Source document: https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1697640497438.pdf (Australia)
World Anti-Doping Code 2 0 0 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION PURPOSE, SCOPE AND ORGANIZATION OF THE WORLD ANTI-DOPING PROGRAM AND THE CODE.......................................................................1 THE WORLD ANTI-DOPING PROGRAM.................................................................................1 THE CODE....................................................................................................................................1 INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS..............................................................................................2 MODELS OF BEST PRACTICE ..................................................................................................2 FUNDAMENTAL RATIONALE FOR THE WORLD ANTI-DOPING CODE......................................3 PART ONE: DOPING CONTROL INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................6 ARTICLE 1: DEFINITION OF DOPING ......................................................8 ARTICLE 2: ANTI-DDOPING RULE VIOLATIONS......................................8 2.1..........THE PRESENCE OF A PROHIBITED SUBSTANCE OR ITS METABOLITES OR MARKERSIN AN ATHLETE’SBODILY SPECIMEN.......................................................................8 2.2..........USEOR ATTEMPTED USEOF A PROHIBITED SUBSTANCEOR A PROHIBITED METHOD.................................................10 2.3...........................................................................................................................................10 2.4...........................................................................................................................................11 2.5..........TAMPERING,OR ATTEMPTINGTO TAMPER, WITH ANY PART OF DOPING CONTROL.....................................................11 2.6..........POSSESSIONOF PROHIBITED SUBSTANCES AND METHODS..................................................................................................11 2.7..........TRAFFICKINGIN ANY PROHIBITED SUBSTANCE OR PROHIBITED METHOD.
.............................................................................12 2.8...........................................................................................................................................12 ARTICLE 3: PROOF OF DOPING.............................................................12 3.1 ..........BURDENS AND STANDARDS OF PROOF.......................................................12 3.2 ..........METHODS OF ESTABLISHING FACTS AND PRESUMPTIONS........................................................................................12 World Anti-Doping Code March 2003 Published by: World Anti-Doping Agency Stock Exchange Tower 800 Place Victoria (Suite 1700) PO Box 120 Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4Z 1B7 URL: www.wada-ama.org Tel: Fax: E-mail: +1.514.904.9232 +1.514.904.8650 code@wada-ama.org Contents Contents ARTICLE 4: THE PROHIBITED LIST.......................................................14 4.1..........PUBLICATION AND REVISION OF THE PROHIBITED LIST................................................................................................14 4.2..........PROHIBITED SUBSTANCESAND PROHIBITED METHODS IDENTIFIED ON THE PROHIBITED LIST......................................14 4.3..........CRITERIA FOR INCLUDING SUBSTANCES AND METHODS ON THE PROHIBITED LIST............................................................15 4.4..........THERAPEUTIC USE.............................................................................................17 4.5..........MONITORING PROGRAM...................................................................................18 ARTICLE 5: TESTING................................................................................19 5.1..........TEST DISTRIBUTION PLANNING.....................................................................19 5.2..........STANDARDS FOR TESTING..............................................................................20 ARTICLE 6: ANALYSIS OF SAMPLES ...................................................20 6.1 .........USEOF APPROVED
 LABORATORIES..............................................................20 6.2 .........SUBSTANCES SUBJECT TO DETECTION........................................................20 6.3 .........RESEARCH ON SAMPLES.................................................................................20 6.4...........STANDARDS FOR SAMPLE ANALYSIS AND REPORTING...................................21 ARTICLE 7: RESULTS MANAGEMENT .................................................21 7.1 .........INITIAL REVIEW REGARDING ADVERSE ANALYTICAL FINDINGS...........21 7.2 .........NOTIFICATION AFTER INITIAL REVIEW ..........................................................21 7.3 .........FURTHER REVIEW OF ADVERSE ANALYTICAL FINDINGWHERE REQUIRED BY PROHIBITED LIST.....................................22 7.4 .........REVIEW OF OTHER ANTI-DOPING RULE VIOLATIONS................................22 7.5 .........PRINCIPLES APPLICABLE TO PROVISIONAL SUSPENSIONS..................23 ARTICLE 8 : RIGHT TO A FAIR HEARING...............................................24 ARTICLE 9: AUTOMATIC DISQUALIFICATION OF INDIVIDUAL RESULTS .................................................25 ARTICLE 10: SANCTIONS ON INDIVIDUALS .......................................26 10.1 ........DISQUALIFICATION OF RESULTS IN EVENTDURING WHICH AN ANTI-DOPING RULE VIOLATION OCCURS................................26 10.2 ........IMPOSITION OF INELIGIBILITYFOR PROHIBITED SUBSTANCES AND PROHIBITED METHODS...............................................26 10.3 ........SPECIFIED SUBSTANCES.................................................................................27 10.4 ........INELIGIBILITYFOR OTHER ANTI-DOPING RULE VIOLATIONS .................28 10.5 ........ELIMINATION OR REDUCTION OF PERIOD OF INELIGIBILITY BASED ON EXCEPTIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES...............................................29 10.6 ........RULES FOR CERTAIN POTENTIAL MULTIPLE VIOLATIONS.......................32 10.7 ........DISQUALIFICATION OF RESULTS IN COMPETITIONS SUBSEQUENT TO
 SAMPLE COLLECTION .....................................................34 10.8 ........COMMENCEMENT OF INELIGIBILITYPERIOD..............................................34 10.9 ........STATUS DURING INELIGIBILITY.......................................................................35 10.10 ......REINSTATEMENT TESTING...............................................................................36 ARTICLE 11: CONSEQUENCES TO TEAMS ..........................................36 ARTICLE 12: SANCTIONS AGAINST SPORTING BODIES..................37 ARTICLE 13: APPEALS............................................................................37 13.1........DECISIONS SUBJECT TO APPEAL...................................................................37 13.2........APPEALS FROM DECISIONS REGARDING ANTI-DOPING RULE VIOLATIONS, CONSEQUENCES, AND PROVISIONAL SUSPENSIONS................................................................37 13.3........APPEALS FROM DECISIONS GRANTING OR DENYING A THERAPEUTIC USEEXEMPTION..................................................................39 13.4........APPEALS FROM DECISIONS IMPOSING CONSEQUENCES UNDER PART THREE OF THE CODE................................40 13.5........APPEALS FROM DECISIONS SUSPENDING OR REVOKING LABORATORY ACCREDITATION...................................................40 ARTICLE 14 : CONFIDENTIALITY AND REPORTING ...........................40 14.1 .......INFORMATION CONCERNING ADVERSE ANALYTICAL FINDINGS AND OTHER POTENTIAL ANTI-DOPING RULE VIOLATIONS......................40 14.2 .......PUBLIC DISCLOSURE.........................................................................................41 14.3 .......ATHLETEWHEREABOUTS INFORMATION ....................................................42 14.4 .......STATISTICAL REPORTING..................................................................................42 14.5 .......DOPING CONTROLINFORMATION CLEARING HOUSE................................42 ARTICLE 15: CLARIFICATION OF
 DOPING CONTROL RESPONSIBILITIES ..........................................................43 15.1........EVENTTESTING..................................................................................................43 15.2........OUT-OF-COMPETITIONTESTING....................................................................44 15.3 .........RESULTS MANAGEMENT, HEARINGS AND SANCTIONS....................................44 15.4........MUTUAL RECOGNITION.....................................................................................45 Contents Contents ARTICLE 16: DOPING CONTROLFOR ANIMALS COMPETING IN SPORT ....................................................45 16.1 ........................................................................................................................................45 16.2 ........................................................................................................................................46 ARTICLE 17: STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS .............................................46 PART TWO: EDUCATION AND RESEARCH ARTICLE 18: EDUCATION........................................................................50 18.1........BASIC PRINCIPLE AND PRIMARY GOAL........................................................50 18.2........PROGRAM AND ACTIVITIES..............................................................................50 18.3........COORDINATION AND COOPERATION..............................................................50 ARTICLE 19: RESEARCH .........................................................................51 19.1........PURPOSE OF ANTI-DOPING RESEARCH.......................................................51 19.2........TYPES OF RESEARCH ........................................................................................51 19.3........COORDINATION ...................................................................................................51 20.6 .......ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF MAJOR EVENT
 ORGANIZATIONS...................................................................................57 20.7 .......ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF WADA...................................................57 ARTICLE 21: ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF PARTICIPANTS...................................................................58 21.1 ........ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF ATHLETES..........................................58 21.2 ........ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF ATHLETE SUPPORT PERSONNEL ....................................................................................58 ARTICLE 22: INVOLVEMENT OF GOVERNMENTS .............................59 22.1.........................................................................................................................................59 22.2.........................................................................................................................................60 22.2.........................................................................................................................................60 PART FOUR: ACCEPTANCE, COMPLIANCE, MODIFICATION & INTERPRETATION ARTICLE 23: ACCEPTANCE, COMPLIANCE AND MODIFICATION...64 19.4........RESEARCH PRACTICES.....................................................................................51 23.1........ACCEPTANCE OF THE CODE.............................................................................64 19.5........ADMINISTRATION OF PROHIBITED SUBSTANCES AND PROHIBITED METHODS...........................................................................51 19.6........MISUSE OF RESULTS.........................................................................................51 PART THREE: ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES ARTICLE 20: ADDITIONAL ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF SIGNATORIES...............................................................54 20.1 .......ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC
 COMMITTEE.........................................................54 20.2 .......ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE INTERNATIONAL PARALYMPIC COMMITTEE.................................................54 20.3 .......ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF INTERNATIONAL FEDERATIONS......................................................................55 20.4 .......ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF NATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEES AND NATIONAL PARALYMPIC COMMITTEES.......................56 20.5 .......ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF NATIONAL ANTI-DOPING ORGANIZATIONS.......................................................................57 23.2........IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CODE....................................................................64 23.3........ACCEPTANCE AND IMPLEMENTATION DEADLINES...................................65 23.4........MONITORING COMPLIANCE WITH THE CODE..............................................65 23.5........CONSEQUENCES OF NONCOMPLIANCE WITH THE CODE........................66 23.6........MODIFICATION OF THE CODE...........................................................................66 23.7........WITHDRAWAL OF ACCEPTANCE OF THE CODE...........................................67 ARTICLE 24: INTERPRETATION OF THE CODE...................................67 24.1 ........................................................................................................................................67 24.2 ........................................................................................................................................67 24.3 ........................................................................................................................................67 24.4 ........................................................................................................................................68 24.5
24.5 ........................................................................................................................................68 24.6 ........................................................................................................................................68 APPENDIX 1: DEFINITIONS............................................................72 World Anti-Doping Code 2003 IINNTTRROODDUUCCTTIIOONN THE PURPOSE, SCOPE AND ORGANIZATION OF THE WORLD ANTI-DDOPING PROGRAM AND THE CODE The purposes of the World Anti-Doping Program and the Codeare: • To protect the Athletes’ fundamental right to participate in doping-free sport and thus promote health, fairness and equality for Athletesworldwide; and • To ensure harmonized, coordinated and effective anti-doping programs at the international and national level with regard to detection, deterrence and prevention of doping.
THE WORLD ANTI-DDOPING PROGRAM The World Anti-Doping Program encompasses all of the elements needed in order to ensure optimal harmonization and best practice in international and national anti-doping programs.

The main elements are: Level 1: The Code Level 2: International Standards Level 3: Models of Best Practice THE CODE The Code is the fundamental and universal document upon which the World Anti-Doping Program in sport is based.
The purpose of the Code is to advance the anti-doping effort through universal harmonization of core anti-doping elements.

It is intended to achieve complete harmonization on issues where uniformity is required, yet general enough in other areas to permit flexibility on how agreed upon anti-doping principles are implemented.
to be specific enough 1 World Anti-Doping Code 2003 World Anti-Doping Code 2003 INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS FUNDAMENTAL RATIONALE FOR THE WORLD ANTI-DDOPING CODE International Standards for different technical and operational areas within the anti-doping program will be developed in consultation with the Signatoriesand governments and approved by WADA.
The purpose of the International Standards is harmonization among Anti-Doping Organizationsresponsible for specific technical and operational parts of the anti-doping programs.

Adherence to the International Standardsis mandatory for compliance with the Code.

The International Standardsmay be revised from time to time by the WADAExecutive Committee after reasonable consultation with the Signatories and governments.
Unless provided otherwise in the Code, International Standards and all revisions shall become effective on the date specified in the International Standardor revision.

MODELS OF BEST PRACTICE Models of Best Practice based on the Code will be developed to provide state of the art solutions in different areas of anti-doping.

The Models will be recommended by WADA and made available to Signatories upon request but will not be mandatory.
In addition to providing models of anti-doping documentation, WADA will also make some training assistance available to the Signatories.

International Standards Comment: International Standards will contain much of the technical detail necessary for implementing the Code.

This would include, for example, the detailed requirements for Sample collection, laboratory analysis and laboratory accreditation currently found in the Olympic Movement Anti-Doping Code 1999 (“OMADC”).
International Standards, while expressly incorporated into the Code by reference, will, in consultation with the Signatories and governments, be developed by experts and set forth in separate technical documents.

It is important that the technical experts be able to make timely changes to the International Standards without requiring any amendment of the Code or individual stakeholder rules and regulations.

All applicable International Standards will be in place by January 1, 2004.
Models of Best Practice Comment: WADA will prepare model anti-doping rules and regulations tailored to the needs of each of the major groups of Signatories (e.g., International Federations for individual sports, Anti-doping programs seek to preserve what is intrinsically valuable about sport.

This intrinsic value is often referred to as “the spirit of sport”; it is the essence of Olympism; it is how we play true.
The spirit of sport is the celebration of the human spirit, body and mind, and is characterized by the following values: • Ethics, fair play and honesty.

• Health.

• Excellence in performance.

• Character and education.

• Fun and joy.

• Teamwork.

• Dedication and commitment.

• Respect for rules and laws.

• Respect for self and other participants.

• Courage.

• Community and solidarity.

Doping is fundamentally contrary to the spirit of sport.
International Federations for team sports, National Anti-Doping Organizations, etc.).

These model rules and regulations will conform with and be based on the Code, will be state of the art examples of best practices and will contain all of the detail (including reference to International Standards) necessary to conduct an effective anti- doping program.

These model rules and regulations will provide alternatives from which stakeholders may select.
Some stakeholders may choose to adopt the model rules and regulations and other models of best practices verbatim.

Others may decide to adopt the models with modifications.

Still other stakeholders may choose to develop their own rules and regulations consistent with the general principles and specific requirements set forth in the Code.

Other model documents for specific parts of the anti-doping work may be developed based on generally recognized stakeholder needs and expectations.
This could include models for national anti-doping programs, results management, Testing (beyond the specific requirements set forth in the International Standard for Testing), education programs, etc.

All Models of Best Practice will be reviewed and approved by WADA before they are included in the World Anti-Doping Program.
2 3 PART ONE DOPING CONTROL World Anti-Doping Code 2003 World Anti-Doping Code 2003 INTRODUCTION Part One of the Code sets forth specific anti-doping rules and principles that are to be followed by organizations responsible for adopting, implementing or enforcing anti-doping rules within their authority - - e.g., the International Olympic Committee, International Paralympic Committee, International Federations, Major Event Organizations, and National Anti-Doping Organizations.
All of these organizations are collectively referred to as Anti-Doping Organizations.

Part One of the Code does not replace, or eliminate the need for, comprehensive anti-doping rules adopted by each of these Anti- Doping Organizations.
While some provisions of Part One of the Code must be incorporated essentially verbatim by each Anti- Doping Organization in its own anti-doping rules, other provisions of Part One establish mandatory guiding principles that allow flexibility in the formulation of rules by each Anti- Doping Organization or establish requirements that must be followed by each Anti-Doping Organization but need not be repeated in its own anti-doping rules.
The following Articles, as applicable to the scope of anti-doping activity which the Anti- Doping Organization performs, must be incorporated into the rules of each Anti-Doping Organization without any substantive changes (allowing for necessary non-substantive editing Introduction Comment: For example it is critical to harmonization that all Signatories base their decisions on the same list of anti-doping rule violations, the same burdens of proof and impose the same Consequences for the same anti-doping rule violations.
These substantive rules must be the same whether a hearing takes place before an International Federation, at the national level or before CAS.

On the other hand, it is not necessary for effective harmonization to force all Signatories to use one single results management and hearing process.

At present, there are many different, yet equally effective processes for results management and hearings within different International Federations and different national bodies.
The Code does not require absolute uniformity in results management and hearing procedures; it does, however, require that the diverse approaches of the Signatories satisfy principles stated in the Code.

With respect to Article 13, subpart 13.2.2 is not included in the provisions required to be adopted essentially 6 changes to the language in order to refer to the organization’s name, sport, section numbers, etc.
): Articles 1 (Definition of Doping), 2 (Anti-Doping Rule Violations), 3 (Proof of Doping), 9 (Automatic Disqualification of Individual Results), 10 (Sanctions on Individuals), 11 (Consequences to Teams), 13 (Appeals) with the exception of 13.2.2, 17 (Statute of Limitations) and Definitions.

Anti-doping rules, like competition rules, are sport rules governing the conditions under which sport is played.

Athletes accept these rules as a condition of participation.
Anti-doping rules are not intended to be subject to or limited by the requirements and legal standards applicable to criminal proceedings or employment matters.

The policies and minimum standards set forth in the Code represent the consensus of a broad spectrum of stakeholders with an interest in fair sport and should be respected by all courts and adjudicating bodies.
Participantsshall be bound to comply with the anti-doping rules adopted in conformance with the Code by the relevant Anti- Doping Organizations.

Each Signatory shall establish rules and procedures to ensure that all Participants under the authority of the Signatoryand its member organizations are informed of and agree to be bound by anti-doping rules in force of the relevant Anti-Doping Organizations.
verbatim, as 13.2.2 establishes mandatory guiding principles that allow some flexibility in the formulation of rules by the Anti- Doping Organization.

Participants Comment: By their participation in sport, Athletes are bound by the competitive rules of their sport.
In the same manner, Athletes and Athlete Support Personnel should be bound by anti- doping rules based on Article 2 of the Code by virtue of their agreements for membership, accreditation, or participation in sports organizations or sports events subject to the Code.

Each Signatory, however, shall take the necessary steps to ensure that all Athletes and Athlete Support Personnel within its authority are bound by the relevant Anti-Doping Organization’s anti-doping rules.
7 World Anti-Doping Code 2003 World Anti-Doping Code 2003 ARTICLE 1: DEFINITION OF DOPING Doping is defined as the occurrence of one or more of the anti- doping rule violations set forth in Article 2.1 through Article 2.8 of the Code.

ARTICLE 2: ANTI-DDOPING RULE VIOLATIONS The following constitute anti-doping rule violations: 2.1 The presence of a Prohibited Substanceor its Metabolites or Markersin an Athlete’sbodily Specimen.
2.1.1 It is each Athlete’s personal duty to ensure that no Prohibited Substanceenters his or her body.

Athletes are responsible for any Prohibited Substance or its Metabolites or Markers found to be present in their bodily Specimens.

Accordingly, it is not necessary that intent, fault, negligence or knowing Use on the Athlete’spart be demonstrated in order to establish an anti-doping violation under Article 2.1.
2 Comment: The purpose of Article 2 is to specify the circumstances and conduct which constitute violations of anti-doping rules.

Hearings in doping cases will proceed based on the assertion that one or more of these specific rules have been violated.

Most of the circumstances and conduct on this list of violations can be found in some form in the OMADC or other existing anti-doping rules.
2..11..11 Comment:For purposes of anti- doping violations involving the presence of a Prohibited Substance (or its Metabolites or Markers), the Code adopts the rule of strict liability which is found in the OMADC and the vast majority of existing anti-doping rules.

Under the strict liability principle, an anti-doping rule violation occurs whenever a Prohibited Substance is found in an Athlete’s bodily Specimen.
The violation occurs whether or not the Athlete intentionally or unintentionally used a Prohibited Substance or was negligent or otherwise at fault.

If the positive Sample came from an In-Competition test, then the results of that Competition are automatically invalidated (Article 9 (Automatic Disqualification of Individual Results)).

However, the Athlete then has the possibility to avoid or reduce sanctions if the Athlete can demonstrate that he or she was not at fault or significant fault.
(Article10.5 (Elimination or Reduction of Period of Ineligibility Based on Exceptional Circumstances).
The strict liability rule for the finding of a Prohibited Substance in an Athlete’s Specimen, with a possibility that sanctions may be modified based on specified criteria, provides a reasonable balance between effective anti-doping 2.1.2 Excepting those substances for which a quantitative reporting threshold is specifically identified in the Prohibited List, the detected presence of any quantity of a Prohibited Substanceor its Metabolites or Markers in an Athlete’s Sample shall constitute an anti-doping rule violation.
2.1.3 As an exception to the general rule of Article 2.1, the Prohibited List may establish special criteria for the evaluation of Prohibited Substances that can also be produced endogenously.

enforcement for the benefit of all “clean” Athletes and fairness in the exceptional circumstance where a Prohibited Substance entered an Athlete’s system through no fault or negligence on the Athlete’s part.
It is important to emphasize that while the determination of whether the anti-doping rule has been violated is based on strict liability, the imposition of a fixed period of Ineligibility is not automatic.

The rationale for the strict liability rule was well stated by the Court of Arbitration for Sport in the case of Quigley v. UIT.
“It is true that a strict liability test is likely in some sense to be unfair in an individual case, such as that of Q., where the Athlete may have taken medication as the result of mislabeling or faulty advice for which he or she is not responsible - particularly in the circumstances of sudden illness in a foreign country.

But it is also in some sense “unfair” for an Athlete to get food poisoning on the eve of an important competition.
Yet in neither case will the rules of the competition be altered to undo the unfairness.

Just as the competition will not be postponed to await the Athlete’s recovery, so the prohibition of banned substances will not be lifted in recognition of its accidental absorption.

The vicissitudes of competition, like those of life generally, may create many types of unfairness, whether by accident or the negligence of unaccountable Persons, which the law cannot repair.
Furthermore, it appears to be a laudable policy objective not to repair an accidental unfairness to an individual by creating an intentional unfairness to the whole body of other competitors.

This is what would happen if banned performance- enhancing substances were tolerated when absorbed inadvertently.

Moreover, it is likely that even intentional abuse would in many cases escape sanction for lack of proof of guilty intent.
And it is certain that a requirement of intent would invite costly litigation that may well cripple federations - particularly those run on modest budgets - in their fight against doping.” 2..11..3 Comment: For example, the Prohibited List might provide that a T/E ratio greater than 6:1 is doping unless a longitudinal analysis of prior or subsequent test results by the Anti- Doping Organization demonstrates a naturally elevated ratio or the Athlete otherwise establishes that the elevated ratio is the result of a physiological or pathological condition.
8 9 World Anti-Doping Code 2003 World Anti-Doping Code 2003 2.2 Use or Attempted Use of a Prohibited Substance or a Prohibited Method.

2.2.1 The success or failure of the Use of a Prohibited Substanceor Prohibited Methodis not material.

It is sufficient that the Prohibited Substanceor Prohibited Method was Used or Attempted to be Used for an anti-doping rule violation to be committed.
2.3 Refusing, or failing without compelling justification, to to Sample collection after notification as submit authorized in applicable anti-doping rules or otherwise evading Samplecollection.

2..3 Comment: Failure or refusal to submit to Sample collection after notification is prohibited in almost all existing anti-doping rules.

This Article expands the typical rule to include “otherwise evading Sample collection” as prohibited conduct.
Thus, for example, it would be an anti-doping rule violation if it were established that an Athlete was hiding from a Doping Control official who was attempting to conduct a test.

A violation of “refusing or failing to submit to Sample collection” may be based on either intentional or negligent conduct of the Athlete, while “evading” Sample collection contemplates intentional conduct by the Athlete.
2..2..11 Comment: The prohibition against “Use” has been expanded from the text in the OMADC to include Prohibited Substances as well as Prohibited Methods.

With this inclusion there is no need to specifically delineate “admission of Use” as a separate anti-doping rule violation.

“Use” can be proved, for example, through admissions, third party testimony or other evidence.

Demonstrating the “Attempted Use” of a Prohibited Substance requires proof of intent on the Athlete’s part.
The fact that intent may be required to prove this particular anti-doping rule violation does not undermine the strict liability principle established for violations of Article 2.1 and Use of a Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method.

An Athlete’s Out-of-Competition Use of a Prohibited Substance that is not prohibited Out-of-Competition would not constitute an anti-doping rule violation.
10 2.4 Violation of applicable requirements regarding Athlete availability for Out-of-CompetitionTestingincluding failure to provide required whereabouts information and missed tests which are declared based on reasonable rules.

2.5 Tampering, or Attempting to tamper, with any part of Doping Control.
2.6 Possessionof Prohibited Substancesand Methods: 2.6.1 Possession by an Athlete at any time or place of a substance that is prohibited in Out-of-Competition Testing or a Prohibited Methodunless the Athleteestablishes that the Possession is pursuant to a therapeutic use exemption granted in accordance with Article 4.4 (Therapeutic Use) or other acceptable justification.
2.6.2 Possessionof a substance that is prohibited in Out-of- Competition Testingor a Prohibited Methodby Athlete Support Personnel in connection with an Athlete, Competition or training, unless the Athlete Support Personnel establishes that the Possessionis pursuant to a therapeutic use exemption granted to an Athlete in accordance with Article 4.4 (Therapeutic Use) or other acceptable justification.

2..4 Comment: Unannounced Out-of- Competition Testing is at the core of effective Doping Control.
Without accurate Athlete location information such Testing is inefficient and sometimes impossible.

This Article, which is not typically found in most existing anti-doping rules, requires Athletes that have been identified for Out-of-Competition Testing to be responsible for providing and updating information on their whereabouts so that they can be located for No Advance Notice Out-of- Competition Testing.
The “applicable requirements” are set by the Athlete’s International Federation and National Anti-Doping Organization in order to allow some flexibility based upon varying circumstances encountered in different sports and countries.

A violation of this Article may be based on either intentional or negligent conduct by the Athlete.

2..5 Comment: This Article prohibits conduct which subverts the Doping Control process but which would not be included in the typical definition of Prohibited Methods.
For example, altering identification numbers on a Doping Control form during Testing or breaking the B Bottle at the time of B Sample analysis.

11 World Anti-Doping Code 2003 World Anti-Doping Code 2003 2.7 2.8 Trafficking in any Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method.
Administration or Attempted administration of a Prohibited Substanceor Prohibited Methodto any Athlete, or assisting, encouraging, aiding, abetting, covering up or any other type of complicity involving an anti-doping rule violation or any Attemptedviolation.

ARTICLE 3: PROOF OF DOPING 3.1 Burdens and Standards of Proof.

The Anti-Doping Organization shall have the burden of establishing that an anti-doping rule violation has occurred.
The standard of proof shall be whether the Anti- Doping Organization has established an anti-doping rule violation to the comfortable satisfaction of the hearing body bearing in mind the seriousness of the allegation which is made.

This standard of proof in all cases is greater than a mere balance of probability but less than proof beyond a reasonable doubt.
Where the Code places the burden of proof upon the Athlete or other Person alleged to have committed an anti-doping rule violation to rebut a presumption or establish specified facts or circumstances, the standard of proof shall be by a balance of probability.

3.2 Methods of Establishing Facts and Presumptions.

Facts related to anti-doping rule violations may be established by any reliable means, including admissions.
The following rules of proof shall be applicable in doping cases: 3..11 Comment: This standard of proof required to be met by the Anti-Doping Organization is comparable to the standard which is applied in most countries to cases involving professional misconduct.

It has also been widely applied by courts and tribunals in doping cases.

See, for example, the CAS decision in N., J., Y., W. v. FINA, CAS 98/208, 22 December 1998.
3.2.1 WADA-accredited laboratories are presumed to have conducted Sampleanalysis and custodial procedures in accordance with the International Standard for laboratory analysis.

The Athlete may rebut this presumption by establishing that a departure from the International Standardoccurred.
If the Athlete rebuts the preceding presumption by showing that a departure from the International Standardoccurred, then the Anti-Doping Organization shall have the burden to establish that such departure did not cause the Adverse Analytical Finding.

3.2.2 Departures from the International Standard for Testing which did not cause an Adverse Analytical Finding or other anti-doping rule violation shall not invalidate such results.
If the Athlete establishes that departures from the International Standard occurred during Testing then the Anti-Doping Organizationshall have the burden to establish that such departures did not cause the Adverse Analytical Finding or the factual basis for the anti- doping rule violation.

3..2..11 Comment: The burden is on the Athlete to establish, by a preponderance of the evidence, a departure from the International Standard.
If the Athlete does so, the burden shifts to the Anti-Doping Organization to prove to the comfortable satisfaction of the hearing body that the departure did not change the test result.

12 13 World Anti-Doping Code 2003 ARTICLE 4: THE PROHIBITED LIST 4.1 Publication and Revision of the Prohibited List.

WADAshall, as often as necessary and no less often than annually, publish the Prohibited List as an International Standard.
The proposed content of the Prohibited Listand all revisions shall be provided in writing promptly to all Signatories and governments for comment and consultation.

Each annual version of the Prohibited List and all revisions shall be distributed promptly by WADAto each Signatoryand government and shall be published on WADA’s website, and each Signatory shall take appropriate steps to distribute the Prohibited List to its members and constituents.
The rules of each Anti-Doping Organizationshall specify that, unless provided otherwise in the Prohibited Listor a revision, the Prohibited Listand revisions shall go into effect under the Anti-Doping Organization’s rules three months after publication of the Prohibited List by WADA without requiring any further action by the Anti-Doping Organization.

4.2 Prohibited Substances and Prohibited Methods Identified on the Prohibited List.
identify those Prohibited The Prohibited List shall Substancesand Prohibited Methodswhich are prohibited as doping at all times (both In-Competition and Out-of- 4..11 Comment: The Prohibited List will be revised and published on an expedited basis whenever the need arises.

However, for the sake of predictability, a new list will be published every year whether or not changes have been made.
The virtue of the IOC practice of publishing a new list every January is that it avoids confusion over which list is the most current.

To address this issue, WADA will always have the most current Prohibited List published on its website.

It is anticipated that revised anti- doping rules adopted by Anti-Doping Organizations pursuant to the Code will not go into effect until January 1, 2004 with the publication of the first Prohibited List adopted by WADA.
The OMADC will continue to be applicable until the Code is accepted by the International Olympic Committee.

4..2 Comment: There will be one Prohibited List.

The substances which are prohibited at all times World Anti-Doping Code 2003 Competition) because of their potential to enhance performance in future Competitions or their masking potential and those substances and methods which are prohibited In-Competitiononly.
Upon the recommendation of an International Federation, the Prohibited Listmay be expanded by WADA for that particular sport.

Prohibited Substancesand Prohibited Methodsmay be included in the Prohibited Listby general category (e.g., anabolic agents) or by specific reference to a particular substance or method.

4.3 Criteria for Including Substances and Methods on the Prohibited List.

WADA shall consider the following criteria in deciding whether to include a substance or method on the Prohibited List.
4.3.1 A substance or method shall be considered for inclusion on the Prohibited Listif WADAdetermines that the substance or method meets any two of the following three criteria: 4.3.1.1 Medical or other scientific evidence, pharmacological effect or experience that the substance or method has the potential to enhance or enhances sport performance; would include masking agents and those substances which, when used in training, may have long term performance enhancing effects such as anabolics.
All substances and methods on the Prohibited List are prohibited In- Competition.

This distinction between what is tested for In-Competition and what is tested for Out-of-Competition is carried over from the OMADC.

There will be only one document called the “Prohibited List.” WADA may add additional substances or methods to the Prohibited List for particular sports (e.g.

the inclusion of beta-blockers for shooting) but this will also be reflected on the single Prohibited List.
Having all Prohibited Substances on a single list will avoid some of the current confusion related to identifying which substances are prohibited in which sports.

Individual sports are not permitted to seek exemption from the basic list of Prohibited Substances (e.g.

eliminating anabolics from the Prohibited List for ‘’mind sports”).

The premise of this decision is that there are certain basic doping agents which anyone who chooses to call himself or herself an Athlete should not take.
14 15 World Anti-Doping Code 2003 World Anti-Doping Code 2003 4.3.1.2 Medical or other scientific evidence, pharmacological effect, or experience that the Use of the substance or method represents an actual or potential health risk to the Athlete; 4.3.1.3 WADA’s determination that the Use of the substance or method violates the spirit of sport described in the Introduction to the Code.
4.3.2 A substance or method shall also be included on the Prohibited List if WADA determines there is medical evidence, pharmacological effect or experience that the substance or method has the potential to mask the Use of other Prohibited Substances and Prohibited Methods.
scientific other or 4..3..2 Comment: A substance shall be considered for inclusion on the Prohibited List if the substance is a masking agent or meets two of the following three criteria: (1) it has the potential to enhance or enhances sport performance; (2) it represents a potential or actual health risk; or (3) it is contrary to the spirit of sport.

None of the three criteria aloneis a sufficient basis for adding a substance to the Prohibited List.
Using the potential to enhance performance as the sole criteria would include, for example, physical and mental training, red meat, carbohydrate loading and training at altitude.

Risk of harm would include smoking.

Requiring all three criteria would also be unsatisfactory.

For example the use of genetic transfer technology to dramatically enhance sport performance should be prohibited as contrary to the spirit of sport even if it is not harmful.
Similarly, the potentially unhealthy abuse of certain substances without therapeutic justification based on the mistaken belief they enhance performance is certainly contrary to the spirit of sport regardless of whether the expectation of performance enhancement is realistic.
4.3.3 WADA’s determination of the Prohibited Substances and Prohibited Methods that will be included on the Prohibited List shall be final and shall not be subject to challenge by an Athlete or other Person based on an argument that the substance or method was not a masking agent or did not have the potential to enhance performance, represent a health risk, or violate the spirit of sport.

4.4 Therapeutic Use WADA shall adopt an International Standard for the process of granting therapeutic use exemptions.
International Federation shall ensure, Each for International-Level Athletes or any other Athlete who is 4..3..3 Comment: The question of whether a substance meets the criteria in Article 4.3 (Criteria for Including Substances and Methods on the Prohibited List) in a particular case cannot be raised as a defense to an anti-doping rule violation.

For example, it cannot be argued that the Prohibited Substance detected would not have been performance enhancing in that particular sport.
Rather, doping occurs when a substance on the Prohibited List is found in an Athlete’s bodily Specimen.

The same principle is found in the OMADC.

4..4 Comment: It is important that the processes for granting therapeutic use exemptions become more harmonized.

Athletes who use medically prescribed Prohibited Substances may be subject to sanctioning unless they have previously obtained a therapeutic use exemption.
However, currently many sporting bodies have no rules permitting therapeutic use exemptions; others follow unwritten policies; and only a few have written policies incorporated into their anti-doping rules.
This Article seeks to harmonize the basis upon which therapeutic use exemptions will be granted and gives responsibility for granting or denying exemptions to the International Federations for International- Level Athletes and to the National Anti- Doping Organizations for national-level Athletes (that are not also International- Level Athletes) and other Athletes subject to Doping Control under the Code.
Examples of commonly prescribed Prohibited Substances which might be specifically addressed in the International Standard for therapeutic use exemptions are medications prescribed for acute severe asthma and inflammatory bowel disease.

When a therapeutic use exemption has been denied or granted in contravention of the International Standard, that decision may be submitted to WADA for review as provided in the International Standard and thereafter appealed as provided in Article 13.3 (Appeals).
If the granting of a therapeutic use exemption is reversed, the reversal shall not apply retroactively and shall not disqualify the Athlete’s results during the time that the therapeutic use exemption was in effect.

16 17 World Anti-Doping Code 2003 World Anti-Doping Code 2003 entered in an International Event, that a process is in place whereby Athletes with documented medical conditions requiring the Use of a Prohibited Substance or a Prohibited Method may request a therapeutic use exemption.
Each National Anti-Doping Organization shall ensure, for all Athletes within its jurisdiction that are not International-Level Athletes, that a process is in place whereby Athletes with documented medical conditions requiring the Use of a Prohibited Substance or a Prohibited Method may request a therapeutic use in exemption.

accordance with the International Standardon therapeutic use.
International Federations and National Anti-Doping Organizationsshall promptly report to WADAthe granting of therapeutic use exemptions to any International-Level Athlete or national-level Athlete that is included in his or her National Anti-Doping Organization’s Registered Testing Pool.
Such requests shall be evaluated WADA, on its own initiative, may review the granting of a therapeutic use exemption to any International-Level Athlete or national-level Athlete that is included in his or her National Anti-Doping Organization’s Registered Testing Pool.

Further, upon the request of any such Athletethat has been denied a therapeutic use exemption, WADA may review such denial.
If WADA determines that such granting or denial of a therapeutic use exemption did not comply with the International Standardfor therapeutic use exemptions, WADAmay reverse the decision.

4.5 Monitoring Program WADA, in consultation with other Signatories and governments, shall establish a monitoring program regarding substances which are not on the Prohibited List, but which WADA wishes to monitor in order to detect patterns of misuse in sport.
WADA shall publish, in advance of any Testing, the substances that will be monitored.

Laboratories will report the instances of reported Useor detected presence of these substances to WADA periodically on an aggregate basis by sport and whether the Samples were collected In-Competition or Out–of-Competition.

Such reports shall not contain additional information regarding specific Samples.
WADA shall make available to International Federations and National Anti-Doping Organizations, on at least an annual basis, aggregate statistical information by sport regarding the additional substances.

WADA shall implement measures to ensure that strict anonymity of individual Athletes is maintained with respect to such reports.

The reported use or detected presence of the monitored substances shall not constitute a doping violation.

ARTICLE 5: TESTING 5.1 Test Distribution Planning.


Anti-Doping Organizations conducting Testingshall in coordination with other Anti-Doping Organizationsconducting Testingon the same Athletepool: 5.1.1 Plan and implement an effective number of In- Competition and Out-of-Competition tests.
Each International Federation shall establish a Registered Testing Poolfor International-Level Athletesin its sport, and each National Anti-Doping Organization shall establish a national Registered Testing Pool for Athletes in its country.

The national-level pool shall include International-Level Athletesfrom that country as well as other national-level Athletes.
Each International Federation and National Anti-Doping Organization shall plan and conduct In-Competition and Out-of- Competition Testingon its Registered Testing Pool.

5.1.2 Make No Advance NoticeTestinga priority.

5.1.3 Conduct Target Testing.

5..11..3 Comment: Target Testing is specified because random Testing, or even weighted random Testing, does not ensure that all of the appropriate Athletes will be tested.
(For example: world class Athletes, Athletes whose 18 19 World Anti-Doping Code 2003 World Anti-Doping Code 2003 5.2 Standards for Testing Anti-Doping Organizations conducting Testing shall conduct such Testing in conformity with the International Standardfor Testing.
ARTICLE 6: ANALYSIS OF SAMPLES Doping ControlSamplesshall be analyzed in accordance with the following principles: 6.1 Useof Approved Laboratories Doping Control Samples shall be analyzed only in WADA- accredited laboratories or as otherwise approved by WADA.

The choice of the WADA-accredited laboratory (or other method approved by WADA) used for the Sample analysis shall be determined exclusively by the Anti- Doping Organizationresponsible for results management.
6.2 Substances Subject to Detection Doping Control Samples shall be analyzed to detect Prohibited Substancesand ProhibitedMethodsidentified on the Prohibited Listand other substances as may be directed by WADApursuant to Article 4.5 (Monitoring Program).
6.3 Research on Samples No Sample may be used for any purpose other than the detection of substances (or classes of substances) or methods on the Prohibited List, or as otherwise identified performances have dramatically improved over a short period of time, Athletes whose coaches have had other Athletes test positive, etc.).

Obviously, Target Testing must not be used for any purpose other than legitimate Doping Control.
The Code makes it clear that Athletes have no right to expect that they will be tested only on a random basis.

Similarly, it does not impose any reasonable suspicion or probable cause requirement for Target Testing.

5..2 Comment: The required methods and processes for the various types of In-Competition Out-of- Competition Testing will be described in greater detail in the International Standard for Testing.
and 6..11 Comment: The phrase “or other method approved by WADA” is intended to cover, for example, mobile blood Testing procedures which WADA has reviewed and considers to be reliable.

by WADA pursuant to Article 4.5 (Monitoring Program), without the Athlete’swritten consent.

6.4 Standards for SampleAnalysis and Reporting Laboratories shall analyze Doping ControlSamples and report results in conformity with the International Standardfor laboratory analysis.
ARTICLE 7: RESULTS MANAGEMENT Each Anti-Doping Organizationconducting results management shall establish a process for the pre-hearing administration of potential anti-doping rule violations that respects the following principles: 7.1 Initial Review Regarding Adverse Analytical Findings Upon receipt of an A Sample Adverse Analytical Finding, the Anti-Doping Organization responsible for results management shall conduct a review to determine whether: (a) an applicable therapeutic use exemption has been granted, or (b) there is any apparent departure from the International Standards for Testing or laboratory analysis that undermines the validity of the Adverse Analytical Finding.
7.2 Notification After Initial Review If the initial review under Article 7.1 does not reveal an applicable therapeutic use exemption or departure that undermines the validity of the Adverse Analytical Finding, 7 Comment: Various of the Signatories have created their own approaches to results management for Adverse Analytical Findings.

While the various approaches have not been entirely uniform, many have proven to be fair and effective systems for results management.
The Code does not supplant each of the Signatories’ results management systems.

This Article does, however, specify basic principles in order to ensure the fundamental fairness of the results management process which must be observed by each Signatory.

The specific anti-doping rules of each Signatory shall be consistent with these basic principles.
7..2 Comment: The Athlete has a right to request a prompt B Sample analysis regardless of whether follow-up investigation may be required under Articles 7.3 or 7.4.
20 21 World Anti-Doping Code 2003 World Anti-Doping Code 2003 the Anti-Doping Organization shall promptly notify the Athlete, in the manner set out in its rules, of: (a) the Adverse Analytical Finding; (b) the anti-doping rule violated, or, in a case under Article 7.3, a description of the additional investigation that will be conducted as to whether there is an anti-doping rule violation; (c) the Athlete’s right to promptly request the analysis of the B Sample or, failing such request, that the B Sample analysis may be deemed waived; (d) the right of the Athlete and/or the Athlete’s representative to attend the B Sample opening and analysis if such analysis is requested; and (e) the Athlete’s right to request copies of the A and B Sample laboratory documentation package the which International Standard for laboratory analysis.
information as required by includes 7.3 Further Review of Adverse Analytical Finding Where Required by Prohibited List The Anti-Doping Organization or other reviewing body established by such organization shall also conduct any follow-up investigation as may be required by the Prohibited List.
Upon completion of such follow-up investigation, the Anti-Doping Organizationshall promptly notify the Athlete regarding the results of the follow-up investigation and whether or not the Anti-Doping Organizationasserts that an anti-doping rule was violated.
7.4 Review of Other Anti-Doping Rule Violations The Anti-Doping Organization or other reviewing body established by such organization shall conduct any follow- up investigation as may be required under applicable anti- doping policies and rules adopted pursuant to the Codeor which the Anti-Doping Organization otherwise considers appropriate.
The Anti-Doping Organizationshall promptly give the Athleteor other Personsubject to sanction notice, 7..4 Comment: As an example, an International Federation typically would notify the Athlete through the Athlete’s national sports federation.

in the manner set out in its rules, of the anti-doping rule which appears to have been violated, and the basis of the violation.
7.5 Principles Applicable to Provisional Suspensions A Signatory may adopt rules, applicable to any Event for which the Signatory is the ruling body or for any team selection process for which the Signatory is responsible, permitting Provisional Suspensions to be imposed after the review and notification described in Articles 7.1 and 7.2 but prior to a final hearing as described in Article 8 (Right to a Fair Hearing).
Provided, however, that a Provisional Suspension may not be imposed unless the Athlete is given either: (a) an opportunity for a Provisional Hearing either before imposition of the Provisional Suspension or on a timely basis after imposition of the Provisional Suspension; or (b) an opportunity for an expedited hearing in accordance with Article 8 (Right to a Fair Hearing) on a timely basis after imposition of a Provisional Suspension.
If a Provisional Suspension is imposed based on an A Sample Adverse Analytical Finding and a subsequent B Sample analysis does not confirm the A Sample analysis, then the Athlete shall not be subject to any further disciplinary action and any sanction previously imposed shall be rescinded.
In circumstances where the Athleteor the Athlete’s team has been removed from a Competition and the subsequent B Sample analysis does not confirm the A Sample finding, if, without otherwise affecting the Competition, it is still possible for the Athleteor team to be reinserted, the Athlete or team may continue to take part in the Competition.
7..5 Comment: This Article continues to permit the possibility of a Provisional Suspension before a final decision at a hearing under Article 8 (Right to a Fair Hearing).

Provisional Suspensions have been authorized in the OMADC and by the rules of many International Federations.

However, before a Provisional Suspension can be unilaterally imposed by an Anti- Doping Organization, the internal review specified in the Code must first be completed.
In addition, a Signatory imposing a Provisional Suspension is required to give the Athlete an opportunity for a Provisional Hearing 22 23 World Anti-Doping Code 2003 World Anti-Doping Code 2003 ARTICLE 8: RIGHT TO A FAIR HEARING Each Anti-Doping Organization with responsibility for results management shall provide a hearing process for any Person who is asserted to have committed an anti-doping rule violation.
Such hearing process shall address whether an anti-doping the appropriate violation was committed and, Consequences.
The hearing process shall respect the following principles: if so, • a timely hearing; • fair and impartial hearing body; • the right to be represented by counsel at the Person’s own expense; • the right to be fairly and timely informed of the asserted anti- doping rule violation; • the right to respond to the asserted anti-doping rule violation and resulting Consequences; either before or promptly after the imposition of the Provisional Suspension, or an expedited final hearing under Article 8 promptly after imposition of the Provisional Suspension.
The Athlete has a right to appeal under Article 13.2.

As an alternative to the process for imposing a Provisional Suspension under this Article, the Anti-Doping Organization may always elect to forego a Provisional Suspension and proceed directly to the final hearing utilizing an expedited process under Article 8.
In the rare circumstance where the B Sample analysis does not confirm the A Sample finding, the Athlete that had been provisionally suspended will be allowed, where circumstances permit, to participate in subsequent Competitions during the Event.

Similarly, depending upon the relevant rules of the International Federation in a Team Sport, if the team is still in Competition, the Athlete may be able to take part in future Competitions.
8 Comment : This Article contains basic principles relative to ensuring a fair hearing for Persons asserted to have violated anti-doping rules.

This Article is not intended to supplant each Signatory’s own rules for hearings but rather to ensure that each Signatory provides a hearing process consistent with these principles.
• the right of each party to present evidence, including the right to call and question witnesses (subject to the hearing body’s discretion to accept testimony by telephone or written submission); • the Person’s right to an interpreter at the hearing, with the hearing body to determine the identity, and responsibility for the cost, of the interpreter; and • a timely, written, reasoned decision; Hearings held in connection with Eventsmay be conducted by an expedited process as permitted by the rules of the relevant Anti- Doping Organizationand the hearing body.
ARTICLE 9: AUTOMATIC DISQUALIFICATION OF INDIVIDUAL RESULTS An anti-doping rule violation in connection with an In-Competition test automatically leads to Disqualificationof the individual result obtained in that Competition with all resulting consequences, including forfeiture of any medals, points and prizes.

The reference to CAS as an appellate body in Article 13 does not prevent a Signatory from also specifying CAS as the initial hearing body.
For example a hearing could be expedited on the eve of a major Event where the resolution of the anti- doping rule violation is necessary to determine the Athlete’s eligibility to participate in the Event or during an Event where the resolution of the case will affect the validity of the Athlete’s results or continued participation in the Event.

9 Comment: This principle is found in the OMADC.


When an Athlete wins a gold medal with a Prohibited Substance in his or her system, that is unfair to the other Athletes in that Competition regardless of whether the gold medallist was at fault in any way.

Only a “clean” Athlete should be allowed to benefit from his or her competitive results.

For Team Sports, see Article 11 (Consequences to Teams).
24 25 World Anti-Doping Code 2003 World Anti-Doping Code 2003 ARTICLE 10: SANCTIONS ON INDIVIDUALS 10.1 Disqualification of Results in Event During which an Anti- Doping Rule Violation Occurs An anti-doping rule violation occurring during or in connection with an Event may, upon the decision of the ruling body of the Event, lead to Disqualificationof all of the Athlete’s individual results obtained in that Event with all consequences, including forfeiture of all medals, points and prizes, except as provided in Article 10.1.1.
10.1.1 If the Athleteestablishes that he or she bears No Fault or Negligencefor the violation, the Athlete’s individual results in the other Competitions shall not be in Disqualified unless Competitionsother than the Competitionin which the anti-doping rule violation occurred were likely to have been affected by the Athlete’santi-doping rule violation.
the Athlete’s results 10.2 Imposition of Ineligibility for Prohibited Substances and Prohibited Methods Except for the specified substances identified in Article 10.3, the period of Ineligibilityimposed for a violation of Articles 2.1 (presence of Prohibited Substance or its Metabolitesor 110..11 Comment: Whereas Article 9 (Automatic Disqualification of Individual Results) Disqualifies the result in a single Competition in which the Athlete tested positive (e.g., the 100 meter backstroke), this Article may lead to Disqualification of all results in all races during the Event (e.g., the FINA World Championships).
Factors to be included in considering whether to Disqualify other results in an Event might include, for example, the severity of the Athlete’s anti- doping rule violation and whether the Athlete tested negative in the other Competitions.

110..2 Comment: Harmonization of sanctions has been one of the most discussed and debated areas of anti- doping.
Arguments against requiring harmonization of sanctions are based on differences between sports including for example the following: in some sports the Athletes are professionals making a sizable income from the sport and in others the Athletes are true amateurs; in those sports where an Athlete’s career is short (e.g.
artistic gymnastics) a two year Disqualification has a much more significant effect on the Athlete than in sports where careers are traditionally Markers), 2.2 (Use or Attempted Use of Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method) and 2.6 (Possession of Prohibited Substancesand Methods) shall be: • First violation: Two (2) years’ Ineligibility.

• Second violation: Lifetime Ineligibility.
However, the Athlete or other Person shall have the opportunity in each case, before a period of Ineligibility is imposed, to establish the basis for eliminating or reducing this sanction as provided in Article 10.5 10.3 Specified Substances The Prohibited List may identify specified substances which are particularly susceptible to unintentional anti- doping rules violations because of their general availability in medicinal products or which are less likely to be successfully abused as doping agents.
Where an Athlete can establish that the Use of such a specified much longer (e.g.

equestrian and shooting); in individual sports, the Athlete is better able to maintain competitive skills through solitary practice during Disqualification than in other sports where practice as part of a team is more important.
A primary argument in favor of harmonization is that it is simply not right that two Athletes from the same country who test positive for the same Prohibited Substance under similar circumstances should receive different sanctions only because they participate in different sports.

In addition, flexibility in sanctioning has often been viewed as an unacceptable opportunity for some sporting bodies to be more lenient with dopers.
The lack of harmonization of sanctions has also frequently been the source of jurisdictional conflicts between International Federations and National Anti-Doping Organizations.

The consensus of the World Conference on Doping in Sport held in Lausanne in February 1999 supported a two year period of Ineligibility for a first serious anti-doping rule violation followed with a lifetime ban for a second violation.

This consensus was reflected in the OMADC.


110..3 Comment: This principle is carried over from the OMADC and allows, for example, some flexibility in disciplining Athletes who test positive as a result of the inadvertent use of a cold medicine containing a prohibited stimulant.
“ Reduction” of a sanction under Article 10.5.2 applies only to a second or third violation because the sanction for a first 26 27 World Anti-Doping Code 2003 World Anti-Doping Code 2003 substance was not to enhance sport performance, the period of Ineligibilityfound in Article 10.2 shall be replaced with the following: intended • First violation: At a minimum, a warning and reprimand and no period of Ineligibilityfrom future Events, and at a maximum, one (1) year’s Ineligibility.
• Second violation: Two (2) years’ Ineligibility.

• Third violation: Lifetime Ineligibility.

However, the Athlete or other Person shall have the opportunity in each case, before a period of Ineligibility is imposed, to establish the basis for eliminating or reducing (in the case of a second or third violation) this sanction as provided in Article 10.5.
10.4 Ineligibility for Other Anti-Doping Rule Violations The period of Ineligibility for other anti-doping rule violations shall be: 10.4.1 For violations of Article 2.3 (refusing or failing to to Sample collection) or Article 2.5 submit (Tampering with Doping Control), the Ineligibility periods set forth in Article 10.2 shall apply.
10.4.2 For violations of Articles 2.7 (Trafficking) or 2.8 (administration of Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method), the period of Ineligibility imposed shall be a minimum of four (4) years up to violation already builds in sufficient discretion to allow consideration of the Person’s degree of fault.

110..4..2 Comment: Those who are involved in doping Athletes or covering up doping should be subject to sanctions which are more severe than the Athletes who test positive.
Since the authority of sport organizations is generally limited to Ineligibility for credentials, membership and other sport benefits, reporting Athlete Support Personnel to competent authorities is an important step in the deterrence of doping.

lifetime Ineligibility.


An anti-doping rule violation involving a Minor shall be considered a particularly serious violation, and, if committed by Athlete Support Personnel for violations other than specified substances referenced in Article 10.3, shall result in lifetime Ineligibility for such Athlete Support Personnel.

In addition, violations of such Articles which also violate non-sporting laws and regulations, may be reported to the competent administrative, professional or judicial authorities.
10.4.3 For violations of Article 2.4 (whereabouts violation or missed test), the period of Ineligibilityshall be at a minimum 3 months and at a maximum 2 years in accordance with the rules established by the Anti- Doping Organization whose test was missed or whereabouts requirement was violated.

The period of Ineligibilityfor subsequent violations of Article 2.4 shall be as established in the rules of the Anti- Doping Organization whose test was missed or whereabouts requirement was violated.
10.5 Elimination or Reduction of Period of IneligibilityBased on Exceptional Circumstances.

10.5.1 No Fault or Negligence If the Athlete establishes in an individual case involving an anti-doping rule violation under Article 110..4..3 Comment: The whereabouts and missed test policies of different Anti-Doping Organizations may vary considerably, particularly at the outset as these policies are being put into place.
Thus, considerable flexibility has been provided for sanctioning these anti-doping rule violations.
Those Anti-Doping Organizations with more sophisticated policies including built in safeguards, and those organizations with longer track records of Athlete experience with a whereabouts policy, could provide for Ineligibility periods at the longer end of the specified range 110..5..11 Comment: Article 10.5.1 applies only to violations under Articles 2.1 and 2.2 (presence and Use of Prohibited Substances) because fault or negligence is already required to establish an anti-doping rule violation under other anti-doping rules.
28 29 World Anti-Doping Code 2003 World Anti-Doping Code 2003 2.1 (presence of Prohibited Substance or its Metabolites or Markers) or Use of a Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method under Article 2.2 that he or she bears No Fault or Negligence for the violation, the otherwise applicable period of Ineligibility shall be eliminated.
When a Prohibited Substanceor its Markersor Metabolitesis detected in an Athlete’s Specimen in violation of Article 2.1 (presence of Prohibited Substance), the Athlete must also establish how the Prohibited Substance entered his or her system in order to have the period of Ineligibility eliminated.
In the event this Article is applied and the period of Ineligibility otherwise applicable is eliminated, the anti-doping rule violation shall not be considered a violation for the limited purpose of determining the period of Ineligibility for multiple violations under Articles 10.2, 10.3 and 10.6.
10.5.2 No Significant Fault or Negligence This Article 10.5.2 applies only to anti-doping rule (presence of violations its Metabolites or Prohibited Substance or Markers), Use of a Prohibited Substance or involving Article 2.1 110..5..2 Comment: The trend in doping cases has been to recognize that there must be some opportunity in the course of the hearing process to consider the unique facts and circumstances of each particular case in imposing sanctions.
This principle was accepted at the World Conference on Doping in Sport 1999 and was incorporated into the OMADC which provides that sanctions can be reduced in “exceptional circumstances.” The Code also provides for the possible reduction or elimination of the period of Ineligibility in the unique circumstance where the Athlete can establish that he or she had No Fault or Negligence, or No Significant Fault or Negligence, in connection with the violation.
This approach is consistent with basic principles of human rights and provides a balance between those Anti-Doping Organizations that argue for a much narrower exception, or none at all, and those that would reduce a two year suspension based on a range of other factors even when the Athlete was admittedly at fault.

These Articles apply only to the imposition of sanctions; they are not applicable to the determination of whether an anti-doping rule violation has occurred.
Prohibited Method under Article 2.2, failing to submit to Sample collection under Article 2.3, or administration of a Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method under Article 2.8.

If an Athlete establishes in an individual case involving such violations that he or she bears No Significant Fault or Negligence,then the period of Ineligibilitymay be reduced, but the reduced period of Ineligibility may not be less than one-half of the minimum period of Ineligibility otherwise applicable.
If the otherwise applicable period of Ineligibility is a lifetime, the reduced period under this section may be no less than 8 years.

When a Prohibited Substance or its Markers or Metabolites is detected in an Athlete’s Specimen in violation of Article 2.1 (presence of Prohibited Substance), the Athlete must also establish how the Prohibited Substanceentered his or her system in order to have the period of Ineligibilityreduced.
Article 10.5 is meant to have an impact only in cases where the circumstances are truly exceptional and not in the vast majority of cases.

To illustrate the operation of Article 10.5, an example where No Fault or Negligence would result in the total elimination of a sanction is where an Athlete could prove that, despite all due care, he or she was sabotaged by a competitor.
Conversely, a sanction could not be completely eliminated on the basis of No Fault or Negligence in the following circumstances: (a) a positive test resulting from a mislabeled or contaminated vitamin or nutritional supplement (Athletes are responsible for what they ingest (Article 2.1.1) and have been warned against the possibility of supplement contamination); (b) the administration of a prohibited substance by the Athlete’s personal physician or trainer without disclosure to the Athlete (Athletes are responsible for their choice of medical personnel and for advising medical personnel that they cannot be given any prohibited substance); and (c) sabotage of the Athlete’s food or drink by a spouse, coach or other person within the Athlete’s circle of associates (Athletes are responsible for what they ingest and for the conduct of those persons to whom they entrust access to their food and drink).
However, depending on the unique facts of a particular case, any of the referenced illustrations could result in a reduced sanction based on No Significant Fault or Negligence.
(For example, reduction may well be appropriate in illustration (a) if the Athlete clearly establishes that the cause of the positive test was contamination in a common multiple vitamin purchased from a source with no connection to 30 31 World Anti-Doping Code 2003 World Anti-Doping Code 2003 10.5.3 Athlete’s Substantial Assistance in Discovering or Establishing Anti-Doping Rule Violations by Athlete Support Personnel and Others.
An Anti-Doping Organization may also reduce the period of Ineligibilityin an individual case where the Athlete has provided substantial assistance to the Anti-Doping Organizationwhich results in the Anti- Doping Organization discovering or establishing an anti-doping rule violation by another Person involving Possession under Article 2.6.2 (Possession by Athlete Support Personnel), Article 2.7 (Trafficking), or Article 2.8 (administration to an Athlete).
The reduced period of Ineligibilitymay not, however, be less than one-half of the minimum period of Ineligibility otherwise applicable.

If the otherwise applicable period of Ineligibility is a lifetime, the reduced period under this section may be no less than 8 years.
10.6 Rules for Certain Potential Multiple Violations 10.6.1 For purposes of imposing sanctions under Articles 10.2, 10.3 and 10.4, a second anti-doping rule violation may be considered for purposes of the Anti-Doping imposing sanctions only if (from three months to two years) already builds in sufficient discretion to allow consideration of the Athlete’s degree of fault.
110..6..11 Comment: Under this Article, an Athlete testing positive a second time before notice of the first positive test would only be sanctioned on the basis of a single anti-doping rule violation.

Prohibited Substances and the Athlete exercised care in not taking other nutritional supplements.)

Article 10.5.2 applies only to the identified anti-doping rule violations because these violations may be based on conduct that is not intentional or purposeful.
Violations under Article 2.4 (whereabouts information and missed tests) are not included, even though intentional conduct is not required to establish these violations, because the sanction for violations of Article 2.4 32 Organization can establish that the Athlete or other Person committed the second anti-doping rule violation after the Athlete or other Person received notice, or after the Anti-Doping Organization made a reasonable Attemptto give notice, of the first anti- the Anti-Doping doping Organization cannot establish this, the violations shall be considered as one single first violation, and the sanction imposed shall be based on the violation that carries the more severe sanction.
rule violation; if 10.6.2 Where an Athlete, based on the same Doping Control, is found to have committed an anti-doping rule violation involving both a specified substance under Article 10.3 and another Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method, the Athlete shall be considered to have committed a single anti- doping rule violation, but the sanction imposed shall be based on the Prohibited Substanceor Prohibited Methodthat carries the most severe sanction.
10.6.3 Where an Athlete is found to have committed two separate anti-doping rule violations, one involving a specified substance governed by the sanctions set forth in Article 10.3 (Specified Substances) and the 110..6..3 Comment: Article 10.6.3 deals with the situation where an Athlete commits two separate anti-doping rule violations, but one of the violations involves a specified substance governed by the lesser sanctions of Article 10.3.
Without this Article in the Code, the second offense arguably could be governed by: the sanction applicable to a second violation for the Prohibited Substance involved in the second violation, the sanction applicable to a second offense for the substance involved in the first violation, or a combination of the sanctions applicable to the two offenses.
This Article imposes a combined sanction calculated by adding together the sanctions for a first offense under 10.2 (two years) and a first offense under 10.3 (up to one year).

This provides the same sanction to the Athlete that commits a first violation under 10.2 followed by a second violation involving a specified substance, and the Athlete that commits a first violation involving a specified substance followed by a second violation under 10.2.
In both cases, the sanction shall be from two years to three years’ Ineligibility.

33 World Anti-Doping Code 2003 World Anti-Doping Code 2003 other involving a Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method governed by the sanctions set forth in Article 10.2 or a violation governed by the sanctions in Article 10.4.1, the period of Ineligibility imposed for the second offense shall be at a minimum two years’ Ineligibilityand at a maximum three years’ Ineligibility.
Any Athlete found to have committed a third anti-doping rule violation involving any combination of specified substances under Article 10.3 and any other anti-doping rule violation under 10.2 or 10.4.1 shall receive a sanction of lifetime Ineligibility.
10.7 Disqualification of Results in Competitions Subsequent to SampleCollection In addition to the automatic Disqualification of the results in the Competition which produced the positive Sample under Article 9 (Automatic Disqualification of Individual Results), all other competitive results obtained from the date a positive Sample was collected (whether In- Competition or Out-of-Competition), or other doping violation occurred, through the commencement of any Provisional Suspension or Ineligibility period, shall, unless fairness requires otherwise, be Disqualified with all of the resulting consequences including forfeiture of any medals, points and prizes.
10.8 Commencement of IneligibilityPeriod The period of Ineligibility shall start on the date of the hearing decision providing for Ineligibilityor, if the hearing is waived, on the date Ineligibilityis accepted or otherwise imposed.

Any period of Provisional Suspension (whether imposed or voluntarily accepted) shall be credited against 110..8 Comment: Currently, many Anti- Doping Organizations start the two- year period of Ineligibility at the time a hearing decision is rendered.
Those Anti-Doping Organizations also frequently invalidate results retroactively to the date a positive Sample was collected.

Other Anti- Doping Organizations simply start the two-year suspension on the date the the total period of Ineligibility to be served.
Where required by fairness, such as delays in the hearing process or other aspects of Doping Controlnot attributable to the Athlete, the body imposing the sanction may start the period of Ineligibilityat an earlier date commencing as early as the date of Sample collection.
10.9 Status During Ineligibility No Person who has been declared Ineligible may, during the period of Ineligibility, participate in any capacity in a Competition or activity (other than authorized anti-doping education or rehabilitation programs) authorized or organized by any Signatory or Signatory’s member organization.
In addition, for any anti-doping rule violation not involving specified substances described in Article 10.3, some or all sport-related financial support or other sport-related benefits received by such Person will be withheld by Signatories, Signatories’ member organizations and governments.

A Person subject to a period of Ineligibility longer than four years may, after completing four years of the period of Ineligibility, positive Sample was collected.
The OMADC, as clarified by its Explanatory Document, does not mandate either approach.

The approach provided in the Code gives Athletes a strong disincentive to drag out the hearing process while they compete in the interim.

It also encourages them to voluntarily accept Provisional Suspensions pending a hearing.
On the other hand, the body imposing the sanction can start the sanction running before the date the hearing decision is reached so that an Athlete is not penalized by delays in the Doping Control process which are not his or her fault, for example, inordinate delay by the laboratory in reporting a positive test or delays in scheduling the hearing caused by the Anti-Doping Organization.
110..9 Comment: The rules of some Anti- Doping Organizations only ban an Athlete from “competing” during a period of Ineligibility.

For example, an Athlete in those sports could still coach during the Ineligibility period.

This Article adopts the position set forth in the OMADC that an Athlete who is made ineligible for doping should not participate in any capacity in an authorized Event or activity during the Ineligibility period.
This would preclude, for example, practicing with a national team, or acting as a coach or sport official.

Sanctions in one sport will also be recognized by other sports (see Article 15.4).

This article would not prohibit the Person from participating in sport on a purely recreational level.
34 35 World Anti-Doping Code 2003 World Anti-Doping Code 2003 participate in local sport events in a sport other than the sport in which the Person committed the anti-doping rule violation, but only so long as the local sport event is not at a level that could otherwise qualify such Persondirectly or indirectly to compete in (or accumulate points toward) a national championship or International Event.
10.10 Reinstatement Testing As a condition to regaining eligibility at the end of a specified period of Ineligibility, an Athlete must, during any period of Provisional Suspension or Ineligibility, make him or herself available for Out-of-Competition Testing by any Anti-Doping Organization having testing jurisdiction, and must, if requested, provide current and accurate whereabouts information.
If an Athlete subject to a period of Ineligibility retires from sport and is removed from Out-of-Competition Testingpools and later seeks reinstatement, the Athlete shall not be eligible for reinstatement until the Athlete has notified relevant Anti- Doping Organizations and has been subject to Out-of- Competition Testing for a period of time equal to the period of Ineligibility remaining as of the date the Athlete had retired.
ARTICLE 11 CONSEQUENCESTO TEAMS Where more than one team member in a Team Sport has been notified of a possible anti-doping rule violation under Article 7 in connection with an Event, the Team shall be subject to Target Testingfor the Event.

If more than one team member in a Team Sport is found to have committed an anti-doping rule violation during the Event, the team may be subject to Disqualification or other disciplinary action.
In sports which are not Team Sportsbut where awards are given to teams, Disqualification or other disciplinary action against the team when one or more team members have committed an anti-doping rule violation shall be as provided in the applicable rules of the International Federation.
ARTICLE 12 SANCTIONS AGAINST SPORTING BODIES Nothing in this Code precludes any Signatory or government accepting the Code from enforcing its own rules for the purpose of imposing sanctions on another sporting body over which the Signatoryor government has authority.

ARTICLE 13 APPEALS 13.1 Decisions Subject to Appeal Decisions made under the Codeor rules adopted pursuant to the Codemay be appealed as set forth below in Articles 13.2 through 13.4.
Such decisions shall remain in effect while under appeal unless the appellate body orders otherwise.

Before an appeal is commenced, any post- the Anti-Doping decision Organization’s rules must be exhausted, provided that such review respects the principles set forth in Article 13.2.2 below.
provided review in 13.2 Appeals from Decisions Regarding Anti-Doping Rule Violations, Consequences, and Provisional Suspensions A decision that an anti-doping rule violation was committed, a decision imposing Consequences for an anti-doping rule violation, a decision that no anti-doping rule violation was committed, a decision that an Anti- Doping Organization lacks jurisdiction to rule on an alleged anti-doping rule violation or its Consequences, 110..110 Comment: On a related issue, the Code does not establish a rule, but rather leaves it to the various Anti- Doping Organizations to establish their own rules, addressing eligibility requirements for Athletes who are not ineligible and retire from sport while included in an Out-of-Competition pool and then seek to return to active participation in sport.
112 Comment: This Article makes it clear that the Code does not restrict whatever disciplinary rights between organizations may otherwise exist.

113..11 Comment: The comparable OMADC Article is broader in that it provides that any dispute arising out of the application of the OMADC may be appealed to CAS.
36 37 World Anti-Doping Code 2003 World Anti-Doping Code 2003 and a decision to impose a Provisional Suspension as a result of a Provisional Hearingor in violation of Article 7.5 may be appealed exclusively as provided in this Article 13.2.
13.2.1 Appeals Involving International-Level Athletes from competition In cases arising in an involving International Event or International-Level Athletes, the decision may be appealed exclusively to the Court of Arbitration for Sport (“CAS”) in accordance with the provisions applicable before such court.
in cases 13.2.2 Appeals Involving National-Level Athletes In cases involving national-level Athletes, as defined by each National Anti-Doping Organization, that do not have a right to appeal under Article 13.2.1, the decision may be appealed to an independent and impartial body in accordance with rules established by the National Anti-Doping Organization.
The rules for such appeal shall respect the following principles: • A timely hearing; • Fair, impartial and independent hearing body; • The right to be represented by counsel at the Person’sown expense; and • A timely, written, reasoned decision.
13.2.3 PersonsEntitled to Appeal In cases under Article 13.2.1, the following parties shall have the right to appeal to CAS: (a) the Athlete 113..2..11 Comment: CAS decisions are final and binding except for any review required by law applicable to the annulment or enforcement of arbitral awards.

113..2..2 Comment: An Anti-Doping Organization may elect to comply with this Article by giving its national-level Athletes the right to appeal directly to CAS.
or other Person who is the subject of the decision being appealed; (b) the other party to the case in which the decision was rendered; (c) the relevant International Federation and any other Anti-Doping Organization under whose rules a sanction could have been imposed; (d) the International Olympic Committee or International Paralympic Committee, as applicable, where the decision may have an effect in relation to the Olympic Games or Paralympic Games, including decisions affecting eligibility for the Olympic Games or Paralympic Games; and (e) WADA.
In cases under Article 13.2.2, the parties having the right to appeal to the national-level reviewing body shall be as provided in the National Anti-Doping Organization’s rules but, at a minimum, shall include: (a) the Athlete or other Person who is the subject of the decision being appealed; (b) the other party to the case in which the decision was rendered; (c) the relevant International Federation; and (d) WADA.
For cases under Article 13.2.2, WADA and the International Federation shall also have the right to appeal to CAS with respect to the decision of the national-level reviewing body.

Notwithstanding any other provision herein, the only Person that may appeal from a Provisional Suspension is the Athlete or other Person upon whom the Provisional Suspensionis imposed.
13.3 Appeals from Decisions Granting or Denying a Therapeutic UseExemption Decisions by WADA reversing the grant or denial of a therapeutic use exemption may be appealed exclusively to CAS by the Athleteor the Anti-Doping Organizationwhose decision was reversed.
Decisions by Anti-Doping Organizations other than WADA denying therapeutic use exemptions, which are not reversed by WADA, may be appealed by International-Level Athletes to CAS and by 38 39 World Anti-Doping Code 2003 World Anti-Doping Code 2003 other Athletes to the national level reviewing body described in Article 13.2.2.

If the national level reviewing body reverses the decision to deny a therapeutic use exemption, that decision may be appealed to CAS by WADA.
13.4 Appeals from Decisions Imposing Consequences under Part Three of the Code With respect to consequences imposed under Part Three (Roles and Responsibilities) of the Code, the entity upon which consequencesare imposed under Part Three of the Code shall have the right to appeal exclusively to CAS in accordance with the provisions applicable before such court.
13.5 Appeals from Decisions Suspending or Revoking Laboratory Accreditation Decisions by WADA to suspend or revoke a laboratory’s WADA accreditation may be appealed only by that laboratory with the appeal being exclusively to CAS.
ARTICLE 14 CONFIDENTIALITY AND REPORTING The Signatories agree to the principles of coordination of anti- doping results, public transparency and accountability and respect for the privacy interests of individuals alleged to have violated anti-doping rules as provided below: 14.1 Information Concerning Adverse Analytical Findings and Other Potential Anti-Doping Rule Violations An Athlete whose Sample has resulted in an Adverse Analytical Finding, or an Athleteor other Personwho may 113..5 Comment: The object of the Code is to have anti-doping matters resolved through fair and transparent internal processes with a final appeal.
Anti-doping decisions by Anti-Doping Organizations are made transparent in Article 14.

Specified Persons and organizations, including WADA, are then given the opportunity to appeal those decisions.

Note, that the definition of interested Persons and organizations with a right to appeal under Article 13 does not include Athletes, or their federations, who might benefit from having another competitor disqualified.
in Article 7 have violated an anti-doping rule, shall be notified by the Anti-Doping Organization with results management (Results responsibility as provided The Athlete’s National Anti-Doping Management).

Organizationand International Federation and WADAshall also be notified not later than the completion of the process described in Articles 7.1 and 7.2.
Notification shall include: the Athlete’sname, country, sport and discipline within the sport, whether the test was In-Competition or Out-of-Competition, the date of Sample collection and the analytical result reported by the laboratory.
The same Persons and Anti-Doping Organizationsshall be regularly updated on the status and findings of any review or proceedings conducted pursuant to Articles 7 (Results Management), 8 (Right to a Fair Hearing) or 13 (Appeals), and, in any case in which the period of Ineligibility is eliminated under Article 10.5.1 (No Fault or Negligence), or reduced under Article 10.5.2 (No Significant Fault or Negligence), shall be provided with a written reasoned decision explaining the basis for the elimination or reduction.
The recipient organizations shall not disclose this information beyond those persons within the organization with a need to know until the Anti-Doping Organization with results management responsibility has made public disclosure or has failed to make public disclosure as required in Article 14.2 below.
14.2 Public Disclosure The identity of Athletes whose Samples have resulted in Adverse Analytical Findings, or Athletes or other Persons who were alleged by an Anti-Doping Organization to have violated other anti-doping rules, may be publicly disclosed by the Anti-doping Organizationwith results management responsibility no earlier the administrative review described in Articles 7.1 and 7.2.
No later than twenty days after it has been determined in a hearing in accordance with Article 8 that an anti-doping rule violation has occurred, or such hearing has been than completion of 40 41 World Anti-Doping Code 2003 World Anti-Doping Code 2003 waived, or the assertion of an anti-doping rule violation has not been timely challenged, the Anti-Doping Organization responsible for results management must publicly report the disposition of the anti-doping matter.
14.3 AthleteWhereabouts Information Athletes who have been identified by their International Federation or National Anti-Doping Organizationfor inclusion in an Out-of-Competition Testingpool shall provide accurate, current location information.

The International Federations and National Anti-Doping Organizationsshall coordinate the identification of Athletesand the collecting of current location information and shall submit it to WADA.
WADAshall make this to other Anti-Doping Organizationshaving authority to test the Athleteas provided in Article 15.

This information shall be maintained in strict confidence at all times; shall be used exclusively for purposes of planning, coordinating or conducting Testing; and shall be destroyed after it is no longer relevant for these purposes.
information accessible 14.4 Statistical Reporting Anti-Doping Organizations shall, at least annually, publish publicly a general statistical report of their Doping Control activities with a copy provided to WADA.

14.5 Doping ControlInformation Clearing House WADAshall act as a central clearing house for Doping Control Testingdata and results for International-Level Athletesand national-level Athletes that have been included in their National Anti-Doping Organization’sRegistered TestingPool.
To facilitate coordinated test distribution planning and to avoid unnecessary duplication in Testingby the various Anti-Doping Organizations, each Anti-Doping Organizationshall report all In-Competitionand Out-of-Competitiontests on such Athletes to the WADAclearinghouse as soon as possible after such tests have been conducted.
WADA shall make this information accessible to the Athlete, the Athlete’sNational Federation, National Olympic Committee or National Paralympic Committee, National Anti-Doping Organization, International Federation, and the International Olympic Committee or International Paralympic Committee.

Private information regarding an Athlete shall be maintained by WADA in strict confidence.

WADA shall, at least annually, publish statistical reports summarizing such information.
ARTICLE 15: CLARIFICATION OF DOPING CONTROL RESPONSIBILITIES 15.1 Event Testing The collection of Samplesfor Doping Controldoes and should take place at both International Eventsand National Events.

However, only a single organization should be responsible for initiating and directing Testing during an Event.
At International Events, the collection of Doping ControlSamples shall be initiated and directed by the international organization which is the ruling body for the Event (e.g., the IOC for the Olympic Games, the International Federation for a World Championship, and PASO for the Pan American Games).
If the international organization decides not to conduct any Testing at such an Event, the National Anti-Doping Organizationfor the country where the Eventoccurs may, in coordination with and with the approval of the international organization or WADA, initiate and conduct such Testing.

At National Events, the collection of Doping ControlSamples shall be initiated and directed by the designated National Anti- Doping Organizationof that country.
115 Comment: To be effective, the anti- doping effort must involve many Anti- Doping Organizations conducting strong programs at both the international and national levels.

Rather than limiting the responsibilities of one group in favor of the exclusive competency of the other, the Code manages potential problems associated with overlapping responsibilities, first by creating a much higher level of overall harmonization and second, by establishing rules of precedence and cooperation in specific areas.
115..11 Comment: The Anti-Doping Organization “initiating and directing testing” may, if it chooses, enter into agreements with other organizations to which it delegates responsibility for Sample collection or other aspects of the Doping Control process.

42 43 World Anti-Doping Code 2003 15.2 Out-of-CompetitionTesting Out-of-CompetitionTesting is and should be initiated and directed by both international and national organizations.
Out-of-CompetitionTesting may be initiated and directed by: (a) WADA; (b) the IOC or IPC in connection with the Olympic Games or Paralympic Games; (c) the Athlete’s International Federation; (d) the Athlete’sNational Anti- Doping Organization; or (e) the National Anti-Doping Organization of any country where the Athlete is present.
Out-of-Competition Testingshould be coordinated through WADA in order to maximize the effectiveness of the combined Testing effort and to avoid unnecessary repetitive Testingof individual Athletes.
15.3 Results Management, Hearings and Sanctions Except as provided in Article 15.3.1 below, results management and hearings shall be the responsibility of and shall be governed by the procedural rules of the Anti-Doping Organization that initiated and directed Sample collection (or, if no Sample collection is involved, the organization which discovered the violation).
Regardless of which organization conducts results management or hearings, the principles set forth in Articles 7 and 8 shall be respected and the rules identified in the Introduction to Part One to be incorporated without substantive change must be followed.
15.3.1 Results management and the conduct of hearings for an anti-doping rule violation arising from a test by, or discovered by, a National Anti-Doping Organizationinvolving an Athletethat is not a citizen 115..2 Comment: Additional authority to conduct Testing may be authorized by means of bilateral or multilateral agreements among Signatories and governments.
115..3 Comment: In some cases, the procedural rules of the Anti-Doping Organization which initiated and directed the Sample collection may specify that results management will be handled by another organization (e.g., the Athlete’s national federation).

In such event, it shall be the Anti-Doping Organization’s responsibility to confirm that the other organization’s rules are consistent with the Code.
115..3..11 Comment: No absolute rule is established for managing results and World Anti-Doping Code 2003 or resident of that country shall be administered as directed by the rules of the applicable International Federation.
Results management and the conduct of hearings from a test by the International Olympic Committee, Paralympic Committee, or a Major Event Organization, shall be referred to the applicable International Federation as far as sanctions beyond Disqualificationfrom the Eventor the results of the Event.
International the 15.4 Mutual Recognition Subject to the right to appeal provided in Article 13, the Testing, therapeutic use exemptions and hearing results or other final adjudications of any Signatory which are consistent with the Code and are within that Signatory’s authority, shall be recognized and respected by all other Signatories.

Signatoriesmay recognize the same actions of other bodies which have not accepted the Codeif the rules of those bodies are otherwise consistent with the Code.
ARTICLE 16: DOPING CONTROL FOR ANIMALS COMPETING IN SPORT 16.1 In any sport that includes animals in competition, the International Federation for that sport shall establish and implement anti-doping rules for the animals included in that sport.

The anti-doping rules shall include a list of Prohibited Substances, appropriate Testing procedures and a list of approved laboratories for Sampleanalysis.
conducting hearings where a National Anti-Doping Organization tests a foreign national athlete over whom it would have had no jurisdiction but for the Athlete’s presence in the National Anti-Doping Organization’s country.
Under this Article, it is left to the International Federation to determine under its own rules whether, for example, management of the case should be referred to the Athlete’s National Anti-Doping Organization, remain with the Anti-Doping Organization that collected the Sample, or be taken over by the International Federation.
44 45 World Anti-Doping Code 2003 16.2 With respect to determining anti-doping rule violations, results management, fair hearings, Consequences, and appeals for animals involved in sport, the International Federation for that sport shall establish and implement rules that are generally consistent with Articles 1, 2, 3, 9, 10, 11, 13 and 17 of the Code.
ARTICLE 17: STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS No action may be commenced against an Athleteor other Person for a violation of an anti-doping rule contained in the Codeunless such action is commenced within eight years from the date the violation occurred.

117 Comment: This does not restrict the Anti-Doping Organization from considering an earlier anti-doping violation for purposes of the sanction for a subsequent violation that occurs more than eight years later.
In other words, a second violation ten years after a first violation is considered a second violation for sanction purposes.

46 PART TWO EDUCATION & RESEARCH World Anti-Doping Code 2003 World Anti-Doping Code 2003 ARTICLE 18: EDUCATION ARTICLE 19: RESEARCH 18.1 Basic Principle and Primary Goal 19.1 Purpose of Anti-Doping Research The basic principle for information and education programs shall be to preserve the spirit of sport as described in the Introduction to the Code, from being undermined by doping.
The primary goal shall be to dissuade Athletes from using Prohibited Substances and Prohibited Methods.

18.2 Program and Activities Each Anti-Doping Organization should plan, implement and monitor information and education programs.
The programs should provide Participants with updated and accurate information on at least the following issues: • Substances and methods on the Prohibited List • Health consequences of doping • Doping Controlprocedures • Athletes’ rights and responsibilities The programs should promote the spirit of sport in order to establish an anti-doping environment which influences behavior among Participants.
Athlete Support Personnel should educate and counsel Athletes regarding anti-doping policies and rules adopted pursuant to the Code.

18.3 Coordination and Cooperation All Signatoriesand Participantsshall cooperate with each other and governments to coordinate their efforts in anti- doping information and education.

Anti-doping research contributes to the development and implementation of efficient programs within Doping Controland to anti-doping information and education.
19.2 Types of Research Anti-doping research may for example, sociological, behavioral, juridical and ethical studies in to medical, analytical and physiological addition investigation.

include, 19.3 Coordination Coordination of anti-doping research through WADA is encouraged.

Subject to intellectual property rights, copies of anti-doping research results should be provided to WADA.

19.4 Research Practices Anti-doping research shall comply with internationally recognized ethical practices.
19.5 Research Using Prohibited Substances and Prohibited Methods Research efforts should avoid the administration of Prohibited Substancesor Prohibited Methodsto Athletes.

19.6 Misuse of Results Adequate precautions should be taken so that the results of anti-doping research are not misused and applied for doping.
50 51 PART THREE ROLES & RESPONSIBILITIES World Anti-Doping Code 2003 World Anti-Doping Code 2003 ARTICLE 20: ADDITIONAL ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF SIGNATORIES 20.1 Roles and Responsibilities of the International Olympic Committee 20.1.1 To adopt and implement anti-doping policies and rules for the Olympic Games which conform with the Code.
20.1.2 To require as a condition of recognition by the International Olympic Committee, that International Federations within the Olympic Movement are in compliance with the Code.

20.1.3 To withhold some or all Olympic funding of sport organizations that are not in compliance with the Code.

20.1.4 To take appropriate action to discourage non- compliance with the Codeas provided in Article 23.5.

20.1.5 To authorize and facilitate the Independent Observer Program.
20.2 Roles and Responsibilities of the International Paralympic Committee 20.2.1 To adopt and implement anti-doping policies and rules for the Paralympic Games which conform with the Code.

20.2.2 To require as a condition of recognition by the International Paralympic Committee, that National Paralympic Committees within the Olympic Movement are in compliance with the Code.
20 Comment: Responsibilities for Signatories and Participants are addressed in various articles in the Code and the responsibilities listed in this part are additional to these responsibilities.

20.2.3To withhold some or all Paralympic funding of sport organizations that are not in compliance with the Code.

20.2.4 To take appropriate action to discourage non- compliance with the Code as provided in Article 23.5.

20.2.5 To authorize and facilitate the Independent Observer Program.
20.3 Roles and Responsibilities of International Federations 20.3.1 To adopt and implement anti-doping policies and rules which conform with the Code.

20.3.2 To require as a condition of membership that the rules and programs of National policies, Federations are in compliance with the Code.

20.3.3 To require all Athletes and Athlete Support Personnel within their jurisdiction to recognize and be bound by anti-doping rules in conformance with the Code.
20.3.4 To require Athleteswho are not regularly members of the International Federation or one of its member National Federations to be available for Sample collection and provide accurate and up-to-date the whereabouts conditions the International Federation or, as applicable, the Major Event Organization.

if required by for eligibility established by information 20.3.5 To monitor the anti-doping programs of National Federations.
20..3..4 Comment: This would include, for example, Athletes from professional leagues.

54 55 World Anti-Doping Code 2003 World Anti-Doping Code 2003 20.3.6 To take appropriate action to discourage non- compliance with the Codeas provided in Article 23.5.

20.5 Roles and Responsibilities of National Anti-Doping Organizations 20.3.7 To authorize and facilitate the Independent Observer program at International Events.
20.3.8 To withhold some or all funding to its member National Federations that are not in compliance with the Code.

20.4 Roles and Responsibilities of National Olympic Committeesand National Paralympic Committees 20.4.1 To ensure that their anti-doping policies and rules conform with the Code.

20.4.2 To require as a condition of membership or recognition that National Federations’ anti-doping policies and rules are in compliance with the applicable provisions of the Code.
20.4.3 To require Athleteswho are not regular members of a National Federation to be available for Sample collection and provide accurate and up-to-date whereabouts information on a regular basis if required during the year before the Olympic Games as a condition of participation in the Olympic Games.

20.4.4 To cooperate with their National Anti-Doping Organization.
20.4.5 To withhold some or all funding, during any period of his or her Ineligibility, to any Athlete or Athlete Support Personnel who has violated anti-doping rules.

20.4.6 To withhold some or all funding to its member or recognized National Federations that are not in compliance with the Code.

20.5.1 To adopt and implement anti-doping rules and polices which conform with the Code.

20.5.2 To cooperate with other relevant national organizations and other Anti-Doping Organizations.
20.5.3 To encourage reciprocal testing between National Anti-Doping Organizations.

20.5.4 To promote anti-doping research.

20.6 Roles and Responsibilities of Major Event Organizations 20.6.1 To adopt and implement anti-doping policies and rules for their Eventswhich conform with the Code.

20.6.2 To take appropriate action to discourage non- compliance with the Code as provided in Article 23.5.

20.6.3 To authorize and facilitate the Independent Observer Program.
20.7 Roles and Responsibilities of WADA 20.7.1 To adopt and implement policies and procedures which conform with the Code.

20.7.2 To monitor the processing of Adverse Analytical Findings.

20.7.3 To approve International Standardsapplicable to the implementation of the Code.

20.7.4 To accredit laboratories to conduct Sample analysis or to approve others to conduct Sample analysis.

56 57 World Anti-Doping Code 2003 World Anti-Doping Code 2003 20.7.5 To develop and approve Models of Best Practice.
20.7.6 To promote, conduct, commission, fund and coordinate anti-doping research.

20.7.7 To conduct an effective Independent Observer Program.

20.7.8 To conduct Doping Controls as authorized by other Anti-Doping Organizations.

ARTICLE 21: ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF PARTICIPANTS 21.1 Roles and Responsibilities of Athletes 21.1.1 To be knowledgeable of and comply with all applicable anti-doping policies and rules adopted pursuant to the Code.

21.1.2 To be available for Sample collection.


21.1.3 To take responsibility, in the context of anti-doping, for what they ingest and use.

21.1.4 To inform medical personnel of their obligation not to UseProhibited Substances and Prohibited Methods and to take responsibility to make sure that any medical treatment received does not violate anti-doping policies and rules adopted pursuant to the Code.
21.2 Roles and Responsibilities of AthleteSupport Personnel 21.2.1 To be knowledgeable of and comply with all anti- doping policies and rules adopted pursuant to the Code and which are applicable to them or the Athleteswhom they support.

21.2.2 To cooperate with the AthleteTestingprogram.

21.2.3 To use their influence on Athlete values and behavior to foster anti-doping attitudes.
ARTICLE 22: INVOLVEMENT OF GOVERNMENTS Each government’s commitment to the Codewill be evidenced by its signing a Declaration on or before the first day of the Athens Olympic Games to be followed by a process leading to a convention or other obligation to be implemented as appropriate to the constitutional and administrative contexts of each government on or before the first day of the Turin Winter Olympic Games.
It is the expectation of the Signatoriesthat the Declaration and the convention or other obligation will reflect the following major points: 22.1 Affirmative measures will be undertaken by each government in support of anti-doping in at least the following areas: • Support for national anti-doping programs; • The availability of Prohibited Substancesand Prohibited Methods; • Facilitate access for WADAto conduct Out-of-Competition Doping Controls; • The problem of nutritional supplements which contain undisclosed Prohibited Substances; and • Withholding some or all financial support from sport organizations and Participantsthat are not in compliance with the Code or applicable anti-doping rules adopted pursuant to the Code.
22 Comment:Most governments cannot be parties to, or be bound by, private non-governmental instruments such as the Code.

For that reason, governments are not asked to be Signatories to the Code.

However, the effort to combat doping through the coordinated and harmonized program reflected in the Code is very much a joint effort between the sport movement and governments.
An example of one type of obligation referred to above is the convention discussed in the Final Communiqué of the UNESCO Round Table of Ministers and Senior Officials Responsible for Physical Education and Sport held in Paris on 9/10 January 2003.

58 59 World Anti-Doping Code 2003 22.2 All other governmental involvement with anti-doping will be brought into harmony with the Code.
22.3 Ongoing compliance with the commitments reflected in the convention or other obligation will be monitored as determined in consultation between WADA and the applicable government(s).

PART FOUR ACCEPTANCE, COMPLIANCE, MODIFICATION & INTERPRETATION World Anti-Doping Code 2003 World Anti-Doping Code 2003 ARTICLE 23: ACCEPTANCE, COMPLIANCE AND MODIFICATION 23.1 Acceptance of the Code 23.2.2 In implementing the Code, the Signatories are encouraged to use the Models of Best Practice recommended by WADA.
International Federations, 23.1.1 The following entities shall be Signatoriesaccepting International Olympic the Code: WADA, The The Committee, International Paralympic Committee, National Olympic Committees, National Paralympic Committees, Major Event Organizations, and National Anti-Doping Organizations.

These entities shall accept the Code by signing a declaration of acceptance upon approval by each of their respective governing bodies.
23.1.2 Other sport organizations that may not be under the control of a Signatorymay, upon WADA’sinvitation, also accept the Code.

23.1.3 A list of all acceptances will be made public by WADA.

23.2 Implementation of the Code 23.2.1 The Signatories shall implement applicable Code provisions through policies, statutes, rules or regulations according to their authority and within their relevant spheres of responsibility.
23..11..2 Comment: Those professional leagues that are not currently under the jurisdiction of any government or International Federation will be encouraged to accept the Code.

23..11..11 Comment: Each accepting Signatory will separately sign an identical copy of the standard form common declaration of acceptance and deliver it to WADA.

The act of acceptance will be as authorized by the organic documents of each organization.
For example, an International Federation by its Congress and WADA by its Foundation Board.

64 23.3 Acceptance and Implementation Deadlines 23.3.1 Signatoriesshall accept and implement the Codeon or before the first day of the Athens Olympic Games.

23.3.2 The Code may be accepted after the above- referenced deadlines; however, Signatories shall not be considered in compliance with the Codeuntil they have accepted the Code (and that acceptance has not been withdrawn).
23.4 Monitoring Compliance with the Code 23.4.1 Compliance with the Code shall be monitored by WADA or as otherwise agreed by WADA.

23.4.2 To facilitate monitoring, each Signatory shall report to WADA on its compliance with the Code every for second year and shall explain reasons noncompliance.
23.4.3 WADA shall consider explanations for non- compliance and, in extraordinary situations, may recommend International Olympic Committee, International Paralympic Committee, International Federations, and Major Event Organizations that they provisionally excuse the non-compliance.
the to 23..4..3 Comment: WADA recognizes that amongst Signatories and governments, there will be significant differences in anti-doping experience, resources, and the legal context in which anti-doping activities are carried out.

In considering whether an organization is compliant, WADA will consider these differences.
65 World Anti-Doping Code 2003 World Anti-Doping Code 2003 23.4.4 WADA shall, after dialogue with the subject organization, make reports on compliance to the International Olympic Committee, the International Paralympic Committee, International Federations, and Major Event Organizations.

These reports shall also be made available to the public.
23.5 Consequences of Noncompliance with the Code 23.5.1 Noncompliance with the Code by either the government or National Olympic Committee of a country may result in consequences with respect to Olympic Games, Paralympic Games, World Championships or the Events of Major Event Organizations as determined by the ruling body for each Event.

The imposition of such consequences may be appealed by the National Olympic Committee or government to CAS pursuant to Article 13.4.
23.6 Modification of the Code 23.6.1 WADA shall be responsible for overseeing the evolution and improvement of the Code.

Athletes and all Signatories and governments shall be invited to participate in such process.

23.6.2 WADA shall initiate proposed amendments to the Code and shall ensure a consultative process to both receive and respond to recommendations and to facilitate review and feedback from Athletes, Signatories and governments on recommended amendments.
23.6.3 Amendments to the Code shall, after appropriate consultation, be approved by a two-thirds majority of the WADAFoundation Board including a majority of both the public sector and Olympic Movement members casting votes.

Amendments shall, unless provided otherwise, go into effect three months after such approval.

23.6.4 Signatories shall implement any applicable amendment to the Codewithin one year of approval by the WADAFoundation Board.
23.7 Withdrawal of Acceptance of the Code 23.7.1 Signatories may withdraw acceptance of the Code after providing WADA six-month’s written notice of their intent to withdraw.

ARTICLE 24: INTERPRETATION OF THE CODE 24.1 24.2 24.3 The official text of the Code shall be maintained by WADA and shall be published in English and French.

In the event of any conflict between the English and French versions, the English version shall prevail.
The comments annotating various provisions of the Code are in the understanding and included to assist interpretation of the Code.

The Code shall be interpreted as an independent and autonomous text and not by reference to the existing law or statutes of the Signatoriesor governments.
66 67 World Anti-Doping Code 2003 24.4 The headings used for the various Parts and Articles of the Code are for convenience only and shall not be deemed part of the substance of the Codeor to affect in any way the language of the provisions to which they refer.

24.5 The Code shall not apply retrospectively to matters pending before the date the Code is accepted by a Signatory and implemented in its rules.

24.6 APPENDIX I Definitions shall be considered an integral part of the Code.
24..5 Comment: For example, conduct which is an anti-doping rule violation described in the Code, but which is not a violation under an International Federation's pre-Code rules, would not be a violation until the International Federation's rules are changed.

Pre-Code anti-doping rule violations would continue to count as "First violations" or "Second violations" for purposes of determining sanctions under Article 10 for subsequent post- Code violations.
68 APPENDIX 1 DEFINITIONS World Anti-Doping Code 2003 World Anti-Doping Code 2003 Adverse Analytical Finding: A report from a laboratory or other approved Testing entity that identifies in a Specimen the presence of a Prohibited Substanceor its Metabolitesor Markers (including elevated quantities of endogenous substances) or evidence of the Useof a Prohibited Method.
Anti-DDoping Organization: A Signatory that is responsible for adopting rules for initiating, implementing or enforcing any part of the Doping Control process.

This includes, for example, the International Olympic Committee, the International Paralympic Committee, other Major Event Organizationsthat conduct Testing at their Events, WADA, International Federations, and National Anti-Doping Organizations.
Athlete: For purposes of Doping Control, any Person who participates in sport at the international level (as defined by each International Federation) or national level (as defined by each National Anti-Doping Organization) and any additional Person who participates in sport at a lower level if designated by the Person’sNational Anti-Doping Organization.
For purposes of anti-doping information and education, any Person who participates in sport under the authority of any Signatory, government, or other sports organization accepting the Code.

Athlete Support Personnel: Any coach, trainer, manager, agent, team staff, official, medical or para-medical personnel working with or treating Athletes participating in or preparing for sports competition.
Athlete Comment: This definition makes it clear that all international and national-calibre athletes are subject to the anti-doping rules of the Code, with the precise definitions of international and national level sport to be set forth in the anti-doping rules of the International Federations and National Anti-Doping Organizations, respectively.
At the national level, anti-doping rules adopted pursuant to the Code shall apply, at a minimum, to all persons on national teams and all 72 persons qualified to compete in any national championship in any sport.

The definition also allows each National Anti-Doping Organization, if it chooses to do so, to expand its anti- doping control program beyond national-calibre athletes to athletes at lower levels of competition.
Athletes at all levels of competition should receive the benefit of anti-doping information and education.

Attempt: Purposely engaging in conduct that constitutes a substantial step in a course of conduct planned to culminate in the commission of an anti-doping rule violation.

Provided, however, there shall be no anti-doping rule violation based solely on an Attemptto commit a violation if the Personrenunciates the attempt prior to it being discovered by a third party not involved in the Attempt.
Code: The World Anti-Doping Code.

Competition: A single race, match, game or singular athletic contest.

For example, the finals of the Olympic 100-meter dash.

For stage races and other athletic contests where prizes are awarded on a daily or other interim basis the distinction between a Competitionand an Eventwill be as provided in the rules of the applicable International Federation.
Consequences of Anti-DDoping Rules Violations: An Athlete’s or other Person’sviolation of an anti-doping rule may result in one or more of the following: (a) Disqualificationmeans the Athlete’s results in a particular Competition or Event are invalidated, with all resulting consequences including forfeiture of any medals, points and prizes; (b) Ineligibility means the Athlete or other Personis barred for a specified period of time from participating in any Competition or other activity or funding as provided in Article 10.9; and (c) Provisional Suspensionmeans the Athleteor other Person is barred temporarily from participating in any Competition prior to the final decision at a hearing conducted under Article 8 (Right to a Fair Hearing).
Disqualification: See Consequences of Anti-Doping Rules Violationsabove.

Doping Control: The process including test distribution planning, Sample collection and handling, laboratory analysis, results management, hearings and appeals.

Event: A series of individual Competitions conducted together under one ruling body (e.g., the Olympic Games, FINA World Championships, or Pan American Games).
73 World Anti-Doping Code 2003 World Anti-Doping Code 2003 In-CCompetition: For purposes of differentiating between In- Competition and Out-of-Competition Testing, unless provided otherwise in the rules of an International Federation or other relevant Anti-Doping Organization, an In-Competition test is a test where an Athlete is selected for testing in connection with a specific Competition.
Independent Observer Program: A team of observers, under the supervision of WADA, who observe the Doping Controlprocess at certain Eventsand report on observations.

If WADAis testing In- Competitionat an Event, the observers shall be supervised by an independent organization.

Ineligibility: See Consequences of Anti-Doping Rules Violations above.
International Event: An Event where the International Olympic Committee, the International Paralympic Committee, an International Federation, a Major Event Organization, or another international sport organization is the ruling body for the Eventor appoints the technical officials for the Event.

International-LLevel Athlete: Athletesdesignated by one or more International Federations as being within the Registered Testing Poolfor an International Federation.
International Standard: A standard adopted by WADAin support of the Code.

Compliance with an International Standard (as opposed to another alternative standard, practice or procedure) shall be sufficient to conclude that the procedures addressed by the International Standardwere performed properly.
In-CCompetition Comment: The distinction between “In-Competition” and “Out-of-Competition” testing is significant because the full Prohibited List is only tested for “In-Competition.” Prohibited stimulants, for example, are not tested for Out-of-Competition because they have no performance enhancing benefit unless they are in the Athlete’s system while the Athlete is actually competing.
So long as the prohibited stimulant has cleared the Athlete’s system at the time the Athlete competes, it makes no difference whether that stimulant could have been found in the Athlete’s urine the day before or the day after the Competition.

Major Event Organizations: This term refers to the continental associations of National Olympic Committees and other international multi-sport organizations that function as the ruling body for any continental, regional or other International Event.
Marker: A compound, group of compounds or biological parameters that indicates the Use of a Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method.

Metabolite: Any substance produced by a biotransformation process.

Minor: A natural Personwho has not reached the age of majority as established by the applicable laws of his or her country of residence.
National Anti-DDoping Organization: The entity(ies) designated by each country as possessing the primary authority and responsibility to adopt and implement anti-doping rules, direct the collection of Samples, the management of test results, and the conduct of hearings, all at the national level.

If this designation has not been made by the competent public authority(ies), the entity shall be the country’s National Olympic Committeeor its designee.
National Event: A sport Eventinvolving international or national- level Athletesthat is not an International Event.

National Olympic Committee: The organization recognized by the International Olympic Committee.

The term National Olympic Committeeshall also include the National Sport Confederation in those countries where the National Sport Confederation assumes typical National Olympic Committee responsibilities in the anti-doping area.
No Advance Notice: A Doping Controlwhich takes place with no advance warning to the Athlete and where the Athlete is continuously chaperoned from the moment of notification through Sample provision.
74 75 World Anti-Doping Code 2003 World Anti-Doping Code 2003 No Fault or Negligence: The Athlete’sestablishing that he or she did not know or suspect, and could not reasonably have known or suspected even with the exercise of utmost caution, that he or she had Usedor been administered the Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method.
No Significant Fault or Negligence: The Athlete’s establishing that his or her fault or negligence, when viewed in the totality of the circumstances and taking into account the criteria for No Fault or Negligence, was not significant in relationship to the anti-doping rule violation.

Out-oof-CCompetition: Any Doping Control which is not In- Competition.

Participant: Any Athleteor Athlete Support Personnel.

Person: A natural Personor an organization or other entity.
Possession: The actual, physical possession, or the constructive possession (which shall be found only if the Personhas exclusive control over the Prohibited Substance/Methodor the premises in which a Prohibited Substance/Methodexists); provided, however, that if the Person does not have exclusive control over the Prohibited Substance/Method or the premises in which a Prohibited Substance/Method exists, constructive possession shall only be found if the Personknew about the presence of the Prohibited Substance/Method and intended to exercise control over it.
Provided, however, there shall be no anti-doping rule violation based solely on possession if, prior to receiving Possession Comment: Under this definition, steroids found in an Athlete's car would constitute a violation unless the Athlete establishes that someone else used the car; in that event, the Anti-Doping Organization must establish that, even though the Athlete did not have exclusive control over the car, the Athlete knew about the steroids and intended to have control over the steroids.
Similarly, in the example of steroids found in a home medicine cabinet under the joint control of an Athlete and spouse, the Anti-Doping Organization must establish that the Athlete knew the steroids were in the cabinet and that the Athlete intended to exercise control over the steroids.
notification of any kind that the Person has committed an anti- doping rule violation, the Person has taken concrete action demonstrating that the Person no longer intends to have Possession and has renounced the Person’s previous Possession.

Prohibited List: The List identifying the Prohibited Substances and Prohibited Methods.

Prohibited Method: Any method so described on the Prohibited List.

Prohibited Substance: Any substance so described on the Prohibited List.
Provisional Hearing: For purposes of Article 7.5, an expedited abbreviated hearing occurring prior to a hearing under Article 8 (Right to a Fair Hearing) that provides the Athletewith notice and an opportunity to be heard in either written or oral form.

Provisional Suspension: See Consequencesabove.

Publicly Disclose or Publicly Report: To disseminate or distribute information to the general public or persons beyond those persons entitled to earlier notification in accordance with Article 14.
Registered Testing Pool: The pool of top level Athletes established separately by each International Federation and National Anti-Doping Organization who are subject to both In- Competition and Out-of-Competition Testing as part of that International Federation’s or Organization’s test distribution plan.

Sample Specimen: Any biological material collected for the purposes of Doping Control.
Reggistered Testingg Pool Comment: Each International Federation shall clearly define the specific criteria for inclusion of Athletes in its Registered Testing Pool.

For example, the criteria could be a specified world ranking cut-off, a specified time standard, membership on a national team, etc.
76 77 World Anti-Doping Code 2003 Signatories: Those entities signing the Code and agreeing to comply with the Code, including the International Olympic Committee, International Federations, International Paralympic Committee, National Olympic Committees, National Paralympic Committees, Major Event Organizations, National Anti-Doping Organizations, and WADA.
Tampering: Altering for an improper purpose or in an improper way; bringing improper influence to bear; interfering improperly to alter results or prevent normal procedures from occurring.

Target Testing: Selection of Athletes for Testing where specific Athletes or groups of Athletes are selected on a non-random basis for Testingat a specified time.

Team Sport: A sport in which the substitution of players is permitted during a Competition.
Testing: The parts of the Doping Control process involving test distribution planning, Sample collection, Sample handling, and Sampletransport to the laboratory.
Trafficking: To sell, give, administer, transport, send, deliver or distribute a Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method to an Athlete either directly or through one or more third parties, but excluding the sale or distribution (by medical personnel or by Persons other than an Athlete’s Support Personnel) of a Prohibited Substance for genuine and legal therapeutic purposes.

Use: The application, ingestion, injection or consumption by any means whatsoever of any Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method.
WADA: The World Anti-Doping Agency.

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