intervention–Department of Justice (non-add) ���������������������������������������� Community violence intervention–HHS (non- ......... ......... ......... ......... 600 300 ......... ......... ��������� ��������� 600 400 45 15 8 400 400 70 100 50 add) ����������������������������������������������������������������� 50 Build the capacity of the existing workforce development and worker protection systems: 95 375 Expand adult education ......................................... Bolster Department of Labor enforcement ........... Bolster Equal Employment Opportunity 5 ......... ......... ......... 70 200 ��������� ��������� 8 Commission enforcement ................................... ......... ......... Bolster National Labor Relations Board enforcement ........................................................ ......... ......... 46 36 700 752 70 67 43 950 800 280 112 4,880 716 7,384 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 50 80 ......... ......... 1,269 Expand career pathways for middle and high school students ...................................................
Expand career services .......................................... Fund community college training partnerships ...
Scale Registered Apprenticeship and pre- apprenticeship .................................................... Total, invest in workforce development ............ Total, invest in R&D, revitalize manufacturing and small businesses, and train Americans for the jobs of the future Made in America Tax Plan: Prioritize clean energy: Eliminate fossil fuel tax preferences: Repeal enhanced oil recovery credit ...................... Repeal deduction for tertiary injectants ............... Repeal credit for oil and gas produced from marginal wells .................................................... Repeal expensing of intangible drilling costs ....... Repeal exemption to passive loss limitation for ......... 300 ......... 300 ......... 300 ......... ......... 33,772 66,382 100,575 97,100 95,290 68,953 44,182 28,669 16,579 14,017 393,119 565,519 ......... ......... –158 ......... –389 ......... –599 ......... –808 .........
 ......... ......... –39 –2,182 –100 –1,954 –128 –1,569 –116 –1,174 –951 ......... –78 –747 –988 ......... –38 –562 –980 ......... –14 –586 –975 ......... –3 –591 –974 ......... ......... –585 –976 ......... ......... –536 –2,905 ......... –461 –7,626 –7,798 ......... –516 –10,486 working interests in oil and natural gas .......... ......... –10 –10 –9 –9 –9 –8 –8 –8 –8 –7 –47 –86 Repeal percentage depletion for oil and natural gas wells ............................................................. ......... –678 –767 –794 –831 –890 –946 –996 –1,045 –1,093 –1,132 –3,960 –9,172 Repeal amortization of air pollution control equipment ........................................................... ......... –16 –39 –60 –80 –99 –117 –134 –132 –119 –105 –294 –901 S U M M A R Y T A B L E S Table S–6.
Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued (Deficit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars) Increase geological and geophysical amortization period for independent producer ....................... Repeal expensing of exploration and development costs .................................................................... Repeal percentage depletion for hard mineral fossil fuels ........................................................... Repeal capital gains treatment for royalties ........
Treat publicly traded partnerships as C 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2022–2026 2022–2031 Totals ......... –38 –139 –227 –247 –246 –242 –233 –217 –201 –195 –897 –1,985 ......... –190 –170 –136 –102 –65 –49 –51 –51 –51 –46 ......... ......... –97 –46 –110 –47 –114 –48 –119 –49 –127 –51 –136 –52 –142 –50 –149 –44 –156 –37 –161 –31 –663 –567 –241 –911 –1,311 –455 corporations ........................................................ ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... –83 –169 –216 –259 –300 ......... –1,027 Excise tax exemption for crude oil derived from bitumen and kerogen-rich rock ......................... Total, eliminate fossil fuel tax preferences ....... ......... ......... –31 –3,485 –39 –3,764 –39 –3,723 –39 –3,574 –39 –3,302 –40 –3,261 –41 –3,404 –41 –3,472 –42 –3,525 –44 –3,533 –187 –17,848 –395 –35,043 Extend and enhance renewable and alternative energy incentives: Extend and modify the Energy Investment Credit 1 ................................................................ ......... 1,397 5,767 26,324 30,423 31,149 35,455 26,833 23,061 18,540 11,642 95,060 210,591 Extend and modify the Renewable Energy Production Tax Credit 1 ...................................... ......... 2,059 2,106 937 1,429 1,903 2,780 4,606 6,267 7,730 8,802 8,434 38,619 Extend and modify the Residential Efficient Property Credit .................................................. Total, extend and enhance renewable and ......... 290 480 1,594 2,256 2,538 2,846 2,425 1,933 1,342
 392 7,158 16,096 alternative energy incentives ........................ ......... 3,746 8,353 28,855 34,108 35,590 41,081 33,864 31,261 27,612 20,836 110,652 265,306 Provide tax credit for electricity transmission investments 1 .......................................................... ......... 187 250 1,746 2,280 2,863 3,118 3,239 3,246 3,420 3,447 7,326 23,796 Provide allocated credit for electricity generation from existing nuclear power facilities 1 ................. ......... 750 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 4,750 9,750 Establish new tax credits for qualifying advanced energy manufacturing 1 .......................................... ......... 425 1,102 1,492 988 824 940 1,396 Establish tax credits for heavy- and medium-duty zero emission vehicles 1 ..........................................
Provide tax incentives for sustainable aviation fuel ......
Provide a production tax credit for low-carbon ......... ......... hydrogen 1 ............................................................... ......... ......... 117 5,364 3,505 10,644 6,636 5 ......... 1,129 4,128 Extend and enhance energy efficiency and electrification incentives: Extend and modify the nonbusiness energy property credit .................................................... ......... 532 1,806 2,460 1,940 1,056 634 ......... ......... ......... ......... 7,794 8,428 Extend and increase the tax credit for manufacturing credit for new energy efficient new homes ........................................................... .........
Extend and increase the commercial buildings deduction ............................................................ .........

Provide tax credits for the installation of mechanical insulation ........................................ Total, extend and enhance energy efficiency and electrification incentives .........................

Provide disaster mitigation tax credit ......................
Extend and enhance the Carbon Oxide ......... ......... ......... Sequestration Credit 1 ............................................ ......... B U D G E T O F T H E U .

S .
S .

G O V E R N M E N T F O R F I S C A L Y E A R 2 0 2 2 4 9 Revise the Global Minimum Tax regime, disallow deductions attributable to exempt income, and limit inversions ...................................................... Reform taxation of foreign fossil fuel income: Modify foreign oil and gas extraction income (FOGEI) and foreign oil related income (FORI) rules ....................................................................
Modify tax rule for dual capacity taxpayers ......... Total, reform taxation of foreign fossil fuel Table S–6.

Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued (Deficit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars) 5 0 Totals 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2022–2026 2022–2031 Extend and enhance the electric vehicle charging station credit 1 .........................................................

Modify Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund financing ......
Reinstate Superfund excise taxes ............................. Revenue effect of sparking widespread adoption of EVs ......................................................................... Total, prioritize clean energy ................................. ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... Reform corporate taxation: Increase the domestic corporate tax rate to 28 236 –38 –1,715 432 –51 –2,340 848 –53 –2,406 1,457 –53 –2,455 2,599 –53 –2,517 771 –53 –2,560 18 –53 –2,610 –26 –53 –2,670 –35 –53 –2,723 –33 –53 –2,787 10 2,099 32 9,249 66 33,696 113 40,286 178 44,927 267 50,463 409 38,742 647 32,580 1,022 30,076 1,584 25,141 5,572 –248 –11,433 399 130,257 6,267 –513 –24,783 4,328 307,259 percent .................................................................... ......... –51,127 –86,182 –88,059 –89,385 –91,784 –92,065 –90,730 –89,357 –88,798 –90,330 –406,537 –857,817 ......... –29,816 –51,386 –54,192 –57,030 –55,283 –54,699 –56,056 –56,988 –58,223 –59,830 –247,707 –533,503 ......... ......... –4,178 –48 –7,173 –123 –7,468 –128 –7,834 –134 –8,393 –143 –9,055 –154 –9,633 –10,051 –10,358 –10,638 –183 –165 –173 –178 –35,046 –576 –84,781 –1,429 –35,622 –86,210 income ............................................................. –4,226 Provide tax incentives for locating jobs and business activity in the United States and remove tax deductions for shipping jobs overseas: –7,596 –9,209 –7,968 –7,296 –8,536 ......... –9,798 –10,224 –10,536 –10,821 Provide tax credit for onshoring jobs to the United States
 .....................................................
Remove tax deductions for shipping jobs overseas ... Total, provide tax incentives for locating jobs and business activity in the United States and remove tax deductions for shipping jobs overseas ........................................................... Repeal deduction for Foreign Derived Intangible Income (FDII) and provide additional support for research and experimentation expenditures ........
Replace the Base Erosion Anti-Abuse Tax (BEAT) with the Stopping Harmful Inversions and Ending Low-Tax Developments (SHIELD) Rule .. Limit foreign tax credits for sales of hybrid entities Restrict deductions of excessive interest of members of financial reporting groups for disproportionate borrowing in the United States ............................. Impose 15 percent minimum tax on book earnings of large corporations .............................................. Total, reform corporate taxation ........................... ......... ......... 6 –6 10 –10 10 –10 11 –11 11 –11 12 –12 12 –12 13 –13 13 –13 14 –14 48 –48 112 –112 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... –33,244 –53,796 –51,111 –47,655 –44,463 –41,914 –39,425 –38,990 –39,453 –51 –39 –49 –48 –50 –47 –43 –23 –41 –45 –185,806 –191 –390,051 –436 ......... –2,100 –2,334 –1,586 –1,638 –1,690 –1,743 –1,795 –1,846 –1,900 –1,956 –9,348 –18,588 ......... –10,736 –15,245 –14,588 –13,812 –14,561 –15,203 –16,049 –16,158 –15,775 –16,217 ......... –98,028 –195,726 –219,858 –220,987 –219,554 –217,429 –216,390 –214,047 –214,272 –218,658 –68,942 –148,344 –954,153 –2,034,949 Support housing and infrastructure: Expand Low-income Housing Tax Credit .................
Provide Neighborhood Homes Investment Tax ......... Credit ...................................................................... ......... 35 10 212 707 1,592 2,527 3,427 4,370 5,362 6,339 7,356 5,073 31,927 99 398 944 1,512 1,889 2,063 2,083 2,035 2,001 2,963 13,034 S U M M A R Y T A B L E S Table S–6.
Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued (Deficit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars) Expand New Markets Tax Credit (NMTC) and make permanent ....................................................
Provide federally subsidized State and local bonds for infrastructure including for schools 1 ............... Total, support housing and infrastructure ........... Total, Made in America Tax Plan .............................. Total, American Jobs Plan ........................................ American Families Plan Add at least four years of free public education: Universal preschool: 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2022–2026 2022–2031 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 97 280 492 736 1,006 1,294 97 3,905 Totals 291 336 ......... 1,439 1,204 11,855 5,575 ......... ......... –95,593 –185,399 –183,765 –176,707 –169,052 –159,967 –169,366 –171,978 –173,559 –181,662 28,359 –34,570 –86,876 –132,909 ......... 91,798 140,815 151,910 176,801 109,650 1,257 10,637 1,403 6,999 1,357 8,282 1,458 3,994 1,292 2,397 767 1,078 1,308 9,489 83,966 5,247 13,380 11,776 60,642 –810,516 –1,667,048 528,944 645,290 Provide universal preschool grants to States ...........
Provide Head Start educator fund ........................... 302 1,004 Free community college and other postsecondary education investments: 429 Fund free community college .................................... Account for American Opportunity Tax Credit ......... ......... ......... interaction with free community college 1 ............. Increase the Pell Grant .............................................. Make Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) recipients eligible for Pell Grants ............
Create completion grants for student supports ........ Fund Advancing Affordability for students .............. Increase funding to HBCUs/Tribal Colleges and Universities (TCUs)/MSIs in Titles III/V programs .................................................................
Create or expand health care graduate programs at HBCUs/TCUs/MSIs ............................................... Total, add at least four years of free public ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... –22 3,550 45 186 139 15 6 –455 8,336 146 4,092 3,050 330 132 –901 8,608 –1,354 8,664 –1,847 8,648 –2,243 8,797 –2,662 8,987 –3,094 9,193 –3,590 9,372 –4,031 9,558 206 5,828 4,078 206 6,014 4,180 187 6,200 4,347 164 6,200 4,430 162 6,200 4,567 136 6,200 4,710 79 6,200 4,860 67 6,200 5,016 –4,579 37,806 790 22,320 15,794 –20,199 83,713 1,398 53,320 39,377 470 188 485 194 500 200 500 200 500 200 500 200 500 200 500 200 1,800 4,300 720 1,720 education ............................................................ ......... 5,654 29,896 42,762 48,155 44,970 45,512 48,029 51,435 56,257 64,325 171,437 436,995 Education and preparation for teachers: Expand Teacher Quality Partnerships .........................
Create Hawkins Centers of Excellence ......................... Increase Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) personnel preparation funding ..................... Reform and expand Teacher Education Assistance for College and Higher Education (TEACH) grants ......

Invest in teacher credentials .........................................
Invest in teacher leadership and development ............ Total, education and preparation for teachers ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 200 738 280 40 90 130 ......... 200 740 280 40 90 133 ......... 200 743 280 40 90 134 ......... 200 744 280 40 90 136 ......... 200 746 1,006 143 2,406 343 352 802 519 1,600 616 4,236 1,180 1,600 1,616 7,947 Provide direct support to children and families: Establish a new child care program for American families ...................................................................
Provide universal paid family and medical leave .... ......... ......... 6,720 750 8,860 9,355 11,820 12,406 13,760 13,909 17,230 15,362 20,910 20,739 24,480 25,626 31,820 36,438 40,090 41,546 49,270 48,918 58,390 51,782 224,960 225,049 B U D G E T O F T H E U .

S .

G O V E R N M E N T F O R F I S C A L Y E A R 2 0 2 2 5 1 Table S–6.
Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued (Deficit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars) 5 2 Totals 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2022–2026 2022–2031 Nutrition: Expand Summer Electronic Benefit Transfer (Summer EBT) to all eligible children nationwide ...................

Expand school meal programs ...................................

Launch a healthy food incentives demonstration ....
Facilitate re-entry for formerly incarcerated individuals through Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) eligibility ................. Place family coordinators at Veterans Affairs medical centers ........................................................................
Invest in maternal health .............................................. Total, provide direct support to children and ......... ......... ......... ......... 210 1,000 1,446 1,662 ......... 1,980 1,746 ......... 2,538 1,798 ......... 3,123 1,847 ......... 3,197 1,895 ......... 3,271 1,951 ......... 3,348 2,007 ......... 3,430 2,051 ......... 3,511 2,104 ......... 9,087 7,263 1,000 25,844 17,271 1,000 ......... 106 ......... ......... ......... 135 1,890 260 3,000 families ................................................................... ......... 8,840 21,620 28,567 32,696 38,269 47,424 55,858 73,822 87,250 103,920 129,992 498,266 Support workers and families and strengthen economic security: Extend the American Rescue Plan changes to the Child Credit through 2025 and make permanent full refundability 1 ...................................................... Make permanent the American Rescue Plan expansion to Earned Income Tax Credit for workers without qualifying children 1 ..................................... Make permanent the American Rescue Plan changes to the Child and Dependent Care Tax Credit (CDCTC) 1 ................................................................... Account for CDCTC interaction with new child care ......... 47,125 110,999 108,559 107,190 62,060 2,860 2,725 2,611 2,512 2,420 435,933 449,061 ......... 27 5,589 11,782 11,970 12,145 12,445 12,576 12,745 12,908 13,032 41,513 105,219
 ......... 3,134 10,588 10,588 10,633 12,303 11,032 11,195 11,391 11,573 11,761 47,246 104,198 program for American families 1, 2 .............................. ......... –982 –1,205 –1,437 –1,680 –1,934 –2,199 –2,474 –2,992 –3,531 –4,093 –7,238 –22,527 Make permanent the American Rescue Plan expansion of premium tax credits 1 ........................... ......... 0 11,490 15,679 16,513 17,215 18,076 18,888 20,149 21,704 23,334 60,897 163,048 Increase the employer-provided childcare tax credit for businesses ............................................................. ......... 28 28 29 29 29 31 31 32 32 33 143 302 Total, support workers, families, and economic security ....................................................................... ......... 49,332 137,489 145,200 144,655 101,818 42,245 42,941 43,936 45,198 46,487 578,494 799,301 Strengthen taxation of high-income taxpayers and close loopholes: Increase top marginal tax rate for high earners .......... Reform taxation of capital income ................................
Rationalize Net Investment Income and Self- Employment Contributions Act (SECA) taxes ......... Tax carried (profits) interest as ordinary income ......... Repeal deferral of gain from like-kind exchanges ........ Make permanent excess business loss limitation of noncorporate taxpayers ............................................. Total, strengthen taxation of high-income taxpayers and close loopholes ................................................. ......... –19,991 –30,594 –33,278 –36,525 –11,532 ......... –7,656 –25,451 –32,906 –36,303 –33,947 –32,252 –34,276 –36,064 –37,937 –45,693 ......... ......... ......... ......... –1,241 ......... –11,383 –19,535 –20,779 –23,038 –24,205 –25,464 –26,719 –27,559 –28,416 –29,402 –176 –143 ......... –2,354 –2,030 ......... –169 –2,285 –162 –2,218 –138 –1,914 –141 –1,971 –155 –2,154 –135 –1,857 –149 –2,091 –100 –676 –131,920 –136,263 –131,920 –322,485 –98,940 –657 –8,448 –236,500 –1,468 –19,550 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... –9,996 –11,782 –7,627 –6,836 –6,619 ......... –42,860 –1,241 –39,806 –77,572 –89,015 –97,978 –71,857 –69,952 –75,086 –73,630 –75,643 –84,244 –376,228 –754,783 S U M M A R Y T A B L E S Table S–6.
Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued (Deficit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars) 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2022–2026 2022–2031 Totals Improve tax compliance and administration: Implement a program integrity allocation adjustment and provide additional resources for tax administration: Increase revenues through program integrity allocation adjustment for tax administration ...... Increase revenues by providing mandatory Internal Revenue Service (IRS) funding for compliance ....
Provide mandatory IRS funding for compliance ......
Implement a program integrity allocation adjustment for tax administration, discretionary outlays (non-add) ��������������������������������������������������� Total, implement a program integrity allocation adjustment and provide additional resources for tax administration ........................................ Introduce comprehensive financial account ......... –334 –1,858 –3,165 –4,055 –4,894 –5,889 –6,595 –7,243 –7,796 –8,451 –14,306 –50,280 ......... ......... 0 953 –631 1,959 –3,312 2,938 –7,562 –13,837 –22,342 –34,081 –46,941 –62,253 –74,937 14,499 9,035 13,894 11,222 5,441 4,069 7,047 –25,342 15,360 –265,896 71,057 ��������� 375 620 641 657 676 692 710 729 749 767 2,969 6,616 ......... 619 –530 –3,539 –7,548 –13,290 –21,184 –31,641 –42,962 –56,155 –68,889 –24,288 –245,119 information reporting ................................................ ......... –8,378 –32,413 –36,551 –42,517 –46,980 –53,032 –57,123 –61,024 –61,886 –62,742 –166,839 –462,646 Increase oversight of paid tax return preparers: Allow IRS to regulate paid Federal tax return preparers 1 ............................................................... Increase penalties on ghost preparers 1 .................... Total, increase oversight of paid tax return ......... ......... preparers ........................................................ ......... –35 –13 –48 –52 –19 –71 –57 –21 –78 –59 –24 –83 –58 –25 –83 –55 –26 –81 –57 –27 –84 –61 –28 –89 –68 –29 –73 –30 –97 –103 –261 –102 –363 –575 –242 –817 Enhance accuracy of tax information:
 E-file of forms and returns ........................................
Taxpayer Identification Numbers certification for reportable payments .............................................. Total, enhance accuracy of tax information ..........

Expand broker information reporting with respect to cryptocurrency assets ................................................
Address taxpayer noncompliance: Extend statute of limitation ...................................... Impose liability on shareholders to collect unpaid ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... –36 –36 –83 –83 –141 –141 –193 –193 –202 –202 –211 –211 –221 –221 –231 –231 –241 –241 –252 –252 –655 –655 –1,811 –1,811 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... –23 –52 –66 –79 –77 –76 –74 –73 –71 –70 –297 –661 income taxes of applicable corporations ............... Total, address taxpayer noncompliance ................ ......... ......... –395 –418 –412 –464 –428 –494 –444 –523 –462 –539 –479 –555 –498 –572 –518 –591 –539 –610 –560 –630 –2,141 –2,438 –4,735 –5,396 Modify tax administration rules: Amend centralized partnership audit regime (BBA) to provide for the carryover of non-refundable reporting year amounts that exceed the income tax liability of a partner .........................................
Modify requisite supervisory approval of penalty included in notice ................................................... Total, modify tax administration rules ................. ......... ......... ......... 5 –29 –24 5 5 5 6 6 7 7 7 7 –254 –249 –245 –240 –248 –243 –222 –216 –197 –191 –174 –167 –173 –166 –179 –172 –186 –179 26 –998 –972 60 –1,907 –1,847 B U D G E T O F T H E U .

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G O V E R N M E N T F O R F I S C A L Y E A R 2 0 2 2 5 3 Table S–6.
Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued (Deficit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars) 5 4 Totals Authorize limited sharing of business tax return information to measure the economy more accurately ................................................................... Increase Low Income Taxpayer Clinic (LITC) grant cap and index it for inflation ..................................... Total, improve tax compliance and administration ... Total, American Families Plan ................................
Mandatory effects of discretionary proposals 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2022–2026 2022–2031 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... –1,241 ......... ......... ......... –8,285 –33,810 –41,043 –51,107 –61,310 –75,254 –89,808 –105,063 –119,161 –132,795 –1,561 15,808 –9,287 –17,326 52,675 77,540 78,667 87,686 –5,355 –8,757 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... –195,555 312,376 ......... –717,636 270,090 Increase the Pell Grant discretionary award by $400 ...... ......... ......... 72 153 135 134 134 138 142 142 147 494 1,197 Reclassifications: Reclassify contract support costs Indian Health Service (IHS) .............................................................. ......... ......... 1,142 1,165 1,188 1,212 1,236 1,261 1,286 1,312 1,338 4,707 11,140 Reclassify contract support costs Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) ............................................................... Reclassify Tribal lease payments (IHS) ........................ Reclassify Tribal lease payments (BIA) ........................ Reclassify Tribal Water Settlements .............................
Program integrity proposals: Capturing savings to Medicare and Medicaid from Health Care Fraud and Abuse Control (HCFAC) allocation adjustment ................................................

Implement HCFAC allocation adjustment, discretionary outlays (non-add) ����������������������������� Net effect of HCFAC allocation adjustment (non-add) ��� Capturing savings to Unemployment Insurance from Reemployment Services and Eligibility Assessment (RESEA) allocation adjustment 3 ...............................
Implement RESEA allocation adjustment, ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... –1,086 –1,144 –1,204 –1,268 –1,304 –1,339 –1,378 –1,415 –1,455 –1,495 –6,006 –13,088 ��������� ��������� 556 –530 571 –573 587 –617 604 –664 621 –683 638 –701 656 –722 674 –741 693 –762 712 –783 2,939 –3,067 6,312 –6,776 ......... –290 –512 –716 –545 –935 –866 –763 –657 –319 –572 –2,998 –6,175 discretionary outlays (non-add) ����������������������������� ��������� 130 252 424 528 605 631 646 658 Net effect of RESEA allocation adjustment (non- add) ������������������������������������������������������������������������� ��������� –160 –260 –292 –17 –330 –235 –117 1 671 352 685 113 1,939 5,230 –1,059 –945 Capturing savings from Social Security Administration (SSA) allocation adjustment 4 ..........
Implement SSA allocation adjustment, discretionary outlays (non-add) ����������������������������� Net effect of SSA allocation adjustment (non-add) ��� Total, mandatory effects of discretionary ......... –245 –2,529 –3,428 –4,497 –5,291 –6,058 –7,186 –7,282 –8,356 –9,084 –15,990 –53,956 ��������� ��������� 1,599 1,354 1,653 –876 1,726 –1,702 1,583 –2,914 1,593 –3,698 1,654 –4,404 1,659 –5,527 1,692 –5,590 1,724 –6,632 1,760 –7,324 8,154 –7,836 16,643 –37,313 proposals .......................................................... Total, mandatory and receipt proposals ............... ......... –1,241 –1,621 –5,370 –3,297 98,153 168,002 225,204 225,258 224,106 –4,192 –2,463 –6,059 94,304 –7,073 –8,757 3,960 –50,382 –100,016 –143,227 –7,055 –7,785 1 The estimates for this proposal include effects on outlays.
The outlay effects included in the totals above are as follows: –16,943 940,723 –53,672 745,362 Totals Extend and Modify the Renewable Energy Production Tax Credit ................................................................... ......... 3,416 4,582 4,703 5,895 6,530 7,167 8,574 9,749 10,557 10,895 25,126 72,068 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2022–2026 2022–2031 S U M M A R Y T A B L E S Table S–6.
Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued (Deficit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars) 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2022–2026 2022–2031 Totals Provide tax credit for electricity transmission investments ................................................................
Provide allocated credit for electricity generation from existing nuclear power facilities ................................ ......... ......... 203 675 Establish new tax credits for qualifying advanced energy manufacturing ...............................................

Establish tax credits for heavy- and medium-duty zero emission vehicles ........................................................
Provide a production tax credit for low-carbon hydrogen .....................................................................

Extend and enhance the Carbon Oxide Sequestration Credit ..........................................................................

Extend and enhance the electric vehicle charging station credit ..............................................................
Provide federally subsidized State and local bonds for infrastructure including for schools .......................... Account for American Opportunity Tax Credit 270 1,789 2,295 2,801 2,970 3,071 3,105 3,308 3,375 7,358 23,187 ......... 385 1,000 1,350 900 900 900 889 900 735 900 900 847 1,261 900 518 900 39 900 117 4,275 8,775 4,359 7,141 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 66 11 547 158 345 272 768 1,346 2,462 3,673 992 ......... ......... ......... 4,914 9,579 42 655 259 128 752 334 313 469 839 1,495 419 ......... ......... 963 3,716 939 1,206 2,063 2,767 2,950 5,018 6,520 4,099 23,417 412 540 144 ......... ......... ......... ......... 1,703 1,847 964 1,637 1,880 1,819 1,753 1,686 1,620 1,554 1,488 6,645 14,746 interaction with Free Community College ............... ......... ......... –205 –380 –579 –790 –786 –940 –1,095 –1,271 –1,459 –1,954 –7,505 Extend the American Rescue Plan changes to the Child Credit and make permanent full refundability ............................................................... Make permanent the American Rescue Plan expansion to Earned Income Tax Credit for workers without children ......................................................... Make permanent the American Rescue Plan changes to the Child and Dependent Care Tax Credit (CDCTC) ..................................................................... Account for CDCTC interaction with new child care ......... 80,956 137,868 135,741 134,880 54,147 2,851 2,716 2,602 2,503 2,411 543,592 556,675 .........
 ......... 5,231 10,670 10,839 10,984 11,122 11,018 11,163 11,304 11,409 37,724 93,740 ......... ......... 6,442 6,455 6,486 6,554 4,694 4,758 4,835 4,908 4,977 25,937 50,109 program for American families ................................. ......... ......... –733 –876 –1,025 –1,030 –936 –1,052 –1,270 –1,497 –1,732 –3,664 –10,151 Make permanent the American Rescue Plan expansion of premium tax credits ............................. ......... ......... 8,620 11,666 12,244 12,327 12,768 13,247 14,073 15,052 16,094 44,857 116,091 Allow IRS to regulate paid Federal tax return preparers .................................................................... Increase penalties on ghost preparers .......................... Total, outlay effects of receipt proposals ................... ......... ......... ......... –19 ......... –30 –3 90,679 175,151 204,834 211,478 133,642 –34 –3 –35 –2 –34 –2 –24 –3 88,052 –23 –3 79,506 –24 –3 74,073 –27 –3 71,775 –29 –3 67,530 –152 –10 815,784 –279 –25 1,196,720 2 Individuals will not be able to claim both the Child and Dependent Care Tax Credit and participate in the new Child Care for American Families program for the same care.
This interaction removes costs already included in the Child Care for American Families score.

3 The estimates for this proposal include effects on receipts.
The receipt effects included in the totals above are as follows: RESEA allocation adjustment effects ........................... 0 0 15 109 399 59 83 117 151 423 109 582 1465 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2022–2026 2022–2031 4 Represents the savings associated with continuing to provide dedicated funding, through a discretionary allocation adjustment, for program integrity activities to confirm program participants remain eligible to receive benefits.
Totals B U D G E T O F T H E U .

S .

G O V E R N M E N T F O R F I S C A L Y E A R 2 0 2 2 5 5 Table S–7.
Funding Levels for Appropriated (“Discretionary”) Programs by Category (Budget authority in billions of dollars) Enacted 1 2021 Request 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 Outyears Base Discretionary Funding Allocation .................... Defense Allocation 2 ��������������������������������������������������������� Non-Defense Allocation �������������������������������������������������� Proposed Growth in Base Discretionary Programs: Total ............................................................................... Defense Allocation ���������������������������������������������������������� Non-Defense Allocation �������������������������������������������������� 1,401.3 1,522.5 1,555.2 1,589.5 1,624.7 1,660.8 1,687.5 1,714.7 1,742.4 1,770.5 1,799.3 863�8 821�9 935�5 838�9 838�4 876�2 855�3 915�3 846�8 895�6 752�9 769�6 830�1 857�4 804�0 820�6 786�6 802�9 769�5 785�7 740�7 660�7 +8.6% +2.1% +2.2% +2.2% +2.2% +1.6% +1.6% +1.6% +1.6% +1.6% +1�6% +2�2% +2�2% +2�2% +2�2% +1�0% +1�0% +1�0% +1�0% +1�0% +16�5% +2�1% +2�2% +2�2% +2�2% +2�2% +2�2% +2�2% +2�2% +2�2% Totals 2022- 2026 2022- 2031 7,952.6 3,934�9 4,017�7 16,666.9 8,169�3 8,497�6 Non-Defense Reclassifications 3 ................................... Indian Water Rights Settlement Funding ��������������������� Section 105(l) Leases ������������������������������������������������������ Contract Support Costs �������������������������������������������������� ......... ��������� ��������� ��������� Non-Base Discretionary Funding (not included
 above): 4 Change in Mandatory Program Offsets ........................
Emergency and COVID–19 Supplemental Funding ....

Program Integrity ..........................................................

Disaster Relief ................................................................
Wildfire Suppression ...................................................... 21st Century Cures Appropriations .............................. –26.0 194.9 1.9 17.3 2.4 0.5 ......... ��������� ��������� ��������� –26.0 ......... 2.5 18.9 2.5 0.5 –1.9 –0�2 –0�2 –1�5 ......... ......... 3.1 10.1 2.5 1.1 –2.0 –0�2 –0�2 –1�5 ......... ......... 3.4 10.1 2.5 0.5 –2.0 –0�2 –0�2 –1�6 ......... ......... 3.4 10.1 2.5 0.2 –2.0 –0�3 –0�2 –1�6 ......... ......... 3.5 10.1 2.5 0.2 –2.1 –0�3 –0�2 –1�6 ......... ......... 3.6 10.1 2.5 ......... –2.1 –0�3 –0�2 –1�7 ......... ......... 3.7 10.1 2.5 ......... –2.2 –0�3 –0�2 –1�7 ......... ......... 3.8 10.1 2.5 ......... –2.2 –0�3 –0�2 –1�7 ......... ......... 3.8 10.1 2.5 ......... –2.3 –0�3 –0�2 –1�8 ......... ......... 3.9 10.1 2.5 ......... –7.9 –1�0 –0�8 –6�2 –26.0 ......... 15.9 59.5 12.3 2.5 –18.8 –2�3 –1�8 –14�6 –26.0 ......... 34.8 110.3 24.5 2.5 Total, Non-Base Funding .............................................. 191.0 –1.5 16.9 16.4 16.1 16.3 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.4 16.5 64.3 146.1 Grand Total, Discretionary Budget Authority ......... 16,794.3 1 The 2021 enacted level includes changes that occur after appropriations are enacted that are part of budget execution such as transfers, reestimates, and the rebasing as mandatory any changes in mandatory programs (CHIMPs) enacted in appropriations bills.
The 2021 levels are adjusted to include OMB’s scoring of CHIMPs enacted in 2021 appropriations Acts for a better illustrative comparison with the 2022 request.

1,592.3 1,521.0 1,570.2 1,604.0 1,638.8 1,675.0 1,701.7 1,728.8 1,756.6 1,784.8 1,813.5 8,009.0 2 The 2023 Budget will be accompanied by a Future Years Defense Program that reflects this Administration’s policy judgments and National Security and National Defense strategies.
Because these strategy documents are currently under development, out-year defense funding levels in the 2022 budget are mechanical extrapolations.

After 2022, defense programs are provided with current services growth through 2026 followed by one-percent increases through 2031, a proxy for long-run efficiencies the Administration believes may be achieved in the defense budget.

3 The 2022 Budget proposes two reclassifications of programs that historically have been funded as discretionary.
This first proposal reclassifies the appropriations for the Contract Support Costs and Section 105(l) lease accounts in the Department of Health and Human Services’ Indian Health Service and the Department of the Interior’s (DOI) Bureau of Indian Affairs.

The second proposal reclassifies DOI’s Indian water rights settlements funding.
The Budget proposes to offset the increase in mandatory funding resulting from both reclassifications by reducing base discretionary funding by amounts equal to current services inflation of the programs.

See the Budget Concepts chapter of the Analytical Perspectives volume of the Budget for more information on these proposals.

4 With the expiration of the discretionary caps in 2022, the Administration’s 2022 Budget presents funding differently than under the recent discretionary cap framework.
The Administration shifts funds that had been designated as Overseas Contingency Operations (OCO) to the base.

Funds for anomalous or above-base activities such as emergency requirements, program integrity, disaster relief, wildfire suppression, and 21st Century Cures appropriations continue to be presented outside of base allocations.

In addition, major offsets resulting from proposed changes in mandatory programs are also presented outside of the base.

5 6 S U M M A R Y T A B L E S Table S–8.
2022 Discretionary Request by Major Agency (Budget authority in billions of dollars) 2021 Enacted 1 2022 Request Less 2021 Enacted 2022 Request Dollar Percent Base Discretionary Funding: Cabinet Departments: Agriculture 2 .................................................................................................................................................................................... Commerce ....................................................................................................................................................................................... Defense ........................................................................................................................................................................................... Education ........................................................................................................................................................................................ Energy (DOE) 3 ............................................................................................................................................................................... Health and Human Services (HHS) 4 ............................................................................................................................................
Homeland Security (DHS): DHS program level ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� Transportation Security Administration Fees ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� Housing and Urban Development (HUD): HUD program level �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� HUD receipts ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ Interior ............................................................................................................................................................................................ Justice ............................................................................................................................................................................................. Labor ............................................................................................................................................................................................... State and International Programs 2,5
 ............................................................................................................................................. Transportation (DOT): DOT Discretionary Programs ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� DOT General Fund Transfer to Mandatory Programs 6 ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� Treasury 5 ........................................................................................................................................................................................ Veterans Affairs .............................................................................................................................................................................. Major Agencies: Corps of Engineers (Corps) 7 .......................................................................................................................................................... Environmental Protection Agency ................................................................................................................................................ General Services Administration .................................................................................................................................................. National Aeronautics and Space Administration
 ......................................................................................................................... National Science Foundation ......................................................................................................................................................... Small Business Administration ..................................................................................................................................................... Social Security Administration 4 .................................................................................................................................................... Other Agencies ............................................................................................................................................................................... 23.9 8.9 703.7 73.0 41.8 108.4 54�9 –0�5 59�6 –15�1 15.0 33.5 12.5 57.3 22�4 2�9 13.5 104.6 7.8 9.2 –1.0 23.3 8.5 0.8 9.0 23.4 27.9 11.5 715.0 102.8 46.2 133.7 54�9 –2�7 68�7 –10�5 17.4 35.3 14.2 63.6 25�7 ��������� 15.0 113.1 6.8 11.2 1.5 24.8 10.2 0.9 9.8 25.5 +4.0 +2.6 +11.3 +29.8 +4.3 +25.3 +* –2�3 +9�0 +4�6 +2.5 +1.8 +1.7 +6.3 +3�3 –2�9 +1.5 +8.5 –1.0 +2.0 +2.5 +1.5 +1.7 +0.1 +0.8 +2.1 Subtotal, Base Discretionary Budget Authority ..................................................................................................................... 1,401.3 1,522.5 +121.1 +16.7% +29.4% +1.6% +40.8% +10.4% +23.4% +0�1% N/A
 +15�2% N/A +16.7% +5.3% +14.0% +11.0% +14�8% N/A +11.3% +8.2% –12.9% +21.6% N/A +6.6% +19.8% +9.5% +9.3% +8.8% +8.6% B U D G E T O F T H E U .
S .

G O V E R N M E N T F O R F I S C A L Y E A R 2 0 2 2 5 7 Table S–8.

2022 Discretionary Request by Major Agency—Continued (Budget authority in billions of dollars) 2021 Enacted 1 2022 Request Less 2021 Enacted 2022 Request Dollar Percent Non-Base Discretionary Funding: Changes in mandatory program offsets 8 ...................................................................................................................................... –26.0 –26.0 ......... .........
Emergency Requirements and COVID–19 Supplemental Funding: 9 Agriculture ................................................................................................................................................................................. Commerce ................................................................................................................................................................................... Education .................................................................................................................................................................................... Energy ........................................................................................................................................................................................ Health and Human Services .....................................................................................................................................................
Homeland Security .................................................................................................................................................................... Housing and Urban Development .............................................................................................................................................
Interior ........................................................................................................................................................................................ Justice ......................................................................................................................................................................................... Labor ........................................................................................................................................................................................... State and International Programs ............................................................................................................................................ Transportation ........................................................................................................................................................................... Treasury ..................................................................................................................................................................................... Small Business Administration ................................................................................................................................................. Other Agencies ........................................................................................................................................................................... 1.0 0.3 81.6 –2.3 73.8 2.8 0.7 0.4 0.6 0.7 5.3 27.0 0.5 2.0 0.4 Subtotal, Emergency Requirements ............................................................................................................................................. 194.9 Program Integrity: Health and Human Services ..................................................................................................................................................... Labor ........................................................................................................................................................................................... Treasury ..................................................................................................................................................................................... Social Security Administration ................................................................................................................................................ Subtotal, Program Integrity ..........................................................................................................................................................
Disaster Relief: Homeland Security .................................................................................................................................................................... Small Business Administration ................................................................................................................................................. Subtotal, Disaster Relief ................................................................................................................................................................
Wildfire Suppression: Agriculture .................................................................................................................................................................................
Interior ........................................................................................................................................................................................ Subtotal, Wildfire Suppression ...................................................................................................................................................... 0.5 0.1 ......... 1.3 1.9 17.1 0.1 17.3 2.0 0.3 2.4 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 0.6 0.1 0.4 1.4 2.5 18.8 0.1 18.9 2.1 0.3 2.5 –1.0 –0.3 –81.6 +2.3 –73.8 –2.8 –0.7 –0.4 –0.6 –0.7 –5.3 –27.0 –0.5 –2.0 –0.4 –194.9 +0.1 +0.1 +0.4 +0.1 +0.7 +1.7 ......... +1.7 +0.1 +* +0.1 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A +12.1% +60.2% N/A +10.2% +35.1% +9.7% ......... +9.6% +3.9% +6.5% +4.3% 5 8 S U M M A R Y T A B L E S Table S–8.
2022 Discretionary Request by Major Agency—Continued (Budget authority in billions of dollars) 2021 Enacted 1 2022 Request Less 2021 Enacted 2022 Request Dollar Percent 21st Century Cures appropriations: Health and Human Services ..................................................................................................................................................... Subtotal, Non-Base Discretionary Funding ............................................................................................................................. 0.5 191.0 0.5 –1.5 +0.1 +15.2% –192.5 –100.8% Total, Discretionary Budget Authority ..................................................................................................................................... 1,592.3 1,521.0 –71.3 –4.5% * $50 million or less.
1 The 2021 enacted level includes changes that occur after appropriations are enacted that are part of budget execution such as transfers, reestimates, and the rebasing as mandatory any changes in mandatory programs (CHIMPs) enacted in appropriations bills.

The 2021 levels are adjusted to include OMB’s scoring of CHIMPs enacted in 2021 appropriations Acts for a better illustrative comparison with the 2022 request.
2 Funding for Food for Peace Title II Grants is included in the State and International Programs total.

Although the funds are appropriated to the Department of Agriculture, the funds are administered by the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID).

3 The Department of Energy base total in 2021 includes an appropriation of $2.3 billion that had been designated as emergency in Public Law 116-260 since the activities were for regular operations and not emergency purposes.
4 Funding from the Hospital Insurance and Supplementary Medical Insurance trust funds for administrative expenses incurred by the Social Security Administration that support the Medicare program are included in the Health and Human Services total and not in the Social Security Administration total.
5 The State and International Programs total includes funding for the Department of State, USAID, Treasury International, and 11 international agencies while the Treasury total excludes Treasury’s International Programs.

6 The DOT General Fund Transfer to Mandatory Programs line reflects General Fund appropriations to programs that traditionally receive mandatory funding out of the Highway and Airport and Airway Trust Funds.
7 The 2022 Budget shifts the Formerly Utilized Sites Remedial Action Program (FUSRAP) from the Corps to DOE; setting aside the FUSRAP shift, the change from 2021 is a 10-percent decrease to the Corps non-defense budget.

8 The limitation enacted and proposed in the Justice Department’s Crime Victims Fund program and cancellations in the Children’s Health Insurance Program in HHS make up the bulk of these offsets.
9 Funding enacted in division N of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 (Public Law 116-260) for otherwise discretionary programs has been rebased from mandatory and is included here along with other emergency requirements provided in 2021.

The division N amounts were not designated as emergency but are considered non-base funding.

B U D G E T O F T H E U .

S .

G O V E R N M E N T F O R F I S C A L Y E A R 2 0 2 2 5 9 Table S–9.
Economic Assumptions 1 (Calendar years) Actual 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 Projections Gross Domestic Product (GDP): Nominal level, billions of dollars ...........................................
Percent change, nominal GDP, year/year .............................. Real GDP, percent change, year/year .................................... Real GDP, percent change, Q4/Q4 ......................................... GDP chained price index, percent change, year/year ........... 21,433 4.0 2.2 2.3 1.8 20,933 –2.3 –3.5 – Consumer Price Index, 2 percent change, year/year ....... 1.8 1.2 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 Interest rates, percent: 3 91-day Treasury bills 4 ............................................................ 10-year Treasury notes .......................................................... Unemployment rate, civilian, percent 3 ............................. Note: A more detailed table of economic assumptions appears in Chapter 2, “Economic Assumptions and Overview,” in the Analytical Perspectives volume of the Budget.
1 Based on information available as of mid-February 2021.

2 Seasonally adjusted CPI for all urban consumers.

3 Annual average.

4 Average rate, secondary market (bank discount basis).

6 0 S U M M A R Y T A B L E S Table S–10.
Federal Government Financing and Debt (Dollar amounts in billions) Actual 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 Estimate Financing: Unified budget deficit: Primary deficit .................................................................................. Net interest ....................................................................................... Unified budget deficit .................................................................... As a percent of GDP .................................................................. Other transactions affecting borrowing from the public: Changes in financial assets and liabilities: 1 Change in Treasury operating cash balance ............................... Net disbursements of credit financing accounts: Direct loan and Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) equity purchase accounts ..................................................... Guaranteed loan accounts ........................................................ Net purchases of non-Federal securities by the National Railroad Retirement Investment Trust (NRRIT) .................... Net change in other financial assets and liabilities 2 .................. Subtotal, changes in financial assets and liabilities ............... Seigniorage on coins
 .......................................................................... Total, other transactions affecting borrowing from the public ... Total, requirement to borrow from the public (equals change in debt held by the public) ............................................................ Changes in Debt Subject to Statutory Limitation: 1,399 –1,032 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 198 –499 –* –11 1,087 –* 1,087 159 354 * ......... –518 –1 –519 110 154 –2 ......... 262 –* 261 44 5 –2 ......... 47 –1 46 17 6 –2 ......... 21 –1 20 4 5 –2 ......... 7 –1 7 3 5 –2 ......... 6 –1 5 1 6 –2 ......... 5 –1 5 –2 5 –2 ......... 2 –1 1 –4 5 –2 ......... –1 –1 –1 5 5 –1 ......... 8 –1 7 8 5 –1 ......... 11 –1 11 4,216 3,150 2,098 1,418 1,379 1,476 1,419 1,308 1,425 1,305 1,485 1,578 Change in debt held by the public ........................................................ Change in debt held by Government accounts .................................... Change in other factors ........................................................................ Total, change in debt subject to statutory limitation ...................... 4,216 17 1 4,234 3,150 173 1 3,325 2,098 121 1 2,220 1,418 163 1 1,582 1,379 202 1 1,582 1,476 106 –* 1,582 1,419 65 * 1,485 1,308 –93 1 1,216 1,425 –209 * 1,216 1,305 –120 * 1,185 1,485 –234 –1 1,250 1,578 –273 –1 1,304 Debt Subject to Statutory Limitation, End of Year: Debt issued by
 Treasury .......................................................................
Adjustment for discount, premium, and coverage 3 ............................. Total, debt subject to statutory limitation 4 ..................................... Debt Outstanding, End of Year: Gross Federal debt: 5 Debt issued by Treasury ................................................................... Debt issued by other agencies .......................................................... Total, gross Federal debt ............................................................... As a percent of GDP .................................................................. B U D G E T O F T H E U .
S .

G O V E R N M E N T F O R F I S C A L Y E A R 2 0 2 2 6 1 Table S–10.
Federal Government Financing and Debt—Continued (Dollar amounts in billions) Actual 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 Estimate Held by: Debt held by Government accounts ................................................. Debt held by the public 6 ................................................................... As a percent of GDP ...................................................................... Debt Held by the Public Net of Financial Assets: Debt held by the public ......................................................................... 21,017 24,167 26,265 27,683 29,062 30,539 31,958 33,266 34,691 35,996 37,481 39,059 Less financial assets net of liabilities: Treasury operating cash balance ..................................................... Credit financing account balances: Direct loan and TARP equity purchase accounts ........................ Guaranteed loan accounts ............................................................
Government-sponsored enterprise stock 7 ........................................ Air carrier worker support warrants and notes 8 ............................ Non-Federal securities held by NRRIT ............................................ Other assets net of liabilities ............................................................ Total, financial assets net of liabilities ........................................ Debt held by the public net of financial assets ........................ As a percent of GDP .............................................................. 1,782 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 1,613 –467 109 5 24 –73 2,993 18,024 85.8% 1,773 1,949 1,957 –112 62 86 109 109 109 13 13 7 24 15 8 –73 –73 –73 2,483 2,824 2,843 36,216 29,134 21,684 98.4% 100.1% 101.3% 102.8% 104.5% 105.8% 106.5% 107.3% 107.5% 107.9% 108.5% 1,883 41 109 13 22 –73 2,744 23,520 1,943 52 109 13 18 –73 2,812 26,250 1,926 46 109 13 20 –73 2,791 24,892 1,951 68 109 12 13 –73 2,829 30,437 1,950 82 109 12 9 –73 2,837 34,643 1,947 57 109 13 17 –73 2,819 27,720 1,949 72 109 12 11 –73 2,830 31,860 1,945 77 109 12 10 –73 2,830 33,167 * $500 million or less.
1 A decrease in the Treasury operating cash balance (which is an asset) is a means of financing a deficit and therefore has a negative sign.

An increase in checks outstanding (which is a liability) is also a means of financing a deficit and therefore also has a negative sign.

More information on the levels and changes to the operating cash balance is available in Chapter 4, “Federal Borrowing and Debt” in the Analytical Perspectives volume of the Budget.
2 Includes checks outstanding, accrued interest payable on Treasury debt, uninvested deposit fund balances, allocations of special drawing rights, and other liability accounts; and, as an offset, cash and monetary assets (other than the Treasury operating cash balance), other asset accounts, and profit on sale of gold.
3 Consists mainly of debt issued by the Federal Financing Bank (which is not subject to limit), the unamortized discount (less premium) on public issues of Treasury notes and bonds (other than zero-coupon bonds), and the unrealized discount on Government account series securities.

4 Legislation enacted August 2, 2019 (P.L.

116-37), temporarily suspends the debt limit through July 31, 2021.
5 Treasury securities held by the public and zero-coupon bonds held by Government accounts are almost all measured at sales price plus amortized discount or less amortized premium.

Agency debt securities are almost all measured at face value.

Treasury securities in the Government account series are otherwise measured at face value less unrealized discount (if any).
6 At the end of 2020, the Federal Reserve Banks held $4,445.5 billion of Federal securities and the rest of the public held $16,571.2 billion.

Debt held by the Federal Reserve Banks is not estimated for future years.

7 Treasury’s warrants to purchase 79.9 percent of the common stock of the enterprises expire after September 7, 2028.

The warrants were valued at $13 billion at the end of 2020.
8 Of the notes and warrants issued under Air carrier worker support (Payroll support program), $0.5 billion are scheduled to expire by the end of 2026, $0.6 billion are scheduled to expire by the end of 2027, and $5.3 billion are scheduled to expire by the end of 2031.

6 2 S U M M A R Y T A B L E S OMB CONTRIBUTORS TO THE 2022 BUDGET The following personnel contributed to the preparation of this publication.
hundreds, perhaps thousands, of others throughout the government also deserve credit for their valuable contributions.
A Lindsay Abate Andrew Abrams Chandana L. Achanta Laurie Adams Shagufta Ahmed P. Joseph Ahn Benjamin Aidoo Lina Al Sudani Joseph Albanese Isabel Aldunate Jason Alleman Victoria Allred Aaron Alton Michaela Amos Kimberly Anoweck Nickole M. Arbuckle Rachel Arguello Alison Arnold Aviva Aron-Dine Anna R. Arroyo emily Schultz Askew Lisa L. August B Samuel Bagenstos Drew Bailey Jessie W. Bailey Ally P. Bain Paul W. Baker Steven Bakovic Carol A. Bales Caroline Ball Pratik S. Banjade Avital Bar-Shalom Zachary Barger Carl Barrick Jody Barringer Alexander Barron Amy Batchelor Sarah Belford Jennifer Wagner Bell Sara Bencic Joseph J. Berger Danielle Berman elizabeth A. Bernhard Katherine Berrey William Bestani Samuel J.
Black Sharon Block Kate Bloniarz Mathew C. Blum Tia Boatman Patterson Sharon A. Boivin Amira C. Boland Cassie L. Boles Melissa B. Bomberger Derick A. Boyd Jr. William J. Boyd Michael Branson Alex M. Brant Joseph F. Breighner Andrea M. Brian Candice M. Bronack Ashley A. Brooks Katherine W. Broomell Dustin S. Brown Sheila Bruce Michael T. Brunetto Nicole Budzinski Pearl Buenvenida Tom D. Bullers Scott h. Burgess Ben Burnett Jordan C. Burris John C. Burton Nicholas S. Burton Mark Bussow Dylan W. Byrd C Steven Cahill greg Callanan Amy Canfield eric D. Cardoza Kevin Carpenter Curtis M. Carr Jr. Christina S. Carrere Matthew Carroll William S. S. Carroll Scott D. Carson Corryne C. Carter Mary I. Cassell David Cerrato Dan Chandler Anthony Chase James Chase Nida Chaudhary erin Cheese Anita Chellaraj Damon Clark Michael Clark Sean Coari Alyssa Cogen Jordan Cohen Pamela Coleman Victoria W. Collin Debra M. Collins Kelly T. Colyar Jose A. Conde Alyson M. Conley David C. Connolly Kyle Connors Mary Rose Conroy Shila Cooch LaTiesha B. Cooper Benjamin e. Coyle Drew W. Cramer Ayana Crawford William Creedon Jill L. Crissman Rose Crow Jefferson Crowder James Crowe Juliana Crump Craig Crutchfield David M. Cruz- glaudemans Lily Cuk Pennee Cumberlander C. Tyler Curtis William Curtis Matthew Cutts D J. Alex Dalessio D. Michael Daly Rody Damis Neil B. Danberg elisabeth C. Daniel Kristy L. Daphnis Alexander J. Daumit Joanne C. Davenport Kelly Jo Davis Kenneth L. Davis Margaret B. Davis- Christian Karen De Los Santos Tasha M. Demps Paul
 J. Denaro Kimberly A. Denz Catherine A. Derbes Christopher DeRusha Suzy Deuster John h. Dick Jamie Dickinson Amie Didlo Rachel M. Diedrick Jean Diomi Kazadi Angela M. Donatelli Paul S. Donohue Cristin Dorgelo Vladik Dorjets Michelle Dorsey Celeste Drake Megan Dreher Lisa Cash Driskill Mark A. Dronfield Abigail Drucis Vanessa Duguay Nathaniel Durden Ryan Durga 63 64 Reena Duseja E Matthew C. eanes Jacqueline A. easley Calie edmonds Jeanette edwards Matthew eliseo Michelle enger Diana F. epstein Brede eschliman Robert etter Beatrix evans gillian evans Patrick evans F Farnoosh Faezi-Marian Robert Fairweather edna Falk Curtin hunter Fang Christine e. Farquharson Louis Feagans Iris R. Feldman Christopher M. Felix Kelsi Feltz Lesley A.
Field Sean C. Finnegan Mary Fischietto John J. Fitzpatrick Cleones Fleurima Daniel g. Fowlkes Nicholas A. Fraser Rob Friedlander Laurel Fuller Steven Furnagiev G Abigail P. gage Scott D. gaines Christopher D. gamache Joseph R. ganahl Kyle gardiner Mathias A. gardner Arpit garg Marc garufi Anthony R. garza Anna M. gendron Mariam ghavalyan OMB CONTRIBuTORS TO The 2022 BuDgeT Daniel giamo Carolyn gibson Brian gillis Jacob glass Joshua S. glazer Porter O. glock Andrea L. goel Jeffrey D. goldstein Christopher gomba Anthony A. gonzalez Oscar gonzalez Alex goodenough Michael D. graham David M. gratz Aron greenberg Brandon h. greene Robin J. griffin Justin grimes hester C. grippando Stephanie F. grosser Andrea L. grossman Kerry gutknecht elke hodson-Marten Jennifer e. hoef Stuart hoffman Troy holland Brian holm-hansen Javay C. holmes Michele holt Jack hoskins Clinton T. hourigan Aaron B. house Peter hoy grace hu Rhea A. hubbard Kathy M. hudgins Shristi humagai Ashley hungerford Sally J. hunnicutt Alexander T. hunt Lorraine D. hunt James C. hurban Veta hurst H Tae h. Im I J Michael B. hagan James R. hagen Jessica K. hale Tia hall Victor hall William F. hamele Christine e. hammer Brian hanson Jennifer L. hanson Dionne hardy Deidre A. harrison edward hartwig Paul harvey Abdullah hasan Laurel havas Nichole M. hayden Mark hazelgren Kelly healton gary hellman John David henson Matthew A. herb Rachel hernández Alex hettinger Michael J. hickey Michael hildner Amanda M. hill Jonathan hill Walter F. hill Michelle hilton Scott W.
 Jackson Manish Jain harrison M. Jarrett Ames R. Jenkins Carol Jenkins Connor Jennings Julie Jent Carol Johnson Michael D. Johnson Danielle Y. Jones Denise Bray Jones Lauren h. Jones Lisa M. Jones Shannon Maire Joyce hursandbek Jumanyazov hee Jun K Kosta Kalpos Daniel S. Kaneshiro Jacob h. Kaplan Jenifer L. Karwoski Regina L. Kearney Benjamin R. Keffer Christopher Keller Mary W. Keller Nancy B. Kenly Moses I. Kennedy Jung h. Kim Maria Kim Michael B. Kim Rachael Y. Kim Kelly C. King Kelly A. Kinneen Marina
 Kirakosian Jessica elizabeth Kirby Robert T. Klein ellen Knight Bobby Kogan Nick Koo Andrea g. Korovesis Katelyn V. Koschewa A. Faride Kraft Charles Kraiger Lori A. Krauss Megan K. Kruse Steven B. Kuennen Jennifer J. Kuk Christine J. Kymn L Christopher D. LaBaw Sherry Lachman Leonard L. Lainhart Chad A. Lallemand Lawrence L. Lambert Michael Landry Daniel LaPlaca eric P. Lauer Jessie L. LaVine Daniel Lawver Jessica Lee Susan e. Leetmaa Carmine Leggett Bryan P. León Kerrie Leslie Ariel Leuthard John Levock-Spindle Sheila Lewis Andrew Lieberman Jennifer Liebschutz Jane C. Lien Kristina e. Lilac erika Liliedahl Michael Linden John e. Lindner BuDgeT OF The u. S. gOVeRNMeNT FOR FISCAL YeAR 2022 65 Jennifer M. Lipiew Adam Lipton Kim Lopez Sara R. Lopez Adrienne Lucas M Ryan MacMaster Christian MacMillan Claire A. Mahoney Mayur Manchanda Dominic J. Mancini Caroline Manela Noah S. Mann Iulia Z. Manolache Roman Manziyenko Chris Marokov Italy Martin Rochelle Martinez Nicole Martinez Moore Clare Martorana Kimie Matsuo Joshua May Steven McAndrews Jessica Rae McBean Alexander J. McClelland John L. McClung Malcolm P. McConnell Jeremy P. McCrary Anthony W. McDonald Christine A. McDonald Katrina A. McDonald Renford McDonald Michael McManus William McNavage Christopher McNeal Andrea Medina-Smith edward Meier Barbara A. Menard Flavio Menasce Margaret Mergen P. Thaddeus Messenger William L. Metzger Lauren Michaels Daniel J. Michelson- horowitz eric Mill Jason Miller Kimberly Miller
 Sofie Miller Susan M. Minson emily A. Mok Kirsten J. Moncada Claire Monteiro Joseph Montoni Andrea J. Montoya Julia C. Moore Betty T. Morrison Josephine Morse Savannah M. Moss Austin B. Mudd Robin McLaughry Mullins Daenuka Muraleetharan Jonathan J. Murphy Christian g. Music hayley W. Myers Kimberley L Myers N Jeptha e. Nafziger Larry J. Nagl Barry Napear Robert Nassif Kimberly P. Nelson Michael D. Nelson Anthony Nerino Melissa K. Neuman Joanie F. Newhart Kimberly Armstrong Newman Christine Nguy Tim h. Nusraty
 Joseph B. Nye O erin O’Brien Kerry Clinton O’Dell Melanie Ofiesh Matthew J. O’Kane Kathryn Olson Brendan J. O’Meara Matthew Oreska Lydia h. Orth Jared Ostermiller P heather C. Pajak Farrah N. Pappa Jacob A. Parcell John C. Pasquantino Michael Pauls Brian Paxton Casey Pearce Michael D. Pearlstein Liuyi Pei Falisa L. Peoples-Tittle emma C. Perron Michael A. Perz Whitney L. Peters William C. Petersen Andrea M. Petro Amy e. Petz Stacey Que-Chi Pham Alec Pharris Carolyn R. Phelps Karen A. Pica Brian Pickeral Brian Pipa Joseph Pipan Maggie Polachek Mark J. Pomponio Ruxandra Pond Julianne Poston Larrimer S. Prestosa Jamie M. Price Alanna B. Pugliese Robert B. Purdy R Lucas R. Radzinschi K. Sabeel Rahman houman Rasouli Johnnie Ray Alex Reed Thomas M. Reilly Bryant D. Renaud Keri A.
Rice Natalie Rico Kyle S. Riggs Jamal Rittenberry Maria Roat Beth higa Roberts Donovan Robinson Marshall J. Rodgers Jung M. Roh Samantha Romero Meredith B. Romley Renee Rosa Jeffrey R. Ross David J. Rowe Amanda Roy Danielle Royal Brian Rozental Tamia Russell erika h. Ryan S Adam N. Salazar John Asa Saldivar Mark S. Sandy Nathan T. Sanfilippo Ruth Saunders gregoire F. Sauter Joel Savary Jason K. Sawyer Rio Schondelmeyer Daniel K. Schory Mariarosaria Sciannameo Kristi Scott Jasmeet K. Seehra Kimberly Segura Robert B. Seidner Andrew Self Megan Shade Shabnam Sharbatoghlie Amy K. Sharp Dianne Shaughnessy Paul Shawcross Andrew B. Shea gary F. Shortencarrier Matthew Sidler Leticia Sierra Sara R. Sills Angela Simmons Celeste Simon Daniel Liam Singer Sarah Sisaye Robert Sivinski Benjamin J. Skidmore evan C. Skloot Curtina O. Smith Sarah B. Smith Stannis M. Smith Silvana Solano Roderic A. Solomon Timothy F. Soltis Amanda R.K. Sousane Candice g. Spalding Rebecca L. Spavins Valeria Spinner Christopher Spiro John h. Spittell Sarah Whittle Spooner Travis C. Stalcup 66 OMB CONTRIBuTORS TO The 2022 BuDgeT Scott R. Stambaugh Nora Stein Ryan Stoffers gary R. Stofko Terry W. Stratton Vanessa D. Studer Thomas J. Suarez Kevin J. Sullivan Patrick Sullivan Jessica L. Sun Ariana Sutton-grier Katherine M. Sydor T Jamie R. Taber Naomi S. Taransky Myra L. Taylor Jay F. Teitelbaum emma K. Tessier Amanda L. Thomas Barbara e. Thomas Judith F. Thomas Payton A. Thomas Will Thomas Serita K. Thornton Parth Tikiwala Thomas Tobasko gia Tonic gil
 M. Tran Vy Tran Susanna Troxler Austin Turner U Nicholas J. ufier Shraddha A. upadhyaya Darrell J. upshaw Taylor J. urbanski V Matthew J. Vaeth Candace Vahlsing Areletha L. Venson Alexandra Ventura Cesar Villanueva Megha Vyas W James A.
Wade Brett Waite Nicole Waldeck Joseph Waldow Traci Walker heather V. Walsh Tim Wang Ben Ward Peter h. Waterman gary Waxman Bess M. Weaver Jacqueline K. Webb Daniel Week William J. Weinig David Weisshaar Lillian Welch Philip R. Wenger Max West Arnette C. White Ashley M. White Curtis C. White Kim S. White Sherron R. White Brian Widuch Jeremy D. Williams Alex O. Wilson James Wolff Minzy Won Alegra Woodard Sophia M. Wright Bert Wyman Y Danny Yagan Melany N. Yeung David Y. Yi Christian T. Yonkeu Xia You Frank Young Rita Young Shalanda D. Young Janice Yun Z eliana M. Zavala erica h. Zielewski E X E C U T I V E O F F I C E O F T H E P R E S I D E N T OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET WASHINGTON, D.C. 20503