Source document: https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1697636940241.pdf (Australia)
1.

Innovative insomnia programs for children Online delivery Cognitive Behavioural Therapy delivered over the internet or eCBT-I is effective in treating insomnia in adults (Seyffert et al., 2016; Zachariae, Lyby, Ritterband, & O'Toole, 2016) and can also reduce depressive symptoms (Christensen et al., 2016).

eCBT-I is also an effective treatment for adolescents with insomnia (de Bruin, E. J., Bögels, Oort, & Meijer, 2015; de Bruin, Oort, Bögels, & Meijer, 2014).
Interactive and tailored web-based programs that incorporated the primary tenets of face-to-face CBT-I (sleep restriction, stimulus control, cognitive restructuring, sleep hygiene, and relapse prevention) are more effective than online programs providing non-tailored and fixed online information about insomnia (Ritterband et al., 2017).

These online programs offer a low intensity, first-line treatment option for insomnia (Hagatun et al., 2018).
Apps Mobiles also offer potentially effective platforms for enhancing treatment and improving mental health interventions among young people (Seko, Kidd, Wiljer & McKenzie, 2014).

However, the majority of health and wellbeing apps currently available to the public lack clinically validated evidence of their efficacy (Wang, Varma & Prosperi, 2018).
Although there are currently a number of apps for tracking and monitoring sleep, there are no commercially available, digitally delivered and evidence-based CBT-I programs for young people.

The Black Dog Institute is currently developing an app to delivers CBT-I to young people (Werner-Seidler et al., 2017).

Additionally, the Smiling Mind, a pre-existing and widely used mindfulness app is also developing and integrating sleep specific content into their app.

2.
2.

Evidence-based group programs for insomnia Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I) group programs have a strong evidence base.

Group CBT-I is effective for treating insomnia in adults in a primary care setting whilst also decreasing depressive symptoms (Davidson, Dawson, & Krsmanovic, 2017).
Group CBT-I is an efficient form of insomnia treatment for people with insomnia and comorbid depressive symptoms (Norell-Clarke, A., Jansson-Fröjmark, M., Tillfors, M., Holländare, F., & Engström, I., 2015).

A comparison of two meta-analyses Smith et al.

(2002) and Koffel, Koffel and Gehrman (2015) found that group CBT-I was not as effective as individual CBT-I but still offered 1 Inquiry into Sleep Health Awareness in AustraliaSubmission 70 - Supplementary Submission 1 substantial improvements in sleep.
As a less intensive therapy, Group CBT-I offers a mid-level treatment option for insomnia and sleep difficulties within a stepped care model.

Modified-group CBT-I has shown promising results in treating insomnia in depressed adolescents (Conroy et al., 2017), although more research is needed.
Group CBT-I for primary school-aged children with chronic insomnia and their primary caregivers or parent reduced insomnia and these improvement were maintained at a 12 month-follow up (Schlarb, Bihlmaier, Velten-Schurian, Poets, & Hautzinger, 2018).

3.

School-based programs Secondary School School-based sleep education programs have been identified as feasible and acceptable methods for modifying adolescent sleep (Blunden & Rigney, 2015; Gruber, 2016).
School- based sleep education programs have been found to be effective at increasing sleep knowledge and awareness of sleep problems but do not change the behaviours and sleep of adolescents (Bartel, Richardson & Gradisar, 2018).

Further development is required to standardise sleep education programs and increase the efficacy of school-based programs, including integrating a focus on motivation as a primary learning objective (Moseley & Gradisar, 2008; Cain 2012).
Currently, at least one commercial program is available (Sleep to be a Smarter Happier Healthier you developed by The Sleep Connection); however, there are no evaluation studies available for this program (to our knowledge).

Programs which offer CBT-I with Mindfulness Based interventions are also a potential method to ameliorate symptoms of sleep disturbances in adolescents (Bei et al., 2013; Blake, et al., 2016).
These programs include sleep education, sleep hygiene, sleep scheduling, stimulus control, as well as a mindfulness skills.

There is emerging evidence that CBT-I with Mindfulness Based Therapy can be used as an in-school group intervention and with at-risk adolescence to improve subjective sleep (reduce sleep-onset latency, earlier sleep timing, reduce day-to-day variation, improved perceived sleep quality and reduced daytime sleepiness).
Mindfulness based strategies supplied at school as a pre-recorded audio clip and listened before bed also offer a simple and effective tool to address difficulties getting to sleep (Bartel, Huang, Williamson, & Gradisar, 2017); however, they are only effective for adolescents that adhere and regularly use the strategy.
2 Inquiry into Sleep Health Awareness in AustraliaSubmission 70 - Supplementary Submission 1 Primary school There is limited information available regarding school-based intervention for primary school aged children.

Delivery of a sleep intervention programme by nurses to parents as part of the Primary School Nursing programme (Victoria) has been found to be feasible and acceptable (Quach et al, 2013) but further research is needed into its efficacy.
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For further information contact: Dr Louise Roufeil, Chief Policy Officer Australian Psychological Society 5 Inquiry into Sleep Health Awareness in AustraliaSubmission 70 - Supplementary Submission 1