Source document: https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1698060459056.pdf (Pakistan)
PREFACE Anthropogenic emissions of Green House Gases (GHG) have increased since the industrial era, resulting in global warming and large-scale changes in weather patterns, collectively known as "Climate Change."

Globally, scientific evidence suggests that Climate Change is responsible for changes in precipitation, increased occurrence of droughts and heat waves, increased intensity and frequency of hurricanes, sea level rise, melting glaciers and arctic ice.
These effects can also be seen in Pakistan, where historical data shows that the country experienced 152 climate-related disasters between 1999 and 2018, ranking it as the fifth most vulnerable country to the effects of Climate Change in 2020.
Pakistan is facing threats because of recession of Hindu Kush-Karakoram-Himalayan (HKH) glaciers threatening water inflows into Indus River System, increased temperature and sea-level rise causing increase in frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, coupled with erratic monsoon rains resulting in frequent and intense floods, droughts resulting in enhanced heat and water- stressed conditions, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions, impacting agriculture productivity negatively, decrease in the already scanty forest cover from rapid change in climatic conditions, increased intrusion of saline water in the Indus delta, adversely affecting coastal agriculture, mangroves and breeding grounds of fish and increased health risks due to climate-induced factors.
Pakistan was one of the first South Asian countries to establish a Ministry of Climate Change and to adopt a National Climate Change Policy in 2012 to address climate-related issues.

Recognizing the risks and vulnerabilities, the UN General Assembly established the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in 2015 to achieve a brighter and more sustainable future for all.
Pakistan was the first country to accept the SDGs-2030 agenda, through a unanimous resolution of the Pakistani Parliament and it produced Vision 2025, aligned with the SDGs.

In addition, to address Climate Change concerns, a legally binding international treaty was signed at the Conference of Parties (COP21) in Paris, known as the Paris Agreement 2015.

The treaty's goal is to keep global warming well below 2°C, preferably 1.5°C, compared to pre-industrial levels.
Pakistan became a signatory to the Paris Agreement in 2016 and submitted its first Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) with the goal of reducing emissions by 20% and taking actions to adapt to changing climate by 2030.

These pledges were made in accordance with the country's National Climate Change Policy 2021 and Vision 2025.

The on-ground action dictated by these policy frameworks and commitments resulted in Pakistan emerging as one of the countries to achieve SDG-13 “Climate Action” by 2020.
This is the first time, Pakistan has achieved any SDG goal.

Pakistan's SDG index score increased from 54.9 in 2018 to 56.2 in 2020, according to the SDG report 2020.

Furthermore, Pakistan's ranking dropped from fifth most vulnerable to eighth in the 2021 as per report of German- watch Climate risk index.

To maintain this momentum, the Ministry of Climate Change is committed to assisting provinces in incorporating these policies and commitments into their mandates.
As a result, the action plan provides a comprehensive framework to assist the province in maximizing its efforts on adaptation and mitigation actions in agriculture, water resources, forestry, wildlife and fisheries, health, energy, transportation, industry, waste and urban planning.

MESSAGE Climate Change poses a greater security threat to Pakistan because it has the potential to affect temperatures, environment, economy, and the country's future policies.
There is mounting evidence that the effects of climate change on the systems that sustain people and other species are occurring sooner than expected.

The Govt.

of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has formulated the first Provincial Climate Change Policy in 2017, realizing that the economy of the province is in grave danger as a result of climate change impacts and is vulnerable due to its geographical spread.

The government is very committed to implement the policy in letter and spirit.
Due to merger of newly merged districts into the province, revision of National Climate Change Policy 2021 and to fulfill the commitments of updated Nationally Determined Contributions 2021, the Govt.

of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa felt it imperative to update the previous Climate Change Policy into KP Climate Change Policy 2022.

The revised policy aims to outline the provincial government commitments to combat climate change scenarios through mitigation and adaptation measures.
The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Policy provides a roadmap through a comprehensive Climate Change Action Plan which aims to reduce the devastating effects of the nature induced calamities in the province through consolidated efforts of all provincial departments.
It is further aimed to link with a sustainable infrastructure like strengthening and reorientation of investment strategies and to avail the significant opportunities of low- carbon, climate-resilient infrastructure; transforming finance to enable and drive change; and phasing out fossil fuel consumption contributing to global agenda on UNFCCC.
MAHMOOD KHAN Chief Minister Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa FOREWORD Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province is one of Pakistan's most sensitive provinces when it comes to the adverse effects of Climate Change.

The Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa began responding proactively to the Climate Change implications by updating the Provincial Climate Change Policy 2022 and formulation of Provincial Climate Change Action Plan 2022 simultaneously for the very first time.
This preemptive strategy shows the seriousness of the Govt of KP towards mitigating the effects of climate change.

In order to provide recommendations and a way forward on Climate Change in the Province, the Forestry, Environment & Wildlife Department (FE&WD) established a Climate Change Cell in Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) which further keeps liaison with the Federal Govt on Climate Change Agenda.
The Provincial Climate Change Policy and Action Plan 2022 are consistent with the updated National Climate Change Policy 2021.

The policy also gives a roadmap to cope with the health hazards caused by nature and human induced calamities.

For effective implementation of policy and action plan, the roles and responsibilities of provincial climate change implementation committee have been emphasized in the policy to make the strategy a success.
SYED MUHAMMAD ISHTIAQ URMAR PROVINCIAL MINISTER FOR Environment Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa MESSAGE Following the 18th Constitutional Amendment and the mounting signs of Climate Change in the province, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) took the initiative and established a "Climate Change Cell" mandated to interact with all other government agencies and departments to incorporate climate change scenarios into their respective policies, strategies, and actions, as well as to mitigate the adverse effects of Climate Change.
The first step in this regard was to formulate a provincial Climate Change policy in 2017 and now it has been updated in 2022.

For its effective implementation, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa government formulated the Provincial Climate Change Action Plan 2022 which is consistent with the National Climate Change Policy 2021 and Nationally Determined Contributions 2021.
The Provincial Climate Change Action Plan 2022 is well aligned with the vulnerabilities of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to Climate Change and the implementation of various adaptation and mitigation measures highlighted in the policy will cause a positive impact in boosting all sectors besides imparting awareness to the masses of the province on Climate Change.
The Forestry, Environment &Wildlife Department appreciates the contribution of the parliamentarians, line department, civil societies, academia and intelligencia for their efforts in realization of KP Climate Change Policy and Action Plan 2022.

The document will contribute to revive the fragile ecosystem and sustainable development of natural resources.
MUHAMMAD ABID MAJEED SECRETARY TO GOVERNMENT OF KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA Forestry, Environment & Wildlife Department ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The formulation of Provincial Climate Change Policy (PCCP) 2017 was a milestone in the history of KP Environment sector.
The updated National Climate Change Policy 2021, NDCs 2021 together with national and international commitments to reduce GHG emissions necessitated updation of Provincial Climate Change Policy and to formulate the Provincial Climate Change Action Plan for the province.
In this regard, the efforts of Provincial line Departments, Deputy Commissioners of the Province, Private & Public Sector Organizations and Experts are worth appreciation in formulation of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Provincial Climate Change Policy & Action Plan- 2022.

The contribution of Climate Change Cell of Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), they worked Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, deserves much accolade as wholeheartedly.
Besides academia and civil society also participated and demonstrated their keen interest in suggesting measures by providing valuable comments and feedback in refining this document.

In formulation of this Action Plan, special focus was given for Youth & Women Development.
The role of Mrs. Aisha Bano Member of Provincial Assembly & Mrs. Amna Durani Director on the Status of Commission of Women Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and other women working in International and National Public / Private Sector Organizations also added valuable contributions during various consultation workshops etc.
We highly appreciate the critical analysis of Chairman Environmental Sciences Department, University of Peshawar, Abdulwali Khan University Mardan and Haripur University, which were valid and contemporary.
We also acknowledge the support of various Universities, Chairman Textbook Board Peshawar, KP Chamber of Commerce and Industry, SRSP, IUCN, WWF, Ministry of Climate Change and especially the UNDP (under GLOF-II Project, Scaling up of Glacial Lakes Outburst Flood in Northern Pakistan) for financially supporting the formulation of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Policy & Action Plan 2022.
We also appreciate Honorable Minister and Secretary Forestry, Environment & Wildlife for supporting and providing guidance and platform to accomplish the activity in a professional manner.

We highly appreciate the dedication and commitment of Dr. Qamar uz Zaman Chaudhry (Ex.

Director General, Pakistan Meteorological Department) in the formulation of Climate Change Policy and Action Plan for the province.
For the successful implementation of the Policy and Action Plan in the province, the EPA is looking forward for support of all stakeholders in order to reduce the risks posed by climate change and to build a resilient province.
MUHAMMAD ANWAR KHAN Director General Environmental Protection Agency Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa List of Abbreviations C&W CDM CNG CSOs CSR DDMA DRM EPA FE&WD GCF GDP GEF GHG GIS/RS GLOF IPC IMF IPCC AR-6 KP LGE&RDD MoCC NARC NCCP NHA NTFP OFWM PEC P&DDD PDMA PEDO PFI PHED PKHA PMD RR&SD SDG SFM UNOCHA VETS WAPDA WASH WSS WWF Communication & Works Clean Development Mechanism Compressed Natural Gas Civil Society Organizations Corporate Social Responsibility District Disaster Management Authority Disaster Risk Management Environmental Protection Agency Forestry, Environment & Wildlife Department Green Climate Fund Gross Domestic Product Global Environment Facility Greenhouse Gas Geographic Information System/Remote Sensing Glacier Lake Outburst Flood Inter Provincial Coordination International Monetary Fund Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Assessment Report 6 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Local Government, Election & Rural Development Department Ministry of Climate Change National Agriculture Research Centre National Climate Change Policy National Highway Authority Non-Timber Forest Produce On Farm Water Management Pakistan Engineering Council Planning & Development Department Provincial Disaster Management Authority Pakhtunkhwa Energy Development Organization Pakistan Forest Institute Public Health Engineering Department Pakhtunkhwa Highway Authority Pakistan Meteorological Department Relief, Rehabilitation & Settlement Department Sustainable Development Goal Sustainable Forest Management United Nation's Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs Vehicle Emission Testing Stations Water & Power Development Authority Water, Sanitation & Hygiene Water & Sanitation Services World Wide Fund for Nature (Formerly, World Wildlife Fund) Table of Contents 1.
INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Ecological Classification of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ...................................................... 2 Impacts of Climate Change in KP .............................................................................. 4 1.2 1.2.1 Temperature Changes ............................................................................................... 4 1.2.2 Precipitation Changes ............................................................................................... 4 1.2.3 Changes in Food Production ..................................................................................... 4 1.2.4 Shifting Weather Patterns .......................................................................................... 5 1.2.5 Glacial Melting ........................................................................................................... 5 1.2.6 Loss of Biodiversity.................................................................................................... 5 1.2.7 People and Society.................................................................................................... 5 2.
SITUATION ANALYSIS ............................................................................................. 6 2.1 Water Resources ....................................................................................................... 6 2.2 Agriculture ................................................................................................................. 6 2.3 Livestock ................................................................................................................... 7 2.4 Fisheries .................................................................................................................... 7 2.5 Forestry ..................................................................................................................... 7 2.6 Wildlife and Biodiversity ............................................................................................. 8 2.7 Vulnerable Ecosystem ............................................................................................... 8 2.8 Disaster Preparedness .............................................................................................. 8 2.9 Public Health ............................................................................................................. 9 2.10 Socio-Economic Measures ........................................................................................ 9 2.11 Youth and Gender Development ............................................................................. 10 2.12 Energy ..................................................................................................................... 10 2.13 Industry ................................................................................................................... 10 2.14 Transport ................................................................................................................. 11 2.15 Waste ...................................................................................................................... 11 2.16 Urban Planning ........................................................................................................ 12 3.
ACTION PLAN ........................................................................................................ 12 3.1 Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Measures ............................................. 13 3.1.1 Agriculture ............................................................................................................... 13 Adaptation measures ............................................................................................................... 13 Mitigation measures ................................................................................................................. 19 3.1.2 Livestock ................................................................................................................. 21 Adaptation measures ............................................................................................................... 21 Mitigation measures ................................................................................................................. 22 3.1.3 Forestry Sector ........................................................................................................ 24 Adaptation measures ............................................................................................................... 24 Mitigation Measures ................................................................................................................. 27 3.1.4 Urban Planning ........................................................................................................ 29 Adaptation and Mitigation Measures ........................................................................................ 29 3.1.5 Fisheries .................................................................................................................. 33 Adaptation Measures ............................................................................................................... 33 Mitigation Measures ................................................................................................................. 34 3.1.6 Climate Change Inclusiveness ................................................................................ 35 Adaptation and Mitigation Measures ........................................................................................ 35 3.1.7 Climate Change Cells and Coordination .................................................................. 36 Adaptation and Mitigation Measures ........................................................................................ 36 3.2 Climate Change Adaptation Measures .................................................................... 37 3.2.1 Water Resources ..................................................................................................... 37 Adaptation Measures ............................................................................................................... 37 3.2.2 Wildlife and Biodiversity ........................................................................................... 44 Adaptation Measures ............................................................................................................... 44 3.2.3 Vulnerable Ecosystems ........................................................................................... 46 Adaptation Measures ............................................................................................................... 46 3.2.4 Disaster Preparedness ............................................................................................ 53 Mitigation Measures ................................................................................................................. 53 Adaptation Measures ............................................................................................................... 58 3.2.5 Public Health ........................................................................................................... 63 Adaptation Measures ............................................................................................................... 63 3.2.6 Socio-economic Development ................................................................................. 65 Adaptation Measures ............................................................................................................... 65 3.2.7 Youth and Gender Development ............................................................................. 67 Adaptation Measures ............................................................................................................... 67 3.3 Climate Change Mitigation Measures ...................................................................... 70 3.3.1 Energy ..................................................................................................................... 70 3.3.2 Industry ................................................................................................................... 70 Mitigation Measures ................................................................................................................. 70 3.3.3 Transport ................................................................................................................. 73 Mitigation Measures ................................................................................................................. 73 3.3.4 Waste Sector ........................................................................................................... 78 Mitigation Measures ................................................................................................................. 78 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Action Plan - 2022 1.
INTRODUCTION Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) is the third-largest province in terms of population though, it is the smallest in terms of land area.

It is located in Pakistan's northwest region and has a variety of topographical features.

The Karakoram, Himalayan and Hindukush Mountain ranges are found primarily in the province's northern, northwestern and eastern regions.
The province's southern region, on the other hand, is mostly comprised of central valley plains, which consist of agricultural land and rangelands.

Throughout KP, severe climate conditions exist.

The province's northern region experiences extremely snowy and cold winters, with high intensity rainfall and pleasant summers, whereas the province's southern region experiences relatively less severe winters, with reasonable rainfall and warmer summers.
Chitral is the province's highest district, with the coldest winter temperatures.

As a result, the Chitral has a large number of glaciers.

The province is divided into seven divisions, which are further subdivided into 35 districts, as shown in the Figure 1.
Figure 1: Districts Map of KP(Data Source: Bureau of Statistics and UNOCHA) 1 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Action Plan - 2022 1.1 Ecological Classification of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa According to the study conducted by Nizami et al., (2020)under Swiss Development and Cooperation (SDC), KP is divided into nine agro-ecological zones based on climate, rainfall, temperature, altitude, soil and topography.

Figure 2 shows the map of the agro-ecological zones of KP.
The district-wise zonal details are provided in Table 1.

Figure 2: Agro-ecological zones of KP (Source: Nizami et al., 2020) 2 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Action Plan - 2022 Table 1: District-wise distribution of agro-ecological zones of KP (Source: Nizami et al., 2020) 3 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Action Plan - 2022 1.2 Impacts of Climate Change in KP In Pakistan, the annual temperature has increased by around 0.5 °Cduring the last few decades1, resulting in regular heat waves.
Analysts predict a large increase in demand for irrigation water and domestic energy as a result of increased evaporation rates and regular usage of air conditioners, respectively.

In terms of death toll, Pakistan recorded 174,000 deaths as a result of severe climatic events during 1995 - 2014.

Pakistan, on the other hand, suffered a monetary loss of 26 billion US dollars during the same time period2.

Climate Change has influenced KP like other regions of Pakistan.
Climate Change has caused progressive changes in weather and food production patterns, as well as abrupt and disastrous weather catastrophes such as severe floods caused by high rainfall (2010, 2022), droughts caused by water scarcity and stress and extended heat waves.

In KP, all of these disastrous events have resulted in the following changes: 1.2.1 Temperature Changes According to IPCC AR-6, the entire planet has experienced an increase in surface temperature.
This temperature change in KP has resulted in longer summers and shorter, milder winters, which has had a significant impact on the province's agricultural output.

Furthermore, surface warming will increase the intensity of rainfall, posing a flood risk in the province combined with the increased rates of glacier melting in northern parts of the province, which are dominated by glaciers and sub-humid forest.
1.2.2 Precipitation Changes There is a likelihood that precipitation events will become more erratic, intense and frequent.

The mountainous parts of the province may become vulnerable to flash flooding.

The floodplains (central valley plains and southern parts of the province), which have a considerable population and are the major hub of agricultural activity due to the alluvial soil, are likely to be affected by riverine floods.

Intense rains may also cause soil erosion and nutrient depletion.
Furthermore, drought events may also become frequent, and will affect the crop yield in the areas of average annual low rainfall.

1.2.3 Changes in Food Production Changes in food production have the greatest impact on central valley plains and southern parts of the province because the majority of agricultural operations take place in these zones.

Temperature fluctuations and rainfall events become more unpredictable as weather patterns change.
As a result, changes in crop type and agricultural yield are seen.

Temperature rise in the province's northern region may result in improved agricultural yields of rice, wheat, maize, vegetables and other crops.

In the central and southern parts of the province, rising temperatures combined with a lack of water diminish crop productivity.

Farmers are also subjected to frequent insect infestations because the warmer, humid climate encourages insect reproduction.
These changes in food production, combined with natural disasters such as droughts and floods, have the potential to generate food security challenges in the province.

1Chaudhry, Q.U.Z., 2017.

Climate Change profile of Pakistan.

Asian Development Bank.


2TIU, 2014 Accessed at: https://www.academia.edu/35243533/CLIMATE_RISK_MANAGEMENT_FRAMEWORK_FOR_BUSINESS _ORGANIZATIONS_IN_PAKISTAN 4 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Action Plan - 2022 1.2.4 Shifting Weather Patterns The people, flora and fauna of KP may be severely impacted by the changing weather patterns, which include heavy rainfall and temperature rise.

Warmer weather stimulates the growth of forest insects, which damages the trees.
Droughts, on the other hand, have a comparable weakening impact.

Temperature rise also encourages the spread of viruses and bacteria, posing health concerns those who consume polluted water.

Moreover, droughts and floods play a significant part in the scarcity of potable drinking water.

individuals, particularly to 1.2.5 Glacial Melting The Hindu Kush Himalayan Range is dominated by glaciers throughout the year.
Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) are one of the most serious hazards that affectthe mountain areas of the province.

Higher temperatures and longer summers have led to rapid glacier melting.

Normally, the spring season aids in the freezing process of glaciers because the temperature is lower.

However, due to global warming and extremely short spring season, glaciers do not have enough time to freeze.

As a result, glaciers melt at a faster rate throughout the summer.
These glaciers are natural, huge reservoirs of fresh water that take many years to fill up.As a result, if glacier melting is not addressed appropriately, the province may face more GLOFs eventstogether with freshwater crisis.

1.2.6 Loss of Biodiversity Climate Change is also a threat to diversity of species.

There are approximately 100 endemic species in Pakistan, with 90 percent of theseare found in the province of KP.
Several mammal species, seven bird species and twelve internationally endangered endemic and migratory birds live in the Himalayan range and sub humid forests of KP.

As a result, mountain regions are more vulnerable to biodiversity loss as a result of Climate Change3.

Furthermore, changes in precipitation and temperature patterns affect ecosystems, which provide habitat for numerous forest bird, mammals and insect species.

Many plant species are unable to adapt to rapid Climate Changes.
The same is true for mammals.

Furthermore, changes in ecosystems can trigger changes in animal feeding patterns, weakening them and eventually leading to their extinction4.

1.2.7 People and Society Climate Change has an impact on how people live.

People must devise policies and strategies that will not only minimize the effects of Climate Change but will also slow down the rate of Climate Change.
Extreme weather events caused by Climate Change have a significant impact on human health, livelihood, infrastructure and culture.

People are also displaced as a result of Climate Change due to the loss of infrastructure and livelihood.

3Ullha, H., Ahmad, Z.M., Manzoor, S.R., Hussain, M. and Farooq, M.A., 2012.

Problems faced by women entrepreneurs in Kohat city of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa-Pakistan.

International Journal of Human Resource Studies, 2(1), p.1.

4IPCC.

(2014a).
4IPCC.

(2014a).

Climate Change 2014, Synthesis Report, Summary for policymakers.

IPCC 5 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Action Plan - 2022 2.

SITUATION ANALYSIS The following thread provides a brief summary of the situation analysis of the effects of Climate Change on various thematic groups, as well as strategies for translating National Climate Change Policy (NCCP) into Provincial Climate Change Policy (PCCP).
The proposed actions are based on Climate Change policy, the competency of relevant government institutes and the resources available for their implementation.

2.1 Water Resources In KP, water resources are used by domestic households, power generation facilities, industries and agriculture sector.

Tarbela, Warsak and Dargai-Jaban dams are mainly responsible for the generation of hydro-electric power in the province.
In KP, the surface water exists in the form of rivers, lakes, glaciers, streams, springs and precipitation whereas groundwater is found in aquifers and alluvial deposits.

The uncontrolled dumping of chemicals in surface-water bodies, over extraction of groundwater, exploitation by water intensive manufacturing processes and increased pressure due to deforestation, agriculture, population growth.The impacts of Climate Change have further aggravated the water stress issues in the province.
The availability of water in KP is anticipated to decline due to rise in water stress per capita and losses from reservoirs.

Changes in precipitation and snowfall patterns as a result of Climate Change, have also contributed to increased demand on water resources.

Water stress will have a disproportionate impact on food security and agriculture in KP.

The province of KP contains around 7.67 percent of Pakistan's total cultivable area and over half of this territory is dependent on rain-fed agriculture.
As a result, a decline in water supplies might have a severe spillover effect not just in KP but also in adjacent provinces.

These consequences will include forced relocation, economic losses and diminished activity in agriculture, livestock, industry and other domestic areas.

Water resource management, on the other hand, can improve agricultural land revenue and alleviate water scarcity difficulties in the province.

2.2 Agriculture The agriculture sector in KP is plagued by a variety of issues.
Small farmers own about one- fifth of the cultivable land in the province.

The strain on natural resources is increasing as a result of urbanization, the scarcity of uncultivated land and the ineffectiveness of the existing irrigation system.

The province is highly dependent on the import of various products from other provinces, including wheat.

The crop production is low because the fertilizer and seed quality is substandard.
Approximately 20% of cultivable land is uncultivated and a large portion of this uncultivated land is prone to land degradation (water logging and salinity), urbanization and inefficient water usage.The use of fertilizers and pesticides should not be excessive in order to increase agricultural productivity.

Farmers frequently use pesticides in excess of their permitted limits due to lack of regulation and awareness and they often utilize chemicals that are forbidden in the international market.
The institutional capacity of the KP government's departments and research is inadequate.

Other issues confronting the agriculture sector include a lack of economic incentives and financial structures for farmers and weak market mechanisms, which needs improvement.

6 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Action Plan - 2022 2.3 Livestock Rangelands and livestock in KP complement each other and consequently play an important role in the rural economy.
The majority of the livestock are cows, goats and sheep, however there are donkeys, buffaloes, horses, mules and yaks.

Domestic poultry is also employed for egg and protein production.

Transhumance livestock farming is also practiced at higher altitudes, in which households keep a primary home at lower elevations where they live along with their animals for a specific period (mostly seven months).
During the winter and early spring months, when livestock feeds on hay, straw and dry alfalfa, problems develop owing to a severe lack of fodder availability.Due to the low nutritional value of dry grass, livestock become weaker and malnourished during this time.

During the summer, the animals gain optimal weight because they are fed on fresh grass and shrubs by taking them to grazing lands and alpine pastures.
This annual cycle of under-nourishment and over-nourishment in animals is a primary cause of low milk, meat and wool production, as well as low animal immunity to viral and bacterial infections.

The provision of veterinary services is a challenge, hampered by a lack of staff, equipment, drugs and farmer awareness, as well as seasonal relocation of animals to inaccessible locations.

2.4 Fisheries The majority of the fish are found in rivers, natural ponds and lakes.
The fishery department also operates hatcheries, where trout fish are primarily cultured in ponds.

The fishery department is also in-charge of providing extension services to both public and private fish farming operations.

Fishing (especially trout fishing) is largely a recreational and sporting activity.

The region is home to both exotic and indigenous fish species.
Trout fish, as a bio- indicator of aquatic ecosystem, is sensitive to changes in water temperature, turbidity, water quantity, dissolved oxygen and geological aspects of the water body.

It is harmed by rising temperatures, varying turbidity levels and contaminants in the water body.Climate Change causes variations in the flow of water in rivers and other bodies of water, which has a direct impact on the fisheries sector.

2.5 Forestry According to the Planning and Development Department Govt.
of KP, the forest cover provides a source of income for many people in Pakistan.

This sector requires a lot of labor and it has a lot of potential for generating income and alleviating poverty.

Aside from being a source of income, forests also serve as a home for a variety of species.

Climate Change has an impact on forests both directly and indirectly.

Climate Change affects not just forest production and growth, but it is also associated with an increase in the number of forest disturbances.
Carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere, precipitation and temperature are all important factors influencing forest productivity.Storms, droughts and decreased tree health are some of the forest disturbances that influence forest productivity and tree species distribution.

Due to lack of preventive techniques for improving forest health, valuable goods and services derived from forest ecosystems may be lost.
Non-Timber Forest Produce (NTFP) is a vital source of revenue for forest inhabitants, providing a variety of fodders, resins, medicinal plants, honey, Mazri leaves and gums.

Over exploitation of forests and Climate Change have significantly influenced KP's forest sector.

As a result, restoration of damaged natural forests, watershed 7 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Action Plan - 2022 sources and pasturelands in the province must be prioritized.
Furthermore, supporting the NTFP ensures an improvement in livelihood and a reduction in poverty5.

2.6 Wildlife and Biodiversity KP is home to a rich diversity of animal and plant species, including snow leopards, brown bears and eagles, all of which are possibly threatened by extreme climate events.

Aside from that, the region is rich in agro-diversity, having varieties of fruit and a diverse range of indigenous livestock.
More than half of the region is protected to safeguard endangered species, but they continue to be threatened for a variety of causes, including over-exploitation of medicinal plants and habitat loss.

To address these issues, in-situ biodiversity conservationmust be strengthened by improving the management of existing protected areas and developing collaborative management regimes incorporating coordination mechanisms between government and communities.
Outside of protected areas, establishing village-based and sustainable-use programs will be extremely beneficial.

The destruction of habitats as a result of the effects of Climate Change is one of the risks to biodiversity in the region.

Because of rising temperatures, the snowline is migrating up the mountains and glaciers are disappearing; this phenomenon has major implications for biodiversity found at high altitudes.
The impacts of Climate Change on environmental processes and compartments are complicated and the subsequent implications must be investigated in order to comprehend the effects on wildlife and biodiversity.

2.7 Vulnerable Ecosystem Ecosystems play a critical role in supplying valued goods and environmental services that are required for economic and social well-being.

Natural habitats in KP are degrading as a result of anthropogenic activities and the effects of Climate Change are becoming more severe.
Because of the rise in glacier melt and extreme weather events, the province is prone to flash floods.

Agro-biodiversity has suffered badly as a result of widespread usage of agrochemicals and the introduction of high-yielding variants of food and cash crops.

Terrestrial ecosystems, on the other hand, face risks from deforestation and overgrazing as a result of poverty and rising population.
2.8 Disaster Preparedness Due to the topographical and geographical condition of the province, KP is subject to multiple and frequent disasters of various types, primarily floods, droughts, heat waves, wildfire and locust attacks etc.

As a result of Climate Change, the likelihood of extreme weather events has increased.
According to data compiled by the Federal Flood Commission (2016)6, the combined flow of the Swat and Kabul rivers reached a new record level of 400,000 cusecs, compared to the previous count of 250,000 cusecs recorded in 1929.

The increased frequency of flash floods and floods is anticipated to result in surface runoff, avalanches, riverbank cuttings, soil erosion and landslides, causing damage to properties, roads, houses and 5KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA CLIMATE CHANGE POLICY (Final Draft).
Accessed at: http://kp.gov.pk/uploads/2016/11/Final_Climate_Change_Policy_for_KP_Province_2017_WebSec_Comments.

pdf 6Annual Flood report-2016.

Accessed at: https://mowr.gov.pk/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Annual-Flood- Report-2016.pdf 8 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Action Plan - 2022 agricultural fields.

The recent floods witnessed in the month of August 2022, inundated crops, demolished infrastructure and resulted in mass migration/displacement across the province.
2.9 Public Health Public health is defined as the protection and improvement of community health facilities via education, policy development and research for illness and injury prevention.

Quality healthcare delivery is the base upon which any region's development can be exponentially accelerated.

The primary healthcare system is facing challenges in terms of preventive and curative health care particularly in the rural areas.
There are someissues with regards to availability of health care facilities, trained human resources and medical equipment coupled with flawed referral system.

The influence of Climate Change on human health is determined by sensitivity, coping capacity and exposure.

Disease prevalence is projected to climb as temperatures rise and natural catastrophes become more common, primarily due to water-borne diseases (diarrhea) and vector-borne diseases (dengue/malaria).
Climate Change consequences are expected to increase the intensity, frequency and severity of respiratory ailments, eye infections, gastrointestinal disorders, malaria, skin infections, heat strokes and mortality.
Furthermore, droughts, floods and storms compel people to migrate to metropolitan areas, which can lead to an increase in disease transmission in densely populated areas, water and sanitation problems and a shortage of housing facilities.The province already has high maternal, child and infant mortality rates, as well as inadequate health services and infrastructure and if these issues are not handled appropriately, the effects of Climate Change will exacerbate these challenges.
2.10 Socio-Economic Measures Climate conditions are thought to have a significant impact on economic growth and, as a result, contribute to poverty.

Climate Change impacts not only challenge the population's current socioeconomic capacity, but also the drivers of Climate Change are attributable to the socioeconomic vulnerabilities of poor people.

The percentage of people living in poverty in KP is predicted to be 39 percent, which is substantially higher than the national average.
Poverty is concentrated in rural areas, where more than 80% of the population of KP lives.

A considerable fraction of the population lives at or near the poverty level and their vulnerability increases in the case of a natural disaster.

An internal or external crisis, particularly the effects of Climate Change, could push these people even further into poverty7.
Due to the significant social and economic implications of Climate Change, achieving sustainable development in the country will be challenging in the absence of a comprehensive and efficient Climate Change response plan.

In recent years, Pakistan has endured devastating drought and flood catastrophes, resulting in a high death toll, forced relocation and damage to infrastructure and public livelihoods.
The agricultural sector was not immune to the consequences of these catastrophic events, which resulted in low crop production, disease, food insecurity, poverty and socioeconomic disadvantage.Damage to the agricultural sector has a serious impact on women's livelihoods, as women make up more than half of 7 KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA CLIMATE CHANGE POLICY (Final Draft).

Accessed at: http://kp.gov.pk/uploads/2016/11/Final_Climate_Change_Policy_for_KP_Province_2017_WebSec_Comments.
pdf 9 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Action Plan - 2022 farm work.

Women work in livestock raising, fishing, horticulture etc.

In addition, women participate in other domestic duties such as collecting firewood, water and fodder.

Global warming has increased the water, fodder and firewood issue, resulting in an increase in the workload, time and engagement of women in doing these duties, increasing their vulnerability to severe weather conditions.
2.11 Youth and Gender Development Pakistan is one of the world's youngest countries.

It currently possesses the highest generation of young people in national history; 68 percent of Pakistanis are under the age of 30 and 27 percent are between the ages of 15 and 298.

As young people constitute the largest segment of society, they may play an important role as agents of change in the country's growth and the fight against Climate Change.
When compared to their male counterparts, Pakistani women are often at a disadvantage.

Women have limited access to opportunities and resources, particularly in rural areas.

For example, the child enrolment rate of female students in elementary schools in urban regions is higher than in rural areas and it nearly matches the rate of male child enrolment.

Similarly, 21 percent of the female population, compared to 18 percent of the male population, has less than a primary level of education.
Women's labor-force involvement has increased significantly in recent years.

The agricultural sector employs 72 percent of women.

Aside from agriculture, women's engagement in electronics, knitting, textiles and other informal sectors has expanded.

In terms of its implications and mitigation techniques, Climate Change is inextricably linked to several other challenges.

Because of the cross-cutting impacts ofClimate Change, the Climate Change response strategy cannot be addressed in isolation.
Climate Change adaptation and mitigation measures should be included in all developmental programs and provincial policies.

Furthermore, gender inclusive programs should be incorporated into Climate ChangePolicy while taking into account women's susceptibility, gender inequality and the various effects of Climate Change on the marginalized segments of the society.
2.12 Energy The energy sector in KP province is critical because it is responsible for supplying electricity to the entire country through its hydro-power units.

The other provinces of Pakistan have low primary energy resources, which is exacerbated by a lack of prospective sites for hydropower generation.

Due to rising population, industry andurbanization in recent years, the gap between electricity demand and generation has grown, resulting in energy crisis.
Due to the increased demand for air conditioning as a result of global warming, Pakistan's electricity demand has been increased to 40,000 Megawatts by 20209.

2.13 Industry The industries of KP play an essential role in improving the province's and country's financial condition.

The industrial sector accounts for 13.5 percent of total provincial GDP and is a 8 Pakistan National Human Development Report-2017.
Accessed at https://www.pk.undp.org/content/pakistan/en/home/library/human-development-reports/PKNHDR.html 9Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) cited in Economic Survey 2014-2015 by Ministry of Finance.

10 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Action Plan - 2022 source of creating employment and providing basic necessities10.

Aside from that, KP has a large agricultural industry that produces a range of products such as wheat flour, sugar, tobacco, vegetable ghee, and tea.
In addition, the sector accounts for 78 percent of national marble output, 27 percent of cement production and 20 percent of mining operations.

In 2015, the province had around 12,000 small, medium and large industrial establishments, of which 1,821 were operational and registered with the Directorate of Industries, KP11.

Currently, the industrial sector is confronted with numerous challenges, including a lack of infrastructure and a power constraint.
The effects of Climate Change exacerbate the problems linked with the industrial sector.

2.14 Transport The transport industry is responsible for the country's economic development because it accounts for 10% of total national GDP and accounts for 11% of economic activity in KP12.

The transportation sector, in addition to contributing to the economy, is a major generator of GHG emissions.
The government of KP has formed an independent transport department to oversee transportation development and the implementation of the Comprehensive Development Strategy 2010-2017.

Globally, energy consumption in the transportation sector accounts for around 25% of GHG emissions.

The majority of these emissions are linked to vehicle transportation.

These road transportation emissions are expected to reach 90.17 gigatons of CO2 by 203013.

In KP, more than 96% of people and 90% of freight travel by road.
When compared to overall economic development, demand for road transportation has increased at a far faster rate.

On the contrary, the majority of people use private transportation.

There is an urgent need for the Government of KP to investigate alternative modes of transportation and ways to improve the existing transportation sector, such as the Peshawar BRT project and introduction of Electric Vehicles.

2.15 Waste The quality and range of waste management services in KP confront challenges.
Municipal solid waste is improperly disposed off and ends up in streets and public places.

This causes a slew of issues, including environmental deterioration, water pollution, toxicity exposure and air pollution.

Wastewater from homes, businesses and industries is released untreated, polluting the land, fresh water and ground water.

Industrial activity emits toxic gases into the environment, resulting in air pollution.
Deficient planning, execution and urban sprawl have compounded KP's existing waste management challenges.

Lack of funding, technical capacity andinadequate public sector investments impede the province's waste management networks' maintenance.

10 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Board of Investment and Trade [Investment Guide].

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa the Unrevealed Story 11 Bureau of Statistics (2015).
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Figures 2015 12 Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2009), Comprehensive Development Strategy 2010 - 2017 13 Sánchez-Triana, Ernesto; Afzal, Javaid; Biller, Dan; Malik, Sohail.

2013.

Greening Growth in Pakistan through Transport Sector Reforms: Strategic Environmental, Poverty, and Social Assessment.
Washington, DC: World Bank 11 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Action Plan - 2022 2.16 Urban Planning Urban planning is critical since the province's pace of migration, both from rural to urban and urban to urban, is expected to rise.

The KP government is searching for ways to increase the accessibility of public services including as water, drainage, sanitation, public infrastructure and streets throughout the province's 22 metropolitan regions.
Urban management and spatial planning can help to mitigate environmental consequences.

Unplanned urban expansion, on the other hand, will result in greater environmental deterioration in urban areas, such as water scarcity, energy crisis, air pollution and social problems like violence and crime.

Furthermore, Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) must be completed prior to the administration of urban lands, spatial planning and road network building.
To achieve the goals of effective urban land planning, the Government of KP has initiated a number of projects, including the Community Infrastructure Program (CIP II), the Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project (RWSSP) and the Provincial Urban Development Project.

3.

ACTION PLAN The province of KP is in the phase of formulation of policy and legal tools needed to link itself to the global paradigm of SDGs.
The 18th amendment empowers the federating units to chalk out their policies and enact the legislative tools to assist the province in developing and executing Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) and climate change mitigation strategies.

The policy in hand is an endeavor on the part of the provincial government to overcome the disaster caused by the climate change through adaptation and mitigation strategies in line with the National Climate Change Policy 2021.
These legislative tools and policies will ensure that climate action is mainstreamed into developmental planning and management, particularly for socially and economically vulnerable communities.

This action plan exhibited with the Policy outlines the strategies and measures that will be implemented for the designated sectors in order to incorporate NCCP 2021 into PCCP 2022.
The actions are grouped into categories based on the NCCP Framework's objectives as: Priority Actions: within 2-years, Short term Actions: within 5-years, Medium term Actions: within 10-years and Long term Actions: within 20-years.
12 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Action Plan - 2022 3.1 Climate ChangeAdaptation and Mitigation Measures 3.1.1 Agriculture Adaptation Measures The following proposed adaptation measures in line with NCCP 2021 will help in mainstreaming PCCP 2022 into Provincial Action Plan: Strategy 1.1: Developing a risk management system to provide protection against crop failures caused by extreme climate events such as floods and droughts Actions 1.
Establish a surveillance system for agricultural production in various arid, semi-arid and other susceptible locations to categorize them based on their vulnerability to extreme Climate Change events Priority Implementing Partners Priority Agriculture Department including Research Institutions 2.

Involve farmers in the process of identifying local risks and devising safeguards Priority Same as above 3.
Develop and commercialize drought and heat resistant Short-term Agriculture crops based on research universities in the province, Agriculture Research Institutions, Agriculture Department Strategy 1.2: Preventing the conversion of fertile agricultural land to non-agricultural uses 1.

Enact legislation to discourage the indiscriminate conversion of agricultural land for urban development Short-term LG&RDD, Agriculture Department, FE&WD 2.
Conduct awareness campaigns for farmers and other stakeholders about the safe and efficient use of agricultural land Priority Same as above 13 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Action Plan - 2022 Strategy 1.3: Encouraging farmers, particularly in rain-fed areas, to avoid monoculture and cultivate a diverse range of heat and drought-resistant crops to prevent crop failure 1.
Identify susceptible locations within rain-fed agriculture systems that are prone to increased crop failure due to heat and drought Priority Agriculture Department and Universities 2.

Transform the local market and agricultural extension Short-term Same as above system to accommodate changes in cropping patterns in rain-fed areas 3.
Promote and introduce short rotation crops and hybrid Short-term Agriculture maize Department and Agriculture Universities Strategy 1.4: Encourage farmers to adopt agricultural drought management strategies as part of a highly variable climate, rather than as an unusual natural disaster 1.

Cultivate and introduce drought-tolerant crops Short-term Agriculture Department, Agriculture Research Institutions 2.
Involve the farming community in managing recurring droughts caused by climatic variations Medium- term Agriculture Department, RR&SD 3.

Provide incentives for the reuse of domestic and sewage Short-term Agriculture water for kitchen gardening 4.
Identify the agricultural areas that are prone to drought Priority Department, FE&WD Agriculture Department, RR&SD, FE&WD Strategy 1.5: Ensure an enabling financial environment for farmers to invest in and implement necessary technology to address climate-related challenges 1.
Improve existing financial services for farmers in order to accommodate the technical innovation required owing to anticipated Climate Change-related droughts Medium- term Agriculture Department and Universities 14 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Action Plan - 2022 2.

Develop institutions that educate farmers about available funds for technology, equipment and new crops that will be required in their regions as a result of Climate Change scenarios Short-term Agriculture Department, FE&WD 3.
Reduce taxes on all agricultural activity and tree Short-term Agriculture plantation Department, Finance Department Strategy 1.6: Improving crop yield by improving the efficiency of various agricultural inputs, particularly irrigation water input 1.

Investigate novel cropping patterns to improve agricultural yield under water-stressed conditions Short-term Agriculture Department 2.
Encourage community participation in the Short-term sustainable management of irrigation water and the rehabilitation of field water courses Irrigation Department, Agriculture Department, CSOs 3.

Discourage the use of traditional flood irrigation practices Medium- Same as above term 4.

Encourage contour farming in mountainous regions Short-term Irrigation Department, Agriculture Department Strategy 1.7: Conservation of water and energy through efficient farming techniques and field mechanization 1.
Encourage the use of low delta crop varieties Priority 2.

Ensure the systematic mechanization of agricultural production processes based on energy-efficient equipment 3.

Invest in tools and equipment that boost yields while saving labor force for processing and other farming operations Medium- term Medium- term Irrigation Department, Agriculture Department Agriculture Department, Finance Department Same as above 4.

Adopting regenerative agriculture Priority Agriculture Department 5.
Encourage use of raised bed agriculture Priority Same as above 15 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Action Plan - 2022 Strategy 1.8: Adopting modern farming techniques to improve farm practices 1.

Develop and implement advanced and innovative farming techniques Medium- term Agriculture Department.

2.

Introduce the intercropping system (also known as ally cropping) and soil conservation practices Short-term Same as above Strategy 1.9: Promoting organic and urban farming 1.
Promote kitchen gardening, climate green agriculture, Priority roof-top farming and vertical farming LG&RDD,Agriculture Department Strategy 1.10: Promoting biotechnology in terms of more carbon- responsive crops through genetic engineering and other relevant domains 1.
Develop the capacity of relevant provincial institutions for the introduction of carbon-responsive plants and crops Short-term P&DD, FE&WD, Agriculture Department Agriculture Department, Universities Agriculture Department, FE&WD Universities 2.

Improve infrastructure to absorb biotechnology and genetic engineering for crops in order to improve varieties and make them drought resistant 3.
Strengthen and promote agriculture based research activities in KP through cross-sectorial actions Medium- term Priority Strategy 1.11: Promoting horizontal extension of cultivated fields through wasteland development and rainwater harvesting with the participation of local communities 1.

Develop scientific skills in order to locate cultivable Short-term Agriculture wastelands in the province 2.
Educate local communities on how to harvest rainwater Priority in small ponds, storage tanks, sunken fields and reservoirs Department, Irrigation, FE&WD P&DD, LG&RDD, Irrigation, Agriculture Department 16 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Action Plan - 2022 3.

Enact legislation to discourage the conversion of Priority agricultural areas to non-agricultural uses LG&RDD, Agriculture Department, FE&WD 4.
Raise funds for the development of irrigation and rainwater dam infrastructure Medium- term Finance Department, P&DD, Irrigation Department Strategy 1.12: Developing a smart agriculture plan and models to assess the impacts of Climate Change on agricultural production systems across all agro-ecological zones 1.

Formulate a climate-smart agriculture plan for KP Priority Agriculture DepartmentFE&WD 2.
Enhance institutional capacity to create digital simulation models of Climate Change impact on present and future agricultural productivity Short-term Same as above 3.

Conduct an assessment of the effects of Climate Change Priority Same as above on the physical, chemical, nutritional and biological elements of agricultural production systems across all agro-ecological zones 4.
Conduct a detailed evaluation of the existing agricultural Priority Same as above product system and provide recommendations for increasing productivity 5.
Assist the relevant agriculture and livestock research programs at provincial research institutions and universities Short-term P&DD, Finance Department, Agriculture Department Strategy 1.13: Developing high-quality datasets on crop, soil and climate-related characteristics to aid in Climate Change impact assessment and productivity projection studies 1.
Strengthen the capacity of the Bureau of Statistics and allied departments to collect data on crop, soil and climate-related characteristics for various aspects of agricultural production systems in all agro-ecological zones Short-term Finance Department, P&DD, Agriculture Department, FE&WD 17 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Action Plan - 2022 2.
Improve research facilities at selected agricultural research institutions for assessing the impact of Climate Change and projecting agricultural productivity Short-term Agriculture Department, Agriculture Research Institutions, Universities Strategy 1.14: Establishing Climate Change Units in agriculture research organizations to develop adaptation strategies for Climate Change impacts on agriculture 1.
Establish Climate Change units or centers at agricultural Short-term Agriculture research institutions 2.

Establish meteorological and crop information hubs Priority Department, Agriculture Research Institutions Agriculture Department, RR&SD, FE&WD 3.
Involve farmers in policy development and strategic dialogues Priority Local Government Department Strategy 1.15: Improving the extension system to allow for more effective and timely communication of weather, climatic predictions and appropriate agro-advices 1.

Establish communication hubs at the village and Tehsil Priority Mass Media levels for the translation of weather and climatic information into local language for the farming community 2.
Establish an effective communication mechanism Short-term Agriculture between farmers and Government Departments by developing an efficient agriculture extension system Department, Information Department Strategy 1.16: Selection of suitable crops on steep slopes 1.

Avoid water intensive crops to avoid degradation of Priority slopes Agriculture Department 18 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Action Plan - 2022 Strategy 1.17: Gender inclusiveness farming and awareness 1.
Promote gender inclusive plantation and nurseries Priority 2.
Gender awareness regarding storage and use of Priority pesticides, herbicides, insecticides, seeds and crops Forest Department, Agriculture Department, Civil Society Agriculture Department, FE&WD, Civil Society Mitigation Measures The following proposed adaptation measures in line with NCCP 2021 will help in mainstreaming PCCP 2022 into Provincial Action Plan: Strategy 1.18: Reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the agriculture sector through better management and techniques Actions Priority Implementing Partners 1.
Establish Integrated Pest Management (IPM) that initially utilizes the indigenous solutions to prevent the pest attacks Short-term Agriculture Department 2.

Develop and communicate best management methods for methane and nitrogen management in agriculture Priority Same as above 3.

Encourage the optimum use of chemical fertilizer and Short-term Same as above pesticides to achieve mitigation objectives 4.

Organize pest management training sessions for Short-term Same as above farmers 5.
Develop optimum tillage and soil management practices Short-term Same as above that increase soil carbon storage 6.

Introduce rice and sugarcane varieties that are low water dependent Priority 7.

Encourage the use of green manure in agriculture Priority Agriculture Department, Universities Agriculture Department 19 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Action Plan - 2022 8.

Identify and encourage improved manure storage and management practices Priority Same as above 9.
Increase energy efficiency in agriculture sector to reduce carbon emissions Short-term Same as above 10.

Grow bio-fuel crops on a modest pilot scale to Priority Same as above assess their viability Strategy 1.19: Developing a climate model to predict the impact of Climate Change on agricultural activities at the local level 1.
Strengthen institutional capacity of relevant Priority organizations to develop climate models in order to generate future climate projections Finance Department, P&DDD, FE&WD, AgricultureDepartment 2.

Down scale the output of regional climate models to a scale appropriate for farmers and local planners Short-term Same as above 3.

Use these Climate Change scenarios for informed Priority agricultural decision-making FE&WD, Agriculture Department Strategy 1.20: Tax relaxation for agricultural sector 1.
Reduce taxes for any kind of agricultural activities and Priority plantation of trees Finance Department, FE&WD, Agriculture Department 20 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Action Plan - 2022 3.1.2 Livestock Adaptation Measures The following proposed adaptation measures in line with NCCP 2021 will help in mainstreaming PCCP 2022 into Provincial Action Plan: Strategy 2.1: Ensuring the access of livestock to high-quality feed and fodder to supplement their grazing in the rangelands Actions Priority Implementing Partners 1.
Classify the fodder production quality and grazing Short-term FE&WD, Agriculture potential of rangelands in the province Department 2.

Develop an effective transportation system from Short-term Agriculture Department feedstock regions to farm areas in order to supply these livestock feed and fodder supplement products 3.
Reduce livestock impact on vegetation and crops considering expected Climate Change challenges Short-term Same as above Strategy 2.2: Promoting biotechnology in terms of improving livestock breeds and production through genetic engineering and other relevant fields 1.

Establish biotechnology labs in the livestock sector Short-term Agriculture Department 2.
Improve infrastructure to allow for the adoption of biotechnology and genetic engineering for livestock in order to improve types and breeds and make them drought resistant Medium- term Same as above 3.

Establish vaccination facilities for viral diseases in Priority Same as above livestock induced by Climate Change Strategy 2.3: Developing and introducing improved livestock breeds that are more productive and less vulnerable to the unavoidable impacts of Climate Change 1.
Enhance veterinary facilities at the local level in order to Priority Agriculture Department prepare for potential livestock epidemics 2.

Develop capacity to use "Embryo Transfer Technology" Priority Same as above to improve livestock reproduction 21 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Action Plan - 2022 3.
Conduct research on producing new livestock breeds that are less susceptible to heat stress and more drought tolerant Medium- term Same as above Strategy 2.4: Improving the nutritional quality of livestock feed 1.

Improve livestock feed quality by producing supplements of Multi-Nutrient Blocks (MNB) from urea, molasses, vitamins and minerals Priority Agriculture Department 2.

Supervision of livestock feed and fodder production Short-term Agriculture enhancement activities 3.
Encourage and support farmers in developing cost- effective livestock feed using "Silage Making" procedures and "Urea Treatment" of low-quality maize, rice and wheat roughages Department, Universities Priority Agriculture Department 4.

Develop and improve rangelands with community involvement Short-term AgricultureDepartment, FE&WD Strategy 2.5: Promoting feed conservation measures and fodder banks in arable areas 1.
Adopt innovative technology to boost livestock production in the arable areas of the province Medium- term Agriculture Department 2.
Involve the business community in the promotion of feed conservation measures and fodder banks for the dairy and poultry sectors Short-term Same as above Mitigation measures The following proposed adaptation measures in line with NCCP 2021 will help in mainstreaming PCCP 2022 into Provincial Action plan: Strategy 2.6: Reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the livestock sector through better management and techniques Actions Priority Implementing Partners 1.
Develop and communicate best management techniques for methane and nitrogen management in the livestock sector Priority Agriculture Department 22 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Action Plan - 2022 2.

Develop an efficient biogas and manure digester for Short-term Same as above methane reduction and energy production 3.
Develop and introduce appropriate feedstock mixes and additives to reduce methane production from livestock enteric fermentation/digestion Short-term Same as above 23 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Action Plan - 2022 3.1.3 Forestry Sector Adaptation Measures The following proposed adaptation measures in line with NCCP 2021 will help in mainstreaming PCCP 2022 into Provincial Action Plan: Strategy 3.1: Addressing the essential knowledge gap about the impact of Climate Change on KP forests through forest adaptation research Actions 1.
Conduct 'forest ecosystem' based research and identify ecosystems with high and low resilience to Climate Change Priority Implementing Partners Short-term P&DD, FE&WD 2.

Promote research studies on the responses of different forest types to rising temperatures and drought spells Short-term Same as above 3.

Conduct forest pathology and entomology studies in Short-term FE&WD sensitive forest types/areas to control insect and disease outbreaks 4.
Conduct research on forest management systems to explore new tools and adaption strategies for managing forest areas in the wake of Climate Change 5.

Develop an effective 'Risk Management Framework’, including research findings Medium- term Medium- term Same as above Same as above Strategy 3.2: Taking suitable actions to adapt to the anticipated adverse impacts of Climate Change and strengthen the ecological resilience of forest ecosystems 1.
Implement forest protection measures to minimize the damage caused by forest fires Priority FE&WD, RR&SD 2.

Encourage the use of native and locally adapted flora Priority FE&WD 3.

Identify suitable forest management strategies based on scientific studies to address the probable implications caused by Climate Change Medium- term Same as above 24 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Action Plan - 2022 4.
Increase forest cover in uphill watershed areas through rapid afforestation and reforestation initiatives in response to increased rainfall intensity and flood risks Priority Same as above 5.
Promote the use of GIS/RS techniques in mapping Climate Change vulnerable forests, as well as in monitoring and implementing ecosystem-based adaptation Priority FE&WD, P&DD Strategy 3.3: Promoting best practices of Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) through the development of appropriate Criteria and Indicators (C&I) to secure the social and environmental values and services provided by forests 1.
Develop and implement criteria and indicators that clearly define SFM; provide manuals and guidelines to track progress towards it Short-term FE&WD 2.

Formulate and implement appropriate forest legislation, regulation and incentives to encourage sustainable forest management Medium- term Same as above 3.
Promote the exchange of best practices and experiences, particularly among forest communities and civil society organizations, through networking, workshops, seminars and exposure visits Priority FE&WD, CSOs 4.

Launch specific projects and programs to promote the Priority FE&WD sustainable use of non-timber forest produce (NTFP) with community engagement, with a special focus on livelihood improvement 5.
Incorporate land use planning and community participation in forest land management Priority Same as above 6.

Strengthening and reorganizing Forest Department to establish manageable forest management units Medium- term Same as above 7.

Take proper measures to prevent forest encroachment Priority Same as above 8.
Emphasize on 'self-sustenance' in the use of forest Short-term Same as above resources for local communities 25 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Action Plan - 2022 Strategy 3.4: Raising awareness among the general public, forest communities and enhance capacities of forest experts about forestry and Climate Change adaptation 1.
Develop joint programs in collaboration with civil society to highlight the role of forests in combating Climate Change, particularly among forest- dependentcommunities and students Priority FE&WD 2.

Promoting faith-based awareness campaigns Priority FE&WD, CSOs 3.

Establish 'Communication' wings in the relevant Short-term FE&WD departments 4.
Conduct public opinion polls on a regular basis to assess public understanding of forestry's role in combating Climate Change Short-term FE&WD, Information Department 5.

Create and promote 'Forest and Climate' expert groups to disseminate new ideas and information to the public, forest communities and professional foresters based on the latest forestry and Climate Change research Short-term Same as above 6.
Promote the role of forestry in combating Climate Change Priority FE&WD, P&DD by participation in appropriate government, sectorial and cross-sectorial forums 7.
Formulate and implement curricula on forest ecosystems, Short-term FE&WD, HED, biodiversity and their relevance to Climate Change at all levels of education E&SED 26 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Action Plan - 2022 Mitigation Measures The following proposed mitigation measures in line with NCCP 2021 will help in mainstreaming PCCP 2022 into Provincial Action plan: Strategy 3.5: Enhancing the capacity of Forest Department and other stakeholders for the effective development and implementation of innovative mechanisms aimed at preventing deforestation and increasing forest carbon stocks Actions Priority Implementing Partners 1.
Set up institutional and legislative frameworks to clearly Short-term FE&WD define the rights to carbon stored in forests 2.

Develop a strategy for establishing a regulatory, governance and legal framework for REDD+14 mechanisms in consultation with all stakeholders, including communities that rely on forests for their livelihood Short-term Same as above 3.
Enhance the capacity of Forest Department officials in Short-term Same as above "Reduced Impact Logging" (RIL) to limit damages to forest trees and soil, thereby saving future carbon stocks 4.

Arrange trainings for expert foresters and officials from FEWD on preparing paperwork for CDM15 and REDD+ projects Priority Same as above 5.
Make Climate Change a mandatory part of the forestry education system, with a focus on understanding the principles of REDD+ and CDM mechanisms Short-term FE&WD, HED, E&SED Strategy 3.6: Developing and implementing strategies to prevent deforestation, reduce carbon emissions and improve forests' ability to sequester more emissions from the atmosphere 1.
Pursue major afforestation and reforestation efforts to Priority FE&WD increase forest cover in the province and establish forest areas as effective carbon sinks 2.

Encourage low delta plants along canal systems Priority FE&WD, Irrigation Department 14 REDD+: Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and ForestDegradation 15 CDM: Clean Development Mechanism 27 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Action Plan - 2022 3.
Strongly promote farm forestry and agro-forestry Priority practices through the plantation of multipurpose and fast- growing tree species to meet the local population's demand for fuel, timber and livestock feed FE&WD, Agriculture Department 4.

Develop effective strategies to prevent illegal forest cutting and effectively implement such measures in all forest types throughout the province Medium- term FE&WD 5.
Launch projects and programs to provide alternative fuel and livelihood options for forest-dependent communities in order to compensate avoiding deforestation Priority Same as above Strategy 3.7: Creating effective mechanisms to track the progress from the start and throughout the implementation of the recommended actions 1.

Create and maintain a suitable Climate Change and forestry monitoring framework for the forestry sector Short-term FE&WD 2.
Assess the proposed MRV16 system at regular intervals to see if emission reductions as part of the REDD+ process are progressing Medium- term Same as above 3.
Publish annual progress reports and share with the Short-term Same as above Ministry of Climate Change (MoCC) 16 MRV: Monitoring, Reporting and Verification 28 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Action Plan - 2022 3.1.4 Urban Planning Adaptation and Mitigation Measures The following proposed adaptation and mitigation measures in line with NCCP 2021 will help in mainstreaming PCCP 2022 into Provincial Action plan: Strategy 4.1: Updating town planning design principles for a lower carbon footprint Actions Priority Implementing Partners 1.
Conduct research to determine the future expansion Short-term LGE&RDD,P&DD, requirements of current municipalities FE&WD 2.

Determine the fuel and energy requirements of growing cities 3.

Undertake the emission profiles of key urban areas Short-term LGE&RDD, P&DD, FE&WD, Transport Department Short-term LGE&RDD, P&DD, FE&WD, Transport Department, Industries Department 4.
Upgrade existing public-sector buildings to minimize Short-term LGE&RDD, FE&WD energy demand and urge private property owners to do the same 5.

Provide alternative and low-emission fuels for heating and energy in the new settlements and suburbs Medium- term Energy and Power Department 6.

Develop and implement Energy Efficiency and Short-term LGE&RDD, P&DD Conservation Codes for buildings 7.
Convert tall buildings to solar radiation receptors, where possible, by installing solar panels and making them energy self-sufficient Medium- term Energy and Power Department 8.

Design transportation corridors for fast and efficient urban mobility Medium- term Transport and Mass Transit Department 9.

Promote low-energy lifestyles, adaptations Priority Energy and Power Department, CSOs 29 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Action Plan - 2022 10.
Modify building codes to guarantee that all new buildings Priority LGE&RDD are built with designs that are suitable for the local climate Strategy 4.2: Providing infrastructure and support facilities in smaller agro-based towns and peri-urban areas to reduce rural-to-urban migration 1.

Develop small agro-based townships in rural areas with modern amenities to discourage rural-to-urban migration Short-term LGE&RDD, FE&WD, P&DD 2.
Establish industrial estates and large-scale agricultural farms to provide rural residents with job opportunities in their vicinity Medium- term KPEZDMC, FE&WD, P&DD, Industries Department, Agriculture Department Strategy 4.3: Promoting proper "Land Use Planning" and vertical expansion of urban housing projects rather than horizontal expansion 1.

Develop Land Use plan at provincial level Priority LGE&RDD, FE&WD, P&DD 2.
Increase the density of town centers and suburbs near popular business and commercial areas Medium- term Same as above 3.

Construct planned high-density communities near parks, gardens and nature reserves Medium- term LGE&RDD Strategy 4.4: Undertaking hazard mapping and zoning of areas prior to construction 1.

Any new township location should be subject to required Short-term LGE&RDD, FE&WD geological and seismic surveys 2.
Limit the growth of existing towns and construction in Short-term Same as above environmentally sensitive areas 3.

Formulation of a Vulnerability-Index for the province's Short-term Same as above urban areas 30 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Action Plan - 2022 Strategy 4.5: Limiting the industries in major urban cities to designated locations 1.
Establish segregated regions for industries near towns and cities, keeping wind and storm directions in view Priority LGE&RDD, P&DD, FE&WD, Industries Department 2.

Provide vegetative barriers and nature reserve areas to serve as buffers between cities and industrial zones Short-term Same as above 3.
Plan and design transportation corridors between residential regions and industrial zones to ease commute and traffic congestion Short-term LGE&RDD, P&DD, FE&WD, Industries Department, Transport Department Strategy 4.6: Installing solar water heaters in large commercial and public buildings 1.

Evaluate the availability of solar radiation in selected cities and launch a pilot project to replace fuel-based water heaters in government/public buildings with solar water heaters 2.
Encourage the business sector to form a public-private partnership in commercial areas and shopping malls to replace fuel-based water heating and energy needs with solar energy Priority LGE&RDD, P&DD Short-term Same as above Strategy 4.7: Installing wastewater treatment plants as a component of all sewerage schemes 1.

Link sewerage systems to wastewater treatment plants Short-term LGE&RDD, P&DD, 2.
Identify the rivers, lakes and estuaries where the treated water will be discharged FE&WD Short-term LGE&RDD, P&DD, FE&WD, Irrigation Department 3.

Ensure that all wastewater is treated in a systematic Short-term Same as above manner 31 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Action Plan - 2022 4.

Install water quality monitors near all water reserves to assure water safety Priority Same as above 5.
Development of integrated waste management solutions for municipal, industrial, hazardous and hospital wastes Short-term LGE&RDD, P&DD, FE&WD, Industries Department, Health Department 6.

Appropriate solid and liquid waste treatment facilities should be made mandatory for all development projects Medium- term Same as above Strategy 4.8: Separate collection, disposal and re-use of recyclable, composite and biodegradable waste 1.
Ensure that non-biodegradable solid waste is collected Priority LGE&RDD separately for disposal and recycling 2.

Encourage each municipality to separate glass, metal, Priority Same as above paper and plastic in separate containers 3.

Switch scavenger solid waste collection into a regular and Short-term Same as above efficient system 4.
Ensure that biodegradable waste is collected, preferably Short-term Same as above at the source, for the composite and waste-to-fuel processes 32 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Action Plan - 2022 3.1.5 Fisheries Adaptation Measures The following proposed adaptation measures in line with NCCP 2021 will help in mainstreaming PCCP 2022 into Provincial Action Plan: Strategy 5.1: Developing a habitat preservation program for various fish species Actions Priority Implementing Partners 1.
Periodically monitor the biological, chemical and physical qualities of water for existing and potential fishery sites Short-term Agriculture Department 2.

Monitor and report unexpected fish migration/movement Short-term Same as above caused by Climate Change or any other factor 3.

Create an inventory/baseline dataset for aquatic Short-term Same as above resources Strategy 5.2: Developing a program for aquatic resource habitat preservation 1.
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for all commercial fisheries and hydropower projects Medium- term Agriculture Department, FE&WD 2.

Manage existing natural habitat and find new potential sites for introduction of fisheries Medium- term Agriculture Department 3.

Plan and implement habitat preservation for indigenous fish fauna by establishing fish protected areas (sanctuaries and reserves) 4.

Develop habitat management plans for commercially viable fish species 5.
Promote private fish farming practices through Public- Private Partnership Schemes (PPPS) 6.

Plan the rehabilitation programs for degraded aquatic resources 7.

Develop and propagate successful community-based fishery conservation models Medium- term Medium- term Medium- term Medium- term Medium- term Same as above Same as above Same as above Same as above Same as above 33 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Action Plan - 2022 8.
Ban on the use of blasting and micro-nets for fishing Priority Same as above Strategy 5.3: Improving the resilience of fish farming and hatchery infrastructure 1.

Strict criteria for hatchery and fish farming site selection should be developed to avoid disaster and flood-prone areas Medium- term Agriculture Department 2.

The design of the hatchery and fish farming structures should be strong enough to withstand any potential disasters Medium- term Same as above 3.
Promote knowledge and information sharing among relevant stakeholders, preferably local populations and sensitize them to the need of conserving valuable flora and fauna through various programs Medium- term Agriculture Department, FE&WD Mitigation Measures The following proposed mitigation measures in line with NCCP 2021 will help in mainstreaming PCCP 2022 into Provincial Action plan: Strategy 5.4: Reduction of GHG emissions caused by the boats used for fishing Actions Priority Implementing Partners 1.
Complete ban on substandard fuel used in boats for Short-term Agriculture fishing Department, FE&WD 34 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Action Plan - 2022 3.1.6 Climate Change Inclusiveness Adaptation and Mitigation Measures The following proposed adaptation and mitigation measures in line with NCCP 2021 will help in mainstreaming PCCP 2022 into Provincial Action plan: Strategy 6.1: Incorporating and enhancing Climate Change inclusiveness Actions Priority Implementing Partners 1.
Conduct studies and research on carbon footprint Priority FE&WD estimation in various sectors 2.

Conduct studies and research on water footprints, Priority FE&WD, PHED including blue, green and grey water 3.

Develop district-level inventories of sectorial GHG emissions and develop action plans based on downscaled NDCs Priority FE&WD 4.

Prepare a checklist for climate inclusiveness feasibility studies and designs; and it should be made mandatory part of PC-I Priority P&DD, FE&WD 5.
Public awareness and mobilization on Climate Change Priority FE&WD challenges, adaptation and mitigation measures 6.
Awareness programs for gender inclusiveness, Priority Same as above marginalized groups and civil society involvement in Climate Change assessments, adaptation and mitigation measures 35 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Action Plan - 2022 3.1.7 Climate Change Cells and Coordination Adaptation and Mitigation Measures The following proposed adaptation and mitigation measures in line with NCCP 2021 will help in mainstreaming PCCP 2022 into Provincial Action plan: Strategy 7.1: Capacity building of institutions andcoordination Actions Priority Implementing Partners 1.
Establish departmental Climate ChangeCells and Priority Research Centers FE&WD, Agriculture Department 2.

Upgrade existing Climate Change Cell at EPA to Priority FE&WD Directorate level 3.

Financial support for departmental Climate Change Cells Priority and R&D Federal Government, Provincial Government 4.

Inter and intra-departmental coordination Priority All line-departments 5.
Strengthening bi-lateral coordination of line departments, Priority EPA and federal Climate Change ministry Ministry of Climate Change, EPA and line-departments 6.
Establishment of provincial Climate Change committee Priority FE&WD and P&DD 36 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Action Plan - 2022 3.2 Climate ChangeAdaptationMeasures 3.2.1 Water Resources The IMF has placed Pakistan as the third most water strained country, with per capita water availability of 5000 cubic meters in 1947, which has been reduced to approximately 1000 cubic meters and is expected to further decrease to 800 cubic meters per capita by 202517.
Water resources are critical for the survival of the people in the province; they also play an important part in the agro-based livelihoods of millions of people in KP.

Adaptation Measures The following proposed adaptation measures in line with NCCP 2021 will help in mainstreaming PCCP 2022 into Provincial Action Plan: Strategy 1.1: Encourage the use of more efficient irrigation techniques Actions Priority Implementing Partners 1.

Encourage the development of water conservation Priority strategies 2.
Enhance the capacity of line departments and the private sector to produce indigenous low-cost energy and water efficient techniques such as Responsive Drip Irrigation (RDI), trickle andsprinkle irrigation system Short-term 3.
Priority should be given to complete ongoing canal lining Short-term projects in order to reduce irrigation losses LGE&RDD, FE&WD, Agriculture Department, Irrigation Department Irrigation department, Agriculture department Irrigation department, Agriculture department 4. Review the current cropping pattern to conserve as much water as possible Short-term Agriculture department 5.

Facilitate technology transfer to small farmers by Short-term Same as above providing incentives through subsidies etc.
17a)Framework for implementation of Climate Change Policy, 2013; b)Nabi, Ghulam, Murad Ali, Suliman Khan, and Sunjeet Kumar.

"The crisis of water shortage and pollution in Pakistan: Risk to public health, biodiversity, and ecosystem."

Environmental science and pollution research 26, no.

11 (2019): 10443-10445.c) Aziz D, Masood A, Hashmi Z (2018) Turning the tide, The News International.

https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/328174-turning-the-tide.
Accessed 8/02/2021 37 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Action Plan - 2022 6.

Implement appropriate measures to provide additional storage capacity while maintaining minimum base flows in all rivers Medium- term Irrigation department, LGE&RDD 7.

Explore the possibility of introducing irrigation water pricing in order to generate financial resources for the long-term sustainability of irrigation infrastructure Medium- term Same as above Strategy 1.2: Developing local rainwater harvesting strategies 1.
Assess the potential for harvesting rainwater in various Priority areas and agricultural farms 2.

Encourage rainwater harvesting in both rural and urban Priority areas, as well as at the household level Irrigation Department, Agriculture Department LGE&RDD, Irrigation Department, Agriculture Department 3.

Enhance social capacity for rainwater harvesting practices at domestic, village and local level Short-term LGE&RDD, Irrigation Department, Agriculture Department, FE&WD 4.
Incorporate rainwater harvesting systems in building codes Medium- term LGE&RDD 5.

Plant tree species in watersheds that do not have an Short-term FE&WD, Agriculture adverse effect on the water table Department Strategy 1.3: Raising public awareness of the necessity of water resource conservation and sustainable use 1.
Conduct regular media campaigns and host seminars and workshops to emphasize the need of water resource conservation and sustainable use at all levels Priority FE&WD, Information Department, Irrigation Department, PHED, Academia 2.

Assist non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and civil Priority Same as above society organizations (CSOs) in emphasizing conservation and judicious use of water resources 38 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Action Plan - 2022 3.
Initiate joint ventures, involving line departments, civil society, academia as well as print and electronic media to raise public awareness about water conservation, water availability, drainage systems and other water-related issues Priority Same as above Strategy 1.4: Ensuring that water allocations are adjusted in response to changes in sectorial demand caused by Climate Change 1.

Determine medium and long-term sectorial water Short-term LGE&RDD, Irrigation demands for future Department, PHED 2.
Re-allocate water based on future projected water Short-term Same as above demand for each sector of the economy 3.

Encourage community participation and empowerment in the planning, implementation, monitoring and operation & maintenance of water supply systems Short-term Same as above 4.
Priority will be given to water allocation for drinking Short-term Same as above purposes over other uses Strategy 1.5: Groundwater protection through management and technical methods such as regulatory frameworks, water licensing and artificial recharge, particularly for threatened aquifers 1.

Identify the locations, quality and quantity of groundwater resources in the province Short-term LGE&RDD, FE&WD, PHED, Irrigation Department 2.
Develop a groundwater integrated water resources Short-term P&DD, LGE&RDD management plan at the district and tehsil levels for each aquifer by location 3.

Develop regulatory frameworks and water licensing to control groundwater depletion and degradation and assure its sensible use Priority LGE&RDD, FE&WD, PHED, Irrigation Department 4.
Promote and standardize water-saving plumbing Short-term Same as above equipment and water-efficient appliances and techniques 39 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Action Plan - 2022 Strategy 1.6: Developing wastewater recycling facilities and reuse in agriculture, green belts, artificial wetlands and groundwater recharge 1.
Develop the technology and estimate the cost of effective wastewater treatment and reuse, particularly at car wash centers and mosques Short-term Agriculture Department, LGE&RDD, FE&WD 2.

Determine the sources of wastewater in the province and estimate the amount of wastewater that can be recycled Short-term LGE&RDD 3.

Install wastewater treatment facilities throughout the urban sewerage system Short-term Same as above 4.
Encourage the reuse of drain water in both rural and Short-term Same as above urban areas 5.

Pilot testing of wastewater reuse in potential agricultural Priority areas LGE&RDD, Irrigation Department, Agriculture Department Strategy 1.7: Encouraging farmers' active participation in water management in collaboration with line departments 1.
Identify the line departments and civil society organizations that may train and engage the farmer community to participate in irrigation water management and distribution Priority Irrigation Department, Agriculture Department 2.

Encourage public-private partnerships to improve access to safe drinking water and the sustainable operation and maintenance of water supply systems Short-term PHED, LGE&RDD 3.
Enhance communication between the irrigation Short-term department and farmer communities regarding irrigation water distribution and management Irrigation Department, Agriculture Department 40 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Action Plan - 2022 Strategy 1.8: Water distribution based on crop sowing timing 1.

Estimate the available water and crop water requirements Short-term throughout the sowing and planting seasons Irrigation Department, Agriculture Department 2.
Decide the allocated water share for crop sowing based Short-term Same as above on the planting season 3.

Prioritize the allocation of water for drinking and industrial Priority use PHED, Irrigation, LGE&RDD Strategy 1.9: Preparing contingency plans for short-term strategies to adapt to water scarcity, which could aid in drought mitigation 1.

Identify the places that could be severely affected by seasonal or prolonged drought Priority Agriculture Department, FE&WD 2.
Assess water storage capacity of that region Short-term Agriculture Department, FE&WD, Irrigation Department 3.
Allocate water from existing gross national water Short-term Agriculture availability to water storages that could aid in drought mitigation in these prone regions Department, IrrigationDepartment Strategy 1.10: Legislating and enforcing rules and regulations necessary for effective water resource management, conservation and groundwater regulatory framework 1. Review all relevant existing legislation to find gaps in Priority water conservation and management FE&WD,Irrigation Department, Agriculture Department, LGE&RDD 2.
Amend and adopt new legislation, wherever necessary, to Priority Same as above achieve effective water resource management in agriculture, residential and industrial sectors 3.

Effectively enforce all environmental rules pertaining to Short-term Same as above water conservation and protection through the provincial EPA 41 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Action Plan - 2022 4.
Conduct a review and harmonize existing water sector Short-term Same as above legislation, policies and plans to include Climate Change adaptation and mitigation measures 5.

Ensure that regulations regarding groundwater extraction Short-term Same as above are strictly enforced Strategy 1.11: Upgrading the existing hydrological network for monitoring river flows and flood warning systems 1.
Conduct a comprehensive assessment of the hydrological network to identify any flaws in the monitoring of river flow changes and flood warning systems Priority RR&SD, Irrigation Department 2.

Based on this assessment, plan enhancements to the Short-term Same as above hydrological network monitoring system 3.
Upgrade and extend snow and rain monitoring system, and set-up remote sensing and ground-based mechanism to monitor the development of GLOF events Short-term WAPDA18, PMD, RR&SD, FE&WD Strategy 1.12: Developing and extending domestic and drinking water conservation technologies and techniques 1.

Introduce and implement domestic and drinking water conservation techniques and technologies i.e., use of auto operating taps Priority LGE&RDD, PHED, Irrigation Department 2.
Encourage the installation of water meters in order to Short-term Same as above prevent the indiscriminate use of drinking water supplies 3.

Encourage the use of cost-effective and appropriate Short-term Same as above water-supply technology options Strategy 1.13: Enhancing water storage capacities 1.

Locate new prospective dam sites Short-term Irrigation Department 2.
Ensure that these locations are not exploited for Short-term Same as above construction projects other than agricultural and forestry in order to retain the option of constructing new dams, if necessary 3.
Conduct detailed feasibility and design studies, as well as Short-term Same as above cost estimates, for the proposed new dams 18 WAPDA: Water and Power Development Authority 42 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Action Plan - 2022 Strategy 1.14: Assuring the early rehabilitation, remodeling and upgrading of the province's existing irrigation infrastructure so that it can withstand the expected extreme weather events caused by Global Warming and Climate Change 1.
Assess the probability and range of projected extreme Priority RR&SD weather events caused by Global Warming and Climate Change 2.

Evaluate the range and potential of existing irrigation Short-term Irrigation Department infrastructure in terms of sustaining these extreme events 3.
Remodel and upgrade existing irrigation infrastructure to accommodate the projected range of extreme weather events Medium- term Same as above Strategy 1.15: Promoting integrated watershed management practices in uphill watersheds 1.

To identify the environmental threats to the uphill Short-term watersheds and catchment areas of rivers flowing in the plain areas of the province Irrigation Department, FE&WD 2.
Identify the technical possibilities, such as artificial glacial recharge, to improve water quantity and quality Short-term Same as above 3.

Train the local community to identify and manage artificial Short-term Same as above glacial recharge sites Strategy 1.16: Enhancing provincial capacity for tracking temporal changes in glaciers, snow cover and meteorological parameters 1.
Establish and develop high-altitude meteorological observation stations to monitor changing climatic parameters Short-term FE&WD, RR&SD 2.
Conduct research to prepare a detailed and Priority Same as above comprehensive inventory of glaciers in Pakistan using satellite imagery and build institutional capacity to keep it updated regularly 43 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Action Plan - 2022 3.2.2 Wildlife and Biodiversity Adaptation Measures The following proposed adaptation measures in line with NCCP 2021 will help in mainstreaming PCCP 2022 into Provincial Action Plan: Strategy 2.1: Strengthening of legal and institutional frameworks to materialize efforts towards biodiversity conservation Actions 1.
Encourage the enhancement of biodiversity conservation efforts; support public and political sensitization activities to make biodiversity conservation as one of the top priority agendas Priority Implementing Partners Short-term P&DD, FE&WD, WWF 2.
Take concrete steps to implement the previously developed Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan Short-term Same as above 3. Review and update the existing plans regularly based on lessons learned during the practical implementation phases Short-term Same as above Strategy 2.2: Improving scientific research and biodiversity conservation implementation 1.

Conduct applied research on biodiversity conservation in KP in the wake of Climate Change Medium- term P&DD, FE&WD, WWF 2.
Document and incorporate indigenous knowledge into the latest scientific research findings/information for use in conservation planning and activities Medium- term P&DD, FE&WD, LGE&RDD, Agriculture Department, Energy & Power, Irrigation Department, WWF 44 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Action Plan - 2022 3.

Extend conservation techniques in collaboration with local communities, utilizing their knowledge from a local perspective 4.
Integrate biodiversity conservation strategies into all relevant sectors including forestry, wildlife, aquatic and agriculture Medium- term Medium- term Same as above Same as above 5.
Encourage both in-situ and ex-situ conservation of valuable species for research and other uses in biodiversity-rich areas Medium- term FE&WD, Agriculture Department 45 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Action Plan - 2022 3.2.3 Vulnerable Ecosystems Adaptation Measures The following proposed adaptation measures in line with NCCP 2021 will help in mainstreaming PCCP 2022 into Provincial Action Plan: Strategy 3.1: Institutional strengthening and the implementation of existing biodiversity conservation measures Actions Priority Implementing Partners 1.
Strengthen provincial institutional capacity in terms of financing, politics and public support to enhance biodiversity conservation activities Short-term Finance Department, P&DD, FE&WD, Agriculture Department 2.

Encourage public and political sensitization campaigns to make biodiversity conservation a top priority agenda Short-term Finance Department, P&DD, FE&WD, Agriculture Department, Information Department P&DD, LGE&RDD, FE&WD, 3.
Establish provincial focal points and steering Priority committees to develop and implement Biodiversity Conservation Plans at the provincial and municipal levels Strategy 3.2: Promoting and conducting latest research in the field of biodiversity with a focus on the effects of Climate Change in order to bridge the knowledge gap between policy and practice 1.
Strengthen the capacity of research institutions and Short-term FE&WD, Agriculture academia to explore and promote the sustainable use of natural resources and biological diversity Department, Universities 2.

Conduct significant applied research on biodiversity conservation in the context of Climate Change Short-term Same as above 3.

Incorporate biodiversity conservation practices into all relevant fields such as forestry, wildlife and agriculture Short-term Same as above 4.
Extend conservation techniques in collaboration with local communities, utilizing their knowledge from a local perspective Medium- term Same as above 46 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Action Plan - 2022 5.

Encourage both in-situ and ex-situ conservation of valuable species for research and other uses in biodiversity-rich areas Medium- term Same as above Strategy 3.3: Enhancing the capacity of existing and yet to be established provincial monitoring units 1.
Establish provincial resource bases to collect, share and Short-term FE&WD, Agriculture monitor information and biodiversity conservation actions Department, 2.

Strengthen institutions and organizations participating in various activities related to flora and fauna conservation (e.g., data collection, information dissemination and conservation) Short-term Same as above 3.
Encourage transfer of knowledge and information Short-term Same as above among key stakeholders, preferably local communities and sensitize them to the need of conserving valuable flora and fauna through various programs 4.
Enhance the capacity of research institutions, Short-term FE&WD, Agriculture government departments, civil society and local communities to monitor biodiversity conservation activities Department, Universities, CSOs Strategy 3.4: Conducting extensive scientific research in mountain areas to identify the most vulnerable and resilient ecosystems to the adverse effects of Climate Change and addressing identified challenges with tangible measures 1.
Initiate reforestation programs in the mountainous regions to stabilize slopes and reduce flood intensity Priority FE&WD, Agriculture Department 2.

Establish a research institution dedicated solely to Short-term Same as above coordinating and disseminating scientific information on mountain ecosystems 3.
Initiate integrated watershed management projects at the sub-catchment level to reduce runoff and soil erosion, resulting in reduced flood intensities Short-term FE&WD, Agriculture Department, Irrigation Department 4.

Examine the effects of Climate Change on mountain biodiversity, as well as the role of science in conjunction with indigenous knowledge in preserving it Medium- term FE&WD, Agriculture Department, 47 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Action Plan - 2022 5.
Build a network of small multi-purpose dams in Priority mountain regions to minimize flood intensity, generate electricity and serve irrigation purposes Irrigation Department, Energy & Power Department Strategy 3.5: Discouraging activities that lead to the depletion of mountain ecology while supporting those that contribute to the rejuvenation of a viable climate at higher altitudes 1.
Promote ecotourism and develop procedures to prevent the accumulation of solid waste, garbage and other undesired material in major tourist spots and hill stations Short-term LGE&RDD, Tourism Department, CSOs 2.

Organize localized programs for the removal and Short-term Same as above disposal of solid waste in mountain areas 3.

Introduce and promote the usage of biodegradable products Short-term FE&WD, LGE&RDD, Tourism Department, CSOs 4.
Sensitize and engage local communities in the Priority Same as above promotion of ecotourism 5.

Conduct GLOF related research and, as a result, devise Priority projects to conserve northern glaciers P&DD, FE&WD, RR&SD, Agriculture Department 6.
Efforts to remove and prevent the accumulation of undesired biomass at higher altitudes in order to prevent clogging of mountain water channels Short-term FE&WD, LGE&RDD, Tourism Department, CSOs Strategy 3.6: Protecting the soil from erosion through vegetation barriers and maintaining optimum livestock densities 1.

Provide vegetative barriers for rangelands that are Short-term FE&WD, Agriculture especially prone to erratic precipitation, strong winds and increased soil erosion Department 2.
Improve soil quality by utilizing native and hybrid soil nutrient fixing vegetation Short-term Same as above 3.

Establish communication channels between local Short-term Agriculture communities and livestock research institutes in order to stay informed about the latest innovations in the field of livestock research Department,Academia 48 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Action Plan - 2022 4.
Develop and implement strategies to ensure optimal livestock densities in accordance with the carrying capacity of the rangelands Medium- term Agriculture Department 5.

Establish effective coordination between the forest and livestock departments to ensure efficient rangeland management Priority FE&WD, Agriculture Department Strategy 3.7: Grazing system promotion in accordance with research findings to facilitate regeneration of rangeland grasses and improve livestock production 1.
Conduct research in the province to identify 'fragile' and Priority FE&WD 'resilient' rangelands and pastures 2.

Through extensive study, discretely compute the carrying capacities of both fragile and resilient rangelands and pastures based on their local climatic conditions Short-term Same as above 3.

Strengthen relationships between local communities, Short-term Agriculture Department veterinary services and livestock markets to ensure effective livestock turnover 4.
Develop experimental plots of indigenous, hybrid and adapted vegetation species for increased fodder availability and improved rangeland and pasture management Medium- term Same as above 5.
Enhance control grazing and plan a rotational program for transferring livestock from fragile to resilient rangelands and pastures on a regular basis in order to restore fodder quality, grass and shrubs based on local conditions Medium- term FE&WD, Agriculture Department Strategy 3.8: Investigating the causes of wetlands' ecosystem depletion in the province 1.

Take steps to safeguard the associated biodiversity of Priority the wetlands 2.
Limit the use of pesticides and fertilizers in the close Priority vicinity of wetlands FE&WD, Agriculture Department, Irrigation Department Agriculture Department,Irrigation Department,CSOs 49 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Action Plan - 2022 3.

Promote the use of biological control for disease and Priority Agriculture Department weed management in agricultural crops 4.
Establish research organizations to monitor the immediate and long-term impact of Climate Change on the province's wetlands Medium- term P&DD, FE&WD, Agriculture Department, Irrigation Department Strategy 3.9: Providing the necessary contribution to the wetlands through resource management efficiency 1.

Initiate programs to plan and allocate water levels for ecosystem maintenance Short-term FE&WD, Irrigation Department 2.
Develop adaptation strategies for wetlands and Short-term Same as above communities who rely on these and are endangered by Climate Change 3.

Establish an institutional setup to monitor changes in the quality of water entering the wetlands Medium- term Same as above Strategy 3.10: Taking remedial actions to reduce wetland siltation 1.

Control siltation of wetlands by reducing deforestation Priority and timber felling in catchment areas FE&WD, Irrigation Department 2.
Introduce wetlands maintenance programs that involve local communities in order to control siltation and other debris Short-term Same as above 3.

Conduct studies to identify further sources of siltation in the wetlands and implement appropriate remedial measures Medium- term Same as above Strategy 3.11: Developing legal procedures to regulate organic and inorganic contamination of wetlands in line with scientific studies 1.
Examine the water quality in all drainage systems to Priority wetlands for excessive fertilizer and pesticide contamination FE&WD, Irrigation Department, 2.

Implement a monitoring and control mechanism to keep wetlands from absorbing excessive chemicals Short-term Same as above 50 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Action Plan - 2022 Strategy 3.12: Seeking innovative water conservation and irrigation techniques for fodder shrubs and crops 1.
Organize 'farmers' awareness' programs to sensitize Short-term Agriculture Department local farmers about the necessity of water conservation measures 2.

Develop experimentation plots for local and hybrid vegetation cover which use the least amount of water while maximum utilization Medium- term Agriculture Department, Universities 3.
Arrange proper training programs for local communities to adopt and maintain advanced equipment for drip irrigation Medium- term Agriculture Department, Irrigation Department, CSOs Strategy 3.13: Explore technological breakthroughs in irrigation systems to increase vegetative cover in extremely harsh areas of arid zone 1.

Identify the best suitable irrigation equipment and technologies for arid areas 2.
Establish local community connections with irrigation and agricultural research organizations in order to pursue the best appropriate technology for arid zones with diminishing water resources Short-term AgricultureDepartment, Irrigation Department, Universities Short-term Agriculture Department, Irrigation Department, Universities, CSOs 3.
Arrange adequate training programs for local communities to maintain advanced equipment for drip irrigation and alternate energy (solar and wind) systems for tube-wells Medium- term Agriculture Department, Irrigation Department, Strategy 3.14: Supporting the development of technological advances that increase agricultural water efficiency, as well as efficient equipment for the artificial groundwater recharge 1.
Collaborate with an irrigation research institute focused to develop technology and equipment to improve the traditional irrigation system Short-term Agriculture Department, Irrigation Department, Universities 51 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Action Plan - 2022 2.
Maintain vegetative cover by ensuring irrigation technological innovations that are most suited for arid zones with hot climate Medium- term Same as above Strategy 3.15: Research and commercialization of "low delta crops," as well as drought and pest resistant crops 1.

Ensure the development of low delta and drought- Short-term Agriculture Department resistant, high-yield crop variants for the province's arid and hyper-arid regions 2.
Develop special initiatives for pest-resistant crops or Short-term Same as above implement Integrated Pest Management (IPM) to protect crop productivity Strategy 3.16: Develop drought-resistant shrubs, fodder crops and pasture grass for livestock 1.

Carry out research studies to improve feed and fodder Short-term in arid area FE&WD, Agriculture Department 2.
Collaborate with local communities and nomadic tribes to develop experimental plots of improved grasses and shrubs for livestock Medium- term Same as above 52 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Action Plan - 2022 3.2.4 Disaster Preparedness Mitigation Measures The following proposed mitigation measures in line with NCCP 2021 will help in mainstreaming PCCP 2022 into Provincial Action plan: Strategy 1.1: Giving priority to the development and promotion of hydropower generation Actions Priority Implementing Partners 1.
Conduct pre-feasibility studies on potential hydropower Priority project sites Energy & Power Department 2.

Improve recovery procedures for individuals/ departments that do not pay utility bills, thereby eliminating mismanagement on the side of the government and implement a stringent monitoring system to generate revenue Priority PESCO 3.

Promote updated energy technologies Priority Energy & Power Department 4.
Develop and promote massive scale run-of-river hydropower power plants on rivers and canal Short-term Energy & Power Department, Irrigation Department 5.

Conduct an assessment of water resources to improve Short-term Same as above their potential for energy generation 6.

Ensure that the rights of the local community are preserved wherever hydropower projects are launched Short-term FE&WD, Energy & Power Department 7.
Set up a framework to legislate water usage and water rights at the provincial level, involving all stakeholders 8.

Enhance the capacity of all concerned departments to develop project proposals based on need assessment and actual problem understanding at the governance level Short-term FE&WD, Energy & Power Department, Irrigation Department,IPC Department Short-term All Relevant Departments 53 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Action Plan - 2022 9.
Develop and promote hydropower projects through dams Short-term Energy & Power in KP Department 10.

Investigate solar energy generation possibilities Short-term Same as above 11.

Initiate energy generation initiatives by diverting rivers into energy-production units Medium- term Energy & Power Department, Irrigation Department Strategy 1.2: Encourage the development of renewable energy resources and technologies such as solar, wind, small- hydropower and bio-fuel energy 1.
Provide incentives for introducing solar water heaters in Priority the province Energy & Power Department 2.

Encourage installation of solar panels above irrigation Short-term Energy & Power canals and reservoirs Department, Irrigation Department 3.
Enhance the capacity of public-sector scientific and Short-term Energy & Power engineering technology institutions and universities to develop and design renewable energy technologies for solar, wind, small-hydropower and bio-fuel energy sources Department, Universities 4.

Identify potential sites for small hydropower project installation in mountain areas as well as along major irrigation canals Short-term Energy & Power Department, 5.
Provide investment-friendly incentives to encourage the private sector to invest in renewable energy projects Short-term Energy & Power Department, Industries Department, Chamber of Commerce 6.

Establish clean energy disciplines in universities to Short-term Energy & Power enhance awareness and encourage the usage of renewable energy alternatives Department, HED, Universities 7.

Develop a database with experts from all energy-related Short-term Energy & Power sectors 8.
Encourage the manufacturing of power generation equipment locally Medium- term Department, Same as above 54 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Action Plan - 2022 9.

Promote indigenous low-cost technologies (renewable energy) through Research and Development (R&D) initiatives Medium- term Energy & Power Department, Universities Strategy 1.3: Promoting solar-panel-equipped building designs for energy self-sufficiency, particularly in public-sector buildings 1.
Adopt an energy conserving strategy to promote and Priority install solar panels in both public and private sector buildings LGE&RDD, Energy & Power Department, Irrigation Department, PHED 2.

Develop and introduce energy-efficient building materials, Short-term Energy & Power designs and technologies Department, Industries Department 3.

Encourage enterprises to generate energy-efficient Short-term Same as above products and assure their availability in the local market 4.
Develop appropriate building construction codes for energy conservation according to climatic conditions Short-term LGE&RDD Strategy 1.4: Obtaining technological know-how and transferring it for the installation of Near-Zero Emission Clean Coal Technologies 1.

Enhance the capacity of local scientific institutes for the development of pulverized coal Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) systems Short-term Minerals Development Department, Industries Department, FE&WD 2.
Develop strategies for utilizing all fossil fuels, including coal, in the most efficient and low-emission levels Short-term Same as above 3.

Develop indigenous capacity in technologies such as waste heat recovery and co-generation, coal bed methane capture, coal fluidized bed combustion and combined cycle power generation Medium- term Same as above 4.
Enhance the technological and scientific capacities of Long-term Same as above relevant institutions in order to develop and operate coal- fired power plants with carbon capture and storage facilities 55 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Action Plan - 2022 Strategy 1.5: Setting up plants to generate power from municipal waste 1.
Conduct research on waste conversion into energy; Priority LGE&RDD, FE&WD establish major units in the province to generate power from waste in order to promote alternate energy practices 2.

Promote the use of low-carbon and low-sulfur fuels Priority Ministry of Power Govt.

of Pakistan, Industries Department, Transport Department 3.

Enhance the capacity of all municipal agencies to build Short-term LGE&RDD waste-to-heat conversion plants 4.
Involve local and provincial energy suppliers to ensure that energy supply transmission from these plants is as efficient as possible Short-term Energy & Power, Industries Department 5.

Encourage the private sector to install waste-to-energy Short-term LGE&RDD plants at the local and district levels Strategy 1.6: Promoting and providing incentives for the activities necessary for energy-mix and fuel-switching strategy to low-carbon fuels 1.
Develop plans and build infrastructure to convert waste to Short-term LGE&RDD, Energy & heat energy by all municipalities Power Department, 2.

Equip local universities and research institutions to design and develop indigenous and hybrid technology for carbon dioxide capture and storage Medium- term Industries Department, HED, Universities 3.
Locally develop coal bed methane capture technology for Long-term Same as above future energy needs Strategy 1.7: Improving energy efficiency and conserving energy 1.

Provide subsidy for the promotion of low-energy- Priority consumption devices for residential and commercial use, such as energy-saving lights Energy & Power Department, Chamber of Commerce 2.
Develop mechanisms for conducting energy audits in Priority order to improve energy efficiency during transmission Energy & Power Department 56 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Action Plan - 2022 3.

Create new transportation strategies to encourage both Short-term Transport Department fuel conservation and fuel efficiency 4.
Provide economic incentives for energy conservation in the industrial sector by replacing high energy-consuming machines with energy-efficient machines Medium- term Industries Department, Chamber of Commerce Strategy 1.8: Enacting and enforcing energy conservation legislation and audit standards 1.

Formulation of energy conservation legislation by Priority enacting energy sector specific laws that ensure control of energy wastage Energy & Power Department 2.
Strengthen the current legal framework that ensures Priority Same as above energy efficiency audits and conservation 3.

Ensure proper legislation and policy implementation at Short-term Same as above each level through identified check and balance Strategy 1.9: Ensuring quality energy production and supply management, including reduction of transmission and distribution losses 1.

Improve energy production efficiency by enhancing the quality management system Priority Energy & Power Department 2.
Conduct audits of the energy supply and transmission Short-term Same as above system to control distribution losses Strategy 1.10: Improving energy efficiency in buildings and use of energy-efficient electric appliances 1.

Encourage building design modifications for better Priority insulation 2.
Provide incentives for energy-efficient products, which commonly cost more than less-efficient versions, particularly when they are initially commercialized Priority LGE&RDD, Energy & Power Department LGE&RDD, Energy & Power Department, Industries Department, Chamber of Commerce 57 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Action Plan - 2022 3.

Improve energy efficiency in buildings by standardizing building and construction codes Short-term Finance Department, P&DD, LGE&RDD, C&W, UET Peshawar 4.
Promote the design and manufacturing of energy-efficient Short-term Industries Department boilers and appliances 5.
Design and introduce energy-efficient ground water Short-term LGE&RDD, PHED, pumping units for agricultural, industrial and residential applications Agriculture Department, Industries Department Adaptation Measures The following proposed adaptation measures in line with NCCP 2021 will help in mainstreaming PCCP 2022 into Provincial Action Plan: Strategy 4.1: Raising public awareness of challenges related to mitigation of Climate Change induced disasters Actions 1.
Advise the decision-makers regarding the likely rise in the frequency and intensity of natural disasters as a result of Climate Change, as well as the proposed mitigation strategy Priority Implementing Partners Priority RR&SD, FE&WD 2.

Develop a mechanism to establish and promote effective sectorial coordination among sectors responsible for DRM19 Priority RR&SD & Relevant line Departments 3.
Arrange awareness campaigns for various parts of Priority society, particularly vulnerable communities, via radio, television, print media and participatory workshops RR&SD, Information Department, FE&WD, CSOs 4.

Conduct special emergency response training Short-term P&DD, FE&WD, sessions for non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and volunteer organizations CSOs 5.
Include disaster management as a discipline in university curricula Short-term FE&WD, RR&SD, Universities, CSOs 19 DRM: Disaster Risk Management 58 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Action Plan - 2022 6.

Establish an integrated information system to manage Short-term P&DD, FE&WD, temporal and spatial information on Climate Change and disaster risk reduction RR&SD Strategy 4.2: Addressing the critical gaps in understanding of the natural mechanisms that cause hazards 1.
Collaborate with the Ministry of National Health Services, Regulations and Coordination to extend research on the connections between Climate Change, gender, disasters and health Short-term Health Department, P&DDDepartment, RR&SD 2.

Develop remote sensing and in-situ techniques for monitoring the temperature and moisture content of the atmosphere at various levels utilizing satellites and weather radars Medium- term PMD, FE&WD, RR&SD 3.
Enhance capacity to predict quantitative precipitation Short-term Same as above 4.

Upgrade numerical weather models and visualization Short-term Same as above techniques in order to deliver more accurate and timely products that forecasters and researchers can use 5.

Improve expertise and knowledge of available technologies for disaster risk reduction among professional engineers and building contractors etc.
Priority Same as above Strategy 4.3: Developing hazard zoning and mitigation strategies through management, formulation and law enforcement 1.

Develop an integrated natural hazard zoning map of KP Short-term LGE&RDD, FE&WD, RR&SD 2.

Map low-flood risk zones for future land use planning Short-term LGE&RDD, FE&WD, 3.

Locate safe sites for people and livestock evacuation in Priority each sensitive locality.

RR&SD, Irrigation Department LGE&RDD, RR&SD, Agriculture Department 4.
Define and develop collection points for livestock during Priority Same as above disaster 59 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Action Plan - 2022 5.

Develop waste management plans for post-disaster Priority situations LGE&RDD, RR&SD, Health Department, FE&WD 6.

Develop and provide incentives to encourage disaster- Priority Same as above resistant construction, especially in rural areas 7.
Develop effective rescue plans, relief and rehabilitation options and their execution strategies before a disaster occurs Priority Same as above 8.

Include water, food hygiene and sanitation management in disaster preparedness and evacuation plans Short-term Same as above 9.

Initiate development and enforcement of "River Flood Plan" regulations and laws Short-term RR&SD, Irrigation Department, FE&WD 10.
Identify susceptible areas at local level and devise Short-term Same as above mitigation strategies for such sensitive areas and communities 11.

Identify the mountain areas that are prone to avalanches and landslides Medium- term Same as above 12.

Through zoning regulation, incorporate hazard zoning Short-term Same as above into land use and urban development 13.
Establish a system to ensure that the policy and regulatory framework is followed and enforced Short-term Same as above Strategy 4.4: Developing and enhancing a natural hazard early warning system to provide users with reliable alerts 1.

Improve and expand the network of weather monitoring stations and Early Warning System (EWS) Medium- term PMD, RR&SD 2.
Establish regional flood forecasting and warning centers throughout the province, as well as sub-regional centers in each vulnerable district Medium- term RR&SD, LGE&RDD, District Administrations 3.

Develop updated early warning system that utilizes radio, Priority Same as above television, SMS, mosque loudspeakers etc.

60 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Action Plan - 2022 4.
Develop Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) that clearly define the roles and responsibilities of each relevant department during natural disaster Priority Same as above 5.

Upgrade and install a Flood Early Warning System Priority (FEWS) model in Tarbela and Warsak Dam, as well as provide appropriate staff training Ministry of Water Resources, RR&SD, Irrigation Department 6.
Improve and enhance the flash flood response mechanisms of local and district disaster managers in order to minimize damages while keeping in view the generally rapid onset of flash floods with short warning lead-time Short-term LGE&RDD, District Administrations, Irrigation Department, RR&SD, PMD 7.

Establish local warning centers in mountainous areas prone to flash floods Medium- term PMD, P&DD, District Administrations 8.
Establish a remote sensing and ground-based monitoring system to track the development of Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOF) Priority FE&WD, RR&SD, PMD 9.

Prepare evacuation plans for susceptible areas in the Priority case of a GLOF event 10.
Allocate contingency/emergency funds to district Priority administration RR&SD, District Administrations Finance Department, RR&SD, District Administrations Strategy 4.5: Developing and strengthening the infrastructure that is resilient to Climate Change, particularly extreme weather events 1.
Carry out detailed studies to assess the requirements of flood embankments, dykes and protective bunds to safeguard vulnerable areas, particularly densely populated urban areas, in light of predicted flood levels Priority P&DD, LGE&RDD, , Irrigation Department, RR&SD 2.

Strengthen existing flood embankments, dykes and Priority Same as above protective bunds 3.

Redesign and construct disaster-resilient multipurpose school buildings to serve as shelters during natural disasters Short-term P&DD, LGE&RDD 4.
Improve, restore and enhance the capacity of headworks Medium- term C&W, District Administrations P&DD, Irrigation Department 61 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Action Plan - 2022 5.

Construct escape structures along existing flood embankments, dykes and protective bunds and locate suitable places for recharging depleting aquifers from surplus flood water Medium- term Same as above 6.
Water supply systems must be designed and constructed with due consideration to natural disasters and emergency situations Medium- term P&DD, LGE&RDD, Irrigation Department, PHED, RR&SD 7.
In accordance with Sphere Standards, emergency preparedness and response plans may be developed to ensure the availability of safe water to those affected by events such as floods, earthquakes, droughts and conflicts Medium- term LGE&RDD, PHED, RR&SD Strategy 4.6: Provision of Multi Hazard Vulnerability Risk Assessment (MHVRA) 1.

Carry out district-level climate inclusive Multi-Hazard Vulnerability and Risk Assessment (MHVRA) studies Priority FE&WD, RR&SD, PMD 2.
Identification of safe locations against various hazards Priority RR&SD, District Administration 3.
Preparation of Emergency Evacuation Plans (EEPs) Priority Same as above 62 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Action Plan - 2022 3.2.5 Public Health Adaptation Measures The following proposed adaptation measures in line with NCCP 2021 will help in mainstreaming PCCP 2022 into Provincial Action Plan: Strategy 5.1: Assessing and mitigating health vulnerabilities to Climate Change, as well as implementing the "One Health" policy Actions Priority Implementing Partners 1.
Assess the province's vulnerability, particularly the Priority Health Department population and regions most susceptible to vector-borne diseases 2.

Develop health-system outreach programs that can reach the targeted areas and provide quick emergency health services Priority Same as above 3.
Develop a resource mobilization strategy for identifying and Short-term Health Department, securing international funding for climate and health resilience and adaptation projects (e.g., GCF, GEF and bilateral donor agencies) FE&WD, P&DD, CSOs, 4.

Determine the baseline conditions of human health risk from current climatic variability and recent Climate Change Short-term Health Department, WHO 5.
Analyze the health and WASH coordination for an Priority integrated approach to maximize synergies Health Department, WHO, Academia, PHED.

6.

Develop effective infrastructures and communication channels to promptly counter any epidemic spread caused by a Climate Change induced natural hazard Short-term Health Department, FE&WD, RR&SD, District Administrations 7.
Implement the "One Health" policy Short-term Health Department 63 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Action Plan - 2022 Strategy 5.2: Educating and sensitizing health professionals and the general public on the Climate Change induced health implications 1.

Develop communication strategies to inform the general public about Climate Change-related health hazards and their geographical spread, particularly alerting health professionals in the area Priority Health Department, FE&WD, CSOs, Print & Mass Media 2.
Assess the effects of Climate Change Short-term Health Department onvector/waterborne and nutritional diseases Strategy 5.3: Ensuring that medications and safe drinking water is easily and affordably available to the generalpublic, particularly during climate related extreme events 1.

Establish emergency vaccine and medicine storage facilities near each DC20 office for use in the case of injuries and epidemics caused by natural disasters Priority Health Department, RR&SD 2.
Provide mobile water purification facilities that can be quickly deployed to disaster-stricken areas Short-term LGE&RDD, PHED, District Administrations 3.

Develop and promote options for domestic water Short-term Health Department, treatment PHED, CSOs Strategy 5.4: Upgrading and extending disease outbreak monitoring and forecasting systems to mitigate the potential Climate Change induced health implications 1.
Enhance disease monitoring and forecasting systems to allow for prior planning and timely, effective interventions Priority Health Department, RR&SD 2.
Develop an effective response system to cope with any vector-borne diseases, such as malaria and dengue epidemics, which are likely to increase in changing climatic patterns Short-term Health Department, RR&SD, District Administrations 20 DC: Deputy Commissioner 64 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Action Plan - 2022 3.2.6 Socio-economic Development Adaptation Measures The following proposed adaptation measures in line with NCCP 2021 will help in mainstreaming PCCP 2022 into Provincial Action Plan: Strategy 6.1: Mitigate the socioeconomic impacts of Climate Change on vulnerable communities Actions Priority Implementing Partners 1.
Incorporate the climate-poverty nexus into provincial planning, such as Poverty Reduction Strategies (PRS), provincial population planning strategies and programs and annual budgetary planning Short-term 2.

Conduct studies to assess the impact of Climate Change on poverty and the development potential of province Priority P&DD, Finance Department, LGE&RDD, Population Welfare, FE&WD,CSOs P&DD, Finance Department, LGE&RDD, FE&WD, 3.
Enhance governance, policy and decision-making Short-term Same as above processes, which can have a significant impact on how policies and institutions respond to the impact of Climate Change on the underprivileged communities 4.

Create coherence among institutions dealing with Climate Change, poverty, gender, human rights, population planning and health policy issues Short to medium- term Same as above 5.
Introduce social-safety nets for socioeconomic growth, with a focus on Climate Change adaptation, through cash transfers and social pensions, particularly for disaster- affected communities Short term P&DD, Finance Department, LGE&RDD, RR&SD, CSOs 6.
Raise awareness of and provide access to, relevant technology for climate-smart agriculture, energy and industrial development in underprivileged communities Short-term Agriculture, Food, Irrigation, Industries and Local Government Department 65 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Action Plan - 2022 7.
Share knowledge of local agriculture practices, yields, landholding size and other relevant information with departments responsible for social welfare, safety nets and poverty alleviation in order to strengthen the resilience of impoverished agricultural households Short-term Agriculture, Food, Irrigation and Local Government Department 8.
Investigate, plan and execute measures to address climate-induced migration, which mainly impacts low- income communities Priority Planning and Development Department, Local Government Department 9.

Diversify job opportunities to reduce unemployment through both supply and demand side policies Priority Same as above 10.
Ensure social, resource and climate synergies in industrial Short-term development Industries Department 66 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Action Plan - 2022 3.2.7 Youth and Gender Development Adaptation Measures The following proposed adaptation measures in line with NCCP 2021 will help in mainstreaming PCCP 2022 into Provincial Action Plan: Strategy 7.1: Sustained access to safe drinking water Actions Priority Implementing Partners 1.
Encourage youth and women to participate in ensuring Priority access to safe drinking water 2.

Improve access to safe drinking water 3.

Encourage reforms in health and hygiene training and awareness campaigns 4.

Develop a grievance redressal mechanism that is gender sensitive Short- term Medium- term Medium- term CSW21, LGE&RDD, PHED, Health Department, CSOs Same as above Same as above Same as above 5.
Encourage the use of green manure in agriculture Medium- term Agriculture Department Strategy 7.2: Sewage water disposal and treatment that is environmentally safe 1.

Youth and gender inclusive communication strategy/awareness and trainings for women Medium- term CSW,FE&WD, LGE&RDD, CSOs Strategy 7.3: Solid waste collection and management system 1.

Encourage youth and women to participate in SWM22 Priority planning CSW, FE&WD, LGE&RDD, CSOs 2.
Ensure that youth and women have access to credit, finance and services for waste management and recycling entrepreneurships Short- term Same as above 21 CSW: Commission on the Status of Women 22SWM: Solid Waste Management 67 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Action Plan - 2022 Strategy 7.4: Sustained access to green and affordable energy 1.

Disseminate information on environment-friendly and green technology, as well as the positive impact these technologies have on women's health 2.
Train and provide women with access to renewable alternate energy solutions 3.

Demonstrate ideas involving energy-efficient, low-cost cooking technology 4.

Soft credits/loans for youth and women to adopt green technology Strategy 7.5: Agriculture and livestock P&DD, CSW, LGE&RDD, Finance Department, Chamber of Commerce, CSOs Same as above Same as above Same as above Short- term Short- term Priority Short- term 1.
Identify and introduce gender-responsive technologies, as well as strengthen women's capacities through trainings and financing Short- term 2.

Introduce a legal reform that a.

Enables female farmers to purchase or sell land b.


Favorable environment for female farmers to sell their products at farmers markets c. Enable female farmers to access loans and financial assistance Short to medium term d. Ensure that governmental incentives target women farmers as well P&DD, CSW, LGE&RDD, Agriculture Department, CSOs P&DD, CSW, LGE&RDD, Finance Department, Law Department, Agriculture Department, CSOs Strategy 7.6: Utilize youth roles for effective climate action 1.
Develop and disseminate a climate education curriculum that could be propagated across the province through an advocacy campaign including seminars, trainings, certifications, formal education etc.

Short- to medium- term Sports and Youth Affairs, Education Department, FE&WD 2.

Encourage the use of digital Climate Change awareness tools, apps and services in order to attract and educate youth Short- term Same as above 68 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Action Plan - 2022 3.
Create opportunities for youth to play a role in climate action 4.

Develop a Climate Change Advocacy Strategy thatfocuses on youth and vulnerable communities Same as above Same as above Priority Short- term 5.

Encourage and support young Climate Change Same as above entrepreneurs through trainings, workshops, contests and bootcamps Priority 6.
Create funding opportunities for expanding youth climate initiatives Short- term Same as above 69 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Action Plan - 2022 3.3 Climate ChangeMitigation Measures 3.3.1 Energy 3.3.2 Industry Mitigation Measures The following proposed mitigation measures in line with NCCP 2021 will help in mainstreaming PCCP 2022 into Provincial Action plan: Strategy 2.1: Providing economic incentives and financial subsidies to reduce GHG emissions by upgrading industrial processes and technologies Actions Priority Implementing Partners 1.
Conduct an initial survey to identify industries that require Priority technological advancements to reduce emissions Industries Department, FE&WD, Chamber of Commerce 2.
Develop financial schemes for those industries to Short-term Same as above purchase or develop technological innovation to reduce emissions/liquid effluents Strategy 2.2: Developing voluntary Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) guidelines and encouraging the corporate sector to establish a CSR fund to cover carbon emission reduction efforts in the industrial sector 1.
Identify the industries in the province that require emission reduction technology Priority Industries Department, FE&WD, Chamber of Commerce 2.

Appoint an expert to formulate CSR guidelines Priority Same as above 3.
Encourage the corporate sector to develop CSR specifically for reducing emissions in the province's industrial sector Medium- term Same as above 70 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Action Plan - 2022 Strategy 2.3: Promoting the integrated "Cleaner Production" strategy in the industrial sector by making more efficient use of inputs such as energy, water, raw materials etc.

1.

Identify the industrial processes that generate the most emissions Priority Industries Department, FE&WD 2.
Identify the technologies that could be used to replace these processes, inputs and raw materials in order to reduce emissions Short-term Same as above 3.

Allocate financial resources for this technological Short-term Same as above innovation and replacement of machinery and equipment Strategy 2.4: Encouraging the use of energy-efficient motors in the industrial sector 1.
Assess the quality of machinery and motors used in Priority the industrial sector of the province Industries Department, FE&WD, Energy & Power Department 2.

Develop energy-efficient motors and generators and Short-term Same as above promote their use in the industrial sector 3.

Provide financial incentives to encourage industries to Short-term Same as above adopt energy-efficient motors voluntarily Strategy 2.5: Encouraging the industrial sector to conduct "Energy Efficiency Audits" regularly 1.
Plan voluntary energy efficiency audits for the industrial Priority corporate sector to coincide with emission audits Industries Department, FE&WD, Energy & Power Department 2.
Provide technical assistance to the industrial sector to carry out "energy efficiency audits" of small and large industries regularly Short-term P&DD, Industries Department, FE&WD, Energy & Power Department 71 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Action Plan - 2022 Strategy 2.6: Enhancing the capacity of each industry to monitor and estimate emissions locally 1.

Develop and install instrumentation to estimate industrial Priority emissions Industries Department, FE&WD 2.
Train technicians to operate and maintain emission Short-term Same as above monitoring devices Strategy 2.7: Ensuring that technology transfer is accelerated in industries such as cement manufacturing plants and brick kilns in order to control emissions without hampering the production process 1.

Identify the technologies that reduces emissions in industries such as brick kilns (zig zag technology, Bio brick etc) and cement manufacturing Short-term Industries Department, FE&WD, UET Peshawar 2.
Assess the financial requirements for transferring these Short-term Same as above technologiesto the industrial sector of KP Strategy 2.8: Enforcing industrial wastewater treatment and Solid Waste Management (SWM) 1.

Enforce the installation of industrial wastewater treatment Priority plants as responsibility of the industries, wherever possible FE&WD, KPEZDMC23, Industries Department 2.
Develop SWM strategies and plansat the industrial level Priority Same as above on their part, wherever possible Strategy 2.9: Capacity building of KP energy sector 1.
Establish KP Energy Efficiency and Conservation Priority Authority (KPEECA) Energy and Power Department 23 KP Economic Zones Development And Management Company 72 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Action Plan - 2022 3.3.3 Transport Mitigation Measures The following proposed mitigation measures in line with NCCP 2021 will help in mainstreaming PCCP 2022 into Provincial Action plan: Strategy 3.1: Sensitizing public on the importance of proper vehicle maintenance in order to improve fuel efficiency and reduce emissions Actions Priority Implementing Partners 1.
Launch media campaigns to raise public awareness on how proper vehicle maintenance can help with fuel efficiency and emissions reduction Priority PKHA, FE&WD, Industries Department, Transport Department 2.

Involve civil society and the corporate sector in the campaign to reduce emissions and improve fuel efficiency through proper vehicle maintenance Priority Transport Department CSOs 3.
Establish vehicle maintenance service centers in all urban areas Short-term Transport Department, FE&WD Strategy 3.2: Ensuring the provision of efficient public transportation system in the province 1.

Develop and maintain a high-quality and efficient public transportation system in the province to encourage people to gradually switch from private cars to public transport Medium- term P&DD, Transport Department, FE&WD 2.
Create a public-private partnership to provide fuel- Short-term Same as above efficient local transport services Strategy 3.3: Investigating and implementing the actions required for the use of biofuel in local transport systems 1.

Identify the biofuels that can be used in combination with fossil fuels in the province Short-term Transport Department, FE&WD, Agriculture Department, Industries Department 73 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Action Plan - 2022 2.
Make these biofuels available in at least major urban areas 3.

Develop technology to convert existing vehicles to run on a mixture of gasoline and bio-fuels Medium- term Medium- term Same as above Same as above Strategy 3.4: Supporting the private transport sector through emission-reduction incentives and environment-friendly transport services 1.

Raise public awareness that improperly inflated tires Priority reduce fuel efficiency and increase emissions 2.
Encourage hybrid and e-cars Priority National Highway Authority, PKHA, Transport Department Industries Department, Transport Department 3.

Develop and provide financial incentives for private commercial transport systems to reduce emissions Short-term Transport Department 4.

Promote the use of Low Rolling Resistance (LRR) tires Short-term Same as above Strategy 3.5: Promoting the development and use of environment- friendly transportation technologies 1.
Identify funding sources for the development of environment-friendly transportation technologies and services, such as mass transit Short-term P&DD, Transport Department, FE&WD 2.
Encourage the adoption of environment-friendly Short-term PKHA, Transport technologies by raising awareness in collaboration with civil society and the corporate sector Department, FE&WD, CSOs Strategy 3.6: Securing financial support for technological innovations in urban planning and transportation sectors, specifically to address mitigation issues 1.
Develop and adopt emission control technology for the transportation sector using CDM and other funding sources Short-term Ministry of Industry, Industries Department, Transport Department, FE&WD 74 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Action Plan - 2022 2.

Utilize CSR to engage the corporate sector in raising funds for transportation technology innovation in the province Short-term Industries Department, Transport Department, CSOs 3.
Establish a special fund for technological innovations that have a direct impact on human health, such as emission control and water quality Short-term P&DD, Finance Department, Industries Department, FE&WD Strategy 3.7: Setting-up and enforcing vehicle emission standards through Vehicle Emission Testing Stations (VETS) 1.

Establish advanced VETS facilities at the provincial level Priority Transport Department, FE&WD 2.
Develop annual certification system and link it with excise Priority Transport Department, department for registration/token 3.

Develop separate categories and fee structure for E-cars, Priority hybrid, CNG and other vehicles Transport Department, Finance Department 4.

Update and strictly regulate vehicle emission standards Priority Same as above 5.
Establish a regulatory authority with a strong mandate to Priority enforce vehicle emission standards Transport Department, FE&WD Strategy 3.8: Improvements in existing transportation infrastructure to reduce GHG emissions 1.

Ensure proper Maintenance and Rehabilitation (M&R) of Priority roads in order to reduce GHG emissions National Highway Authority, PKHA, Transport Department, LGE&RDD, C&W Department 2.

Reduce conflict points by constructing subways and Priority Same as above flyovers 3.
Install traffic signals at the intersections to avoid additional delay during peak hours Priority Transport Department, LGE&RDD 4.

Optimize the traffic signals at the signalized intersections to improve the Level-of-Service (LOS) and eventually, the delay time Priority Same as above 75 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Action Plan - 2022 5.

Provide extra lanes for peak hour morning and evening Priority Same as above traffic 6.
Ensure median plantation Priority Same as above Strategy 3.9: Adopting innovative and recycling techniques for the improvement of transportation infrastructure 1.

Promote use of rubber as an asphalt binder in asphalt Priority mixtures P&DD, National Highway Authority, PKHA, Transport Department, FE&WD, C&W Department 2.
Use Hot and Cold recycling techniques for the Priority Same as above Maintenance and Rehabilitation (M&R) of the pavements Strategy 3.10: Encouraging national and other local airlines to consider fuel-efficient new technology aircrafts with low carbon emissions, while planning new fleet 1.

Keep a track on emerging fuel-efficient aircraft engine Priority technologies for adaptation at the right time Aviation Division, OGRA 2.
Identify funding sources for technology development to improve aviation efficiency Short-term Same as above Strategy 3.11: Ensuring the provision of efficient railway system in the province 1.

Develop a railway efficiency plan to improve service Short-term Ministry of Railways quality and facilitate the systematic transition of cargo and passengers from road to rail transport 2.
Arrange sufficient financial resources for the purchase of new train engines and cabins to improve the efficiency and comfort of rail travel Priority Same as above 76 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Action Plan - 2022 Strategy 3.12: Upgrading and expanding the province's railway network 1.

Identify fuel-efficient engines for trains Priority Ministry of Railways 2.

Build infrastructure to improve train service quality Medium- term Same as above 3.
Locate new routes and construct rail lines to connect Long-term Same as above areas that are difficult to access.

4.
4.

Build rail lines parallel to roads to reduce cargo load and Long-term Same as above control emissions 77 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Action Plan - 2022 3.3.4 Waste Sector Mitigation Measures The following proposed mitigation measures in line with NCCP 2021 will help in mainstreaming PCCP 2022 into Provincial Action plan: Strategy 4.1: Introducing innovations in town planning to adapt and mitigate the impacts of Climate Change Actions Priority Implementing Partners 1.
Create job opportunities in waste management and recovery through research and establishing collaboration among various stakeholders Short term LGE&RDD,FE&WD, P&DD 2.

Improve municipal solid waste management and promote the concept of 3Rs to enhance waste management sustainability Priority Same as above 3.

Collaborate with stakeholders and establish Short term Same as above partnerships to promote waste management and the adoption of circular economy business models 4.
Develop provincial solid waste standards for waste Priority LGE&RDD,FE&WD storage, collection, transport, treatment and disposal that are consistent with air and water quality standards 5.

Promote the decentralization of the disposal system to the local environment and organization of the collection system along the lines of a resource recovery system 6.
Raise public awareness on sustainable waste management through electronic and print media, street campaigns, community organizations like schools, institutions and households, a public- address system, leaflet distribution and by using division's public-awareness team Short term LGE&RDD Short term LGE&RDD, Information Department, E&SED 7.
Ensure proper labelling and handling of hazardous industrial waste, as well as the prevention of illegal dumping Short term FE&WD, Industries and Commerce Department, LGE&RDD 78 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Action Plan - 2022 8.

Promote waste management technologies that provide co-benefits (e.g., anaerobic digestion) Short term Same as above 9.
Develop plastic waste management strategy with Priority Same as above defined targets and a monitoring plan for the next 5 to 10 years Strategy 4.2: Developing and acquiring clean energy technologies and applications to achieve low-carbon growth in the energy sector 1.

Promote energy-from-waste projects Short term LGE&RDD, FE&WD Strategy 4.3: To preserve and protect mountain ecosystems and plain areas from degradation and pollution 1.
Rationalize environmental quality standards in context of assimilation capacities receiving environment Priority FE&WD, Industries Department, Agriculture Department Strategy 4.4: Developing and implementing an integrated water resource management system 1.

Make existing water treatment schemes (industrial and municipal) more effective and functional and install new schemes on a need-basis Priority FE&WD, Industries Department, LGE&RDD, PHED 2.
Promote wastewater treatment and reuse from Priority Same as above manufacturing, commercial and industrial processes Strategy 4.5: Mitigating GHG emissions from the waste sector 1.

Create waste inventories from various sectors and devise waste-to-energy conversion strategies Short-term LGE&RDD,FE&WD 2.

Arrange capacity building, technical assistance and financial resources to develop a robust landfill design Short-term Same as above 3.
Behavioral change and communication at all levels in society Priority All line departments 79 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Action Plan - 2022 80