Source document: https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1697631596416.pdf (Antigua and Barbuda)
GOVERNMENT OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA Ministry of Health, Social Transformation, Consumer Affairs and Local Government Substance Abuse Prevention Division Antigua and Barbuda Secondary School Drug Prevalence Survey 2013 Compiled by Dr. John J.
Swift Independent Technical Advisor Supported by: OAS/CICAD and Substance Abuse Prevention Division Ministry of Health, Social Transformation, Consumer Affairs and Local Government List of Tables ................................................................................................................ vi List of Figures .............................................................................................................. vii Foreword ..................................................................................................................... xii Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................... ix Abbreviations ............................................................................................................... xi Executive Summary .................................................................................................... xii 1.
Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1 1.1 BACKGROUND ...................................................................................................... 1 1.2 The Nature of the Drug Problem in Antigua & Barbuda .......................................... 2 1.3 The Perception of Youth and ATOD ........................................................................ 3 1.4 Objectives ............................................................................................................... 4 2.
Methodology ............................................................................................................. 5 2.2 SAMPLING .............................................................................................................. 6 2.3 PILOT Study ............................................................................................................ 6 2.4 PROCEDURE for Data Collection ........................................................................... 6 2.5 Data Collection Instrument .................................................................................... 7 2.6 Data Entry ............................................................................................................... 7 2.7 Data Analysis .......................................................................................................... 7 2.8 Limitations of the Study ........................................................................................... 7 3.
Socio-demographic Distribution ............................................................................... 9 Responsibilities ........................................................................................................... 11 4.

Parental Involvement ............................................................................................. 15 5.

Preventative and Risk Factors ................................................................................ 22 6.
Students’ Sense of Belonging at School ................................................................. 26 - ii - 7.
Tobacco/Cigarettes ................................................................................................. 29 By Age......................................................................................................................... 31 By Gender ................................................................................................................... 32 By Type of School ....................................................................................................... 33 By Grade ..................................................................................................................... 34 8.
Alcohol .................................................................................................................... 36 By Age......................................................................................................................... 39 By Gender ................................................................................................................... 40 By Type of School ....................................................................................................... 41 By Grade ..................................................................................................................... 42 9.
Marijuana ................................................................................................................ 44 By Age......................................................................................................................... 44 By Gender ................................................................................................................... 45 By Type of School ....................................................................................................... 46 By Grade ..................................................................................................................... 46 10.
Other Illicit Drugs (cocaine, Crack & Ecstasy) ....................................................... 48 Cocaine ....................................................................................................................... 48 By Age......................................................................................................................... 48 By Gender ................................................................................................................... 49 By Type of School ....................................................................................................... 50 By Grade ..................................................................................................................... 50 CRACK........................................................................................................................ 51 By Age......................................................................................................................... 51 By Gender ................................................................................................................... 52 By Type of School ....................................................................................................... 53 By Grade ..................................................................................................................... 53 - iii - SPRANGAH ................................................................................................................ 54 By Age......................................................................................................................... 54 By Gender ................................................................................................................... 55 By Type of School ....................................................................................................... 55 By Grade ..................................................................................................................... 56 ECSTASY ................................................................................................................... 57 By Age......................................................................................................................... 57 By Gender ................................................................................................................... 57 By Type of School ....................................................................................................... 58 By Grade ..................................................................................................................... 58 11.
Non –Medical Use of Prescription Medication (Tranquilizers & Stimulants) .......... 60 TRANQUILIZERS ....................................................................................................... 60 By Age......................................................................................................................... 60 By Gender ................................................................................................................... 61 By Type of School ....................................................................................................... 62 By Grade ..................................................................................................................... 62 STIMULANTS ............................................................................................................. 63 By Age......................................................................................................................... 63 By Gender ................................................................................................................... 64 By Type of School ....................................................................................................... 65 By Grade ..................................................................................................................... 66 12.
Inhalants ................................................................................................................ 67 By Age......................................................................................................................... 67 By Gender ................................................................................................................... 68 By Type of School ....................................................................................................... 69 By Grade ..................................................................................................................... 69 - iv - 13.
Risk, Perception and Curiosity .............................................................................. 71 Perception of Risk ....................................................................................................... 73 14.
Access to Illicit Drugs and Supply ......................................................................... 79 Access......................................................................................................................... 79 Last Time Drug was Offered ....................................................................................... 80 Where Drugs were Offered ......................................................................................... 81 Who Offered Drugs ..................................................................................................... 82 15.
Peer Group Influence ............................................................................................ 84 16.

Comparison of 2005 and 2013 Surveys ............................................................... 86 17.

Conclusion and Recomendations ......................................................................... 89 Bibliography ................................................................................................................ 90 Appendix 1.
Maps of Antigua and Barbuda ................................................................ 91 Appendix 2.

Schedule of Activities ............................................................................. 93 Appendix 3.

Sample Frame ...................................................................................... 100 Appendix 4.

Model Speech ...................................................................................... 102 Appendix 5.
Questionnaire ....................................................................................... 104 - v - LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1 Type of school, grade and age by gender (% row) ............................................ 9 - vi - LIST OF FIGURES Figure 3.1 Marital status of parents ..................................................................................... 10 Figure 3.2 Persons with whom respondents lived ............................................................... 11 Figure 3.3 Had a job in addition to going to school ............................................................. 11 Figure 3.4 Number of hours worked per week .................................................................... 12 Figure 3.5 Probability of finishing school ............................................................................. 12 Figure 3.6 Probability of going to university......................................................................... 13 Figure 3.7 Repeated grade levels ....................................................................................... 13 Figure 3.8 Behavioural and disciplinary problems during school years ............................... 14 Figure 4.1 Parents Knowledge of where respondents are after school hours or on weekends ............................................................................................................................ 15 Figure 4.2 Parents’ knowledge of the television programmes which respondents watched 16 Figure 4.3 How closely parents/guardians (or one of them) paid attention to what they were doing at school .................................................................................................................... 16 Figure 4.4 Days sat down together with parents/guardians (or one of them) at the same table for breakfast, lunch, supper or dinner in a normal week ............................................. 17 Figure 4.5 Whether or not their parents/guardians (or one of them) controlled the time they came home at night on
 weekends ....................................................................................... 17 Figure 4.6 Whether or not parents/guardians (or one of them) asked them or expect them to tell them where they were going .......................................................................................... 18 Figure 4.7 How well parents/guardians knew respondents closest friends ......................... 18 Figure 4.8 How father/mother/guardian would react if they caught the respondent coming home drunk/tipsy ................................................................................................................. 19 Figure 4.9 How father/mother/guardian would react if they found out that the respondent were smoking marijuana ..................................................................................................... 20 Figure 4.10 Current relationship with father/mother/guardian ............................................. 21 Figure 4.11 Relationship parent/guardians have with each other ........................................ 21 Figure 5.1 Respondents who stated that they had had serious conversations about the dangers of drug use with either/both of their parent/guardian ............................................. 22 - vii - Figure 5.2 Respondents who believed that any of their parents/guardians used any illegal drug when they were young ................................................................................................ 23 Figure 5.3 Parents/guardians regularly smoked at least one cigarette per day ................... 23 Figure 5.4 Respondents who reported their siblings or anybody else living at home at the time with them used any drug ............................................................................................. 24 Figure 5.5 Father’s/mother’s/guardian’s drinking habits ...................................................... 25 Figure 6.1 How happy respondents felt when they went to school
 ...................................... 26 Figure 6.2 Sense of belonging at school ............................................................................. 26 Figure 6.3 How often respondents skipped school without permission ............................... 27 Figure 6.4 Number of full days absent from school in the past year .................................... 27 Figure 6.5 General relationship with teachers at school ...................................................... 28 Figure 7.1 Prevalence of cigarette smoking ........................................................................ 29 Figure 7.2 Number of cigarettes smoked per day in the past 30 days ................................ 29 Figure 7.3 Age of first use of cigarettes ............................................................................... 30 Figure 7.4 First time smoked cigarettes .............................................................................. 31 Figure 7.5 Cigarettes smoked per day in the past month .................................................... 31 Figure 7.6 Prevalence of cigarette use by age .................................................................... 32 Figure 7.7 Prevalence of cigarette use by gender ............................................................... 33 Figure 7.8 Prevalence of Cigarette use by type of School .................................................. 34 Figure 7.9 Prevalence of cigarette use by Grade ................................................................ 35 Figure 8.1 Prevalence of alcohol consumption .................................................................... 36 Figure 8.2 Where respondents consume alcohol ................................................................ 37 Figure 8.3 Where respondents acquire alcohol ................................................................... 37 Figure 8.4 Frequency of consuming different types of alcoholic beverages over the past 30 days.
................................................................................................................................... 38 Figure 8.5 Age first consumed alcohol ................................................................................ 38 Figure 8.6 Past year and past month incidence of consuming alcohol ................................ 39 - viii - Figure 8.7 Prevalence of alcohol use by age ...................................................................... 40 Figure 8.8 Prevalence of alcohol use by gender ................................................................. 41 Figure 8.9 Prevalence of alcohol use by type of school ...................................................... 42 Figure 8.10 Prevalence of alcohol use by grade ................................................................. 43 Figure 9.1 Prevalence of marijuana use .............................................................................. 44 Figure 9.2 Prevalence of marijuana use by age .................................................................. 45 Figure 9.3 Prevalence of marijuana use by gender ............................................................. 45 Figure 9.4 Prevalence of marijuana use by type of school .................................................. 46 Figure 9.5 Prevalence of marijuana use by grade ............................................................... 47 Figure 10.1 Prevalence of cocaine use ............................................................................... 48 Figure 10.2 Prevalence of cocaine use by age ................................................................... 49 Figure 10.3 Prevalence of cocaine use by gender .............................................................. 49 Figure 10.4 Prevalence of cocaine use by type of school ................................................... 50 Figure 10.5 Prevalence of cocaine use by grade ................................................................ 51 Figure 10.6 Prevalence of crack use
 ................................................................................... 51 Figure 10.7 Prevalence of crack use by age ....................................................................... 52 Figure 10.8 Prevalence of crack use by gender .................................................................. 53 Figure 10.9 Prevalence of crack use by type of school ....................................................... 53 Figure 10.10 Prevalence of crack use by grade .................................................................. 54 Figure 10.11 Prevalence of Sprangah use by age .............................................................. 55 Figure 10.12 Prevalence of sprangah use by gender .......................................................... 55 Figure 10.13 Prevalence of sprangah use by type of school ............................................... 56 Figure 10.14 Prevalence of sprangah use by grade ............................................................ 56 Figure 10.15 Prevalence of ecstacy use by age .................................................................. 57 Figure 10.16 Prevalence of ecstacy use by gender ............................................................ 58 Figure 10.17 Prevalence of ecstacy use by type of school ................................................. 58 - ix - Figure 10.18 Prevalence of ecstacy use by grade .............................................................. 59 Figure 11.1 Prevalence of tranquilizer use .......................................................................... 60 Figure 11.2 Prevalence of tranquilizer use by age .............................................................. 61 Figure 11.3 Prevalence of tranquilizer use by gender ......................................................... 61 Figure 11.4 Prevalence of tranquilizer use by type of school .............................................. 62 Figure 11.5 Prevalence of tranquilizer use by grade
 ........................................................... 63 Figure 11.6 Prevalence of Stimulant use ............................................................................ 63 Figure 11.7 Prevalence of stimulants use by age ................................................................ 64 Figure 11.8 Prevalence of stimulants use by gender .......................................................... 65 Figure 11.9 Prevalence of stimulants use by type of school................................................ 65 Figure 11.10 Prevalence of stimulants use by grade .......................................................... 66 Figure 12.1 Prevalence of solvents and Inhalants use ........................................................ 67 Figure 12.2 Prevalence of solvents and Inhalants use by age ............................................ 68 Figure 12.3 Prevalence of solvents and Inhalants use by gender ....................................... 68 Figure 12.4 Prevalence of solvents and Inhalants use by type of school ............................ 69 Figure 12.5 Prevalence of solvents and Inhalants use by grade ......................................... 70 Figure 13.1 Belief that there were drugs at school .............................................................. 71 Figure 13.2 Belief that students try/deal drugs outside school ............................................ 72 Figure 13.3 Respondents who been curious about trying an illicit drug .............................. 72 Figure 13.4 Ever been curious to try any of the following drugs .......................................... 73 Figure 13.5 If respondents had the opportunity if they would try an illicit drug .................... 73 Figure 13.6 Harmfulness of smoking cigarettes to health ................................................... 74 Figure 13.7 Harmfulness of drinking alcohol to health ........................................................ 74 Figure 13.8 Harmfulness of taking tranquilizers/stimulants
 to health .................................. 75 Figure 13.9 Harmfulness of inhaling solvents to health ....................................................... 75 Figure 13.10 Harmfulness of smoking marijuana to health ................................................. 76 - x - Figure 13.11 Harmfulness of consuming cocaine or crack to health ................................... 77 Figure 13.12 Harmfulness of consuming ecstasy to health ................................................. 77 Figure 13.13 Harmfulness of inhaling second-hand smoke to health .................................. 78 Figure 14.1 Access to drugs ................................................................................................ 80 Figure 14.2 Drugs offered - When ....................................................................................... 81 Figure 14.3 Drugs offered - Where ...................................................................................... 82 Figure 14.4 Drugs offered – By whom ................................................................................. 83 Figure 15.1 Close friends attitudes to marijuana/ganga ...................................................... 84 Figure 15.2 Percentage of friends who drink alcohol regularly ............................................ 85 Figure 15.3 Percentage of friends who smoked marijuana regularly ................................... 85 Figure 16.1 Comparison of Lifetime prevalence (2005 & 2013) .......................................... 87 - xi - FOREWORD Many persons played significant roles in seeing this project to completion.
The OAS/CICAD was the primary funder, and the Government of Antigua and Barbuda did their part also.

They say it is not a good idea to name names when saying thank you, as you run the risk of leaving someone out.

I am going to take that chance now, and fervently wish that I do not leave anyone out, as there are some people or organizations that definitely must be singled out.
The Director of Education, Mrs. Jacintha Pringle, did not hesitate when I approached her, neither did Mrs. Etinoff of the Planning Unit when I called to ask her for information to get the process started.

Without the cooperation of the principals and students of our country’s secondary schools and the permission of the students’ parents, none of this would have been possible.
The media, too, played their role in making the public constantly aware of what we were doing and at what stage of the process we were.

But the staff of the Substance Abuse Prevention Division (SAPD) went above and beyond the call of duty to ensure that deadlines were met.

Although for some countries this is definitely not a long time, Antigua and Barbuda has been compiling data about students’ drug use since 1989.
However, until several years ago, there was no standardized way of collecting the data, hence no reasonable comparisons could have been made.

In 2005, the OAS, through its OID, introduced the SIDUC methodology to Antigua and Barbuda.

As a result, we are now able to make comparisons from one time to the next.
We can now compare the types of drugs our young people are using over time; we can see whether or not they are beginning to use drugs, to include alcohol and tobacco, earlier or later, among other things; and this information has been assisting us in planning the way forward to help our youth to delay drug use.

But should teenage drug use concern us?

If you answer yes, I would ask: “Why let it bother you when you are having fetes like “LOL; pack your cooler and come” and “free tequila shots on entry”?
Our young people will do what they see us do; as the saying goes, “monkey see, monkey do”.

So let us not only teach our youth how to behave, let us show them, let’s lead by example.

- xii - Finally, there is a poem that I will share with you which will sum up my views regarding adult responsibility towards young people: “‘Twas a sheep not a lamb that went astray Because there is danger if they go wrong, In the parable Jesus told.

They will lead the lambs astray.


‘Twas a grown sheep that wandered away The lambs will follow the sheep, you know, From the ninety and nine in the fold.

Where’er they wander–where’er they go.

And out on the hilltop, and out in the cold, If the sheep goes wrong, it will not be long ‘Twas a sheep the Good Shepherd sought.

Till the lambs are as wrong as they.

Back to the fold and back to the flock, ‘Twas a sheep that the Good Shepherd brought.
Now, why should the sheep be so carefully fed And cared for even to-day?

So still with the sheep we must earnestly plead, For the sake of the lambs to-day.

If the lambs are lost, what a terrible cost The sheep will have to pay!

-C.C.

Miller” So when we see the results of this survey, let us be happy if they tell us that our young people are not using drugs as much as we thought.

On the other hand, if it is that their use should cause us concern, we need to hold ourselves responsible.
Norma L. Jeffrey-Dorset, MSW, CAS Substance Abuse Prevention Officer - xiii - ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This Report has been compiled By Dr John J.

Swift, with the assistance of the SAPD, St. John’s Antigua, in accordance with the SIDUC protocols.

A very special thank you is extended to Mrs. Norma Jeffrey-Dorset, Substance Abuse Prevention Officer, for her timeless efforts in coordinating this project.
The staff of the Substance Prevention Division, under the direction of Mrs. Jeffrey-Dorset, must also be thanked for their cooperation, support and willingness to see the project through.

Thank you to all the supervisors and facilitators for taking the time to assist in the collection of the data.

Special thanks also to the supervisors of the workplaces who graciously gave members of their staff the time off to collect the data.
To all the data entry clerks, a sincere thank you for the speed and accuracy with which the data were entered into electronic format.

The following schools participated in the survey and the principals, staff and students are thanked for their participation and support, for without them the survey could not have been possible.
We would also like to thank the parents for having granted permission for their child/children to take part in the survey:  All Saints Secondary School  Antigua Girls' High School  Antigua Grammar School  Clare Hall Secondary School  National Technical Training Centre  Ottos Comprehensive School  Pares Secondary School  Princess Margaret School  Sir Mc Chesney George Secondary School  Christ the King High School  Island Academy  St. Joseph's Academy - ix - The Ministry of Education played a vital role in this project, because without its cooperation and permission, the survey could not have been done.
The Director of Education, Mrs. Jacintha Pringle, must also be thanked specially for always readily supporting the activities of the SAPD.

The realisation of this survey would not have been possible without the concerted efforts of LT. Col. Edward Croft (Antigua and Barbuda’s focal point to CICAD) and Mr. Pernell Clarke (Coordinator of Information and Research for the Caribbean, Inter-American Observatory on Drugs OID/CICAD).
A special thank you must be extended to the Inter American Drug Abuse Control Commission of the Organisation of American States (CICAD/OAS) for funding and generally overseeing this project.
- x - AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ATOD Alcohol Tobacco and Other Drugs CICAD Inter American Drug Abuse Control Commission ES/CICAD Executive Secretariat of the Inter American Drug Abuse Control Commission HIV NAT OID OAS Human Immunodeficiency Virus National Assessment Team Inter-American Observatory on Drugs Organisation of American States SAPD Substance Abuse Prevention Division SIDUC Inter-American System of Uniform Drug-Use Data - xi - This report has been produced in accordance with the Terms of Reference set out by Inter- American Observatory on Drugs (OID) of the Executive Secretariat of the Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission (ES/CICAD) of the OAS.
The report examines the extent of the prevalence of drug use within the Secondary Schools of Antigua and Barbuda The figures revealed in this report show that young people have reported consuming alcohol, tobacco and/or other drugs from as early as 5 years old.

Although there has been an overall increase in substance use, this has been relatively small for most.

The figures show a reduction in the lifetime prevalence of alcohol use from 73.4% in 2005 to 71.1% in 2013.
There were increases in the past year and past month prevalence from 53% in 2005 to 56.0% in 2013, and from 32.6% in 2005 to 36.2% in 2013 respectively.

The life time prevalence of marijuana use also rose from 25.1% in 2005 to 31.0% in 2013, the past year prevalence rose from 13.6% in 2005 to 22.4% in 2013 and the past month prevalence practically doubled from 8.5% in 2005 to 16.7% in 2013.
It has been noted that while there are drug prevention programmes being delivered in some primary schools, there is only one secondary school in which such a programme is being delivered.

In Light of the results of this survey, it is recommended that these programmes be extended to include all schools (both primary and secondary, public and private).
It is further recommended to increase public awareness campaigns targeted to educate parents about the dangers of substance consumption and abuse, how to detect substance use among their children, and where to get help.

Finally, media campaigns should be set up, designed to dispel the various myths that surround the use and of alcohol, marijuana, inhalants, and cigarettes in particular.

- xii - Drug use and abuse adversely affect a country’s health, economy and security.
Thus, policies and programmes are continually being developed and ratified in a bid to curtail both the supply of and demand for drugs.

One of the key objectives of this report is to inform policies and actions.

There are many myths associated with the use and abuse of drugs; e.g.

alcohol wakes up your personality.


The actual fact is that alcohol is a depressant drug that will make you feel down and interfere with your thinking; and it is known that many individuals who use drugs commit crimes in order to fund their drug habits.

The young people of a country represent its future, as it is the young people of today who will be the leaders of tomorrow.

We therefore have to protect these very valuable assets.
The noted “worrying upward trend in youth associated issues of drug trafficking, HIV/AIDS infections, adolescent pregnancies and other risky behavior” (Correia & Cunningham, 2003) must be addressed if our young people are to make a meaningful contribution to society.

To be able to have a common understanding of what is happening (the problem), comparisons need to be made, whether between surveys conducted within the country or with those conducted in other countries.
To this end, CICAD has designed a common survey questionnaire which is administered among the member states of the OAS in Latin America and the Caribbean.

1.1 BACKGROUND The twin-island State of Antigua and Barbuda lies in the north-eastern Caribbean and is comprised of Antigua, the largest of the islands, 108 sq.

miles, Barbuda, 62 sq.

miles, and the uninhabited island of Redonda, which covers an area of ½ sq.

mile (see Appendix 1).


Antigua’s main economic activity in the early years, as was the case with most Caribbean countries, was sugar production.

However, from the 1960’s, it became increasingly difficult to secure labour to harvest the sugar cane, and Antigua began importing labourers from the neighbouring countries to work on the sugar plantations.

In the late 1960’s, then Premier Vere Cornwall Bird Sr. decided to diversify the economy and introduced tourism on a small scale.
By the 1970’s, tourism had become the main industry of the now twin-island associated state, having received some autonomy from Britain in February, 1967.

In the 1980’s, the country saw off-shore gaming as an avenue for growth, and decided to expand its financial services.

Off-shore gaming provided much foreign exchange for the country’s economy, in addition to providing employment for a large number of the nation’s youth at what was considered better than average earnings.
- 1 - However, when the United States passed laws prohibiting its nationals from conducting this type of business outside of its territories, the off-shore gaming industry in Antigua and Barbuda was almost crippled.

In addition to this, in 2009, the country’s largest investor and the second largest employer, second only to the government, was arrested and indicted, and later convicted in the United States for having operated a Ponzi scheme.
In a 2007 report, “Living Conditions in Antigua and Barbuda: Poverty in a Services Economy in Transition” (Kairi Consultants Limited, 2007) , it is reported that: “52.3 percent of the population reported not having passed any school examination; 4.2 percent of school age children had not attended school during the week before the interview for at least one day; and 3.7 percent of the population was reported as indigent” (p xxi).
It was also reported that 52 percent of the poorest homes were headed by men and 48 percent by women, while the average age for head of household in the poorest homes was age 50 years and in the poorest homes, the average number of children per household was 3.

A preliminary report of the 2011 National Census (Government of Antigua and Barbuda, 2012) shows that Antigua and Barbuda has an estimated resident population of 86,295; 84,485 on the island of Antigua and 1,810 in Barbuda.
The ethnic distribution consists of 91% Black, Mulatto and Mixed (Black/Amerindian), 4.4% Other Mixed Race, 1.7% White, and 2.9% Other (primarily East Indian and Asian).

The black population are descendants of slaves who were brought to the island to cultivate sugar cane.

The majority of the white population is Americans and British, with some Irish and Portuguese.

There are also Arabs, primarily of Syrian, Lebanese and Palestinian descent, and a small population of Asians and Jews.
1.2 THE NATURE OF THE DRUG PROBLEM IN ANTIGUA & BARBUDA Drug abuse in Antigua and Barbuda, as elsewhere, is a serious concern; and although we cannot totally rid ourselves of the problem, all efforts should be made to reduce, and or control, it.

Because we know that teenage drug use can be used as an indicator of future drug use in any society, getting as true a picture as possible of the situation is very important.
For greater benefits, programs designed for drug demand reduction should be based on the results of studies carried out amongst the target populations.

Therefore, for effective program planning at the secondary school level, it is important to get existing drug use information.
Also, it is important to make comparisons over time to determine whether or not new drugs have been introduced into the society, other methods of use are being tried, and if there are any other new drug use activities which were not present during the last period surveyed.

Therefore, Antigua and Barbuda carried out a survey of drug use prevalence amongst the secondary school students in the twin-island state.

- 2 - 1.3 THE PERCEPTION OF YOUTH AND ATOD The Youth of a country represent its future.
It is the youth of today who will become the leaders of tomorrow.

We therefore have an obligation to treasure and protect these very valuable assets.
The noted comment about the ‘worrying upward trend in youth associated issues of drug trafficking … and other risky behavior’ (Correia & Cunningham, 2003) is paramount to the development of Antigua and Barbuda, as the resulting effects of adolescent risky behavior not only hamper the human resources, but are costly to the country and can even ‘reach into the billions of dollars’ (ibid).
Prime Minister Baldwin Spencer, at the opening of the Regional Workshop on Drug Information Networks on August 1, 2012, in Antigua, noted that the Government of Antigua and Barbuda ‘is committed to the Hemispheric Drug strategy designed to help countries to reduce the production, trafficking and use of illegal drugs’ (Spencer, 2012).
He went on to state that the Government ‘recognize(s) the consequences associated with the drug trade and the impact it could have on our human resource capacity, health, social cohesion and rule of law’.

It can be said that within the national context of Antigua and Barbuda, whereas tobacco is not seen as much of a problem among the youth, alcohol and marijuana/cannabis are considered to be.
In a published article entitled ‘Increased Alcohol Use Among Minors Raises Concern”, one news medium noted that the Substance Abuse Prevention Division had received several reports from concerned individuals about young people consuming large amounts of alcohol (Caribarena.com, 2012 b).

The very next day, the same media house published an article entitled, ‘Police Slow to Clampdown on Under-Aged Drinking’.
The article reported that promoters of private events had been facing a ‘Fallout’ from one of the fetes held a few months previously.

It was reported that at the fete, dubbed “Lots of Liquor (LOL)”, ‘several under aged children (were seen to be) suffering from the effects of alcohol, while others were openly indulging in the substance in the presence of parents, guardians and even police’ (Caribarena.com, 2012 a).
In terms of marijuana/cannabis, there have been recent reports in the media of youth being charged, or charged and convicted, for possession of the illegal substance.

In February 2012, The Daily Observer Newspaper reported that a teenager had been jailed on a drug charge (Antigua Observer, 2012 b).

The report noted that the 18-year old youth, who had pleaded guilty to possession of 1.7g of cannabis, also had another charge of larceny pending for an incident which had occurred earlier.
The same media house in March 2012, reported that a 15-year old secondary school student had been convicted, fined and placed on a 1-year probation for the possession of cannabis (Antigua Observer, 2012 a).

The report indicated that it was the Principal of the - 3 - school which he was attending who discovered the drugs in his possession and called the police.

Similarly, in March 2013, there was another report in the media of a student found being in possession of drugs.
This time, it was a 16-year old secondary school student who had pleaded guilty to possession of 3.5g of cannabis, which had a street value of $EC 50.00.

He also was placed on 1-year probation for the offence (Caribarena.com, 2013).

The report also noted that the drug was found on the student by the Physical Education Teacher, who handed it over to the Principal, who subsequently called the police.
1.4 OBJECTIVES • • • • • • • To satisfy the requirements of the MEM The main objective of this study is to determine the prevalence, perception pattern (trend) and age of first use of drug consumption among the secondary students throughout Antigua and Barbuda.
To identify the types of drugs used, determine if new types of drugs have been introduced into use in the country, determine if new methods of consumption have been started, and determine if drug use patterns have changed To provide a tool for policy and decision makers at the national level to combat the drug problem related to the human and financial costs within Antigua and Barbuda To generate statistics for stake-holder agencies To provide statistics which will guide policy making To provide information to both demand and supply reduction sectors in an effort to guide program planning - 4 - Research Design The purpose of the survey is to collect information from secondary school children in Antigua and Barbuda about their drug use.
The information is then used to make comparison with the results from previous surveys.

The result is then used to determine if there are changes in drug use patterns, age of first use, and the types of drugs being used.

It will also be used to assist with program planning geared at drug use prevention, and/or programs aimed at helping young people to delay the onset of drug use in Antigua and Barbuda.
The survey was administered to 851 students in 9 government and 3 private secondary schools in the twin-island state of Antigua and Barbuda, under the coordination of the Substance Abuse Prevention Division.

The ages of the respondents ranged from 12 years to 19 years.

The original plan (see Appendix 2) was to have the survey conducted over a two-day period, one day in Antigua and one day in Barbuda.
However, due to industrial action by public school teachers, the data collection had to be done over a two-week period instead.

The Ministry of Education was an integral part of this process, as permission to conduct the survey in the Schools in Antigua and Barbuda was sought and received from the Director of Education.

The number of schools with their populations were also received from the Ministry of Education and sent off to CICAD for them to select the sample.
After the formal approval from the Ministry of Education, letters were sent to the principals of all the secondary schools, advising them of the process and inviting their cooperation and participation.

After the sample frame was received from CICAD, letters were sent to the selected schools advising them that they would be sampled.

The relevant principals were also advised to notify the selected class teachers of the activity.
Parents and/or guardians of the selected students were invited, through a letter, to give consent for their children to participate in the exercise.

The importance of the exercise was also explained to them.

Letters were also sent to the other schools advising them that they had not been selected in the sample.
After the completion of a one -day training for the supervisors and facilitators, a pilot of the questionnaire was conducted in one (1) government school and one (1) private school which were not part of the survey.

The self-administered questionnaires were administered to the students from the selected classes in the selected schools by the facilitators.

The facilitators instructed the students on how these were to be completed.
Upon completion, the students placed their questionnaires face down in a designated area and these were collected by the facilitator after all had been turned in.

- 5 - 2.2 SAMPLING The sample cohort was taken from the total population of school children enrolled in Forms 2, 4 and 5 in secondary schools in Antigua and Barbuda (n= 4,417).
The sample cohort, thus, represented students enrolled in selected forms 2, 4 and 5 of selected Secondary Schools in Antigua and Barbuda (n= 1279), and did not include young people in the same age group who were not in school.

The classes and the schools were randomly selected by CICAD, who was responsible for designing and selecting the sample.
To help to reduce the chances of sampling bias, efforts were made to select schools that would adequately represent all sectors of the Antiguan and Barbudan society.

Forms 2, 4, and 5 were chosen so that they could be compared with the previous survey which had students from those forms as the respondents.

A copy of the sample frame is presented in Appendix 3; and in an effort to ensure anonymity, the names of the schools have been removed.
2.3 PILOT STUDY In a bid to alleviate misunderstandings and to see if there were any difficulties in administering the questionnaire, a pilot study was conducted in one (1) government school and one (1) private school on Friday, 1st March, 2013.

As students completed the questionnaire and left the classroom, the Technical Advisor, Dr. John J.

Swift, inquired of a number of them about their experience in completing the questionnaire.
All stated that they had no problems, and found it relatively easy to complete.

The questionnaires were then reviewed by the Coordinator and the Technical Advisor.

The review of the pilot study revealed that although the instructions to questions 29 and 30 stated that only one option in each of the questions was to be ticked, some students had ticked more than one option.

Similarly, it was noted that some students were not following the skip patterns in the questionnaire.
Subsequently, the supervisors were instructed to emphasise that some questions such as 29 and 30 ask that only one option be ticked in each question, so to follow the instructions carefully and only tick one option.

Also, to emphasise the importance of following the skip patterns.

2.4 PROCEDURE FOR DATA COLLECTION Data collection for this survey commenced on March 11, 2013, and was completed on March 25, 2013.
The data were collected anonymously through self-administered questionnaires which were distributed to all respondents in each of the selected classes in the selected schools.

In each school, all efforts were made to have the questionnaires completed simultaneously to avoid respondents contacting their friends and informing them - 6 - of the questions after they had completed their survey.
Before they began to complete the instrument, a facilitator explained the procedure for doing so to all respondents in the class at the same time (see facilitators speech in Appendix 4).

Facilitators, during their training, were advised not to have any direct involvement with student questionnaires until all had been placed face down in a designated area.
Further, they were instructed to notify the students that they would not approach their desk as they wanted to maintain total confidentiality but would answer any question to the entire group.

When any respondent had a question of clarification, the question was asked and answered so that all the respondents were able to hear at the same time.

At the completion of the process, the instruments were collected and kept in the possession of the facilitator until handed over to the supervisor.
2.5 DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENT The instrument used for data collection was a standardised questionnaire developed by the Inter American Drug Abuse Control Commission (CICAD), and referred to as the SIDUC school survey questionnaire.

It consists of 89 questions, some having sub-sections with multiple responses.

They were self-administered to respondents, who were randomly sampled within the sampling frame.

A copy of the questionnaire is presented in Appendix 5.
2.6 DATA ENTRY Four (4) individuals were selected and trained as data entry clerks.

Their job was to accurately transcribe the information recorded on the questionnaires to a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet designed by CICAD specifically for this purpose.

The actual process entailed a double entry procedure for validation purposes.

Once the data had been entered, a copy of the files was e-mailed to CICAD for further cleaning, merging and analysis.
After this was completed, the SPSS files were then e- mailed back to the Technical Advisor to facilitate the writing of the report.

2.7 DATA ANALYSIS In an effort to elucidate valid and reliable findings from the data collected, the thematic structure of the questionnaire was utilised.

All the data were entered into the SPSS computer programme which generated the required Frequencies and crosstabulations.
2.8 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY All Research studies are subject to limitations, and this survey is no exception.

Inevitably, hiccups do arise from time to time.

The first challenge encountered was that of having incomplete work done by the Government Printery while the questionnaires were being reproduced.

Because the printer - 7 - staff was engaged in industrial action due to late payment of salaries, the questionnaires had to be collated and stapled by the staff of SAPD.
This manual collation and stapling resulted in a few questionnaires either having a page missing or pages duplicated.

Similarly, the teachers in the government-run schools in Antigua and Barbuda were also taking industrial action for not having been paid.

This delayed the collection of the data in public schools.
For those schools that participated, even though letters were sent out to the principals explaining which class of a particular form had been selected to participate in the survey, errors were still made.

For example, in one of the private schools, the sample selected the class with 20 students on its role.

However, the class that was given the parental consent forms had 21 students.

The day in which the consent forms were given out, 20 students were present and one was absent.
On the day of the survey, all 21 students were present, so the one who was not given the consent form was not allowed to participate.

There was also the issue of some parents not giving consent for their child/children to take part in the survey; and there were those students who, for one reason or another, did not want to participate in the exercise.
- 8 - As illustrated in Table 3.1, 851 students from across 9 government and 3 private secondary schools participated in the Antigua and Barbuda Secondary Schools Drug Prevalence Survey.

The majority of the students who participated were between the ages of 15-16 (45.7%), followed by 11-14 (30.9%) and 17+ (16.9%).

The ratio of male to female students was approximately equal with 422 (49.5%) males to 417 (49.1%) females.
Table 3.1 Type of school, grade and age by gender (% Row) Type of school TOTAL Public Private Grade Eighth grade or 2nd Form Tenth grade or 4th Form Eleventh grade or 5th Form Twelfth grade or 6th Form TOTAL Age TOTAL 11 - 14 15 - 16 17 + Nd Male Row % Gender Female Row % nd Row % TOTAL Row % .3 1.4 16.1 1.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 As is revealed in Figure 3.1, the majority of respondents (321/32.8%) reported that their parents were married, followed by 269 (39.3%) of respondents who reported that their parents were single, 97 (11.9%) reported that their parents were separated, 45 (5.5%) reported that their parents were living together/common law, 38 (4.7%) reported that their parents were divorced, 7 (0.9%) reported that their parents were widows(ers) and 39 (4.8%) stated other.
- 9 - 39.3% 32.8% 45.0% 40.0% 35.0% 30.0% 25.0% 20.0% 15.0% 10.0% 5.0% 0.0% 11.9% 4.7% 5.5% 4.8% 0.9% Figure 3.1 Marital status of parents Respondents were asked to select from a list of choices the person or persons with whom they lived.

Figure 3.2 provides an illustration of the responses provided by the respondents.

The vast majority of the respondents (693/81.4%) indicated that they lived with their mother.
This was followed by just under half of respondents (390/45.8%) who indicated that they lived with their brother/sister, and 337/39.6% of the respondents who indicated that they lived with their father.

To a lesser extent, respondents also indicated living with other relatives (88/10.3%), guardian(s) (60/7.1%), stepfather (58/6.8%), stepmother (21/2.5%), boyfriend/girlfriend (20/2.4%), wife /husband (18/2.1%), alone (7/0.8%), friend (6/0.7%) and 17/2.0% said other.
- 10 - 81.4% 45.8% 39.6% 90.0% 80.0% 70.0% 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% 6.8% 2.5% 2.1% 2.4% 10.3% 7.1% 0.7% 0.8% 2.0% Figure 3.2 Persons with whom respondents lived RESPONSIBILITIES While the vast majority of respondents (82.6%) indicated that they did not have a job in addition to going to school, 17.4% indicated that they did.
17.4% 82.6% Yes No Figure 3.3 Had a job in addition to going to school Of the respondents who indicated that they worked in addition to going to school, 42.5% of the respondents reported working between 1-5 hours a week, 32.5% between 6-10 hours a week, 15.8% reported working 16+ hours a week and 9.2% between 11-15 hours a week.
- 11 - 42.5% 32.5% 45.0% 40.0% 35.0% 30.0% 25.0% 20.0% 15.0% 10.0% 5.0% 0.0% 15.8% 9.2% 1 - 5 6 - 10 11 - 15 16+ Figure 3.4 Number of hours worked per week When asked about the probability of their finishing school, the vast majority (81.9%) stated that it was very likely, 12.4% said likely, 2.5% said not likely, 2.0% said that they did not know, and 1.2% said that it was impossible.
90.0% 80.0% 70.0% 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% 81.9% 12.4% 2.5% 1.2% 2.0% Very likely Likely Not very likely Impossible Dont know Figure 3.5 Probability of finishing school - 12 - In terms of the probability of their going to university, 48.4% said it was very likely, 26.8% said likely, 12.9% said not likely, 9.5% said that they did not know, and 2.5% said that it was impossible.
48.4% 26.8% 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% 12.9% 9.5% 2.5% Very likely Likely Not very likely Impossible Dont know Figure 3.6 Probability of going to university There were 54.4% of the respondents who reported not having repeated any grade levels throughout their school years, while 34.6% said they had repeated one, and 10.9% said that they had repeated two or more.
54.4% 34.6% 10.9% 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% None One Two or more Figure 3.7 Repeated grade levels - 13 - With respect to being asked whether they had ever had behavioural and disciplinary problems during their school years (e.g.

detentions, suspensions, being sent to the headmaster, or corporal punishment), 47.5% said a few times, 24.6% said once, 22.6% said never, and 5.3% said often.
47.5% 22.6% 24.6% 50.0% 45.0% 40.0% 35.0% 30.0% 25.0% 20.0% 15.0% 10.0% 5.0% 0.0% Series1 5.3% Never Once A few times Often Figure 3.8 Behavioural and disciplinary problems during school years - 14 - The questionnaire, through the use of a number of scale-type questions, sought to determine the capacity of parents to learn about, pay attention to, and monitor the behaviour of their children sufficiently and continuously.
Respondents were asked how often their parents/guardians knew where they were after school hours or on weekends.

As depicted in Figure 4.1, 69.2% of respondents reported that their parents always or almost always knew where they were; 27.1% reported that their parents sometimes did not know where they were; while 3.7% of respondents reported that their parents never, or almost never, knew where they were.
t n e c r e P 80.0% 70.0% 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% 69.2% 27.1% 3.7% They never or almost never know where I am Sometimes they do not know They always or almost always know where I am Figure 4.1 Parents Knowledge of where respondents are after school hours or on weekends As is shown in Figure 4.2, in response to a question about their parents’ knowledge of the television programmes which they watched, 49.7% of students indicated that their parents knew what programmes they were watching on television, while 50.3% of students indicated that their parents had no knowledge of the programmes they were watching on television.
- 15 - 50.3% 49.7% Yes No Figure 4.2 Parents’ knowledge of the television programmes which respondents watched Asked how closely their parents/guardians (or one of them) paid attention to what they were doing at school, the majority (41.1%) said closely, 30.2% said very closely, just under a quarter (24.7%) said somewhat, and 4.0% said not at all.
41.1% 30.2% 24.7% 4.0% 45.0% 40.0% 35.0% 30.0% 25.0% 20.0% 15.0% 10.0% 5.0% 0.0% Very closely Closely Somewhat Not at all Figure 4.3 How closely parents/guardians (or one of them) paid attention to what they were doing at school While one third (33.0%) of the respondents said that they never sit down at the table with their parents/guardians for breakfast, lunch, supper or dinner in a normal week, 30.6% said that they had breakfast, lunch, supper or dinner with their parents every day, 13.7% said one single day, 7.7% said two days, 6.6% said three days, 3.3% said four days, 3.2% said five days, and 1.9% said six days.
- 16 - 35.0% 30.0% 25.0% 20.0% 15.0% 10.0% 5.0% 0.0% 33.0% 30.6% 13.7% 7.7% 6.6% 3.3% 3.2% 1.9% Never One single day Two days Three days Four days Five days Six days Every day Figure 4.4 Days sat down together with parents/guardians (or one of them) at the same table for breakfast, lunch, supper or dinner in a normal week Respondents were questioned as to whether or not their parents/guardians (or one of them) controlled the time they came home at night on weekends.
The majority (48.7%) said yes, their parents/guardians (or one of them) controlled the time they came home at night on weekends, 27.8% said rarely, 19.8% said no and 3.7% said never.
48.7% 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% 27.8% 19.8% 3.7% Yes No Rarely Never Figure 4.5 Whether or not their parents/guardians (or one of them) controlled the time they came home at night on weekends A large number of the respondents (82.3%) stated that when they go out in the afternoons or on weekends, their parents/guardians (or one of them) asked them or expect them to tell them where they were going, 11.3% said that this was rarely the case, 5.5% said no, and 0.9% said that this was never the case.
- 17 - 90.0% 80.0% 70.0% 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% 82.3% 11.3% 5.5% 0.9% Yes No Rarely Never Figure 4.6 Whether or not parents/guardians (or one of them) asked them or expect them to tell them where they were going It was reported by 42.5% of the respondents that their parents/guardians knew their closest friends very well, while 24.9% said that they knew them slightly, 20.8% said that they knew them more or less, and 11.8% said not at all.
42.5% 45.0% 40.0% 35.0% 30.0% 25.0% 20.0% 15.0% 10.0% 5.0% 0.0% 24.9% 20.8% 11.8% Very well More or less Slightly Not at all Figure 4.7 How well parents/guardians knew respondents closest friends When asked their opinion on how their father would react if he caught them coming home drunk/tipsy, over one third (35.6%) of the respondents said that they thought he would have been extremely upset, 18.5% said that they had no idea how he would react, 18.4% said they thought he would have been very upset, 14.1% said that they thought he would have been somewhat upset, 10.3% said that they thought that he would be not upset while 3.0% - 18 - stated not applicable as they have no living father/mother/guardian or that they have never seen them (see Figure 4.8).
In respect to their opinion on how their mother would react if she caught them coming home drunk/tipsy, 43.6% of the respondents said that they thought she would have been extremely upset, 18.9% said they thought she would have been very upset, 14.7% said that they thought she would have been somewhat upset, 14.3% said that they had no idea how she would react, 7.6% said that they thought that she would be not upset, while 0.8% stated not applicable as they have no living father/mother/guardian or that they have never seen them (see Figure 4.8) 50.0% 45.0% 40.0% 35.0% 30.0% 25.0% 20.0% 15.0% 10.0% 5.0% 0.0% 43.6% 35.6% 18.4% 18.9% 14.1% 14.7% 18.5% 14.3% Father/Guardian Mother/Guardian 10.3% 7.6% Extremely upset Very upset Somewhat Not upset upset 3.0% 0.8% Not applicable I have no idea how they would react Figure 4.8 How father/mother/guardian would react if they caught the respondent coming home drunk/tipsy With regards to the respondents’ opinion on how their father/guardian would react if he found out that they were smoking marijuana, over half (57.2%) said that they thought he would have been extremely upset, 14.4% said they thought he would have been very upset, 12.7% said that they had no idea how he would react, 7.0% said that they thought he would have been somewhat upset, 6.2% said that they thought that he would be not upset, while 2.5% stated not applicable as they have no living father/mother/guardian or that they have never seen them (See Figure 4.9).
In terms of the respondents’ opinion on how their mother/guardian would react if she found out that they were smoking marijuana, just under two thirds (65.6%%) said that they thought she would have been extremely upset, 14.5% said they thought she would have been very upset, 9.1% said that they had no idea how she would react, 6.0% said that they thought she would have been somewhat upset, 3.6% said that they thought that she would - 19 - be not upset, while 1.3% stated not applicable as father/mother/guardian or that they have never seen them (See Figure 4.9).
they have no living 70.0% 65.6% 60.0% 57.2% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% 14.4% 14.5% Father/Guardian 7.0% 6.0% 6.2% 3.6% 12.7% 9.1% 2.5% 1.3% Mother/Guardian Extremely upset Very upset Somewhat upset Not upset I have no idea how they would react Not applicable Figure 4.9 How father/mother/guardian would react if they found out that the respondent were smoking marijuana Asked about their current relationship with father/guardian, 43.2% said it was good, 32.6% said very good, 10.9% said bad, 9.0% said very bad, while 4.2% said not applicable as they have no living father/mother/guardian or that they have never seen them (See Figure 4.10).
Asked about their current relationship with mother/guardian, 36.7% said good, 54.8% said very good, 6.2% said bad, 1.4% said very bad, while 0.9% said not applicable as they have no living father/mother/guardian or that they have never seen them (See Figure 4.10).
- 20 - 54.8% 43.2% 36.7% 32.6% 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% Father/guardian Mother/guardian 10.9% 9.0% 6.2% 1.4% 4.2% 0.9% Very good Good Bad Very Bad Not applicable Figure 4.10 Current relationship with father/mother/guardian In describing the relationship their parent/guardians have with each other, 42.0% said that it was good, 27.8% said that it was very good, 16.5% said bad, 10.6% said very bad, and 3.1% said not applicable as they have no living father/mother/guardian or that they have never seen them.
42.0% 27.8% 45.0% 40.0% 35.0% 30.0% 25.0% 20.0% 15.0% 10.0% 5.0% 0.0% 16.5% 10.6% 3.1% Very good Good Bad Very Bad Not applicable Figure 4.11 Relationship parent/guardians have with each other - 21 - Questions were asked to determine whether or not the respondents talked to their parents/guardians about the dangers of drug use.

It also sought to find out about their knowledge and exposure to the substance use of their family members and how they felt in their physical environment.
There were 44.2 % of the respondents who stated that they had serious conversations about the dangers of drug use with either/both of their parent/guardian, while 55.8% said that they had not.

55.8% 44.2% Yes No Figure 5.1 Respondents who stated that they had had serious conversations about the dangers of drug use with either/both of their parent/guardian Respondents were asked whether they believed that any of their parents/guardians used any illegal drug when they were young.
There were 40.1% who said no, they did not believe that any of their parents/guardians used any illegal drug when they were young, 35.3% said that they did not know, and just over a quarter (24.6%) said yes, they believe that either or both of their parents/guardians used illegal drug when they were young.
- 22 - 35.3% 24.6% 40.1% Yes No I dont know Figure 5.2 Respondents who believed that any of their parents/guardians used any illegal drug when they were young Respondents were also asked whether or not their parents/guardians regularly smoked at least one cigarette per day.

The vast majority of respondents (87.2%) stated that neither of their parents/guardians regularly smoked at least one cigarette per day.
Eight point eight percent (8.8%) stated that their father/guardian regularly smoked at least one cigarette per day, 2.0% stated that their mother/guardian regularly smoked at least one cigarette per day, and 1.9% stated that both of their parents smoked at least one cigarette per day.
100.0% 90.0% 80.0% 70.0% 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% 87.2% 8.8% 2.0% 1.9% Figure 5.3 Parents/guardians regularly smoked at least one cigarette per day Respondents were asked whether, as far as they knew, if any of their brothers or sisters or anybody else living at home at the time with them used any drug.

Just under two thirds - 23 - (64.0%) said no, just under a quarter (23.9%) said yes, and 12.1% said that they did not know.
64.0% 23.9% 12.1% 70.0% 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% Yes No I dont know Figure 5.4 Respondents who reported their siblings or anybody else living at home at the time with them used any drug Respondents were asked to select from a list of responses the one that best described, on the one hand, their father’s/guardian’s drinking habits and on the other hand, their mother’s/guardian’s drinking habits regarding alcohol.
Thus, as illustrated in Figure 5.5, 23.9% reported that their father never drink any alcohol, 35.4% reported that their mother never drink any alcohol, 39.8% said that their father drinks only on special occasions, 50.7% said that their mother drinks only on special occasions, 8.5% said that their father drinks only on weekends but never during the week, 4.3% said that their mother drinks only on weekends but never during the week, 15.5% said that their father drinks sometimes during the week, 6.8% said that their mother drinks sometimes during the week, 6.7% said that their father drinks alcohol every day, 0.9% said that their mother drinks every day, 5.6% said that it was not applicable because they have no living father/guardian or they never see them, and 1.9% said that it was not applicable because they have no living mother/guardian or they never see them.
- 24 - 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% 50.7% 39.8% 35.4% 23.9% Never drinks any alcohol Only on special occasions Father Mother 15.5% 6.8% 6.7% 5.6% 0.9% 1.9% Sometimes during the week Drinks alcohol every day Not applicable 8.5% 4.3% Only on weekends, but never during the week Figure 5.5 Father’s/mother’s/guardian’s drinking habits - 25 - Asked how happy they felt when they went to school, over one third (39.0%) said fairly happy, 27.4% said neither happy/nor unhappy, 23.4% said very happy, 5.6% said very unhappy and 4.6% said unhappy.
45.0% 40.0% 35.0% 30.0% 25.0% 20.0% 15.0% 10.0% 5.0% 0.0% 39.0% 27.4% 23.4% 4.6% 5.6% Very happy Fairly happy Neither happy/nor unhappy Unhappy Very unhappy Figure 6.1 How happy respondents felt when they went to school The respondents were asked if in general they felt a sense of belonging at school.

As shown in Figure 6.2, just over three quarters (75.3%) said yes, and just under a quarter (24.7%) said no.
24.7% Yes No 75.3% Figure 6.2 Sense of belonging at school - 26 - When asked how often they skipped school without permission for part of the day or the entire day in the past year, over three quarters (77.3%) said never, 17.6% said a few times, 3.4% said several times, and 1.8% said often.
90.0% 80.0% 70.0% 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% 77.3% 17.6% 3.4% 1.8% Never A few times Several times Often Figure 6.3 How often respondents skipped school without permission Similarly, when asked how many full days they were absent from school in the past year, 69.7% said less than 5 days, 21.8% said between 5 and 10 days, 4.6% said between 11 and 20 days, 3.4% said more than 30 days and 0.5% said between 21 and 30 days.
80.0% 70.0% 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% 69.7% 21.8% 4.6% 0.5% 3.4% Less than 5 days Between 5 and 10 days Between 11 and 20 days Between 21 and 30 days More than 30 days Figure 6.4 Number of full days absent from school in the past year - 27 - There were 44.7% of the respondents who stated that they would describe the relationship they generally have with their teachers at school as average, 31.5% said good, 17.2% said very good, 3.7% said bad, and 2.8% said very bad.
44.7% 31.5% 17.2% 50.0% 45.0% 40.0% 35.0% 30.0% 25.0% 20.0% 15.0% 10.0% 5.0% 0.0% 3.7% 2.8% Very good Good Average Bad Very bad Figure 6.5 General relationship with teachers at school - 28 - World-wide, smoking is seen as a public health concern, both in terms of those who smoke and those inhaling second-hand smoke.

Thus, in seeking to determine the lifetime prevalence, age of first use, and the frequency of tobacco/cigarette usage, a series of questions were asked in this regard.
The reported lifetime prevalence is displayed in Figure 7.1 and was reported to be 12.9%.

The reported past year (past 12 months) prevalence was 4.6%, while the past month (past 30 days) prevalence was 1.9%.
12.9% 14.0% 12.0% 10.0% 8.0% 6.0% 4.0% 2.0% 0.0% 4.6% 1.9% Lifetime Past Year Past month Figure 7.1 Prevalence of cigarette smoking Of the students who indicated that they smoked cigarettes, 79.1% smoked 1-5 cigarettes per day, 8.9% smoked 6-10 per day, 3.0% smoked 11 to 20 and 9% indicated that they smoked more than 20 cigarettes per day.
90.0% 80.0% 70.0% 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% 79.1% 8.9% 9.0% 3.0% From 1 to 5 From 6 to 10 From 11 to 20 More than 20 Figure 7.2 Number of cigarettes smoked per day in the past 30 days - 29 - The age of first use of cigarettes span a range between 5 years and 18 years.

The mean age was 12.34 years, and the median was 13 years.

There was a standard deviation of 2.73.


13.8% of students indicated that they first smoked a cigarette between the ages of 5-9 years old; 65.1% between the ages of 10-14 years old and 21.2% between the ages of 15- 18 years old.
65.1% 13.8% 21.2% 70.0% 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% 5-9 10-14 15-18 Figure 7.3 Age of first use of cigarettes The majority of respondents (9.3%) who answered the question regarding the first time that they smoked cigarettes stated that it was more than a year ago, while 3.0% stated never, 1.9% stated that it was more than a month but less than a year ago, and 0.8% stated that it was in the past month.
- 30 - 10.0% 9.0% 8.0% 7.0% 6.0% 5.0% 4.0% 3.0% 2.0% 1.0% 0.0% 9.3% 3.0% 1.9% 0.8% Never Over the past 30 days More than one year ago More than one month ago, but less than one year ago Figure 7.4 First time smoked cigarettes As shown in Figure 7.5, among respondents who smoked, (79.1%) reported smoking between 1-5 cigarettes per day in the past month, while 8.9% reported smoking between 6- 10, 3.0% between 11-20 and 9.0% more than 20.
90.0% 80.0% 70.0% 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% 79.1% 8.9% 9.0% 3.0% From 1 to 5 From 6 to 10 From 11 to 20 More than 20 Figure 7.5 Cigarettes smoked per day in the past month BY AGE An examination of the lifetime prevalence of cigarette use by age revealed that the rates between ages 11-14 was 7.8%, between ages 15-16 was 15.0%, and 17+ was 19.6%.
This pattern shows that cigarette smoking is more prevalent among the older age groups, to the extent that the rate of the 17+ age group was more than double that of the 11-14 age group.

- 31 - Past year prevalence was highest among the 15-16 age group (6.6%) followed by the 17+ age group (3.9%), and the 11-14 age group (2.5%).

The past month prevalence among the 15-16 age group was again the highest group (3.1%) reporting use, followed by the 17+ age group (1.3%), and the 11-14 age group (0.4%).
25.0% 20.0% 15.0% 19.6% 15.0% 10.0% 7.8% 5.0% 0.0% 2.5% 0.4% 6.6% 3.1% 3.9% 1.3% 11-14 15-16 17+ Figure 7.6 Prevalence of cigarette use by age Lifetime Past Year Past Month BY GENDER The lifetime prevalence of cigarette use amongst females was higher (13.4%) than that of the males (12.8%).

Similarly, the mean past year prevalence of cigarette use by females (4.9%) was higher than that of males (4.3%).
The mean past month prevalence of females (2.6%) was likewise even higher than that of males (1.2%), to the extent that it was more than double that of the males.
- 32 - 13.4% 12.8% 16.0% 14.0% 12.0% 10.0% 8.0% 6.0% 4.0% 2.0% 0.0% Gender Male Gender Female 4.9% 4.3% 2.6% 1.2% Lifetime Past Year Past Month Figure 7.7 Prevalence of cigarette use by gender BY TYPE OF SCHOOL As shown in Figure 7.8, when looked at by type of school, the lifetime prevalence of cigarette use was higher amongst the private school respondents (13.7%) when compared to the public school respondents (12.7%).
The past year prevalence of cigarette use by private school respondents (6.6%) was less than that of the life time prevalence (13.7%).

The public school past year prevalence was 3.9%, which is a further half of the private school past year prevalence.

The results of the past month prevalence show a further decline, with private schools having a rate of 3.0%, while that of public school respondents was 1.5%.
- 33 - 13.7% 12.7% 16.0% 14.0% 12.0% 10.0% 8.0% 6.0% 4.0% 2.0% 0.0% Type of school Public Type of school Private 6.6% 3.9% 3.0% 1.5% Lifetime Past Year Past Month Figure 7.8 Prevalence of Cigarette use by type of School BY GRADE The lifetime prevalence, when assessed by grade, was highest in the Tenth Grade or 4th Form (16.3%), followed by the Eleventh Grade or 5th Form (13.7%), the Twelfth Grade or 6th Form (12.2%), and the Eighth Grade or 2nd Form (9.8%).
The past year prevalence of cigarette use by grade was highest in the Twelfth Grade or 6th Form (9.7%), followed by the Eleventh Grade or 5th Form (5.4%), the Tenth Grade or 4th Form (4.3%), and the Eighth Grade or 2nd Form (3.9%).

The past month prevalence of cigarette use by grade was likewise highest in the Twelfth Grade or 6th Form (4.9%), followed by the Eleventh Grade or 5th Form (1.8%) and the Tenth Grade or 4th Form and the Eighth Grade or 2nd Form each having 1.7%.
- 34 - 18.0% 16.0% 14.0% 12.0% 10.0% 8.0% 6.0% 4.0% 2.0% 0.0% Lifetime Past Year Past Month Eighth grade or 2nd Form Tenth grade or 4th Form Eleventh grade or 5th Form Twelfth grade or 6th Form Grade Figure 7.9 Prevalence of cigarette use by Grade - 35 - As has been pointed out in Chapter 1, alcohol consumption by young people has begun to be of particular concern among those working in substance abuse prevention in the country.
Respondents were thus asked a series of questions relating to their lifetime prevalence of alcohol use, their age of first use, and their frequency of usage.

This section also enquired about the types of alcoholic beverages which were consumed, and included indicators of alcohol abuse (such as drinking five (5) or more alcoholic drinks at a single sitting), as well as how much money was spent on buying alcoholic beverages.
Figure 8.1 illustrates the reported prevalence of alcohol consumption by the respondents.

The lifetime prevalence by respondents was reported to be 71.1%.

The respondents who reported having drunk alcohol in the past year (past 12 months) was more than half (56.0%) while those reporting having drunk alcohol in the past month (past 30days) was over one third (36.2%).
71.1% 56.0% 36.2% 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Lifetime Past Year Past month Figure 8.1 Prevalence of alcohol consumption Almost half (42.3%) of the respondents reported that they mostly drink at other social events.

This was followed by 27.5% who stated that it was at home that they most often drink alcohol, 16.4% stated other, 6.5% said on the block, 3.7% at a friend’s house, 3.2% at sporting events, and 0.4% said at school.
- 36 - 27.5% 45.0% 40.0% 35.0% 30.0% 25.0% 20.0% 15.0% 10.0% 5.0% 0.0% 6.5% 3.7% 3.2% 0.4% 42.3% 16.4% At home At school On the block At a friends house At sporting events At other social events Other Figure 8.2 Where respondents consume alcohol Most respondents reported acquiring alcohol from friends (28.1%) and parents/Guardians (20.4%).
To a lesser extent, other respondents reported acquiring alcoholic drinks from the shop (17.3%), other relatives (8.6%), street vendors (5.4%), or from a brother/sister (4.7%).

There were also 15.5% who stated other.


28.1% 20.4% 30.0% 25.0% 20.0% 15.0% 10.0% 5.0% 0.0% 17.3% 15.5% 8.6% 4.7% 5.4% Figure 8.3 Where respondents acquire alcohol - 37 - 50.0% 45.0% 40.0% 35.0% 30.0% 25.0% 20.0% 15.0% 10.0% 5.0% 0.0% 3.8% 3.1% 3.0% 44.3% 39.8% 42.0% 35.8% 32.5% 32.7% 19.0% 14.8% 15.9% Beer Wine Hard Liquor 4.8% 5.5% 3.2% Daily Several days of the week Weekends A few times during the month Never Figure 8.4 Frequency of consuming different types of alcoholic beverages over the past 30 days.
Similar to that of cigarettes, the age at which alcohol was reportedly first consumed by respondents ranged between 5 years and 18 years.

The mean age was 12.13 and the median was 13.

There was a standard deviation of 2.78.


64.2% 15.9% 19.9% 70.0% 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% 5-9 10-14 15-18 Figure 8.5 Age first consumed alcohol Figure 8.6 shows the average reported past year incidence rate (47.0%) as compared to the average reported past month incidence (30.0%) of alcoholic drink consumption.
- 38 - 47.0% 30.0% 50.0% 45.0% 40.0% 35.0% 30.0% 25.0% 20.0% 15.0% 10.0% 5.0% 0.0% Past Year Past month Figure 8.6 Past year and past month incidence of consuming alcohol BY AGE As Figure 8.7 illustrates, the lifetime prevalence of alcohol consumption increased from 56.3% among the 11-14 age group to 76.6% among the 15-16 age group and then to 90.0% among the 17+ age group.
Similarly, the past year prevalence of alcohol use was highest in the 11-14 age group (41.1%), followed by the 15-16 age group (59.1%) and the 17+ group (80.5%).

Likewise, the past month prevalence of alcohol use was highest amongst the 11-14 age group (23.7%) followed by the 15-16 age group (38.4%), and the 17+ age group (56.6%).
- 39 - 90.0% 76.6% 80.5% 56.3% 59.1% 56.6% 41.1% 38.4% 23.7% 11-14 15-16 17+ 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Lifetime Past Year Past Month Figure 8.6 Prevalence of alcohol use by age BY GENDER When looked at by gender, the lifetime prevalence of alcohol use was marginally higher amongst females (71.2%) compared to their male counterparts (71.1%).

The past year prevalence of alcohol consumption was again higher for females (56.3%) when compared to that of their male counterparts (55.9%).
Similarly, the past month prevalence of alcohol use was also higher for females (36.9%) when compared to their male counterparts (36.0%).
- 40 - 71.1% 71.2% 55.9% 56.3% 36.0% 36.9% Male Female 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Lifetime Past Year Past Month Figure 8.7 Prevalence of alcohol use by gender BY TYPE OF SCHOOL Figure 8.9 below shows that the lifetime prevalence of alcohol use by type of school was highest among the public school respondents (72.6%) compared with private school respondents (66.3%).
The past year prevalence of alcohol use was similarly higher among public school respondents (56.6%) when compared with private school respondents (54.3%).

The past month prevalence of alcohol use likewise was higher among the public school respondents (36.6%) compared with the private school respondents (34.9%).
- 41 - 72.6% 66.3% 56.6% 54.3% 36.6% 34.9% Public Private 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Lifetime Past Year Past Month Figure 8.8 Prevalence of alcohol use by type of school BY GRADE As is illustrated in Figure 8.10, when analysed by grade, the lifetime prevalence of use was found to be highest in the Eleventh Grade or 5th Form (87.5%), followed by the Tenth Grade or 4th Form (80.7%), Twelfth grade or 6th Form (75.6%) and the Eighth Grade or 2nd Form (55.3%).
Similarly, the past year prevalence of alcohol use was highest in the Eleventh Grade or 5th Form (78.0%), followed by the Twelfth grade or 6th Form (68.3%), Tenth Grade or 4th Form (62.8%) and the Eighth Grade or 2nd Form (39.5%).

The past month prevalence of alcohol use was again highest in the Eleventh Grade or 5th Form (53.6%), followed by the Tenth Grade or 4th Form (40.2%), Twelfth grade or 6th Form (36.6%) and the Eighth Grade or 2nd Form (25.2%).
- 42 - 87.5% 80.7% 55.3% 62.8% 39.5% 40.2% 25.2% 78.0% 75.6% 68.3% 53.6% 36.6% Lifetime Past Year Past Month 100.0% 90.0% 80.0% 70.0% 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% Eighth grade or 2nd Form Tenth grade or 4th Form Eleventh grade or 5th Form Twelfth grade or 6th Form Figure 8.9 Prevalence of alcohol use by grade - 43 - Marijuana usage is much more widespread than the other illicit drugs, and just under a third of the respondents 246 (31.0%) reported having used it at least once in their lifetime.
In terms of marijuana usage, there were 187 respondents (22.4%) who reported a past year prevalence and 145 (16.7%) who reported a past month prevalence.

31.0% 35.0% 30.0% 25.0% 20.0% 15.0% 10.0% 5.0% 0.0% 22.4% 16.7% Lifetime Past Year Past month Figure 9.1 Prevalence of marijuana use The age of first use varied between 5 and 17 years.

The mean age was 12.52, and the median 13.

There was a standard deviation of 2.78.


BY AGE For those respondents who stated a lifetime prevalence of use of marijuana, slightly over half (52.4%) were in the 17+ age group, just over a third (33.1%) were between ages 15-16, and 17.8% were between ages 11-14.

Under half (41.8%) of the respondents who reported that they had smoked marijuana at least once over the past 12 months were in the 17+ age group, under a quarter (24.4%) were in the 15-16 age group, and 10.5% were in the 11-14 age group.
Similarly, for those reporting use over the past 30 days, over a third (35.0%) were in the 17+ age group, 16.1% were in the 15-16 age group, and 8.5% were in the 11- 14 age group.

- 44 - 52.4% 41.8% 35.0% 33.1% 24.4% 16.1% Lifetime Past Year Past Month 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 17.8% 10.5% 8.5% 10.0% 0.0% 11-14 15-16 17+ Figure 9.2 Prevalence of marijuana use by age BY GENDER The life time prevalence of marijuana by gender was higher for males (36.8%) than for the females (25.4%).
The reported past year prevalence for marijuana use was under a third (27.9%) for male respondents and 16.8% for female respondents.

Similarly, the past month prevalence for marijuana use was under a quarter (22.0%) for male respondents and 11.1% for female respondents.
36.8% 27.9% 25.4% 22.0% 16.8% 11.1% Male Female 40.0% 35.0% 30.0% 25.0% 20.0% 15.0% 10.0% 5.0% 0.0% Lifetime Past Year Past Month Figure 9.3 Prevalence of marijuana use by gender - 45 - BY TYPE OF SCHOOL The life time prevalence of marijuana use by type of school was much higher for public school respondents (33.0%) than for private school respondents (24.7%).

Where the past year prevalence for marijuana use was 25.0% for public school respondents, it was only 14.0% for private school respondents.
The past month prevalence of marijuana use for public school respondents was even higher (19.2%) than the past year prevalence, while that for the private school respondents was lower (8.8%).
33.0% 24.7% 25.0% 14.0% 19.2% 8.8% Public Private 35.0% 30.0% 25.0% 20.0% 15.0% 10.0% 5.0% 0.0% Lifetime Past Year Past Month Figure 9.4 Prevalence of marijuana use by type of school BY GRADE With regards to marijuana, the life time prevalence of use was reported at 44.6% for the eleventh Grade or 5th Form respondents 43.9% for the Twelfth Grade or 6th Form respondents, 34.1% for the Tenth Grade or 4th Form respondents, and 21.2% for the Eighth Grade or 2nd Form respondents.
The past year prevalence for marijuana use was again highest in the Eleventh Grade or 5th Form (33.9%), followed by the Twelfth Grade or 6th Form (31.7%), the Tenth Grade or 4th Form (26.5%), and the Eighth Grade or 2nd Form (12.9%).

Likewise, the past month prevalence for marijuana use was highest in the Eleventh Grade or 5th Form (25.6%), followed by, Twelfth Grade or 6th Form (24.4%), the Tenth Grade or 4th Form (18.9%), and the Eighth Grade or Second Form (24.1%).
- 46 - 44.6% 43.9% 34.1% 33.9% 31.7% 26.5% 25.6% 24.4% 21.2% 18.9% 12.9% 10.3% Lifetime Past Year Past Month 50.0% 45.0% 40.0% 35.0% 30.0% 25.0% 20.0% 15.0% 10.0% 5.0% 0.0% Eighth grade or 2nd Form Tenth grade or 4th Form Eleventh grade or 5th Form Twelfth grade or 6th Form Figure 9.5 Prevalence of marijuana use by grade - 47 - COCAINE A total of 20 respondents (3.3%) reported having used cocaine at least once in their lifetime.
Thirteen (13) respondents (1.9% reported a past year prevalence and 1.5% reported a past month prevalence of cocaine usage.

3.3% 3.5% 3.0% 2.5% 2.0% 1.5% 1.0% 0.5% 0.0% 1.9% 1.5% Lifetime Past Year Past month Figure 10.1 Prevalence of cocaine use BY AGE The ages at which respondents reported having first used cocaine varied between 7 and 16 years.

The mean age was 12.18 and the median was 13.

There was a standard deviation of 2.77.


As Figure 10.2 illustrates, the highest lifetime prevalence of cocaine was amongst the 11-14 age group (4.3%) followed by the 15-16 age group (3.2%) and the 17+ age group (2.0%).
Similarly the highest past year prevalence of cocaine usage was among the 11-14 age group (2.4%), followed by the 15-16 age group (2.3%), and the 17+ age group (0.7%).However the past month prevalence was found to be highest among the 15-16 age group (2.0%), followed by the 14-14 age group (1.6%), and the 17+ age group (0.7%) - 48 - 4.3% 3.2% 2.4% 2.3% 2.0% 2.0% 1.6% Lifetime Past Year Past Month 0.7% 0.7% 5.0% 4.5% 4.0% 3.5% 3.0% 2.5% 2.0% 1.5% 1.0% 0.5% 0.0% 11-14 15-16 17+ Figure 10.2 Prevalence of cocaine use by age BY GENDER Figure 10.3 shows that the life time prevalence of cocaine use by gender was higher among males (3.7%).
as compared to their female counterparts (2.9%).

Similarly, the past year prevalence of cocaine amongst males was reported to be 2.6% whilst that of the females was reported to be 1.3%.
Likewise, the past month prevalence of males was reported to be2.1% and that of females 1.0% 3.7% 2.9% 2.6% 4.0% 3.5% 3.0% 2.5% 2.0% 1.5% 1.0% 0.5% 0.0% 2.1% 1.3% 1.0% Male Female Lifetime Past Year Past Month Figure 10.3 Prevalence of cocaine use by gender - 49 - BY TYPE OF SCHOOL The life time prevalence of cocaine use by type of school was higher for public school respondents (3.4%) than for private school respondents (3.1%).
Similarly, the past year prevalence was higher for public school respondents (2.0%) compared to those attending private schools (1.6%).

Likewise, the past month prevalence for respondents attending public schools (1.5%) compared to those attending private schools (1.6%).
3.4% 3.1% 4.0% 3.5% 3.0% 2.5% 2.0% 1.5% 1.0% 0.5% 0.0% 2.0% 1.6% 1.6% 1.5% Public Private Lifetime Past Year Past Month Figure 10.4 Prevalence of cocaine use by type of school BY GRADE The life time prevalence of cocaine use by grade was highest for the Twelfth Grade or 6th Form respondents (7.3%), followed by the Eighth Grade or 2nd form respondents (4.1%), the Eleventh Grade or 5th Form respondents (2.4%), and the Tenth Grade or 4th Form (2.3%).
Similarly, the respondents who reported the highest past year prevalence of cocaine use were in the Twelfth Grade or 6th Form (2.4%), followed by respondents in the Eighth Grade or 2nd Form (2.3%), the Tenth Grade or 4th Form (2.0%), and the Eleventh Grade or 5th Form (0.6%).
With respect to the past month prevalence of cocaine use respondents in the Twelfth grade or 6th Form again reported the highest use (2.4%), but was followed by respondents in the Tenth Grade or 4th Form (2.0%), the Eighth Grade or 2nd Form (1.5%), and the Eleventh Grade or 5th Form (0.6%).
- 50 - 8.0% 7.0% 6.0% 5.0% 4.0% 3.0% 2.0% 1.0% 0.0% 4.1% 2.3% 1.5% 7.3% 2.4% 2.4% 2.4% 0.6% 0.6% Lifetime Past Year Past Month 2.3% 2.0% 2.0% Eighth grade or 2nd Form Tenth grade or 4th Form Eleventh grade or 5th Form Twelfth grade or 6th Form Figure 10.5 Prevalence of cocaine use by grade CRACK There were 14 respondents (2.8%) who reported having used crack at least once in their lifetime; 12 (1.8%) who reported a past year prevalence of crack usage, and 11 (1.3%) who reported a past month prevalence.
2.8% 3.0% 2.5% 2.0% 1.5% 1.0% 0.5% 0.0% 1.8% 1.3% Lifetime Past Year Past month Figure 10.6 Prevalence of crack use BY AGE The lifetime prevalence of crack use for respondents between ages 11-14 was 3.6%, between ages 15-16 was 3.3%, and for those 17+ it was 1.3%.

The past year prevalence was highest among respondents in the 15-16 age group (2.8%), and 1.6% in the 11-14 age group.

There were no respondents in the 17+ age group who reported having used crack - 51 - over the past 12 months.
Similarly, the past month prevalence was highest among respondents in the 15-16 age group (2.1%), and 1.6% in the 11-14 age group.

There were no respondents in the 17+ age group who reported having used crack over the past 30 days.
4.0% 3.5% 3.0% 2.5% 2.0% 1.5% 1.0% 0.5% 0.0% 3.6% 3.3% 2.8% 1.6% 1.2% 2.1% 1.3% Lifetime Past Year Past Month 11-14 15-16 17+ 0.0% 0.0% Figure 10.7 Prevalence of crack use by age BY GENDER The life time prevalence of crack use by gender was higher for males (3.8%) as compared to their female counterparts (2.0%).

Similarly, the past year prevalence of crack use by gender was also higher for males (2.9%) as compared to their female counterparts (0.8%).
This was likewise the case for the past month prevalence where 2.1%, were males while 0.5% were females.

- 52 - 3.8% 2.9% 2.0% 2.1% Male Female 0.8% 0.5% 4.0% 3.5% 3.0% 2.5% 2.0% 1.5% 1.0% 0.5% 0.0% Lifetime Past Year Past Month Figure 10.8 Prevalence of crack use by gender BY TYPE OF SCHOOL The life time prevalence of use of crack by public school respondents was 2.9% and 2.6% for respondents who attended private school.
The past year prevalence for respondents attending public schools was 1.9% while those attending private schools accounted for 1.6%.

On the other hand, with regards to past month prevalence of crack respondents attending public schools accounted for 1.6% while those attending private schools accounted for 1.2%.
2.9% 2.6% 3.5% 3.0% 2.5% 2.0% 1.5% 1.0% 0.5% 0.0% 1.9% 1.6% 1.6% 1.2% Public Private Lifetime Past Year Past Month Figure 10.9 Prevalence of crack use by type of school BY GRADE - 53 - The life time prevalence of crack use by grade was highest among Twelfth Grade or 6th Form respondents (4.9%), followed by the Eighth Grade or 2nd Form respondents (3.8%), Tenth Grade or 4th Form respondents (2.3%), and the Eleventh Grade or 5th Form respondents (1.2%).
In terms of past year prevalence of crack use 2.6% were in the Eighth Grade or 2nd Form, 1.7% were in the Tenth Grade or 4th Form, and 0.6% were in the Eleventh Grade or 5th Form.

There were no respondents (0.0%) in the Twelfth Grade or 6th Form who reported a past year prevalence of crack use.

With respect to past month prevalence of crack use, 1.7% were in the Tenth Grade or 4th Form, 1.5% in the Eighth Grade or 2nd Form, and 0.6% were in the Eleventh Grade or 5th Form.
There were no respondents (0.0%) in the Twelfth Grade or 6th Form who reported a past month prevalence of crack use.
6.0% 5.0% 4.0% 3.0% 2.0% 1.0% 0.0% 3.8% 4.9% 2.6% 2.3% 1.7% 1.7% 1.5% 1.2% 0.6% 0.6% Lifetime Past Year Past Month 0.0% 0.0% Eighth grade or 2nd Form Tenth grade or 4th Form Eleventh grade or 5th Form Twelfth grade or 6th Form Figure 10.10 Prevalence of crack use by grade SPRANGAH Seventeen (17) respondents (2.0%) reported having a past year prevalence of sprangah use and 11 (1.3%) reported a past month prevalence.

This is more than those who reported having consumed crack.
It is either that these individuals do not know what the drug is, or did not associate the singular use of the substances as individually having used them.

BY AGE With regards to reported past year prevalence for sprangah use it was found to be highest among the 11-14 age group which accounted for 2.4% followed by the15-16 age group (2.1%) and the 17+ age group which accounted for 2.0%.
Similarly, the reported past month prevalence of sprangah use was found to be highest among the 11-14 age group which accounted for 2.0% followed by the15-16 age group (1.3%) and the 17+ age group which accounted for 0.7%.

- 54 - 2.4% 2.0% 2.1% 2.0% 1.3% Past Year Past Month 0.7% 3.0% 2.5% 2.0% 1.5% 1.0% 0.5% 0.0% 11-14 15-16 17+ Figure 10.11 Prevalence of Sprangah use by age BY GENDER The reported past year prevalence for sprangah use was found to be 2.7% for males, compared to 1.4% for females.
However, the reported past month prevalence was reported to be 2.2% for males, compared to 0.5% for females.

2.7% 2.2% 3.0% 2.5% 2.0% 1.5% 1.0% 0.5% 0.0% 1.4% 0.5% Past Year Past Month Male Female Figure 10.12 Prevalence of sprangah use by gender BY TYPE OF SCHOOL The reported past year prevalence for sprangah use was higher for respondents attending private schools (2.7%) compared to those attending public schools (1.8%).
Similarly, there was a past month prevalence of 1.6% for those attending private schools compared to 1.3% for those respondents who attending public schools.

- 55 - 2.7% 1.6% 1.8% 1.3% Past Year Past Month 3.0% 2.5% 2.0% 1.5% 1.0% 0.5% 0.0% Public Private Figure 10.13 Prevalence of sprangah use by type of school BY GRADE The past year prevalence for sprangah use was highest in the Tenth Grade or 4th Form (2.3%) followed by the Eighth Grade or 2nd Form (2.1%) and the Eleventh Grade or 5th Form (1.8%).
There were no respondents in the Twelfth Grade or 6th Form who reported a past year prevalence of sprangah use.

With regards to the past month prevalence of sprangah use, 1.7% each were in the Eighth Grade or 2nd Form and the Tenth Grade or 4th Form.

There were no respondents (0.0%) in the Eleventh Grade or 5thForm, or the Twelfth Grade or 6th Form who reported a past month prevalence of crack use.
2.5% 2.0% 1.5% 1.0% 0.5% 0.0% 2.1% 2.3% 1.7% 1.7% 1.8% Past Year Past Month 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Eighth grade or 2nd Form Tenth grade or 4th Form Eleventh grade or 5th Form Twelfth grade or 6th Form Figure 10.14 Prevalence of sprangah use by grade - 56 - ECSTASY Thirty two (32) respondents (3.7%) reported having consumed ecstasy at least once in their lifetime; and this was the only question asked in the questionnaire in relation to this drug.
BY AGE The reported a lifetime prevalence of ecstasy use was found to be highest among the 17+ age group (5.3%) followed by the 15-16 age group (3.8%), and the 11-14 age group (3.1%).

3.8% 3.1% 5.3% Lifetime 6.0% 5.0% 4.0% 3.0% 2.0% 1.0% 0.0% 11-14 15-16 17+ Figure 10.15 Prevalence of ecstacy use by age BY GENDER The life time prevalence of ecstasy use by gender was 5.3% for males and 2.2% for females.
- 57 - 6.0% 5.0% 4.0% 3.0% 2.0% 1.0% 0.0% 5.3% Lifetime Male 0.0% Female Figure 10.16 Prevalence of ecstacy use by gender BY TYPE OF SCHOOL Four point eight percent (4.8%) of private school respondents reported a life time prevalence of ecstasy use, compared to 3.4% of public school respondents.
4.8% 3.4% Lifetime 6.0% 5.0% 4.0% 3.0% 2.0% 1.0% 0.0% Public Private Figure 10.17 Prevalence of ecstacy use by type of school BY GRADE The highest reported lifetime prevalence of Ecstacy use was by the Eleventh Grade or 5th Form respondents (5.4%), followed by Tenth Grade or 4th Form respondents (4.3%), the Eighth Grade or 2nd Form (2.6%) and, and the Twelfth Grade or 6th Form (2.4%).
- 58 - 5.4% 4.3% 2.6% 2.4% Lifetime 6.0% 5.0% 4.0% 3.0% 2.0% 1.0% 0.0% Eighth grade or 2nd Form Tenth grade or 4th Form Eleventh grade or 5th Form Twelfth grade or 6th Form Figure 10.18 Prevalence of ecstacy use by grade - 59 - TRANQUILIZERS A total of 28 respondents (4.1) reported having used tranquilizer at least once in their lifetime; 16 respondents (2.0) who reported a past year prevalence of tranquilizer use, and 12 (1.4%) who reported a past month prevalence.
4.1% 4.5% 4.0% 3.5% 3.0% 2.5% 2.0% 1.5% 1.0% 0.5% 0.0% 2.0% 1.4% Lifetime Past Year Past month Figure 11.1 Prevalence of tranquilizer use BY AGE The ages at which respondents reported having first used the drug varied between 5 years and 16 years.

The mean age was 10.72, and the median was 10.

There was a standard deviation of 3.49.


As can be seen from Figure 11.2, 4.4% of the respondents reporting a lifetime prevalence of tranquilizer use were between ages 15-16, 3.9% were between ages 11-14, and 4.0% were 17+.

The analysis of the past year prevalence of tranquilizer use by age shows that 2.7% of the respondents were in the 17+ age group, 2.6% were in the 15-16 age group, and 1.2% were in the 11-14 age group.
In terms of respondents reporting a past month prevalence 2.0% were amongst the 17+ age group,1.8% amongst the 15-16 age group, and 0.8% were in the 11-14 age group.

- 60 - 4.4% 3.9% 4.0% 2.6% 2.7% 1.8% 2.0% Lifetime Past Year Past Month 1.2% 0.8% 5.0% 4.5% 4.0% 3.5% 3.0% 2.5% 2.0% 1.5% 1.0% 0.5% 0.0% 11-14 15-16 17+ Figure 11.2 Prevalence of tranquilizer use by age BY GENDER By gender, lifetime prevalence of tranquilizer use was slightly higher (4.4%) for females than for their male counterparts (4.0%).
However, as shown in Figure 11.3, the past year prevalence of tranquilizer use was found to be higher for male respondents (2.1%) compared to female respondents (1.9%).

Likewise, the past month prevalence of tranquilizer use was also slightly higher for male respondents (1.5%) compared to female respondents (1.4%).
4.4% 4.0% 5.0% 4.5% 4.0% 3.5% 3.0% 2.5% 2.0% 1.5% 1.0% 0.5% 0.0% 2.1% 1.9% 1.5% 1.4% Male Female Lifetime Past Year Past Month Figure 11.3 Prevalence of tranquilizer use by gender - 61 - BY TYPE OF SCHOOL As shown in Figure11.4, when looked at by type of school, the lifetime prevalence of tranquilizer use was higher amongst the private school respondents (5.0%) when compared to the public school respondents (3.8%).
Similarly, the past year prevalence of tranquilizer use was also higher for private school respondents (2.5%) than for public school respondents (1.8%); likewise, the past month prevalence of tranquilizer use was also higher for private school respondents (1.6%) than for public school respondents (1.4%).
5.0% 3.8% 6.0% 5.0% 4.0% 3.0% 2.0% 1.0% 0.0% 2.5% 1.8% 1.6% 1.4% Public Private Lifetime Past Year Past Month Figure 11.4 Prevalence of tranquilizer use by type of school BY GRADE As is illustrated in Figure 11.5, when analysed by grade, the lifetime prevalence of tranquilizer use was found to be highest amongst the Eighth Grade or 2nd Form respondents (4.6%), followed by the Tenth Grade or 4th Form respondents (4.3%), the Eleventh Grade or 5th Form respondents (3.0%), and the Twelfth grade or 6th Form respondents (2.4%).
Figure 11.5 however, shows that past year prevalence of tranquilizer use was highest in the Eleventh Grade or 5th Form (2.4%), followed by the Eighth Grade or 2nd Form (43.8%) and the Tenth Grade or 4th Form each having 2.0%.

There was no reported past year prevalence of tranquilizer use for the Twelfth Grade or 5th Form.
The past month prevalence of tranquilizer use was also highest in the Eleventh Grade or 5th Form (1.8%), followed by the Tenth Grade or 4th Form (1.7%), and the Eighth Grade or 2nd Form (1.2%).

Like the past year prevalence, there was no reported past month prevalence of tranquilizer use for the Twelfth Grade or 6th Form.
- 62 - 5.0% 4.5% 4.0% 3.5% 3.0% 2.5% 2.0% 1.5% 1.0% 0.5% 0.0% 4.6% 4.3% 3.0% 2.4% 2.4% 1.8% 2.0% 2.0% 1.2% 1.7% Lifetime Past Year Past Month Eighth grade or 2nd Form Tenth grade or 4th Form Eleventh grade or 5th Form Twelfth grade or 6th Form 0.0% 0.0% Figure 11.5 Prevalence of tranquilizer use by grade STIMULANTS Like tranquilizers, the reported lifetime prevalence of stimulant usage was relatively small.
There were 17 respondents (3.0%) who reported having used stimulants at least once in their lifetime.

There were 14 (1.8%) respondents who reported a past year prevalence for stimulant usage and 12 (1.4%) who reported a past month prevalence.

3.0% 3.5% 3.0% 2.5% 2.0% 1.5% 1.0% 0.5% 0.0% 1.8% 1.4% Lifetime Past Year Past month Figure 11.6 Prevalence of Stimulant use BY AGE The age of first use varied between 6 and 14 years.

The mean age was 9.83 and the median 10.

There was a standard deviation of 2.49.


- 63 - As depicted in Fig.

11.7 the lifetime prevalence of use of Stimulants by age was highest for respondents between ages 11-14 (4.0%), followed by respondents between ages 15-16 (3.1%), and respondents in the 17+ age group (1.4%).

The past year prevalence of stimulant use was highest amongst, respondents in the 15-16 age group (2.6%), followed by respondents in the 17+ age group (1.4%) and respondents in the 11-14 age group (1.2%).
Similarly, past month prevalence of stimulant use was highest amongst respondents in the 15-16 age group (1.8%), followed by respondents in the 17+ age group (1.4%) and respondents in the 11-14 age group (1.2%).
4.0% 1.2% 1.2% 3.1% 2.6% 1.8% 4.5% 4.0% 3.5% 3.0% 2.5% 2.0% 1.5% 1.0% 0.5% 0.0% Lifetime Past Year Past Month 1.4% 1.4% 1.4% 11-14 15-16 17+ Figure 11.7 Prevalence of stimulants use by age BY GENDER The life time prevalence of stimulant use by gender was higher (3.6%) for males than for their female counterparts (2.5%).

Similarly, 2.4% of the male respondents reported a past year prevalence of stimulant use, compared to 1.2% of the female respondents.
This was likewise the case for the past month prevalence of stimulant use in which 1.9% were males and 1.0% females.

- 64 - 3.6% 2.5% 2.4% 4.0% 3.5% 3.0% 2.5% 2.0% 1.5% 1.0% 0.5% 0.0% 1.9% Male Female 1.2% 1.0% Lifetime Past Year Past Month Figure 11.8 Prevalence of stimulants use by gender BY TYPE OF SCHOOL The life time prevalence of stimulant use by type of school was 5.7% for private school respondents and 2.2% for public school respondents.
Similarly, more private school respondents (4.5%) reported a past year prevalence for stimulant use than those attending public schools (0.9%).

The past month prevalence was also higher for private school respondents (3.1%) compared to public school respondents (0.9%).
5.7% 4.5% 2.2% 3.1% Public Private 0.9% 0.9% 6.0% 5.0% 4.0% 3.0% 2.0% 1.0% 0.0% Lifetime Past Year Past Month Figure 11.9 Prevalence of stimulants use by type of school - 65 - BY GRADE The life time prevalence of stimulant use by grade was highest for the Tenth grade or 4th Form respondents (3.7%), followed by the Eighth Grade or 2nd Form respondents (3.5%), and the eleventh Grade or 5th Form (1.2%).

There was no reported lifetime prevalence for stimulant use for the Twelfth Grade or 6th Form respondents.
The reported past year prevalence of stimulant use for the Tenth Grade or 4th Form (3.4%) was highest, followed by the Eleventh Grade or 5th Form (1.2%) and the Eighth grade or 2nd form, which reported 0.9%.

There was no reported past year or past month prevalence of stimulant use for the Twelfth Grade or 6th Form.

The past month prevalence was similarly highest for the Tenth Grade or 4th Form (2.7%), followed by the Eighth Grade or 2nd Form (0.9%), and the Eleventh Grade of 5th Form (0.6%).
There was no reported past year or past month prevalence of stimulant use for the Twelfth Grade or 6th Form.
4.0% 3.5% 3.0% 2.5% 2.0% 1.5% 1.0% 0.5% 0.0% 3.5% 3.7% 3.4% 2.7% Lifetime Past Year Past Month 0.9% 0.9% 1.2% 1.2% 0.6% Eighth grade or 2nd Form Tenth grade or 4th Form Eleventh grade or 5th Form Twelfth grade or 6th Form 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Figure 11.10 Prevalence of stimulants use by grade - 66 - The number of respondents who claimed that they had used inhalants and solvents at least once in their lifetime was 102 (14.5%).
Forty eight (48) respondents (6.2), reported a past year prevalence of inhalant usage and 34 (4.1) reported a past month prevalence.

14.5% 16.0% 14.0% 12.0% 10.0% 8.0% 6.0% 4.0% 2.0% 0.0% 6.2% 4.1% Lifetime Past Year Past month Figure 12.1 Prevalence of solvents and Inhalants use BY AGE The age of first use varied between 5 and 17 years.

The mean age was 10.15 and the median 10.

There was a standard deviation of 3.82.


The highest (18.2%) lifetime prevalence of inhalant use by age, was reported by respondents between ages 11-14, followed by 14.8% between ages 15-16, and 8.9% were 17+.

The analysis of the past year prevalence of Inhalant use by age revealed that it was highest (8.6) amongst the 11-14 age group, followed by the 15-16 age group (6.1%), and the 17+ age group (3.3%).
Similarly, the past month prevalence of inhalant use was highest (5.3%) amongst the 11-14 age group, followed by the 15-16 age group (4.1%), and the 17+ age group (2.6%).
- 67 - 18.2% 14.8% 8.6% 5.3% 6.1% 4.1% 8.9% 3.3% 2.6% Lifetime Past Year Past Month 20.0% 18.0% 16.0% 14.0% 12.0% 10.0% 8.0% 6.0% 4.0% 2.0% 0.0% 11-14 15-16 17+ Figure 12.2 Prevalence of solvents and Inhalants use by age BY GENDER The lifetime prevalence of solvents and inhalants use for females was 17.8%, compared to 11.6% who were males.
In terms of the past year prevalence of solvents and inhalants use, 8.7% were females while 4.0% were males; likewise for past month prevalence 5.7% were females and 2.6% were males.
17.8% 11.6% 20.0% 18.0% 16.0% 14.0% 12.0% 10.0% 8.0% 6.0% 4.0% 2.0% 0.0% 8.7% 4.0% 5.7% 2.6% Male Female Lifetime Past Year Past Month Figure 12.3 Prevalence of solvents and Inhalants use by gender - 68 - BY TYPE OF SCHOOL Private school respondents reported a much higher life time prevalence of solvents and inhalants use (16.0%) than the respondents who attended public school (14.0%).
In the case of solvents and Inhalants use, more private school respondents (9.1%) reported a past year prevalence than public school respondents (5.3%).

Likewise, more private school respondents (5.9%) reported a past month prevalence of solvents and inhalants use than public school respondents (3.5%).
16.0% 14.0% 18.0% 16.0% 14.0% 12.0% 10.0% 8.0% 6.0% 4.0% 2.0% 0.0% 9.1% 5.3% Public Private 5.9% 3.5% Lifetime Past Year Past Month Figure 12.4 Prevalence of solvents and Inhalants use by type of school BY GRADE The life time prevalence of solvents and inhalants use by grade was 16.6% for the Eighth Grade or 2nd Form respondents, 15.6% for the Tenth Grade or 4th Form respondents, 12.2% for the Twelfth Grade or 6th Form respondents and 7.7% for the Eleventh Grade or Fifth Form respondents.
A past year prevalence for solvents and inhalants use was reported by 8.0% of the Grade Eight or 2nd Form respondents, followed by 7.3% of the Twelfth Grade or 6th Form respondents, 5.0% of the Tenth Grade or 4th Form respondents, and 4.2% of the Eleventh Grade or 5th Form respondents.
The past month prevalence for solvents and inhalants use followed a similar trend, with 5.6% of the Eighth Grade respondents reporting the highest prevalence, followed by 4.9% of the Twelfth Grade or 6th Form, 3.3% of the Tenth Grade or 4th form and 8.8% of the Eleventh Grade or 5th Form.
- 69 - 16.6% 15.6% 12.2% 8.0% 5.6% 7.7% 7.3% Lifetime Past Year 5.0% 3.3% 4.2% 1.8% 4.9% Past Month 18.0% 16.0% 14.0% 12.0% 10.0% 8.0% 6.0% 4.0% 2.0% 0.0% Eighth grade or 2nd Form Tenth grade or 4th Form Eleventh grade or 5th Form Twelfth grade or 6th Form Figure 12.5 Prevalence of solvents and Inhalants use by grade - 70 - One of the elements that this study sought to determine was the students’ perception of the risk being posed to them by drugs.
The first question in this section asked the respondents if they believe there were drugs at school, to which 49.1% said yes, 24.0% said no and 27.0% said that they did not know.

Just fewer than 60% (59.7%) said that they believe that students brought drugs to school, while 17.4% did not think so, and 22.9% said that they did not know.
It was thought by over half of the respondents (53.0%) that drugs were in the area surrounding, or next to, the school, 18.1% said that that was not the case, and 28.8% did not know.
59.7% 53.0% 49.1% 27.0% 24.0% 22.9% 17.4% 28.8% Yes No 18.1% I dont know 70.0% 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% Are there drugs at school Students bring drugs to school Drugs next to school Figure 13.1 Belief that there were drugs at school When asked if they believe that there are children who try/deal drugs outside of school, 55.2% of the respondents said yes, they believe that students try/deal drugs outside school, 16.5% said no, they do not believe that students try/deal drugs outside school, and 28.3% said that they did not know.
When asked if they had personally ever seen a student selling/giving drugs around school, only one third (33.3%) said that they had, while over half (57.3%) said that they had not, and 9.5% said that they did not know.

- 71 - Similarly, when asked whether or not they had personally ever seen a student using drugs around school, 39.3% said that they had, 52.0% said that they had not, and 8.7% did not know.
70.0% 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% 55.2% 57.3% 52.0% 39.3% 33.3% 28.3% 16.5% Yes No 9.5% 8.7% I dont know Students try/deal drugs outside school Ever seen a student selling/giving drugs around school Ever seen a student using drugs around school Figure 13.2 Belief that students try/deal drugs outside school When asked if they had ever been curious about trying an illicit drug, over half (53.6%) of the respondents said no, over a third (37.8%) said yes, and 8.7% said that they were not sure.
8.7% 37.8% 53.6% YES NO Not sure Figure 13.3 Respondents who been curious about trying an illicit drug Respondents were then questioned as to whether they have ever been curious to try any of the following drugs: In response to marijuana, over a third (38.7%) said yes, just over half (52.5%) said no, and 8.8% said maybe.

In response to cocaine, the vast majority (93.5%) - 72 - said no, 4.5% said yes, and 2.0% said maybe.

For crack, 95.7% said no, 2.2% said yes, and 2.0% said maybe.
For Ecstasy, 83.3% said no, 10.0% said yes, and 6.7% said maybe.

120.0% 100.0% 80.0% 60.0% 40.0% 20.0% 0.0% 93.5% 95.7% 83.3% 52.5% 38.7% YES NO 8.8% 4.5% 2.0% 2.2% 2.0% 10.0% 6.7% Maybe Figure 13.4 Ever been curious to try any of the following drugs Asked if they had the opportunity if they would try an illicit drug, over half (62.0%) of the respondents said no, 21.1% said yes, and 16.9% said that they were not sure.
16.9% 21.1% 62.0% YES NO Not sure Figure 13.5 If respondents had the opportunity if they would try an illicit drug PERCEPTION OF RISK In terms of risks posed to their health, smoking cigarettes sometimes was considered to be very harmful by 41.0% of the respondents, moderately harmful by 26.6%, slightly harmful by 19.0%, not harmful by 4.9%, and 8.5% did not know.
On the other hand, smoking cigarettes frequently was viewed by 73.5% of the respondents to be very harmful, by 12.0% - 73 - as moderately harmful, by 3.4% as being slightly harmful, 2.9% as not harmful and 8.2% did not know.
80.0% 70.0% 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% 73.5% 41.0% Sometimes Frequently 26.6% 19.0% 4.9% 2.9% 3.4% 12.0% 8.5% 8.2% Not harmful Slightly harmful Moderately harmful Very harmful Don t know Figure 13.6 Harmfulness of smoking cigarettes to health Drinking alcohol frequently was viewed as being very harmful by 39.7% of the respondents, as moderately harmful by 27.4%, as slightly harmful by 20.3%, not harmful by 6.3% and 6.3% did not know.
Getting drunk, however, was viewed by 52.4% of the respondents as being very harmful, by 20.2% as being moderately harmful, by 14.1% as slightly harmful, by 5.8% as not harmful and 7.5% did not know.
60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% 52.4% 39.7% 27.4% 20.3% 20.2% 14.1% 6.3% 5.8% 7.5% 6.3% Drinking Frequently Getting Drunk Figure 13.7 Harmfulness of drinking alcohol to health Taking tranquilizers/stimulants without medical prescription sometimes, was viewed by 55.1% to be very harmful, by 20.1% to be moderately harmful, by 5.9% to be slightly harmful, by 3.8% as not harmful, and 15.0% did not know.
- 74 - Taking tranquilizers/stimulants without medical prescription frequently, was however viewed by 68.6% to be very harmful, by 8.8% to be moderately harmful, by 4.1% to be slightly harmful, by 2.7% as not harmful and 15.7% did not know.
80.0% 70.0% 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% 68.6% 55.1% Sometimes Frequently 20.1% 5.9% 8.8% 3.8% 2.7% 4.1% 15.7% 15.0% Not harmful Slightly harmful Moderately harmful Very harmful Don t know Figure 13.8 Harmfulness of taking tranquilizers/stimulants to health Thirty seven point three percent (37.3%) of the respondents thought that inhaling solvents sometimes was very harmful, 26.4% thought it was moderately harmful, 17.2% slightly harmful, 5.5% not harmful and 13.5% did not know.
Inhaling solvents frequently was thought by 61.7% to be very harmful, 15.7% moderately harmful, 4.8% slightly harmful, 4.7% not harmful and 13.2% did not know.
70.0% 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% 61.7% 37.3% 26.4% Sometimes Frequently 17.2% 5.5% 4.7% 4.8% 15.7% 13.5% 13.2% Not harmful Slightly harmful Moderately harmful Very harmful Don t know Figure 13.9 Harmfulness of inhaling solvents to health - 75 - Just over a quarter (26.5%) of the students who responded said that smoking marijuana sometimes was very harmful, 22.8% said moderately harmful, 23.5% said slightly harmful, 19.0% said not harmful, and 8.2% did not know.
However, 50.5% said that smoking marijuana frequently was very harmful, 17.5% said moderately harmful, 10.5% said slightly harmful, 13.6% said not harmful, and 7.9% did not know.
50.5% 23.5% 22.8% 26.5% 19.0% 13.6% 10.5% 17.5% Sometimes Frequently 8.2% 7.9% 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% Not harmful Slightly harmful Moderately harmful Very harmful Don t know Figure 13.10 Harmfulness of smoking marijuana to health Consuming cocaine or crack sometimes was deemed by 64.4% to be very harmful, by 17.2% to be moderately harmful, by 5.4% as slightly harmful, by 3.8% as not harmful, and 9.2% did not know.
Over three-quarter (78.4%) of the respondents said that consuming cocaine or crack frequently was very harmful, 6.3% moderately harmful, 1.8% slightly harmful, 2.7% not harmful, and 10.8% did not know.
- 76 - 90.0% 80.0% 70.0% 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% 78.4% 64.4% Sometimes Frequently 17.2% 3.8% 2.7% 5.4% 6.3% 1.8% 10.8% 9.2% Not harmful Slightly harmful Moderately harmful Very harmful Don t know Figure 13.11 Harmfulness of consuming cocaine or crack to health There were 39.2% of the respondents who thought that consuming ecstasy sometimes was very harmful, 23.1% thought it was moderately harmful, 10.7% slightly harmful, 4.7% not harmful, and 22.2% did not know.
Consuming ecstasy frequently was thought to be very harmful by 59.1% of the respondents, moderately harmful by 10.9%, slightly harmful by 5.3%, not harmful by 3.5%, and 21.2% did not know.
70.0% 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% 59.1% 39.2% 23.1% 22.2% 21.2% Frequently Sometimes 10.7% 10.9% 4.7% 3.5% 5.3% Not harmful Slightly harmful Moderately harmful Very harmful Don t know Figure 13.12 Harmfulness of consuming ecstasy to health Inhaling second-hand cigarette smoke was considered by 45.8% of the respondents to be very harmful, moderately harmful by 22.1%, slightly harmful by 16.7%, not harmful by 5.5%, and 9.9% did not know.
- 77 - On the other hand, only 39.6% viewed second-hand marijuana smoke as being very harmful, 18.8% as moderately harmful, 17.0% as slightly harmful, 11.8% as not harmful, and 12.9% said that they did not know.
45.8% 39.6% 22.1% 17.0% 18.8% 11.8% 16.7% 5.5% 12.9% 9.9% Cigarette smoke Marijuana smoke 50.0% 45.0% 40.0% 35.0% 30.0% 25.0% 20.0% 15.0% 10.0% 5.0% 0.0% Figure 13.13 Harmfulness of inhaling second-hand smoke to health - 78 - Respondents were asked questions which looked into the availability of illicit drugs.

The respondents were asked to rate the ease or difficulty with which they were able to get marijuana, cocaine, crack, ecstasy, LSD and heroin.
ACCESS As shown in Figure 14.1 below, quite a large number of students (51.1%) considered access to marijuana to be easy, while only 8.5% considered it to be hard, 14.5% said that they would not be able to get any, and 25.9% did not know whether it would be hard or easy.

In respect to cocaine, 10.1% reported that it would be easy for them to get it, 17.4% said that it would be hard, 30.5% said that they would not be able to get any, and 42.0% did not know if it would be hard or easy.
Similarly for crack, 9.1% said that it would be easy for them to get it, 15.7% said that it would be hard for them to get, 33.2% said that they would not be able to get any, and 42.0% did not know if it would be hard or easy.

In the case of Ecstasy, 11.1% said that it would be easy for them to get, 15.5% said that it would be hard for them to get, 30.0% said that they would not be able to get any, and 43.5% did not know if it would be hard or easy.
There were 3.0% who said that LSD would be easy for them to get, 15.9% who said it would be hard for them to get, 33.5% who said that they would not be able to get any, and 47.6% who did not know if it would be hard or easy.

It was rather surprising to hear 6.5% reporting that heroin would be easy for them to get.

However, 16.0% said that it would be hard for them to get, 31.4% said that they would not be able to get any and 46.2% did not know if it would be hard or easy.
- 79 - Marijuana Cocaine Crack Ecstasy LSD Heroin Figure 14.1 Access to drugs It would be easy for me It would be hard for me I would not be able to get any I do not know if it would be hard or easy LAST TIME DRUG WAS OFFERED Respondents were then asked to state when was the last time that someone had offered them any of the aforementioned drugs, whether to buy or to try.
Figure 14.2 shows that while just about half (53.5%) of the respondents reported that they had never been offered marijuana, approximately one quarter, (24.7%), said that they had been offered marijuana over the past 30 days, 10.4% had been offered more than one month ago but less than one year ago, and 11.4% more than one year ago.

The majority of respondents (92.9%) stated that they had never been offered cocaine.
However, 2.5% stated that they had been offered the drug over the past 30 days, 2.8% more than one month ago but less than one year ago, and 1.9% more than one year ago.

Whereas 95.7% of the respondents said that they had never been offered crack, 1.4% reported having been offered the drug over the past 30 days, 1.2% more than one month ago but less than one year ago, and 1.7% more than one year ago.
There were 91.0% of the respondents who reported never having been offered ecstasy, 3.5% who stated that they had been offered the drug over the past 30 days, 3.4% more than one month ago but less than one year ago, and 2.1% more than one year ago.

- 80 - Similarly, 97.4% said that they had never been offered LSD, 0.9% said that they had been offered over the past 30 days, 0.8% said that they had been offered more than one month ago but less than one year ago, and 0.9% more than one year ago.
Likewise, 96.1% reported that they had never been offered heroin, 1.3% reported that they had been offered the drug over the past 30 days, 1.1% reported that they had been offered more than one month ago but less than one year ago, and 1.5% reported that it had been more than one year ago that they were offered the drug.
120.0% 100.0% 80.0% 60.0% 40.0% 20.0% 0.0% Over the past 30 days More than one month ago, but less than one year ago More than one year ago I have never been offered any Figure 14.2 Drugs offered - When WHERE DRUGS WERE OFFERED Respondents were then asked to state where they were offered the drugs.
As is illustrated in Figure 14.3, over half (52.9%) reported that they had never been offered marijuana, 5.9% reported that it had been offered to them at home, 4.3% at school, 12.3% on the block, 6.7% at a friend’s house, 1.7% at sporting events, 9.6% at other social events, and 6.6% said other.
In terms of cocaine, 91.8% said that they have never been offered the drug, 0.3% said that they had been offered it at home, 0.6% said at school, 2.1% said it had been offered to them on the block, 0.6% said at a friend’s house, 0.6% said at sporting events, 2.1% at other social events, and 1.9% said other.
There were 94.8% of the respondents who stated that they had never been offered crack, 0.1% who said that it was offered to them at home, 0.7% said at school, 1.5% said on the block, 0.3% at a friend’s house, 0.4% at sporting events, 0.8% at other social events, and 1.5% stated other.
- 81 - With reference to ecstasy, 91.4% noted that they had never been offered the drug, 0.7% noted that it had been offered to them at home, 1.3% at school, 0.8% on the block, 0.9% at a friend’s house, 0.5% at sporting events, 2.5% at other social events, and 1.8% other.
For LSD, there were 97.2% of the respondents who said that they had never been offered the drug, while 0.1% said it had been offered at home, another 0.1% said at school, 0.3% on the block, 0.4% at a friend’s house, 0.1% at sporting events, 0.4% at other social events, and 1.3% said other.
There were 95.9% respondents who reported never having been offered heroin, 0.1% stating that it was offered at home, another 0.1% stated that it was offered at school, 1.6% on the block, 0.3% at a friend’s house, 0.9% at other social events, and 1.1% other.
120.0% 100.0% 80.0% 60.0% 40.0% 20.0% 0.0% At home At school On the block At a friends house At sporting events At other social events Other I have never been offered Figure 14.3 Drugs offered - Where WHO OFFERED DRUGS The next question asked students who was the person offering them drugs.
Figure 14.4 reveals that while just over half (52.0%) of the respondents reported that they were never offered marijuana, less than a third (31.4%) reported that it was a friend who had made the offer, 6.1% reported that it was by a family member/relative, 7.0% said it was by someone whom they knew but was not their friend, and 3.5% said it was by someone they did not know.
In the case of cocaine, 92.4% of the respondents said that they had never been offered, 0.1% said a family member offer it to them, 3.2% said a friend, 1.9% someone who they knew but was not their friend, and 2.4% said someone they did not know.

- 82 - Likewise with crack, 95.2% stated never having been offered the drug, 0.3% reported being offered by a family member, 1.7% a friend, 1.8% someone they knew but was not their friend, and 1.1% by someone they did not know.
For ecstasy, 91.0% reported never having been offered the drug, 0.9% reported being given it by a family member, 3.9% by a friend, 2.7% by someone who they knew but who was not their friend, and 1.6% by someone whom they did not know.

There were 96.9% of the respondents who said that they had never been offered LSD, 0.1% said they were offered by a relative/family member, 0.4% a friend, 1.1% someone whom they knew but was not their friend, and 1.5% by someone they did not know.
Likewise, there were 95.3% who reported never having been offered heroin, 0.1% who had been offered by a relative/family member, 1.8% by a friend, 1.4% by someone whom they knew but was not their friend, and another 1.3% by someone they did not know.
120.0% 100.0% 80.0% 60.0% 40.0% 20.0% 0.0% Figure 14.4 Drugs offered – By whom A relative/ family member A friend Someone you know but who is not your friend Somebody you do not know I have never been offered - 83 - When asked if their close friends knew that they were smoking marijuana/ganga, how many of them would convince them to stop, 44.8% of the respondents said some, 34.7% said all, and 20.5% said none (See Figure 15.1).
Similarly, when asked if their close friends knew they were smoking marijuana/ganga, how many of them would disapprove, 48.0% said some, 29.4 said all, and 22.6% said none (See Figure 15.1).
48.0% 44.8% 34.7% 29.4% 22.6% 20.5% convince you to stop smoking marijuana disapprove of you smoking marijuana 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% All Some None Figure 15.1 Close friends attitudes to marijuana/ganga Almost half (47.9%) of the respondents reported that none of their friends drink alcohol regularly, while 35.7% said that some of their friends drink alcohol regularly, 11.0% said that a lot of their friends drink alcohol regularly, and 5.3% said that one of their friends drinks alcohol regularly.
- 84 - 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% 47.9% 35.7% 5.3% 11.0% None One Some A lot Figure 15.2 Percentage of friends who drink alcohol regularly While 45.3% of the respondents stated that none of their friends smoked marijuana regularly, 29.3% stated that some of their friends smoked marijuana regularly, 16.0% said a lot of their friends smoked marijuana regularly, and 9.4% said one friend smoked marijuana regularly.
45.3% 50.0% 45.0% 40.0% 35.0% 30.0% 25.0% 20.0% 15.0% 10.0% 5.0% 0.0% 29.3% 9.4% 16.0% None One Some A lot Figure 15.3 Percentage of friends who smoked marijuana regularly - 85 - A comparison between the 2005 survey and the 2013 survey revealed that while there has been a reduction in the life time prevalence, there has been an increase in the past month prevalence of alcohol use.

In 2005, alcohol was found to be the most widely used substance, with 73.4% of the respondents reporting a lifetime prevalence.
While alcohol continues to be the most widely used substance, the respondents in the 2013 survey reported a lifetime prevalence of 71.1%.

In 2005, the past year prevalence was 53.0% and in 2013 it was 56.0%.

However, in terms of past month prevalence, while the 2005 survey had a report of 32.6%, the 2013 survey had a past month report of 36.2%.

With respect to the lifetime prevalence of marijuana use, the 2005 survey found it to be 25.1%, whereas the 2013 survey found it to be 31.0%.
Marijuana continues, as was pointed out in the 2005 survey, to be the most used illicit drug.

The past year prevalence in 2005 was 13.6% and in 2013 it was found to be 22.4%.
The past month prevalence in 2005 was 8.5% and in 2013 this figure doubled and was revealed as being 16.7% In relation to tobacco/cigarette use, except for the past month prevalence which showed a slight increase between 2005 (1.8%) and 2013 (1.9%), the Life time prevalence reflected a decrease in use, 17.8% in 2005, compared to 12.9% in 2013.
Similarly, the past year prevalence showed that in 2005, 4.7% of the respondents reported tobacco/cigarette use compared to 4.3% in 2013, Inhalants/solvents in 2005 was found to have a lifetime prevalence of 13.6% while the 2013 survey found that the lifetime prevalence of inhalant use dropped to 12.0%.

The past year prevalence in 2005 was 4.2% but in 2013, it was reported as 5.6%.
The past month prevalence in 2005 was 2.2% and in 2013 it was found to be 4.0% Figure 16.1 provides an illustration of the lifetime prevalence of the other illicit drugs.
- 86 - Figure 16.1 Comparison of Lifetime prevalence (2005 & 2013) As with the 2005 survey, in 2013, more males than females also reported having used marijuana.

In 2005 the lifetime prevalence of males was reported to be 32.7% while that of females was 19.4%.
The past year prevalence for males was 19.8% while that for females was 8.9%.

Similarly, the past month prevalence for males was 12.6% while that for females was 5.5%.

In 2013, the life time prevalence in terms of gender was 58.4% males, compared to 41.6% females.

However the past year prevalence was 62.0% males, compared to 38.0% females.
Similarly, the past month prevalence was 66.9% males, compared to 33.1% females In 2005, slightly more females than males reported ever having used alcohol (74.3 percent versus 72.4 percent) and using alcohol in the year prior to the survey (54.3 versus 51.5 percent).

In 2013, the percentage of females who reported ever having used alcohol was equal to that of the males (50.0% t0 50.0%).
In terms of past year prevalence, there was a marginal change in that more males reported using alcohol than females (50.1% versus 49.9%).

However in terms of past month prevalence, it was the reverse, with more males reporting using alcohol than females (34.0% versus 31.7%) In 2005, females reported greater use of solvents and inhalants than males (2.5 percent versus 1.5 percent) in the month prior to the survey.
In 2013, more females reported a lifetime prevalence of Inhalant use greater than males (17.8% versus 11.6%), and this was similarly the case with the past year prevalence (females = 8.7%; males = 4.0%).

Likewise, the past month prevalence for females was higher than that for the males (5.7% versus 2.6%) In 2005, about one third of students in the sample (32.6%) reported ever having used an illegal drug.
In 2013 over one third (41.3%) of the students in the sample reported having used some type of illegal drug at some time in their life.

- 87 - - 88 - The comparison between the results of the 2005 and 2013 surveys revealed that there was a substantial increase in the use of substances.
Although there was a reduction in the lifetime prevalence of alcohol from 73.4% in 2005 to 71.1in 2013, the past year prevalence showed an increase from 53% in 2005 to 56.0% in 2013; and similarly, so did the past month prevalence (from 32.6% in 2005 to 36.2% in 2013).
Inhalant use revealed an increase in lifetime prevalence from 13.6% in 2005 to 14.5% in 2013; an increase in past year prevalence from 4.2% in 2005 to 6.2% in 2013; and an increase in past month prevalence from 2.2% in 2005 to 4.1% in 2013 On the other hand, tobacco/cigarette use showed a reduction in the life time prevalence from 17.8% in 2005 to 12.9% in 2013; a reduction in past year prevalence from 4.7% in 2005 to 4.6% in 2013; and an increase in past month prevalence from 1.8% in 2005 to 1.9% in 2013.
In the case of marijuana, the lifetime prevalence rose from 25.1% in 2005 to 31.0% in 2013; the past year prevalence rose from 13.6% in 2005 to 22.4% in 2013, and the past month prevalence doubled from 8.5% in 2005 to 16.7% in 2013.

As can be seen in Figure 16.1, although small, there are also increases in the lifetime prevalence of many of the other illicit drugs, namely, tranquilizers, heroin, opium, morphine, cocaine,.

crack, ecstasy, hashish and hallucinogens.


While drug prevention programmes are delivered in the schools of Antigua and Barbuda, these programmes are, for the most part, restricted to the primary schools.
Crossroads Centre, Antigua, delivers a five week programme called ‘Breaking the Cycle’ to 58 primary schools in Grade Three (3) and the Substance Abuse Prevention Division delivers a one year programme called ‘Moulding Young Minds’ to Grade 5 pupils in 20 government primary schools and one government secondary school.

The police also are engaged in delivering the DARE programme in several schools on island.
There is a clear need for these drug prevention programmes to be extended to cover ALL SCHOOLS, both primary and secondary, public and private, in a bid to reduce the prevalence of drug abuse and delay the use of substances among the youth in Antigua and Barbuda.

- 89 - Antigua Observer, 2012 a.

Court Wrap up.

[Online] Available at: http://www.antiguaobserver.com/court-wrap-up-3/ [Accessed 29 April 2013].

Antigua Observer, 2012 b. Teenager Jailed on Drug Charge.
[Online] Available at: http://www.antiguaobserver.com/teenager-jailed-on-drug-charge/ [Accessed 29 April 2013].

Caribarena.com, 2012 a.

Police Slow to Clamp Down on Under-Aged Drinking.

[Online] Available at: http://www.caribarena.com/antigua/news/police/101438-police-slow-to- clampdown-on-under-aged-drinking.html#ixzz2o0neq7Sg [Accessed 25 April 2013].

Caribarena.com, 2012 b.

What Ails You.


[Online] Available at: http://www.caribarena.com/antigua/health/what-ails-you/101418-increased- alcohol-use-among-minors-raises-concern.html#ixzz2O0RXSoUU [Accessed 25 April 2013].

Caribarena.com, 2013.

Teen found with Cannabis.

[Online] Available at: http://www.caribarena.com/antigua/news/police/103381-teen-found-with- cannabis.html [Accessed 29 April 2013].

Correia, M. & Cunningham, W., 2003.


Caribbean Youth Development: Issues and Policy Directions (Country Studies).

Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.

Government of Antigua and Barbuda, 2012.

Census 2011 Preliminary Data Release, St. John's Antigua: Government of Antigua and Barbuda, Ministry of Finance, the Economy and Public Administration, Statistics Division.. Kairi Consultants Limited, 2007.

Living Conditions in Antigua and Barbuda: Poverty in a Services Economy in Transition, s.l.
: Caribbean Development Bank.. Spencer, H. D. W. B., 2012.

Feature Address of the Regional Workshop on Drug Information Networks (Caribbean).

St. John's, Antigua, CICAD/OAS.

- 90 - - 91 - - 92 - Antigua and Barbuda Secondary Schools Drug Prevalence Survey Project 2013 Schedule of Activities Activity Perso n Respo nsible Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Get info re schools and enrolment Coord inator 8-18 Coord inator Feb. By 15 Get buy-in from politicians: Minister Soc.

Trans.

; Minister of Ed.
; Barbuda Council - - 93 - 11 12 Feb, 17 2013 17, Formal Letter to Director of Ed with request for date Coord inator Letter to Schools Determine # of staff needed after receipt of sample size from CICAD; staff selection: supervisors, facilitators, data entry clerks Decide Venue Training Coord inator Coord inator Techn ical Advis or Coord inator Techn ical Advis - - 94 - Letters to employers for of release personnel who will be trained as supervisors, facilitators, and data entry clerk Train Staff Pilot Survey or Coord inator Coord inator Techn ical Advis or Coord inator Techn ical 21 28 1 - - 95 - Advis or Coord inator Techn ical Advis or Finalise and print questionnaire; create all necessary control forms; prepare and package questionnaire relevant and other for documents to distribution supervisors Deliver instruments to supervisors, who to pass will on facilitators; ensure that personnel arrive at designated schools on time; data Collection; all Coord inator Techn ical Advis or 5 - 8 13-14 - - 96 - 14 – 22 18-22 20 and Check questionnaires verify Thank you letters to Min.
Of Ed, schools, parents, supervisors, facilitators, driver(s), etc.

Train clerks data-entry Coord inator Techn ical Advis or Coord inator Coord inator Techn ical Advis or - - 97 - Entry Data verification and Transmit CICAD for analysis data to Prepare draft report Final report March 21-Apr 5 March 21-Apr 5, 2013 Apr 10 Coord inator Techn ical Advis or Techn ical Advis or Techn ical Advis or Techn ical Advis Jun 10 July 22 - - 98 - or Receive report from CICAD Coord inator report to Submit Ministers Of Soc.
Trans & Edu Coord inator Dissemination report of Coord inator Thank you letter to CICAD and advise report how disseminated Coord inator July 29 July 31 Tentative Tentative - - 99 - S. I. D. U. C. SECONDARY SCHOOL SURVEY ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA YEAR 2013 RANDOM SAMPLE OF SCHOOLS AND CLASSES FOR THE SURVEY N° Secondary School Administration Selected Groups Expected Number of Students Questionnaire Grade 8 Grade 10 Grade 11 Grade 8 Grade 10 Grade 11 Total Numbers School 1 School 2 School 3 School 4 School 5 School 6 School 7 School 8 School 9 10 School 10 11 12 13 School 11 School 12 School 13 Government A & D A & D & F Government Government Government Government B C C B Government A & C & D Government Government Government Government Private Private Private B A D A A A B A B A A B B D A A A B C A B A A B A C A Total A A B Total - 0169 0170 - 0274 0275 - 0364 0365 - 0475 0476 - 0567 0568 - 0664 0665 - 0771 0772 - 0869 0870 - 0985 0986 - 1046 1047 - 1141 1142 - 1192 1193 - 1279 - - 100 - A, B, C represent the classes, in the sequence that it was provided for the school The number of students expected in each class is the one provided in the sample frame Sample Total 453 458 368 1,279 - - 101 - 1.
Model speech for the facilitator Good morning/afternoon students: My name is (complete name), and I am representing the Ministry of Social Transformation.

Today, we are collecting data for a study that involves a survey of secondary school students from various secondary schools in the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean.

We will be giving you questionnaires to fill out, but before we start, I would like you to know the following: 1.

This is not a test or exam.


Therefore, there are no right or wrong answers.

All you have to do is answer sincerely.

2.

If there is anything that you do not understand, please raise your hand and I will assist you.

Do not ask any of your classmates or the persons sitting close to you.

We want to know your personal and sincere opinion, from each and every one of you separately.

3.
3.

You will notice that the questionnaires have no place or box to write down your name, therefore no one will ever know who has filled out the questionnaire.

It’s like voting, casting a secret ballot.

Absolutely no one can be identified.

And since all you have to do is to mark the checkboxes/answers with an X, you can’t even be identified by your handwriting.

Answers shall be added up to obtain comprehensive results.

4.
4.

There are questions where, if you reply “No,” then you have to go directly to others.

For example, if you answer “not applicable” for question 18, then you must not answer any of the questions immediately following, that is, you must not answer questions 19, 20 or 21.

You must skip to question 22 and there you must mark the corresponding answer.

- - 102 - But that is not the only question that has instructions to “Go to”, that is, to skip questions.
Wherever you see others are like that one, be careful to follow the “Go to” instructions.

The “Go to” instructions are clearly indicated in the answers that include them.

5.

Any questions?....

Ok, then, please proceed.

When you are finished, please put your completed questionnaires on the envelope here, and you may keep the pencils as a small token of our appreciation.
- - 103 - INTER-AMERICAN DRUG ABUSE CONTROL COMMISSION (CICAD) & SUBSTANCE ABUSE PREVENTON DIVISION (SAPD) The information provided in this questionnaire will be kept strictly confidential and will only be used to generate general statistics.

SURVEY OF SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS STANDARDIZED QUESTIONNAIRE Dear student, Batch Number Your class has been selected to participate in a national and regional secondary school survey on drug use.
Many students across the country and the Caribbean region are taking part in this survey.

Your participation is voluntary and t he results will be used to improve the drug prevention education programmes for our young people.

To protect your privacy, please DO NOT write your name on this booklet.

That way, your answers cannot be linked to your name.

No one will know how you answered the questions and your teachers will not see your responses.

Therefore, please try and answer each question honestly.
This is not a test.

Most of the questions have no right or wrong answers.

Please read each question carefully before marking your answer.

If you have any questions during the survey, please raise your hand.

Thank you for your assistance.

Norma Jeffrey-Dorset Substance Abuse Prevention Officer Please begin filling out this questionnaire on the following page (page 3, question 7).

1.

COUNTRY ANTIGUA 2.

CITY St. John’s QUESTIONNAIRE 3.

NUMBER 4.

Type of school 5.


Type of students at school 1.Public 2.Private 3.Other (Specify:…………………………) 1.Only males 2.Only females 3.Both males and females (coed) 6.

Grade or attending: form the student is 6A Control Number: School Class 1.Eighth grade or 2nd Form 2.Tenth grade or 4th Form 3.

Eleventh grade or 5th Form 4.Twelfth grade or 6th Form 105 7.

Gender 8.

Age (at last birthday) 1.

Male 2.

Female Age (at birthday) last 9.

What is your parents’/guardians’ marital status?


(in relation to each other) 10.

With whom do you live?

(you may tick as many options as necessary) 1.

Single 2.

Married 3.

Divorced 4.

Separated 5.

Widow(er) 6.

Living together/common law 7.

Other 11.

After school hours or on weekends, how often does your mother or father or guardian know where you are?

Let’s say for one or more hours.

1.

Father 2.

Mother 3.

Brother and/or Sister 4.

Stepmother 5.

Stepfather 6.

Wife/Husband 7.


Girlfriend/Boyfriend 8.

Guardian(s) 9.

Other relative 10.

Friend 11.

Alone 12.

Other a rule, do 12.

As your parents/guardian(s) focus on or know the programs you watch on television?

any of 1.

They never or almost never know where I am 2.

Sometimes they do not know 3.

They always or almost always know where I am 1.Yes 2.No 106 your closely 13.

How parents/guardian(s) (or one of them) pay attention to what you are doing in school?

do 14.
do 14.

In a normal week, how many days do you sit down together, you and your parents/ guardian(s) (or one of them), at the same table, whether for breakfast, lunch, supper or dinner?

(Check just one option) 1.

Very closely 2.

Closely 3.

Somewhat 4.

Not at all 1.

Never 2.

One single day 3.

Two days 4.

Three days 5.

Four days 6.

Five days 7.

Six days 8.

Every day 15.

On weekends, your parents/guardian(s) (or one of them) control what time you come home at night?

do 16.
do 16.

When you go out in the afternoon or on weekends, do your parents/guardian(s) (or one of them) ask you and/or expect you to tell them where you are going?

1.

Yes 2.

No 3.

Rarely 4.

Never 17.

As a rule, how well do you think your parents/guardian(s) (or one of them) know your closest friends?

1.

Yes 2.

No 3.

Rarely 4.

Never 1.

Very well 2.

More or less 3.

Slightly 4.

Not at all 107 1.

Extremely upset 2.

Very upset 3.

Somewhat upset 4.

Not upset 5.


I have no idea how they would react 6.

Not applicable, I have no living father/mother/guar dian or I have never seen them How do you think your father, mother or guardian would react in the following situations?

18. your If father/guardian catches you home coming tipsy or drunk.

19. your If mother/guardian catches you coming home tipsy or drunk.
your If 20. father/guardian finds out you are smoking marijuana 21. your If mother/guardian finds out you are smoking marijuana 108 1.

Very good 2.

Good 3.

Bad 4.

Very Bad Not applicable, I have no living father/mother/guardia n, I have no relationship with them FOCUSING ON YOUR RELATIONSHIP WITH YOUR PARENTS/ GUARDIAN(S) 22.

How would you the describe relationship you currently have with your father/guardian?

23.

How would you the describe you relationship currently have with your mother/guardian?
24.

How would you the describe relationship your Parents/ have guardian(s) with each other?

Describe it even if live they do not together.

Have you had any 25. serious your conversations with parents/guardian(s) about the dangers of drug use?

any of 1.

YES 2.

NO Do any your 27. parents/guardian(s) regularly smoke at least one cigarette per day?

one of 26.

Focusing now on your parents/ guardian(s), do you believe that any one of them used any illegal drug when they were young?

1.YES 2.NO 3.
1.YES 2.NO 3.

I don’t know 28.

As far as you know, do any of your brothers or sisters or anybody else living at home with you currently use any drug?

1.YES, my father/guardian 2.YES, my mother/guardian 3.YES, both 4.NO, neither of them 1.YES 2.NO 3.

I don’t know 109 29 and 30.

Which one of the following best describes your father’s and mother’s or guardian’s drinking habits regarding alcohol?

(e.g.

wine, beer, magnum, Smirnoff ice, hard liquor, such as rum, gin scotch etc.)
Select only one response for Q.29 and one response for Q.30 Answer Q.29 Father/ Guardian Answer Q.30 Mother/ Guardian 1.

Never drinks any alcohol 2.

Only on special occasions 3.

Only on weekends, but never during the week 4.

Sometimes during the week 5.

Drinks alcohol every day 6.

Not applicable, I have no living father/mother/ guardian, or I never see them 31.

How happy do you feel when you go to school?

32.

Speaking generally, would you say that you feel a sense of belonging at school?
1.Very happy 2.

Fairly happy 3.

Neither happy/nor unhappy 4.

Unhappy 5.

Very unhappy 1.YES 2.NO 33.

In the past year, how often did you skip/scud school without permission for a part of the day or the entire day?

34.

In the past year, how many full days were you absent from school?

Choose one of the following options.

1.Never 2.A few times 3.Several times 4.Often 1.

Less than 5 days 2.

Between 5 and 10 days 3.

Between 11 and 20 days 4.

Between 21 and 30 days 5.

More than 30 days 35.


How would you describe the relationship you generally have with your teachers at school?

1.

Very good 2.

Good 3.

Average 4.

Bad 5.

Very bad 110 1.

YES 2.

NO 3.

I do not know 36A.

In general, do you believe that there are drugs (alcohol, marijuana, spranga/molly, cigarettes, etc.)

at your school?

36B.

In general, do you believe that there are students who bring, try or deal with drugs at your school?

37A.
37A.

Do you believe that there are drugs in the area surrounding or next to your school?

37B.

Do you believe that some students try to buy or deal in drugs amongst themselves just outside the school or in the surrounding area?

38.

Have you personally ever seen a student selling or giving drugs at school or in the area surrounding the school?

39.

Have you personally ever seen a student using drugs at school or in the area surrounding the school?

40.

Do you have a job in addition to going to school?


42.

How likely is it that you will complete high school/secondary school?

1.

YES 2.

NO (Go to # 42) 41.

How many hours a week do you work at your job?

Hours 1.Very likely 2.

Likely 3.Not very likely 4.

Impossible 5.

Don’t know 43.

How likely is it that you will go to University?

44.

How many grade levels or years have you had to repeat throughout your school years?

1.

Very likely 2.

Likely 3.

Not very likely 4.

Impossible 5.

Don’t know 1.


None 2.

One 3.

Two or more 111 45.

Have you ever had behavioural and disciplinary problems during your detentions, school to suspensions, the being corporal headmaster/mistress punishment).

sent or years?

(e.g.

46A.

If your close friends knew you were smoking marijuana/ganja, how many of them would try to convince you to stop?

1.

All 2.

Some 3.

None 1.

Never 2.

Once 2.

A few times 3.

Often 46B.


If your close friends knew you were smoking marijuana/ganja, how many of them would disapprove?

1.

All 2.

Some 3.

None 1.

None 2.

One 3.

Some 4.

A lot JUST FOCUSING ON YOUR FRIENDS NOW 47.

How many of your friends drink alcohol regularly?

Let’s say every weekend, evenings after school or even more often 48.

How many of your friends smoke marijuana regularly?

Let’s every say weekend, evenings after school or even more often 112 49.
In your opinion, how harmful are the following to your health?

MARK YOUR ANSWER WITH AN X IN THE CHECKBOX 1.

Not harmful 2.

Slightly harmful 3.

Moderately harmful 4.

Very harmful 5.

Don’t know 1.

Smoking cigarettes sometimes 2.

Smoking cigarettes frequently 3.

Drinking alcoholic beverages frequently 4.

Getting drunk 5.

Taking tranquilizers/stimulants without medical prescription sometimes 6.

Taking tranquilizers/stimulants without medical prescription frequently 7.
Inhaling solvents sometimes 8.

Inhaling solvents frequently 9.

Smoking marijuana sometimes 10.

Smoking marijuana frequently 11.

Consuming cocaine or crack sometimes 12.

Consuming cocaine or crack frequently 13.

Consuming coca paste sometimes 14.

Consuming coca paste frequently 15.

Consuming ecstasy sometimes 16.

Consuming ecstasy frequently 17.

Inhaling second hand cigarette smoke 18.

Inhaling second hand marijuana smoke 113 50A.

Have you ever been curious about trying an illicit drug?
(example: ecstasy, spranga/molly or similar) marijuana, cocaine, crack, 51.

If you had the opportunity, would you try an illicit drug?

(example: marijuana, cocaine, crack, ecstasy, spranga/molly or similar) 1.

YES 2.

NO 3.

Not sure 1.

YES 2.

NO 3.

Not sure 50B.

Have you ever been curious to try any of the following drugs?

1.

Yes 2.

No 3.

Maybe 1.

Marijuana/Ganja 2.

Cocaine 3.

Crack 4.

Ecstasy 52.

How hard or easy would it be for you to get any of the following drugs?
(Mark with an X the corresponding checkbox for each drug) 1.

It would be easy for me 2.

It would be hard for me 3.

I would not be able to get any 4.

I do not know if it would be hard or easy 1.

Marijuana 2.

Cocaine 3.

Crack 4.

Ecstasy 5.

LSD 6.

Heroin 114 the last time 53.

When was someone offered you any of these drugs, whether to buy or try?

(Mark with an X the corresponding checkbox for each drug) 1.

Over the past 30 days 2.

More than one month ago, but less than one year ago 3.
More than one year ago 4.

I have never been offered any 1.

At home 2.

At school 3.

On the block 4.

At a friend’s house 5.

At sporting events 7.

Other 6.

At other social events 8.

I have never been offered 1.

Marijuana 2.

Cocaine 3.

Crack 4.

Ecstasy 5.

LSD 6.

Heroin 54.

Think back to the last time you were offered one of the following drugs.

Where that occur?

1.

Marijuana 2.

Cocaine 3.

Crack 4.

Ecstasy 5.

LSD 6.

Heroin did 55.


Think back to the last time you were offered any of the following drugs; Who was the person offering it?

1.

A relative/family member 2.

A friend 4.

Somebody you do not know 5.

I have never been offered 3.

Someone you know but who is not your friend 1.

Marijuana 2.

Cocaine 3.

Crack 4.

Ecstasy 5.

LSD 6.

Heroin 115 56.

Have you ever smoked cigarettes in your lifetime?

57.

How old were you when you smoked cigarettes for the first time in your life?
1.YES 2.NO (Go to #62) Years old 58.

When was the first time you smoked cigarettes?

59.

Have you smoked cigarettes over the past 12 months?

1.

Never 2.

Over the past 30 days 3.

More than one month ago, but less than one year ago 4.

More than one year ago 1.YES 2.NO (Go to #62) 60.

Have you smoked cigarettes over the past 30 days?

61.

About how many cigarettes a day have you smoked over the past 30 days?

1.YES 2.NO (Go to #62) Number of cigarettes per day: 1.

From 1 to 5 2.

From 6 to 10 3.


From 11 to 20 4.

More than 20 62.

Have you ever drunk alcoholic beverages in your lifetime?

(Consider wine, beer or hard liquor such as, rum, vodka, etc.

Do not include any time when your parents/guardian(s) gave you a sip of alcohol to taste) 63.

How old were you when you drank alcoholic beverages for the first time in your life?

(Do not include any time when your parents/ guardian(s) gave you a sip of alcohol to taste) 1.YES 2.NO (Go to #73) 64.
When was the first time you drank alcoholic beverages?

1.

Never 2.

Over the past 30 days 3.

More than one month ago, but less than one year ago 4.

More than one year ago Years old 65.

Have you drunk any alcoholic beverages over the past 12 months?

1.YES 2.NO (Go to #73) 116 66.

Have you drunk alcoholic beverages over the past 30 days?

1.YES 2.NO 68.

From whom/where do you usually get alcohol?

Tick only one (1) response) 1.

Friends 2.

Parents/Guardians 3.

Brother/Sister 4.

Other relatives 5.


Street vendor 6.

Shop 7.

Other 67.

Where do you most often drink alcohol?

(Tick only one (1) response) 1.

At home 2.

At school 3.

On the block 4.

At a friend’s house 5.

At sporting events 6.

At other social events 7.

Other 69.

How many days, over the past 30 days, have you taken too much to drink and have gotten drunk?

Number days of 70.

Over the past 30 days, what type of alcoholic beverage did you drink and how often?
(Mark with an X only that option that corresponds to each alcoholic beverage) 1.

Daily 2.

Several days of the week 3.

Weekends 4.

A few times during the month 5.

Never 1.

Beer 2.

Wine (Pampas, etc.)

liquor 3.

(rum, whisky, vodka, brandy, etc.)

Hard 71.

Over the past two weeks, how many times have you consumed five (5) or more alcoholic drinks in one (1) sitting?

72.

Just focusing on the past month, about how much money did you end up spending on buying alcoholic beverages?

1.

Not once 2.
1.

Not once 2.

Only once 3.

Between 2 and 3 times 4.

Between 4 and 5 times 5.

More than 5 times .

117 73A.

Have you ever consumed any of these substances?

INDICATE THE ANSWER FOR EACH DRUG WITH AN (X).

If you answer ‘YES’ to any drug, please indicate age of first use of that drug in Question 74 in the column to the right.

NO YES 1.

Tranquilizers without medical prescription 74.

Age at first use?

2.

Stimulants without medical prescription 3.

Inhalants (e.g.
Inhalants (e.g.

Glue, Diesel, Fuel, other Solvents) 4.

Marijuana 5.

Coca paste 6.

Cocaine 7.

Heroin 8.

Opium 9.

Morphine 10.

Hallucinogens 11.

Hashish 12.

Crack 13.

Ecstasy 14.

Other drugs: ………………………………….

Years old Years old Years old Years old Years old Years old Years old Years old Years old Years old Years old Years old Years old Years old 118 INHALANTS 75a.

When was the first time you tried inhalants (e.g.

Glue, Diesel, Fuel, other Solvents)?

75b.


Have you used inhalants at least once over the past 12 months?

1.YES 2.NO (Go to #75e) 1.I have never used inhalants (Go to #76a) 2.

Over the past 30 days 3.

More than one month ago, but less than one year ago 4.

More than one year ago 75c.

How often have you used inhalants?

75d.

Have you used inhalants at least once over the past 30 days?

1.

Just once 2.

Several times over the past 12 months 3.

Several times a month 4.

Several times a week 5.


Every day 75e.

Have you ever sniffed inhalants such as glue, whiteout, paint, thinner, etc.

in order to get high?

1.YES 2.NO 1.

Yes 2.

No MARIJUANA 76a.

When was the first time you ever smoked marijuana?

76b.

Have you smoked marijuana at least once over the past 12 months?

1.I have never smoked marijuana (Go to # 77a) 2.


Over the past 30 days 3.More than one month ago, but less than one year ago 4.More than one year ago 1.YES 2.NO(Go to #77a) 119 76c.How marijuana?

often have you smoked 76d.

Have you smoked marijuana once over the past 30 days?

1.

Just once 2.

Several times over the past 12 months 3.

Several times a month 4.

Several times a week 5.

Every day 1.YES 2.

NO (Go to #77a) 76e.

Where do you most often use marijuana?

76f.


From whom/where do you usually get marijuana?

1.

At home 2.

At a friend’s 1.

Friends 3.

At school house 4.

At events sporting 3.

Parents 5.

On the block 6.

At other social events 5.

Brother/Sister 7.

…………….

Other 76g.

Just focusing on the past month, about how much money did you end up spending on buying marijuana?

Other 2. relative(s) 4. pusher 6.

…………….. Street Other 76h.


Over the PAST 12 MONTHS, how often has any of the following described below happened to you?

1.

Never 2.

Rarely 3.

From time to time 4.

Fairly often 5.

Very often a) Have you ever smoked marijuana before noon?

b) Have you ever smoked marijuana when you were alone?

c) Have you ever had memory problems when you smoked marijuana?

d) Have friends or members of your family ever told you that you should reduce or stop your marijuana use?
e) Have you ever tried to reduce or stop your marijuana use without succeeding?

f) Have you ever had problems because of your use of marijuana (argument, 120 fight, accident, bad result at school, etc.)?

COCAINE 77a.

When was the first time you ever tried cocaine?

77b.

Have you used cocaine at least once over the past 12 months?

1.YES 2.

NO (Go to #78a) 77d.

Have you used cocaine once over the past 30 days?

1.YES 2.

NO (Go to #78a) 77f.


Just focusing on the past month, about how much money did you end up spending on buying cocaine?

1.

I have never used cocaine (Go to #78a) 2.

Over the past 30 days 3.More than one month ago, but less than one year ago 4.More than one year ago 77c.

How often have you used cocaine?

1.

Just once 2.

Several times over the past 12 months 3.

Several times a month 4.

Several times a week 5.

Every day 77e.

From whom/where do you usually get cocaine?


Mark with an X all those checkboxes that correspond 1.

Friends 2.

Parents 3.

Brother/Sister 4.

Other relative(s) 5.

Street pusher 6.

Other CRACK 78a.

When was the first time you ever tried crack?

78b.

Have you used crack at least once over the past 12 months?

1.

I have never used crack (Go to #79a) 2.

Over the past 30 days 3.

More than one month ago, but less than one year ago 4.

More than one year ago 1.YES 2.

NO(Go to #79a) 121 78c.


How often have you used crack?

1.

Just once 2.

Several times over the past 12 months 3.

Several times a month 4.

Several times a week 5.

Every day 78e.

From whom/where do you usually get crack?

Mark with an X all those checkboxes that correspond 78d.

Have you used crack at least once over the past 30 days?

1.YES 2.NO (Go to #79a) 78f.

Just focusing now on the past month, about how much money did you end up spending on buying crack?

1.

Friends 2.

Parents 3.


Brother/Sister 4.

Other relative(s) 5.

Street pusher 6.

Other ECSTASY 79a.

When was the first time you ever tried Ecstasy?

1.

I have never used Ecstasy 2.

Over the past 30 days 3.More than one month ago, but less than one year ago 4.More than one year ago 122 80a.

When was the first time you ever tried spranga/molly?

80b.

Have you used spranga/molly once over the past 12 months?

1.

I have never used Spranga/molly (Go to #81a) 2.


Over the past 30 days 3.More than one month ago, but less than one year ago 4.More than one year ago 80c.

How often have you used spranga/molly?

1.

Just once 2.

Several times over the past 12 months 3.

Several times a month 4.

Several times a week 5.

Every day 1.YES 2.NO (Go to #81a) 80d.

Have you used spranga/molly once over the past 30 days?

1.YES 2.NO 81a.

When was the first time you ever tried tranquilizers without medical prescription?
Consider drugs such as Alprazolam, Diazepam (Valium), Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol), Chlordiazepoxide (Librium) or similar.

1.I have never used prescription drugs without prescription (Go to #82a) 2.

Over the past 30 days 3.More than one month ago, but less than one year ago 4.More than one year ago 81b.

Have you used tranquilizers at least once without medical prescription over the past 12 months?

81c.

Have you used tranquilizers without medical prescription once over the past 30 days?
1.YES 2.NO (Go to #81e) 1.YES 2.NO (Go to #81e) 81d.

Over the past 30 days, how many days did you use tranquilizers without medical prescription?

(insert no.

of days) Number days of 81e.

How did you have access to the tranquilizers that you consumed?

1.

From a medical doctor or other licensed medical practitioner 2.

In the street 3.

At home 4.

From a friend 5.

At the pharmacy 6.

Other 123 82a.

When was the first time you ever tried stimulants without a medical prescription?
Consider drugs such as Methylphenidate (Ritalin), Phenmetrazine (Preludin or Adepsin), Amphetamines (Adderall), Dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine, DextroStat), Pemoline (Cylert) or similar 1.I have never used over-the-counter stimulants (Go to #83) 2.

Over the past 30 days 3.More than one month ago, but less than one year ago 4.More than one year ago 82b.

Have you used stimulants once over the past 12 months?

82c.

Have you used over-the-counter stimulants once over the past 30 days?
1.YES 2.NO (Go to #82e ) 1.YES 2.NO (Go to #82e) 82d.

Over the past 30 days, how many days did you use stimulants without a medical prescription?

82e.

How did you get the stimulants you used?

Number days of 1.

From a medical doctor or other licensed medical practitioner 2.

In the street 3.

At home 4.

From a friend 5.

At the drugstore 6.

Other 124 1.

Never 2.

Rarely /Seldom 3.

Sometimes 4.

Often 5.

Almost always 83.


Over the PAST 12 MONTHS, how often have you experienced or been in the following situations because of drinking alcohol or using illicit drugs?

a) Getting a low grade on an important test/ exam or school project b) Getting into some kind of trouble with the police c) Getting into any angry argument or fight d) Memory loss e) with family/relatives/ households f) Having someone advantage of you.

g) Taking someone.
g) Taking someone.

h) Trying without success to stop drinking alcohol or taking illicit drugs i) Self-harm (such as self-cutting, burning, hitting, etc.)

j) Seriously committing suicide sexual advantage of taking sexual Problems thinking about your 84.

If you tried marijuana once in your lifetime, would you say so this questionnaire?

in 85.

If you tried crack once in your lifetime, would you say so in this questionnaire?

1.

Yes, I have just said so 2.

Definitely yes 3.

Probably yes 4.


Probably no 5.

I would definitely not say so 1.

Yes, I have just said so 2.

Definitely yes 3.

Probably yes 4.

Probably no 5.

I would definitely not say so 125 86.

Have you ever injected drugs such as Heroin, cocaine, crack, or steroids?

87.

When you last injected, what was done with the used syringe/needle?

1.YES 2.NO (Go to #89 ) 1.

I threw it away 2.

I kept it to reuse it 3.

I gave it to someone else to use it 4.

Something else, please specify:…………………… 5.


I do not know/ do not recall 88a.

Do you clean used needles/syringes that were given to you?

88b.

If s o , h o w o f t e n d o y o u c l e a n them?

1.YES 2.NO 1.

Always 2.

Frequently 3.

Infrequently 89.

Do you and your partner use a condom every time you have sex?

1.

Yes 2.

No 3.
1.

Yes 2.

No 3.

I do not have sex End of Questionnaire Thank You 126 Should you experience any distress this questionnaire and feel the need to speak to someone in confidence, you may contact any of the following persons: from completing Your School Counselor Mrs. Norma Jeffrey- Dorset Ms. Cleon Athill Mrs. Jean-Machelle Benn-Dubois Ms. Kendra George 562-6758 481-5314 726-3083 462-4402 127