Source document: https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1697649144002.pdf (Bahamas)
THE NATIONAL ACCOUNTS ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW THE DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS PREFACE The Environment Statistics Section of the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD) is engaged in the development of methodologies, data collection, technical cooperation, and coordination in the fields of environmental statistics and indicators.

UNSD developed and published in 1984 A Framework for the Development of Environment Statistics (FDES).
The FDES sets out the scope of environment statistics by relating the components of the environment to information categories that are based on the recognition that environmental problems are the result of human activities and natural events reflecting a sequence of action, impact, and reaction.

Relevant information, therefore, refers to social and economic activities and natural events, their effects on the environment, and the responses to these effects by the society.
The contents of the FDES are ‘statistical topics”; they are those aspects of environmental concerns that can be subjected to statistical description and analysis.1 Kelsie Dorsett Director Department of Statistics January 30, 2015 1 1 http://unstats.un.org/unsD/ENVIRONMENT/history.htm TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE ........................................................................................................................................................................1 TABLE OF CONTENTS ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………2‐3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…4 GLOSSARY………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..5 GEOGRAPHICAL COMPOSITION OF THE BAHAMAS ………..……………………………………………………………………………………….6 Environmental Concerns in The Bahamas …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….7 Pesticides used in The Bahamas………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………8 Table 1.
Quantity of Pesticides Imported by Type and Year: 2003‐2014 …………………………….……………………………………9 Fertilizers……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….10 Table 2.

Quantity of Imports of Fertilizers by Type: 2003‐2014..……………………..…….…………….………..……………..... 11‐12 Biodiversity ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………….…………13 The Bahamian Crawfish and The Bahamian Iguana…….………………………………………………………………………………………..14 Table 3.
Value of Fish Landings: 2001‐2014 …..…………….……………………………………………..…………………………………………15 Table 4.

Protected Land Area and Marine Area: 1959‐2014………….………………………….……………………………………………16 Table 5.

Protected Areas by Acreage, Type and Location: 1958‐2009………..…………………………………..………………………17 Population and Households………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………..……………18 Table 6.

Population Living in Coastal Area: 2000‐2030……………………………….….……….………………………………….………….19 Table 7.
Population by Island: 2000 and 2010…………..……………………………………………………………………………………………20 Table 8.

Private Dwellings by Type of Tenure: 2010……………..………………………………………………………………………………..21 Table 9.

Private Dwellings by Household Size & Number of Bedrooms: 2010..………………………………….…………………..22 Table 10.

Number & Distribution of Households by Type of Cooking Fuel 1990‐2010……………………………………….....23 Table 11.

Number of Households by Type of Lighting 1990‐2010…………………………………………………………………………..24 Table12.
Private Dwellings by Type & Use of Toilet Facilities & Main Source of Water Supply: 2010.……………………25 Table 13.

Water Distribution: 2000‐2010‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐26 Table 14.
The Gross Domestic Product and Gross National Product: 2010‐2014………………………………….………………..27 2 Carbon Dioxide and Carbon Emissions in The Bahamas……………………..………………………………………………………...28 Bahamas Electricity Corporation…………………………………………………………………………………………………………...…29 Table 15.

Energy Consumption by Type and Year: 2002‐2013 ……………………………………………………….………..…...……… 30 Table 16.
Imported Quantity and Value of Diesel & Bunker Oil & Gasoline: 2005‐2013………………………………………… 31 Environmental Resources; Related Diseases; National Disasters; Protected Forest: ……………….………………………… 32 Health……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………33 Table 17.

Number of Reported Cases & Incidences of Environmentally Related Diseases: 2000‐2013………………34‐35 National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA)………………………………………………………………………………………………36 Table 18.
Natural Disasters: 1992‐2007………………………………………………………….………………………………………………………37 The Pine Forest in The Bahamas:……..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..38 Table 19.

Forest Areas by Type & Total Land Area: 2000‐2009………………………………………………………………………………39 Tourism in The Bahamas……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….40 The Cruise Industry in The Bahamas……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..41 Table 20.

Tourism Statistics: 2001‐2014……………………………………………………………………………………………………………42‐43 Table 21.
Stopover Visitors Country by Origin: 2001‐2014 ……………………………..……..…........................................ 44‐45 Transportation in The Bahamas……………………………….……………………………………………………………………..…………………….46 Table 22.

Airline Passengers: 2008‐2015…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..47‐48 Table 23.
Transportation Road Traffic & Mail Boats: 2007‐2014…………………………………………………..…………..……........49 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The Department of Statistics would like to thank the many Governmental and Non- Governmental Organizations for their assistance in the preparation of this publication by providing the source data needed.
The following organizations were represented by the following persons: Mrs. Leona Wilson, Department of Statistics, Acting Director Ms. Georgina Delancy, Ministry of Tourism Mrs. Kim Saunders, Department of Statistics, Census of Housing & Population Section Ms. Camille Deleveaux, Ministry of Health, Public Health Services Mr. Jerome Elliott, Bahamas Electricity Corporation Mr. Gregory Bethel, Department of Fisheries Mr. Cyprian Gibson, Water & Sewerage Corporation Mr. Trevor Basden, Department of Meteorology Ms. Shanell Williams, Department of Statistics, External Trade Section Mr. Richard Hardy, Department of Lands & Survey Ms. Vanessa Benjamin, Bahamas National Trust Mrs. Tenniel Newton, Nassau Airport Development Company Ms. Pemnal Strachan, Port Department Mr. Anthony Christie, Bahamas Electricity Corporation 4 GLOSSARY … not available kWh kilowatt-hour 0 No.
km km2 % Pl F degrees number kilometer square kilometer percent Preliminary Fahrenheit (mT) Metric tonne ’ inches bbls barrels FAO Food and Agriculture Organization IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature HS Code GDP GNP Harmonized Code The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures productive activities taking place in the economy using concepts and definitions from the United Nations System of National Accounts, 1993.
Gross National Product(GNP) is the total value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a particular year, plus income earned by its citizens (including income of those located abroad), minus income of non-residents located in that country.
5 GEOGRAPHICAL COMPOSITION OF THE BAHAMAS Island Abaco Andros Eleuthera Grand Bahama New Providence Other Islands Total Land Area AREA (Square Miles) Major Towns Marsh Harbour Nicholl’s Town Governor’s Harbour Freeport Nassau 649 2,300 187 530 80 1,037 5,382 Latitude: 230‐300 Degrees North Longitude: 720‐790 Degrees West Highest Point: 206ft Cat Island, Como Hill/ Mount Alvernia CLIMATEa Seasons Mean Air Temperature (F) Dry: December‐ April Max: 89 (Summer) Rainy: May‐December Min: 75 (Winter) RAINFALLa 40’‐ 55’ average year precipitation a: Source: Department of Meteorology 6 ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS IN THE BAHAMAS 1.
Invasive Species terrestrial: Casuarinas, Melaleuca, Brazilian Pepper.

2.

Invasive Species Marine: Lionfish is uncharacteristic of the Atlantic Ocean and are negatively impacting the native species in The Bahamas.

3.

Feral Cats: Domestic cats are breeding in the Abaco National Park and are threatening the endangered Bahamas Parrot.

4.

Rats: Rodents are invading isolated cays and islands in the Central and Southern Bahamas.
They are threatening the nesting of seabirds and endangered species such as the Iguanas.

5.

Indiscriminate Filling and Dumping in Wetlands: Wetlands provide habitat for marine and avian wildlife.

They are also important areas for providing a place for water during heavy rains and floods.

6.

Land Planning: Land is becoming a scarce commodity in The Bahamas especially on the island of New Providence (Capital) that had a population density in 2010 of 3,079 persons per square mile.

7.
7.

Alternative Energy Sources: The Bahamas is very dependent on oil for the provision of energy and electricity, consideration is being given to finding alternative energy sources.

8.

Lack of Biodiversity Inventories for The Bahamas: Currently there is a lack of systematic documentation of the variety and stock of Flora and Fauna in the country.

These Flora and Fauna provide an important habitat for the birds and damaged coral reefs.
7 Pesticides used in The Bahamas Pesticides in The Bahamas (Eleuthera) Pesticides are substances meant for attracting, seducing, and then destroying, or mitigating any pest.

They are a class of biocide.

The most common use of pesticides is as plant protection products (also known as crop protection products), which in general protect plants from damaging influences such as weeds, plant diseases or insects.
The use of pesticides is so common that the term pesticide is often treated as synonymous with plant protection product, although it is in fact a broader term, as pesticides are also used for non-agricultural purposes.

Pesticides are used to control organisms that are considered to be harmful .For example, they are used to kill mosquitoes that can transmit potentially deadly diseases like West Nile virus, Yellow Fever, and Malaria.
They can also kill bees, wasps or ants that can cause allergic reactions in human beings when stung.

Insecticides can also protect animals from illnesses that can be caused by parasites such as fleas.

www.pesticides1.com/pesticide-suppliers/the-bahamas.html 8 Table 1: Quantity of Pesticides Imported by Type and Year: 2003-2014 Unit: mT Types of Pesticides HSCODE 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 1.

Insecticidesa 2.

Herbicidesb 3.


Fungicides, bactericides and seed Treatmentsc Plant growth regulatorse 38083090 34 30 54 65 39 27 (e) (e) (e) (e) (e) 5.

Rodenticidesd 6.
Others (including mineral oils) (e) 1 24 46 Total 832 Source: Department of Statistics External Trade Section 1,199 505 393 809 203 744 220 883 272 440 Note: According to FAO, the following should be included in the above: a: include chlorinated hydrocarbons, organo-phosphates, carbonates-insecticides, Pyrethroids, botanical products and biological, and others b: include phenoxy hormone products, triazines, amides, carbonates-herbicides, dinitroanilines, urea derivates, sulfonyl urea, bipiridils, uracil, and others c: include inorganic, dithiocarbamates, benzimidazoles, triazoles, diazoles, diazines, morpholines, and others d: include anti-coagulants and others e. From 2008 and beyond are included in herbicides 9 Fertilizers Fertilizer (or fertiliser) is any material of natural or synthetic origin (other than liming materials) that is applied to soils or to plant tissues (usually leaves) to supply one or more plant nutrients essential to the growth of plants.
Conservative estimates report 30 to 50% of crop yields are attributed to natural or synthetic commercial fertilizer.

www.fertilizers1.com/fertilizer-suppliers/the-bahamas.html 10 Table 2: Quantity of Imports of Fertilizers by Type: 2003-2014 Unit: mT Type` 1.

Nitrogenous Fertilizers 2.

Phosphate Fertilizers 3.

Potash Fertilizers HS Code 3102 3103 3104 4.


Animal Or Vegetable Fertilizers 3101 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 11.50 26.38 17.13 11.61 3.88 7.57 3.45 6.08 5.87 0.96 3.24 2.58 1.18 2.24 4.93 1.11 2.71 1.04 4.12 1.93 N/A 6.06 1.88 1.32 N/A 0.13 5.
Mineral or Chemical Fertilizers with two or three fertilizers elements Total 3105 0.09 0.14 4.48 4.41 21 Source: Department of Statistics External Trade Section 21.07 23.18 24.33 12.79 35.65 11 Table 2: (Continued): Quantity of Imports of Fertilizers by Type: 2003-2014 Types HS Code 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 1.

Nitrogenous Fertilizers 2.

Phosphate Fertilizers 3.

Potash Fertilizers 3102 17.13 10.87 3103 3104 3.87 2.39 4.

Animal Or Vegetable Fertilizers 3101 11.53 5.


Mineral or Chemical Fertilizers with two or three fertilizers elements Total Source: Department of Statistics External Trade Section 12 BIODIVERSITY  Biodiversity is the degree of variation of life forms on the land and sea of a country.
 This can refer to genetic variation, species variation or ecosystem variation within an area, biome or plant.

 Loss of biodiversity is already a reality in The Bahamas.

 Biodiversity is declining due to human activities such as deforestation, mining, agriculture and economic development.

13 THE BAHAMIAN CRAWFISH The Department of Marine Resources has established a crawfish season that opens on Monday, 1st August, 2014 and closes September 2015.
The measurement for whole crawfish is a carapace (jacket) length of 3 ¼ inches and when the tail is separated, a tail length of 5 ½ inches; those persons wishing to harvest crawfish are required to have a crawfish measuring gauge in their possession at all times; possession of dishwashing liquid, bleach or other noxious substance aboard any vessel while fishing is unlawful without first obtaining a permit authorizing such possession.
All vessels being 20 ft. or larger in length that are engaged in commercial fishing are required to be licensed by the Department of Marine Resources.

A permit is required for the use of the air compressor or crawfish traps to aid in fishing; only those vessels owned by Bahamian citizens that are resident within the country can legally engage in commercial fishing exercises.
THE BAHAMIAN IGUANA This species, like other species of Cyclura, is sexually dimorphic; males are larger than females, and have more prominent dorsal crests and "horns" in addition to more prominent femoral pores on their thighs, which are used to release pheromones.

Like all Cyclura species, the northern Bahamian rock iguana is primarily herbivorous, consuming leaves, flowers and fruits.

Hunting is the main factor threatening imminent extinction for this iguana.
It is the only Caribbean species of iguana which is still regularly hunted for food for human consumption.

Feral pigs pose a threat to the iguanas, as they dig up eggs from iguana nests within termite mounds.

Feral and domestic dogs prey upon juvenile and adult iguanas as well.
Biodiversityinthe bahamas.com 14 Table 3: Value of Fish Landings: 2001-2014 B$ Indicator Crawfish Scale Fish Grouper Snappers Conch Other Fish Products Total Indicator Crawfish Scale Fish Grouper Snappers Conch Other Fish Products Total $69,329,972 $104,164,742 $93,677,431 $84,704,204 $80,705,665 $91,554,256 $ $72,382,728 $52,424,189 $80,043,594 $77,844,701 $84,539,811 $58,281,115 $63,730,174 Source: Department of Fisheries 15 Table 4: Protected Land Area and Marine Area: 1959-2014 Timeframe unit 1959-1999 2000-2003 2004-2007 2008-2014 Total Land Area Total land Protected Total Marine Area Total marine protected km2 km2 13,957 13,957 13,957 13,957 230,000 230,000 230,000 230,000 Total protected area Source: Bahamas National Trust 243,957 243,957 243,957 km2 243,957 Notes: A protected area adopted by the IUCN is defined as: An area of land and/or sea especially dedicated to the protection and maintenance of biological diversity, and of natural and associated cultural resources, and managed through legal or other effective means.Total Territorial Area of the country includes terrestrial/surface area plus territorial
 waters (up to 12 nautical miles) 16 Table 5: Protected Areas by Acreage, Type and Location: 1958-2009 PROTECTED AREA ACRES LAND MARINE Exuma Cays Land & Sea Park Conception Island National Park Inagua National Park Union Creek Reserve Peterson Cay National Park Pelican Cays Land And Sea Park Lucayan National Park The Retreat Black Sound Cay National Park Tilloo Cay Reserve Rand Nature Center Abaco National Park Walker's Cay National Park Blue Holes National Park Crab Replenishment Reserve Northern Marine Park Southern Marine Park Westside National Park Marine Farm Hope Great House Moriah Harbour Cay National Park Little Inagua National Park Primeval Forest National Park Bonefish Pond National Park Harrold & Wilson Ponds National Park Fowl Cays National Park Source: Bahamas National Trust YEAR OF DESIGNATION Population & Households The population of The Bahamas was 351,461 according to the 2010 Census of Housing and Population.
Almost sixty percentage of the population lives on New Providence, the capital of The Bahamas.

Eighty-five per cent of the population is of African Heritage.

There are 126,493 households in The Bahamas according to the 2010 Census of Population and Housing.

The Commonwealth of The Bahamas is an archipelago consisting of 29 islands, 661 cays, and 2,387 islets with its population scattered over these many islands.

The Bahamas economy has been relatively stable over the past few years.
The Population experiences a good standard of living.

The per capita GDP is one of the highest in the region.

Population Of The Bahamas www.solashattiesburg.com 18 Table 6: Population Living in Coastal Area: 2000-2030 Indicator CENSUS PROJECTED CENSUS PROJECTED POPULATION 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 1.
Population living in coastal areas 303,611 325,200 351,461 368,100 389,200 408,500 426,300 Source: Department of Statistics, Census of Population & Housing Note: The coastal area is defined as living within 4,404 miles of the coast.

Therefore, the entire population of The Bahamas is considered to be living in a coastal area as the country is an Archipelago of 30 major islands, the largest of which is only 2,300 sq miles.
19 Table 7: Population by Island: 2000 & 2010 ISLAND ALL BAHAMAS NEW PROVIDENCE GRAND BAHAMA ABACO ACKLINS ANDROS BERRY ISLAND BIMINI CAT ISLAND CROOKED ISLAND ELEUTHERA EXUMA & CAYS HARBOUR ISLAND INAGUA LONG ISLAND MAYAGUANA RAGGED ISLAND SAN SALVADOR RUM CAY GROWTH BETWEEN 2000-2010 47,850 35,497 4,374 4,054 -65 -196 98 271 -125 0 203 3,357 123 -56 102 18 0 -30 19 SPANISH WELLS Source: Department of Statistics, Census of Population & Housing 1,551 1,527 24 20 Table 8: Private Dwellings by Type of Tenure: 2010 TYPE OF TENURE ISLAND TOTAL OWN (FULLY) OWN ( MORTGAGE) RENT RENT FREE LEASE OTHER NEW PROVIDENCE GRAND BAHAMA ABACO ACKLINS ANDROS BERRY ISLANDS BIMINI CAT ISLAND CROOKED ISLAND ELEUTHERA EXUMA AND CAYS HARBOUR ISLAND INAGUA LONG ISLAND MAYAGUANA RAGGED ISLAND SAN SALVADOR AND RUM CAY SPANISH WELLS ALL BAHAMAS TOTAL 102,758 37,109 23,434 35,844 5,665 444 262 Source: Department of Statistics, Census of Population & Housing 21 Table 9: Private Dwellings by Household Size & Number of Bedrooms: 2010 HOUSEHOLD SIZE TOTAL OR MORE NOT STATED 18,220 19,772 21,667 19,504 10,452 5,702 3,305 1,800 1,002 603 307 424 0 0 2,793 1,015 693 322 131 86 58 24 22 9 7 1 0 NUMBER OF BEDROOMS 217
10+ 5 1 5 6 2 1 2 1 4 1 1 2 0 3 2 5 2 2 0 3 0 3 2 1 3 0 TOTAL 102,758 5,161 13,591 34,666 34,849 10,680 2,794 695 195 70 31 26 Source: Department of Statistics, Census of Population & Housing 22 Table 10: Number & Distribution of Households by Type of Cooking Fuel: 1990-2010 TYPE OF COOKING FUEL 1.
Coal 2.

Wood 3.

Oil 4.

Gas 1990 2000 2010 No 174 742 2,849 % 0.3 1.2 4.6 No 293 388 898 % 0.3 0.4 1.0 No 68 239 217 % 0.1 0.2 0.2 45,057 72.8 65,126 74.2 80,046 77.9 5.

Electricity 11,609 18.8 19,563 22.3 20,892 20.3 7.

Other 8.

Not Stated 1,241 234 2.0 0.4 1,373 101 1.6 0.1 1,355 0 1.3 0 Total 61,906 100 87,742 100 102,817 100 Source: Department of Statistics, Census of Population & Housing Table 11: Number of Households by Type of Lighting: 1990 – 2010 23 1990 2000 2010 TYPE OF LIGHTING No 1.
Oil 2.

Gas 4,864 181 % 7.9 0.3 No 2,075 837 % 2.4 1.0 No 833 64 % 0.8 0.1 3.

Electricity 56,267 90.9 84,115 95.8 99,108 96.4 4.

Solar Power 5.

Generator(Gas) 6.

Other 7.

Not Stated Total .

.

.

.

.

.

423 171 .

.

.

.

.

.

0.7 0.3 .

.

.

.

.

.

643 72 .

.

.

.

.

.
0.7 0.1 64 2,067 681 0 0.1 2.0 0.7 0.0 61,906 100% 87,742 100% 102,817 100% Source: Department of Statistics, Census of Population & Housing 24 Table 12: Private Dwellings by Type and Use of Toilet Facilities & Main Source of Water Supply : 2010 TYPE AND USE OF TOILET FACILITIES TOTAL SHARED NOT SHARED NOT STATED NONE/NOT APPLICABLE SEWERAGE SHARED NOT SHARED NOT STATED SEPTIC SHARED NOT SHARED NOT STATED PIT LATRINE SHARED NOT SHARED NOT STATED OTHER SHARED NOT SHARED NOT STATED NONE MAIN SOURCE OF WATER SUPPLY INTO DWELLING PUBLIC PIPED INTO DWELLING PUBLIC PIPED INTO YARD TOTAL PRIVATE PIPED INTO DWELLING PRIVATE NOT PIPED PUBLIC STAND PIPE PUBLIC WELL OR TANK RAIN WATER SYSTEM OTHER NOT APPLICABLE Source: Department of Statistics, Census of Population & Housing 104 209 10 10 36 14 8 8 25 Table 13: Water Distribution: 2000-2010 CUSTOMER CLASS RESIDENTIAL NON - RESIDENTIAL GOVERNMENT TOTAL 1,444,716 1,424,309 1,492,374 1,560,121 1,625,804 1,726,871 1,883,370 1,730,718 1,954,819 1,867,953 2,011,117 Source: Water and Sewerage Corporation.
26 Table 14: GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT AND GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT: 2010 - 2014 2012R 2011R 2010F Line Item 2013PV 2014PL 1 National Income ($B Millions) 1.1 1.1 At Current Prices 1.2 1.2 At 2006 Prices 2 Per Capita National Income (B$) 2.1 2.1 At Current Prices 2.2 2.2 At 2006 Prices 3 Percentage Change in National income 3.1 3.1 At Current Prices 3.2 3.2 At 2006 Prices 4 Gross Domestic Product at Market Prices (B$ Millions) 4.1 4.1 At Current Prices 4.2 4.2 At 2006 Prices 5 Per Capita Gross Domestic Product (B$) 5.1 5.1 At Current Prices 5.2 5.2 At 2006 Prices 6 Percentage Change in Gross Domestic Product 6.1 6.1 At Current Prices 6.2 6.2 At 2006 Prices 7 Gross National Product (B$ Millions) 7.1 7.1 At Current Prices 8 Per Capita Gross National Product (B$) 8.1 8.1 At Current Prices 8.2 8.2 At 2006 Prices 9 Percentage Change in Gross National Product 6,152 6,009 17,733 17,323 1.4% 3.1% 7,910 7,680 22,801 22,139 1.1% 1.5% 6,031 6,000 17,177 17,088 ‐2.0% ‐0.2% 7,890 7,727 22,472 22,008 ‐ ‐2.3% 0.2% 8,510 7,981 23,380 21,925 0.9% 1.0% 7,702 7,702 8,017 8,138 8,135 22,203 21,617 21,936 21,595 22,571 21,756 22,645 21,328 22,348 21,101 9.1 9.1 At Current Prices 9.2 9.2 At 2006 Prices 0.0% 0.2% Source: Department of Statistics, National Accounts Section 1.5% ‐0.8% 0.0% 1.1% 4.1% 1.9% 0.3% 0.8% F: Final R: Revised P: Provisional PL: Preliminary 27 CARBON DIOXIDE During the last 150 years, the amount of carbon dioxide released in the air has been rising extensively.
It has surpassed the levels sequestered in biomass, the ocean, and other.

As a result of the increased level of carbon released into the air, a major, global environmental problem now exists; the earth’s climate is changing due to rising temperatures.

The rising temperatures has resulted in global warming which it is predicted, will result is rising sea levels.

This would become a major problem for low lying islands like The Bahamas where the highest point is only 206 feet above sea level.
CARBON EMISSIONS IN THE BAHAMAS The Bahamas is an island nation that relies on automobiles as a primary mode of transportation.

In the past ten years, the number of registered vehicles has proliferated.

Registered motor vehicles increased from 87,313 in 1999 to 124,504 in 2008 for New Providence alone.

As the number of vehicles increases so will the level of carbon emissions.
New Providence Island is 7 miles by 21 miles and traffic congestion remains a problem as more and more vehicles are added to the existing stock on an annual basis.

The data for carbon emissions is collected on average every four years by the Bahamas National Climate Change Committee.

There are two main sources of greenhouse gas emissions in The Bahamas these are electricity generation and the Transportation sector.

The Bahamas does not currently produce oil, all fossil fuels are imported.
The main type of fossil fuel consumed by the power companies are Bunker C oil and diesel oil.

Source: http//www.lenntech.com/carbon-dioxide.htm 28 BAHAMAS ELECTRICITY CORPORATION (BEC) Bahamas Electricity Corporation (BEC) has expanded its operations throughout The Bahamas over the years, supplying power in San Salvador, North Andros, North Bimini and Great Exuma in 1973.The following year, operations were further extended to include Central Andros and Cooper's Town (Abaco) and in 1975 Great Harbour Cay.
In the decade of the 1990's (BEC), embarked on a second Family Island thrust, costing $50 million, designed to electrify rural areas and to expand the electrical infrastructure on other islands in response to economic growth.

Ragged Island, Black Point in the Exuma Cays, Mayaguana, and Southern Long Island were electrified for the first time.
Between 1994 and 1996 additional generators were installed at the power station at San Salvador, (Marsh Harbour) Abaco, Bimini, and (Rock Sound and Hatchet Bay) Eleuthera.

In addition, improvements were made to the infrastructure in all island service areas.
Accomplishments since 2000 include construction of a new 8.8 MW Power Station in Exuma, upgrading of generation and transmission plants in Abaco, including the commencement of replacement of old submarine cables connecting the Cays, installation of a new circuit to supply the new development in Winding Bay, new generators and distribution circuits at Emerald Bay in Exuma, replacement of diesel engine generators at Harbour Island and Hatchet Bay, Eleuthera, and plant upgrade in Bimini and Harbour Island Source: www.bahamaselectricity.com 29 Table 15: Energy Consumption by Type and Year (a): 2002-2013 Consumption by Fuel Type 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Diesel (000’s bbls) 1,899 2,053 1,622 1,511 1,715 1,598 1,797 1,648 2,175 2,253 1,696 1,857 Oil (000’s bbls)a 1,698 746 1,015 1,156 1,069 1,200 1,141 1,081 872 742 960 795 Total (000’s bbls) 3,597 2,799 2,637 2,667 2,784 2,798 2,938 2,729 3,047 2,995 2,656 2,652 Generation (GWH) 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 (Billions) 2013 New Providence 1,029 1,063 1,093 1,152 1,141 1,180 1,272 1,395 1,198 1,398 1,386 1,369 Family Island 164 193 211 217 241 234 263 278 238 310 297 295 Total 1,193 1,256 1,304 1,369 1,382 1,414 1,535 1,673 1,436 1,708 1,683 1,664 BAHAMAS ELECTRICITY CORPORATION 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 NP & FI Customers 106,706 Source: Bahamas Electricity Corporation 100,996 111,282 112,876 94,292 76,380 80,544 98,454 92,917 81,789 86,678 84,739 88,980 107,765 Note: a.
Energy consumed by the Bahamas Electricity Corporation The primary authority of energy in the Commonwealth of The Bahamas is the Bahamas Electricity Corporation however, there are also some smaller private providers.
a: NP= New Providence and FI = Family Islands 30 Table 16: Imported Quantity and Value of Diesel & Bunker Oil & Gasoline 2005-2013 HSCODE Oil 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 27101910 Other Diesel Oil Quantity Value 3,495,183 198,758,167 11,117,427 252,974,383 4,161,869 246,405,887 1,530,719 200,352,340 2,661,056 255,336,199 27101930(a) Other Bunker Oil Quantity 4,068,019 1,162,849 1,324,763 790,810 100,959 27101140 Motor gasoline(Unleaded) Quantity 3,299,501 2,796,128 2,108,419 2,022,838 1,307,333 Value 46,908,196 57,935,299 76,898,899 50,083,177 11,971,587 27101940(a) Other Fuel Oils Quantity 757,995 533,431 20,546 Value 36,759,674 19,242,676 1,148,917 2,926 87,771 558,676 43,058,064 Value 123,154,440 150,381,508 168,939,776 116,431,129 144,054,154 HSCODE 27101910 Oil Other Diesel Oil 27101930(a) Other Bunker oil Quantity Value Quantity Value 2010 4,132,255 332,956,595 148 16,093 2011 2,977,399 387,798,638 110 9,564 2012 3,119,047 375,839,792 207 21,866 2013 4,459,791 158,319,483 115 13,376 Motor gasoline(Unleaded) Quantity 27101140/240 739,087 95,368,766 999,582 124,135,673 Source: Department of Statistics External Trade Section 1,701,216 221,657,183 1,251,441 176,719,469 1,662,498 226,324,256 735,559 80,368,533 1,753,832 172,513,842 529,184 58,909,064 Value Quantity Value Other Fuel Oils 27101940(a) Note: (a) Other Bunker oil after discussion with Bahamas Electricity Corporation item was changed in 2009 from 27101930 to 27101940 in 2010 31 Environmental Resources; Related Diseases; Natural Disasters; Protected Forest: The Bahamas Natural Resources include: Fresh water, Mangroves, Fisheries and Aquaculture, and other coastal and marine resources.
Number of Reported Cases of Environmental Related Diseases The Department of Environment Health Services which falls under the Ministry of Health is the primary authority of all environmental health matters in the Commonwealth of The Bahamas.

The data in Table 17 provides information on the number of reported cases and the incidence of environmentally related diseases.
National Disasters National Disasters are a natural event which overwhelms local capacity, necessitating a request for national or international assistance, or is recognized as such by a multilateral agency, or by at least two sources, such as national, regional or international assistance groups and the media.

There are two types: sudden-impact disasters e.g.

earthquakes; or those that develop gradually, e.g.

drought.
drought.

Sudden-Impact disasters include onset date; while Gradually Developing disasters include the date of the first call for national or international assistance.

The Bahamas is most prone to Hurricanes.

The Department of Meteorology records information on all hurricanes whose centers either passed near or through The Bahamas.

This information dates back to the 1850’s and is archived and updated by the Climatology Section of the Department.
The detailed reports include the tracking of the hurricanes, the wind speeds, damages, the estimated costs, and the number of fatalities.

The dates provided in Table 18 indicate when the effects of the hurricanes were first felt in any part of the archipelago and list hurricanes that directly affected The Bahamas during1992 to 2007.

Protected Forest The amount of forest area kept and governed by The Bahamas Government is illustrated in Table 19.
There are three distinct types of forest namely; protected forest, conservation forest and forest reserves.

This table also shows the various types of forest as a percentage of total forest area and the amount of forest area as a percentage of total land.

Historically, substantial plots of land were cleared for large scale commercial hotels, luxury houses, apartments, condominiums, and golf courses.
Additionally, substantial amounts of forest land had been devoted to farming which included crops such as cotton, pineapple, tomatoes, sugarcane, sisal and citrus.

32 HEALTH Healthcare Facilities and Medical Care Persons visiting or living in The Bahamas enjoy equal access to medical care in The Bahamas.

Both the public and the private medical sector offer a large variety of facilities and services.
There are three public hospitals in The Bahamas, two of which are located in New Providence (NP) and the third in Grand Bahama (GB), Community clinics and satellite clinics also provide medical care to people living on the Family Islands, NP and GB as well.

There are two smaller private hospitals in The Bahamas: the Doctor’s Hospital and Lyford Cay and numerous private healthcare centers which also provide emergency care, general services, and specialized care to patients with heart diseases.
The Bahamas does not currently have a national health insurance scheme The National Insurance Board offers some medical benefits for illnesses and job related injuries.

All visitors should have private health insurance which covers all of your basic needs throughout your stay, if public health is not a preferred option.

Source: www.internations.org/.../healthcare‐in‐the‐bahamas‐2 33 Table 17: Number of Reported Cases and Incidences of Environmentally Related Diseases: 2000-2013 Cause 1.
Gastroenteritis Sex 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 < 5 Years 946 745 >=5 Years 1598 1776 1318 3586 950 1279 825 1418 1401 1612 1840 2809 2517 2415 3177 3857 3440 4171 1811 4064 1452 1187 3209 2785 .

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Total 2544 2521 4904 3759 3796 3240 4595 5258 5052 6011 5875 4661 3972 2897 2.

Typhoid 3.

Malaria 4.

Dengue 5.

Cholera 6.

Accidental Pesticide (Toxic Effect) 7.


Poisoning Female Male Total Female Male Imported Indigenous Introduced Total Female Male Total Female Male Total Female Male Total Female Male Total .

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Table 17 (Continued): Number of Reported Cases and Incidences of Environmentally Related Diseases: 2000-2013 Sex 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Cause 8.

Respiratory diseases i.

Acute bronchitis ii.

Chronic sinusitis iii.

Other (Asthma) 9.

Foodbourne Illnesses Female Male Total Female Male Total Female Male Total Female Male Total 10.

Leptospirosis Female Male Total 11.


Salmonellosis Female 12.

Shigellosis 13.

Amoebiasis TOTAL CASES Male Total Female Male Total Total Total 0 0 0 7 13 20 151 163 314 .

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3971 3921 6621 5615 5025 4209 5326 6225 5824 6556 6379 5515 4659 3773 Note: These numbers are reported from the sentinel site at the Accident and Emergency Department, Princess Margaret Hospital … Not available 35 NATIONAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY (NEMA) Conducts Emergency Training in Acklins NEMA is the National Emergency Management Agency which was formed in 2006 to assist with disaster preparedness in The Bahamas.
The organization conducts training around the family of Islands as part of its development initiative.

The photo depicts training conducted by Force Chief Luke Bethel, Operations/Training Officer at NEMA.

He focused on shelter management, initial damage assessments and Emergency Operations Centre management.
Participants comprised Local Government, the Department of Fisheries, the Royal Bahamas Police Force, the Department of Environmental Health, the Ministry of Education, Bahamas Electricity Corporation and private entities.

This group of individuals also makes up the Disaster Consultative Committee for the island.

They were also given a template on Tsunami protocol and an action plan for the island of Acklins, which sustained extensive damage during the passage of Hurricane Irene in 2011.
Source: www.bahamasnational.com 36 Table 18: Natural Disasters: 1992-2007 Item 1992 1995 1996 1999 2001 2004 2005 2007 Type of Disaster Hurricane Hurricane Hurricane Hurricane Hurricane Hurricane Hurricane Tropical Storm Tropical Storm Tropical Storm Tropical Storm Date Started 17-Aug 31-Jul 18-Oct 13-Sep 4-Nov 1-Sep 25-Sep 21-Jul 24-Aug 19-Sep 30-Oct Total Number of Casualties1 Total Number of Injured 4 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 Total Number of Missing .

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Total Number of Homeless 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total Population Affected 192,596 60,203 16,443 303,611 227,567 283,278 60,164 13,170 68,163 2,992 6,563 Damage (B$ million)2 .

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150 50 .

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10 Source: Department of Meteorology Notes: 1.

Covers all casualties, as well as others whose basic requirements for food, shelter, sanitation and medical, etc.
were adversely affected.

2.

Estimated value of all damages and economic losses directly related to the occurrence of the given disaster.

The economic impact can be direct (e.g.

damage to infrastructure, crops, housing) or indirect (e.g.

loss of revenues, unemployment, market destabilization).
37 THE PINE FOREST IN THE BAHAMAS The pine forests of The Bahamas were logged during the first 60 or so years of the 20th century, their ultimate survival has been in jeopardy due to conflicts with agricultural and commercial development.

A new Forestry Act was passed in 2014 to address the control of The Bahamas forest.

This landmark legislation created a small Forestry Unit within the Ministry of the Environment that is charged with managing this important natural resource.
A sawmill is currently operating on the island of Abaco for the first time in many years.

The Forestry Unit has signed an agreement on July 11th 2011 with a local company called Lindar Industries for the harvesting of pine trees on Abaco to make finished lumber, initially for the local market.
The Bahamas has a number of shanty towns that have made their home in the pine forest, unfortunately they use the pine to create coal for personal consumption and sales, Therefore, The Bahamas Pine is currently being utilized in disregard to the Forestry Act.

Source: thebahamianphotographer.com/.../pine‐forest‐of‐the‐bahama 38 Table 19: Forest Areas by Type & Total Land Area: 2000-2009 TYPE OF FOREST AREAS 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 1.
Protected Forest Area 259 259 259 259 259 259 259 259 259 259 2.

Conservation Forest Area 1,941 1,941 1,941 1,941 1,941 1,941 1,941 1,941 1,941 1,941 3.

Forest Reserves 1,304 1,304 1,304 1,304 1,304 1,304 1,304 1,304 1,304 1,304 4.

Total Land Area 13,957 13,957 13,957 13,957 13,957 13,957 13,957 13,957 13,957 13,957 5.

Protected Forest Area as a % of Total Forest Area 6.
Protected Forest Area as a % of Total Land Area Notes: 8% 8% 8% 8% 8% 8% 8% 8% 8% 8% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% Source: Department of Land & Survey Forests: Proposed figures are subject to gazetting under the Forestry Act 2010 by The Bahamas Government.

The areas covered in this table include pines, broadleaf coppice, mangroves, and wetlands from four major Pine Islands in The Bahamas.
Total Land Area: Total land area excluding area under inland or tidal water bodies 39 Tourism in The Bahamas The tourism industry, according to a 2004 Tourism Satellite Account Study, employs about 50 percent of the Bahamian workforce and accounts for approximately half of the country’s Gross Domestic Product, based on a direct, indirect and induced measurement.
The Tourism arrivals are mainly Stopovers that average 6.9 nights stay in 2015, and Cruise Visitors that typically arrive for several hours stay on a daily basis.

The Bahamas welcomed the new millennium with a travel and tourism renaissance.

A change in government in 1992, an adjustment in marketing strategy and a $2.0 billion investment in the island’s infrastructure has helped re-invent the destination for leisure and business travelers.
Photo: The Ministry of Tourism Swimming Pigs on the Island of Major Cay, Exuma Data Source: www.tourismtoday .com: Source: thebahamasguide.com/facts/tourism 40 THE CRUISE INDUSTRY IN THE BAHAMAS Disney Cruise Ships in The Bahamas Facilities catering to large passenger cruise ships are located on Grand Bahama Island and New Providence.

The Lucayan Harbour Cruise Facility in Freeport and Nassau harbour's Prince George Wharf are built specifically to handle multiple modern cruise ships at one time.
Additionally, several major cruise line corporations have purchased an uninhabited island which they now operate as private island destinations available exclusively to their respective ships.

These include Great Stirrup Cay, owned by Norwegian Cruise Line, Little Stirrup Cay otherwise known as Royal Caribbean International's "Coco Cay", Carnival Corporation's Little San Salvador Island or "Half Moon Cay", and Castaway Cay owned by Disney Cruise Line.
Castaway Cay alone offers ships an actual pier for docking.

The others use tender boats to service ships anchored off shore.

Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_the_Bahamas 41 Table 20: Tourism Statistics: 2001-2014 Indicator 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 1.

Stopover visitors 6 2.

Same-day visitor or excursionist 3.

Cruise passengers 4 4.

Cruise ship arrivals 5.

Num.


of tourist nights spent Average Length of Stay (days) 5.8 5.8 5.9 6.3 6.4 6.4 6.6 7.

Augmented Tourist Density Ratio 1 (Average daily visitor density per Km2) 8.
Tourist Penetration Ratio 2 (Average daily visitor density per population) 9.

Tourist Intensity Ratio 3 (Number of visitors to the resident population) Total number of visitors 1.76 1.71 1.76 1.95 2.02 2.02 1.98 78.77 75.19 76.15 82.85 84.87 83.44 80.47 13.4 13.9 14.3 15.3 14.4 14.0 13.4 4,177,694 4,408,887 4,596,018 5,006,035 4,781,258 4,732,485 4,597,819 42 Table 20 (Continued): Tourism Statistics: 2001-2014 Indicator 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 1.
Stopover visitors 6 1,463,006 1,327,007 1,370,174 1,346,372 1,421,753 1,364,200 1,421,799 2.

Same-day visitor or excursionist 69,184 62,328 68,140 79,947 84,256 77,348 93,688 3.

Cruise passengers 4 2,861,140 3,255,780 3,809,807 4,161,269 4,434,161 4,709,236 4,804,701 4.

Cruise ship arrivals 1,546 1,643 1,811 1,841 1,944 2,119 2,357 5.

Num.

of tourist nights spent 9,678,609 9,039,234 9,128,113 9,123,171 9,628,795 9,335,695 … 6.

Average Length of Stay (days) 6.6 6.8 6.7 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.7 7.
Augmented Tourist Density Ratio 1 (Average daily visitor density per Km2) 8.

Tourist Penetration Ratio 2 (Average daily visitor density per population) 9.

Tourist Intensity Ratio 3 (Number of visitors to the resident population) 1.90 1.78 1.79 1.79 1.89 1.83 1.87 77.38 71.39 71.15 70.40 73.56 70.55 71.32 12.8 13.4 14.9 15.7 16.6 17.0 17.3 Total number of visitors Source: Ministry of Tourism 4,646,758 5,249,932 5,589,429 5,942,114 6,152,903 6,322,545 4,394,876 Notes: 1.
Tourist Density Ratio = (the Average Length of Stay multiplied by Number of Stop-Over visitors) divided by (Country Area in square kilometers multiplied by 365days).

2.

Tourist Penetration Ratio = (the Average Length of Stay multiplied by Number of Stop-Over Visitors) divided by (per 1,000 population multiplied by 365days).

3.

Tourist Intensity Ratio = (Total number of Visitors divided by population of the Country).

4.
4.

Cruise Arrivals in 2003-2007 include first & second port of entry, 2008-2009 include first, second & third port of entry.

5.

PI – Preliminary 6.
2013 & 2014 are preliminary 43 Table 21: Stopover Visitors by Country of Origin: 2001-2014 Country of Origin 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 USA 1,308,163 1,310,140 1,305,335 1,360,912 1,380,083 1,365,123 1,263,680 CANADA 79,715 68,592 63,148 68,462 75,643 84,639 100,340 EUROPE 94,047 79,564 93,170 83,590 85,277 82,209 87,170 CARIBBEAN 13,987 16,354 14,632 16,015 17,698 19,140 22,526 LATIN AMERICA 15,709 11,366 9,462 9,980 11,497 16,275 17,450 OTHER TOTAL 26,159 27,135 24,422 22,353 37,955 33,495 36,562 1,537,780 1,513,151 1,510,169 1,561,312 44 1,608,153 1,600,881 1,527,728 Source: Ministry of Tourism Table 21 (Continued): Stopover Visitors by Country of Origin: 2001-2014 Country of Origin 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 USA 1,177,271 1,068,726 1,097,184 1,058,682 1,121,597 1,066,064 1,102,449 CANADA 114,960 107,041 119,321 124,166 131,064 123,720 144,087 EUROPE 93,803 78,817 78,083 78,201 78,641 80,568 82,711 CARIBBEAN 22,528 18,856 18,518 17,979 17,228 18,603 16,512 LATIN AMERICA 16,257 18,684 20,714 29,705 32,972 32,351 31,401 OTHER TOTAL 38,187 34,883 36,354 37,639 40,251 42,894 44,639 1,463,006 1,327,007 1,370,174 1,346,372 1,421,753 1,364,200 1,421,799 Source: Ministry of Tourism 45 Transportation in The Bahamas BahamasAir The main airports on the islands are Lynden Pindling International Airport on New Providence, Grand Bahama International Airport on Grand Bahama Island, and Marsh Harbour International Airport on Abaco Island.
Out of 62 airports in all, 23 have paved runways, of which there are two that are over 3,047 meters long.

Majestic Tours Buses There is approximately 2,718 kilometers (1,689 mi) of roads in The Bahamas that are classified as highways.

Of these, approximately 1,560 kilometers (970 mi) are paved.

As a former British colony, drivers still drive on the left.
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_the_Bahamas 46 Table 22: Airline Passengers: 2008-2015 2008 Domestic Other International USA Total 2009 Domestic Other International USA Total 2010 Domestic Other International USA Total 2011 Domestic Other International USA Total January 16,807 February 16,723 March 19,363 April May June July 15,617 13,567 11,935 13,480 August 16,103 September October November December TOTAL January February March April May June July August September October November December TOTAL January February March April May June July August September October November December TOTAL January February March April May June July August September October November December TOTAL 15,964 15,865 19,062 17,844 11,981 12,469 13,857 13,468 9,637 10,988 15,606 16,439 173,180 71,945 69,068 100,176 101,042 85,650 96,193 123,233 107,771 112,774 110,494 149,208 152,649 126,432 140,306
Table 22 (Continued): Airline Passengers: 2008-2015 2012 Domestic other International US Total January 18,770 February 17,897 March April May June July 19,233 18,944 14,033 12,258 15,877 August 16,180 September October November December TOTAL January February March April May June July August September October November December TOTAL Domestic other International US Total January February March April May June July August September October November December TOTAL Domestic other International US Total 2015 Domestic Other International US Total January 28,826 February 27,687 159,987 286,303 TOTAL TO DATE 56,513 19,544 82,452 130,822 17,374 76,770
 121,831 36,918 159,222 252,653 Source: Nassau Airport Development Company 48 Table 23: TRANSPORTATION ROAD TRAFFIC & MAIL BOATS: 2007-2014 MODE OF TRANSPORTATION 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 LAND: Kind of Motor Vehicles Passengers Car 83,500 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A SEA: Mail Boats 20 Source: Road Traffic & Port Department 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 The quayside is chaotic with pallets of food and household goods being hauled into the mail boats.
Mail boats are the life support system of The Bahamas, an archipelago of 700 scattered islands in the Atlantic.

The longest voyage runs from Potter’s Cay to Inagua, some 37 to 42 hours at sea,” Lady D’ makes that journey,” says assistant dock master Craig Curtis at Potter’s Cay.

“She’s supposed to leave Tuesdays, but that can stretch to the weekend.” There are currently 20 mail boats in The Bahamas.

Source: www.cnn.com/2014/05/07/travel/bahamas‐mail‐boats/index.html 49