Source document: https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1697741006615.pdf (Georgia)
T h e G l o b a l G e n d e r G a p R e p o r t 2 0 1 2 Insight Report The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Ricardo Hausmann, Harvard University Laura D. Tyson, University of California, Berkeley Saadia Zahidi, World Economic Forum Insight Report The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Ricardo Hausmann, Harvard University Laura D. Tyson, University of California, Berkeley Saadia Zahidi, World Economic Forum World Economic Forum 91-93 route de la Capite CH-1223 Cologny/Geneva Switzerland Tel.
: +41 (0)22 869 1212 Fax: +41 (0)22 786 2744 E-mail: contact@weforum.org www.weforum.org © 2012 World Economic Forum All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system.

ISBN 92-95044-78-9 ISBN 978-92-95044-78-4 The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 is published by the World Economic Forum.
The Global Gender Gap Index 2012 is the result of collaboration with faculty at Harvard University and the University of California, Berkeley.
AT THE WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM Professor Klaus Schwab Founder and Executive Chairman Börge Brende Managing Director Saadia Zahidi Senior Director, Gender Parity and Human Capital Silvia Magnoni Senior Community Manager, Women Leaders and Gender Parity Programme Yasmina Bekhouche Project Manager, Women Leaders and Gender Parity Programme Annabel Guinault Team Coordinator, Constituents AT HARVARD UNIVERSITY Professor Ricardo Hausmann Director, Center for International Development AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY Professor Laura D. Tyson S.K.
and Angela Chan Professor of Global Management, Haas School of Business Thank you to Michael Fisher for his superb copyediting work and Neil Weinberg for his excellent interior graphic design and layout.

We are very grateful to Kamal Kamaoui and the World Economic Forum’s Publications team for their invaluable collaboration on the production of this report.
The terms country and nation as used in this report do not in all cases refer to a territorial entity that is a state as understood by international law and practice.

The term covers well-defined, geographically self-contained economic areas that may not be states but for which statistical data are maintained on a separate and independent basis.
Contents Preface by Klaus Schwab and Saadia Zahidi, World Economic Forum PART 1: MEASURING THE GLOBAL GAP The Global Gender Gap Index 2012 By Ricardo Hausmann, Harvard University Laura D. Tyson, University of California, Berkeley Yasmina Bekhouche, World Economic Forum Saadia Zahidi, World Economic Forum Appendix A: Tracking the Gender Gap over Time Appendix B: Regional and Income Group Classifications, 2012 Appendix C: Spread of Minimum and Maximum Values by Indicator, 2012 Appendix D: Rankings by Indicator, 2012 Appendix D: Rankings by Indicator, 2012 PART 2: COUNTRY PROFILES List of Countries User’s Guide: How Country Profiles Work by Yasmina Bekhouche and Saadia Zahidi, World Economic Forum Country Profiles v 1 3 37 41 43 44 58 83 85 87 92 About the Authors and Project Team Acknowledgements 363 367 The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | iii Preface KLAUS SCHWAB Executive Chairman, World Economic Forum The key for the future of any country and any institution is the capability to develop, retain and attract the best talent.
Women make up one half of the world’s human capital.

Empowering and educating girls and women and leveraging their talent and leadership fully in the global economy, politics and society are thus fundamental elements of succeeding and prospering in an ever more competitive world.

In particular, with talent shortages projected to become more severe in much of the developed and developing world, maximizing access to female talent is a strategic imperative for business.
The World Economic Forum has been among the institutions at the forefront of engaging leaders to close global gender gaps as a key element of our mission to improve the state of the world.

Through the Global Gender Gap Report series, the World Economic Forum has been quantifying the magnitude of gender-based disparities and tracking their progress over time.
By providing a comprehensive framework for benchmarking global gender gaps, the Report reveals those countries that are role models in dividing their resources equitably between women and men, regardless of the overall level of those resources.

In 2008, based on the findings of the Report, we launched the Global Gender Parity Group, a multi-stakeholder community of highly influential leaders—50% women and 50% men— that have together committed to strategies to improve the use of female talent.
In March 2012, based on the work of this group and to complement the gap analysis in the Report, we released an online repository of information on company best practices that can help close economic participation gaps.

Over the course of this year, using the data from the Report to provide the context, we also launched three pilot Gender Parity Taskforces in Mexico, Turkey and Japan to foster public-private collaboration on closing the economic participation gender gap by up to 10% in each country.
Outside of the World Economic Forum, the Report is used widely by numerous universities, schools, researchers, media entities, businesses, governments and individuals as a tool for their work.

We would like to express our deep appreciation to Ricardo Hausmann, Director, Center for International Development, Harvard University, USA; Laura D. Tyson, S.K.
and Angela Chan Professor of Global Management, Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley, USA; and Saadia Zahidi, Senior Director and Yasmina Bekhouche, Project Manager, World Economic Forum, for their invaluable contributions to this Report.

We would also like to thank Annabel Guinault, Charlotte Harding and Silvia Magnoni for their support of this project at the World Economic Forum.
Finally, we are grateful to the Community Partners of the Women Leaders and Gender Parity Programme for their unflagging support and commitment to closing gender gaps.

We are proud of the initiatives undertaken at the World Economic Forum and elsewhere on the basis of this Report since its first publication in 2006.
It is our hope that this latest edition will continue to inspire further research, policy changes and new projects by business, governments, civil society and universities, and serve as a call to action to transform the pace of change on an issue that is fundamental to the growth and stability of the global economy and society.
The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | v Part 1 Measuring the Global Gender Gap The Global Gender Gap Index 2012 RICARDO HAUSMANN, Harvard University LAURA D. TYSON, University of California, Berkeley YASMINA BEKHOUCHE, World Economic Forum SAADIA ZAHIDI, World Economic Forum Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap The Global Gender Gap Index,1 introduced by the World Economic Forum in 2006, is a framework for capturing the magnitude and scope of gender-based disparities and tracking their progress.
The Index benchmarks national gender gaps on economic, political, education and health criteria, and provides country rankings that allow for effective comparisons across regions and income groups, and over time.

The rankings are designed to create greater awareness among a global audience of the challenges posed by gender gaps and the opportunities created by reducing them.
The methodology and quantitative analysis behind the rankings are intended to serve as a basis for designing effective measures for reducing gender gaps.

The first part of Part 1 reviews the underlying concepts employed in creating the Global Gender Gap Index and outlines the methods used to calculate it.

The second part presents the 2012 rankings, global patterns and regional performances and calls attention to notable country cases.
Next, we provide an overview of the links between gender gaps and the economic performance of countries.

In the fourth part, we include information on the trends revealed by the Index in the six years that we have been producing it.

The Country Profiles contained in Part 2 of this Report give a more detailed picture of the relative strengths and weaknesses of each country’s performance compared with that of other nations.
The first page of each profile contains detailed information on the country’s performance in 2012.

The second page shows the trends between 2006 and 2012 on the overall Index and four Subindexes, as well as over 30 gender-related variables that reflect some of the legal and social factors that affect gender disparity in each country.

MEASURING THE GLOBAL GENDER GAP Three underlying concepts There are three basic concepts underlying the Global Gender Gap Index.
First, it focuses on measuring gaps rather than levels.

Second, it captures gaps in outcome variables rather than gaps in means or input variables.

Third, it ranks countries according to gender equality rather than women’s empowerment.

These three concepts are briefly outlined below.

For a description of how these concepts are captured by the construction techniques used in the creation of the Index, please see the section below, Construction of the Index.
Gaps vs. levels The Index is designed to measure gender-based gaps in access to resources and opportunities in individual countries rather than the actual levels of the available resources and opportunities in those countries.

We do this in order to make the Global Gender Gap Index independent from the countries’ levels of development.

In other words, the Index is constructed to rank countries on their gender gaps not on their development level.
For example, rich countries, generally speaking, are able to offer more education and health opportunities to all members of society, which is often reflected in measures of education levels (although this is quite independent of the gender-related issues faced by each country at its own level of income).

The Global Gender Gap Index, however, rewards countries for smaller gaps in access to these resources, regardless of the overall level of resources.
Thus, the Index penalizes or rewards countries based on the size of the gap between male and female enrolment rates, but not for the overall levels of education in the country.

Outcomes vs. means The second basic concept underlying the Global Gender Gap Index is that it evaluates countries based on outcomes rather than inputs.
Our aim is to provide a snapshot of where men and women stand with regard to some fundamental outcome variables related to basic rights such as health, education, economic participation and political empowerment.
Variables related to country-specific policies, culture or customs—factors that we consider to be “input” or “means” variables—are not included in the Index, The Global Gender Gap Index, co-authored by Fiona Greig, Ricardo Hausmann, Laura D. Tyson and Saadia Zahidi, was first introduced in the World Economic Forum’s Global Gender Gap Report 2006.

The authors are deeply grateful to Silvia Magnoni and Marc Cuenod for their excellent support in the production of this year’s Part 1.
The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 3 Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap but they are displayed in the Country Profiles.

For example, the Index includes a variable comparing the gap between men and women in high-skilled jobs such as legislators, senior officials and managers (an outcome variable) but does not include data on length of maternity leave (a policy variable).
Gender equality vs. women’s empowerment The third distinguishing feature of the Global Gender Gap Index is that it ranks countries according to their proximity to gender equality rather than to women’s empowerment.

Our aim is to focus on whether the gap between women and men in the chosen variables has declined, rather than whether women are “winning” the “battle of the sexes”.
Hence, the Index rewards countries that reach the point where outcomes for women equal those for men, but it neither rewards nor penalizes cases in which women are outperforming men in particular variables.

The four pillars The Global Gender Gap Index examines the gap between men and women in four fundamental categories (subindexes): economic participation and opportunity, educational attainment, health and survival and political empowerment.
Table 1 displays all four of these subindexes and the 14 different variables that compose them, along with the sources of data used for each.

Economic participation and opportunity This subindex is captured through three concepts: the participation gap, the remuneration gap and the advancement gap.

The participation gap is captured using the difference in labour force participation rates.
The remuneration gap is captured through a hard data indicator (ratio of estimated female-to-male earned income) and a qualitative variable calculated through the World Economic Forum’s Executive Opinion Survey (wage equality for similar work).

Finally, the gap between the advancement of women and men is captured through two hard data statistics (the ratio of women to men among legislators, senior officials and managers, and the ratio of women to men among technical and professional workers).
Educational attainment In this subindex, the gap between women’s and men’s current access to education is captured through ratios of women to men in primary-, secondary- and tertiary-level education.

A longer-term view of the country’s ability to educate women and men in equal numbers is captured through the ratio of the female literacy rate to the male literacy rate.

Health and survival This subindex provides an overview of the differences between women’s and men’s health.
To do this, we use two variables.

The first variable is the sex ratio at birth, 4 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 which aims specifically to capture the phenomenon of “missing women” prevalent in many countries with a strong son preference.

Second, we use the gap between women’s and men’s healthy life expectancy, calculated by the World Health Organization.
This measure provides an estimate of the number of years that women and men can expect to live in good health by taking into account the years lost to violence, disease, malnutrition or other relevant factors.

Political empowerment This subindex measures the gap between men and women at the highest level of political decision-making through the ratio of women to men in minister-level positions and the ratio of women to men in parliamentary positions.
In addition, we include the ratio of women to men in terms of years in executive office (prime minister or president) for the last 50 years.

A clear drawback in this category is the absence of any variables capturing differences between the participation of women and men at local levels of government.

Should such data become available at a global level in future years, they will be considered for inclusion in the Global Gender Gap Index.
Construction of the Index The Global Gender Gap Index is constructed using a four- step process, outlined below.

Convert to ratios Initially, all data are converted to female/male ratios.

For example, a country with 20% of women in ministerial positions is assigned a ratio of 20 women /80 men, thus a variable of 0.25.

This is to ensure that the Index is capturing gaps between women and men’s attainment levels, rather than the levels themselves.
Truncate data at equality benchmark As a second step, these ratios are truncated at the “equality benchmark”.

For all variables, except the two health variables, this equality benchmark is considered to be 1, meaning equal numbers of women and men.
In the case of the sex ratio at birth variable, the equality benchmark is set to be 0.944,2 and the healthy life expectancy benchmark is set to be 1.06.3 Truncating the data at the equality benchmarks for each variable assigns the same score to a country that has reached parity between women and men and one where women have surpassed men.
The type of scale chosen determines whether the Index is rewarding women’s empowerment or gender equality.4 To capture gender equality, two possible scales were considered.

One was a negative-positive scale capturing the size and direction of the gender gap.

This scale penalizes either men’s advantage over women or women’s advantage over men, and gives the highest points to absolute equality.
The second choice was a one-sided Table 1: Structure of the Global Gender Gap Index Subindex Variable Source Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap Economic Participation and Opportunity Ratio: female labour force pariticipation over male value Wage equality between women and men for similar work (converted to female-over-male ratio) Ratio: estimated female earned income over male value Ratio: female legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers over male value Ratio: female professional and technical workers over male value Educational Attainment Ratio: female literacy rate over male value Ratio: female net primary level enrolment over male value Ratio: female net secondary level enrolment over male value Ratio: female gross tertiary level enrolment over male value Health and Survival Sex ratio at birth (converted to female-over-male ratio) Ratio: female healthy life expectancy over male value Political Empowerment Ratio: females with seats in parliament over male value Ratio: females at ministerial level over male value International Labour Organisation, Key Indicators of the Labour force Market (KILM), 2009 World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey, 2012 World Economic Forum, calculations based on the United Nations Development Programme methodology (refer to Human Development Report 2009) International Labour Organisation, LABORSTA Internet, online database, 2008 or latest data available; United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 2009, the most recent year available between 1999 and 2007 International Labour Organisation, LABORSTA Internet, online database, 2008 or latest data available; United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 2009, the most recent year available between 1999 and 2007 UNESCO Institute for Statistics, Education Indicators, 2011 or latest data available; World Bank’s World Development Indicators & Global Development Finance online Database, 2010 or latest available data; United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 2009, the most
 recent year available between 1997 and 2007 UNESCO Institute for Statistics, Education Indicators, 2011 or latest data available; World Bank’s World Development Indicators & Global Development Finance online database, 2011 or latest available data UNESCO Institute for Statistics, Education Indicators, 2011 or latest data available; World Bank’s World Development Indicators & Global Development Finance online database, 2011 or latest available data UNESCO Institute for Statistics, Education Indicators, 2011 or latest data available; World Bank’s World Development Indicators & Global development Finance online database, 2011 or latest available data Central Intelligence Agency, The CIA World Factbook, data updated weekly, 2012 World Health Organisation, Global Health Observatory database, data from 2007 Inter-Parliamentary Union, Women in Politics: 2012, reﬂecting eletions/ appointments up to 1 January 2012 Inter-Parliamentary Union, Women in Politics: 2012, reﬂecting appoint- ments up to 1 January 2012 Ratio: number of years of a female head of state or government (last 50 years) over male value World Economic Forum calculations, 30 June 2012 Note: If there are multiple sources, the first source listed is the primary source, followed by the secondary source if data were not available from the primary source.
If data were not available from the primary or secondary sources, the third source listed was used.

scale that measures how close women are to reaching parity with men but does not reward or penalize countries for having a gender gap in the other direction.

Thus, it does not reward countries for having exceeded the parity benchmark.

We find the one-sided scale more appropriate for our purposes.
Calculate subindex scores The third step in the process involves calculating the weighted average of the variables within each subindex to create the subindex scores.

Averaging the different variables would implicitly give more weight to the measure that exhibits the largest variability or standard deviation.

We therefore first normalize the variables by equalizing their standard deviations.
For example, within the educational attainment subindex, standard deviations for each of the four variables are calculated.

Then we determine what a 1% point change would translate to in terms of standard deviations by dividing 0.01 by the standard deviation for each variable.

These four values are then used as weights to calculate the weighted average of the four variables.
This way of weighting variables allows us to make sure The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 5 Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap Table 2: Calculation of weights within each subindex Economic Participation and Opportunity Deviation Ratio: female labour force participation over male value Wage equality between women and men for similar work (converted to female-over-male ratio) Ratio: estimated female earned income over male value Ratio: female legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers over male value Ratio: female professional and technical workers over male value Standard deviation Standard deviation per 1% point change 0.160 0.103 0.144 0.214 0.262 0.063 0.097 0.069 0.047 0.038 Weights 0.199 0.310 0.221 0.149 0.121 Total .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Educational Attainment Deviation Ratio: female literacy rate over male value Ratio: female net primary level enrolment over male value Ratio: female net secondary level enrolment over male value Ratio: female gross tertiary enrolement over male value Standard deviation Standard deviation per 1% point change 0.145 0.060 0.120 0.228 0.069 0.167 0.083 0.044 Weights 0.191 0.459 0.230 0.121 Total .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Health and Survival Deviation Ratio: female healthy life expectancy over male value Sex ratio at birth (converted to female over male ratio) Standard deviation Standard deviation per 1% point change 0.023 0.010 0.441 0.998 Weights 0.307 0.693 Total .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Political Empowerment Deviation Ratio: females with seats in parliament over male value Ratio: females at ministerial level over male value Ratio: number of years of a female head of state (last 50 years) over male value Standard deviation Standard deviation per 1% point change 0.166 0.208 0.116 0.060 0.048 0.086 Weights 0.310 0.247 0.443 Total .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 that each variable has the same relative impact on the subindex.
For example, a variable with a small variability or standard deviation, such as primary enrolment rate, gets a larger weight within the educational attainment subindex than a variable with a larger variability, such as tertiary enrolment rate.

Therefore, a country with a large gender gap in primary education (a variable where most countries have achieved near-parity between women and men) will be more heavily penalized.
Similarly, in the case of the sex ratio variable (within the health and survival subindex), where most countries have a very high sex ratio and the spread of the data is small, the larger weight will penalize more heavily those countries that deviate from this value.
Table 2 displays the values of the weights used in the Global Gender Gap Index 2006.5 to ideal standards of equality in addition to relative country rankings.7 The equality and inequality benchmarks remain fixed across time, allowing the reader to track individual country progress in relation to an ideal standard of equality.
Furthermore, we hope that the option of roughly interpreting the final Index scores as a percentage value that reveals how a country has reduced its gender gap makes the Index more intuitively appealing to readers.8 THE GLOBAL GENDER GAP INDEX 2012 RANKINGS We aim to include a maximum number of countries in the Report every year, within the constraints posed by data availability.
To be included in the Report, a country must have data available for a minimum of 12 indicators out of the 14 that make up the Index.

Calculate final scores In the case of all subindexes, the highest possible score is 1 (equality) and the lowest possible score is 0 (inequality), thus binding the scores between inequality and equality benchmarks.6 An un-weighted average of each subindex score is used to calculate the overall Global Gender Gap Index score.
As in the case of the subindexes, this final value ranges between 1 (equality) and 0 (inequality), thus allowing for comparisons relative Country coverage 2012 In 2012, we have been able to include 132 of the 135 countries covered in the 2011 edition of the Report.

Due to lack of updated data, we have removed Angola, Tunisia and Zimbabwe from the Report in 2012.

However, we were able to include three new countries—Cape Verde, Serbia and Timor-Leste, maintaining a total of 135 countries.
Of these, 111 have been included in the Report since the first edition in 2006.

6 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Figure 1: Global patterns, 2012 Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Education Sample average (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Source: Global Gender Gap Index 2012; scores are weighted by population.

Nearly 200 countries were considered for inclusion this year.
Out of the 135 ultimately covered in this Report, 13 countries had one data point missing: Bahamas (Wage equality for similar work [survey]) Belize (Wage equality for similar work [survey]) Botswana (Women in ministerial positions) Brunei Darussalam (Women in parliament) Ghana (Professional and technical workers); Jamaica (Professional and technical workers) Maldives (Wage equality for similar work [survey]); Russian Federation (Enrolment in secondary education) Serbia (Labour force participation); Singapore (Enrolment in tertiary education) Sri Lanka (Women in ministerial positions) Syria (Wage equality for similar work [survey]) and Vietnam (Enrolment in primary education).
Another 24 countries had two variables missing: Albania (Legislators, senior officials and managers; Professional and technical workers), Benin (Legislators, senior officials and managers; Professional and technical workers), Burkina Faso (Legislators, senior officials and managers; Professional and technical workers), Burundi (Legislators, senior officials and managers; Professional and technical workers), Cameroon (Legislators, senior officials and managers; Professional and technical workers), Cape Verde (Legislators, senior officials and managers; Professional and technical workers), Chad (Legislators, senior officials and managers; Professional and technical workers), Côte d’Ivoire (Legislators, senior officials and managers; Professional and technical workers), Cuba (Legislators, senior officials and managers; Professional and technical workers), Fiji (Wage equality for similar work [survey] and Women in parliament), Gambia (Legislators, senior officials and managers; Professional and technical workers), Guatemala (Legislators, senior officials and managers; Professional and technical workers), India (Legislators, senior officials and managers; Professional and technical workers), Jordan (Legislators, senior officials and managers; Professional and technical workers), Kenya (Legislators, senior officials and managers; Professional and technical workers), Luxembourg (Legislators, senior officials and managers; Professional and technical workers), Malawi (Legislators, senior officials and managers; Professional and technical workers), Mali (Legislators, senior officials and managers; Professional and technical workers), Mauritania (Legislators, senior officials and managers; Professional and technical workers), Mozambique (Legislators, senior officials and managers; Professional and technical workers), Nigeria (Legislators, senior officials and managers; Professional and technical workers), Senegal (Legislators, senior officials and managers; Professional and technical workers), Tajikistan (Legislators, senior officials and managers; Professional and technical workers) and Timor-Leste (Legislators, senior officials and managers; Professional and technical workers).
Global patterns Figure 1 shows a global snapshot of the gender gap in the four subindexes.

It shows that the 135 countries covered in the Report, representing over 90% of the world’s population, have closed almost 96% of the gap in health outcomes between women and men and almost 93% of the gap in educational attainment.
However, the gap between women and men on economic participation The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 7 Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap Table 3a: The Global Gender Gap Index 2012 rankings: comparisons with 2011, 2010, 2009, 2008, 2007 and 2006 2012 rank among 2011 countries 2011 rank score — — — — rank 1 3 2 4 6 5 7 9 30 10 17 14 13 8 18 12 26 15 24 37 20 19 22 2010 score 0.8496 0.8260 0.8404 0.8024 0.7773 0.7808 0.7719 0.7654 0.7176 0.7562 0.7444 0.7509 0.7530 0.7678 0.7429 0.7535 0.7231 0.7460 0.7253 0.7091 0.7372 0.7411 0.7329 2009 rank 1 2 3 4 8 5 7 9 49 13 11 33 12 10 14 6 63 15 29 42 25 31 26 2009 score 0.8276 0.8252 0.8227 0.8139 0.7597 0.7880 0.7628 0.7579 0.7002 0.7426 0.7490 0.7165 0.7449 0.7495 0.7416 0.7709 0.6889 0.7402 0.7176 0.7031 0.7196 0.7173 0.7195 2008 rank 4 2 1 3 8 5 7 6 71 14 9 28 11 16 10 22 66 13 25 29 31 27 18 2008 score 0.7999 0.8195 0.8239 0.8139 0.7518 0.7859 0.7538 0.7568 0.6747 0.7360 0.7399 0.7163 0.7394 0.7320 0.7397 0.7232 0.6802 0.7366 0.7195 0.7153 0.7136 0.7179 0.7266 — — — — — — 23 11 31 33 28 76 41 29 40 35 0.7271 0.7554 0.7176 0.7169 0.7194 0.6751 0.7055 0.7187 0.7072 0.7132 — — — 76 28 52 16 43 32 35 19 22 36 73 46 69 54
— — — 81 — 51 12 34 30 — 19 40 20 38 39 59 46 0.7241 0.7281 0.7188 0.6981 0.7111 0.6667 0.6976 0.7209 0.7091 0.7222 — 0.6664 — 0.6937 0.7371 0.7095 0.7141 — 0.7245 0.7049 0.7244 0.7068 0.7051 0.6875 0.6967 2007 rank 4 3 2 1 9 5 8 6 90 40 12 19 7 26 13 20 58 11 22 27 18 31 43 — 17 10 — 50 28 80 32 33 44 14 — 87 — 49 15 38 29 — 46 62 21 34 37 55 16 2007 score 0.7836 0.8044 0.8059 0.8146 0.7457 0.7649 0.7519 0.7629 0.6458 0.6924 0.7383 0.7198 0.7618 0.7078 0.7333 0.7194 0.6786 0.7441 0.7169 0.7060 0.7198 0.7002 0.6883 — 0.7204 0.7444 — 0.6833 0.7014 0.6574 0.6983 0.6982 0.6881 0.7234 — 0.6480 — 0.6842 0.7230 0.6954 0.7012 — 0.6859 0.6731 0.7172 0.6969 0.6959 0.6797 0.7210 2006 rank 4 3 2 1 10 7 8 6 62 26 12 20 5 43 19 18 56 9 — 27 14 23 — — 15 11 — 47 30 87 32 41 82 21 — 81 — 51 13 31 38 — 45 42 17 24 33 57 16 2006 score 0.7813 0.7958 0.7994 0.8133 0.7335 0.7509 0.7462 0.7516 0.6566 0.6997 0.7250 0.7078 0.7524 0.6807 0.7091 0.7125 0.6671 0.7365 — 0.6986 0.7165 0.7042 — — 0.7163 0.7319 — 0.6797 0.6936 0.6335 0.6928 0.6829 0.6433 0.7077 — 0.6437 — 0.6745 0.7199 0.6935 0.6864 — 0.6797 0.6821 0.7128 0.7038 0.6922 0.6664 0.7145 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 68 — 0.7028 0.6987 0.7038 0.7036 0.6914 0.6926 0.7018 0.6797 0.7037 0.6983 0.6966 0.6679 0.6714 0.6861 0.6892 0.6732 0.6812 — 44 50 43 51 56 52 46 80 45 47 49 85 55 63 57 72 67 — 0.7037 0.6983 0.7037 0.6973 0.6914 0.6957 0.7025 0.6713 0.7036 0.7018 0.6996 0.6655 0.6927 0.6869 0.6910 0.6776 0.6826 — 48 38 50 41 84 45 18 77 51 37 53 81 56 61 59 71 70 — 0.7013 0.7072 0.6998 0.7058 0.6664 0.7019 0.7331 0.6732 0.6987 0.7094 0.6950 0.6695 0.6939 0.6896 0.6907 0.6802 0.6805 — 44 36 49 41 84 56 15 74 42 37 53 73 50 62 52 68 70 — 0.6980 0.7077 0.6951 0.7045 0.6625 0.6900 0.7341 0.6736 0.6994 0.7076 0.6914 0.6737
 0.6944 0.6856 0.6917 0.6778 0.6763 — 39 25 60 70 77 36 51 89 45 30 35 74 24 57 52 42 47 — 0.6925 0.7085 0.6756 0.6653 0.6609 0.6965 0.6824 0.6461 0.6866 0.7008 0.6967 0.6637 0.7090 0.6790 0.6815 0.6889 0.6859 — 25 37 44 52 65 35 70 84 49 29 28 67 22 48 40 — 46 — 0.7014 0.6870 0.6802 0.6742 0.6550 0.6889 0.6520 0.6385 0.6770 0.6944 0.6983 0.6543 0.7049 0.6797 0.6831 — 0.6797 — Country Iceland Finland Norway Sweden Ireland New Zealand Denmark Philippines Nicaragua Switzerland Netherlands Belgium Germany Lesotho Latvia South Africa Luxembourg United Kingdom Cuba Austria Canada United States Mozambique Burundi Australia Spain Barbados Uganda Costa Rica Bolivia Kazakhstan Argentina Ecuador Lithuania Cape Verde* Malawi Bahamas Slovenia Sri Lanka Panama Namibia Guyana Trinidad and Tobago Mongolia Moldova Tanzania Portugal Venezuela Croatia Serbia* Jamaica Bulgaria Poland Kyrgyz Republic Singapore Israel France Madagascar Russian Federation Estonia Macedonia, FYR Brazil Colombia Ukraine Thailand Vietnam Romania Timor-Leste* 2012 rank score | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Table 3a: The Global Gender Gap Index 2012 rankings: comparisons with 2011, 2010, 2009, 2008, 2007 and 2006 (cont’d.)
Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap 2012 rank score rank among 2011 countries 2011 rank score rank score 0.6881 0.6778 0.6782 0.6499 0.6850
134 2010 score Country China Slovak Republic Ghana Kenya Czech Republic Honduras Brunei Darussalam Uruguay Botswana Peru Cyprus Italy Hungary Greece Paraguay Mexico Georgia Bangladesh Chile Malta Dominican Republic Senegal Albania Armenia Gambia, The El Salvador Maldives Tajikistan Indonesia Mauritius Azerbaijan Malaysia Japan Belize Cambodia Burkina Faso India Suriname United Arab Emirates Korea, Rep. Kuwait Nigeria Bahrain Cameroon Fiji Zambia Qatar Guatemala Benin Ethiopia Mauritania Algeria Jordan Lebanon Nepal Turkey Oman Egypt Iran, Islamic Rep. Mali Morocco Côte d'Ivoire Saudi Arabia Syria Chad Pakistan Yemen * New countries 2012 2007 rank 73 54 63 83 64 68 2007 score 0.6643 0.6797 0.6725 0.6508 0.6718 0.6661 2006 rank 63 50 58 73 53 74 2006 score 0.6561 0.6757 0.6653 0.6486 0.6712 0.6483 — — — — 2008 rank 57 64 77 88 69 47 99 54 63 48 76 67 60 75 100 97 82 90 65 83 72 2008 score 0.6878 0.6824 0.6679 0.6547 0.6770 0.6960 0.6392 0.6907 0.6839 0.6959 0.6694 0.6788 0.6867 0.6727 0.6379 0.6441 0.6654 0.6531 0.6818 0.6634 0.6744 — — — — 0.6685 0.6651 0.6421 0.6853 0.6350 0.6578 0.6550 0.6487 0.6781 0.6444 0.6455
 0.6426 0.6353 0.5912 0.5936 0.6794 0.6184 0.6409 0.6409 0.6122 0.5931 0.5919 2009 rank score — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 61 — 79 39 — — 68 88 — 72 80 — 89 104 98 — 101 92 86 94 102 103 — 85 — 95 110 100 106 97 93 — 111 105 — 109 108 99 107 — 114 — 113 112 115 0.6549 0.6897 0.6619 0.6430 0.6456 0.6698 0.6540 0.6556 0.6462 0.6700 0.6270 0.6455 0.6518 0.6639 — 0.6607 — 0.6448 0.6837 — — 0.6541 0.6328 — 0.6509 0.6447 — 0.6291 0.5854 0.6011 — 0.5919 0.6157 0.6341 0.6104 0.5894 0.5865 — 0.6360 — 0.6067 0.5780 0.5946 0.5835 0.6018 0.6109 — 0.5478 0.5850 — 0.5786 0.5803 0.5996 0.5827 — 0.5242 — 0.5247 0.5434 0.4595 The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 9 Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap Table 3b: Detailed rankings, 2012 Country Iceland Finland Norway Sweden Ireland New Zealand Denmark Philippines Nicaragua
 Switzerland Netherlands Belgium Germany Lesotho Latvia South Africa Luxembourg United Kingdom Cuba Austria Canada United States Mozambique Burundi Australia Spain Barbados Uganda Costa Rica Bolivia Kazakhstan Argentina Ecuador Lithuania Cape Verde* Malawi Bahamas Slovenia Sri Lanka Panama Namibia Guyana Trinidad and Tobago Mongolia Moldova Tanzania Portugal Venezuela Croatia Serbia* Jamaica Bulgaria Poland Kyrgyz Republic Singapore Israel France Madagascar Russian Federation Estonia Macedonia, FYR Brazil Colombia Ukraine Thailand Vietnam Romania Timor-Leste* OVERALL Rank ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION AND OPPORTUNITY EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Score Rank Score 0.6650
0.7876 0.6824 0.6687 0.6920 0.7197 0.7193 0.6650 0.6499 0.6207 0.7251 0.6990 0.7096 Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score 0.1786
0.1834 0.2196 0.1779 0.1921 0.1247 0.1409 0.1786 0.1383 0.0951 0.1559 0.1452 0.1547 0.0951 0.0989 0.1789 0.1344 0.1662 0.0535 0.0898 0.1247 0.0885 0.2219 10 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Table 3b: Detailed rankings, 2012 (cont’d.)
Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap Country China Slovak Republic Ghana Kenya Czech Republic Honduras Brunei Darussalam Uruguay Botswana Peru Cyprus Italy Hungary Greece Paraguay Mexico Georgia Bangladesh Chile Malta Dominican Republic Senegal Albania Armenia Gambia, The El Salvador Maldives Tajikistan Indonesia Mauritius Azerbaijan Malaysia Japan Belize Cambodia Burkina Faso India Suriname United Arab Emirates Korea, Rep. Kuwait Nigeria Bahrain Cameroon Fiji Zambia Qatar Guatemala Benin Ethiopia Mauritania Algeria Jordan Lebanon Nepal Turkey Oman Egypt Iran, Islamic Rep. Mali Morocco Côte d'Ivoire Saudi Arabia Syria Chad Pakistan Yemen * New countries 2012 OVERALL Rank ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION AND OPPORTUNITY EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Score Rank Score 0.4967
Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score 0.1496 0.1220 0.0839 0.0786 0.1254 0.1280 0.0000 0.0617 0.0353 0.1417 0.1298 0.1348 0.0574 0.0858 0.0633 0.1759 0.0711 0.3804 0.1448 0.1494 0.1184 0.1887 0.0753 0.0662 0.1375 0.1409
The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 11 Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap Table 3c: The Global Gender Gap Index 2012 rankings: changes in scores (detailed) Country Iceland Finland Norway Sweden Ireland New Zealand Denmark Philippines Nicaragua Switzerland Netherlands Belgium Germany Lesotho Latvia South Africa Luxembourg United Kingdom Cuba Austria Canada United States Mozambique Burundi Australia Spain Barbados Uganda Costa Rica Bolivia Kazakhstan Argentina Ecuador Lithuania Cape Verde* Malawi Bahamas Slovenia Sri Lanka Panama Namibia Guyana Trinidad and Tobago Mongolia Moldova Tanzania Portugal Venezuela Croatia Serbia* Jamaica Bulgaria Poland Kyrgyz Republic Singapore Israel France Madagascar Russian Federation Estonia Macedonia, FYR Brazil Colombia Ukraine Thailand Vietnam Romania Timor–Leste* China Slovak Republic Change in score (2011–2012) Change in score (2010–2011) Change in score (2009–2010) Change in score (2008–2009) Change in score (2007–2008) Change in score (2006–2007) Change in score (2006–2012) 0.011 0.007 –0.000 0.012 0.001 –0.000 –0.000 0.007 0.045 0.005 0.019 0.012 0.004 –0.006 0.017 0.002 0.022 –0.003 0.002 0.023 –0.003 –0.004 0.010 0.007 0.000 –0.031 0.006 0.001 –0.004 0.036 0.020 –0.002 0.017 0.006 — 0.032 –0.018 0.009 –0.009 0.008 –0.006 0.003 –0.026 –0.003 0.002 0.019 –0.007 0.020 0.005 — 0.001 0.003 –0.002 –0.002 0.007 0.006 –0.003 0.018 –0.006 –0.001 0.000 0.023 0.019 0.003 0.000 0.014 0.005 — –0.001 0.003 0.003 0.012 –0.000 0.002 0.006 0.000 0.006 0.003 0.007 0.007 0.003 0.002 0.006 –0.001 –0.003 –0.006 –0.001 0.000 0.014 0.007 0.003 0.000 –0.008 — 0.002 0.003 –0.001 0.005 0.007 0.011 –0.005 0.005 –0.004 –0.000 — 0.003 0.021 –0.001 –0.025 –0.003
 –0.006 –0.001 0.002 –0.005 –0.008 0.007 –0.003 –0.000 0.007 — –0.001 0.000 0.000 0.006 0.000 –0.003 –0.001 0.008 0.000 –0.004 –0.003 0.002 –0.021 –0.001 –0.002 –0.004 –0.001 — –0.001 0.002 0.022 0.001 0.018 –0.012 0.018 –0.007 0.009 0.008 0.017 0.014 –0.005 0.034 0.008 0.018 0.001 –0.017 0.034 0.006 0.008 0.006 0.018 0.024 0.013 — –0.001 0.021 –0.006 0.010 0.001 0.006 0.004 –0.002 –0.015 –0.004 — 0.009 –0.005 0.007 0.006 0.005 0.007 –0.002 0.005 –0.003 0.006 0.003 0.016 0.002 –0.000 — 0.002 –0.009 0.004 –0.009 0.025 –0.006 –0.031 –0.002 0.005 –0.008 0.005 –0.004 –0.001 –0.003 0.000 –0.003 0.002 — –0.003 –0.007 0.028 0.006 –0.001 –0.000 0.008 0.002 0.009 0.001 0.025 0.007 0.009 0.000 0.006 0.018 0.002 0.048 0.009 0.004 –0.002 –0.012 0.006 –0.001 –0.007 — 0.004 0.006 0.005 0.009 0.007 0.003 0.004 0.000 0.013 –0.005 — 0.007 — 0.004 0.003 –0.007 0.003 — 0.005 0.017 –0.014 –0.027 –0.004 –0.004 –0.002 — 0.003 –0.000 0.005 0.001 0.004 0.012 –0.001 –0.000 –0.001 0.002 0.004 –0.004 –0.000 0.004 –0.001 0.002 0.004 — 0.003 0.002 0.016 0.015 0.018 –0.001 0.006 0.021 0.002 –0.006 0.029 0.044 0.002 –0.004 –0.022 0.024 0.006 0.004 0.002 –0.008 0.003 0.009 –0.006 0.018 0.038 — 0.004 –0.016 — 0.015 0.010 0.009 –0.001 0.023 0.021 –0.001 — 0.018 — 0.009 0.014 0.014 0.013 — 0.039 0.032 0.007 0.010 0.009 0.008 –0.024 — 0.006 –0.001 0.019 0.039 0.002 –0.006 0.052 0.027 0.013 0.007 –0.005 0.010 –0.015 0.007 0.010 –0.011 –0.010 — 0.024 0.003 0.002 0.009 0.006 0.001 0.012 0.014 0.006 0.011 –0.011 –0.007 0.013 0.012 0.009 0.027 0.024 0.007 0.011 0.008 — 0.007 0.003 –0.004 — — 0.004 0.012 — 0.004 0.008 0.024 0.005 0.015 0.045 0.016 — 0.004 — 0.010 0.003 0.002 0.015 — 0.006 –0.009 0.004 –0.007 0.004 0.013 0.007 — –0.009 0.021 –0.005 –0.009 0.006 0.008 0.030 0.008 0.010 0.006 –0.002 0.009 0.004 –0.001 –0.002 — 0.006 — 0.008 0.004 0.083 0.049 0.041 0.003 0.050 0.030 0.031 0.024 0.113 0.068 0.041 0.057 0.010 0.080 0.048 0.037 0.077 0.007 — 0.041 0.022 0.033 — — 0.013 –0.005 w 0.043 0.029 0.089
 0.028 0.038 0.077 0.011 — 0.073 — 0.039 –0.008 0.019 0.026 — 0.032 0.029 –0.003 0.005 0.015 0.040 –0.009 — 0.002 0.015 0.021 0.027 0.044 0.010 0.046 0.060 0.021 0.003 –0.001 0.037 –0.015 0.010 0.006 — 0.006 — 0.029 0.007 12 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Table 3c: The Global Gender Gap Index 2012 rankings: changes in scores (detailed) (cont’d.)
Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap Country Ghana Kenya Czech Republic Honduras Brunei Darussalam Uruguay Botswana Peru Cyprus Italy Hungary Greece Paraguay Mexico Georgia Bangladesh Chile Malta Dominican Republic Senegal Albania Armenia Gambia, The El Salvador Maldives Tajikistan Indonesia Mauritius Azerbaijan Malaysia Japan Belize Cambodia Burkina Faso India Suriname United Arab Emirates Korea, Rep. Kuwait Nigeria Bahrain Cameroon Fiji Zambia Qatar Guatemala Benin Ethiopia Mauritania Algeria Jordan Lebanon Nepal Turkey Oman Egypt Iran, Islamic Rep. Mali Morocco Côte d’Ivoire Saudi Arabia Syria Chad Pakistan Yemen Angola Belarus Tunisia Uzbekistan Zimbabwe * New countries 2012 Change in score (2011–2012) Change in score (2010–2011) Change in score (2009–2010) Change in score (2008–2009) Change in score (2007–2008) Change in score (2006–2007) Change in score (2006–2012) –0.003 0.028 –0.002 –0.018 –0.004 –0.016 –0.009 –0.005 0.016 –0.007 0.008 –0.020 –0.010 0.011 0.007 –0.013 –0.035 0.001 –0.002 0.008 –0.009 –0.002 –0.013 0.006 0.014 0.008 –0.000 0.002 –0.003 0.001 0.002 –0.002 –0.001 0.030 0.025 0.001 –0.006 0.008 –0.000 0.030 0.007 0.022 0.003 –0.002 0.003 0.003 0.043 0.006 –0.003 0.012 –0.001 –0.005 0.014 0.006 0.011 0.004 0.003 0.009 0.003 0.001 –0.002 –0.027 0.026 –0.010 0.018 — — — — — 0.003 –0.001 –0.006 0.002 0.004 0.001 –0.004 –0.010 –0.007 0.003 –0.008 0.001 0.001 0.003 0.003 0.011 0.002 –0.004 –0.009 0.016 0.002 –0.001 0.000 –0.003 0.003 –0.007 –0.002 0.001 0.013 0.005 –0.001 –0.005 –0.002 –0.001 0.004 –0.001 0.006 –0.006 0.000 –0.004 0.001 –0.004 –0.000 0.001 0.017 –0.001 0.011 0.012 0.001 –0.006 0.007 –0.000 –0.020 0.008 –0.008 0.003 –0.004 0.007 0.004 0.008 0.004 –0.003 0.000 0.012 0.027 –0.009 — –0.001 — 0.003 0.008 –0.001 0.006 0.003 0.022 –0.004 –0.019 –0.013 –0.006 –0.003 –0.016 0.025 –0.006 0.007 –0.008 0.018 0.013 0.006 –0.009 –0.001 0.012 0.005 0.001 –0.034 –0.003 –0.006 0.003 0.001 –0.018 0.001 0.008 –0.010 0.007 0.008 0.000 –0.032 0.020 0.020 –0.004 –0.023 0.008 0.000 –0.016 –0.002 0.015
 0.003 0.008 0.007 0.005 –0.007 –0.013 — –0.013 0.005 0.001 0.004 0.009 –0.018 –0.016 — 0.006 –0.015 –0.009 0.001 –0.001 0.036 — 0.003 — 0.006 0.003 –0.004 0.002 –0.007 0.013 0.003 0.023 0.006 0.001 0.001 0.001 –0.006 0.049 0.006 0.003 –0.000 0.007 0.000 0.012 — 0.001 –0.006 0.013 0.006 –0.002 0.012 0.011 0.005 –0.023 0.003 0.001 0.003 –0.006 0.005 0.009 0.005 –0.002 –0.001 –0.000 –0.006 0.021 0.009 — 0.011 –0.004 0.014 0.006 0.008 –0.001 0.001 –0.009 — 0.027 –0.002 –0.002 0.003 –0.018 –0.026 0.017 — 0.011 –0.011 0.013 –0.009 –0.006 0.032 0.004 –0.006 0.001 0.003 –0.005 0.004 0.005 0.030 — 0.030 0.004 0.034 0.017 0.029 0.014 0.008 –0.028 –0.000 –0.001 0.022 0.034 0.002 0.004 — –0.009 0.003 0.020 0.002 0.015 –0.004 –0.008 –0.002 0.007 –0.000 –0.002 0.018 0.012 0.012 0.012 –0.012 0.004 –0.025 –0.005 0.022 –0.000 0.010 — –0.008 –0.009 –0.007 –0.007 –0.012 0.010 0.004 0.007 — 0.037 0.008 0.006 0.002 0.012 0.010 0.008 — –0.011 –0.003 –0.009 0.004 0.015 –0.000 –0.001 0.001 –0.002 0.002 0.007 0.002 0.001 0.018 — 0.006 –0.010 0.000 0.009 0.004 0.003 0.011 0.010 –0.002 –0.004 0.004 0.003 0.010 0.007 — 0.008 — –0.003 0.002 — — 0.001 0.016 — –0.007 0.001 — 0.006 0.006 –0.007 — 0.026 0.025 0.007 0.002 0.004 0.005 — –0.007 — 0.008 –0.012 0.004 0.019 0.005 0.009 — 0.010 –0.008 — 0.002 0.010 0.002 –0.015 — 0.040 — 0.013 0.008 –0.008 –0.001 — –0.001 0.004 0.000 0.012 0.028 0.006 0.028 — 0.020 –0.015 0.012 0.030 0.027 0.002 0.018 0.016 0.025 –0.001 0.041 0.022 0.015 0.002 — 0.005 — 0.018 –0.021 — — 0.005 0.022 — 0.003 0.008 — 0.017 0.060 0.043 — 0.047 0.020 –0.002 0.021 0.040 0.043 — –0.008 — 0.019 0.048 0.025 0.029 0.009 –0.001 — 0.055 0.016 — 0.019 0.012 –0.015 0.001 — 0.049 — 0.035 0.004 0.046 — — — — — The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 13 Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap Table 3c: The Global Gender Gap Index 2012 rankings: changes in scores (summary) Number of countries 2011–2012 2010– 2011 2009–2010 2008–2009 2007–2008 2006–2007 2006–2012 Widening gaps Narrowing gaps
 Improving (%) Deteriorating (%) TOTAL Table 4: Rankings by income group, 2012 LOW INCOME LOWER-MIDDLE INCOME UPPER-MIDDLE INCOME HIGH INCOME Country Mozambique Burundi Uganda Malawi Tanzania Kyrgyz Republic Madagascar Kenya Bangladesh Gambia, The Tajikistan Cambodia Burkina Faso Benin Ethiopia Mauritania Nepal Mali Chad Overall score Overall rank Country Philippines Nicaragua Lesotho Bolivia Cape Verde* Sri Lanka Guyana Mongolia Moldova Ukraine Vietnam Timor-Leste* Ghana Honduras Paraguay Georgia Senegal Albania Armenia El Salvador Indonesia Belize India Nigeria Cameroon Fiji Zambia Guatemala Egypt Morocco Côte d’Ivoire Syria Pakistan Yemen Overall score Overall rank Country Latvia South Africa Cuba Costa Rica Kazakhstan Argentina Ecuador Lithuania Panama Namibia Venezuela Serbia* Jamaica Bulgaria Russian Federation Macedonia, FYR Brazil Colombia Thailand Romania China Uruguay Botswana Peru Mexico Chile Dominican Republic Maldives Mauritius Azerbaijan Malaysia Suriname Algeria Jordan Lebanon Turkey Iran, Islamic Rep.
Overall score Overall rank Country Iceland Finland Norway Sweden Ireland New Zealand Denmark Switzerland Netherlands Belgium Germany Luxembourg United Kingdom Austria Canada United States Australia Spain Barbados Bahamas Slovenia Trinidad and Tobago Portugal Croatia Poland Singapore Israel France Estonia Slovak Republic Czech Republic Brunei Darussalam Cyprus Italy Hungary Greece Malta Japan United Arab Emirates Korea, Rep. Kuwait Bahrain Qatar Oman Saudi Arabia Overall score Overall rank * New countries 2012 Note: Income classifications are taken from the World Bank, which classifies economies into four income categories based on GNI per capita: high income, upper-middle income, lower-middle income and low income.
14 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Table 5: Rankings by subindex, 2012 Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION AND OPPORTUNITY Country Score Rank Country Score Rank EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT Country Score Rank Country Score Rank Mongolia Bahamas Burundi Norway Malawi Lesotho Luxembourg United States Mozambique Sweden Barbados Canada Singapore Finland New Zealand Denmark Philippines Gambia, The Kazakhstan Latvia Moldova Australia Benin Netherlands Lithuania Ghana Iceland Switzerland Ireland Brunei Darussalam Germany Burkina Faso United Kingdom Ukraine Kenya Belgium Uganda Jamaica Russian Federation Estonia Slovenia Tajikistan Namibia Vietnam Botswana Kyrgyz Republic Trinidad and Tobago Panama Thailand Bulgaria Madagascar Cameroon Israel Romania Portugal Chad Georgia China Senegal Tanzania Croatia France Albania Cuba Macedonia, FYR Uruguay Serbia* Hungary South Africa Austria Paraguay Poland Brazil Azerbaijan Spain Armenia Belize Cambodia Bolivia Greece Nigeria Slovakia Venezuela Cape Verde* Ethiopia Colombia Cyprus Nicaragua Zambia Timor-Leste* Peru Argentina Dominican Republic Guyana Czech Republic Honduras Ecuador Malaysia Costa Rica Maldives Italy Japan Mali Indonesia Sri Lanka Kuwait Qatar Mauritius Malta Chile Côte d’Ivoire El Salvador Mexico Guatemala Suriname Korea, Rep. Fiji Bahrain Mauritania Nepal Bangladesh United Arab
 Emirates India Egypt Lebanon Jordan Oman Morocco Turkey Iran, Islamic Rep. Algeria Yemen Saudi Arabia Pakistan Syria Australia Bahamas Barbados Botswana Brazil Costa Rica Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Iceland Latvia Lesotho Netherlands New Zealand Norway Philippines Slovakia United Arab Emirates United States Honduras Ukraine Nicaragua Cuba Armenia Maldives United Kingdom Guyana Venezuela Ireland Namibia Chile Slovenia Poland Russian Federation Qatar Suriname Spain Sweden Uruguay Argentina Moldova Luxembourg Paraguay Lithuania Croatia Bahrain Sri Lanka Austria Mongolia Colombia Romania Trinidad and Tobago Ecuador Greece Brunei Darussalam Portugal Estonia Malta Kuwait Serbia* Panama Fiji Bulgaria Italy Kazakhstan Belgium Hungary 30
Mexico Canada Switzerland Malaysia Mauritius Kyrgyz Republic Macedonia, FYR Albania El Salvador Thailand Jamaica Israel Japan Jordan Germany Azerbaijan China Lebanon South Africa Peru Georgia Cyprus Saudi Arabia Indonesia Madagascar Dominican Republic Vietnam Oman Cape Verde* Bolivia Korea, Rep. Belize Iran, Islamic Rep. Guatemala Algeria Singapore Tanzania Kenya Syria Turkey Timor-Leste* Egypt Malawi Uganda Ghana Tajikistan Morocco Cambodia Burundi Bangladesh Mauritania Zambia India Senegal Mozambique Nigeria Burkina Faso Cameroon Gambia, The Nepal Pakistan Ethiopia Côte d’Ivoire Mali Yemen Benin Chad The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 15 Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap Table 5: Rankings by subindex, 2012 (cont’d.)
HEALTH AND SURVIVAL Country Score Rank Country Score Rank POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Country Score Rank Country Score Rank Argentina Bahamas Barbados Belize Brazil Cambodia Cape Verde* Chile Côte d’Ivoire El Salvador Fiji Finland France Gambia, The Guatemala Jamaica Kazakhstan Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Mongolia Philippines Slovakia Sri Lanka Suriname Thailand Uganda Uruguay Venezuela United States Bulgaria Colombia Croatia Estonia Hungary Japan Lithuania Moldova Poland Romania Russian Federation Spain Ukraine Guyana Timor-Leste* Czech Republic Austria Belgium Canada Germany Egypt Honduras Saudi Arabia Mali Ecuador Nicaragua Paraguay Syria Oman Turkey Panama Costa Rica Cuba Denmark Switzerland Greece Ireland Malta Ethiopia Australia Sweden Senegal Italy Madagascar Korea, Rep. Kyrgyz Republic Malaysia Slovenia Yemen Portugal Bolivia Luxembourg Singapore Iran, Islamic Rep. Morocco Dominican Republic Jordan Serbia* Cyprus United Kingdom Israel Netherlands New Zealand Norway Iceland Zambia Burkina Faso Burundi Malawi Kenya South Africa Ghana Namibia Indonesia Algeria Brunei Darussalam Peru Bahrain Benin Cameroon Chad Kuwait Maldives Mozambique Nepal Tanzania United Arab Emirates Nigeria Tajikistan Bangladesh Pakistan Botswana Macedonia, FYR Qatar Trinidad and Tobago Georgia Armenia Vietnam China Albania India Azerbaijan 0.9737 0.9737 0.9737 0.9737 0.9735 0.9735
| The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Iceland Finland Norway Sweden Nicaragua Ireland South Africa Bangladesh New Zealand Belgium Denmark Mozambique Switzerland Philippines Germany Netherlands India Austria Cuba Bolivia Costa Rica Sri Lanka Ecuador Argentina Cape Verde* Latvia Spain Uganda United Kingdom Burundi Tanzania Guyana Lesotho Timor-Leste* Venezuela Trinidad and Tobago Nepal Canada Luxembourg Serbia* Senegal Australia Portugal Panama Macedonia, FYR Poland Croatia Mexico Namibia Slovenia Colombia Pakistan Malawi Israel United States Madagascar Algeria China Malta Lithuania Kazakhstan Ethiopia France Chile Peru El Salvador Bulgaria Kyrgyz Republic Benin
55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 Benin Gambia, The Italy Brazil Indonesia Cyprus Honduras Czech Republic Jamaica Vietnam Barbados Slovakia United Arab Emirates Mauritania Nigeria Dominican Republic Moldova Korea, Rep. Estonia Mauritius Singapore Russian Federation Cambodia Cameroon Thailand Burkina Faso Tajikistan Maldives Romania Turkey Greece Ghana Mali Chad Kenya Côte d’Ivoire Albania Zambia Suriname Morocco Georgia Japan Syria Bahrain Azerbaijan Armenia Paraguay Uruguay Hungary Jordan Ukraine Malaysia Guatemala Bahamas Fiji Botswana Egypt Iran, Islamic Rep. Mongolia Yemen Oman Kuwait Belize Lebanon Brunei Darussalam Qatar Saudi Arabia * New countries Figure 2: Regional performance on the Global Gender Gap Index 2012 Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap ) 0 0 .
1 – 0 0 0 ( .

e r o c s x e d n I p a G r e d n e G l a b o G l 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Middle East and North Africa Asia and the Paciﬁc Sub-Saharan Africa Latin America and the Caribbean Europe and Central Asia North America Source: Global Gender Gap Index 2012; details of regional classifications in Appendix B.
Scores are weighted by population; population data from the World Bank’s World Development Indicators (WDI) online database 2011, accessed July 2012. and political empowerment remains wide: only 60% of the economic outcomes gap and only 20% of the political outcomes gap have been closed.

The detailed rankings from this year’s Index are shown in Tables 3 through 5.

Table 3a displays the 2012 rankings and provides comparisons with rankings in 2011, 2010, 2009, 2008, 2007 and 2006.
Table 3b displays the complete 2012 rankings, including the four subindex scores and ranks.

Table 3c provides the year-to-year score changes over the last seven years.

Out of the 111 countries that have been involved every year since 2006, 98 (88%) have improved their performance over the last four years, while 13 (12%) have shown widening gaps.

Table 4 shows the rankings of countries by income group (Table B2 in Appendix B displays the income group categories used).
In 2012, in the high-income group, the Nordic countries lead the way while Saudi Arabia (131) is the lowest performing country in this category.

In the upper-middle income group, Latvia (15) ranks highest while Iran (127) occupies the lowest position.

In the lower-middle- income group, the Philippines (8) comes out on top while Yemen (135) holds last position.

In the lower-income group, Mozambique (23) is the strongest performer while Chad (133) is in last place.
Table 5 shows the rankings of countries by subindex.

In 2012, 20 countries have fully closed the gap in educational attainment while Chad, the lowest-ranking country on this subindex, has closed only about 52 percent of its gender gap.

Thirty-two countries have closed the gap in health and survival.

China, Albania, India and Azerbaijan are the lowest-ranking countries on this subindex.

Nine countries have closed the gap on both the health and education subindexes.
No country has closed the economic participation gap or the political empowerment gap.

On the economic participation and opportunity subindex, the highest-ranking country (Mongolia) has closed over 84% of its gender gap while the lowest ranking country (Syria) has closed only 27% of its economic gender gap.

There is similar variation in the political empowerment subindex.
The highest-ranking country (Iceland) has closed almost 73% of its gender gap whereas the lowest-ranking country (Saudi Arabia) has closed none of the political empowerment gap according to this measure.

Regional trends Figure 2 displays the regional performance on the overall Index score, while Figures 3 through 6 display regional performances on each of the four subindexes.9 All scores are weighted by population to produce the regional averages.
Table B1 in Appendix B displays the regional categories used.10 In the overall Index scores shown in Figure 2, North America holds the top spot, while the Middle East and North Africa region occupies the last place, having closed almost 59% of its gender gap.

Table 6 displays the rankings within each regional category.
The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 17 Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap Table 6: Rankings by region, 2012 ASIA AND THE PACIFIC LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA Country Score Rank Country Score Rank Country Score Rank New Zealand Philippines Australia Sri Lanka Mongolia Singapore Thailand Vietnam Timor-Leste* China Brunei Darussalam Bangladesh Maldives Indonesia Malaysia Japan Cambodia India Korea, Rep. Fiji Nepal Iran, Islamic Rep. Pakistan Nicaragua Cuba Barbados Costa Rica Bolivia Argentina Ecuador Bahamas Panama Guyana Trinidad and Tobago Venezula Jamaica Brazil Colombia Honduras Uruguay Peru Paraguay Mexico Chile Dominican Republic El Salvador Belize Suriname Guatemala Israel United Arab Emirates Kuwait Bahrain Qatar Mauritania Algeria Jordan Lebanon Oman Egypt Morocco Saudi Arabia Syria Yemen (Cont’d.)
In the economic participation and opportunity scores shown in Figure 3, North America holds the top spot while the Middle East and North Africa region is in the last place.

In the educational attainment scores shown in Figure 4, North America once again tops the rankings while Sub- Saharan Africa holds last place.
In the health and survival scores shown in Figure 5, North America holds the top spot, while Asia and the Pacific occupies the last place as the worst region for women’s health and survival relative to that of men.

In the political empowerment scores shown in Figure 6, while all regions are well below parity, Asia and the Pacific leads the way, while the Middle East and North Africa region is in last place.

Table 6 displays the rankings within each regional category.
Top 10 Four Nordic countries that have consistently held the highest positions in previous editions of the Global Gender Gap Index continue to hold these privileged positions.

Iceland (1) still holds the top spot, closely followed by Finland (2), Norway (3) and Sweden (4).

Finland and Norway exchange spots in the rankings this year.
Although no country has yet achieved gender equality, all of the Nordic countries, with the exception of Denmark, have closed over 80% of the gender gap and thus serve as models and useful benchmarks for international 18 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Table 6: Rankings by region, 2012 (cont’d.)
Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap NORTH AMERICA Country Canada United States Score Rank Country Score Rank Country Score Rank SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA 0.7381 0.7373 21 22 Lesotho South Africa Mozambique Burundi Uganda Cape Verde* Malawi Namibia Tanzania Madagascar Ghana Kenya Botswana Senegal Gambia, The Mauritius Burkina Faso Nigeria Cameroon Zambia Benin Ethiopia Mali Côte d’Ivoire Chad Iceland Finland Norway Sweden Ireland Denmark Switzerland Netherlands Belgium Germany Latvia Luxembourg United Kingdom Austria Spain Kazakhstan Lithuania Slovenia Moldova Portugal Croatia Serbia* Bulgaria Poland Kyrgyz Republic France Russian Federation Estonia Macedonia, FYR Ukraine Romania Slovak Republic Czech Republic Cyprus Italy Hungary Greece Georgia Malta Albania Armenia Tajikistan Azerbaijan Turkey comparisons.
While many global indexes tend to be tied to income levels, thus providing an advantage to the high- income Nordic economies, the Global Gender Gap Index is disassociated from the income and resource level of an economy and instead seeks to measure how equitably the available income, resources and opportunities are distributed between women and men.

Despite this feature of the Index, these countries emerge as top performers and true leaders on gender equality.
All Nordic countries reached 99-100% literacy for both sexes several decades ago and display gender parity at both primary- and secondary-level education.

At the tertiary level, in addition to very high levels of enrolment for both women and men, the gender gap has been reversed and women now make up the majority of the high-skilled workforce.
In Norway, Sweden and Iceland there are over 1.5 women for every man enrolled in tertiary education, and in Finland and Denmark women also make up the majority of those in tertiary education.

The Nordic countries also exhibit very high healthy life expectancies for both women and men, with women living, on average, three to four healthy years longer than men.
While many developed economies have succeeded in closing the gender gap in education, few have succeeded in maximizing the returns from this investment.

The Nordic countries are leaders in this area—all five countries feature in the top 30 of the economic participation and opportunity subindex.
This occurs because of a combination of factors: The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 19 Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap Figure 3: Regional performance on the Economic Participation and Opportunity subindex . )

0 0 1 – 0 0 0 ( .
0 0 1 – 0 0 0 ( .

e r o c s x e d n b u S i 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Middle East and North Africa Asia and the Paciﬁc Latin America and the Caribbean Sub-Saharan Africa Europe and Central Asia North America Source: Global Gender Gap Index 2012; details of regional classifications in Appendix B.

Scores are weighted by population; population data from the World Bank’s World Development Indicators (WDI) online database 2011, accessed July 2012.
Figure 4: Regional performance on the Educational Attainment subindex ) 0 0 .

1 – 0 0 .

0 ( e r o c s x e d n b u S i 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Sub-Saharan Africa Middle East and North Africa Asia and the Paciﬁc Europe and Central Asia Latin America and the Caribbean North America Source: Global Gender Gap Index 2012; details of regional classifications in Appendix B.
Scores are weighted by population; population data from the World Bank’s World Development Indicators (WDI) online database 2011, accessed July 2012.

20 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Figure 5: Regional performance on the Health and Survival subindex Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap . )

0 0 1 – 0 0 0 ( .
0 0 1 – 0 0 0 ( .

e r o c s x e d n b u S i 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Asia and the Paciﬁc Sub-Saharan Africa Middle East and North Africa Europe and Central Asia Latin America and the Caribbean North America Source: Global Gender Gap Index 2012; details of regional classifications in Appendix B.

Scores are weighted by population; population data from the World Bank’s World Development Indicators (WDI) online database 2011, accessed July 2012.
Figure 6: Regional performance on the Political Empowerment subindex ) 0 0 .

1 – 0 0 .

0 ( e r o c s x e d n b u S i 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Middle East and North Africa North America Sub-Saharan Africa Latin America and the Caribbean Europe and Central Asia Asia and the Paciﬁc Source: Global Gender Gap Index 2012; details of regional classifications in Appendix B.
Scores are weighted by population; population data from the World Bank’s World Development Indicators (WDI) online database 2011, accessed July 2012.

The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 21 Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap the labour force participation rates for women are among the highest in the world; salary gaps between women and men are among the lowest in the world, although not non- existent; and women have abundant opportunities to rise to positions of leadership.
These patterns vary across the Nordic countries, but, on the whole, these economies have made it possible for parents to combine work and family, resulting in high female employment participation rates, more shared participation in childcare, more equitable distribution of labour at home, better work-life balance for both women and men and in some cases a boost to declining fertility rates.
Policies in these countries include mandatory paternal leave in combination with maternity leave, generous federally mandated parental leave benefits provided by a combination of social insurance funds and employers, tax incentives and post-maternity re-entry programmes.
Together these policies have also led to relatively higher and rising birth rates occurring simultaneously with high female workforce participation in the Nordic countries, compared to other OECD economies such as Germany, Japan, Italy and Spain where both birth rates and participation are lower.

The Nordic experience points to fewer problems with ageing in the future, as well as higher labour activity and a more robust economy.
Finally there has also been success with a top-down approach to promoting women’s leadership.

In Norway, since 2008, publicly listed companies have been required to have 40% of each sex on their boards.

Other countries are adopting similar measures.

The Nordic countries were also early starters in providing women with the right to vote (Sweden in 1919, Norway in 1913, Iceland and Denmark in 1915, Finland in 1906).
In Denmark, Sweden and Norway, political parties introduced voluntary gender quotas in the 1970s, resulting in high numbers of female political representatives over the years.

In Denmark, in fact, this quota has since been abandoned as no further stimulus is required.

Today, Sweden has among the highest percentages of women in parliament in the world (44.7%) while the other Nordic countries are almost as successful.
These countries have a similarly strong record on the percentage of women in ministerial level positions.

Next in the top ten, Ireland (5), New Zealand (6), Denmark (7) and the Philippines (8) maintain their positions from last year.

The Philippines remains the highest-ranking country from Asia in the Index.

It ranks 1st on both education and health and is also among the top 20 on economic participation and political empowerment.
The Philippines is the only country in Asia this year to have closed the gender gap in both education and health.

Nicaragua (9) replaces Lesotho in the top ten this year.

Nicaragua’s gains in the rankings are driven by changes in political empowerment particularly an increase in the percentage of women in parliament (from 21% to 40%) and an increase of the percentage of women holding ministerial positions (38% to 46%).
Switzerland (10) remains among 22 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 the top 10 for the third consecutive year and continues to show gains in educational attainment, economic participation and political empowerment.

Europe and Central Asia Europe and Central Asia has closed 70% of the gender gap and is second only to North America on the overall Global Gender Gap Index 2012 scores.
The region ranks third in the health and survival (98% of gender gap closed) and educational attainment (99% of gender gap closed) subindexes.

Europe and Central Asia ranks second on the economic participation and opportunity subindex, behind North America, and second on the political empowerment subindex behind Asian and the Pacific.

In the overall Index, seven European countries rank among the top 10 and 14 countries rank among the top 20.
Four out of the nine countries that have closed both their educational attainment and health and survival gender gaps are from this region.

Seven out of the top 20 performing countries on the economic participation and opportunity subindex and 11 out of the top 20 performing countries on the political empowerment subindex are also from the region.

Fourteen of the top 20 countries on the professional and technical workers indicator are from the region; specifically, from Eastern Europe and Central Asia.
Twelve out of the top 20 countries in healthy life expectancy are from the region; primarily from Eastern Europe and Central Asia.

Six countries from the region are among the 10 lowest performing countries on the sex ratio indicator; all six are in Eastern Europe or Central Asia.

Iceland (1) ranks first on the overall ranking for the fourth consecutive time this year.

Iceland is followed by Finland (2), Norway (3) and Sweden (4).
Finland is one of the four countries from the region that has closed both its educational attainment and health and survival gender gaps.

Ireland (5) keeps the same place as last year and Denmark (7) ranks seventh for the fifth consecutive year.

Switzerland (10) remains in the top 10 for the third consecutive year.

Netherlands (11) gains four places, mainly due to improvements in the estimated earned income ratio and women in ministerial positions.
Belgium (12) moves up one position this year due to a significant increase in the percentage of women in ministerial positions (33% in 2011 to 42% in 2012).

Germany (13) loses two places this year as a result of new data becoming available for tertiary education.

Latvia (15) gains four places in the rankings primarily due to an improvement in estimated earned income but also in the percentage of women holding ministerial positions.
Additionally, Latvia is one of the four countries from the region that has closed both its educational attainment and health and survival gender gaps, and is the best performing country from the region on the legislators, senior officials and managers indicator, ranking 11th place.

Latvia is followed by Luxembourg (17), the United Kingdom (18) and Austria (20).

Luxembourg shows a significant improvement in its ranking, gaining 13 places.
Luxembourg’s leap in the rankings is the consequence of a decrease in the wage gap and an increase of the percentage of women in parliament.

Data for legislators, senior officials and managers has been discarded due to lack of updated information.

Luxembourg’s performance over the last seven years puts it among the top climbers of the 111 countries that have been included in the Report since 2006.

The United Kingdom slips two spots relative to its performance last year.
This is mainly the result of a decrease in the percentage of women in ministerial positions, which decreased from 23% to 17%.

Austria moves up fourteen places this year due to increases in the economic participation and opportunity and educational attainment and political empowerment subindexes.

Next in the rankings are Spain (26), Kazakhstan (31), Lithuania (34) and Slovenia (38).

Spain loses fourteen spots this year.


The most significant drop for the country is in the percentage of women in ministerial positions.

Kazakhstan experiences the largest leap in the region’s ranking, moving up eighteen places.

This is the consequence of a decrease in the wage gap and increase in the percentage of women in parliament and ministerial positions (5% in 2011 to 16% in 2012).

Kazakhstan also holds the top position on the sex ratio at birth indicator.
Both Lithuania and Slovenia move up three places in the rankings.

Lithuania’s gain is due to improvements in the economic participation and opportunity and educational attainment and political empowerment subindexes.

Slovenia experiences a small decrease in the economic participation and opportunity and health and survival subindexes as well as in the percentage of women in ministerial positions.
However, these losses are offset by a significant improvement in the percentage of women in parliament (from 14% in 2011 to 31% in 2012).

The next spots in the region are occupied by Moldova (45), Portugal (47) and Croatia (49).

Moldova loses six positions relative to its ranking last year.

Moldova’s drop is mainly driven by losses in the economic participation and opportunity subindex.
Portugal displays a drop of twelve places caused mainly by a decrease in the ratio of primary and tertiary education as well as in the percentage of women in ministerial positions (31% in 2011 to 18% in 2012).

Croatia gains one place to reach the 49th position with a minor improvement in the representation of women in ministerial positions.

Serbia (50) enters the Index for the first time this year, in fiftieth position.

Bulgaria (52) slips one place this year.


Poland (53) loses eleven places due to a drop in wage equality, decreases across the education subindex and in the percentage of women holding ministerial positions categories.

The Kyrgyz Republic (54) falls ten places this year to take 54th position, primarily due to a drop in the Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap economic participation and opportunity and educational attainment and health and survival subindexes.
The Kyrgyz Republic is followed by France (57), the Russian Federation (59), Estonia (60) and Macedonia, FYR (61).

France loses nine places relative to last year’s ranking, primarily due to a decrease in the percentage of women in ministerial positions.

France is one of the four countries from the region that has closed both its educational attainment and health and survival gender gaps but it also ranks last overall on the perceived wage equality survey indicator.
The Russian Federation slips down to 59th position this year due to losses in the economic participation and opportunity and political empowerment subindexes.

The Russian Federation is the best performing country on the healthy life expectancy indicator.

Both Estonia and Macedonia, FYR move down eight places this year.

Estonia’s ratios in both wage equality and primary and secondary education decrease.
Despite this drop, Estonia is the best performing country on the professional and technical workers indicator.

Macedonia, FYR’s improvement in the percentage of women in ministerial positions is balanced out by decreases in perceived wage equality, estimated earned income, sex ratio and tertiary enrolment ratios categories.

Macedonia FYR is one of the four countries from the region that performs below average on the health and survival subindex.
Ukraine (64) follows next, holding the same position this year as last, despite a slight overall improvement in score.

Ukraine is one of the 20 lowest performing countries on the political empowerment subindex.

Romania is next in 67th position, closely followed by the Slovak Republic (70), Czech Republic (73) and Cyprus (79).

Romania gains one position due to improvements in the political empowerment subindex.

The Slovak Republic and the Czech Republic move up two spots this year.
The Slovak Republic’s gain is mainly driven by improvements on the three indicators of the political empowerment subindex.

Additionally, the Slovak Republic is one of the four countries from the region that has closed both its educational attainment and health and survival gender gaps.

For the Czech Republic, the improvement is largely explained by increases in the perceived wage equality and in the estimated earned income.
Cyprus improves in the overall rankings, rising from 93rd to 79th in 2012 due to an increase in the number of women in ministerial positions (9% in 2011 to 27% in 2012).

The next spots in the region are occupied by Italy (80), Hungary (81), Greece (82), Georgia (85) and Malta (88).

Italy slips six places in the rankings this year.

The largest losses for the country are in perceived wage equality, secondary and tertiary education, sex ratio at birth and in the number of women in ministerial positions.
Hungary gains four places due to improvements in the estimated earned income and percentage of women in ministerial positions (0% in 2011 to 10% in 2012).

Hungary is one The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 23 Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap of the 20 lowest performing countries on the political empowerment subindex.

Greece experiences the biggest drop in the region, ranking this year in 82nd position.
This is primarily the result of a change in the percentage of women holding ministerial positions (31% in 2011 to 6% in 2012).

Georgia gains one place this year.

Although its educational attainment subindex score has decreased, this is balanced out by improvements in the economic participation and opportunity, health and survival and political empowerment subindexes.
Additionally, Georgia is one of the four countries from the region that performs below the global average on the health and survival subindex.

Malta moves down five spots this year, primarily as a result of lower primary, secondary and tertiary education enrolment ratios but also due to decreases in the sex ratio at birth and percentage of women in ministerial positions.

Albania (91) and Armenia (92) follow.


Albania slips down thirteen spots from the combined effect of lower scores in perceived wage equality, estimated earned income, secondary education and the percentage of women parliamentarians.

Furthermore, Albania is one of the four countries from the region that performs below the global average on the health and survival subindex.

Armenia falls eight places, ranking 91st position this year.
This fall is the consequence of a significant decrease in the estimated earned income ratio.

Armenia is one of the four countries from the region that performs below average on the health and survival subindex.

Next are Tajikistan (96) and Azerbaijan (99).

Although Tajikistan’s ranking does not change this year, it shows a slight increase in its overall score.

Tajikistan ranks 129th on the enrolment in tertiary education indicator.
Azerbaijan slips eight spots due to decreases in secondary and tertiary education and in the sex ratio at birth, and is the lowest performing country from the region on the legislators, senior officials and managers indicator.

Turkey (124) occupies the last place in the regional rankings, losing two places this year despite a slight increase in score.

The country performs above average on the health and survival subindex but lags behind on the other three subindexes.
Turkey is the lowest performing country from the region on the economic participation and opportunity subindex.

North America The North America region has closed 74% of the gender gap and is first among the different regions on the overall Global Gender Gap Index 2012 scores.
The region ranks first on the economic participation and opportunity subindex (81% of gender gap closed), the educational attainment subindex (100% of gender gap closed) and the health and survival subindex (98% of gender gap closed).

On the political empowerment subindex, the region ranks fifth, ahead of only the Middle East and North Africa (16% of the gender gap closed).

24 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Both Canada and the United States slip out of the top 20 this year.
Canada (21) falls three places this year to take the 21st position in the overall ranking.

This is the result of a small decrease in the secondary education ratio and in the percentage of women in ministerial positions.

Canada is among the top 20 best performing countries on the economic participation and opportunity subindex.

Canada ranks 20th on the labour force participation indicator and 21st on the professional and technical workers indicator.

The United States (22) loses five places this year.
The United States’ economic participation and opportunity subindex score improves due to increases in the perceived wage equality ratio and the estimated earned income ratio but this is offset by a decrease in the percentage of women in ministerial level positions (33% in 2011 to 27% in 2012).

The United States shows no gap in education attainment with very high levels of literacy and women’s enrolment in primary, secondary and tertiary education.
In particular, women’s gross tertiary level enrolment at 111% far outstrips that of men at 79%.

The United States places 8th in the world in terms of economic participation and opportunity, a drop of two places compared to last year, although it continues to perform well on the legislators, senior officials and managers indicator, ranking 10th on this category.

The United States performs below the global average on the political empowerment subindex, with 17% women parliamentarians.
Latin America and the Caribbean The Latin America and Caribbean region has closed 69% of its overall gender gap.

The region performs well on the educational attainment and health and survival subindexes, holding for both subindexes the 2nd position just after North America.

Thirteen countries have fully closed their gender gaps in the health and survival subindex and four have fully closed gaps in educational attainment.
With regard to the latter subindex, no country from the region performs below the global average.

On the Economic Participation and Opportunity subindex, the region lies in the fourth place, just ahead of Asia and the Pacific and the Middle East and North Africa, but performs well on certain indicators such as legislators, senior officials and managers, where ten out of the 20 best performers globally are from Latin America and the Caribbean.
Finally, the region ranks ahead of Sub-Saharan Africa, North America and the Middle East and North Africa on the political empowerment subindex, having closed 18% of its gender gap.

Nicaragua (9) leads the way in Latin America and the Caribbean and is the only country from the region to hold a place in the top 10 of the global rankings.

Cuba (19) gains one place this year, with a high proportion of women among professional and technical workers (60%).
It is also the country with the highest percentage of women parliamentarians (45.2%) among the 135 countries covered.

Cuba is followed by Barbados (27), Costa Rica (29) and Bolivia (30).

Barbados moves up in the rankings, gaining six places mainly due to an increase in women holding ministerial positions.

Barbados is one of the three countries from the region that have closed the gender gap in both the education attainment and health and survival.
Barbados is the best performer on literacy rates and holds the region’s highest position in the wage equality survey.

Costa Rica loses four places this year, whereas Bolivia gains 32 positions the greatest climb in the region.

This move is mainly due to a significant increase in the percentage of women in ministerial positions (from 20% to 45%).

Argentina (32), Ecuador (33), the Bahamas (37) and Panama (40) occupy the next positions in this region’ rankings.
Argentina slips downs four places, due in part to the decrease in the political empowerment subindex, despite an additional year with a female head of state.

Ecuador gains twelve spots from last year.

This is the result of an improvement across all subindexes with the exception of Health and Survival.

The Bahamas has dropped fifteen places this year.

This is partly due to new data on estimated earned income that had previously not been factored into the index calculations for the Bahamas.
The Bahamas holds the third position overall on the literacy rate and tertiary education indicators and is one of the three countries from the region that have closed the gender gap in both the educational attainment and health and survival subindexes.

Panama maintains its position relative to last year although its overall score slightly improves.

Next in the rankings are Guyana (42) and Trinidad and Tobago (43).
Guyana slips down four spots relative to its performance last year due to a small decrease in the percentage of women in ministerial positions.

Trinidad and Tobago declines in the overall rankings (from 21st to 43rd position).

This is the result of a decrease in the healthy life expectancy ratio and in the percentage of women holding ministerial positions.

Trinidad and Tobago is the region’s lowest performing country on the health and survival subindex.
Trinidad and Tobago is followed by Venezuela (48) and Jamaica (51).

Venezuela gains fifteen positions due to an improvement in the percentage of women in ministerial positions (26% to 39%).

Jamaica slips down four spots due to a decrease in the economic participation and opportunity subindex.

Jamaica is overall the best performer on the legislators, senior officials and managers indicator and the second best on the literacy rate indicator.
Brazil (62) follows next in the rankings just before Colombia (63), with an increase in the overall ranking (from 82nd to 62nd position).

This is the result of improvements in primary education and in the percentage of women in ministerial positions (from 7% to 27%).

The tenure of President Dilma Rousseff further boosts Brazil’s overall score.

Brazil is one of the three countries from the region that have closed the gender gap in both the education attainment and health and survival subindexes.
Colombia Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap gains seventeen places this year due to a significant increase in the estimated earned income ratio as well as the percentage of women in ministerial positions.

The next spots in the region are occupied by Honduras (74), Uruguay (76), Peru (78), Paraguay (83) and Mexico (84).

Honduras falls in the rankings by twenty places.

This drop is caused mainly by a decrease in the number of women in ministerial positions, which fell from 36% to 18%.
Honduras is the lowest performing country from the region on the labour force participation indicator.

Uruguay shows a decline in the overall rankings, dropping from 58th place in 2011 to 76th place in 2012, mainly due to a decrease in the political subindex.

Peru slips five places this year compared to last year because of a decrease in the wage equality ratio and in the percentage of women holding ministerial positions.
Paraguay loses sixteen positions relative to last year, mainly due to a significant decrease in women holding ministerial positions (21% in 2011 to 7% in 2012).

Mexico moves up in the overall ranking, gaining five places.

This gain is caused mainly by the increase in the percentage of women in ministerial positions, which rises from 11% to 21% this year, and a small improvement in the perceived wage equality.

Mexico is followed by Chile (87), Dominican Republic (89) and El Salvador (94).
Chile experiences the biggest drop in the overall ranking of the region (from 46th to 87th position) due to a substantial decrease in the percentage of women holding ministerial positions.

Chile is also part of the five lowest performing countries on the perceived wage equality indicator.

The Dominican Republic slips down eight places this year due to the decrease in the ratios of primary and secondary education.
El Salvador maintains its position relative to last year although its overall score slightly increases this year.

The final positions in the region are occupied by Belize (102), Suriname (106) and Guatemala (116).

Belize displays a small decline in the overall ranking, dropping from 100th to 102nd place in 2012.

Belize holds the lowest rank in the region on the primary education indicator.

Suriname and Guatemala fall in the rankings by two and four places, respectively.
Suriname is the lowest performing country from the region on the economic participation and opportunity subindex.

Guatemala remains the lowest- ranking country in the Latin America and Caribbean region.

The Middle East and North Africa The Middle East and North Africa region has closed just over 59% of the overall gender gap.
The region ranks lowest on economic participation and opportunity and political empowerment (eight of the ten lowest performing countries on the labour force participation and estimated earned income indicators are from the region, as are the four countries that have no women parliamentarians).
The region performs second lowest on the educational attainment subindex, while on health and survival, the Middle East and North Africa region is in third place The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 25 Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap (behind Europe and Central Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean and North America).

The highest-ranking economies of the region have made vast investments in increasing women’s education levels in the last decades.
In Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Bahrain, Algeria, Oman, Israel, Lebanon, Jordan and Saudi Arabia, the tertiary education enrolment rates for women are higher than those of men.

However, these countries have had varying degrees of success at integrating women into the economy in order to reap the benefits of this investment.
Israel (56) continues to hold the top spot in the Middle East and North Africa region, supported by a higher-than- average performance on the economic participation and opportunity and political empowerment subindexes.

Israel slips one despite a slight increase in score due to the relative gains made by other countries in the rankings.
The United Arab Emirates (107) continues to hold the top position among the Arab countries and is the only country from the region that has closed the educational attainment gap.

However, the UAE falls four places in the overall ranking this year due to a decrease in the estimated earned income and women in parliament indicators.

Kuwait (109) and Bahrain (111) follow in the rankings, favoured by higher-than-average performances on the educational attainment and health and survival subindexes.
Kuwait loses four places this year.

This is due to a significant decrease in women in parliament (from 8% in 2011 to 0% in 2012).

Kuwait is part of the top 10 performing countries on the tertiary education enrolment indicator.

Bahrain loses one place because of a worsening perception of wage equality between women and men for similar work.

Qatar (115) occupies the next position in the overall ranking, slipping down four places this year.
Qatar is one of the two countries with a zero score on the political empowerment subindex and the only country from the region that ranks below the global average on the Health and Survival subindex.

However, Qatar is among the top three performing countries in enrolment in secondary education and the top country in tertiary education enrolment amongst the 135 countries covered.

Next in the rankings are Mauritania (119), Algeria (120), Jordan (121) and Lebanon (122).
Mauritania falls five places, mainly due to a decrease in the primary, secondary and tertiary enrolment ratios as well as a decrease in the percentage of women holding ministerial positions.

Mauritania is amongst the top 10 countries for the enrolment in primary education indicator.

Algeria gains one place, most notably through an increase in the percentage of women in parliamentary positions (from 8% to 32%).
Jordan loses four places following a decrease in the scores of the economic, education and political subindexes.

Lebanon also moves down four spots, due to a decrease in perceived wage equality and percentage of women in ministerial positions (from 7% to 0%).

26 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Lebanon is followed by Oman (125), Egypt (126) and Morocco (129).
Oman gains two places due to an improvement in the perceived wage equality but in particular as a result of an increase in secondary and tertiary enrolment ratios.

Egypt falls three places this year as a result of a worsening perception of wage equality between women and men for similar work and decrease in enrolment in secondary education.

Morocco’s ranking does not change this year despite a small overall gain in the score.
Saudi Arabia (131), Syria (132) and Yemen (135) are the lowest-ranking Middle East and North African countries in the Index.

Saudi Arabia maintains its position relative to last year, although its overall score slightly falls because of a small decrease in the perceived wage equality and estimated earned income.

Saudi Arabia is also one of the two countries with a political empowerment subindex score of zero.
Syria slips down eight spots relative to its performance last year because of decreases in the estimated earned income.

As there is an average lag of two years in the data, the scores represent a situation before the current outbreak of violence.
Syria is the lowest performing country on the economic participation and opportunity subindex.11 Finally, Yemen continues to occupy the last place in the region as well as in the overall ranking of 135 countries, and is the region’s lowest performing country on the education attainment subindex.
However, Yemen has experienced an absolute increase in its overall score and has closed more than 50% of its gender gap this year, putting Yemen among the top ten climbers of the 111 countries that have been included in the Report since 2006.

Asia and the Pacific With 66% of the gender gap closed, the Asia and the Pacific region occupies the fifth place out of six regions on the overall score.
The region occupies the same place on the economic participation and opportunity subindex and the fourth on the educational attainment subindex.

On the Health and Survival subindex, Asia and the Pacific region occupies the last place (three of the five lowest performing countries on the sex ratio at birth indicator are from the region), whereas on the political empowerment subindex Asia and the Pacific occupies the first place.
New Zealand (6) and the Philippines (8) continue to lead the way in Asia and the Pacific and are the only two countries from the region to hold places in the top 10 of the global rankings.

Both countries’ rankings do not change this year.

New Zealand is present in the top 15 performing countries on the economic participation and opportunity and educational attainment subindexes and is in the top 10 performing countries in the political empowerment subindex.
The Philippines is the only country from the region that has closed the educational attainment and health and survival gender gaps.

The Philippines also performs in the top 10 of the following indicators: legislators, senior officials and managers, literacy rate, enrolment in secondary education and years with female head of state.
Australia (25) loses two positions relative to last year due to a small decrease in women at ministerial positions, though it continues to hold a strong position in the rankings due to high levels of education, economic participation and political empowerment.

Sri Lanka (39), Mongolia (44) and Singapore (55) follow next.

Sri Lanka falls eight spots relative to its performance last year as a result of a decrease in the political empowerment subindex.
Sri Lanka is part of the top ten performing countries on the enrolment in tertiary education and years with female head of state.

Sri Lanka is also one of the five countries from the region that have closed the health and survival subindex.

Mongolia experienced a decline in the overall rankings (from 36th to 44th position).

This drop is caused mainly by a decrease in the perceived wage equality between women and men for similar work and in the estimated earned income ratio.
Mongolia ranks 6th on the legislators, senior officials and managers indicator and 7th on the literacy rate indicator.

Mongolia is also the best performing country on the economic participation and opportunity subindex but one of the lowest performing countries on the political empowerment subindex.

Singapore gains two places this year, most notably through an increase in the estimated earned income ratio.
Singapore is part of the 20 best performing countries in the economic participation and opportunity subindex but also one of the nine countries without a female minister.

Singapore is followed by Thailand (65), Vietnam (66), Timor-Leste (68) and China (69).

Thailand loses five places in the ranking, due to decreases in the perceived wage equality and estimated earned income ratios.

Thailand is one of five countries from the region that has closed the health and survival subindex.
Vietnam gains thirteen places this year, most notably through an increase in the enrolment in tertiary education and in the percentage of female ministers.

Unlike the previous year, primary education data is not available this year.

Vietnam’s improvement in the 2012 rankings is the most significant improvement in the region.

Despite this important gain, Vietnam shows a disproportionate sex ratio at birth.

Timor- Leste enters the Index for the first time this year.
China slips from the 61st to 69th position due to a decrease in the perceived wage equality between women and men for similar work.

China is the fourth-lowest ranking country on the health and survival subindex (132), the result of a disproportionate sex ratio at birth, although there have been minor improvements over the last year.

The next spots in the region are occupied by Brunei Darussalam (75), Bangladesh (86), the Maldives (95) and Indonesia (97).
Brunei Darussalam gains one place relative to its rank in 2011 but continues to be one of the nine countries that have no female ministers.

Bangladesh falls seventeen places this year, due to a decrease in Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap the wage equality survey, the estimated earned income and a significant decrease in the ratio of the enrolment rate in primary education.

Bangladesh ranks 8th on the political empowerment subindex.
The Maldives shows an improvement in the overall rankings, rising from 101st in 2011 to 95th in 2012.

The Maldives’ leap in the rankings is boosted by an increase in the primary education ratio and in the percentage of women holding ministerial positions (from 7% in 2011 to 21% in 2012).

Indonesia slips down seven places in the ranking due to a decrease of women in ministerial positions.
Malaysia (100), Japan (101), Cambodia (103) and India (105) are found in the lower half of the rankings within the region.

Both Malaysia and Japan fall in the rankings by three places.

Malaysia’s decrease is due to the decrease of the sex ratio whereas for Japan it is due to a small decrease in the percentage of women parliamentarians and the decrease of the sex ratio at birth.

Malaysia is the second best performing country on the wage equality data.
Japan is part of the region’s ten lowest performing countries on the legislators, senior officials and managers indicator, which shows that women still make up a fairly low percentage of the senior and highly skilled positions.

Cambodia slips relative to its performance last year due to the decrease in women in ministerial positions (10% in 2011 to 5% in 2012).

Cambodia is one of the five countries from the region that has closed the gap on the health and survival subindex.
India gains eight places as a result of improvements in the education attainment and political empowerment subindexes.

India is the lowest ranked of the BRIC economies featured in the Index; it performs above average on the political empowerment of women but lags behind in the other three categories.

The persistent health, education and economic participation gaps will be detrimental to India’s growth.

The disproportionate sex ratio at birth has not changed over the past year.
India is followed by Korea Rep. (108) and Fiji (113) Korea Rep. loses a place in the ranking due to a decrease in the sex ratio at birth.

Fiji falls four places this year and is one of the five countries from the region that has closed the gap on the health and survival subindex.

In both countries, women still make up a fairly low percentage of the senior and highly skilled positions.

Nepal (123), Iran, Islamic Rep. (127) and Pakistan (134) occupy the last places in the regional rankings.
Nepal moves up in the rankings from the 126th to 123rd position, mainly because of higher perceived wage equality ratio, estimated earned income and women in ministerial positions.

Nepal is among the highest climbers of the 111 countries that have been included in the Report since 2006 but also among the ten lowest performing countries on enrolment in tertiary education.

Iran, Islamic Rep. slips in the rankings to the 127th position due to a worsening of the estimated earned income ratio.
Finally, Pakistan moves down in the rankings from the 133rd to 134th position due to a worsening in the perceived wage equality.

Pakistan performs below the The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 27 Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap global average on all four subindexes and now occupies the last spot in the Asia and Pacific region.
Sub-Saharan Africa The Sub-Saharan Africa region has closed 66% of its gender gap and performs well on the economic participation and opportunity subindex, ranking just behind Europe and Central Asia and North America.

Out of the top 15 overall performers on the labour force participation gender gap indicator, nine countries are from the region.

However, regarding the educational attainment subindex, Sub-Saharan Africa is the region with the largest gender gap.
On the health and survival subindex, the region lies 5th just before Asia and the Pacific.

This is due to poor enrolment rates and low levels of life expectancy.

Out of the bottom 10 countries on the literacy rate and on the enrolment rate in tertiary education indicators, seven and six respectively are from sub-Saharan Africa.

The region ranks ahead of Latin America and the Caribbean and the Middle East and North Africa on the political empowerment subindex having closed 17% of its gender gap.
Lesotho (14) continues to hold the top spot in the Sub-Saharan region, despite having lost five places in the ranking due to small deteriorations in the category of wage equality for similar work and estimated earned income.

Lesotho scores are above the global average on all subindicators and is the only country from the region that has closed the gender gap in both the education attainment and health and survival subindexes.
Lesotho is the third-best performer on the legislators, senior officials and managers indicator and the top performer on the literacy rate and enrolment in secondary education.

Lesotho remains among the highest climbers within the 111 countries that have been included in the Report since 2006.

Next in the region’s rankings is South Africa (16) which loses two places compared to last year and is the only other sub-Saharan Africa country in the top 20.
South Africa maintains the top spot in the region on political empowerment, holding the seventh position on this subindex and the fourth on the women in parliament indicator.

Mozambique follows next (23), gaining three places in the ranking due to improvements in the education subindex.

Mozambique ranks ninth on the economic participation and opportunity subindex due to high scores on the labour force participation and estimated earned income indicators.
Mozambique is also the region’s best performer regarding the years with female head of state indicator.

Burundi (24) and Uganda (28) follow next.

Although Burundi’s overall score has improved, it maintains the same position in the ranking.

Burundi ranks 1st overall on labour force participation.

Uganda moves up one spot due to improvement in the estimated earned income.

This gain offsets the loss in secondary education.

Uganda is included in the top ten performers on the wage equality survey.
28 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 The next spot in the ranking is occupied by Cape Verde (35), which is included in the Index for the first time.

Cape Verde is among the top twenty countries overall on the enrolment in secondary education and women in ministerial positions indicators.

Cape Verde is followed by Malawi (36), Namibia (41) and Tanzania (46).

Malawi gains 29 places this year.


This is mainly due to the fact that there are no data for the legislators, senior officials and managers indicator this year.

Malawi is among the highest climbers of the 111 countries that have been included in the Report since 2006 and ranks fifth on the economic participation and opportunity subindex.

Namibia slips from the 32nd to the 41st position this year, primarily due to losses in the economic participation and opportunity subindex.
Tanzania moves up thirteen spots, driven by gains in the economic and education subindexes.

The next spots in the regions are occupied by Madagascar (58), Ghana (71), Kenya (72) and Botswana (77).

Madagascar gains thirteen places.

This gain can be attributed to an increase in wage equality, an increase in the percentage of women in parliament and in ministerial positions.

Madagascar holds the fifth position overall on the labour force participation indicator.
Ghana falls one place in the ranking this year.

It holds the eighth overall position on the wage equality indicator, whereas it held the 26th position on that indicator last year.

Kenya gains 27 places partially due to the fact that there is no data for the legislators, senior officials and manager indicator.

Botswana falls eleven places.


This is mainly a result of two factors: legislators, senior officials and managers and professional and technical workers indicators are not present this year for Botswana and that ratios for enrolment in primary, secondary and tertiary education have improved from last year.

Senegal (90), The Gambia (93) and Mauritius (98) occupy the next places in the ranking.

Senegal is the second highest-ranking country on the enrolment in primary education indicator.
The Gambia moves down sixteen places this year due to a significant decrease in the enrolment in secondary education ratio.

Mauritius slips down three spots relative to its performance last year partially due to a decrease in women in ministerial positions.

Burkina Faso (104) gains eleven places this year, primarily due to an improvement in the education attainment subindex.
No data for legislators, senior officials and managers and professional and technical workers have been included this year due to lack of recent statistics.

Burkina Faso is among the ten lowest performing countries on literacy rates and enrolment in tertiary education.

Burkina Faso is followed by Nigeria (110), Cameroon (112) and Zambia (114).

Nigeria has seen an improvement in the overall rankings, rising from the 120th in 2011 to the 110th place in 2012.
Nigeria’s leap in the rankings is boosted by an increase in the estimated earned income ratio and an increase in the number of women in ministerial positions, which rose from 10% to 28%.

Cameroon moves up in the rankings from the 119th to 112nd place, mainly driven by improvements in the estimated earned income.

This important increase offsets the deterioration in the ratio of secondary education enrolment.

Zambia loses eight places compared to last year.


Next in the rankings are Benin (117) and Ethiopia (118).

Benin gains eleven places in the rankings this year, partly as there is no data for legislators, senior officials and managers and partly the result of an improvement in the percentage of women holding ministerial positions (from 13% to 31%).

Ethiopia loses two places this year.

Mali (128), Côte d’Ivoire (130) and Chad (133) remain the lowest-ranking Sub-Saharan Africa countries in the Index.
All three countries are part of the five lowest performing group of countries on the education attainment subindex.

Mali gains four places and Côte d’Ivoire’s ranking does not change this year.

Finally, Chad is again this year the lowest-ranking country in the sub-Saharan Africa region.
GENDER GAPS, ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS The most important determinant of a country’s competitiveness is its human talent—the skills, education and productivity of its workforce—and women account for one-half of the potential talent base throughout the world.

Closing gender gaps is thus not only a matter of human rights and equity; it is also one of efficiency.

Figure 7 shows a plot of the Global Gender Gap Index 2012 scores against the Global Competitiveness Index 2012–2013 scores.
Figure 8 plots the Global Gender Gap Index 2012 scores against GDP per capita.

Figure 9 shows the relationship between the Global Gender Gap Index and the Human Development Index.

The graphs confirm a correlation between gender equality and the level of competitiveness, GDP per capita and human development.
The correlation among competitiveness, income and development and gender gaps is evident despite the fact that the Global Gender Gap Index (unlike other gender indexes) explicitly eliminates any direct impact of the absolute levels of any of the variables (e.g.

life expectancy, educational attainment, labour force participation) used in the Index.
While correlation does not prove causality, it is consistent with the theory and mounting evidence that empowering women means a more efficient use of a nation’s human talent endowment and that reducing gender inequality enhances productivity and economic growth.

Over time, therefore, a nation’s competitiveness depends, among other things, on whether and how it educates and utilizes its female talent.
In Figure 10, we plot the educational attainment subindex against the economic participation and opportunity subindex.
The data in the Global Gender Gap Index reveals four broad groups of countries: (1) countries that are generally closing education gaps and show high levels of women’s economic Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap participation, (2) countries that are generally closing education gaps but show low levels of women’s economic participation, (3) countries that have large education gaps as well as large gaps in women’s economic participation and (4) countries that have large education gaps but display small gaps in women’s economic participation.
In the first broad group are countries that have made investments in women’s health and education and generally see the returns on this investment in terms of women’s economic and political participation.

These countries include the Nordic countries, the United States and the Philippines.

These countries have not, however, fully closed economic and participation gaps—in particular, the gaps in senior positions, wages and leadership levels still persist.
According to research, the reduction in the male-female employment gap has been an important driver of European economic growth in the last decade and closing this gap would have massive economic implications for developed economies, boosting US GDP by as much as 9% and euro zone GDP by as much as 13%.12 There are several potential drivers behind this.

Innovation requires new, unique ideas—and the best ideas flourish in a diverse environment.
There is evidence to show that companies benefit by successfully integrating the female half of the available talent pool across their internal leadership structures,13 that women may have a propensity for making more inclusive, informed decisions and for engaging in less risky behaviour and that gender-equal teams may be more successful.

In addition, in many countries women now account for more than half of the college and university graduates.
As they begin to take up half of entry-level positions in several industries, as evident in the data from several OECD countries, it is a loss for companies if these highly skilled women are forced to choose between work and family at later stages of their career.14 Business leaders and policy-makers must therefore ensure that, in addition to removing barriers to women’s entry to the workforce, they put in place practices and policies that will provide equal opportunities for rising to positions of leadership within companies.
In the second broad group are countries that have made the key investments in women’s education but have generally not removed barriers to women’s participation in the workforce and are thus not seeing returns on their investments in the development of one half of their human capital.

This group includes Japan, Qatar, Mexico and Saudi Arabia.

These countries have an untapped but educated talent pool and would have much to gain through women’s greater participation in the workforce.
A study has shown that closing the gap between male and female employment would boost Japanese GDP by as much as 16%.
A report by the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific Countries found that restricting job opportunities for women is costing the region between US$ 42 and US$ 46 billion a year.15 Research by the World Bank demonstrates that similar restrictions have The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 29 Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap Figure 7: Relationship between the Global Competitiveness Index 2012–2013 and the Global Gender Gap Index 2012 e r o c s 3 1 0 2 – ) e a c s 7 – 1 ( 6 5 4 3 2 Singapore Japan United States Sweden Norway Mexico Brazil Luxembourg China South Africa Iceland Philippines Saudi Arabia India Morocco Pakistan Egypt Chad Yemen Russian Federation Lesotho Burundi 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 Global Gender Gap Index 2012 score (0.00–1.00 scale) Source: Global Gender Gap Index 2012 and Global Competitiveness Index 2012–2013.
Note: The Global Gender Gap Index and the Global Competitiveness Index scales have been truncated to enhance readability.
Figure 8: Relationship between GDP per capita and the Global Gender Gap Index 2012 scores 90,000 80,000 70,000 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 0 ) $ l l a n o ) i t $ ( a a t s t n i p o a c c ( r a e t i p p a P c D G r e p P D G Qatar Luxembourg Saudi Arabia Mexico Pakistan Yemen 0.40 0.45 0.50 Egypt Chad 0.55 United States Norway Japan Brazil Sweden Iceland Russian Federation South Africa Philippines 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 India China Lesotho Global Gender Gap Index 2012 score (0.00–1.00 scale) Source: Global Gender Gap Index 2012 and the World Bank’s World Development Indicators (WDI) online database 2011, accessed June 2012.
Note: The Global Gender Gap Index has been truncated to enhance readability.
30 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Figure 9: Relationship between the Human Development Index 2010 and the Global Gender Gap Index 2011 Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.50 Saudi Arabia Pakistan Yemen Chad Qatar Egypt India Mexico United States Japan Norway Sweden Luxembourg Iceland Russian Federation Brazil China Philippines South Africa Lesotho 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 Global Gender Gap Index 2012 score (0.00–1.00 scale) Source: Global Gender Gap Index 2012 and UNDP, International Human Development Indicators, Online Database 2010 (accessed October 2012).
Note: Global Gender Gap Index and Human Development Index scales have been truncated to enhance readability.

Figure 10: Relationship between education and economic subindex scores ) 0 0 .

1 – 0 0 .
0 ( s e r o c s 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 Chad Burundi Norway Luxembourg Lesotho United States Benin The Gambia Mozambique Burkina Faso Cameroon Ethiopia Mali Côte d’Ivoire Sweden Philippines Iceland China Russian Federation South Africa Brazil Qatar Japan Mexico Côte d’Ivoire Egypt Yemen Pakistan Saudi Arabia 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 Syria 1.00 Educational attainment subindex scores (0.00–1.00 scale) Source: Global Gender Gap Index 2012 Note: Economic Participation and Opportunity and Educational Attainment subindex scores have been truncated to enhance readability.
The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 31 Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap Figure 11: Relationship between old-age dependency ratio projections for 2030 and the economic participation and opportunity subindex 2012 Median score (0.66) Japan ) 0 3 0 2 r o f s n o i t c e o r p ( j o i t a r y c n e d n e p e d e g a - d O l 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Egypt India Pakistan Yemen Saudi Arabia Mexico Qatar 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 Sweden Norway United States Iceland Russian Federation China Brazil South Africa Chad 0.70 Lesotho 0.80 0.90 1.00 Economic participation and opportunity score (0.00–1.00 scale) Source: Global Gender Gap Index 2012 and United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, World Population Prospects: The 2010 revision, New York, 2011, accessed October 2012.
Note: Old-age dependency ratio is population aged 65+ per 100 population aged 15-64. also imposed massive costs throughout the Middle East, where decades of substantial investment have dramatically reduced the gender gap in education but the gender gap in economic opportunity remains the widest in the world.16 Furthermore, there is new research showing that the combined impact of growing gender equality, the emerging middle class and women’s spending priorities will lead to rising household savings rates and shifting spending patterns.
Industry in these countries—particularly in sectors such as food, healthcare, education, childcare, apparel, consumer durables and financial services—will need to be prepared for these changes.17 In the third and fourth groups, the most basic investments in girls’ and women’s education still need to be made, and fundamental rights—including legal frameworks around inheritance, reproductive rights and violence—are often inadequate.
Research demonstrates that investment in girls’ education has significant multiplier effects: it reduces high fertility rates, lowers infant and child mortality rates, lowers maternal mortality rates, increases women’s labour force participation rates and earnings and fosters educational investment in children.18 These outcomes not only improve the quality of life, they also foster faster economic growth and development.
A substantial body of literature has shown that investing in girls’ education is one of the highest-return investments a developing economy can make.

The third group contains countries such as Yemen, Pakistan and Nepal, which have both large education gender gaps as well as economic ones.
The fourth group contains countries such as Mozambique, Burundi, Gambia and Benin, which have large education gender gaps but small economic ones primarily due to high levels of participation by women in low-skilled work.

For these countries, closing education gaps will remain an important factor over time.

However, compared with the third group, women in these countries have greater access to income and decision-making.
Research has shown that women are more likely to invest a larger proportion of their household income than men in the education and health of their children.
There is also some evidence from India to suggest that women in local government roles make decisions with better outcomes for communities than men when charged with budget decisions;19 they also appear to be more competent representatives than men, obtaining more resources for their constituencies despite having significantly lower education and relevant labor market experience.20 Many of the 135 economies covered by the Index are faced with rapidly ageing populations.
Figure 11 plots the old-age dependency ratio projections for 2030 against the economic participation and opportunity subindex scores of 2011, revealing those countries among the set with high old-age dependency ratios that have low economic participation gaps and those that have high economic participation gaps.

In countries where it is relatively easy for women to combine work with having children, female employment and female fertility both tend to be higher.
Policies that allow women to combine work and family may 32 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 thus play a role in addressing the future problems posed by ageing populations.21 The magnitude and particulars of gender gaps in countries around the world are the combined result of various socioeconomic and cultural variables.

The closure or continuation of these gaps is intrinsically connected to the framework of national policies in place.
New research is required to understand which policies are most effective in closing gender gaps and whether these are transferrable to other replicable and scalable.

This year, we have provided supplementary information on policy variables in the Country Profiles.

In addition, over the last year, we have conducted a policies survey with ministries responsible for women in the 135 countries covered in this Report.
The preliminary results from 74 countries are presented in Appendix E. TRACKING THE GENDER GAP OVER TIME The Global Gender Gap Index was first published in 2006 with a view to creating a comprehensive gender parity index that is able to track gaps over time relative to an equality benchmark, thus providing information on a country’s progress relative to itself as well as to other countries.
Based on the seven years of data available for the 111 countries that have been part of the Report since its inception, we find that the majority of countries covered have made progress on closing gender gaps.

Figure A1 in Appendix A displays changes over time within the four subindexes.

In 2006, 14% of the global political empowerment gap had been closed; in 2012, almost 20% of this gap has been closed.
In 2006, 56% of the economic participation gap had been closed; in 2012, almost 60% of this gap has been closed.

In 2006, almost 92% of the educational attainment gap had been closed; in 2012, almost 93% of this gap has been closed.

On health and survival, however, there has been a small deterioration between 2006 and 2012, from 97% to 96%.

Figure A2 displays changes over time on the Index score across different regions.
All regions have shown improvements over the last seven years except Europe and Central Asia.

Table A1 in Appendix A displays the full list of 111 countries covered between 2006 and 2012 and ordered according to the percentage change in their score, relative to their score in 2006.
Figure A3 displays these countries in a scatter plot divided into four quadrants: countries that were performing above the median score in 2006 and have shown progress between 2006 and 2012, countries that were performing above the median score in 2006 and have regressed between 2006 and 2012, those that were performing below the median score in 2006 and have shown progress between 2006 and 2012 and those that were performing below the median score in 2006 and have regressed between 2006 and 2012.
Overall, 88% of countries made progress between 2006 and 2012 while 12% have either deteriorated or remain unchanged.

Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap However, the pace of change is slow.

Only nine countries have improved by 10% or more while 75 have improved less than 5% during this time period.

We were able to calculate the Global Gender Gap Index backwards to the year 2000 for a limited set of countries in order to take a longer-term look at trends.
Table A2 in Appendix A displays the Global Gender Gap Index 2000–2012 for 39 countries where the relevant data were available.

In all countries there was a net improvement in scores across the 12 years, with the exception of the Slovak Republic.

Switzerland, Belgium, Finland, Ireland and Costa Rica show the largest absolute increases in score, amounting to relative changes of more than 15% when compared with their performance in the year 2000.
In the Country Profiles section, readers can explore trends over the last seven years on both the overall Index scores and ranks and the four subindex scores and ranks.

It is important to note that there are gaps in international databases and not all countries have information available for all variables across all seven years, nor are all data updated on an annual basis for each country by the international organizations that serve as our primary sources of data.
CONCLUSION The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 provides a comprehensive overview of current performance and progress over the last six years.

On average, over 96% of the gap in health outcomes, 93% of the gap in educational attainment, 60% of the gap in economic participation and 20% of the gap in political empowerment has been closed.

No country in the world has achieved gender equality.
The four highest ranked countries—Iceland, Finland, Norway and Sweden—have closed between 80 and 86% of their gender gaps, while the lowest ranked country—Yemen— has closed a little over half of its gender gap.

The Global Gender Gap Index was developed in 2006 partially to address the need for a consistent and comprehensive measure for gender equality that can track a country’s progress over time.
This edition of The Global Gender Gap Report reveals the trends observed in the data over the past seven years and seeks to call attention to the need for more rapid progress in closing gender gaps.

Out of the 111 countries covered in 2006–2012, 88% have improved their performance, while 12% have widening gaps.

In some countries, progress is occurring in a relatively short time, regardless of whether they are starting out near the top or the bottom of the rankings, and independent of their income.
Countries such as Iceland, Bolivia, Switzerland, Saudi Arabia, Lesotho, Yemen and others have made much progress relative to their own situation in 2006.

Relatively few countries have regressed relative to their own scores.
While some of these are relatively high-ranking countries such as Sweden and Sri Lanka, there has also been significant deterioration in The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 33 Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap countries such as Mali, Jordan, Kuwait and Zambia, which were already at the lower end of the rankings.
The Index points to potential role models by revealing those countries that—within their region or their income group—are leaders in having divided resources more equitably between women and men than other countries have, regardless of the overall level of resources available.
The detailed Country Profiles allow users to understand not only how close each country lies relative to the equality benchmark in each of the four critical areas, but also provides a snapshot of the legal and social framework within which these outcomes are produced.

The Index continues to track the strong correlation between a country’s gender gap and its national competitiveness, income and development.
A country’s competitiveness depends on its human talent—the skills, education and productivity of its workforce.

Because women account for one-half of a country’s potential talent base, a nation’s competitiveness in the long term depends significantly on whether and how it educates and utilizes its women.
Four broad groups of countries are evident in the Index: (1) countries that are generally closing education gaps and show high levels of women’s economic participation, (2) countries that are generally closing education gaps but show low levels of women’s economic participation, (3) countries that have large education gaps as well as large gaps in women’s economic participation and (4) countries that have large education gaps but display small gaps in women’s economic participation.
This Report highlights the message to policy- makers that, in order to maximize competitiveness and development potential, each country should strive for gender equality—that is, should give women the same rights, responsibilities and opportunities as men.
The Index does not seek to set priorities for countries but rather to provide a comprehensive set of data and a clear method for tracking gaps on critical indicators so that countries may set priorities within their own economic, political and cultural contexts.
We are hopeful that the information contained in the Global Gender Gap Report series will also serve as a basis for further research that will facilitate a clearer understanding of the policies that are successful and those that are not, particularly as increasing numbers of policy-makers, employers and civil society seek out best practices and role models to incorporate gender equality into their practices and policies.

NOTES 1 See Greig et al.

“The Gender Gap Index 2006”.


2 This ratio is based on what is considered to be a “normal” sex ratio at birth: 1.06 males for every female born.

See Klasen and Wink, “Missing Women: Revisiting the Debate”.

3 This ratio is based on the standards used in the UN’s Gender-Related Development Index, which uses 87.5 years as the maximum age for women and 82.5 years as the maximum for men.
34 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 4 A first attempt to calculate the gender gap was made by the World Economic Forum in 2005; see Lopez-Claros and Zahidi, Women’s Empowerment: Measuring the Global Gender Gap.

The 2005 Index, which was attempting to capture women’s empowerment, used a “feminist” scale that rewarded women’s supremacy over men (highest score is assigned to the country with the biggest gap in favour of women).
5 The weights derived for the 2006 Index were used again this year and will be used in future years to allow for comparisons over time.

6 This is not strictly accurate in the case of the health variable, where the highest possible value a country can achieve is 0.9796.

However, for purposes of simplicity we will refer to this value as 1 throughout the chapter and in all tables, figures and Country Profiles.
7 Because of the special equality benchmark value of 0.9796 for the health and survival subindex, it is not strictly accurate that the equality benchmark for the overall index score is 1.

This value is in fact (1 + 1 + 1 + 0.9796) / 4 = 0.9949.

However, for purposes of simplicity, we will refer to the overall equality benchmark as 1 throughout this chapter.
8 Since the variables in the subindexes are weighted by the standard deviations, the final scores for the subindexes and the overall Index are not a pure measure of the gap vis-à-vis the equality benchmark and therefore cannot be strictly interpreted as percentage values measuring the closure of the gender gap.

However, for ease of interpretation and intuitive appeal, we will be using the percentage concept as a rough interpretation of the final scores.
9 A population-weighted average of all scores within each region was taken to produce these charts.

10 Please note that we have modified our regional classifications from those used in previous editions of the Report.

11 Due to the current situation in Syria the Executive Opinion Survey was not carried out this year and the results thus do not include this variable in 2012.

12 See Daly, “Gender Inequality, Growth and Global Ageing”.

13 Catalyst, “The Bottom Line”.


14 See Ibarra and Zahidi, The Corporate Gender Gap Report 2010.

15 ESCAP, Economic and Social Survey of Asia and the Pacific.

16 See World Bank, “Gender and Development in the Middle East and North Africa.

17 Goldman Sachs Global Markets Institute.

“The Power of the Purse”.

18 On the impact of female education on labour force participation and the educational attainment of the next generation, see Hausmann and Székely, “Inequality and the Family in Latin America”.
On educational investment in children, see Summers, “The Most Influential Investment”, 132.

19 See Beaman et al., “Powerful Women”.

20 Munshi and Rosensweig, “The Efficacy of Parochial Politics”.

21 Daly, “Gender Inequality, Growth and Global Ageing”.

REFERENCES Bartlett, L A, Mawji, S, Whitehead, S, Crouse, C, Dalil, S, Ionete, D, Salama, P and the Afghan Mortality Study Team.

Where Giving Birth is a Forecast of Death: Maternal Mortality in Four Districts of Afghanistan, 1999–2002.
In The Lancet, 2005, 365 (9462): 864–870.

Beaman, L, Chattopadhyay, R, Duflo, E, Pande, R, and Topaloya, P. Powerful Women: Does Exposure Reduce Bias?

http://econ-www.

mit.edu/files/3122.

Catalyst.

The Bottom Line: Connecting Corporate Performance and Gender Diversity.

2004. http://www.catalyst.org/publication/82/ the-bottom-line-connecting-corporate-performance-and-gender- diversity.

Centre for Work Life Policy.

http://www.worklifepolicy.org.

CIA (Central Intelligence Agency).


The CIA World Factbook, 2011.

Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap Coale, A J.

Excess Female Mortality and the Balance of the Sexes in the Population: An Estimate of the Number of Missing Females.

In Population and Development Review, 1991, 17 (3): 517–523.

Daly, K. Gender Inequality, Growth and Global Ageing.

Goldman Sachs Nike Foundation.


The Girl Effect: Not Just about Girls: Engaging Men and Boys Is Key to Girls’ Ability to Achieve their Full Potential, 2009. http://www.nikefoundation.com/media_room.html [accessed October 2009].

Global Economics Paper No.

154, April 2007.

PLAN.

Girls in the Global Economy: Adding It All Up, 2009.

Dervarics, C. Closing the Gap in Male-Female Schooling.
Population Reference Bureau, 2004. http://www.prb.org/Articles/2004/ ClosingtheGapinMaleFemaleSchooling.aspx [accessed October 2009].

Sen, A.

Development as Freedom.

Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.

Sen, A.

Missing Women.

In British Medical Journal, 1992, 7 March, 304 (6827): 587–588.

Duflo, E. Gender Equality in Development.

BREAD Policy Paper No.

001, December 2005. http://econ-www.mit.edu/files/799.

Sen, G, George, A, and Ostlin, P (eds).


Engendering International Health: The Challenge of Equity.

Boston: MIT Press, 2002.

ESCAP (Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific).

Economic and Social Survey of Asia and the Pacific 2007: Surging Ahead in Uncertain Times.

New York: United Nations, 2007.

Falkingham, J.

The Impact of Maternal Health on Poverty.


In id21 Health, id21 Research Highlight, 2 August 2007. http://www.id21.org/zinter/ id21zinter.exe?a=0&i=InsightsHealth11art3&u=4ae36338.

Gertler, P, Martinez, S, Levine, D and Bretozzi, S. “Lost Presence and Presents: How Parental Death Affects Children“.

Princeton University, 2004.

Summers, L. The Most Influential Investment.

In Scientific American, 1992, August: 132.


Switlick, N, Geeta, K and Lule E. Acceleration Progress Towards Achieving the MDG to Improve Maternal Health: A Collection of Promising Approaches.

April, 2005.

Washington, DC: World Bank.

UNAIDS and WHO.

AIDS Epidemic Update 2005.

Joint Annual Report.

December, 2005.

Geneva: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/ AIDS (UNAIDS) and WHO.

http://www.unaids.org/epi/2005/doc/ report_pdf.asp.

Goldman Sachs Global Markets Institute.


The Power of the Purse: Gender Equality and Middle-Class Spending.

5 August 2009.

UNDP (United Nations Development Programme).

Human Development Report 2010.

Greig, F, Hausmann, R, Tyson, L D and Zahidi, S. The Gender Gap Index 2006: A New Framework for Measuring Equality.

In The Global Gender Gap Report 2006.

Geneva: World Economic Forum, 2006.

Hausmann, R and Székely, M. Inequality and the Family in Latin America.
In Population Matters: Demographic Change, Economic Growth, and Poverty in the Developing World, edited by N. Birdsall, A C Kelley, and S Sinding.

New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.

Ibarra, H and Zahidi, S. The Corporate Gender Gap Report 2010.

Geneva: World Economic Forum, 2010.

ILO (International Labour Organization), International programme on the elimination of child labour, World Day 2009.

Give Girls a Chance: End Child Labour, 2009.


Available at http://www.ilo.org/ipec/ Campaignandadvocacy/WDACL/WorldDay2009/lang--en/index.htm [accessed October 2009].

———.

LABORSTA Internet, online database, 2011.

Inter-Parliamentary Union.

National Women in Parliaments, July 2011.

Jütting, J P, Morrisson, C Dayton-Johnson, J and Drechsler, D. Measuring Gender (In)equality: Introducing the Gender, Institutions and Development Data Base (GID).

Working Paper No.

247.


OECD Development Centre, March, 2006. http://www.oecd.org/ dataoecd/17/49/36228820.pdf.

Kilpatrick, S J, Crabtree, K E, Kemp, A and Geller, S. Preventability of Maternal Deaths: Comparison between Zambian and American Referral Hospitals.

In Obstetrics & Gynecology, 2002, 100: 321–326.

Klasen, S and Wink, C. Missing Women: Revisiting the Debate.

In Feminist Economics, 2003, 9 (2–3): 263–299.

Lopez-Claros, A and Zahidi, S. Women’s Empowerment: Measuring the Global Gender Gap.
Geneva: World Economic Forum, 2005.

Mathers, C D, Iburg, K M Salomon, J A Tandon, A Chatterji, S Ustün, B and Murray, C J L. Global Patterns of Healthy Life Expectancy in the Year 2002.

In BioMed Central Public Health, 2004, 4: 66. http://www.

biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/4/66.

———.

Human Development Report 2006.

Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.

———.

Technical Note: Computing the Indices.

In Human Development Report 2000.

Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. http://hdr.undp.
org/reports/global/2000/en/.

UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization).

Gender and Education for All: The Leap to Equality.

Summary Report, 2003.

Paris: UNESCO.

UNFPA (United Nations Population Fund).

Safe Motherhood: Facts about Safe Motherhood, 2008. http://www.unfpa.org/mothers/facts.htm [accessed October 2009].

———.

State of World Population 2004: Maternal Health.

http://www.unfpa.

org/swp/2004/english/ch7/page2.htm.

UNICEF (United Nations Children’s Fund).


The State of the World’s Children 2009: Maternal and Newborn Health.

New York: UNICEF, December 2008. http://www.unicef.org/sowc09/docs/SOWC09-FullReport-EN.

pdf.

———.

The State of the World’s Children 2004. http://www.unicef.org/ sowc04/sowc04_girls_left_out.html [accessed October 2009].

United Nations Foundation.

Why Invest in Adolescent Girls.

http://www.


unfoundation.org/global-issues/women-and-population/investing- adolescent-girls.html.United Nations Secretariat, Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs.

World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision.

http://esa.un.org/unpp/ [accessed October 2009].

Varkey, S, Gupta, S S. How Gender (In)Sensitive Are the Gender-Related Indices?

In Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 2005, 83 (12): 954–956.
Wessel, H, Reitmaier, P, Dupret, A, Rocha, E, Cnattingius, S, Bergströmm, S. Deaths among Women of Reproductive Age in Cape Verde: Causes and Avoidability.

In Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 1999, 78 (3): 225–232; 2009: 2. WHO (World Health Organization).

World Health Report: Working Together Matthews, Z.

Improving the Health of Mothers and Babies.

In id21 insights, health #11, University of Sussex.

http://www.id21.org/insights/ insights-h11/art00.html/.

for Health.
for Health.

April 2006, Geneva: WHO; p.xxiv in Merlin: All Mothers Matter.

http://www.merlin.org.uk/images/libimages/1755.pdf [accessed October 2009].

Munshi, K and Rosensweig, R. The Efficacy of Parochial Politics: Caste, ———.

The World Health Report 2007.

2007.

Geneva: WHO.

Commitment, and Competence in Indian Local Governments.

Center Discussion Paper No.

964.

Economic Growth Center, Yale University, September 2008. http://www.econ.yale.edu/growth_pdf/cdp964.pdf.
Nardo, M, Saisana, M, Saltelli, A, Tarantola, and Hoffmann, A and Giovannini, E. Handbook on Constructing Composite Indicators: Methodology and User Guide, OECD Statistics Working Papers, 2005/3, OECD Publishing.

doi:10.1787/533411815016.

———.

Global Health Observatory database, data from 2007.

———.

The World Health Report 2001, Statistical Annex: Explanatory Notes.

2001.

Geneva: WHO.

World Bank.


World dataBank: World Development Indicators & Global Development Finance, online database 2008, accessed July 2010.

The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 35 Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap ———.

Gender and Development in the Middle East and North Africa: Women in the Public Sphere.

2004.

Washington, DC: World Bank.

———.

Engendering Development through Gender Equality in Rights, Resources and Voice.

World Bank Policy Research Report No.

21776.

2001.
21776.

2001.

Washington, DC: World Bank.

———.

Girl’s Education.

Washington, DC: World Bank.

http://web.

worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTEDUCATION/0,,con tentMDK:20298916~menuPK:617572~pagePK:148956~piPK:216618 ~theSitePK:282386,00.html [accessed October 2009].ww.unicef.org/ sowc04/sowc04_girls_left_out.html [accessed October 2009].

World Economic Forum.

The Global Competitiveness Report 2010–2011.

2010.

Geneva: World Economic Forum.


36 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Appendix A: Tracking the Gender Gap over Time Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap The seven-year dataset for the Global Gender Gap Index indicates progress across all subindexes (Figure A1) except Health and Survival, and across regions (Figure A2) except Europe and Central Asia.

Table A1 shows the biggest gainers and losers out of the 111 countries covered in the report between 2006 and 2012.
Figure A1: Global Gender Gap Index by subindex, 2006–2012 . )

0 0 1 – 0 0 0 ( .

e r o c s x e d n b u S i 2006 n 2010 n 2007 n 2011 n 2008 n 2012 n 2009 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 Political Empowerment Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Source: Global Gender Gap Indexes, 2006–2012; scores are weighted by population.

Population data from the World Bank’s World Development Indicators (WDI) online database 2011, accessed July 2012.
Details of regional classifications in Appendix B.

Figure A2: Global Gender Gap Index by regions, 2006–2012 2006 n 2010 n 2007 n 2011 n 2008 n 2012 n 2009 ) 0 0 .

1 – 0 0 .

0 ( e r o c s x e d n I p a G r e d n e G l a b o G l 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 Middle East and North Africa Sub-Saharan Africa Asia and the Paciﬁc Latin America and the Caribbean North America Europe and Central Asia Source: Global Gender Gap Indexes, 2006–2012; scores are weighted by population.
Population data from the World Bank’s World Development Indicators (WDI) online database 2011, accessed July 2012.

Details of regional classifications in Appendix B.

The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 37 Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap Appendix A: Tracking the Gender Gap over Time (cont’d.)
Table A1: Change in score (2006–2012) as a percentage of 2006 Country Philippines Poland Guatemala Egypt Russian Federation Uruguay Canada Gambia, The Greece Turkey Cambodia Panama Paraguay Malta Iran, Islamic Rep. Bulgaria Portugal Ghana Peru Australia Lithuania Algeria Israel Germany Ukraine Japan Slovak Republic Romania United Kingdom Czech Republic Thailand Pakistan Indonesia Tanzania Albania Estonia Malaysia Jamaica Sweden Hungary Dominican Republic Morocco Jordan Georgia Macedonia, FYR Kuwait Moldova Spain Sri Lanka Zambia Croatia Colombia Botswana Mali El Salvador 2006 score score Change in score (2006–2012) Percentage change relative to 2006 score –0.0009 –0.0010 –0.0013 –0.0021 –0.0028 –0.0049 –0.0079 –0.0080 –0.0095 –0.0149 –0.0157 –0.0156 – –0.1 –0.2 –0.2 –0.3 –0.4 –0.7 –1.1 –1.3
0.3 0.1 –0.1 –0.2 –0.2 –0.3 –0.4 –0.7 –1.1 –1.3 –1.3 –2.1 –2.3 –2.6 –3.0 Change in score (2006–2012) Percentage change relative to 2006 score Country Nicaragua Bolivia Ecuador Lesotho Luxembourg Malawi Iceland Burkina Faso Nepal Yemen Switzerland Madagascar Saudi Arabia Benin Belgium United Arab Emirates Cameroon India France Bahrain Ireland Latvia Singapore Bangladesh Chad Uganda Finland Venezuela Austria Slovenia Netherlands Brazil Argentina South Africa Norway Mauritania Trinidad and Tobago United States Cyprus China Kenya Honduras Ethiopia Denmark Italy Mongolia Costa Rica Kazakhstan New Zealand Kyrgyz Republic Mexico Namibia Mauritius Chile Nigeria Korea, Rep. 2006 score score 0.7220
0.6770 0.6760 0.6200 0.7780 0.6730 0.7110 0.7220 0.7210 0.7810 0.7010 0.6710 0.7120 0.6550 0.6680 0.6310 0.6360 38 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Appendix A: Tracking the Gender Gap over Time (cont’d.)
Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap Figure A3 plots the percentage change in score, relative to the actual score in 2006, for the same set of countries.

The median score is 0.666.

Finally, Table A2 presents the historical calculation made for the Index between 2000 and 2005, along with calculations from the published Index in recent years for 39 countries for which we were able to find complete data as far back as the year 2000.
For a more detailed analysis by subindex and the calculation method, please refer to the Global Gender Gap Index 2007.
Figure A3: Percentage change relative to the Global Gender Gap Index 2006 score e r o c s n i e g n a h c e g a t n e c r e P ) % ( 2 1 0 2 d n a 6 0 0 2 n e e w t e b 20 15 10 5 0 –5 Countries below median score and improving Median score (0.67) Nicaragua Bolivia India Lesotho Countries above median score and improving Yemen Saudi Arabia Chad Brazil China Egypt Pakistan Switzerland Ireland Finland Philippines Russian Federation Sweden 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 Mexico 0.60 0.70 Spain Countries below median score and regressing Mali El Salvador Global Gender Gap Index 2006 score (0.00–1.00) 0.80 0.90 1.00 Countries above median score and regressing Source: Global Gender Gap Indexes 2006 and 2012.
Figure A4: Dynamics of the Gender Gap (selected countries) Slovak Republic Slovak Republic Slovak Republic Spain Spain Spain Turkey Turkey Turkey United Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom Chile Chile Chile Chile Finland Finland Finland Finland Japan Japan Japan Japan Slovak Republic Slovak Republic Slovak Republic Slovak Republic Slovak Republic Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Turkey Turkey Turkey Turkey Turkey United Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom Chile Chile Chile Chile Finland Finland Finland Finland Japan Japan Japan Japan ) 0 0 .
1 – 0 0 .

0 ( e r o c s x e d n I p a G r e d n e G l a b o G l 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Source: Global Gender Gap Index 2012.

Note: The Global Gender Gap Index scale has been truncated to enhance readability.

The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 39 Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap Appendix A: Tracking the Gender Gap over Time (cont’d.)
Table A2: Overview of historical data scores, 2000–2012 (selected countries) Country Switzerland Belgium Finland Ireland Iceland Costa Rica Netherlands Norway Denmark Spain Sweden GGG Index 2000 GGG Index 2001 GGG Index 2002 GGG Index 2003 GGG Index 2004 GGG Index 2005 GGG Index 2006 GGG Index 2007 GGG Index 2008 GGG Index 2009 GGG Index 2010 GGG Index 2011 GGG Index 2012 Difference (2012 score– 2000 score) Bangladesh 0.5963 0.6082 0.6133 0.6096 0.6203 0.6183 0.6270 0.6314 0.6531 0.6526 0.6702 0.6812 0.6684 0.0721 Panama Latvia Korea, Rep. Turkey New Zealand Mexico Italy Australia Japan 0.5876
Trinidad and Tobago 0.6600 0.6598 0.6644 0.6633 0.6726 0.6740 0.6797 0.6859 0.7245 0.7298 0.7353 0.7372 0.7116 0.0516 Greece Canada Chile Portugal Slovenia Croatia Malaysia Israel El Salvador Colombia Romania Poland United Kingdom 0.7222 0.7224 0.7371 0.7614 0.7362 0.7402 0.7365 0.7441 0.7366 0.7402 0.7460
 0.7462 0.7433 0.0211 Lithuania 0.6984 0.7018 0.7131 0.7111 0.6927 0.6973 0.7077 0.7234 0.7222 0.7175 0.7132 0.7131 0.7191 0.0207 Czech Republic 0.6670 0.6663 0.6670 0.7037 0.6586 0.6649 0.6712 0.6718 0.6770 0.6789 0.6850 0.6789 0.6767 0.0097 Hungary 0.6697 0.6644 0.6982 0.6993 0.6878 0.6869 0.6698 0.6731 0.6867 0.6879 0.6720 0.6642 0.6718 0.0021 Slovak Republic 0.6845 0.6822 0.6850 0.6860 0.6791 0.6855 0.6757 0.6797 0.6824 0.6845 0.6778 0.6797 0.6824 –0.0021 Notes: Countries are ordered by score difference, in descending order.
GGG Index = Global Gender Gap Index.

40 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Appendix B: Regional and Income Group Classiﬁcation, 2012 Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap The following regional classifications were used for creating the regional performance tables in the chapter.
Table B1: Regional classifications, 2012 Asia and the Pacific Australia Bangladesh Brunei Darussalam Cambodia China Fiji India Indonesia Iran, Islamic Rep. Japan Korea, Rep. Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Nepal New Zealand Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Timor-Leste* Vietnam * New countries 2012 North America Canada United States Latin America and the Caribbean Middle East and North Africa Algeria Bahrain Egypt Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Mauritania Morocco Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria United Arab Emirates Yemen Argentina Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Guyana Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Suriname Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezula Sub-Saharan Africa Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde* Chad Côte d’Ivoire Ethiopia Gambia, The Ghana Kenya Lesotho Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Senegal South Africa Tanzania Uganda Zambia Europe and Central Asia Albania Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Kyrgyz Republic Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia, FYR Malta Moldova Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russian Federation Serbia* Slovak Republic Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Tajikistan Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 41 Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap Appendix B: Regional and Income Group Classiﬁcation, 2012 (cont’d.)
Table B2: Income classifications, 2012 Low Income (US$1,005 or Less) Lower-Middle Income (US$1,006–3,975) Upper-Middle Income (US$3,976–12,275) High Income (US$12,276 or more) Bangladesh Benin Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Chad Ethiopia Gambia, The Kenya Kyrgyz Republic Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mozambique Nepal Tajikistan Tanzania Uganda Albania Armenia Belize Bolivia Cameroon Cape Verde* Côte d’Ivoire Egypt El Salvador Fiji Georgia Ghana Guatemala Guyana Honduras India Indonesia Lesotho Moldova Mongolia Morocco Nicaragua Nigeria Pakistan Paraguay Philippines Senegal Sri Lanka Syria Timor-Leste* Ukraine Vietnam Yemen Zambia Algeria Argentina Azerbaijan Botswana Brazil Bulgaria Chile China Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador Iran, Islamic Rep. Jamaica Jordan Kazakhstan Latvia Lebanon Lithuania Macedonia, FYR Malaysia Maldives Mauritius Mexico Namibia Panama Peru Romania Russian Federation Serbia* South Africa Suriname Thailand Turkey Uruguay Venezuela Australia Austria Bahamas Bahrain Barbados Belgium Brunei Darussalam Canada Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Japan Korea, Rep. Kuwait Luxembourg Malta Netherlands New Zealand Norway Oman Poland Portugal Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore Slovak Republic Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Trinidad and Tobago United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Note: Income classifications are taken from the World Bank, which classifies economies into four income categories based on 2011 GNI per capita (current US$), high income, upper-middle income, lower-middle income and low income.
* New countries 2012 42 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Appendix C: Regional and Income Group Classiﬁcation, 2012 Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap The chart below shows the spread of the minimum and maximum values for each of the 14 variables of the Global Gender Gap Index.

Each indicator is presented with its own scale of the minimum possible value and maximum possible value.

For wage equality for similar work, this is a scale of 1 (worst value for women) to 7 (best value for women).
For estimated earned income, the maximum value is 40,000 US dollars; this is the benchmark used in the calculation of the Index.

For sex ratio at birth (f/m), the maximum value is a ratio of 0.944; this is the benchmark used in the calculation of the Index.

For healthy life expectancy, the maximum value listed is that of the country with the best performance on this indicator (Japan; 78 years); this is not the benchmark used in the calculation of the Index (which is of 1.06).
For years with female head of state, the minimum value is 0 years and the maximum value is 50 years.

All other variables are expressed as percentages with a minimum value of 0% and a maximum value of 100%.

Male values are represented by black bars; female values, by blue bars.

In the case of variables representing a combined measure of male and female situations (wage equality for similar work and sex ratio at birth), a grey bar is used.
Figure C1: Female and male ranges for Global Gender Gap Index 2012 indicators s r e g a n a m d n a s l a i c ﬁ f o i r o n e s , ) m / f ( h t r i b t a o i t a r x e S e t a r y c a r e t i L 40,000 100 100 100 100 100 100 0.994 100 100 100 y c n a t c e p x e e f i l y h t l a e H 78 e t a t s f o d a e h e l a m e f h t i w s r a e Y 50 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 43 Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap Appendix D: Rankings by Indicator, 2012 Table D1: Labour force participation Country Female Male Female-to- male ratio Rank Country Female Male Female-to- male ratio Rank Burundi Ghana Mozambique Tanzania Madagascar Finland Malawi Sweden Norway Moldova Lesotho Botswana Vietnam Denmark Ethiopia Azerbaijan Russian Federation Kazakhstan Lithuania Canada Iceland Bahamas Barbados Estonia Slovenia Uganda Mongolia Latvia Israel Kenya Benin Switzerland Burkina Faso China Cambodia Portugal France Netherlands Germany Ukraine Bulgaria New Zealand United States Australia Austria United Kingdom Namibia Gambia, The Armenia Croatia Thailand Belgium Chad Cyprus Poland Nepal Luxembourg Slovak Republic Peru Hungary Brunei Darussalam Romania Jamaica Ireland Czech Republic Uruguay Bolivia Spain 73
| The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Georgia South Africa Zambia Brazil Maldives Tajikistan Mauritania Singapore Trinidad and Tobago Japan Senegal Albania Timor-Leste* Bangladesh Korea, Rep. Kyrgyz Republic Argentina Greece Italy Macedonia, FYR Cape Verde* Paraguay Cameroon Venezuela Dominican Republic Philippines Cuba Côte d'Ivoire Panama Nicaragua El Salvador Indonesia Ecuador Belize Chile Suriname Costa Rica Malaysia Mauritius Mali Guyana Guatemala Kuwait Mexico Qatar Colombia Nigeria Honduras Fiji Malta Sri Lanka Algeria United Arab Emirates Iran, Islamic Rep. India Bahrain Turkey Morocco Oman Lebanon Jordan Egypt Yemen Saudi Arabia Syria Pakistan Serbia* — — 0.30
0.46 0.44 0.42 0.39 0.35 0.34 0.34 0.33 0.32 0.30 0.28 0.27 0.27 0.26 — — Note: Female-to-male ratios are not truncated at the equality benchmark in this Appendix, whereas they are for the calculation of the Global Gender Gap Index.
* New countries 2012 Appendix D: Rankings by Indicator, 2012 (cont’d.)
Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap Table D2: Wage equality survey Country Survey data* Female-to- male ratio Rank Country Survey data* Female-to- male ratio Rank Egypt Malaysia Singapore Gambia, The Uganda Philippines Macedonia, FYR Ghana Mongolia Georgia Kyrgyz Republic Ireland Tajikistan Kazakhstan Finland New Zealand Burundi Malawi Barbados Oman Norway United Arab Emirates Brunei Darussalam Botswana Zambia Benin Thailand Sri Lanka Cameroon Lesotho Denmark Cambodia Nigeria Guyana Canada Qatar Albania Bahrain Tanzania Malta Azerbaijan Moldova Senegal Iceland Timor-Leste* Kuwait Burkina Faso Cape Verde* Sweden Netherlands Luxembourg Armenia Mali Vietnam Belgium Kenya United Kingdom Indonesia Madagascar Mozambique United States China Ukraine Ethiopia Jordan Yemen Suriname Australia Latvia Greece South Africa Trinidad and Tobago Switzerland Costa Rica Morocco Serbia* Slovenia Mauritius Namibia Venezuela Chad Panama Jamaica Lebanon Turkey Lithuania Iran, Islamic Rep. Estonia Russian Federation Germany Argentina India Ecuador Saudi Arabia Romania Honduras Japan Bulgaria Austria Paraguay Cyprus Dominican Republic Nepal Mexico Peru El Salvador Portugal
 Guatemala Algeria Pakistan Colombia Croatia Israel Côte d'Ivoire Bangladesh Spain Korea, Rep. Nicaragua Czech Republic Brazil Bolivia Uruguay Poland Slovak Republic Mauritania Italy Chile Hungary France Bahamas Belize Cuba Fiji Maldives Syria — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — * (1 = Not at all – significantly below those of men; 7 = Fully – equal to those of men) * New countries 2012 The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 45 Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap Appendix D: Rankings by Indicator, 2012 (cont’d.)
Table D3: Estimated earned income Country Female Male Female (with 40,000 cut-off) Male (with 40,000 cut-off) Female-to- male ratio Rank Country Luxembourg Norway Singapore United States Switzerland Sweden Brunei Darussalam Denmark Netherlands Qatar Australia Bolivia Mozambique Canada Malawi Finland Burundi Mongolia Ireland United Kingdom Germany Iceland Uganda Belgium Madagascar Latvia Lithuania Cambodia New Zealand Ghana Croatia Vietnam Tanzania France Romania Bulgaria Gambia, The Bahamas Burkina Faso Benin Ethiopia Hungary Moldova Israel China Kenya Kuwait Barbados Estonia Zambia Namibia Portugal Cameroon Paraguay Slovenia Russian Federation Colombia Austria Thailand Lesotho Peru Chad Kazakhstan Brazil Ukraine Spain Tajikistan Jamaica 8,883
| The Global Gender Gap Report Philippines Cyprus Bahrain Senegal Slovak Republic Nigeria Poland Costa Rica Uruguay Serbia* Maldives Japan South Africa Kyrgyz Republic Panama Trinidad and Tobago Italy Albania Greece Azerbaijan Malta Bangladesh Ecuador Venezuela Dominican Republic Argentina Chile Czech Republic Botswana Macedonia, FYR Côte d'Ivoire Cape Verde* United Arab Emirates Nicaragua Suriname Mauritius Mexico Belize Guatemala Armenia Korea, Rep. Malaysia Nepal Indonesia Guyana El Salvador Mali Georgia Honduras Timor-Leste* Fiji Sri Lanka Turkey Mauritania Morocco India Yemen Egypt Lebanon Oman Jordan Iran, Islamic Rep. Pakistan Saudi Arabia Algeria Syria Cuba * New countries 2012 Female (with 40,000 cut-off) Male (with 40,000 cut-off) Female-to- male ratio Rank 1,152
— — — — Female — Male 3,685
2,265 6,893 8,288 26,005 4,016 7,915 5,635 3,685 10,012 23,920 42,133 9,745 18,834 4,528 38,856 14,922 9,071 — Appendix D: Rankings by Indicator, 2012 (cont’d.)
Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap Table D4: Legislators, senior officials and managers Country Female Male Female-to- male ratio Rank Country Female Male Female-to- male ratio Rank Jamaica Philippines Lesotho Fiji Panama Mongolia Bahamas Trinidad and Tobago Barbados United States Latvia Belize Nicaragua Honduras Uruguay Lithuania New Zealand Colombia Ukraine France Kazakhstan Moldova Germany Russian Federation Australia Hungary Estonia Serbia* Poland Brazil Canada Namibia Slovenia Kyrgyz Republic Brunei Darussalam United Kingdom Paraguay Georgia Uganda Italy Iceland Belgium Bulgaria Spain Sweden Israel Ghana Ireland Singapore Norway Portugal Mexico Venezuela Dominican Republic Botswana Cuba Costa Rica Switzerland South Africa Slovak Republic Finland Romania Bolivia Macedonia, FYR Greece Austria Czech Republic Suriname Ecuador Netherlands Croatia Guyana El Salvador Chile Malaysia Sri Lanka Armenia Denmark Thailand Mauritius Argentina Bahrain Vietnam Madagascar Indonesia Peru Zambia Malta China Tanzania Cyprus Ethiopia Maldives Kuwait Nepal Cambodia Iran, Islamic Rep. Morocco Egypt
 Syria United Arab Emirates Bangladesh Turkey Korea, Rep. Oman Japan Lebanon Azerbaijan Saudi Arabia Qatar Algeria Pakistan Yemen Benin Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde* Chad Côte d'Ivoire Gambia, The Guatemala India Jordan Kenya Luxembourg Malawi Mali Mauritania Mozambique Nigeria Senegal Tajikistan Timor-Leste* Albania * New countries — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 47 Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap Appendix D: Rankings by Indicator, 2012 (cont’d.)
Table D5: Professional and technical workers Country Female Male Female-to- male ratio Rank Country Female Male Female-to- male ratio Rank Estonia Latvia Lithuania Kazakhstan Moldova Armenia Venezuela Russian Federation Ukraine Bahamas Kyrgyz Republic Philippines Georgia Bulgaria Hungary Poland Cuba Slovak Republic Guyana Lesotho Canada Romania Iceland Serbia* Slovenia Thailand New Zealand Botswana Finland United States Mongolia Argentina Azerbaijan Australia Ireland Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Panama Czech Republic Namibia South Africa Brazil Denmark Barbados Israel China Honduras Portugal Norway Macedonia, FYR Nicaragua Vietnam Croatia Dominican Republic Sweden Chile Paraguay Germany Netherlands Belize Spain Ecuador France Greece Belgium Cyprus Maldives Lebanon | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Switzerland United Kingdom Sri Lanka Italy Japan Austria Colombia El Salvador Peru Singapore Mauritius Indonesia Costa Rica Madagascar Malaysia Mexico Syria Malta Korea, Rep. Bolivia Tanzania Brunei Darussalam Morocco Algeria Turkey Uganda Kuwait Egypt Iran, Islamic Rep. Ethiopia Oman
 Cambodia Zambia Saudi Arabia Suriname Bangladesh Pakistan United Arab Emirates Nepal Qatar Bahrain Yemen Fiji Albania Benin Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde* Chad Côte d'Ivoire Gambia, The Ghana Guatemala India Jamaica Jordan Kenya Luxembourg Malawi Mali Mauritania Mozambique Nigeria Senegal Tajikistan Timor-Leste* * New countries — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — Appendix D: Rankings by Indicator, 2012 (cont’d.)
Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap Table D6: Literacy rate Country Female Male Female-to- male ratio Rank Country Female Male Female-to- male ratio Rank Lesotho Jamaica Malta United Arab Emirates Bahamas Botswana Mongolia Uruguay Philippines Costa Rica Dominican Republic Brazil Colombia Barbados Belize Maldives Argentina Estonia Lithuania Latvia Australia Austria Belgium Canada Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Iceland Ireland Japan Korea, Rep. Luxembourg Netherlands New Zealand Norway Slovak Republic Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom United States Cuba Slovenia Honduras Georgia Chile Ukraine Azerbaijan Kazakhstan Tajikistan Nicaragua Russian Federation Hungary Armenia Poland Venezuela Guyana Italy Kyrgyz Republic Namibia Bulgaria Trinidad and Tobago Moldova Qatar Romania Croatia Panama Suriname Spain Cyprus Paraguay Greece Serbia* Mexico Albania Bahrain Sri Lanka Macedonia, FYR Ecuador Brunei Darussalam Portugal Kuwait Fiji South Africa Thailand Singapore Vietnam Malaysia Mauritius El Salvador China Indonesia Israel Jordan Kenya
 Lebanon Madagascar Bolivia Iran, Islamic Rep. Saudi Arabia Oman Peru Cape Verde* Turkey Guatemala Syria Tanzania Bangladesh Burundi Malawi Ghana Timor-Leste* Cameroon Cambodia Egypt Mauritania Algeria Uganda Zambia Côte d'Ivoire Nigeria India Gambia, The Nepal Morocco Senegal Mozambique Ethiopia Burkina Faso Pakistan Yemen Benin Chad Mali Albania * New countries — — — — The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 49 Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap Appendix D: Rankings by Indicator, 2012 (cont’d.)
Table D7: Enrolment in primary education Country Female Male Female-to- male ratio Rank Country Female Male Female-to- male ratio Rank Barbados Senegal Bahamas Namibia Malawi Mauritania Guyana United Arab Emirates Lesotho Gambia, The Brunei Darussalam Armenia Kuwait Uganda Ecuador Zambia Honduras Mauritius Denmark Slovak Republic Brazil Indonesia Luxembourg Philippines Costa Rica Latvia Macedonia, FYR Austria Botswana Kenya Malta Nicaragua Ghana Iran, Islamic Rep. Ukraine Qatar Israel Bolivia Australia Sri Lanka Peru Albania Greece Mexico United States Bahrain Madagascar New Zealand Canada China Belgium Portugal Czech Republic France Norway Spain Finland Iceland Japan Suriname Malaysia Bulgaria Netherlands Fiji Venezuela Cuba Maldives El Salvador | The Global Gender Gap Report United Kingdom Paraguay Jordan Russian Federation Ireland Chile Germany Poland Switzerland Cyprus Slovenia South Africa Moldova Serbia* Tanzania Croatia Thailand Sweden Uruguay Romania Argentina Trinidad and Tobago Timor-Leste* Lithuania Lebanon Korea, Rep. Panama India Cambodia Saudi Arabia
 Kazakhstan Mongolia Colombia Morocco Azerbaijan Hungary Estonia Kyrgyz Republic Italy Turkey Syria Georgia Algeria Guatemala Burundi Cape Verde* Jamaica Oman Egypt Tajikistan Mozambique Ethiopia Burkina Faso Dominican Republic Nigeria Belize Mali Cameroon Bangladesh Benin Côte d'Ivoire Yemen Nepal Pakistan Chad Singapore Vietnam * New countries — — — — — — — — Appendix D: Rankings by Indicator, 2012 (cont’d.)
Table D8: Enrolment in secondary education Country Female Male Female-to- male ratio Rank Country Lesotho Namibia Qatar Suriname Philippines Cape Verde* Botswana Dominican Republic Maldives Nicaragua Bangladesh Timor-Leste* Thailand Lebanon South Africa Venezuela Argentina Fiji Honduras Mongolia Uruguay Portugal Brazil Sri Lanka Barbados Panama Costa Rica Jamaica Kuwait Colombia Malaysia Bahamas Paraguay Guyana Croatia Jordan Saudi Arabia Trinidad and Tobago Bahrain Algeria Madagascar Brunei Darussalam Mexico Chile El Salvador Denmark Armenia Luxembourg Israel United Kingdom Czech Republic Spain Iceland Estonia Serbia* Romania Poland Ireland Bolivia Moldova Australia Ecuador France United States Netherlands Latvia Belize United Arab Emirates Slovenia Mauritius New Zealand Slovak Republic Cyprus Finland Syria Oman Peru Ukraine Lithuania Japan Italy Cuba Norway Germany Sweden Hungary Greece Indonesia Kazakhstan Kyrgyz Republic Korea, Rep. Macedonia, FYR Malawi Austria Albania Bulgaria Malta Switzerland China Azerbaijan Belgium Vietnam Egypt Canada Tanzania Georgia Singapore
 Kenya Guatemala Mozambique Turkey Ghana Nepal Tajikistan Uganda Cambodia Iran, Islamic Rep. Mauritania Morocco Zambia Burundi Burkina Faso India Nigeria Senegal Pakistan Mali Ethiopia Yemen Cameroon Côte d'Ivoire Benin Gambia, The Chad Russian Federation Albania * New countries 2012 Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap Female 74 95 — Male 74 94 — 96 94 67 90 78 86 91 100 94 87 94 88 94 91 90 67 89 79 95 81 27 89 73 82 80 82 — 78 87 68 69 89 5 80 — 48 40 17 71 47 40 80 15 33 80 15 32 15 15 16 — 22 19 29 25 11 31 10 14 13 8 5 — — 96 94 67 89 77 86 91 99 94 87 94 88 94 91 91 68 90 79 96 82 28 91 75 84 82 84 — 81 90 71 71 93 5 84 — 52 43 18 77 51 44 90 17 37 92 17 38 18 18 19 — 29 24 38 36 17 49 18 25 27 19 16 — — Female-to- male ratio Rank — — — — The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 51 Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap Appendix D: Rankings by Indicator, 2012 (cont’d.)
Table D9: Enrolment in tertiary education Country Female Male Female-to- male ratio Rank Country Female Male Female-to- male ratio Rank Qatar United Arab Emirates Bahamas Guyana Barbados Jamaica Kuwait Sri Lanka Iceland Brunei Darussalam Bahrain Latvia Uruguay Suriname Estonia Venezuela Cuba Norway Slovak Republic Dominican Republic Belize Albania Sweden Mongolia Panama Lithuania Honduras Argentina New Zealand Algeria Denmark Slovenia Kazakhstan Paraguay Poland Italy United States United Kingdom Oman Czech Republic Hungary Malta Canada Australia Russian Federation Romania Moldova Croatia Namibia Thailand Bulgaria Kyrgyz Republic Serbia* Israel Brazil Cape Verde* Malaysia Armenia France Trinidad and Tobago Costa Rica Georgia Belgium Ukraine Philippines Lesotho Mauritius Spain | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Ireland Finland Fiji Lebanon Portugal Austria Macedonia, FYR Jordan El Salvador Ecuador Botswana Netherlands Saudi Arabia Greece China Colombia Peru Nicaragua Maldives Chile Iran, Islamic Rep. Vietnam Guatemala Switzerland Azerbaijan Mexico Luxembourg South Africa Madagascar Egypt
 Indonesia Japan Germany Morocco Cyprus Bolivia Pakistan Tanzania Cameroon Turkey Uganda India Syria Korea, Rep. Nigeria Timor-Leste* Kenya Gambia, The Ghana Malawi Bangladesh Senegal Burundi Cambodia Côte d'Ivoire Mozambique Burkina Faso Zambia Mali Yemen Tajikistan Mauritania Nepal Benin Ethiopia Chad Singapore * New countries — — — — Appendix D: Rankings by Indicator, 2012 (cont’d.)
Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap Table D10: Sex ratio at birth Country Survey data* Female-to- male ratio Rank Country Survey data* Female-to- male ratio Rank Kazakhstan Barbados Malawi Kenya Mozambique Qatar South Africa Bahamas Bahrain Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde* Côte d'Ivoire Ethiopia Gambia, The Ghana Lesotho Madagascar Mali Mauritania Namibia Senegal Tanzania Trinidad and Tobago Uganda Zambia Bangladesh Belgium Cambodia Chad Chile Dominican Republic Finland Iceland Nepal Panama Sri Lanka Uruguay Algeria Argentina Austria Belize Benin Bolivia Brazil Brunei Darussalam Costa Rica Cyprus Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Fiji France Guatemala Guyana Honduras Indonesia Iran, Islamic Rep. Israel Jamaica Kuwait Latvia Lebanon Maldives Mauritius Mexico Mongolia Morocco Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Norway Oman Pakistan Paraguay Peru Philippines Saudi Arabia Slovak Republic Suriname Switzerland Tajikistan Thailand Timor-Leste* Turkey United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Venezuela Yemen Australia Bulgaria Canada Colombia Croatia Cuba Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Japan Jordan Lithuania Malta Moldova
 Nigeria Poland Romania Russian Federation Serbia* Spain Sweden Syria Ukraine Korea, Rep. Kyrgyz Republic Luxembourg Malaysia Portugal Singapore Slovenia Macedonia, FYR Albania Georgia Armenia India Vietnam China Azerbaijan * New countries The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 53 Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap Appendix D: Rankings by Indicator, 2012 (cont’d.)
Table D11: Healthy life expectancy Country Female Male Female-to- male ratio Rank Country Female Male Female-to- male ratio Rank Russian Federation Lithuania Estonia Ukraine Latvia Kazakhstan Mongolia Hungary Belize Suriname Thailand Bulgaria Poland Slovak Republic Uruguay Korea, Rep. El Salvador Moldova Cape Verde* Philippines Georgia Bahamas Romania Lesotho Cambodia Argentina Colombia Chile Uganda Kyrgyz Republic Slovenia Finland France Spain Guatemala Japan Armenia Côte d'Ivoire Fiji Lebanon Mauritius Sri Lanka Brazil Jamaica Malaysia Vietnam Venezuela Barbados Mexico Mauritania Croatia Gambia, The Czech Republic United States Portugal Guyana Timor-Leste* Austria Belgium Canada Germany Luxembourg Singapore Egypt Honduras Saudi Arabia Mali Syria | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Ecuador Nicaragua Paraguay Oman Turkey China Panama Costa Rica Cuba Denmark Greece Ireland Malta Australia Sweden Italy Switzerland Ethiopia Senegal Madagascar Yemen Bolivia Iran, Islamic Rep. Morocco Dominican Republic Jordan Serbia* Cyprus United Kingdom Israel Netherlands New Zealand Norway Iceland
 Zambia Burkina Faso Burundi Malawi Kenya South Africa Ghana Namibia India Azerbaijan Indonesia Algeria Macedonia, FYR Brunei Darussalam Peru Albania Bahrain Benin Cameroon Chad Kuwait Maldives Mozambique Nepal Nigeria Tanzania United Arab Emirates Tajikistan Bangladesh Pakistan Botswana Qatar Trinidad and Tobago * New countries Appendix D: Rankings by Indicator, 2012 (cont’d.)
Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap Table D12: Women in parliment Country Female Male Female-to- male ratio Rank Country Female Male Female-to- male ratio Rank Cuba Sweden Finland South Africa Netherlands Nicaragua Iceland Norway Mozambique Denmark Costa Rica Belgium Argentina Spain Tanzania Uganda Nepal Germany Serbia* Ecuador Timor-Leste* New Zealand Slovenia Algeria Guyana Macedonia, FYR Burundi Portugal Trinidad and Tobago Switzerland Austria Ethiopia El Salvador Mexico Bolivia Lesotho Luxembourg Australia Canada Namibia Vietnam Kazakhstan Croatia Poland Singapore Kyrgyz Republic Latvia Philippines Senegal Pakistan Malawi United Kingdom Mauritania Czech Republic Italy Peru China Bulgaria Cape Verde* Dominican Republic Cambodia Israel Estonia Moldova Bangladesh Honduras Lithuania Tajikistan France Mauritius Greece Indonesia Madagascar United Arab Emirates Slovak Republic Morocco Venezuela United States Azerbaijan Thailand Albania Korea, Rep. Burkina Faso Ireland Chile Turkey Cameroon Russian Federation Guatemala Bahamas Chad Jamaica Paraguay Colombia Uruguay Syria
 Suriname Zambia Romania Côte d'Ivoire India Japan Jordan Armenia Cyprus Malaysia Mali Bahrain Barbados Kenya Hungary Malta Brazil Panama Benin Ghana Ukraine Botswana Gambia, The Nigeria Georgia Maldives Sri Lanka Mongolia Belize Iran, Islamic Rep. Lebanon Egypt Oman Yemen Kuwait Qatar Saudi Arabia Brunei Darussalam Fiji Albania * New countries — — — — — — — — — — — — The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 55 Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap Appendix D: Rankings by Indicator, 2012 (cont’d.)
Table D13: Women in ministerial positions Country Female Male Female-to- male ratio Rank Country Female Male Female-to- male ratio Rank Norway Sweden Finland Iceland Cape Verde* Austria Nicaragua Bolivia Switzerland Belgium Ecuador South Africa Denmark Venezuela Lesotho Burundi Colombia Germany Netherlands Uganda Gambia, The Benin Latvia Spain Guyana Panama Costa Rica New Zealand Nigeria Mozambique Tanzania Cyprus United States Brazil Canada Luxembourg Madagascar Senegal Timor-Leste* Namibia Cuba Malta Poland Maldives Malawi Mexico France Australia Jamaica Croatia Bulgaria Ghana Trinidad and Tobago Chile Philippines Portugal United Arab Emirates Argentina Honduras United Kingdom Italy Peru Romania Georgia Kazakhstan Russian Federation Kenya Nepal | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Serbia* Bangladesh Ireland Lithuania Slovak Republic Cameroon Côte d'Ivoire Mali Macedonia, FYR Czech Republic Dominican Republic Korea, Rep. Chad Burkina Faso Barbados Japan Zambia Bahrain China Mauritania Indonesia El Salvador Fiji Suriname Armenia Kyrgyz Republic Egypt Israel Hungary Pakistan Syria India
 Ethiopia Iran, Islamic Rep. Vietnam Thailand Estonia Yemen Mauritius Slovenia Mongolia Paraguay Uruguay Oman Albania Jordan Malaysia Kuwait Tajikistan Greece Moldova Cambodia Turkey Morocco Algeria Azerbaijan Bahamas Belize Brunei Darussalam Guatemala Lebanon Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore Ukraine Botswana Sri Lanka * New countries — — — — — — — — Appendix D: Rankings by Indicator, 2012 (cont’d.)
Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap Table D14: Years with female head of state Country Female Male Female-to- male ratio Rank Country Female Male Female-to- male ratio Rank Ireland Iceland India Bangladesh Sri Lanka Philippines Finland United Kingdom New Zealand Norway Latvia Germany Nicaragua Argentina Mozambique Barbados Israel Panama Malta Pakistan Switzerland Chile China Lithuania Indonesia Ukraine Turkey Croatia Guyana Costa Rica Trinidad and Tobago Australia Jamaica Slovak Republic Senegal Kyrgyz Republic Brazil Moldova Poland Mali Korea, Rep. Thailand France Peru Denmark Bolivia Portugal Canada Georgia Bulgaria Burundi Mauritius Malawi Macedonia, FYR Mongolia Austria Ecuador Albania Algeria Armenia Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Belgium Belize Benin Botswana Brunei Darussalam Burkina Faso Cambodia Cameroon Cape Verde* Chad Colombia Côte d'Ivoire Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Dominican Republic Egypt El Salvador Estonia Ethiopia Fiji Gambia, The Ghana Greece Guatemala Honduras Hungary Iran, Islamic Rep. Italy Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kuwait Lebanon Lesotho Luxembourg Madagascar Malaysia Maldives Mauritania Mexico Morocco
 Namibia Nepal Netherlands Nigeria Oman Paraguay Qatar Romania Russian Federation Saudi Arabia Serbia* Singapore Slovenia South Africa Spain Suriname Sweden Syria Tajikistan Tanzania Timor-Leste* Uganda United Arab Emirates United States Uruguay Venezuela Vietnam Yemen Zambia Albania * New countries 2012 — — — — The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 57 Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap Appendix E: Policy Frameworks for Gender Equality National policy frameworks play a key role in influencing the magnitude and scope of gender gaps.
Most countries around the world have instituted some form of national machinery to promote gender mainstreaming across various policy areas.

Regional variations in the size and type of gender gaps correspond to different mechanisms established at country and regional level for addressing these specific gaps.
In order to complement the data presented in this Report and to build a more comprehensive picture of the policy environment, in 2011 the World Economic Forum conducted a survey of national policy frameworks relating to parental leave, availability of childcare, type of taxation and workplace equality.
In light of the positive feedback received by the survey last year, the World Economic Forum has worked in close collaboration with various ministries around the world to expand the size of the current database for the 2012 edition of the Global Gender Gap Report, reaching a total of 74 surveyed nations.

The survey targeted ministries of women’s affairs or ministries with similar portfolios (e.g.

ministries of social development, ministries of family policies).
It was carried out by expert officers within the ministries, who in many cases collaborated with other applicable ministries in the country (e.g.

ministries of finance or of welfare) for questions that cut across the domain of responsibility of more than one ministry.

This year’s edition of the survey replicates the 2011 version and includes approximately 30 questions.
Those questions in the 2011 survey that had not received a critical mass of replies from respondents and that were consequently not considered in the 2011 edition of the Appendix were removed from this year’s survey.

Four relevant themes are covered by the survey: family leave, childcare assistance, taxation system and equality and work.

Work-family policies normally cut across these four areas of intervention, with important effects on both women (e.g.

participation rates, wages) and employers (e.g.


productivity).
• Family leave: Maternity, paternity and parental leave—or any other type of additional shared leave— are closely associated with women’s economic participation in many parts of the world and are thus an important element of policies aimed at a more efficient use of a country’s human capital pool.1 • Childcare assistance: Childcare is an important factor in allowing women to reconcile professional and family obligations because women tend to bear the majority of the caregiving responsibilities in the majority of countries.
For example, a well-established daycare system can be a long-term investment that supports women in employment, thereby improving the efficiency of labour markets.
In some parts of the developed world, research has shown that daycare assistance may even impact fertility rates.2 • Taxation system: Tax legislation may contain potentially discriminatory provisions that treat men and women differently.3 For example, gender-biased taxation might alter the disposable income available to men and women in a family and may thus have implications for the economic and social decision- making at the household level.
• Equality and work: Legislative structures may help prevent gender-based discrimination in society and create an ecosystem of support for women through, among other policies, obligatory and voluntary quotas in public and private entities, targeted subsidies to female businesses and supervisory bodies monitoring the implementation of national policies.

The full set of survey questions is displayed in Box 1.
Given the substantial differences of national policy systems around the world, the survey was designed to present both quantitative and qualitative data.

The survey’s goal was solely to provide country-level information on national policies with possible gender implications; by no means it aims to benchmark countries on policy-making criteria.
In addition to the 59 countries already incorporated in the World Economic Forum database last year, this edition of the Global Gender Gap Report sees the inclusion of 15 additional countries, for a total of 74 countries covered: Albania, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Barbados, Belgium, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei Darussalam, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Estonia, Ethiopia, Finland, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Jamaica, Japan, Korea, Rep., Kuwait, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia FYR, Madagascar, Malaysia, Mali, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Namibia, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Romania, the Russian Federation, Singapore, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Uganda, the United This appendix was written by Saadia Zahidi and Silvia Magnoni, World Economic Forum.
58 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Appendix E: Policy Frameworks for Gender Equality (cont’d.)

Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap Box 1: Survey Questions CONTACT INFORMATION • Name of the country • Name of the ministry • Respondent’s name • Department name FAMILY LEAVE • During the first year after a child’s birth:1 — Does your country provide mandatory maternity leave and how long is it?
(Mothers only: Leave from work that a woman is entitled to take before, at and after the time that she gives birth) • Who is the provider (social security and/or employer, other) of the wage/benefits disbursed under maternity and/or paternity and/or shared leave coverage?

• Are all organizations and/or sectors in your country subjected to these policies (i.e.

private sector, public sector, self-employed parents)?
• If not, please specify which organizations and/or sectors are not impacted by these policies and/or present specific exceptions.

• When were maternity leave and paternity leave2 rights introduced in your country?

CHILDCARE ASSISTANCE — Does your country provide paternity maternity leave and • Which of these seven options does your country offer?

how long is it?
how long is it?

(Fathers only: Leave from work that a man is entitled to take after the birth of a child or within a short period thereafter, simultaneously with the mother’s leave) — Does your country provide any remaining leave (i.e.

parental leave) that can be used by either parent to take care of an infant, and how long is it?

• What is on average the percentage of wage paid during: — Maternity leave?

Please explain if the payment varies according to specific variables (i.e.
length of the period of leave, collective agreements, ceilings).

— Public daycare assistance with allowance or subvention — Public daycare assistance without allowance or subvention — Private daycare assistance with allowance — Private daycare assistance without allowance — Homecare assistance3 with allowance — Homecare assistance without allowance — Informal family assistance4 with no allowance.

Which category of assisting family members is contributing to the majority of day care duties?
— Paternity leave?

Please explain if the payment varies according to specific variables (i.e.

length of the period of TAXATION SYSTEM leave, collective agreements, ceilings).

— Any other additional shared leave (i.e.

parental leave, home- • Please indicate the type of tax system available at the national level: individual, income-splitting,5 joint filing or other tax system.

care leave, family leave)?Is it paid or unpaid?


Please explain • Does your government provide any childcare deductions or child- if there are differences between the mother and the father’s related allowances to couples with children?

pay percentage.

• If so, are childcare deductions or any other child-related allowances allocated to the mother, to the father or to both?

(Continued on next page) Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, the United States, Uruguay and Vietnam.
The survey collection process was implemented over a three-month period whereby the World Economic Forum worked in close collaboration with relevant ministries for the compilation of data.

When surveys were partially completed and when appropriate supplemental information was available through other sources, internal research was carried out to complete the database.

For this edition of the Global Gender Gap Report, an additional regional feature has been integrated in the elaboration of data.
Country responses are presented following a regional breakdown, when applicable, to provide readers with a clear overview of trends, preferences and potential patterns across six regions in the world.
In the backdrop of the profound socio-economic and political transformations that many regions have experienced in the past years, the regional focus hereby portrayed presents a snapshot of the region-by-region status quo of legislative frameworks for gender equality and intends to serve as a tool for further analysis and understanding of regional developments and challenges.

Figure E1 displays the accumulated length of time available in the form of leave to the mother, to the father or to either parent.
The listing of countries is arranged by six world regions.

In order to create this chart we have interpreted some of the data in order to harmonize and compare within countries.

However, comparisons should not be made across countries as data are not strictly comparable across countries.

All leave available to one specific parent are grouped under one category, independently of the nature of such leave (e.g.
only The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 59 Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap Appendix E: Policy Frameworks for Gender Equality (cont’d.)

Box 1: Survey Questions (cont’d.)

EQUALITY AND WORK • Reply to each of the following questions, indicating, when applicable, the relevant constitutional articles or legislative provisions: — Does your country have any legislation which prohibits discrimination on grounds of gender?
— Does your country have any legislation which stipulates specific gender-neutral practices at the workplace (e.g.

equal pay for the same work, equal opportunities for recruitment, training, career advancement)?

Does it apply to both the private and public sector?

— Does your country have any legislation which ensures a minimum mandatory percentage of both genders on corporate boards?

If relevant, indicate the mandatory percentage.


— Does your country have any legislation which ensures a minimum mandatory percentage of both genders in parliament/other political assemblies at national, regional and local level?

If relevant, indicate the mandatory percentage.

— Does your country have an authority specifically deemed to monitor the implementation of the above-mentioned legislation and/or institute legal proceedings for claims and possible compensation?
If relevant, indicate the name of the authority.

— Does your country have any gender-equality labels available at the national level?

If relevant, indicate the type of label.

— Does your country provide allowances such as tax- free allowances or any sort of subventions to female entrepreneurs?

If relevant, indicate the type(s) of allowances/subventions and the number of women entrepreneurs who have benefited from these allowances in 2011 (or any other year, for which statistics are available).
Note: The grey highlights indicate those questions in the survey that have not received a critical mass of replies from respondents and that are consequently not considered in this Appendix.

NOTES 1 If your country has a mandatory offer going beyond the first year after a child’s birth, please explain further.
2 The question refers to the year of introduction of maternity and paternity leave legislation in your country, not to the overall (and usually antecedent) introduction of maternity and paternity rights.

3 One parent stays home.

The other parent is working.

4 Daycare provided by members of the family.

Both parents are working.

5 Income-splitting is a form of family taxation, where income can be transferred to family members with more favourable tax brackets (with limits defined by attribution rules).
maternity leave and parental leave available to the mother have been grouped in the same category).

Child sick leave, breastfeeding leave, annual leave, vacation leave and other leave of a similar nature are not accounted for in the figure.

Both paid and unpaid leave were taken into account.

The calculations include ordinary leave only; special cases (e.g.

adoption, difficult pregnancy, more than one child) are not considered.
When data are provided in days and no specific indication is given by respondents (calendar days vs. working days), we assume that numbers refer to working days.

When a country presents different figures for the same leave in the public and in the private sector, the sector with the highest figure is taken into account.

In the case of federated states, only federally mandated provisions are included in the computation.
Countries without federally mandated legislation for maternity/ paternity/parental leaves are thus not considered (e.g.

the United States).

When the application of these criteria did not allow for clear interpretation, countries were excluded (e.g.

Moldova).

Table E1 displays the complete set of responses obtained in relation to family leave, clustered by region.

Figures E2 through E8 show the prevalence of different types of childcare systems among the 74 countries covered in the survey.
A region-by-region breakdown is also provided.

Table E2 displays the responses obtained on questions relating to the country’s type of taxation system.

Countries are listed by region.

Individual taxation tends to be most favourable for women; joint taxation tends to be least favourable.

Income-splitting is a form of family taxation where income can be transferred to family members with more favourable tax brackets (with limits defined by attribution rules).
Table E3 and Figures E9 through E15 display the results on all equality- and work-related questions in the survey.

For Table E3, regional groupings are reported.

NOTES 1 World Economic Forum, The Global Gender Gap Report 2011, http://www.weforum.org/reports/global-gender-gap-report-2011.

2 OECD (2011), Doing Better for Families, www.oecd.org/social/family/ doingbetter.
3 For more information on the taxation and gender equality nexus, please see OECD, Gender and Taxation: Why care about Taxation and Gender Equality?, http://www.oecd.org/ dataoecd/47/39/44896295.pdf.

.

60 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Appendix E: Policy Frameworks for Gender Equality (cont’d.)
Figure E1: Length of accumulated leave available to parents, by region Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap n Leave available to the mother (weeks) n Leave available to the father (weeks) Additional leave available to either the mother or the father (weeks) Asia and the Paciﬁc Australia Brunei Darussalam Japan Korea, Rep. Malaysia New Zealand Philippines Singapore Vietnam Latin America and the Caribbean Bahamas Barbados Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Dominican Republic Jamaica Mexico Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Middle East and North Africa Israel Kuwait Lebanon Oman United Arab Emirates North America Canada Sub-Saharan Africa Botswana Ethiopia Ghana Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Mali Mauritius Namibia Nigeria Uganda Europe and Central Asia Albania Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland Germany Greece Iceland Ireland Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia, FYR Malta Netherlands Norway Portugal Romania Russian Federation Slovak Republic Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 Number of weeks The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 61 Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap Appendix E: Policy Frameworks for Gender Equality (cont’d.)
Table E1: Maternity, paternity and additional shared leaves by region Table E1: Maternity, paternity and additional shared leaves (cont’d.)

Country Length of maternity leave ASIA AND THE PACIFIC Australia 52 weeks, 18 weeks at national minimum wage.
Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid) Length of paternity leave Country Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid) Additional shared leave (i.e., parental leave) Additional shared leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid) ASIA AND THE PACIFIC Industrial instrument entitlement for paid maternity leave: 100% of pre birth earnings.

Parental Leave Pay: National Minimum Wage.

3 weeks, concurrent to mother's leave.


Australia Industrial instrument entitlement for paid paternity Up to 52 weeks, unpaid, to be shared between the 100 leave: 100% of pre birth earnings.

mother and the father.

An employee is entitled to request up to an additional 12 months of unpaid parental leave, providing s/he has already taken (or intends to take) 12 months’ unpaid parental leave.

Brunei Darussalam 15 weeks or 105 days of leave that must be taken two weeks before the expected delivery date.
100 No.

Brunei Darussalam — No.

However, both parents can take leaves to take Annual leave is paid without differences between Japan Up to 6 weeks before birth, 8 weeks after birth.

Minimum 2/3 of working salary (approximately 66%).

No.

However, spousal maternity leave available at corporate level 50 (minimum).

Japan Minimum 50%.

Childcare leave: one year to each parent that can Minimum 50%.

Korea, Rep. 90-day maternity leave before and after birth.
The postpartum period shall account for more than 45 days of the entire period of maternity leave.

100, up to a ceiling.

3 days.

Korea, Rep.

Unpaid.

Parental leave: 1 year, until the child is 6.

In case 40 Malaysia Public sector: 8 weeks up to 12 weeks, private sector: 8 weeks.

100 Public sector: 1 week, private sector: none.

Malaysia 100 Public sector: period of leave determined by the Unpaid leave and half paid leave.

New Zealand 14 weeks, 10 days unpaid special leave during pregnancy.
100, up to a ceiling.

2 weeks; eligible male employees may also qualify for 14 weeks paid parental leave.

New Zealand Unpaid.

52 weeks including 14-week paid parental leave, Parental leave is paid.

Philippines 8 weeks.

Singapore 12 to 16 weeks depending on the employee's social security coverage.

The last 4 to 8 weeks can be taken ﬂexibly over a 12-month period from the child’s birth.

Private sector: 100%, public sector: 100% (2 or more years of service) or 50% (1 to 2 years of service).
Statutory maternity leave of 12 weeks: 100% for the ﬁrst 8 weeks, voluntary payment from the employer for the last 4 weeks.

Third child and above: for all 12 weeks the maternity payment from the employer is voluntary.

Government-Paid Maternity Leave of 16 weeks: 100% for the ﬁrst 8 weeks (paid by the employer), 100% -capped at a speciﬁc amount per 4 weeks- for the remaining 8 weeks (paid by the Government).
Third child and above: 100% -capped at a speciﬁc amount per 4 weeks- for all 16 weeks (paid by the Government).

1 week after legitimate wife’s childbirth.

Philippines 100 1 week (solo parents); special leave privileges for 100 No statutory entitlement; 3 days for public sector fathers on birth of the ﬁrst 4 children.
Singapore 100 Various leaves available according to security Infant care leave: unpaid, childcare leave: 100%, coverage: 6 days of unpaid infant care leave per with different conditions according to social security year for each parent until the child turns 2 years coverage.

Vietnam 4-6 months of paid maternity leave, depending on the nature of the work, to be taken before and after the time of giving birth.

As of 1 May 2013, 6 months paid maternity leave.

100.
100.

Female workers are also entitled to an additional lump sum of 2 times the general minimum wage when giving birth.

No.

Vietnam — Parents can take leave to take care of a sick infant: Paid.

Note: Blank cells mean that data are not available or not applicable.

(Cont’d.)

care of their infant and a special leave is given to mothers and fathers.

parents to take care of their sick children.


Annual paid leave is available to both parents, with a duration ranging from a minimum of 22 days/year to a maximum of 42 days/year (civil servants).

be taken simultaneously.

If fathers take childcare leave within 8 weeks after birth, they can take childcare leave again.

of a dual income couple, each parent is entitled to a 12-month parental leave before the child enters elementary school.

They can opt for the divided use of parental leave once only.
ofﬁcer.

Not more than 5 years for the entire service period.

which may be taken by either partner or shared by both partners.

government workers.

old; 2 to 6 days of paid childcare leave per year for each parent, regardless of the number of children, until the child turns 7 years old.

Public sector: for either parent, up to 5 days of paid childcare sick leave per year for each child below 12 years of age, capped at 15 days per year if the ofﬁcer has 3 or more children.
maximum 20 days if the child is under three years old; 15 working days if the child is between three years old and seven years old.

62 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Appendix E: Policy Frameworks for Gender Equality (cont’d.)

Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap Table E1: Maternity, paternity and additional shared leaves by region Table E1: Maternity, paternity and additional shared leaves (cont’d.)
Country Length of maternity leave Length of paternity leave Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid) Country Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid) Additional shared leave (i.e., parental leave) Additional shared leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid) ASIA AND THE PACIFIC ASIA AND THE PACIFIC Australia 52 weeks, 18 weeks at national minimum wage.

Industrial instrument entitlement for paid maternity 3 weeks, concurrent to mother's leave.

leave: 100% of pre birth earnings.


Parental Leave Pay: National Minimum Wage.

Australia Industrial instrument entitlement for paid paternity leave: 100% of pre birth earnings.

Up to 52 weeks, unpaid, to be shared between the mother and the father.

An employee is entitled to request up to an additional 12 months of unpaid parental leave, providing s/he has already taken (or intends to take) 12 months’ unpaid parental leave.

100 Brunei Darussalam 15 weeks or 105 days of leave that must be taken 100 No.
Brunei Darussalam — two weeks before the expected delivery date.

Japan Up to 6 weeks before birth, 8 weeks after birth.

Minimum 2/3 of working salary (approximately No.

However, spousal maternity leave available at Japan Minimum 50%.

66%).

corporate level 50 (minimum).

Korea, Rep. 90-day maternity leave before and after birth.

The 100, up to a ceiling.

3 days.

Korea, Rep.

Unpaid.

postpartum period shall account for more than 45 days of the entire period of maternity leave.

sector: 8 weeks.
sector: 8 weeks.

pregnancy.

Malaysia Public sector: 8 weeks up to 12 weeks, private 100 Public sector: 1 week, private sector: none.

Malaysia 100 New Zealand 14 weeks, 10 days unpaid special leave during 100, up to a ceiling.

2 weeks; eligible male employees may also qualify New Zealand Unpaid.

for 14 weeks paid parental leave.

Philippines 8 weeks.

Private sector: 100%, public sector: 100% (2 or 1 week after legitimate wife’s childbirth.
Philippines 100 Singapore 12 to 16 weeks depending on the employee's Statutory maternity leave of 12 weeks: 100% for No statutory entitlement; 3 days for public sector Singapore 100 social security coverage.

The last 4 to 8 weeks can the ﬁrst 8 weeks, voluntary payment from the fathers on birth of the ﬁrst 4 children.

be taken ﬂexibly over a 12-month period from the employer for the last 4 weeks.

Third child and child’s birth.

more years of service) or 50% (1 to 2 years of service).
above: for all 12 weeks the maternity payment from the employer is voluntary.

Government-Paid Maternity Leave of 16 weeks: 100% for the ﬁrst 8 weeks (paid by the employer), 100% -capped at a speciﬁc amount per 4 weeks- for the remaining 8 weeks (paid by the Government).

Third child and above: 100% -capped at a speciﬁc amount per 4 weeks- for all 16 weeks (paid by the Government).

Vietnam 4-6 months of paid maternity leave, depending 100.

Female workers are also entitled to an No.


Vietnam — on the nature of the work, to be taken before and additional lump sum of 2 times the general after the time of giving birth.

As of 1 May 2013, 6 minimum wage when giving birth.

months paid maternity leave.

No.

However, both parents can take leaves to take care of their infant and a special leave is given to parents to take care of their sick children.
Annual paid leave is available to both parents, with a duration ranging from a minimum of 22 days/year to a maximum of 42 days/year (civil servants).

Annual leave is paid without differences between mothers and fathers.

Childcare leave: one year to each parent that can be taken simultaneously.

If fathers take childcare leave within 8 weeks after birth, they can take childcare leave again.

Minimum 50%.

Parental leave: 1 year, until the child is 6.


In case of a dual income couple, each parent is entitled to a 12-month parental leave before the child enters elementary school.

They can opt for the divided use of parental leave once only.

40 Public sector: period of leave determined by the ofﬁcer.

Not more than 5 years for the entire service period.

Unpaid leave and half paid leave.

52 weeks including 14-week paid parental leave, which may be taken by either partner or shared by both partners.
Parental leave is paid.

1 week (solo parents); special leave privileges for government workers.

100 Infant care leave: unpaid, childcare leave: 100%, with different conditions according to social security coverage.

Various leaves available according to security coverage: 6 days of unpaid infant care leave per year for each parent until the child turns 2 years old; 2 to 6 days of paid childcare leave per year for each parent, regardless of the number of children, until the child turns 7 years old.
Public sector: for either parent, up to 5 days of paid childcare sick leave per year for each child below 12 years of age, capped at 15 days per year if the ofﬁcer has 3 or more children.

Parents can take leave to take care of a sick infant: maximum 20 days if the child is under three years old; 15 working days if the child is between three years old and seven years old.

Paid.

Note: Blank cells mean that data are not available or not applicable.

(Cont’d.)
(Cont’d.)

The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 63 Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap Appendix E: Policy Frameworks for Gender Equality (cont’d.)

Table E1: Maternity, paternity and additional shared leaves by region Table E1: Maternity, paternity and additional shared leaves (cont’d.)
Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid) Length of paternity leave Country Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid) Additional shared leave (i.e., parental leave) Additional shared leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid) Country Length of maternity leave LATIN AMERICAN AND THE CARIBBEAN Bahamas Minimum 12 weeks.

33 -1/3% of insurable wage payable by the National Insurance Board.

56 -2/3% of wages payable by the employer.

Barbados Brazil — 100 12 weeks.


In public service, it is practice for maternity leave to be granted for a period of up to 4 months.

120 days of maternity leave.

In 2008, a law was passed that allows the extension of the period to 180 days.

A great part of the employers in the public sector and the larger corporations have adhered to this extension.

Breastfeeding leave available until the baby is six months old: two half- hour periods during the work day.

— — 5 days.
— — 5 days.

Chile 6 weeks before, 12 weeks after birth.

Breastfeeding maternity leave is also available.

100, up to a ceiling.

5 working days.

Chile 100 Mothers and fathers share a paid leave in case — Colombia 14 weeks, of which 2 weeks before birth.

Breastfeeding maternity leave is also available.

Costa Rica 4 weeks before, 12 weeks after birth.

Dominican Republic 6 weeks before and 6 weeks after birth.

Jamaica Up to 8 weeks.


Leave without pay for an additional period not exceeding 65 working days.

In particular cases, a grant of unpaid leave can be authorized for periods in excess of 65 working days.

100 100 100 100 8 days.

— — — Mexico 6 weeks before and 6 weeks after birth.

100% (50% in case of leave extension).

Federal law does not provide paternity leave though some federal institutions have related provisions.

Mexico 100, where paternity leave is available.


No, but mothers and fathers have 6 working days/ — semester for maternal/parental care.

Paraguay Peru Minimum 12 weeks.

Breastfeeding leaves are available (two half-hour breaks per day).

100 3 days.

90 calendar days, 45 days pre-partum and 45 days post-partum.

The worker has the possibility of partially or fully deferring her pre-partum leave to accumulate these days for the post-partum period.
Special provisions for multiple births and premature childbirth.

Breastfeeding leaves are available.

100 (average of daily wages during the last 12 months of afﬁliation to the social security system).

4 consecutive working days between childbirth and date when mother/newborn are discharged from medical center.

Note: Blank cells mean that data are not available or not applicable.

(Cont’d.)
(Cont’d.)

64 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 LATIN AMERICAN AND THE CARIBBEAN Bahamas Barbados Brazil 100 — — — — — 100 100 Colombia 100 Costa Rica Dominican Republic Jamaica Paraguay Peru Family leave, unpaid, for a period not exceeding Unpaid.

one week/year.

Mothers enjoy an additional leave (six weeks) in case of illness following the birth of the child.

— Public servants (both male and female) are entitled Paid.

to License due to illness of a family member.


The criteria and periods are set by the governing bodies of each federal level.

of disease of a one-year old or younger child.

Breastfeeding and child feeding leave could be used by the father in the case of the mother’s death.

— — — — — — — — — — — — — Table E1: Maternity, paternity and additional shared leaves by region Table E1: Maternity, paternity and additional shared leaves (cont’d.)
Country Length of maternity leave Length of paternity leave Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid) Country Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid) Additional shared leave (i.e., parental leave) Additional shared leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid) LATIN AMERICAN AND THE CARIBBEAN LATIN AMERICAN AND THE CARIBBEAN Appendix E: Policy Frameworks for Gender Equality (cont’d.)

Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap Bahamas Minimum 12 weeks.

33 -1/3% of insurable wage payable by the — National Insurance Board.
56 -2/3% of wages payable by the employer.

Barbados 12 weeks.

In public service, it is practice for — maternity leave to be granted for a period of up to 4 months.

Bahamas Barbados — — Brazil 120 days of maternity leave.

In 2008, a law was 100 Brazil 100 Chile 6 weeks before, 12 weeks after birth.

Breastfeeding 100, up to a ceiling.

5 working days.

Chile 100 Colombia 14 weeks, of which 2 weeks before birth.

100 8 days.
100 8 days.

Colombia 100 Costa Rica Dominican Republic Jamaica — — — passed that allows the extension of the period to 180 days.

A great part of the employers in the public sector and the larger corporations have adhered to this extension.

Breastfeeding leave available until the baby is six months old: two half- hour periods during the work day.

maternity leave is also available.

Breastfeeding maternity leave is also available.

Costa Rica 4 weeks before, 12 weeks after birth.


Dominican Republic 6 weeks before and 6 weeks after birth.

100 100 Jamaica Up to 8 weeks.

Leave without pay for an additional 100 period not exceeding 65 working days.

In particular cases, a grant of unpaid leave can be authorized for periods in excess of 65 working days.

— 5 days.

— — — Family leave, unpaid, for a period not exceeding one week/year.

Mothers enjoy an additional leave (six weeks) in case of illness following the birth of the child.
Unpaid.

— Public servants (both male and female) are entitled to License due to illness of a family member.

The criteria and periods are set by the governing bodies of each federal level.

Mothers and fathers share a paid leave in case of disease of a one-year old or younger child.

Breastfeeding and child feeding leave could be used by the father in the case of the mother’s death.

— — — — — Paid.

— — — — — — — — Mexico 6 weeks before and 6 weeks after birth.

100% (50% in case of leave extension).


Federal law does not provide paternity leave though Mexico 100, where paternity leave is available.

some federal institutions have related provisions.

No, but mothers and fathers have 6 working days/ semester for maternal/parental care.

Paraguay Minimum 12 weeks.

Breastfeeding leaves are 100 3 days.

available (two half-hour breaks per day).


Peru 90 calendar days, 45 days pre-partum and 45 100 (average of daily wages during the last 12 4 consecutive working days between childbirth and days post-partum.

The worker has the possibility of months of afﬁliation to the social security system).

date when mother/newborn are discharged from medical center.

partially or fully deferring her pre-partum leave to accumulate these days for the post-partum period.
Special provisions for multiple births and premature childbirth.

Breastfeeding leaves are available.

Paraguay Peru 100 100 — — Note: Blank cells mean that data are not available or not applicable.

(Cont’d.)

The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 65 Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap Appendix E: Policy Frameworks for Gender Equality (cont’d.)

Table E1: Maternity, paternity and additional shared leaves by region Table E1: Maternity, paternity and additional shared leaves (cont’d.)
Country Suriname Uruguay Length of maternity leave Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid) Length of paternity leave Country Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid) Additional shared leave (i.e., parental leave) Additional shared leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid) Public sector: 6 weeks before and 6 weeks after birth; private sector: no mandatory maternity leave.

In general, maternity leave is stipulated in collective labor agreements, in which case employees are bound by the provisions in the agreement.
100 — Suriname — — — Private sector: 12 weeks; 6 before and 6 after birth.

Public sector: 13 weeks; 1 week before and 12 weeks after birth (with the right of anticipating the leave up to 6 weeks before birth).

Special conditions apply to select authorized workers and private sector's collective agreements.

Private sector: maternity leave pay takes into account the employee’s seniority and the last six months’ remunerations.

It cannot be lower than the minimum wage and there are no stipulated maximums.
Public sector: 100.

10 working days (public sector), 3 working days (private sector); 2 extra days for special collective agreements.

Uruguay 100 Parental leave is not available.

Paid childcare sick Paid childcare sick leaves.

leaves are available under various conditions.


MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA 100 26 weeks (14 weeks paid) for women who have worked with the same employer/at the same place of employment for a period of at least 12 months; 14 weeks (7 weeks paid) for women who have worked for a shorter period.

Mothers beneﬁt for extended unpaid maternity leave.

Father can take part of maternity leave instead of mother, starting from 6 weeks (up to 14 weeks) after birth.
If mother splits maternity leave during an extended period of hospitalization, father may take unpaid leave during that time.

Israel 100 No parental leave.

Parents can take leave from their Paid absence because of child sickness.

sick or vacation days if the child is sick.

Israel Kuwait Paid pre-delivery sickness leave of unspeciﬁed period, 8 weeks paid delivery leave, maternity leave for 16 weeks.

Full pay delivery leave for 8 weeks, full pay maternity leave for 4 weeks and half pay for 12 weeks.
Lebanon 7 weeks.

100 Oman Private sector: 7 weeks, public sector: 50 days.

100 — — — Kuwait Lebanon Oman — — — law.

Mother's leave, minimum 6 months and maximum Unpaid.

3 years.

— — After maternity leave, a working mother can take a Unpaid.

leave for up to 1 year.

up to 12 weeks per year of unpaid, job-protected leave to care for themselves or the employee’s spouse, child, or parent who has a serious medical condition.

When available, the leave duration changes from state to state.
United Arab Emirates Public sector: 60 days, private sector: 45 days.

Public sector: 100%.

Private sector: 100% (1 year of service), 50% (<1 year of service).

Public sector only, 3 consecutive working days after birth.

United Arab Emirates 100, public sector only.

No shared leave, maximum 100-day leave Public sector only: 100% (annual leave, sick leave) (combined leaves) for mothers (public sector only).

and unpaid leave.

NORTH AMERICA NORTH AMERICA Canada 15 weeks.

55% (excluding Quebec).


5 weeks for biological fathers (Quebec only).

Canada — 35 weeks.

Biological Parents: ﬁxed monthly beneﬁt.

Slightly higher parental beneﬁts apply to adoptive parents.

United States No federal or state laws mandating maternity leave.

However, the federal Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) provides for 12 weeks per year of unpaid leave.

It is the right of the individual to choose to take FMLA.
Some individual states may have laws that set forth broader protections for working mothers than are provided under the FMLA.

No paid leave to new parents.

Any wages disbursed to a parent on such leave would be set by the mother’s individual employer or a state having a paid leave law.

Currently, only 6 states have laws providing paid family leave for employees.

Payments are less than the employee's usual salary (e.g.

CA: 55%; NJ: around 65%).


No federal or state laws directing or mandating paternity leave.

United States No national program; any wages disbursed to a The federal Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) — parent on such leave would be set by the father's mandates that employers having at least 50 individual employer or a state having a paid leave employees must provide eligible employees with Note: Blank cells mean that data are not available or not applicable.

(Cont’d.)
(Cont’d.)

66 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 birth; private sector: no mandatory maternity leave.

In general, maternity leave is stipulated in collective labor agreements, in which case employees are bound by the provisions in the agreement.

12 weeks after birth (with the right of anticipating months’ remunerations.

It cannot be lower than agreements.

the leave up to 6 weeks before birth).


Special the minimum wage and there are no stipulated conditions apply to select authorized workers and maximums.

Public sector: 100. private sector's collective agreements.

MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA Israel 26 weeks (14 weeks paid) for women who have 100 worked with the same employer/at the same place of employment for a period of at least 12 months; 14 weeks (7 weeks paid) for women who have worked for a shorter period.
Mothers beneﬁt for extended unpaid maternity leave.

Father can take part of maternity leave instead of mother, starting from 6 weeks (up to 14 weeks) after birth.

If mother splits maternity leave during an extended period of hospitalization, father may take unpaid leave during that time.

Kuwait Paid pre-delivery sickness leave of unspeciﬁed Full pay delivery leave for 8 weeks, full pay — period, 8 weeks paid delivery leave, maternity leave maternity leave for 4 weeks and half pay for 12 for 16 weeks.
Lebanon 7 weeks.

weeks.

100 Oman Private sector: 7 weeks, public sector: 50 days.

100 — — Appendix E: Policy Frameworks for Gender Equality (cont’d.)

Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap Table E1: Maternity, paternity and additional shared leaves by region Table E1: Maternity, paternity and additional shared leaves (cont’d.)
Country Length of maternity leave Length of paternity leave Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid) Country Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid) Additional shared leave (i.e., parental leave) Additional shared leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid) Suriname Public sector: 6 weeks before and 6 weeks after 100 — Suriname — — — Uruguay Private sector: 12 weeks; 6 before and 6 after Private sector: maternity leave pay takes into 10 working days (public sector), 3 working days Uruguay 100 birth.
Public sector: 13 weeks; 1 week before and account the employee’s seniority and the last six (private sector); 2 extra days for special collective Parental leave is not available.

Paid childcare sick leaves are available under various conditions.

Paid childcare sick leaves.

MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA Israel 100 Kuwait Lebanon Oman — — — No parental leave.

Parents can take leave from their sick or vacation days if the child is sick.

Paid absence because of child sickness.


Mother's leave, minimum 6 months and maximum 3 years.

Unpaid.

— — After maternity leave, a working mother can take a leave for up to 1 year.

Unpaid.

United Arab Emirates Public sector: 60 days, private sector: 45 days.

Public sector: 100%.

Private sector: 100% (1 year Public sector only, 3 consecutive working days United Arab Emirates 100, public sector only.

of service), 50% (<1 year of service).

after birth.
after birth.

No shared leave, maximum 100-day leave (combined leaves) for mothers (public sector only).

Public sector only: 100% (annual leave, sick leave) and unpaid leave.

NORTH AMERICA NORTH AMERICA Canada 15 weeks.

55% (excluding Quebec).

5 weeks for biological fathers (Quebec only).

Canada — 35 weeks.

Biological Parents: ﬁxed monthly beneﬁt.

Slightly higher parental beneﬁts apply to adoptive parents.

United States No federal or state laws mandating maternity leave.
No paid leave to new parents.

Any wages disbursed No federal or state laws directing or mandating United States However, the federal Family and Medical Leave Act to a parent on such leave would be set by the paternity leave.

(FMLA) provides for 12 weeks per year of unpaid mother’s individual employer or a state having leave.

It is the right of the individual to choose a paid leave law.

Currently, only 6 states have to take FMLA.


Some individual states may have laws providing paid family leave for employees.

laws that set forth broader protections for working Payments are less than the employee's usual salary mothers than are provided under the FMLA.

(e.g.

CA: 55%; NJ: around 65%).

No national program; any wages disbursed to a parent on such leave would be set by the father's individual employer or a state having a paid leave law.
— The federal Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) mandates that employers having at least 50 employees must provide eligible employees with up to 12 weeks per year of unpaid, job-protected leave to care for themselves or the employee’s spouse, child, or parent who has a serious medical condition.

When available, the leave duration changes from state to state.

Note: Blank cells mean that data are not available or not applicable.

(Cont’d.)
(Cont’d.)

The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 67 Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap Appendix E: Policy Frameworks for Gender Equality (cont’d.)

Table E1: Maternity, paternity and additional shared leaves by region Table E1: Maternity, paternity and additional shared leaves (cont’d.)
Country Length of maternity leave SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid) Length of paternity leave Country Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid) Additional shared leave (i.e., parental leave) Additional shared leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid) Botswana 12 weeks.

Private sector: 50%, public sector: 100%.

— Ethiopia 4 weeks before and 8 weeks after birth.

Ghana 12 weeks.

Breastfeeding leaves are available (shorter working hours).

Lesotho 12 weeks.
Lesotho 12 weeks.

Liberia Madagascar 12 weeks, of which 1 month before, 2 months after birth.

Public sector: 12 weeks, private sector: 14 consecutive weeks, of which 8 weeks after birth.

100 100 100 100 100 5 days after birth.

Ethiopia Unpaid.

— — 2 hours for nursing per day for 6 months (mother Both paid and unpaid.

No, but under consideration.

No, but there is provision for general annual leave — Public sector: 15 days from birth, private sector: 3 days from birth.
Madagascar Paid leave: 4 weeks per calendar year of actual — Mali 14 weeks: 6 weeks before, 8 weeks after birth.

100 3 days.

Mauritius Generally 12 weeks.

100 Private sector: 5 continuous working days, public sector: normal casual leave plus up to 8 days leave from accumulated vacation.

No parental leave provided; however, either parent Unpaid, if there is no more vacation leave left in an can take a leave without pay of 9 months.

individual’s bank.
individual’s bank.

Namibia 12 weeks; 4 weeks before and 8 weeks after birth.

100, up to a ceiling.

Nigeria Uganda 16 weeks.

12 weeks.

EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA 100 100 Albania 5 weeks before, 6 weeks after birth.

After 6 weeks of postnatal period, the woman might either work or beneﬁt from social insurance scheme (about 52 weeks).

80% for the prenatal period and 150 days after birth; 50% for the remaining period.
The maternity beneﬁt for self-employed women is equal to the basic level of retirement pension.

Armenia 140 days (70 days of pregnancy and 70 days after birth).

Employed mothers who are on maternity leave receive monthly child care allowances, before the child reaches the age of 2.

Austria 16 weeks: 8 weeks before and 8 weeks after birth.

100 — — 4 days.

— — — SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Botswana Ghana Lesotho Liberia Mali Mauritius Namibia Nigeria Uganda — — — — 100 — 100 — — 100 — — — only).

— — of 1 month.
— — of 1 month.

service.

— — — — — — — Special leave of absence available.

Paid.

EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA Albania — The employee who has a child up to three years old — Armenia — Additional leave is provided until the child reaches — has the right to paid leave (maximum 15 days/year when the child is sick), as well as to an additional unpaid leave (maximum 30 days/year).

Leave is given to the spouse who effectively cares for the child; otherwise it's given to both of them.

the age of 3.
the age of 3.

The leave is provided to the mother, the father, the stepmother, stepfather or to the legal guardian.

The husband of the pregnant woman can take an extra non-paid leave, duration of which cannot surpass 2 months.

Austria — Parental leave.

Employees - women and men - are Childcare allowance: 80% of last income, up to entitled to parental leave until the second birthday a ceiling.

Flat-rate childcare allowance is also of their child, when they are living with the child in provided.
the same household.

Note: Blank cells mean that data are not available or not applicable.

(Cont’d.)

68 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Table E1: Maternity, paternity and additional shared leaves by region Table E1: Maternity, paternity and additional shared leaves (cont’d.)
Country Length of maternity leave Length of paternity leave Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid) Country Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid) Additional shared leave (i.e., parental leave) Additional shared leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid) Appendix E: Policy Frameworks for Gender Equality (cont’d.)

Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap days from birth.

3 days.

— — — — 4 days.


Private sector: 5 continuous working days, public sector: normal casual leave plus up to 8 days leave from accumulated vacation.

consecutive weeks, of which 8 weeks after birth.

Mali 14 weeks: 6 weeks before, 8 weeks after birth.

100 Mauritius Generally 12 weeks.

100 Namibia 12 weeks; 4 weeks before and 8 weeks after birth.

100, up to a ceiling.

Nigeria Uganda 16 weeks.

12 weeks.

EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA 100 100 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Botswana 12 weeks.
Private sector: 50%, public sector: 100%.

— SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Botswana — Ethiopia 4 weeks before and 8 weeks after birth.

100 5 days after birth.

Ethiopia Unpaid.

Ghana 12 weeks.

Breastfeeding leaves are available 100 (shorter working hours).

Lesotho 12 weeks.

100 Liberia 12 weeks, of which 1 month before, 2 months 100 No, but under consideration.

after birth.
after birth.

Ghana Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Public sector: 12 weeks, private sector: 14 100 Public sector: 15 days from birth, private sector: 3 Madagascar Mali Mauritius Namibia Nigeria Uganda — — — 100 — 100 — — 100 Albania 5 weeks before, 6 weeks after birth.

After 6 weeks 80% for the prenatal period and 150 days after — Albania — of postnatal period, the woman might either work birth; 50% for the remaining period.
The maternity or beneﬁt from social insurance scheme (about beneﬁt for self-employed women is equal to the 52 weeks).

basic level of retirement pension.

EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA Armenia 140 days (70 days of pregnancy and 70 days after Employed mothers who are on maternity leave — Armenia — birth).

receive monthly child care allowances, before the child reaches the age of 2.

— — — — — — 2 hours for nursing per day for 6 months (mother only).

Both paid and unpaid.


No, but there is provision for general annual leave of 1 month.

Paid leave: 4 weeks per calendar year of actual service.

— — — — No parental leave provided; however, either parent can take a leave without pay of 9 months.

Unpaid, if there is no more vacation leave left in an individual’s bank.

— — — — Special leave of absence available.

Paid.


— — The employee who has a child up to three years old has the right to paid leave (maximum 15 days/year when the child is sick), as well as to an additional unpaid leave (maximum 30 days/year).

Leave is given to the spouse who effectively cares for the child; otherwise it's given to both of them.

Additional leave is provided until the child reaches the age of 3.
The leave is provided to the mother, the father, the stepmother, stepfather or to the legal guardian.

The husband of the pregnant woman can take an extra non-paid leave, duration of which cannot surpass 2 months.

Austria 16 weeks: 8 weeks before and 8 weeks after birth.

100 — Austria — Parental leave.

Employees - women and men - are entitled to parental leave until the second birthday of their child, when they are living with the child in the same household.
Childcare allowance: 80% of last income, up to a ceiling.

Flat-rate childcare allowance is also provided.

Note: Blank cells mean that data are not available or not applicable.

(Cont’d.)

The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 69 Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap Appendix E: Policy Frameworks for Gender Equality (cont’d.)

Table E1: Maternity, paternity and additional shared leaves by region Table E1: Maternity, paternity and additional shared leaves (cont’d.)
Country Length of maternity leave Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid) Length of paternity leave Country Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid) Additional shared leave (i.e., parental leave) Additional shared leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid) Azerbaijan 10 weeks before, 8 weeks after birth.

100 14 days.

Azerbaijan Unpaid.


Parental leave for both mothers and fathers until During the ﬁrst period of parental leave (until the the child reaches the age of 3. infant reaches the age of 1,5 years old): beneﬁts equal to 2 equivalents of minimum salary; from the age of 1,5 years old until the age of 3 years old: beneﬁts equal to 1 equivalents of minimum salary.
Belgium Bulgaria Female employees: 15 weeks; at least 1 week before birth (plus 5 optional weeks), at least 9 weeks after birth (plus a maximum 5 optional weeks).

Independent female workers: maximum 8 weeks.

Private sector: 82% for ﬁrst month plus 75% thereafter up to a ceiling.

Public sector: statutory civil servants 100%; contracted civil servants, as for private sector.

2 weeks within 4 months after child's birth; not mandatory and not applicable to independent male workers.
Belgium 100 for the ﬁrst 3 days, 82 thereafter up to a Parental leave: 3 months of parental leave for each Fixed monthly payment.

ceiling.

child from the child’s birth until s/he is 12 years old.

Valid for both parents.

Employees that work full-time can take this parental leave on a part-time regime.

58.6 weeks for pregnancy and childbirth, of which 45 weeks before birth.

Breastfeeding maternity leave is also available.

90 15 days.
90 15 days.

Bulgaria 90 With the agreement of the mother, when the child Cash compensation is provided for parental leave.

is 6 months old insured fathers may use the leave An additional 6-month unpaid leave is granted for for the rest of the 410 calendar days instead of the raising a child until completion of 8 years of age.

Croatia 14 weeks; 4 weeks before and 10 weeks after birth.

100 Cyprus 18 weeks; minimum 2 weeks and maximum 6 weeks before birth.

Czech Republic 28 weeks; 6 weeks before birth.


Maternal leave cannot be shorter than 14 weeks and cannot be ended earlier than 6 weeks after the birth.

75 70 — — — Croatia — Cyprus — Parental leave: 13 weeks each parent until the child Unpaid social security beneﬁts available.

Czech Republic — Parental leave for both parents until the child Parental allowance varies according to the length of reaches age of 3. the period of leave.

Care beneﬁts: 60.
Care beneﬁts: 60.

Denmark Estonia 18 weeks; 4 weeks before and 14 weeks after birth.

2 weeks are mandatory.

100% (or maternity leave beneﬁt equivalent to the unemployment beneﬁt rate).

2 weeks within the ﬁrst 14 weeks after birth.

Denmark 100 (or paternity leave beneﬁt equivalent to 32 weeks to each parent.

100% during 10-week parental leave.

unemployment beneﬁt rate).

20 weeks; 14 weeks can be taken before birth.


Employees who go on pregnancy and maternity leave less than 30 days prior to their due date have their leave reduced by this amount.

100 2 weeks; can be used during the 2 months before or after birth.

Estonia Paid on the basis of father’s average wages, up to Parental leave: 156,4 weeks until the child reaches Different types of parental beneﬁts, including 100% a ceiling.

the age of 3.

One parent at a time.

beneﬁt.

Finland 105 working days.


Approximately 70% minimum allowance.

Up to 18 days after birth, taken in up to 4 separate periods; full month of additional paternity leave (daddy month) can be taken by fathers, between 13 and 36 working days (mothers not eligible for maternity or Parental Allowance during daddy month).

Finland Approximately 70% minimum allowance.

Parental leave can be shared between parents, Approximately 70%; minimum allowance.

mother.
mother.

For the time during which the father uses this leave, the leave of the mother is discontinued.

An additional 6-month unpaid leave is granted for raising a child until completion of 8 years of age.

Parental leave: 24 weeks for employed or self- 80 employed parent after 6 months of age of the child or meeting other legal requirements.

It can be used individually, simultaneously or alternately.
If the father uses the right to parental leave for the duration of at least 12 weeks, parental leave is extended for 8 weeks.

reaches the age of 8.

Fathers can use parental leave right after the birth of the child.

but both cannot be on parental leave at the same time (with exceptions).

Up to 2 separate periods of minimum 12 working days each parent.

Parental Allowance covers 158 working days.


After parental allowance/extended paternity allowance, parents can take childcare leave with full employment security until the child reaches age 3.

Minimum length: 1 month.

Note: Blank cells mean that data are not available or not applicable.

(Cont’d.)

70 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Appendix E: Policy Frameworks for Gender Equality (cont’d.)
Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap Table E1: Maternity, paternity and additional shared leaves by region Table E1: Maternity, paternity and additional shared leaves (cont’d.)

Country Length of maternity leave Length of paternity leave Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid) Country Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid) Additional shared leave (i.e., parental leave) Additional shared leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid) Azerbaijan 10 weeks before, 8 weeks after birth.

100 14 days.

Azerbaijan Unpaid.


Belgium Female employees: 15 weeks; at least 1 week Private sector: 82% for ﬁrst month plus 75% 2 weeks within 4 months after child's birth; not Belgium 100 for the ﬁrst 3 days, 82 thereafter up to a ceiling.

before birth (plus 5 optional weeks), at least 9 thereafter up to a ceiling.

Public sector: statutory mandatory and not applicable to independent male weeks after birth (plus a maximum 5 optional civil servants 100%; contracted civil servants, as workers.

weeks).
weeks).

Independent female workers: maximum for private sector.

8 weeks.

Bulgaria 58.6 weeks for pregnancy and childbirth, of which 90 15 days.

Bulgaria 90 45 weeks before birth.

Breastfeeding maternity leave is also available.

Croatia 14 weeks; 4 weeks before and 10 weeks after 100 birth.

Cyprus 18 weeks; minimum 2 weeks and maximum 6 75 weeks before birth.

Czech Republic 28 weeks; 6 weeks before birth.


Maternal leave 70 cannot be shorter than 14 weeks and cannot be ended earlier than 6 weeks after the birth.

— — — Croatia — Cyprus — Czech Republic — Parental leave for both mothers and fathers until the child reaches the age of 3.

Parental leave: 3 months of parental leave for each child from the child’s birth until s/he is 12 years old.

Valid for both parents.

Employees that work full-time can take this parental leave on a part-time regime.
With the agreement of the mother, when the child is 6 months old insured fathers may use the leave for the rest of the 410 calendar days instead of the mother.

For the time during which the father uses this leave, the leave of the mother is discontinued.

An additional 6-month unpaid leave is granted for raising a child until completion of 8 years of age.
During the ﬁrst period of parental leave (until the infant reaches the age of 1,5 years old): beneﬁts equal to 2 equivalents of minimum salary; from the age of 1,5 years old until the age of 3 years old: beneﬁts equal to 1 equivalents of minimum salary.

Fixed monthly payment.

Cash compensation is provided for parental leave.

An additional 6-month unpaid leave is granted for raising a child until completion of 8 years of age.
80 Parental leave: 24 weeks for employed or self- employed parent after 6 months of age of the child or meeting other legal requirements.

It can be used individually, simultaneously or alternately.

If the father uses the right to parental leave for the duration of at least 12 weeks, parental leave is extended for 8 weeks.

Parental leave: 13 weeks each parent until the child reaches the age of 8.

Fathers can use parental leave right after the birth of the child.

Unpaid social security beneﬁts available.


Parental leave for both parents until the child reaches age of 3.

Parental allowance varies according to the length of the period of leave.

Care beneﬁts: 60.

Denmark 18 weeks; 4 weeks before and 14 weeks after 100% (or maternity leave beneﬁt equivalent to the 2 weeks within the ﬁrst 14 weeks after birth.

birth.

2 weeks are mandatory.

unemployment beneﬁt rate).

Estonia 20 weeks; 14 weeks can be taken before birth.
100 2 weeks; can be used during the 2 months before or after birth.

Employees who go on pregnancy and maternity leave less than 30 days prior to their due date have their leave reduced by this amount.

Denmark Estonia 100 (or paternity leave beneﬁt equivalent to unemployment beneﬁt rate).

32 weeks to each parent.

100% during 10-week parental leave.

Paid on the basis of father’s average wages, up to a ceiling.

Parental leave: 156,4 weeks until the child reaches the age of 3.

One parent at a time.


Different types of parental beneﬁts, including 100% beneﬁt.

Finland 105 working days.

Approximately 70% minimum allowance.

Up to 18 days after birth, taken in up to 4 separate Finland Approximately 70% minimum allowance.

periods; full month of additional paternity leave (daddy month) can be taken by fathers, between 13 and 36 working days (mothers not eligible for maternity or Parental Allowance during daddy month).

Approximately 70%; minimum allowance.


Parental leave can be shared between parents, but both cannot be on parental leave at the same time (with exceptions).

Up to 2 separate periods of minimum 12 working days each parent.

Parental Allowance covers 158 working days.

After parental allowance/extended paternity allowance, parents can take childcare leave with full employment security until the child reaches age 3.

Minimum length: 1 month.


Note: Blank cells mean that data are not available or not applicable.

(Cont’d.)

The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 71 Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap Appendix E: Policy Frameworks for Gender Equality (cont’d.)

Table E1: Maternity, paternity and additional shared leaves by region Table E1: Maternity, paternity and additional shared leaves (cont’d.)
Country Germany Length of maternity leave Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid) Length of paternity leave Country Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid) Additional shared leave (i.e., parental leave) Additional shared leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid) 6 weeks before and 8 weeks after birth.

2 weeks mandatory.

100 — Germany — Parental leave for both father and mother for a Unpaid.

Financial support in the form of parental period of 3 years each.

allowance for a period of 14 months: 67%.


Greece 17 weeks; 8 weeks before and 9 weeks after birth.

Public sector: 100; private sector: the employer’s obligation to pay remuneration during the maternity leave is limited to the payment of remuneration corresponding to 15 days of work (ﬁrst year service), 1 month work (after ﬁrst year of service).

Father is entitled to maternity leave if not used by mother.

Greece Paid leave, amount depending on earnings.


Private sector: insured mothers entitled to a special a) Leave to bring up one’s child: unpaid, b) Leave to 24-week leave after maternity leave.

Public sector: take care of one’s child: paid, c) Special provision 104-week unpaid leave to mothers at any time for the protection of maternity (to which only the before the child completes 6 years of age.

mother is entitled), 6 months: minimum wage (social subsidy).

2 weeks, mandatory plus additional 11 weeks.


80, up to a ceiling.

13 weeks.

Approximately 80, up to a ceiling.

14 weeks.

Unpaid.

26 weeks paid; up to 16 weeks unpaid.

100% for public sector and certain private sectors.

— 80, up to a ceiling.

10 calendar days.

Latvia 80, up to a ceiling.

Iceland Ireland Latvia Lithuania 112 calendar days: 2 weeks before and 2 weeks after birth mandatory.

18 weeks; 70 calendar days before, 56 calendar days after birth.
Luxembourg 8 weeks before, 8 weeks after birth.

Macedonia, FYR 9 months after birth.

Malta 14 weeks.

Republic of Moldova 70 calendar days before, 56 calendar days after birth.

100 100 100 100 100 Netherlands 16 weeks (10 weeks mandatory); 4 to 6 weeks before, 10 to 12 weeks after birth.

100, up to a ceiling.

Self-employees: loss of earnings; maximum: legal minimum wage.

Norway 3 weeks before, 6 weeks after birth.

100 Portugal 30 days before and 6 weeks after birth.
100 4 weeks, from birth until child is 1 month old.

2 days.

9 months (if mother does not use leave for birth and parenthood, father or adoptive parent is entitled to leave).

Macedonia, FYR 100 1-2 days (varies by sector).

Malta 100 3 months for both parents.

Unpaid.

— Republic of Moldova — Partially paid parental leave for child care until the 30% (until the child reaches 3); unpaid (child aged 2 days within 4 weeks after birth.

Netherlands 100, no ceiling.


Parental leave: 26 weeks per parent per child, non- Parental leave: no statutory payment (dependent on 12 weeks after birth for babies born after 1 July 2011 (father’s quota).

Compulsory period of 10 working days after birth; 5 consecutive days must be taken immediately after birth and 5 days within 30 days of birth; 10 additional working days may be added.
Norway 100 Portugal 100 Iceland Ireland Lithuania Luxembourg — 100 100 Parental Leave: 14 weeks for both mother and Parental Leave unpaid.

father, to be taken before the child is 8 years.

Parental leave: 1 year and 1/2 for each parent up to 70 the day the child reaches the age of eight years.

Granted parental leave until the child reaches 100% (70%; 40%).

Varies according to the chosen age 3. duration of the allowance.

Parental leave: 6-month full-time leave or — 12-month part-time leave.
Family leave and sick leave available.

9-month leave allows either the mother or the 100 father to be the beneﬁciary during the parenthood period.

child reaches the age of 3; additional unpaid leave 3-6).

to care for children aged 3 to 6 years (mothers, fathers and other caregivers in the family).

transferable.

Emergency and care leaves available.

collective agreements).

26 weeks or 36 weeks (depending on the received Parental leave: 26 weeks with 100% pay or 36 payment).
Can be extended to 47/57 weeks.

weeks with 80% pay.

Up to one year unpaid leave for each child.

Initial Parental Leave granted to employed mother Initial Parental Leave: 120 days = 100%; 150 days and father, to be shared.

Maximum 120-150 = 80% (mother only).

If the father beneﬁts for initial consecutive days, by the parents’ joint decision.

parental leave as well, the payment increases to Extended Parental Leave granted to one or to both 100% and 83%, respectively.
Extended Parental parents alternately, maximum 3 months.

Leave: 25%.

Romania 126 days; at least 42 days mandatory after delivery (conﬁnement).

85% monthly wages in the last 6 months of the 12 months of contribution period, to the limit of 12 gross minimal monthly wages.

5 working days; up to 15 working days in special cases.

Romania 100 Childcare leaves available for either parent until 75%, with speciﬁc conditions for maximum and child reaches age 1, 2 or 3 (for special cases).

minimum amounts.
minimum amounts.

Note: Blank cells mean that data are not available or not applicable.

(Cont’d.)

72 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Country Germany Iceland Ireland obligation to pay remuneration during the maternity mother.

leave is limited to the payment of remuneration corresponding to 15 days of work (ﬁrst year service), 1 month work (after ﬁrst year of service).

2 weeks, mandatory plus additional 11 weeks.

80, up to a ceiling.

13 weeks.

26 weeks paid; up to 16 weeks unpaid.


100% for public sector and certain private sectors.

— after birth mandatory.

days after birth.

Lithuania 18 weeks; 70 calendar days before, 56 calendar 100 4 weeks, from birth until child is 1 month old.

Luxembourg 8 weeks before, 8 weeks after birth.

100 2 days.

Macedonia, FYR 9 months after birth.

9 months (if mother does not use leave for birth and parenthood, father or adoptive parent is entitled to leave).
100 100 Appendix E: Policy Frameworks for Gender Equality (cont’d.)

Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap Table E1: Maternity, paternity and additional shared leaves by region Table E1: Maternity, paternity and additional shared leaves (cont’d.)
Length of maternity leave Length of paternity leave Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid) Country Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid) Additional shared leave (i.e., parental leave) Additional shared leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid) 6 weeks before and 8 weeks after birth.

2 weeks 100 — Germany — mandatory.

Greece 17 weeks; 8 weeks before and 9 weeks after birth.
Public sector: 100; private sector: the employer’s Father is entitled to maternity leave if not used by Greece Paid leave, amount depending on earnings.

Parental leave for both father and mother for a period of 3 years each.

Unpaid.

Financial support in the form of parental allowance for a period of 14 months: 67%.

Private sector: insured mothers entitled to a special 24-week leave after maternity leave.
Public sector: 104-week unpaid leave to mothers at any time before the child completes 6 years of age.

a) Leave to bring up one’s child: unpaid, b) Leave to take care of one’s child: paid, c) Special provision for the protection of maternity (to which only the mother is entitled), 6 months: minimum wage (social subsidy).

Iceland Ireland Approximately 80, up to a ceiling.

14 weeks.

Unpaid.

— Parental Leave: 14 weeks for both mother and father, to be taken before the child is 8 years.
Parental Leave unpaid.

Latvia 112 calendar days: 2 weeks before and 2 weeks 80, up to a ceiling.

10 calendar days.

Latvia 80, up to a ceiling.

Lithuania Luxembourg 100 100 Macedonia, FYR 100 Parental leave: 1 year and 1/2 for each parent up to the day the child reaches the age of eight years.

70 Granted parental leave until the child reaches age 3.

100% (70%; 40%).

Varies according to the chosen duration of the allowance.

Parental leave: 6-month full-time leave or 12-month part-time leave.
Family leave and sick leave available.

9-month leave allows either the mother or the father to be the beneﬁciary during the parenthood period.

— 100 Malta 14 weeks.

1-2 days (varies by sector).

Malta 100 3 months for both parents.

Unpaid.

Republic of Moldova 70 calendar days before, 56 calendar days after 100 — Republic of Moldova — birth.

Netherlands 16 weeks (10 weeks mandatory); 4 to 6 weeks 100, up to a ceiling.

Self-employees: loss of 2 days within 4 weeks after birth.
Netherlands 100, no ceiling.

before, 10 to 12 weeks after birth.

earnings; maximum: legal minimum wage.

Norway 3 weeks before, 6 weeks after birth.

100 Norway 100 Portugal 30 days before and 6 weeks after birth.

100 Portugal 100 12 weeks after birth for babies born after 1 July 2011 (father’s quota).

Compulsory period of 10 working days after birth; 5 consecutive days must be taken immediately after birth and 5 days within 30 days of birth; 10 additional working days may be added.
Romania 126 days; at least 42 days mandatory after delivery 85% monthly wages in the last 6 months of the 5 working days; up to 15 working days in special Romania 100 (conﬁnement).

12 months of contribution period, to the limit of 12 cases.

gross minimal monthly wages.

Partially paid parental leave for child care until the child reaches the age of 3; additional unpaid leave to care for children aged 3 to 6 years (mothers, fathers and other caregivers in the family).
30% (until the child reaches 3); unpaid (child aged 3-6).

Parental leave: 26 weeks per parent per child, non- transferable.

Emergency and care leaves available.

Parental leave: no statutory payment (dependent on collective agreements).

26 weeks or 36 weeks (depending on the received payment).

Can be extended to 47/57 weeks.

Parental leave: 26 weeks with 100% pay or 36 weeks with 80% pay.

Up to one year unpaid leave for each child.


Initial Parental Leave granted to employed mother and father, to be shared.

Maximum 120-150 consecutive days, by the parents’ joint decision.

Extended Parental Leave granted to one or to both parents alternately, maximum 3 months.

Initial Parental Leave: 120 days = 100%; 150 days = 80% (mother only).

If the father beneﬁts for initial parental leave as well, the payment increases to 100% and 83%, respectively.

Extended Parental Leave: 25%.


Childcare leaves available for either parent until child reaches age 1, 2 or 3 (for special cases).

75%, with speciﬁc conditions for maximum and minimum amounts.

Note: Blank cells mean that data are not available or not applicable.

(Cont’d.)

The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 73 Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap Table E1: Maternity, paternity and additional shared leaves by region Table E1: Maternity, paternity and additional shared leaves (cont’d.)
Country Length of maternity leave Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid) Length of paternity leave Country Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid) Additional shared leave (i.e., parental leave) Additional shared leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid) Russian Federation 70 calendar days before, 70 calendar days after birth.

100, up to a ceiling.

Slovak Republic 34 weeks.

60 — — Russian Federation — Childcare leave available to both mother and father Child care: 40%.

until the child turns 3 years of age.


Slovak Republic — Parental leave up to the age of 3.

Monthly Parental Allowance.

Slovenia 15 weeks.

100; no lower than 55% of minimum wage in Slovenia.

90 days; 15 days paid, 75 days unpaid.

Slovenia 100 with a minimum value and a ceiling.

260 days.

Paid parental leave 100%.

Spain Sweden 16 weeks.

100 2 weeks.

Spain 100 10 weeks.

— 2 weeks mandatory leave that can be used before or after conﬁnement.
A mother has an optional right to 7-week maternity leave before birth and 7 weeks after birth.

Parental beneﬁt: 80%, up to a ceiling, for the ﬁrst 390 days.

Fixed daily compensation for the remaining 90 days.

10 optional nursing days can be used within 2 months from birth.

Sweden 80, up to a ceiling.

The mother and father are both entitled to 240 80, up to a ceiling.
Collective agreements often optional days of parental beneﬁt (in total, 480 provide supplementary pay, raising the payment calendar days), of which 60 are reserved to each percentage to 90%.

parent, while the other days can be transferred to the other parent.

Other childcare leaves available.

Switzerland Minimum 14 weeks after birth.

80, up to a ceiling.

No statutory paternity leave.

Leave for taking care of a sick child: maximum — Turkey 16 weeks: 8 weeks before and 8 weeks after birth.
The unused leave prior to birth can be added to the postnatal leave period.

Breastfeeding leaves available.

100 Public sector only: 10 days.

Unpaid.

United Kingdom 2 weeks mandatory after birth.

Statutory Maternity Leave is available for 52 weeks.

Statutory Maternity Pay (SMP) paid for up to 39 weeks.

90% for the ﬁrst 6 weeks followed by the lesser of that 90% rate or a ﬂat rate payment for up to 33 weeks.
Maternity Allowance is paid to working women who do not qualify for SMP, up to 39 weeks; 90% (with ceiling).

2 weeks within the ﬁrst 8 weeks after birth; up to 26 weeks of additional paternity leave if mother returns to work before the end of her 52-week maternity leave period.

Note: Blank cells mean that data are not available or not applicable.

United Kingdom 90 capped at a ﬂat rate for 2 weeks.

Parental Leave 13 weeks until the child’s 5th Additional Paternity Leave: 90% capped at a ﬂat birthday.
Additional Paternity Leave enables the rate.

father to take any remaining leave available to the mother after the 20th week of maternity leave as long as she has returned to the workplace.

Switzerland Turkey — — 3 days.

24 months.

74 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap birth.

Slovak Republic 34 weeks.

— — 60 Slovenia.

100 Table E1: Maternity, paternity and additional shared leaves by region Table E1: Maternity, paternity and additional shared leaves (cont’d.)
Country Length of maternity leave Length of paternity leave Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid) Country Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid) Additional shared leave (i.e., parental leave) Additional shared leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid) Russian Federation 70 calendar days before, 70 calendar days after 100, up to a ceiling.

Russian Federation — Childcare leave available to both mother and father until the child turns 3 years of age.

Child care: 40%.

Slovenia 15 weeks.


100; no lower than 55% of minimum wage in 90 days; 15 days paid, 75 days unpaid.

Slovenia 100 with a minimum value and a ceiling.

260 days.

Paid parental leave 100%.

Slovak Republic — Parental leave up to the age of 3.

Monthly Parental Allowance.

Spain 16 weeks.

2 weeks.

Spain 100 10 weeks.


— Sweden 2 weeks mandatory leave that can be used before Parental beneﬁt: 80%, up to a ceiling, for the 10 optional nursing days can be used within 2 Sweden 80, up to a ceiling.

or after conﬁnement.

A mother has an optional right ﬁrst 390 days.

Fixed daily compensation for the months from birth.

to 7-week maternity leave before birth and 7 weeks remaining 90 days.

after birth.
after birth.

The mother and father are both entitled to 240 optional days of parental beneﬁt (in total, 480 calendar days), of which 60 are reserved to each parent, while the other days can be transferred to the other parent.

Other childcare leaves available.

80, up to a ceiling.

Collective agreements often provide supplementary pay, raising the payment percentage to 90%.

Switzerland Turkey — — Leave for taking care of a sick child: maximum 3 days.

— 24 months.

Unpaid.


United Kingdom 2 weeks mandatory after birth.

Statutory Maternity Statutory Maternity Pay (SMP) paid for up to 39 2 weeks within the ﬁrst 8 weeks after birth; up to United Kingdom 90 capped at a ﬂat rate for 2 weeks.

Leave is available for 52 weeks.

weeks.

90% for the ﬁrst 6 weeks followed by the 26 weeks of additional paternity leave if mother Parental Leave 13 weeks until the child’s 5th birthday.
Additional Paternity Leave enables the father to take any remaining leave available to the mother after the 20th week of maternity leave as long as she has returned to the workplace.

Additional Paternity Leave: 90% capped at a ﬂat rate.

Switzerland Minimum 14 weeks after birth.

80, up to a ceiling.

No statutory paternity leave.

Turkey 16 weeks: 8 weeks before and 8 weeks after birth.

100 Public sector only: 10 days.

The unused leave prior to birth can be added to the postnatal leave period.
Breastfeeding leaves available.

lesser of that 90% rate or a ﬂat rate payment for returns to work before the end of her 52-week up to 33 weeks.

Maternity Allowance is paid to maternity leave period.

working women who do not qualify for SMP, up to 39 weeks; 90% (with ceiling).

Note: Blank cells mean that data are not available or not applicable.

The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 75 Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap Appendix E: Policy Frameworks for Gender Equality (cont’d.)
Figure E2: Childcare options, global overview (percentage of respondents) Figure E3: Childcare options, Asia and the Pacific (percentage of respondents) n Public daycare with allowance (26%) Public daycare without allowance (10%) n Private daycare with allowance (22%) n Private daycare without allowance (19%) n Homecare with allowance (12%) n Homecare without allowance (11%) n Public daycare with allowance (24%) Public daycare without allowance (10%) n Private daycare with allowance (24%) n Private daycare without allowance (19%) n Homecare with allowance (14%) n Homecare without allowance (10%) Notes: Homecare assistance is where one parent stays at home and the other parent is working.
Though there are no substantial differences between the 2012 and the 2011 data, one evident difference is in the provision of private daycare assistance services without allowance (19% in 2012, compared to 15% in 2011), which is mainly due to the specific composition of the sample of countries (15 new countries were added as part of the 2012 survey process).
Figure E4: Childcare options, Latin America and the Caribbean (percentage of respondents) Figure E5: Childcare options, Middle East and North Africa (percentage of respondents) n Public daycare with allowance (31%) Public daycare without allowance (7%) n Private daycare with allowance (21%) n Private daycare without allowance (24%) n Homecare with allowance (7%) n Homecare without allowance (10%) n Public daycare with allowance (0%) Public daycare without allowance (0%) n Private daycare with allowance (0%) n Private daycare without allowance (100%) n Homecare with allowance (0%) n Homecare without allowance (0%) 76 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Note: Five countries responded to this question.
Appendix E: Policy Frameworks for Gender Equality (cont’d.)
Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap Figure E6: Childcare options, North America (percentage of respondents) Figure E7: Childcare options, Sub-Saharan Africa (percentage of respondents) n Public daycare with allowance (22%) Public daycare without allowance (11%) n Private daycare with allowance (22%) n Private daycare without allowance (11%) n Homecare with allowance (22%) n Homecare without allowance (11%) n Public daycare with allowance (0%) Public daycare without allowance (33%) n Private daycare with allowance (17%) n Private daycare without allowance (50%) n Homecare with allowance (0%) n Homecare without allowance (0%) Figure E8: Childcare options, Europe and Central Asia (percentage of respondents) n Public daycare with allowance (23%) Public daycare without allowance (16%) n Private daycare with allowance (19%) n Private daycare without allowance (16%) n Homecare with allowance (13%) n Homecare without allowance (13%) The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 77 Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap Appendix E: Policy Frameworks for Gender Equality (cont’d.)
Table E2: Taxation systems by region ASIA AND THE PACIFIC LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA Individual Income- splitting Joint filing Country Australia Brunei Darussalam Japan Korea, Rep. Malaysia New Zealand Philippines Singapore Vietnam n n n n n n n n n Country Bahamas Barbados Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica n Dominican Republic Jamaica Mexico Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Individual Income- splitting Joint filing n n Country Israel Kuwait Lebanon Oman United Arab Emirates Individual Income- splitting Joint filing n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n NORTH AMERICA SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA Country Individual Income- splitting Joint filing Canada United States n n n Country Botswana Ethiopia Ghana Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Mali Mauritius Namibia Nigeria Uganda Individual Income- splitting Joint filing n n n n n n n n n n Country Albania Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland Germany Greece Iceland Ireland Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia, FYR Malta Moldova Netherlands Norway Portugal Romania Russian Federation Slovak Republic Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom Individual Income- splitting Joint filing Note: Blank cells mean that data are not available or not applicable.
78 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Appendix E: Policy Frameworks for Gender Equality (cont’d.)
Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap Table E3: Legislative support by region ASIA AND THE PACIFIC Legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination Legislation imposing gender-neutral practices in the workplace Legislation for mandatory % of both genders on corporate boards Legislation for mandatory % of both genders in political assemblies Monitoring authority Gender-equality labels* Allowances/ subventions to female entrepreneurs Country Australia Brunei Darussalam Japan Korea, Rep. Malaysia New Zealand Philippines Singapore Vietnam LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN Legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination Legislation imposing gender-neutral practices in the workplace Legislation for mandatory % of both genders on corporate boards Legislation for mandatory % of both genders in political assemblies Monitoring authority Gender-equality labels* Allowances/ subventions to female entrepreneurs Country Bahamas Barbados Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Dominican Republic Jamaica Mexico Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA Legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination Legislation imposing gender-neutral practices in the workplace n n n n n n n n n n Country Israel Kuwait Lebanon Oman United Arab Emirates NORTH AMERICA Legislation for mandatory % of both genders on corporate boards n Legislation for mandatory % of both genders in political assemblies Monitoring authority Gender-equality labels* n n Country Canada United States Legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination n n Legislation imposing gender-neutral practices in the workplace Legislation for mandatory % of both genders on corporate boards Legislation for mandatory % of both genders in political assemblies n n Monitoring authority Gender-equality labels* n n Allowances/ subventions to female entrepreneurs n n Allowances/ subventions to female entrepreneurs n (Cont’d.)
The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 79 Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap Appendix E: Policy Frameworks for Gender Equality (cont’d.)

Table E3: Legislative support by region (cont’d.)
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination Legislation imposing gender-neutral practices in the workplace Legislation for mandatory % of both genders on corporate boards Legislation for mandatory % of both genders in political assemblies Monitoring authority Gender-equality labels* Allowances/ subventions to female entrepreneurs Country Botswana Ethiopia Ghana Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Mali Mauritius Namibia Nigeria Uganda EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA Legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination Legislation imposing gender-neutral practices in the workplace Legislation for mandatory % of both genders on corporate boards Legislation for mandatory % of both genders in political assemblies Monitoring authority Gender-equality labels* Allowances/ subventions to female entrepreneurs Country Albania Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland Germany Greece Iceland Ireland Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia, FYR Malta Moldova Netherlands Norway Portugal Romania Russian Federation Slovak Republic Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom Notes: Blank cells indicate where data are not available or not applicable.
* Gender-equality labels are labels, awards and initiatives rewarding leading organisations committed to gender equality at work.

80 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Appendix E: Policy Frameworks for Gender Equality (cont’d.)
Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap Figure E9: Legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination Figure E10: Legislation imposing gender-neutral practices in the workplace n Yes (92%) n No (8%) n Yes (88%) n No (12%) Figure E11: Legislation for mandatory percentage of both genders on corporate boards Figure E12: Legislation for mandatory percentage of both genders in political assemblies n Yes (19%) n No (81%) n Yes (35%) n No (65%) The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 81 Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap Appendix E: Policy Frameworks for Gender Equality (cont’d.)
Figure E13: Monitoring authority Figure E14: Gender-equality labels n Yes (76%) n No (24%) n Yes (39%) n No (61%) Figure E15: Allowances/subventions to female entrepreneurs n Yes (36%) n No (64%) 82 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2 Country Profiles List of Countries Part 2: Country Profiles Country/Economy Page Country/Economy Page Country/Economy Page Albania Algeria Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belgium Belize Benin Bolivia Botswana Brazil Brunei Darussalam Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Chad Chile China Colombia Costa Rica Côte d’Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Estonia Ethiopia Fiji Finland France Gambia, The Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Guatemala Guyana Honduras Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran, Islamic Rep. Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Korea, Rep. Kuwait Kyrgyz Republic Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia, FYR Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Moldova Mongolia Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Nigeria Norway Oman Pakistan Panama Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar Romania Russian Federation Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Singapore Slovak Republic Slovenia South Africa Spain Sri Lanka Suriname Sweden Switzerland Syria Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Timor-Leste Trinidad and Tobago Turkey Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Uruguay Venezuela Vietnam Yemen Zambia The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 85 User’s Guide: How Country Profiles Work YASMINA BEKHOUCHE SAADIA ZAHIDI World Economic Forum Part 2: Country Profiles COUNTRY PROFILES: PAGE 1 The first page of each Country Profile displays some key indicators for that country, followed by details of each of the 14 indicators that are used to build the Global Gender Gap Index.
KEY INDICATORS The first section presents the following indicators: • The Global Gender Gap Index 2012 gives each country’s overall performance in closing the gender gap on a 0-to-1 scale and its rank out of 135 reviewed countries.

• Total population (in millions of inhabitants): Source is the World Bank’s World Development Indicators (WDI) online database (accessed July 2012).
Part 2: Country Profiles Albania Gender Gap Index 2012 91 0.665 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 3.22 0.36 6.14 7,658 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Gender Gap Subindexes Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Economic Participation and Opportunity .............63 0.666 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................80 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................37 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................86 Legislators, senior ofﬁ cials and managers ........... — Professional and technical workers ..................... — 0.73 0.72 0.53 — — 0.68 0.64 56 76 — — 0.53 6,226 11,656 0.25 0.63 — — — — Educational Attainment .......................................76 0.989 0.932 Literacy rate .........................................................76 Enrolment in primary education ..............................1 Enrolment in secondary education ........................95 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 0.97 1.00 0.97 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 95 80 73 22 97 80 75 14 0.73 0.72 0.53 — — 0.97 1.01 0.97 1.57 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival ...........................................133 0.931 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..........................129 Healthy life expectancy ......................................118 0.90 1.00 0.92 1.04 — — 64 64 0.90 1.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .....................................105 0.075 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................81 Women in ministerial positions ...........................113 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............58 0.19 0.07 0.00 0.23 0.19 0.17 16 7 0 84 93 50 0.19 0.07 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 • Population growth (annual percentage): Source is the World Bank’s World Development Indicators (WDI) online database (accessed June 2012).
92 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 • GDP (constant 2000 US$, in billions of US dollars): Source is the World Bank’s World Development Indicators (WDI) online database (accessed August 2012).

• GDP per capita PPP (constant 2005 international dollars): Source is the World Bank’s World Development Indicators (WDI) online database (accessed June 2012).
• The spider chart in the upper right-hand side compares the country’s score for each of the four subindexes of The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 with the average score across all 135 countries.

The centre of the chart corresponds to the lowest possible score (0), while the outermost corners of the chart correspond to the highest possible score (1), or equality.

Please note that the equality benchmark is 1 for all variables, except sex ratio at birth (0.944) and healthy life expectancy (1.06).
Therefore, the equality benchmark of 1 for the health and survival subindex is not strictly accurate.

GENDER GAP SUBINDEXES This section gives an overview of each country’s rankings and the scores on the four subindexes of the Global Gender Gap Report 2012.
• For each of the variables that enter into the Global Gender Gap Index 2012, column one displays the country’s rank, column two displays the score, column three displays the population-weighted sample average (135 countries), column four displays the female value, column five displays the male value and, finally, column six displays the female-to-male ratio.
To calculate the Index, all ratios were truncated at the equality benchmark of 1 (for more details, please refer to chapter 1) and thus the highest score possible is 1—except for the sex ratio at birth (0.944) and the healthy life expectancy (1.06).

In the case of countries where women surpass men on particular variables, the reader can refer to the exact female and male values as well as the female-to-male ratio to understand the magnitude of the female advantage.
The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 87 Part 2: Country Profiles • The bar charts visually display the female-to-male ratio for each of the 14 variables, allowing the reader to see clearly when the female-to-male ratio is above or below the equality benchmark.

Values above 1 (the equality benchmark) favour women and values below 1 favour men.

Please note that the equality benchmark is 1 for all variables except sex ratio at birth (0.944) and healthy life expectancy (1.06).
Therefore, the equality benchmark of 1 in the bar charts for these two variables is not strictly accurate.

Finally, in the few cases where the ratio exceeds the scale of the bar chart (which ends at 1.50), the reader should refer to the number under the “female-to-male ratio” column for the actual value.

• The female and male values are displayed without decimals in order to facilitate reading.
For example, the values for women in parliament or women in ministerial positions are on a scale of 0 to 100 and the value of the number of years with a female head of state is on a scale of 0 to 50.

Due to rounding, data that represent less than six months are displayed as zero.

The reader can refer to the female-over-male ratio in order to see the accurate picture.
• For purposes of calculating its index, the UNDP scales downward the female and male values to reflect the maximum values of adult literacy (99%), gross enrolment ratios (100%) and the estimated earned income (40,000) (PPP US$).

The labour force participation rate refers to the 15-to- 64-year-old age bracket.
• The estimated earned income value has been calculated using the methodology of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)’s Human Development Report 2007/2008 (displayed in technical note 1, addendum, p.361).
According to the UNDP, because of lack of gender-disaggregated income data, female and male earned income figures are crudely estimated on the basis of data on the ratio of the female non-agricultural wage to the male non- agricultural wage, the female and male percentage share of the economically active population, the total female and male population and the GDP per capita in purchase power parity (PPP) (current international $).
The wage ratios used in this calculation are based on data for the most recent year available.

Please note that for the purpose of index calculations, the UNDP scales downward the female and male values to reflect the maximum values of adult literacy (99%), gross enrolment ratios (100%) and the estimated earned income (40,000) (PPP US$).
• For the “legislators, senior officials and managers” and the “professional and technical workers” variables, 88 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 we have previously reported Major Group 1 (Totally and Economically Active Population) and Major- Sub Group 1D (Economically Active Population, by occupation and status in employment) from the ILO’s ISCO (88)–International Standard Classification of Occupations.
We are now continuing to use Major Group Employment and Major Sub-Group 2C (Total Employment, by occupation) (thousands) in order to remain consistent with the data obtained from the UNDP.

• Estimates for countries that have implemented the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO-88) are not strictly comparable with those for countries using the previous classification (ISCO-68).

• For estimation purposes, a value of 99% literacy rate is used for developed countries.
This is because these countries no longer use the traditional measure of literacy, on which the UIS literacy data are used, which is based on the individual or household response to the question “Can you read and write” on a national census or household survey.

Many countries are now undertaking “literacy assessments” in order to measure “functional levels of literacy”.

• Data updates are not made in all major international databases annually.
The labour force participation, legislators, senior officials and managers and professional and technical workers data have not been fully updated this year.

Healthy life expectancy data had also not been revised at the time of Index calculations in 2012.

• The abbreviation “female head of state” is used to describe an elected female head of state or head of government.

Some overlap between ministers and heads of states who hold a ministerial position might occur.
Egypt’s and Tunisia’s political empowerment data has been repeated from last year in order to view other changes without the added distortion of missing data or complete removal of a country from the Index.
COUNTRY PROFILES: PAGE 2 EVOLUTION 2006-2012 The first section of the second page of each Country Profile presents the evolution of that country’s overall performance in the Global Gender Gap Index from 2006 to 2012 (or a shorter period if a country was included after 2006) and in the four subindexes (Economic Participation and Opportunity, Educational Attainment, Health and Survival and Political Empowerment), measured by changes in rank and score (on a 0-to-1 scale).
Evolution of scores 2006 - 2012 The second section of this page provides a graph depicting the evolution of the country’s performance across the overall Gender Gap Index and the four subindexes (on a 0-to-1 scale).

ADDITIONAL DATA The last section compiles a selection of internationally available data that provide a more comprehensive overview of the country’s gender gap, and includes social and policy indicators.

These data were not used to calculate the Global Gender Gap Index 2012.
The indicators in this section are displayed in five broad categories: Economic Empowerment, Education, Marriage and Childbearing, Social Institutions and Political Rights and Childcare Ecosystem.

Economic Empowerment • Female and male adult unemployment rates (% of female labour force and male labour force, respectively): Source is the World Bank’s World dataBank, World Development Indicators online database, 2010 or latest available data (accessed June 2012).
• Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural sector): Source is the United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, UN Statistics division, Millennium Development Goals Indicators, 2010 or latest available data (accessed July 2012).

• Inheritance rights of daughters and widows: Source is the OECD’s Gender, Institutions and Development Database 2012 (GID-DB) (accessed July 2012).
The numbers are on a 0-to-1 scale, where 1 is the worst possible score and 0 the best possible score.

• Firms with female participation in ownership (% of firms): Source is the World Bank’s World dataBank, World Development Indicators online database, 2010 or latest available data (accessed June 2012).
• Women’s access to land ownership, Women’s access to credit, Women’s access to property other than land: Source of all these variables is the OECD’s Gender, Institutions and Development Database 2012) (GID-DB) (accessed June 2012).

The numbers are on a 0-to-1 scale, where 1 is the worst possible score and 0 the best possible score.

• Women’s access to finance programmes: Source is the Economist Intelligence Unit, the Women’s Economic Opportunity Index (accessed July 2012).
Part 2: Country Profiles Part 2: Country Profiles Albania OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 91 0.665 63 0.666 76 0.989 133 0.931 105 0.075 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 78 0.675 38 0.713 87 0.981 135 0.927 99 0.078 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 78 0.673 51 0.681 52 0.994 131 0.937 97 0.079 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 91 0.660 63 0.653 73 0.991 122 0.955 125 0.041 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 87 0.659 62 0.649 68 0.991 118 0.955 119 0.041 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 66 0.668 36 0.689 48 0.992 116 0.955 117 0.038 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 61 0.661 38 0.661 58 0.989 110 0.955 105 0.038 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ............16 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force)...................12 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........33 Inheritance rights of daughters2.....................................................0.50 Inheritance rights of widows2 ........................................................0.00 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁ rms) ................11 Women’s access to land ownership2 .............................................0.50 Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................0.50 Women’s access to property other than land2 ................................0.50 Women’s access to ﬁ nance programmes3 ..........................................3 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......5.06 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................82 Female teachers, secondary education (%)
 .......................................62 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................41 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........10 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............11 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................23 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................10 Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................1.50 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............20 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................97 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................99 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ............... 27 [17-43] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............69 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ..........................................— Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ..............................................— Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births).............................................16 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................1.00 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................0.00 Parental authority after divorce2 ....................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation2 .............................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........0.50 Year women received right to vote ................................................1920 Quota type
Quota type ................................................ Legislated candidate quotas Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination.........................................................Yes Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ........................................ 365 calendar days Maternity leave beneﬁ ts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..........................80 prior to birth and for 150 days after birth; 50 for the rest of the leave period Provider of maternity coverage ....................... Social insurance system Length of paternity leave ..................................................................— Paternity leave beneﬁ ts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options ............Public/private day care centres with allowance 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 93 This question assesses three types of programmes: 1) Initiatives to provide financial accounts to women (for example, current accounts, savings accounts and deposit accounts) 2) Outreach efforts aimed at improving women entrepreneurs’ access to credit/ loans/lines of credit, etc.
3) Provision of financial literacy and/or risk-management programmes to women.

The scoring for this indicator is as follows: 1 = None of the three programmes are available.

2 = Only one of the three programmes is available, but it is limited in scope (less than 20% of women in the formal sector have access).
3 = Two of the three programmes are available, but they are modest in scope (about 50% of women in the formal sector have access) or only one of the three programmes is available, but it is reasonably broad in scope (about 70% of women in the formal sector have access).
4 = Two of the three programmes are available, and they are reasonably broad in scope (about 70% of women in the formal sector have access) or women’s access to financial services is already very broad, so these programmes are largely unnecessary.

5 = All three programmes are available, they are comprehensive in scope or women’s access to financial services is already widespread, so these programmes are unnecessary.
The numbers are on a 1-to-5 scale, where 1 is the worst possible score and 5 the best possible score.

• Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership: Source is the World Economic Forum’s The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 89 Part 2: Country Profiles Executive Opinion Survey 2012.

Survey question is as follow: “In your country, to what extent do businesses provide women the same opportunities as men to rise to positions of leadership?
(1 = not at all, women have no opportunities to rise to positions of leadership; 7 = Extensive, women have equal opportunities of leadership)”.

Education • Female teachers, primary education (%), Female teachers, secondary education (%) and Female teachers, tertiary education (%): Source of all these variables is the UNESCO, Institute for Statistics’ Education Statistics online database, 2010 or latest available data (accessed June 2012).
• Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) and Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years): Source of these two variable is the UNESCO, Institute of Statistics’ Education Statistics online database, 2011 or latest available data (accessed June 2012).

Marriage and Childbearing • Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years): Source is the United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, UN Statistics Division, 2008 or latest available data (accessed June 2012).
The singulate mean age at marriage is an estimate of the average number of years lived in the single state among those who marry before age 50.

• Early marriage (% women, aged 15-19): Source is the OECD’s Gender, Institutions and Development Database 2012 (GID-DB) (accessed June 2012).
• Births attended by skilled health personnel (%): Source is the World Health Organization’s Global Health Observatory, Health-related Millennium Development Goals, Maternal Health, 2011 or latest available data (accessed June 2012).

• Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births): Source is the World Health Organization’s Global Health Observatory, Health-related Millennium Development Goals, Maternal Health, 2010 (accessed June 2012).
• Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method): Source is the United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistics Division’s Statistics and Indicators on Women and Men, 2009/2010 or latest available data (accessed June 2012).

• Female HIV prevalence aged 15-49 (%) and Male HIV prevalence, aged 15-49 (%): Source is UNAIDS, unpublished table based on 2010 UNAIDS Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic (provided by the UNAIDS in September 2011).
• Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births): Source is the World Health Organization’s Global Health Observatory, Health-related Millennium Development Goals, Child Mortality, 2010 (accessed June 2012).

• Overall population sex ratio (male/female): Source is the United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, UN Statistics Division, 2011 or latest available data (accessed June 2012).
Social Institutions and Political Rights • Fertility rate (births per woman): Source is the World Health Organization’s Global Health Observatory, World Health Statistics, Demographic and Socioeconomic Statistics, 2010 (accessed June 2012).

• Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged15- 19): Source is the World Health Organization’s Global Health Observatory, Health-related Millennium Development Goals, Maternal health, 2010 or latest available data (accessed June 2012).
• Parental authority in marriage, Parental authority after divorce and Female genital mutilation: Source of all these variables is the OECD’s Gender, Institutions and Development Database 2012 (GID-DB) (accessed July 2012).

The numbers are on a 0-to-1 scale, where 1 is the worst possible score and 0 the best possible score.

Parental authority in marriage refers to legal guardianship of a child during marriage and parental authority after divorce to custody rights over a child after divorce.
• Antenatal care coverage – at least one visit (%): Source • Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence is the World Health Organization’s Global Health Observatory, Health-related Millennium Development Goals, Maternal Health, 2011 or latest available data (accessed June 2012).

against women in case of domestic violence: Source is the OECD’s Gender, Institutions and Development Database 2012 (GID-DB) (accessed July 2012).
The numbers are on a 0-to-1 scale, where 1 is the worst possible score and 0 the best possible score.

90 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 • Year women received right to vote: Source is the United Nations Development Programme’s Human Development Report 2009 (accessed May 2011).

Data refers to the year in which the right to vote or stand for election on a universal and equal basis was recognised.
Where two years are shown, the first refers to the first partial recognition of the right to vote or stand for election.

• Quota type: Source is The International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, The Stockholm University and The Inter-Parliamentarian Union, quotaProject, Global Database of Quotas for women (accessed in July 2012).

(www.quotaproject.org) • Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination: Source is the World Economic Forum’s Survey 2011 and 2012.
Refer to the Appendix for more details.

Childcare Ecosystem • Length of paid maternity leave, Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid in covered period) and provider of maternity coverage: Source is the United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistics Division’s Statistics and Indicators on Women and Men, 2011 (accessed July 2012).

The data presented refers to laws and regulations in force at the time of the compilation of the information (between 2004 and 2009).
Last update was in December 2011.

• Length of paternity leave, Paternity leave benefits and Day care options: Source of these variables is the World Economic Forum’s Survey 2011 and 2012.

Refer to the Appendix for more details.
Part 2: Country Profiles The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 91 Part 2: Country Profiles Albania Gender Gap Index 2012 91 0.665 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 3.22 0.36 6.14 7,658 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............63 0.666 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................80 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................37 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................86 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ........... — Professional and technical workers ..................... — 0.73 0.72 0.53 — — 0.68 0.64 56 76 — — 0.53 6,226 11,656 0.25 0.63 — — — — Educational Attainment .......................................76 0.989 0.932 Literacy rate .........................................................76 Enrolment in primary education ..............................1 Enrolment in secondary education ........................95 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 0.97 1.00 0.97 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 95 80 73 22 97 80 75 14 0.73 0.72 0.53 — — 0.97 1.01 0.97 1.57 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival ...........................................133 0.931 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..........................129 Healthy life expectancy ......................................118 0.90 1.00 0.92 1.04 — — 64 64 0.90 1.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .....................................105 0.075 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................81 Women in ministerial positions
 ...........................113 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............58 0.19 0.07 0.00 0.23 0.19 0.17 16 7 0 84 93 50 0.19 0.07 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 92 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Albania OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 91 0.665 63 0.666 76 0.989 133 0.931 105 0.075 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 78 0.675 38 0.713 87 0.981 135 0.927 99 0.078 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 78 0.673 51 0.681 52 0.994 131 0.937 97 0.079 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 91 0.660 63 0.653 73 0.991 122 0.955 125 0.041 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 87 0.659 62 0.649 68 0.991 118 0.955 119 0.041 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 66 0.668 36 0.689 48 0.992 116 0.955 117 0.038 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 61 0.661 38 0.661 58 0.989 110 0.955 105 0.038 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ............16 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force)...................12 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........33 Inheritance rights of daughters2.....................................................0.50 Inheritance rights of widows2 ........................................................0.00 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................11 Women’s access to land ownership2 .............................................0.50 Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................0.50 Women’s access to property other than land2 ................................0.50 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3
 ..........................................3 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......5.06 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................82 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................62 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................41 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........10 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............11 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................23 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................10 Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................1.50 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............20 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................97 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................99 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ............... 27 [17-43] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............69 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ..........................................— Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ..............................................— Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births).............................................16 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................1.00 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................0.00 Parental authority after divorce2 ....................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation2
 .............................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........0.50 Year women received right to vote ................................................1920 Quota type ................................................ Legislated candidate quotas Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination.........................................................Yes Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ........................................ 365 calendar days Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..........................80 prior to birth and for 150 days after birth; 50 for the rest of the leave period Provider of maternity coverage ....................... Social insurance system Length of paternity leave ..................................................................— Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options ............Public/private day care centres with allowance 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 93 Part 2: Country Profiles Algeria Gender Gap Index 2012 120 0.611 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 35.98 1.47 79.16 7,564 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity ...........131 0.378
 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ..................................120 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ..............109 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) ...................133 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ..........111 Professional and technical workers ......................92 0.47 0.57 0.16 0.05 0.55 0.68 0.64 39 83 — — 0.53 2,390 14,922 0.25 0.63 5 35 95 65 Educational Attainment .....................................103 0.950 0.932 Literacy rate .......................................................118 Enrolment in primary education ..........................111 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 0.79 0.98 1.00 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 64 95 69 37 81 97 65 25 0.47 0.57 0.16 0.05 0.55 0.79 0.98 1.06 1.46 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival ...........................................108 0.966 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ......................................114 0.94 1.02 0.92 1.04 — — 63 62 0.95 1.02 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................57 0.151 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................24 Women in ministerial positions ...........................123 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............58 0.46 0.03 0.00 0.23 0.19 0.17 32 3 0 68 97 50 0.46 0.03 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 94 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Algeria OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 120 0.611 131 0.378 103 0.950 108 0.966 57 0.151 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries)
 121 0.599 124 0.445 96 0.950 107 0.966 124 0.035 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 119 0.605 119 0.467 99 0.953 106 0.966 123 0.035 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 117 0.612 119 0.470 99 0.951 91 0.971 120 0.056 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 111 0.611 115 0.468 96 0.949 86 0.971 115 0.056 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 108 0.607 113 0.464 96 0.942 85 0.971 111 0.049 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 97 0.602 103 0.443 84 0.944 78 0.971 98 0.049 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ............20 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force)...................10 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........15 Inheritance rights of daughters2.....................................................0.50 Inheritance rights of widows2 ........................................................0.50 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................15 Women’s access to land ownership2 .............................................0.00 Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................0.00 Women’s access to property other than land2 ................................0.00 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................2 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......3.45 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................53 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................49 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................38 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........12 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............12 Marriage and
 Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................29 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) .............................................2 Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................2.30 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ................4 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................89 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................95 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ............. 97 [50-180] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............61 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .................................... <0.10 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................0.10 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births).............................................31 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................1.02 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................1.00 Parental authority after divorce2 ....................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation2 .............................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........0.75 Year women received right to vote ................................................1962 Quota type ........................................................................No legislated Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination..........................................................— Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ......................................................14
weeks Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Provider of maternity coverage ...................................... Social security Length of paternity leave ..................................................................— Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options ................................................................................— 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 95 Part 2: Country Profiles Argentina Gender Gap Index 2012 32 0.721 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 40.76 0.87 434.41 14,363 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............92 0.607 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................85 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................91 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................94 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............81 Professional and technical workers ........................1 0.71 0.62 0.49 0.30 1.00 0.68 0.64 58 82 — — 0.53 11,689 23,925 0.25 0.63 23 54 77 46 Educational Attainment .......................................41 0.996 0.932 Literacy rate ...........................................................1 Enrolment in primary education ............................89
 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 1.00 0.99 1.00 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 98 99 87 86 98 100 78 57 0.71 0.62 0.49 0.30 1.18 1.00 0.99 1.11 1.51 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival ...............................................1 0.980 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ..........................................1 0.94 1.06 0.92 1.04 — — 69 64 0.95 1.08 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................24 0.302 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................13 Women in ministerial positions .............................58 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............14 0.60 0.21 0.14 0.23 0.19 0.17 37 18 6 63 82 44 0.60 0.21 0.14 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 96 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Argentina OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 32 0.721 92 0.607 41 0.996 1 0.980 24 0.302 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 28 0.724 84 0.612 51 0.994 1 0.980 20 0.308 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 29 0.719 87 0.602 47 0.995 1 0.980 20 0.298 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 24 0.721 89 0.603 57 0.994 1 0.980 14 0.308 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 24 0.721 80 0.607 57 0.994 1 0.980 15 0.303 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 33 0.698 75 0.613 33 0.996 1 0.980 25 0.204 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 41 0.683 82 0.551 29 0.997 1 0.980 23 0.204 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment
 Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ............10 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................8 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) .........45 Inheritance rights of daughters2.....................................................0.00 Inheritance rights of widows2 ........................................................0.00 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................38 Women’s access to land ownership2 .............................................0.00 Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................0.00 Women’s access to property other than land2 ................................0.00 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................1 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......4.13 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................87 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................68 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................49 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........13 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............12 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................25 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................11 Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................2.20 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............65 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................91 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................98 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ............... 77 [67-87] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%,
 any method) .............65 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................0.30 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................0.60 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births).............................................12 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................0.96 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................0.00 Parental authority after divorce2 ....................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation2 .............................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........0.25 Year women received right to vote ................................................1947 Quota type ................................................ Legislated candidate quotas Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination..........................................................— Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave .........................................................90 days Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 plus means-tested birth grant paid in lump sum Provider of maternity coverage .........................Family allowance funds (ﬁnanced through state/employer contributions) Length of paternity leave ..................................................................— Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options ................................................................................— 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7
 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 97 Part 2: Country Profiles Armenia Gender Gap Index 2012 92 0.664 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 3.10 0.23 4.10 4,901 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............76 0.645 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................49 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................52 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) ...................108 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............77 Professional and technical workers ........................1 0.84 0.69 0.44 0.31 1.00 0.68 0.64 69 83 — — 0.53 3,642 8,341 0.25 0.63 24 65 76 35 Educational Attainment .......................................25 0.999 0.932 Literacy rate .........................................................55 Enrolment in primary education ..............................1 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 99 88 88 58 100 86 85 45 0.84 0.69 0.44 0.31 1.88 1.00 1.03 1.03 1.28 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival ...........................................130 0.944 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..........................131 Healthy life expectancy
 ..........................................1 0.89 1.06 0.92 1.04 — — 63 59 0.89 1.07 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .....................................114 0.066 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ..........................................104 Women in ministerial positions .............................93 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............58 0.12 0.12 0.00 0.23 0.19 0.17 11 11 0 89 89 50 0.12 0.12 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 98 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Armenia OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 92 0.664 76 0.645 25 0.999 130 0.944 114 0.066 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 84 0.665 62 0.658 27 0.999 131 0.942 108 0.062 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 84 0.667 59 0.669 26 0.999 130 0.937 106 0.062 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 90 0.662 56 0.671 29 0.999 133 0.933 123 0.044 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 78 0.668 36 0.697 29 0.999 130 0.928 118 0.047 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 71 0.665 24 0.721 24 0.999 128 0.923 125 0.017 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) — — — — — — — — — — Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ............35 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force)...................22 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) .........43 Inheritance rights of daughters2.....................................................0.00 Inheritance rights of widows2 ........................................................0.00 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................32 Women’s access to land ownership2
 .............................................0.50 Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................0.50 Women’s access to property other than land2 ................................0.50 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................1 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......4.70 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) .........................................100 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................84 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................56 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........10 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) .................9 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................23 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) .............................................7 Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................1.70 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............27 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................99 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ..............................100 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ............... 30 [20-46] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............53 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................0.10 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................0.10 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births).............................................18 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................0.87 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental
 authority in marriage2 ......................................................0.00 Parental authority after divorce2 ....................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation2 .............................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........0.75 Year women received right to vote ................................................1918 Quota type ................................................ Legislated candidate quotas Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination.........................................................Yes Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave .......................................................140 days Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Provider of maternity coverage ................................... Social insurance Length of paternity leave ..................................................................— Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options .................................Public and private kindergartens; public daycare centres; family beneﬁt system based on family vulnerability 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 99 Part 2: Country Profiles Australia Gender Gap Index 2012 25 0.729 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 =
 inequality 1.00 = equality Education 22.62 1.57 563.05 34,411 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............22 0.759 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................44 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................68 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................11 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............25 Professional and technical workers ........................1 0.85 0.65 0.82 0.58 1.00 0.68 0.64 70 83 — — 0.53 32,806 40,000 0.25 0.63 37 54 63 46 Educational Attainment .........................................1 1.000 0.932 Literacy rate ...........................................................1 Enrolment in primary education ..............................1 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 99 97 86 92 99 97 85 68 0.85 0.65 0.82 0.58 1.16 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.35 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival .............................................73 0.974 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ............................93 Healthy life expectancy ........................................82 0.94 1.04 0.92 1.04 — — 75 72 0.94 1.04 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................42 0.185 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................38 Women in ministerial positions .............................48 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............32 0.33 0.26 0.04 0.23 0.19 0.17 25 21 2 75 79 48 0.33 0.26 0.04 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 100 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Australia
 OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 25 0.729 22 0.759 1 1.000 73 0.974 42 0.185 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 23 0.729 18 0.756 1 1.000 74 0.974 38 0.186 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 23 0.727 24 0.743 1 1.000 73 0.974 39 0.192 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 20 0.728 19 0.748 1 1.000 78 0.974 39 0.191 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 21 0.724 22 0.731 1 1.000 73 0.974 37 0.191 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 17 0.720 12 0.744 1 1.000 71 0.974 35 0.163 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 15 0.716 12 0.726 1 1.000 57 0.976 32 0.163 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ..............5 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................5 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) .........47 Inheritance rights of daughters2........................................................— Inheritance rights of widows2 ...........................................................— Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................— Women’s access to land ownership2 ................................................— Women’s access to credit2 ...............................................................— Women’s access to property other than land2 ...................................— Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................5 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......4.99 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................— Female teachers, secondary education (%)
 .......................................— Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................— Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........15 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............15 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................30 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................— Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................1.90 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............17 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................98 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................99 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ................... 7 [4-12] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............71 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................0.10 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................0.20 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births)...............................................4 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................0.99 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 .........................................................— Parental authority after divorce2 .......................................................— Female genital mutilation2 ................................................................— Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ..............— Year women received right to vote ......................................1902, 1962 Quota type
1962 Quota type ........................................................................No legislated Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination.........................................................Yes Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ......................................................18 weeks Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..................
Lump sum payment for each child Provider of maternity coverage ............. State social assistance system Length of paternity leave ........................................................ 3 weeks, concurrent to mother’s leave Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) .................. Industrial instrument entitlement for paid paternity leave: 100% of pre birth earnings Daycare options ...........................................Public and private daycare with allowance, homecare with allowance 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 101 Part 2: Country Profiles Austria Gender Gap Index 2012 20 0.739 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 8.42 0.29 223.95 35,379 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............70 0.652 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................45 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................99 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................58 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............66 Professional and technical workers ......................74 0.84 0.59 0.62 0.39 0.87 0.68 0.64 68 81 — — 0.53 24,671 40,000 0.25 0.63 28 47 72 53 Educational Attainment .......................................49 0.995 0.932 Literacy rate ...........................................................1 Enrolment in primary education
 ..............................1 Enrolment in secondary education ........................94 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 1.00 1.00 0.98 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 99 91 89 65 99 90 91 55 0.84 0.59 0.62 0.39 0.87 1.00 1.01 0.98 1.18 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival .............................................50 0.979 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ........................................58 0.94 1.06 0.92 1.04 — — 74 70 0.95 1.06 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................18 0.332 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................31 Women in ministerial positions ...............................6 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............56 0.39 0.86 0.00 0.23 0.19 0.17 28 46 0 72 54 50 0.39 0.86 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 102 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Austria OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 20 0.739 70 0.652 49 0.995 50 0.979 18 0.332 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 34 0.717 77 0.624 76 0.989 46 0.979 27 0.274 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 37 0.709 92 0.595 75 0.989 44 0.979 26 0.274 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 42 0.703 102 0.570 78 0.989 1 0.980 23 0.274 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 29 0.715 84 0.587 76 0.989 1 0.980 14 0.306 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 27 0.706 89 0.582 77 0.980 1 0.980 15 0.282 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 27 0.699 81 0.553 68 0.980 1 0.980 14 0.282 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic
 Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ..............4 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................5 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) .........48 Inheritance rights of daughters2........................................................— Inheritance rights of widows2 ...........................................................— Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................— Women’s access to land ownership2 ................................................— Women’s access to credit2 ...............................................................— Women’s access to property other than land2 ...................................— Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................5 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......4.67 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................90 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................63 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................33 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........12 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............12 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................27 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................— Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................1.40 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............10 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................— Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................99 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ..................... 4 [3-7] Contraceptive prevalence,
 married women (%, any method) .............51 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................0.20 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................0.40 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births)...............................................4 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................0.95 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 .........................................................— Parental authority after divorce2 .......................................................— Female genital mutilation2 ................................................................— Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ..............— Year women received right to vote ................................................1918 Quota type ........................................................................No legislated Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination.........................................................Yes Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ......................................................16 weeks Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Provider of maternity coverage ................... Statutory health insurance, family burden equalization fund, or employer Length of paternity leave ..................................................................No Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options ...........................................Public and private daycare with allowance, homecare assistance with ﬂat-rate allowances 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1
 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 103 Part 2: Country Profiles Azerbaijan Gender Gap Index 2012 99 0.655 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 9.17 1.19 21.23 8,913 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............74 0.649 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................16 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................41 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................88 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ..........108 Professional and technical workers ........................1 0.91 0.71 0.52 0.08 1.00 0.68 0.64 65 71 — — 0.53 6,974 13,361 0.25 0.63 7 54 93 46 Educational Attainment .......................................84 0.983 0.932 Literacy rate .........................................................49 Enrolment in primary education ..........................103 Enrolment in secondary education ......................100 Enrolment in tertiary education .............................93 1.00 0.99 0.97 0.98 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 100 100 84 78 19 85 81 19 0.91 0.71 0.52 0.08 1.17 1.00 0.99 0.97 0.98 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival ...........................................135 0.920 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..........................135 Healthy life
 expectancy ......................................112 0.88 1.02 0.92 1.04 — — 60 59 0.88 1.02 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .....................................113 0.066 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................79 Women in ministerial positions ...........................124 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............58 0.19 0.03 0.00 0.23 0.19 0.17 16 3 0 84 97 50 0.19 0.03 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 104 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Azerbaijan OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 99 0.655 74 0.649 84 0.983 135 0.920 113 0.066 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 91 0.658 70 0.642 73 0.989 132 0.933 103 0.066 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 100 0.645 73 0.635 93 0.967 134 0.929 113 0.047 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 89 0.663 47 0.686 94 0.970 132 0.937 119 0.058 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 61 0.686 4 0.786 91 0.967 129 0.931 114 0.058 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 59 0.678 19 0.732 82 0.971 127 0.926 85 0.083 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) — — — — — — — — — — Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ..............7 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................5 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) .........44 Inheritance rights of daughters2.....................................................0.50 Inheritance rights of widows2 ........................................................0.50 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................11
 Women’s access to land ownership2 .............................................0.50 Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................0.50 Women’s access to property other than land2 ................................0.50 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................1 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......5.08 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................88 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................66 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................52 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........10 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............11 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................23 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................11 Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................2.20 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............41 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................77 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................88 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ............... 43 [27-67] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............51 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................0.10 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................0.10 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births).............................................39 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................0.98 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social
 Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................0.00 Parental authority after divorce2 ....................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation2 .............................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........0.25 Year women received right to vote ................................................1918 Quota type ........................................................................................— Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination.........................................................Yes Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ........................................ 126 calendar days Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Provider of maternity coverage ................................... Social insurance Length of paternity leave ............................................. 14 days, unpaid Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) .......................................
Unpaid Daycare options ...........................................Public and private daycare assistance, homecare assistance with allowance 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 105 Part 2: Country Profiles Bahamas Gender Gap Index 2012 37 0.716 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 0.35 1.33 6.73 28,476 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity ...............2 0.836 0.599 Labour force participation ....................................22 0.90 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ............... — Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................38 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ..............7 Professional and technical workers ........................1 — 0.67 0.86 1.00 0.68 0.64 — — 0.53 25,969 38,705 0.25 0.63 46 63 54 37 74 83 0.90 Female-to-male ratio — 0.67 0.86 1.70 1.02 1.06 1.07 2.71 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Educational Attainment .........................................1 1.000 0.932 Literacy rate ...........................................................1 Enrolment in primary education ..............................1 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 97 100 88 22 95 94 82 8 Health and Survival
 ...............................................1 0.980 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ..........................................1 0.94 1.06 0.92 1.04 — — 68 63 0.97 1.08 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .....................................122 0.047 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................90 Women in ministerial positions ...........................125 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............58 0.15 0.00 0.00 0.23 0.19 0.17 13 0 0 87 100 50 0.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 106 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Bahamas OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 37 0.716 2 0.836 1 1.000 1 0.980 122 0.047 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) — — — — — — — — Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) — — — — — — — — Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) — — — — — — — — — — — — — — Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ............14 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force)...................14 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........50 Inheritance rights of daughters2........................................................— Inheritance rights of widows2
 ...........................................................— Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................58 Women’s access to land ownership2 ................................................— Women’s access to credit2 ...............................................................— Women’s access to property other than land2 ...................................— Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ........................................— Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 ..........— Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................92 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................76 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................— Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........13 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............12 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................27 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................— Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................1.90 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............39 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................98 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................99 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ............... 47 [28-75] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............62 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................3.70 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................2.40 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births).............................................14 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)
 .....................................0.96 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 .........................................................— Parental authority after divorce2 .......................................................— Female genital mutilation2 ................................................................— Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ..............— Year women received right to vote ......................................1961, 1964 Quota type ........................................................................................— Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination.........................................................Yes Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ......................................................12 weeks Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Provider of maternity coverage .........National Insurance Board (2/3) and employer (1/3) Length of paternity leave ..................................................................— Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered) ......................— Daycare options .................................... Public daycare with allowance, private daycare without allowance 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 107 Part 2: Country Profiles Bahrain Gender Gap Index 2012 111 0.630 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators
 Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 1.32 7.59 13.16 23,755 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity ...........118 0.497 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ..................................124 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................38 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................71 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............82 Professional and technical workers ....................109 0.39 0.71 0.58 0.29 0.22 0.68 0.64 34 86 — — 0.53 16,289 28,115 0.25 0.63 22 18 78 82 Educational Attainment .......................................47 0.995 0.932 Literacy rate .........................................................77 Enrolment in primary education ..............................1 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 0.97 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 90 98 97 28 93 98 92 16 0.39 0.71 0.58 0.29 0.22 0.97 1.00 1.06 1.78 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival ...........................................111 0.961 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ......................................118 0.94 1.00 0.92 1.04 — — 66 66 0.97 1.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .....................................112 0.067 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ..........................................108 Women in ministerial positions .............................86 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............58 0.11 0.13 0.00 0.23 0.19 0.17 10 12 0 90 88 50 0.11 0.13 0.00 0.00
 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 108 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Bahrain OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 111 0.630 118 0.497 47 0.995 111 0.961 112 0.067 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 110 0.623 115 0.508 81 0.986 111 0.961 122 0.038 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 110 0.622 115 0.497 60 0.991 110 0.961 120 0.038 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 116 0.614 118 0.483 69 0.991 116 0.961 131 0.019 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 121 0.593 126 0.399 66 0.992 112 0.961 127 0.019 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 115 0.593 124 0.390 59 0.989 110 0.961 121 0.031 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 102 0.589 111 0.383 54 0.989 104 0.962 110 0.024 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ............20 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................6 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........10 Inheritance rights of daughters2.....................................................1.00 Inheritance rights of widows2 ........................................................1.00 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................— Women’s access to land ownership2 .............................................0.00 Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................0.00 Women’s access to property other than land2 ................................0.00 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................3 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......4.95 Education Female teachers,
 primary education (%) ...........................................76 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................54 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................33 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........13 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............13 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................26 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) .............................................4 Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................2.50 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............13 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) ...............................100 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................97 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ............... 20 [12-32] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............62 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ..........................................— Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ..............................................— Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births)...............................................9 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................1.67 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................1.00 Parental authority after divorce2 ....................................................1.00 Female genital mutilation2 .............................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........1.00 Year women received
 right to vote ......................................1973, 2002 Quota type ........................................................................................— Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination..........................................................— Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave .........................................................45 days Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Provider of maternity coverage ...................................... Social security Length of paternity leave ..................................................................— Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options ................................................................................— 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 109 Part 2: Country Profiles Bangladesh Gender Gap Index 2012 86 0.668 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 150.49 1.12 82.98 1,488 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity ...........121 0.480 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................82 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ..............115 Estimated earned income (PPP US$)
 .....................90 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ..........102 Professional and technical workers ....................104 0.73 0.55 0.52 0.11 0.28 0.68 0.64 62 85 — — 0.53 1,214 2,349 0.25 0.63 10 22 90 78 Educational Attainment .....................................118 0.858 0.932 Literacy rate .......................................................109 Enrolment in primary education ..........................128 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ...........................119 0.85 0.85 1.00 0.61 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 52 67 50 8 61 78 45 13 0.73 0.55 0.52 0.11 0.28 0.85 0.85 1.13 0.61 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival ...........................................123 0.956 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ......................................131 0.94 0.98 0.92 1.04 — — 55 56 0.96 0.98 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .........................................8 0.380 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................65 Women in ministerial positions .............................70 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................4 0.25 0.17 0.59 0.23 0.19 0.17 20 14 19 80 86 31 0.25 0.17 0.59 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 110 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Bangladesh OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 86 0.668 121 0.480 118 0.858 123 0.956 8 0.380 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 69 0.681 118 0.493 108 0.917 123 0.956 11 0.359 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 82 0.670 117 0.473 108 0.914 122 0.956 12 0.338 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)
 93 0.653 121 0.455 105 0.911 127 0.950 17 0.294 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 90 0.653 119 0.444 104 0.909 124 0.950 13 0.310 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 100 0.631 116 0.437 105 0.871 122 0.950 17 0.267 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 91 0.627 107 0.423 95 0.868 113 0.950 17 0.267 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ..............7 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................4 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) .........20 Inheritance rights of daughters2.....................................................0.50 Inheritance rights of widows2 ........................................................0.50 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................16 Women’s access to land ownership2 .............................................0.50 Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................0.50 Women’s access to property other than land2 ................................0.50 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................3 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......4.02 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................49 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................20 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................20 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........— Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............— Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................19 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................48 Fertility rate (births
 per woman) .....................................................2.20 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ............133 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................54 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................27 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ......... 240 [140-410] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............56 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .................................... <0.10 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ........................................ <0.10 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births).............................................38 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................1.02 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................1.00 Parental authority after divorce2 ....................................................1.00 Female genital mutilation2 .............................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........0.25 Year women received right to vote ......................................1935, 1972 Quota type ....................................................................
Reserved seats Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination..........................................................— Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ......................................................16 weeks Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Provider of maternity coverage ..............................................
Employer Length of paternity leave ..................................................................— Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options ................................................................................— 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 111 Part 2: Country Profiles Barbados Gender Gap Index 2012 27 0.723 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 0.27 0.21 2.52 17,564 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............11 0.791 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................23 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................19 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................48 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ..............9 Professional and technical workers ........................1 0.90 0.75 0.65 0.77 1.00 0.68 0.64 76 85 — — 0.53 15,153 23,454 0.25 0.63 43 52 57 48 Educational Attainment .........................................1 1.000 0.932 Literacy rate ...........................................................1 Enrolment in primary education ..............................1 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 99 97 88 95 99 90 81 40 0.90 0.75
 0.65 0.77 1.09 1.00 1.09 1.08 2.38 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival ...............................................1 0.980 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ..........................................1 0.94 1.06 0.92 1.04 — — 69 65 0.99 1.06 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................79 0.123 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ..........................................108 Women in ministerial positions .............................83 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............16 0.11 0.13 0.12 0.23 0.19 0.17 10 12 6 90 88 44 0.11 0.13 0.12 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 112 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Barbados OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 27 0.723 11 0.791 1 1.000 1 0.980 79 0.123 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 26 0.719 9 0.771 44 0.996 1 0.980 62 0.129 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) — — — — — — — — Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) — — — — — — — — — — — — Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ..............9 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................7 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment)
 .........51 Inheritance rights of daughters2........................................................— Inheritance rights of widows2 ...........................................................— Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................— Women’s access to land ownership2 ................................................— Women’s access to credit2 ...............................................................— Women’s access to property other than land2 ...................................— Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ........................................— Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......5.55 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................78 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................59 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................49 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........12 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............12 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................32 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................— Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................1.60 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............51 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) ...............................100 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ..............................100 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ............. 51 [19-140] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............55 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................1.10 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................1.70 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1
 per 1,000 live births).............................................17 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................0.98 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 .........................................................— Parental authority after divorce2 .......................................................— Female genital mutilation2 ................................................................— Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ....................................................................— Year women received right to vote ................................................1950 Quota type ........................................................................................— Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination.........................................................Yes Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ......................................................12 weeks Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ........100 Provider of maternity coverage .................... National insurance system Length of paternity leave ..................................................................No Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ...........— Daycare options ................................................................................— 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 113 Part 2: Country Profiles Belgium Gender Gap
 Index 2012 12 0.765 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 11.01 0.92 266.91 32,808 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............36 0.724 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................52 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................55 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................24 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............42 Professional and technical workers ......................65 0.83 0.68 0.72 0.49 0.96 0.68 0.64 61 73 — — 0.53 28,981 40,000 0.25 0.63 33 49 67 51 Educational Attainment .......................................67 0.992 0.932 Literacy rate ...........................................................1 Enrolment in primary education ..............................1 Enrolment in secondary education ......................101 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 1.00 1.00 0.96 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 99 99 87 75 99 99 90 60 0.83 0.68 0.72 0.49 0.96 1.00 1.00 0.96 1.25 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival .............................................50 0.979 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ........................................58 0.94 1.06 0.92 1.04 — — 74 70 0.96 1.06 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................10 0.366 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................12 Women in ministerial positions .............................10 Years
 with female head of state (last 50) ..............58 0.61 0.71 0.00 0.23 0.19 0.17 38 42 0 62 58 50 0.61 0.71 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 114 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Belgium OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 12 0.765 36 0.724 67 0.992 50 0.979 10 0.366 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 13 0.753 36 0.719 63 0.991 46 0.979 17 0.324 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 14 0.751 39 0.710 62 0.991 44 0.979 16 0.324 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 33 0.717 64 0.653 71 0.991 55 0.979 29 0.243 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 28 0.716 60 0.652 67 0.991 52 0.979 27 0.243 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 19 0.720 46 0.668 1 1.000 50 0.979 20 0.232 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 20 0.708 54 0.620 1 1.000 1 0.980 19 0.232 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ..............9 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................8 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) .........47 Inheritance rights of daughters2........................................................— Inheritance rights of widows2 ...........................................................— Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................— Women’s access to land ownership2 ................................................— Women’s access to credit2 ...............................................................— Women’s access to property other than land2 ...................................— Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................5 Ability of women to
Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......4.95 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................81 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................59 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................43 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........13 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............13 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................30 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................— Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................1.80 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............11 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................— Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................99 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ................... 8 [5-12] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............75 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................0.10 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................0.30 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births)...............................................4 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................0.96 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 .........................................................— Parental authority after divorce2 .......................................................— Female genital mutilation2 ................................................................— Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in
 case of domestic violence2 ..............— Year women received right to vote ......................................1919, 1948 Quota type ................................................ Legislated candidate quotas Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination.........................................................Yes Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ......................................................15 weeks Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ......... 82 for ﬁrst 30 days, 75 for remaining period up to a ceiling Provider of maternity coverage ...................................... Social security Length of paternity leave ........................................................ 2 weeks, within 4 months after child’s birth; not mandatory; not applicable to independent male workers Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............. 100 for the ﬁrst 3 days, 82 thereafter up to a ceiling Daycare options .................................... Public daycare with allowance, private daycare with and without allowance 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 115 Part 2: Country Profiles Belize Gender Gap Index 2012 102 0.646 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 0.36 3.39 1.22 5,983 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity
 .............77 0.641 0.599 Labour force participation ..................................102 0.60 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ............... — Estimated earned income (PPP US$) ...................106 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............12 Professional and technical workers ......................60 — 0.44 0.70 0.99 0.68 0.64 — — 0.53 4,157 9,358 0.25 0.63 41 50 59 50 50 83 0.60 Female-to-male ratio — 0.44 0.70 0.99 1.00 0.90 1.02 1.57 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Educational Attainment .....................................100 0.955 0.932 Literacy rate ...........................................................1 Enrolment in primary education ..........................125 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 1.00 0.90 1.00 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 70 88 65 26 70 98 64 17 Health and Survival ...............................................1 0.980 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ..........................................1 0.94 1.06 0.92 1.04 — — 63 57 0.95 1.11 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .....................................131 0.010 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ..........................................125 Women in ministerial positions ...........................125 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............58 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.23 0.19 0.17 3 0 0 97 100 50 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 116 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Belize OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 102 0.646 77 0.641 100 0.955 1 0.980 131 0.010 Gender Gap
 Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 100 0.649 81 0.616 1 1.000 1 0.980 132 0.000 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 93 0.654 72 0.636 32 0.999 1 0.980 131 0.000 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 87 0.664 79 0.622 35 0.998 1 0.980 121 0.055 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 86 0.661 79 0.609 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 94 0.643 96 0.552 1 1.000 1 1.000 1 0.980 116 0.055 1 0.980 114 0.039 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) — — — — — — — — — — Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ............13 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................6 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) .........38 Inheritance rights of daughters2........................................................— Inheritance rights of widows2 ...........................................................— Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................— Women’s access to land ownership2 ................................................— Women’s access to credit2 ...............................................................— Women’s access to property other than land2 ...................................— Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ........................................— Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 ..........— Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................73 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................60 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................— Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........11 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............12 Marriage and Childbearing
 Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................21 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................— Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................2.80 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............91 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................93 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................88 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ............... 53 [33-88] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............34 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................2.80 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................1.90 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births).............................................14 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................0.97 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 .........................................................— Parental authority after divorce2 .......................................................— Female genital mutilation2 ................................................................— Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ..............— Year women received right to vote ................................................1954 Quota type ........................................................................................— Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination..........................................................— Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ......................................................14 weeks Maternity
weeks Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Provider of maternity coverage ...................................... Social security or employer (if not entitled to receive beneﬁts from social security) Length of paternity leave ..................................................................— Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options ................................................................................— 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 117 Part 2: Country Profiles Benin Gender Gap Index 2012 117 0.626 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 9.10 2.84 3.34 1,424 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............23 0.759 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................31 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................26 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................40 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ........... — Professional and technical workers ..................... — 0.88 0.75 0.67 — — 0.68 0.64 69 78 — — 0.53 1,306 1,958 0.25 0.63 — — — — Educational Attainment .....................................134 0.645 0.932 Literacy rate .......................................................133 Enrolment in primary
 education ..........................129 Enrolment in secondary education ......................132 Enrolment in tertiary education ...........................132 0.55 0.84 0.47 0.38 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 30 81 13 6 55 97 27 15 0.88 0.75 0.67 — — 0.55 0.84 0.47 0.38 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival ...........................................111 0.961 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ......................................118 0.94 1.00 0.92 1.04 — — 50 50 0.95 1.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................69 0.138 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ..........................................115 Women in ministerial positions .............................22 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............58 0.09 0.44 0.00 0.23 0.19 0.17 8 31 0 92 69 50 0.09 0.44 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 118 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Benin OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 117 0.626 23 0.759 134 0.645 111 0.961 69 0.138 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 128 0.583 67 0.649 133 0.656 111 0.961 104 0.066 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 128 0.572 85 0.605 133 0.646 110 0.961 100 0.076 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 131 0.564 110 0.546 132 0.627 70 0.975 79 0.108 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 126 0.558 105 0.516 128 0.633 67 0.975 75 0.108 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 123 0.566 102 0.543 125 0.658 65 0.975 81 0.086 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 110 0.578 55 0.618 113 0.643 86 0.969 76 0.082 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data
 Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ..............0 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................1 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) .........24 Inheritance rights of daughters2.....................................................0.50 Inheritance rights of widows2 ........................................................1.00 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................44 Women’s access to land ownership2 .............................................1.00 Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................1.00 Women’s access to property other than land2 ................................1.00 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................1 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......4.78 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................19 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................12 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ..............................................8 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) .............7 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............11 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................21 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................22 Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................5.30 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ............114 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................84 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................74 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ......... 350 [220-600] Contraceptive prevalence,
 married women (%, any method) .............17 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................1.40 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................0.90 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births).............................................73 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................0.97 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................0.50 Parental authority after divorce2 ....................................................0.50 Female genital mutilation2 .............................................................0.13 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........0.50 Year women received right to vote ................................................1956 Quota type ........................................................................................— Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination..........................................................— Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ......................................................14 weeks Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Provider of maternity coverage ................................ Social security (½) and employer (½) Length of paternity leave ..................................................................— Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options ................................................................................— 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1
 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 119 Part 2: Country Profiles Bolivia Gender Gap Index 2012 30 0.722 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 10.09 1.59 12.24 4,350 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............79 0.637 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................67 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ..............121 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................12 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............63 Professional and technical workers ......................88 0.77 0.52 0.81 0.41 0.68 0.68 0.64 64 83 — — 0.53 4,598 5,664 0.25 0.63 29 40 71 60 Educational Attainment .......................................98 0.963 0.932 Literacy rate .........................................................99 Enrolment in primary education ..............................1 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ...........................104 0.91 1.00 1.00 0.84 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 87 95 69 35 96 94 68 42 0.77 0.52 0.81 0.41 0.68 0.91 1.01 1.02 0.84 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival .............................................84 0.972 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy
 ........................................90 0.94 1.04 0.92 1.04 — — 59 57 0.95 1.04 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................20 0.317 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................35 Women in ministerial positions ...............................8 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............46 0.34 0.83 0.01 0.23 0.19 0.17 25 45 1 75 55 49 0.34 0.83 0.01 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 120 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Bolivia OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 30 0.722 79 0.637 98 0.963 84 0.972 20 0.317 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 62 0.686 72 0.635 95 0.965 84 0.972 45 0.173 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 76 0.675 91 0.596 97 0.959 82 0.972 46 0.173 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 82 0.669 94 0.591 91 0.975 112 0.967 56 0.145 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 80 0.667 88 0.584 90 0.971 108 0.967 51 0.145 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 80 0.657 77 0.607 85 0.968 107 0.967 79 0.087 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 87 0.634 77 0.559 89 0.917 79 0.970 71 0.087 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ..............6 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................5 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) .........37 Inheritance rights of daughters2.....................................................0.00 Inheritance rights of widows2 ........................................................0.00 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................41 Women’s access
 to land ownership2 .............................................0.50 Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................0.50 Women’s access to property other than land2 ................................0.50 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................2 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......3.68 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................61 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................53 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................29 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........11 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............11 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................23 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................15 Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................3.30 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............89 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................86 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................71 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ......... 190 [130-290] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............61 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................0.10 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................0.30 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births).............................................42 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................1.00 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and
 Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................0.00 Parental authority after divorce2 ....................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation2 .............................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........0.25 Year women received right to vote ......................................1938, 1952 Quota type ................................................ Legislated candidate quotas Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination..........................................................— Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ......................................................12 weeks Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................75 Provider of maternity coverage ................................... Social insurance Length of paternity leave ..................................................................— Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options ................................................................................— 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 121 Part 2: Country Profiles Botswana Gender Gap Index 2012 77 0.674 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 2.03 1.27
 8.41 12,462 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............45 0.708 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................12 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................24 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................97 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............55 Professional and technical workers ........................1 0.92 0.75 0.48 0.44 1.00 0.68 0.64 76 82 — — 0.53 9,509 19,897 0.25 0.63 30 55 70 45 Educational Attainment .........................................1 1.000 0.932 Literacy rate ...........................................................1 Enrolment in primary education ..............................1 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 85 88 65 8 84 87 57 7 0.92 0.75 0.48 0.44 1.24 1.01 1.01 1.15 1.15 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival ...........................................125 0.955 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ......................................133 0.94 0.98 0.92 1.04 — — 48 49 0.97 0.98 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .....................................124 0.035 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ..........................................118 0.09 Women in ministerial positions ............................ — — Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............58 0.00 0.23 0.19 0.17 8 92 0.09 — — — 0 50 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 122 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Botswana OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND
 SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 77 0.674 45 0.708 1 1.000 125 0.955 124 0.035 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 66 0.683 37 0.719 1 1.000 126 0.955 111 0.060 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 62 0.688 29 0.736 1 1.000 125 0.955 108 0.060 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 39 0.707 22 0.742 27 1.000 124 0.953 66 0.134 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 63 0.684 61 0.649 26 1.000 120 0.953 61 0.134 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 53 0.680 63 0.640 30 0.998 118 0.953 53 0.129 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 34 0.690 23 0.693 67 0.981 109 0.956 47 0.129 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ............20 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force)...................15 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) .........41 Inheritance rights of daughters2.....................................................0.50 Inheritance rights of widows2 ........................................................0.50 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................55 Women’s access to land ownership2 .............................................0.50 Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................0.50 Women’s access to property other than land2 ................................0.50 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................3 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......5.16 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................76 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................50 Female teachers, tertiary education (%)
 ............................................37 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........12 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............12 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................27 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) .............................................5 Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................2.80 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............51 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................94 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................95 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ........... 160 [81-260] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............44 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .....................................29.20 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .........................................20.60 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births).............................................36 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................1.02 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................0.50 Parental authority after divorce2 ....................................................0.50 Female genital mutilation2 .............................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........0.25 Year women received right to vote ................................................1965 Quota type ........................................................................No legislated Existence of legislation
 prohibiting gender-based discrimination.........................................................Yes Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ......................................................12 weeks Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................50 Provider of maternity coverage ..............................................
Employer Length of paternity leave ..................................................................No Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options ............................................................
Private daycare assistance with and without allowance 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 123 Part 2: Country Profiles Brazil Gender Gap Index 2012 62 0.691 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 196.66 0.88 916.13 10,056 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............73 0.650 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................72 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ..............120 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................64 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............30 Professional and technical workers ........................1 0.75 0.52 0.61 0.56 1.00 0.68 0.64 64 85 — — 0.53 8,883 14,648 0.25 0.63 36 52 64 48 Educational Attainment .........................................1 1.000 0.932 Literacy rate ...........................................................1 Enrolment in primary education ..............................1 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 90 95 85 29 90 94 78 22 0.75 0.52 0.61 0.56 1.09 1.00 1.02 1.10 1.29 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival ...............................................1 0.980 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth
 (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ..........................................1 0.94 1.06 0.92 1.04 — — 66 62 0.95 1.06 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................72 0.134 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ..........................................113 Women in ministerial positions .............................34 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............37 0.09 0.37 0.03 0.23 0.19 0.17 9 27 1 91 73 49 0.09 0.37 0.03 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 124 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Brazil OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 62 0.691 73 0.650 1 1.000 1 0.980 72 0.134 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 82 0.668 68 0.649 66 0.990 1 0.980 114 0.053 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 85 0.665 66 0.643 63 0.990 1 0.980 112 0.049 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 81 0.670 75 0.637 32 0.999 1 0.980 114 0.063 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 73 0.674 59 0.653 1 1.000 1 0.980 110 0.063 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 74 0.664 62 0.645 84 0.969 1 0.980 96 0.062 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 67 0.654 63 0.604 74 0.972 1 0.980 86 0.061 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ............11 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................6 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) .........42 Inheritance rights of daughters2.....................................................0.00 Inheritance rights of widows2 ........................................................0.50 Firms with
Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................59 Women’s access to land ownership2 .............................................0.50 Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................0.50 Women’s access to property other than land2 ................................0.50 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................2 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......4.19 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................91 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................67 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................45 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........13 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............13 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................23 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................17 Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................1.80 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............77 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................97 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................99 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ............... 56 [36-85] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............80 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ..........................................— Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ..............................................— Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births).............................................17 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................0.97 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and
 Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................0.00 Parental authority after divorce2 ....................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation2 .............................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........0.00 Year women received right to vote ................................................1932 Quota type ................................................ Legislated candidate quotas Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination.........................................................Yes Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave .......................................................120 days Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Provider of maternity coverage ................................... Social insurance Length of paternity leave ............................................................5 days Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Daycare options ...........................................Public and private daycare assistance with and without allowance 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 125 Part 2: Country Profiles Brunei Darussalam Gender Gap Index 2012 75 0.675 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP
 (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 0.41 1.79 6.70 45,156 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............30 0.740 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................61 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................23 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .......................7 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............35 Professional and technical workers ......................90 0.80 0.75 0.90 0.54 0.58 0.68 0.64 62 78 — — 0.53 35,963 40,000 0.25 0.63 35 37 65 63 Educational Attainment .......................................56 0.994 0.932 Literacy rate .........................................................81 Enrolment in primary education ..............................1 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 0.97 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 94 100 99 22 97 97 95 12 0.80 0.75 0.90 0.54 0.58 0.97 1.03 1.04 1.79 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival ...........................................109 0.966 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ......................................116 0.94 1.02 0.92 1.04 — — 67 66 0.95 1.02 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .....................................133 0.000 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ........................................... — Women in ministerial positions ...........................125 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............58 — 0.00 0.00 0.23 0.19 0.17 — — 0 0 100 50 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 126 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012
 Brunei Darussalam Part 2: Country Profiles OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 75 0.675 30 0.740 56 0.994 109 0.966 133 0.000 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 76 0.679 20 0.755 52 0.994 108 0.966 132 0.000 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 77 0.675 26 0.740 56 0.993 107 0.966 131 0.000 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 94 0.652 78 0.624 65 0.992 113 0.966 127 0.028 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 99 0.639 91 0.570 62 0.993 109 0.966 122 0.028 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) — — — — — — — — Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) — — — — — — — — — — — — Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ..............7 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................4 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........30 Inheritance rights of daughters2........................................................— Inheritance rights of widows2 ...........................................................— Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................— Women’s access to land ownership2 ................................................— Women’s access to credit2 ...............................................................— Women’s access to property other than land2 ...................................— Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ........................................— Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......5.40 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................76 Female teachers, secondary education (%)
 .......................................63 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................45 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........14 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............14 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................25 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................— Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................2.00 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............17 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) ...............................100 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ..............................100 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ............... 24 [15-40] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............— Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ..........................................— Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ..............................................— Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births)...............................................6 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................1.02 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 .........................................................— Parental authority after divorce2 .......................................................— Female genital mutilation2 ................................................................— Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ..............— Year women received right to vote ....................................................— Quota type
Quota type ........................................................................................— Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination..........................................................No Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ....................................................... 9 weeks, the maternity leave beneﬁts only cover 8 weeks Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ........................................... 100, the duration of maternity leave beneﬁts is 8 weeks Provider of maternity coverage ..............................................
Employer Length of paternity leave ..................................................................No Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options ................................................................................— 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 127 Part 2: Country Profiles Bulgaria Gender Gap Index 2012 52 0.702 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 7.48 -0.67 19.21 11,490 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............50 0.696 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................41 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................98 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................36 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............43 Professional and technical workers ........................1 0.85 0.59 0.68 0.48 1.00 0.68 0.64 62 73 — — 0.53 11,903 17,493 0.25 0.63 32 61 68 39 Educational Attainment .......................................64 0.992 0.932 Literacy rate .........................................................62 Enrolment in primary education ..............................1 Enrolment in secondary education ........................96 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 0.99 1.00 0.97 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 98 98 82 65 99 98 84 49 0.85 0.59
 0.68 0.48 1.55 0.99 1.00 0.97 1.31 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival .............................................34 0.979 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ............................93 Healthy life expectancy ..........................................1 0.94 1.06 0.92 1.04 — — 69 63 0.94 1.10 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................67 0.141 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................58 Women in ministerial positions .............................51 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............50 0.26 0.23 0.01 0.23 0.19 0.17 21 19 0 79 81 50 0.26 0.23 0.01 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 128 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Bulgaria OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 52 0.702 50 0.696 64 0.992 34 0.979 67 0.141 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 51 0.699 48 0.687 58 0.992 41 0.979 67 0.137 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 50 0.698 50 0.684 58 0.993 40 0.979 64 0.137 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 38 0.707 40 0.693 66 0.992 41 0.979 42 0.164 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 36 0.708 35 0.698 73 0.990 38 0.979 43 0.164 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 25 0.708 30 0.699 62 0.989 37 0.979 32 0.167 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 37 0.687 58 0.613 56 0.989 36 0.979 30 0.167 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ............10 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force)...................11 Share of women in wage employment in the non-
 agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) .........49 Inheritance rights of daughters2........................................................— Inheritance rights of widows2 ...........................................................— Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................34 Women’s access to land ownership2 ................................................— Women’s access to credit2 ...............................................................— Women’s access to property other than land2 ...................................— Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................4 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......4.62 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................94 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................79 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................49 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........11 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............11 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................24 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................— Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................1.50 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............44 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................— Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ..............................100 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ................. 11 [8-15] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............63 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .................................... <0.10 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................0.10
 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births).............................................11 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................0.93 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 .........................................................— Parental authority after divorce2 .......................................................— Female genital mutilation2 ................................................................— Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ..............— Year women received right to vote ......................................1937, 1945 Quota type ........................................................................................— Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination.........................................................Yes Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave .......................................................135 days Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................90 Provider of maternity coverage ......................... Public social insurance (the General Sickness and Maternity Fund) Length of paternity leave ..........................................................15 days Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................90 Daycare options ...........................................Public and private daycare and homecare assistance with and without allowance 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the
 uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 129 Part 2: Country Profiles Burkina Faso Gender Gap Index 2012 104 0.646 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 16.97 2.98 4.55 1,127 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............32 0.738 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................33 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................47 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................39 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ........... — Professional and technical workers ..................... — 0.88 0.70 0.67 — — 0.68 0.64 80 91 — — 0.53 1,051 1,572 0.25 0.63 — — — — Educational Attainment .....................................125 0.786 0.932 Literacy rate .......................................................130 Enrolment in primary education ..........................121 Enrolment in secondary education ......................122 Enrolment in tertiary education ...........................125 0.59 0.94 0.80 0.50 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 22 61 16 3 37 65 19 5 0.88 0.70 0.67 — — 0.59 0.94 0.80 0.50 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival ...........................................100 0.968 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ......................................104 0.94 1.02 0.92 1.04 — — 43 42 0.97 1.02 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................94 0.090 0.195
0.090 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................83 Women in ministerial positions .............................82 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............58 0.18 0.14 0.00 0.23 0.19 0.17 15 12 0 85 88 50 0.18 0.14 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 130 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Burkina Faso OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 104 0.646 32 0.738 125 0.786 100 0.968 94 0.090 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 115 0.615 76 0.627 129 0.756 98 0.968 77 0.110 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 111 0.616 69 0.638 128 0.748 98 0.968 77 0.110 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 120 0.608 72 0.639 129 0.726 98 0.970 88 0.097 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 115 0.603 67 0.638 125 0.707 93 0.970 82 0.097 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 117 0.591 67 0.631 124 0.680 92 0.970 84 0.084 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 104 0.585 49 0.639 112 0.646 68 0.973 74 0.084 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ..............2 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................3 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) .........27 Inheritance rights of daughters2.....................................................1.00 Inheritance rights of widows2 ........................................................1.00 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................19 Women’s access to land ownership2 .............................................0.50 Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................0.50 Women’s access to property other
 than land2 ................................0.50 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................2 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......4.83 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................36 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................17 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ..............................................8 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) .............6 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) .................7 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................19 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................32 Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................5.90 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ............128 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................95 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................67 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ......... 300 [190-520] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............17 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................1.50 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................0.90 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births).............................................93 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................0.99 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................0.00 Parental authority after divorce2 ....................................................0.50
Female genital mutilation2 .............................................................0.73 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........1.00 Year women received right to vote ................................................1958 Quota type ................................................ Legislated candidate quotas Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination..........................................................— Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ......................................................14 weeks Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Provider of maternity coverage ...................................... Social security and employer (if necessary) Length of paternity leave ..................................................................— Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options ................................................................................— 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 131 Part 2: Country Profiles Burundi Gender Gap Index 2012 24 0.734 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 8.58 2.56 0.97 366 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity ...............3 0.832 0.599
 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ......................................1 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................17 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................17 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ........... — Professional and technical workers ..................... — 1.00 0.76 0.78 — — 0.68 0.64 0.53 0.25 0.63 92 88 — — 535 684 — — — — Educational Attainment .....................................117 0.864 0.932 Literacy rate .......................................................110 Enrolment in primary education ..........................113 Enrolment in secondary education ......................121 Enrolment in tertiary education ...........................121 0.85 0.98 0.82 0.54 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 62 89 15 2 73 91 18 4 1.04 0.76 0.78 — — 0.85 0.98 0.82 0.54 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival ...........................................100 0.968 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ......................................104 0.94 1.02 0.92 1.04 — — 43 42 0.97 1.02 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................30 0.270 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................27 Women in ministerial positions .............................16 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............50 0.44 0.53 0.01 0.23 0.19 0.17 31 35 0 70 65 50 0.44 0.53 0.01 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 132 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Burundi OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 24 0.734 3 0.832 117 0.864 100 0.968 30 0.270 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 24 0.727 4 0.836 119
 0.857 98 0.968 32 0.248 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) — — — — — — — — Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) — — — — — — — — Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) — — — — — — — — Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) — — — — — — — — Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ..............0 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................1 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) .........14 Inheritance rights of daughters2.....................................................1.00 Inheritance rights of widows2 ........................................................1.00 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................35 Women’s access to land ownership2 .............................................1.00 Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................0.00 Women’s access to property other than land2 ................................1.00 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ........................................— Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......4.64 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................53 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................20 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................12 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........11 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............12 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................24 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19)
 .............................................7 Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................4.30 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............30 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................99 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................60 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ....... 800 [370-1800] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) ...............9 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................4.00 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................2.60 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births).............................................88 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................0.96 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................0.50 Parental authority after divorce2 .......................................................— Female genital mutilation2 .............................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........0.50 Year women received right to vote ................................................1961 Quota type ....................................................................
Reserved seats Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination..........................................................— Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ......................................................12 weeks Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Provider of maternity coverage ....................................
Employer (50%) and social security (50%) Length of paternity leave ..................................................................— Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options ................................................................................— 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 133 Part 2: Country Profiles Cambodia Gender Gap Index 2012 103 0.646 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 14.31 1.14 7.89 1,968 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............78 0.640 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................35 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................32 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................28 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............96 Professional and technical workers ....................100 0.87 0.73 0.71 0.16 0.48 0.68 0.64 76 87 — — 0.53 1,974 2,786 0.25 0.63 14 41 86 86 Educational Attainment .....................................116 0.871 0.932 Literacy rate .......................................................115 Enrolment in primary education ............................97 Enrolment in secondary education ......................116 Enrolment in tertiary education ...........................122 0.80 0.99 0.88 0.53 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 66 95 33 5 83
 96 37 10 0.87 0.73 0.71 0.16 0.48 0.80 0.99 0.88 0.53 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival ...............................................1 0.980 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ..........................................1 0.94 1.06 0.92 1.04 — — 55 51 0.96 1.08 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................91 0.092 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................61 Women in ministerial positions ...........................120 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............58 0.25 0.05 0.00 0.23 0.19 0.17 20 5 0 80 95 50 0.25 0.05 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 134 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Cambodia OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 103 0.646 78 0.640 116 0.871 1 0.980 91 0.092 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 102 0.646 75 0.632 116 0.865 1 0.980 78 0.109 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 97 0.648 68 0.638 115 0.866 1 0.980 78 0.110 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 104 0.641 65 0.649 117 0.857 1 0.980 98 0.079 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 94 0.647 56 0.659 114 0.856 1 0.980 87 0.093 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 98 0.635 52 0.664 112 0.845 1 0.980 105 0.053 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 89 0.629 29 0.675 105 0.809 1 0.980 94 0.053 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ..............2 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................2 Share of women in
 wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) .........44 Inheritance rights of daughters2.....................................................0.00 Inheritance rights of widows2 ........................................................0.00 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................— Women’s access to land ownership2 .............................................0.00 Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................0.50 Women’s access to property other than land2 ................................0.50 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................2 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......4.98 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................46 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................32 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................11 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........10 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............11 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................23 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................11 Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................2.60 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............52 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................89 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................71 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ......... 250 [160-390] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............40 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................0.70 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%)
 ...........................................0.40 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births).............................................43 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................0.96 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................0.00 Parental authority after divorce2 ....................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation2 .............................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........0.25 Year women received right to vote ................................................1955 Quota type ........................................................................................— Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination..........................................................— Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave .........................................................90 days Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................50 Provider of maternity coverage ..............................................
Employer Length of paternity leave ..................................................................— Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options ................................................................................— 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 135 Part 2: Country Profiles Cameroon Gender Gap Index 2012 112 0.629 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 20.03 2.19 13.99 2,058 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............52 0.683 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................91 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................29 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................53 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ........... — Professional and technical workers ..................... — 0.66 0.73 0.63 — — 0.68 0.64 54 82 — — 0.53 1,843 2,925 0.25 0.63 — — — — Educational Attainment .....................................126 0.782 0.932 Literacy rate .......................................................114 Enrolment in primary education ..........................127 Enrolment in secondary education ......................130 Enrolment in tertiary education ...........................107 0.80 0.87 0.57 0.81 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 63 86 10 10 79 99 18 13 0.66 0.73 0.63 — — 0.80 0.87 0.57
 0.81 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival ...........................................111 0.961 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ......................................118 0.94 1.00 0.92 1.04 — — 45 45 0.97 1.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................92 0.090 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................87 Women in ministerial positions .............................74 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............58 0.16 0.16 0.00 0.23 0.19 0.17 14 14 0 86 86 50 0.16 0.16 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 136 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Cameroon OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 112 0.629 52 0.683 126 0.782 111 0.961 92 0.090 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 119 0.607 112 0.525 118 0.860 111 0.961 96 0.083 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 114 0.611 105 0.541 117 0.859 110 0.961 93 0.083 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 118 0.611 107 0.550 122 0.842 106 0.969 95 0.083 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 117 0.602 104 0.521 119 0.834 101 0.969 97 0.083 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 116 0.592 107 0.511 115 0.826 100 0.969 97 0.061 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 103 0.587 94 0.495 101 0.824 97 0.966 85 0.061 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ..............3 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................3 Share of women in wage employment in the non-
 agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) .........26 Inheritance rights of daughters2.....................................................0.50 Inheritance rights of widows2 ........................................................0.50 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................16 Women’s access to land ownership2 .............................................1.00 Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................0.50 Women’s access to property other than land2 ................................1.00 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................2 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......4.85 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................48 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................26 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................19 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) .............9 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............11 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................20 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................33 Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................4.50 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ............141 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................85 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................64 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ....... 690 [430-1200] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............29 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................6.40 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................4.30 Infant
Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births).............................................84 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................1.00 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................0.50 Parental authority after divorce2 ....................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation2 .............................................................0.01 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........1.00 Year women received right to vote ................................................1946 Quota type ........................................................................No legislated Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination..........................................................— Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ......................................................14 weeks Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Provider of maternity coverage ............. National Social Insurance Fund Length of paternity leave ..................................................................— Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options ................................................................................— 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 137 Part 2: Country
 Profiles Canada Gender Gap Index 2012 21 0.738 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 34.48 1.17 872.78 35,223 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............12 0.788 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................20 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................35 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................14 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............31 Professional and technical workers ........................1 0.90 0.73 0.81 0.56 1.00 0.68 0.64 75 83 — — 0.53 32,241 40,000 0.25 0.63 36 57 64 43 Educational Attainment .......................................70 0.991 0.932 Literacy rate ...........................................................1 Enrolment in primary education ..............................1 Enrolment in secondary education ......................104 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 1.00 1.00 0.96 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 99 99 100 100 89 69 93 51 0.90 0.73 0.81 0.56 1.30 1.00 1.00 0.96 1.36 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival .............................................52 0.978 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ............................93 Healthy life expectancy ........................................60 0.94 1.06 0.92 1.04 — — 75 71 0.94 1.06 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................38 0.196 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................38 Women in ministerial positions
 .............................35 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............48 0.33 0.37 0.01 0.23 0.19 0.17 25 27 0 75 73 50 0.33 0.37 0.01 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 138 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Canada OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 21 0.738 12 0.788 70 0.991 52 0.978 38 0.196 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 18 0.741 10 0.776 31 0.999 49 0.978 36 0.210 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 20 0.737 8 0.777 35 0.998 47 0.978 36 0.196 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 25 0.720 10 0.764 38 0.998 60 0.978 62 0.138 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 31 0.714 15 0.744 37 0.998 57 0.978 60 0.134 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 18 0.720 13 0.743 26 0.999 51 0.979 36 0.159 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 14 0.716 10 0.730 21 0.999 51 0.978 33 0.159 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ..............7 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................9 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) .........50 Inheritance rights of daughters2........................................................— Inheritance rights of widows2 ...........................................................— Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................— Women’s access to land ownership2 ................................................— Women’s access to credit2 ...............................................................— Women’s access to property other than land2 ...................................— Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3
 ..........................................5 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......5.29 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................68 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................68 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................41 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........12 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............12 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................27 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................— Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................1.70 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............14 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) ...............................100 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................99 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ................. 12 [9-16] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............74 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................0.10 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................0.50 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births)...............................................5 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................0.98 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 .........................................................— Parental authority after divorce2 .......................................................— Female genital mutilation2
 ................................................................— Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ..............— Year women received right to vote ......................................1917, 1960 Quota type ........................................................................No legislated Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination.........................................................Yes Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ......................................................17 weeks depending upon the province Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) .........................55 up to ceiling; beneﬁts paid vary by province and jurisdiction Provider of maternity coverage .................................. Federal and state employment insurance Length of paternity leave .........................................................5 weeks for biological fathers (Quebec only) Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options ...........................................Public and private daycare with allowance, homecare with allowance 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 139 Part 2: Country Profiles Cape Verde Gender Gap Index 2012 35 0.718 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 0.50 0.89 0.97 3,476 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample
 average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............84 0.623 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................89 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................48 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) ...................100 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ........... — Professional and technical workers ..................... — 0.69 0.69 0.46 — — 0.68 0.64 57 83 — — 0.53 2,624 5,647 0.25 0.63 — — — — Educational Attainment .......................................97 0.968 0.932 Literacy rate .......................................................104 Enrolment in primary education ..........................114 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 0.89 0.98 1.00 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 79 92 71 20 89 94 61 16 0.69 0.69 0.46 — — 0.89 0.98 1.16 1.29 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival ...............................................1 0.980 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ..........................................1 0.94 1.06 0.92 1.04 — — 64 59 0.97 1.08 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................25 0.301 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................58 Women in ministerial positions ...............................5 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............58 0.26 0.89 0.00 0.23 0.19 0.17 21 47 0 79 53 50 0.26 0.89 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 140 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Cape Verde OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender
 Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 35 0.718 84 0.623 97 0.968 1 0.980 25 0.301 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) — — — — — — — — Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) — — — — — — — — Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) — — — — — — — — Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) — — — — — — — — Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) — — — — — — — — Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ............23 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force)...................23 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) .........39 Inheritance rights of daughters2........................................................— Inheritance rights of widows2 ...........................................................— Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................33 Women’s access to land ownership2 ................................................— Women’s access to credit2 ...............................................................— Women’s access to property other than land2 ...................................— Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ........................................— Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......4.97 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................68 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................41 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................42 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........12 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............12 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women
 (years)..........................25 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................— Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................2.40 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............92 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................95 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................76 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ............. 79 [33-190] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............61 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ..........................................— Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ..............................................— Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births).............................................29 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................0.98 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 .........................................................— Parental authority after divorce2 .......................................................— Female genital mutilation2 ................................................................— Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ..............— Year women received right to vote ................................................1975 Quota type ........................................................................................— Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination..........................................................— Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave .........................................................60 days Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered
 period) ..............................................90 (employer adds up to 90% of salary if necessary) Provider of maternity coverage ...................................... Social security Length of paternity leave ..................................................................— Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options ................................................................................— 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 141 Part 2: Country Profiles Chad Gender Gap Index 2012 133 0.559 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 11.53 2.62 3.10 1,229 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............56 0.677 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................53 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................81 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................62 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ........... — Professional and technical workers ..................... — 0.82 0.64 0.61 — — 0.68 0.64 63 78 — — 0.53 1,163 1,903 0.25 0.63 — — — — Educational Attainment .....................................135 0.520 0.932 Literacy rate .......................................................134 Enrolment in primary education ..........................134
 Enrolment in secondary education ......................134 Enrolment in tertiary education ...........................134 0.54 0.70 0.33 0.17 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 24 51 5 1 45 73 16 4 0.82 0.64 0.61 — — 0.54 0.70 0.33 0.17 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival ...........................................111 0.961 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ......................................118 0.94 1.00 0.92 1.04 — — 40 40 0.96 1.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .....................................102 0.080 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................91 Women in ministerial positions .............................81 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............58 0.15 0.14 0.00 0.23 0.19 0.17 13 12 0 87 88 50 0.15 0.14 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 142 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Chad OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 133 0.559 56 0.677 135 0.520 111 0.961 102 0.080 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 134 0.533 98 0.593 135 0.516 111 0.961 107 0.064 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 133 0.533 77 0.627 134 0.509 110 0.961 122 0.035 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 133 0.542 66 0.647 134 0.474 65 0.976 106 0.068 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 129 0.529 81 0.603 130 0.468 62 0.976 105 0.068 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 127 0.538 58 0.652 128 0.470 60 0.976 102 0.054 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 113 0.525 65 0.601 115 0.468 56 0.976 91 0.054 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic
 Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ..............0 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................1 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ...........6 Inheritance rights of daughters2.....................................................1.00 Inheritance rights of widows2 ........................................................1.00 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................40 Women’s access to land ownership2 .............................................0.50 Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................0.50 Women’s access to property other than land2 ................................0.50 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................1 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......4.43 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................14 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .........................................6 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ..............................................4 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) .............6 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) .................9 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................18 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................45 Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................6.00 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ............193 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................39 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................21 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ..... 1100 [640-2000] Contraceptive prevalence,
 married women (%, any method) ...............3 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................4.00 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................2.70 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births).............................................99 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................0.99 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................1.00 Parental authority after divorce2 ....................................................1.00 Female genital mutilation2 .............................................................0.45 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........0.75 Year women received right to vote ................................................1958 Quota type ........................................................................................— Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination..........................................................— Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ......................................................14 weeks Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................50 Provider of maternity coverage ...................................... Social security Length of paternity leave ..................................................................— Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options ................................................................................— 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst
 score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 143 Part 2: Country Profiles Chile Gender Gap Index 2012 87 0.668 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 17.27 0.93 108.40 13,596 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity ...........110 0.547 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ..................................103 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ..............127 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................95 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............74 Professional and technical workers ........................1 0.60 0.49 0.49 0.32 1.00 0.68 0.64 47 78 — — 0.53 11,256 23,127 0.25 0.63 24 50 76 50 Educational Attainment .......................................32 0.999 0.932 Literacy rate .........................................................47 Enrolment in primary education ............................74 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 98 93 84 61 99 94 81 57 0.60 0.49 0.49 0.32 1.02 1.00 1.00 1.04 1.06 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival ...............................................1 0.980 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ..........................................1 0.94 1.06
0.94 1.06 0.92 1.04 — — 72 67 0.96 1.07 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................64 0.145 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................85 Women in ministerial positions .............................54 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............22 0.17 0.22 0.09 0.23 0.19 0.17 14 18 4 86 82 46 0.17 0.22 0.09 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 144 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Chile OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 87 0.668 110 0.547 32 0.999 1 0.980 64 0.145 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 46 0.703 106 0.541 40 0.996 1 0.980 22 0.296 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 48 0.701 108 0.534 42 0.996 1 0.980 21 0.296 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 64 0.688 112 0.521 44 0.996 1 0.980 26 0.257 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 65 0.682 106 0.515 81 0.986 1 0.980 26 0.247 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 86 0.648 105 0.517 78 0.980 1 0.980 58 0.116 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 78 0.645 90 0.514 69 0.980 1 0.980 56 0.109 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ............10 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................7 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) .........38 Inheritance rights of daughters2........................................................— Inheritance rights of widows2 ...........................................................— Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................30 Women’s access to land ownership2 ................................................—
 Women’s access to credit2 ...............................................................— Women’s access to property other than land2 ...................................— Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................3 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......3.72 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................78 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................63 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................40 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........12 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............12 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean at of marriage for women (years) ............................25 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................— Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................1.90 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............53 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................— Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ..............................100 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ............... 25 [21-29] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............64 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................0.20 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................0.50 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births)...............................................8 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................0.98 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2
 .........................................................— Parental authority after divorce2 .......................................................— Female genital mutilation2 ................................................................— Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ..............— Year women received right to vote ................................................1949 Quota type ........................................................................No legislated Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination.........................................................Yes Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ......................................................18 weeks Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Provider of maternity coverage ...................................... Social security Length of paternity leave .............................................. 5 working days Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Daycare options ................................................................................— 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 145 Part 2: Country Profiles China Gender Gap Index 2012 69 0.685 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 1,344.13 0.52 3,246.01 6,816 Health Economy 1.00
 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............58 0.675 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................34 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................62 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................45 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............89 Professional and technical workers ........................1 0.88 0.66 0.65 0.20 1.00 0.68 0.64 74 85 — — 0.53 6,592 10,156 0.25 0.63 17 52 83 48 Educational Attainment .......................................85 0.982 0.932 Literacy rate .........................................................92 Enrolment in primary education ..............................1 Enrolment in secondary education ........................99 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 0.94 1.00 0.97 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 91 97 97 96 — — 27 25 0.88 0.66 0.65 0.20 1.08 0.94 1.00 0.97 1.10 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival ...........................................132 0.934 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..........................134 Healthy life expectancy ........................................74 0.88 1.05 0.92 1.04 — — 68 65 0.88 1.05 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................58 0.150 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................57 Women in ministerial positions .............................86 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............23 0.27 0.13 0.08 0.23 0.19 0.17 21 12 4 79 88 46 0.27 0.13 0.08 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 146 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles China OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT
 Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 69 0.685 58 0.675 85 0.982 132 0.934 58 0.150 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 61 0.687 50 0.683 85 0.981 133 0.933 57 0.150 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 61 0.688 46 0.693 88 0.981 133 0.929 56 0.150 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 60 0.691 38 0.696 87 0.980 130 0.947 60 0.141 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 57 0.688 43 0.692 87 0.978 126 0.941 54 0.141 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 73 0.664 60 0.648 91 0.957 124 0.941 59 0.111 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 63 0.656 53 0.621 78 0.957 114 0.936 52 0.111 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ............— Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force)...................— Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) .........39 Inheritance rights of daughters2.....................................................0.50 Inheritance rights of widows2 ........................................................0.50 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................— Women’s access to land ownership2 .............................................0.50 Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................0.50 Women’s access to property other than land2 ................................0.50 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................3 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......4.55 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................58 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................48 Female teachers, tertiary education (%)
 ............................................45 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........11 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............10 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................23 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) .............................................1 Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................1.60 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ................6 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................94 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................96 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ............... 37 [23-58] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............85 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .................................... <0.10 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................0.10 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births).............................................16 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................1.08 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................0.00 Parental authority after divorce2 ....................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation2 .............................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........0.25 Year women received right to vote ................................................1949 Quota type ....................................................................
Reserved seats Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination..........................................................— Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave .........................................................90 days Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 (social insurance program applies to urban areas; however, maternity insurance program covers all employees in urban enterprises, including all state-owned enterprises, regardless of their location) Provider of maternity coverage ................................... Social insurance Length of paternity leave ..................................................................— Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options ................................................................................— 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 147 Part 2: Country Profiles Colombia Gender Gap Index 2012 63 0.690 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 46.93 1.39 149.69 8,479 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............86 0.621 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ..................................114 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ..............111 Estimated earned income (PPP US$)
 .....................57 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............18 Professional and technical workers ......................75 0.55 0.56 0.62 0.66 0.86 0.68 0.64 43 80 — — 0.53 7,746 12,539 0.25 0.63 40 46 60 54 Educational Attainment .......................................51 0.994 0.932 Literacy rate ...........................................................1 Enrolment in primary education ..........................101 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 1.00 0.99 1.00 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 93 88 77 41 93 89 72 37 0.55 0.56 0.62 0.66 0.86 1.00 0.99 1.08 1.09 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival .............................................34 0.979 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ............................93 Healthy life expectancy ..........................................1 0.94 1.06 0.92 1.04 — — 69 64 0.94 1.08 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................51 0.166 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................94 Women in ministerial positions .............................17 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............58 0.14 0.50 0.00 0.23 0.19 0.17 12 33 0 88 67 50 0.14 0.50 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 148 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Colombia OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 63 0.690 86 0.621 51 0.994 34 0.979 51 0.166 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 80 0.671 89 0.598 42 0.996 41 0.979 74 0.112 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 55 0.693 45 0.694 44 0.996 40 0.979 83 0.102 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)
 56 0.694 39 0.694 28 1.000 1 0.980 84 0.103 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 50 0.694 37 0.697 32 0.999 1 0.980 79 0.103 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 24 0.709 35 0.691 16 1.000 1 0.980 33 0.166 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 22 0.705 39 0.661 14 1.000 1 0.980 27 0.180 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ............15 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................9 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........46 Inheritance rights of daughters2.....................................................0.00 Inheritance rights of widows2 ........................................................0.00 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................35 Women’s access to land ownership2 .............................................0.50 Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................0.50 Women’s access to property other than land2 ................................0.50 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................3 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......4.39 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................78 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................50 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................66 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........12 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............11 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................28 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................15 Fertility rate (births per woman)
 .....................................................2.40 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............84 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................97 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................95 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ............. 92 [80-100] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............78 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................0.30 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................0.70 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births).............................................17 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................0.97 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................0.00 Parental authority after divorce2 ....................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation2 .............................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........0.25 Year women received right to vote ................................................1954 Quota type ................................................ Legislated candidate quotas Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination.........................................................Yes Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ......................................................12 weeks Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Provider of maternity coverage ...................................... Social security Length of paternity leave
 ............................................................8 days Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Daycare options .....................................Public daycare with allowance 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 149 Part 2: Country Profiles Costa Rica Gender Gap Index 2012 29 0.722 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 4.73 1.47 24.18 10,377 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............99 0.599 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ..................................105 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................74 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................76 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............57 Professional and technical workers ......................81 0.58 0.64 0.57 0.44 0.77 0.68 0.64 49 84 — — 0.53 8,809 15,560 0.25 0.63 30 43 70 57 Educational Attainment .........................................1 1.000 0.932 Literacy rate ...........................................................1 Enrolment in primary education ..............................1 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 96 89 39 29 96 87 36 23 0.58 0.64 0.57 0.44
 0.77 1.00 1.02 1.08 1.26 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival .............................................65 0.975 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ........................................76 0.94 1.04 0.92 1.04 — — 71 68 0.95 1.04 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................21 0.316 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................11 Women in ministerial positions .............................27 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............30 0.63 0.41 0.04 0.23 0.19 0.17 39 29 2 61 71 48 0.63 0.41 0.04 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 150 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Costa Rica OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 29 0.722 99 0.599 1 1.000 65 0.975 21 0.316 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 25 0.727 97 0.594 1 1.000 66 0.975 14 0.338 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 28 0.719 98 0.579 46 0.995 66 0.975 14 0.329 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 27 0.718 84 0.614 48 0.995 1 0.980 20 0.283 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 32 0.711 86 0.586 51 0.995 1 0.980 20 0.283 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 28 0.701 95 0.554 36 0.995 1 0.980 16 0.277 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 30 0.694 89 0.522 32 0.995 1 0.980 15 0.277 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ............10 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................7 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural
 sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........43 Inheritance rights of daughters2.....................................................0.00 Inheritance rights of widows2 ........................................................0.00 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................44 Women’s access to land ownership2 .............................................0.00 Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................0.50 Women’s access to property other than land2 ................................0.00 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................3 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......4.75 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................80 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................59 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................— Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........12 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............11 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................24 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................11 Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................1.80 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............67 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................99 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................95 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ............... 40 [31-50] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............80 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................0.20 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................0.40 Infant
Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births)...............................................9 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................1.03 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................0.00 Parental authority after divorce2 ....................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation2 .............................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........0.25 Year women received right to vote ................................................1949 Quota type ................................................ Legislated candidate quotas Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination.........................................................Yes Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ...................................................... 4 months Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ...........50 from 3 to 6 months of contribution to the Social Security Fund; 75 from 6 to 9 months; 100 for 9 months or more Provider of maternity coverage ...... 50% social security, 50% employer Length of paternity leave ..................................................................No Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options .....................................Public daycare with allowance (amount depending on child’s age), private daycare, homecare with allowance 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties,
 estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 151 Part 2: Country Profiles Côte d’Ivoire Gender Gap Index 2012 130 0.578 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 20.15 1.98 11.67 1,704 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity ...........111 0.547 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................96 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ..............114 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................99 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ........... — Professional and technical workers ..................... — 0.62 0.55 0.47 — — 0.68 0.64 51 83 — — 0.53 1,152 2,432 0.25 0.63 — — — — Educational Attainment .....................................131 0.709 0.932 Literacy rate .......................................................121 Enrolment in primary education ..........................130 Enrolment in secondary education ......................131 Enrolment in tertiary education ...........................123 0.72 0.83 0.57 0.50 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 47 56 14 6 65 67 25 12 0.62 0.55 0.47 — — 0.72 0.83 0.57 0.50 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival ...............................................1 0.980 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ..........................................1 0.94 1.06 0.92 1.04 — — 48 45 0.97 1.07 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .....................................104 0.078 0.195 Female-to-male ratio
 Women in parliament ..........................................100 Women in ministerial positions .............................75 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............58 0.12 0.16 0.00 0.23 0.19 0.17 11 14 0 89 86 50 0.12 0.16 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 152 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Côte d’Ivoire OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 130 0.578 111 0.547 131 0.709 1 0.980 104 0.078 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 130 0.577 103 0.557 130 0.707 1 0.980 105 0.066 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 130 0.569 106 0.539 130 0.692 1 0.980 104 0.065 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) — — — — — — — — Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) — — — — — — — — Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) — — — — — — — — Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ............— Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force)...................— Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........21 Inheritance rights of daughters2.....................................................0.50 Inheritance rights of widows2 ........................................................0.50 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................62 Women’s access to land ownership2 .............................................0.50 Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................0.50 Women’s access to property other than land2 ................................0.50 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3
 ..........................................1 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......4.40 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................23 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................— Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................— Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) .............5 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) .................8 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................22 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................25 Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................4.40 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ............111 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................85 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................57 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ......... 400 [260-680] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............13 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................4.10 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................2.80 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births).............................................86 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................1.04 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................1.00 Parental authority after divorce2 ....................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation2
 .............................................................0.36 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........1.00 Year women received right to vote ................................................1952 Quota type ........................................................................No legislated Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination..........................................................— Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ......................................................14 weeks Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Provider of maternity coverage ................................... Social insurance Length of paternity leave ..................................................................— Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options ................................................................................— 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 153 Part 2: Country Profiles Croatia Gender Gap Index 2012 49 0.705 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 4.41 -0.25 28.00 16,128 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............61 0.669 0.599 Female-to-male
 ratio Labour force participation ....................................50 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ..............112 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................31 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............71 Professional and technical workers ........................1 0.83 0.56 0.70 0.36 1.00 0.68 0.64 59 71 — — 0.53 16,601 23,726 0.25 0.63 27 51 73 49 Educational Attainment .......................................46 0.995 0.932 Literacy rate .........................................................67 Enrolment in primary education ............................84 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 0.99 0.99 1.00 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 98 87 94 62 99 87 88 46 0.83 0.56 0.70 0.36 1.04 0.99 0.99 1.06 1.34 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival .............................................34 0.979 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ............................93 Healthy life expectancy ..........................................1 0.94 1.06 0.92 1.04 — — 70 66 0.94 1.06 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................47 0.178 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................43 Women in ministerial positions .............................50 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............28 0.31 0.24 0.05 0.23 0.19 0.17 24 19 2 76 81 48 0.31 0.24 0.05 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 154 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Croatia OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 49 0.705 61 0.669 46 0.995 34 0.979 47 0.178 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 50
 0.701 56 0.668 44 0.995 1 0.980 53 0.160 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 53 0.694 61 0.661 53 0.994 1 0.980 57 0.142 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 54 0.694 69 0.646 55 0.995 41 0.979 49 0.158 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 46 0.697 57 0.655 56 0.994 38 0.979 47 0.158 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 16 0.721 40 0.678 61 0.989 37 0.979 18 0.238 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 16 0.714 42 0.651 51 0.990 36 0.979 18 0.238 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ............12 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force)...................11 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........47 Inheritance rights of daughters2.....................................................0.00 Inheritance rights of widows2 ........................................................0.00 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................34 Women’s access to land ownership2 .............................................0.00 Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................0.00 Women’s access to property other than land2 ................................0.00 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................5 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......3.94 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................92 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................69 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................44 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........12 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............11 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean
 age at marriage for women (years)..........................26 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) .............................................2 Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................1.50 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............14 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................— Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ..............................100 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ............... 17 [10-29] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............58 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .................................... <0.10 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ........................................ <0.10 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births)...............................................5 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................0.93 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................0.00 Parental authority after divorce2 ....................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation2 .............................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........0.25 Year women received right to vote ................................................1945 Quota type ........................................................................No legislated Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination.........................................................Yes Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ............ 45 days before delivery, 1 year after Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in
 covered period) ............................................100 until child reaches 6 months, ﬂat rate for the remaining period Provider of maternity coverage .......................... Health Insurance Fund (until child reaches 6 months), remainder paid from state budget Length of paternity leave ..................................................................— Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options .................................. Public daycare with and without allowance/subvention to kindergarten; homecare assistance 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 155 Part 2: Country Profiles Cuba Gender Gap Index 2012 19 0.742 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 11.25 -0.04 50.61 — Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............64 0.666 0.599 Labour force participation ....................................95 0.63 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ............... — Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .................... — Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............56 Professional and technical workers ........................1 — — 0.44 1.00 0.68 0.64 0.53 0.25 0.63 — — — — 30 60 70 40 48 76 0.63 Female-to-male ratio — — 0.44 1.48 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.65 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50
 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Educational Attainment .......................................24 1.000 0.932 Literacy rate .........................................................43 Enrolment in primary education ............................66 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 100 100 98 87 119 98 87 72 Health and Survival .............................................66 0.974 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ............................93 Healthy life expectancy ........................................76 0.94 1.04 0.92 1.04 — — 71 68 0.94 1.04 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................19 0.328 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ..............................................1 Women in ministerial positions .............................41 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............58 0.82 0.29 0.00 0.23 0.19 0.17 45 23 0 55 77 50 0.82 0.29 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 156 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Cuba OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 19 0.742 64 0.666 24 1.000 66 0.974 19 0.328 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 20 0.739 57 0.666 23 1.000 69 0.974 18 0.318 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 24 0.725 84 0.609 1 1.000 69 0.974 18 0.318 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 29 0.718 88 0.603 1 1.000 74 0.974 18 0.293 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 25 0.720 77 0.611 25 1.000 71 0.974 19 0.293 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 22 0.717 39 0.681 55 0.990 69 0.974 23 0.222 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) — — — — — — — — — — Evolution
 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ..............2 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................1 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........45 Inheritance rights of daughters2.....................................................0.00 Inheritance rights of widows2 ........................................................0.00 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................— Women’s access to land ownership2 .............................................0.00 Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................0.00 Women’s access to property other than land2 ................................0.00 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ........................................— Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 ..........— Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................78 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................55 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................60 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........11 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............12 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................21 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................23 Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................1.50 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............50 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) ...............................100 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ..............................100 Maternal mortality
Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ............... 73 [60-87] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............73 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................0.10 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................0.10 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births)...............................................5 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................1.01 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................0.00 Parental authority after divorce2 ....................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation2 .............................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........0.75 Year women received right to vote ................................................1934 Quota type ........................................................................................— Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination..........................................................— Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ......................................................18 weeks Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Provider of maternity coverage ...................................... Social security Length of paternity leave ..................................................................— Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options ................................................................................— 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst
 score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 157 Part 2: Country Profiles Cyprus Gender Gap Index 2012 79 0.673 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 1.12 1.20 12.31 25,937 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............87 0.615 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................54 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ..............101 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................70 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............91 Professional and technical workers ......................66 0.81 0.58 0.59 0.19 0.95 0.68 0.64 64 80 — — 0.53 23,685 40,000 0.25 0.63 16 49 84 51 Educational Attainment .......................................90 0.978 0.932 Literacy rate .........................................................71 Enrolment in primary education ............................78 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ...........................103 0.98 1.00 1.00 0.86 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 97 99 96 51 99 99 96 59 0.81 0.58 0.59 0.19 0.95 0.98 1.00 1.01 0.86 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival .............................................92 0.970 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy
 ........................................96 0.94 1.03 0.92 1.04 — — 71 69 0.95 1.03 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................74 0.130 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ..........................................104 Women in ministerial positions .............................32 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............58 0.12 0.38 0.00 0.23 0.19 0.17 11 27 0 89 73 50 0.12 0.38 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 158 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Cyprus OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 79 0.673 87 0.615 90 0.978 92 0.970 74 0.130 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 93 0.657 80 0.617 89 0.978 90 0.970 109 0.062 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 86 0.664 75 0.630 77 0.988 88 0.970 102 0.069 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 79 0.671 82 0.617 61 0.993 114 0.966 80 0.107 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 76 0.669 78 0.610 50 0.995 110 0.966 76 0.107 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 82 0.652 81 0.602 60 0.989 108 0.966 107 0.052 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 83 0.643 75 0.562 55 0.989 84 0.969 95 0.052 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ..............6 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................6 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........49 Inheritance rights of daughters2........................................................— Inheritance rights of widows2 ...........................................................— Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................— Women’s access
 to land ownership2 ................................................— Women’s access to credit2 ...............................................................— Women’s access to property other than land2 ...................................— Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ........................................— Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......4.21 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................83 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................64 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................39 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........12 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............12 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................25 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................— Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................1.50 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ................6 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................99 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................98 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ................. 10 [4-23] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............— Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ..........................................— Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ..............................................— Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births)...............................................3 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................1.04 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions
 and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 .........................................................— Parental authority after divorce2 .......................................................— Female genital mutilation2 ................................................................— Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ..............— Year women received right to vote ................................................1960 Quota type ........................................................................No legislated Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination.........................................................Yes Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ......................................................18 weeks Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) .............................................75; rate increases to 80 if claimant has one dependant, to 90 if she has two dependants, to 100 if she has three dependants Provider of maternity coverage ...................................... Social security Length of paternity leave ..................................................................— Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options ...........................................Public and private daycare with allowance, homecare with and without allowance 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 159 Part 2: Country Profiles Czech Republic Gender Gap Index 2012 73 0.677 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key
 Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 10.55 0.31 77.65 22,575 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............95 0.603 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................65 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ..............119 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................96 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............67 Professional and technical workers ........................1 0.78 0.52 0.48 0.39 1.00 0.68 0.64 61 78 — — 0.53 17,056 35,174 0.25 0.63 28 53 72 47 Educational Attainment .........................................1 1.000 0.932 Literacy rate ...........................................................1 Enrolment in primary education ..............................1 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 99 96 87 71 99 96 85 51 0.78 0.52 0.48 0.39 1.12 1.00 1.00 1.03 1.38 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival .............................................49 0.979 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ............................93 Healthy life expectancy ........................................53 0.94 1.06 0.92 1.04 — — 72 68 0.94 1.06 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................76 0.125 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................54 Women in ministerial positions .............................78 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............58 0.28 0.15 0.00 0.23 0.19 0.17 22 13 0 78 87
 50 0.28 0.15 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 160 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Czech Republic OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 73 0.677 95 0.603 1 1.000 49 0.979 76 0.125 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 75 0.679 94 0.596 1 1.000 39 0.979 60 0.140 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 65 0.685 80 0.621 1 1.000 38 0.979 59 0.140 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 74 0.679 70 0.644 1 1.000 41 0.979 91 0.092 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 69 0.677 68 0.637 1 1.000 38 0.979 88 0.092 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 64 0.672 71 0.630 53 0.991 37 0.979 78 0.088 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 53 0.671 52 0.627 47 0.991 36 0.979 70 0.088 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ..............9 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................6 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........46 Inheritance rights of daughters2........................................................— Inheritance rights of widows2 ...........................................................— Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................25 Women’s access to land ownership2 ................................................— Women’s access to credit2 ...............................................................— Women’s access to property other than land2 ...................................— Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................5 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......4.56 Education Female teachers, primary
 education (%) ...........................................98 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................66 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................38 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........12 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............12 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................29 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................— Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................1.50 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............12 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................98 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ..............................100 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ..................... 5 [4-8] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............72 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .................................... <0.10 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ........................................ <0.10 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births)...............................................3 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................0.96 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 .........................................................— Parental authority after divorce2 .......................................................— Female genital mutilation2 ................................................................— Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ..............— Year women received
 right to vote ................................................1920 Quota type ........................................................................No legislated Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination.........................................................Yes Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ......................................................28 weeks Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................69 Provider of maternity coverage ...................................... Social security Length of paternity leave ..................................................................— Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options .................................... Public daycare with allowance, private daycare with and without allowance, homecare assistance without allowance 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 161 Part 2: Country Profiles Denmark Gender Gap Index 2012 7 0.778 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 5.57 0.44 169.36 32,235 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............16 0.772 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................14 Wage equality for similar work (survey)
 ................31 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .......................8 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............78 Professional and technical workers ........................1 0.92 0.73 0.88 0.31 1.00 0.68 0.64 77 83 — — 0.53 35,276 40,000 0.25 0.63 24 52 76 48 Educational Attainment .........................................1 1.000 0.932 Literacy rate ...........................................................1 Enrolment in primary education ..............................1 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 99 97 91 88 99 95 88 61 0.92 0.73 0.88 0.31 1.09 1.00 1.02 1.03 1.45 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival .............................................67 0.974 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ............................93 Healthy life expectancy ........................................78 0.94 1.04 0.92 1.04 — — 73 70 0.94 1.04 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................11 0.364 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................10 Women in ministerial positions .............................13 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............45 0.64 0.64 0.02 0.23 0.19 0.17 39 39 1 61 61 49 0.64 0.64 0.02 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 162 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Denmark OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 7 0.778 16 0.772 1 1.000 67 0.974 11 0.364 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 7 0.778 13 0.767 1 1.000 68 0.974 10 0.370 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 7 0.772 23 0.744 1 1.000 68
 0.974 10 0.370 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 7 0.763 20 0.748 1 1.000 102 0.970 11 0.334 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 7 0.754 28 0.712 1 1.000 97 0.970 10 0.334 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 8 0.752 18 0.734 1 1.000 96 0.970 13 0.305 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 8 0.746 19 0.708 1 1.000 76 0.972 13 0.305 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ..............7 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................8 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........50 Inheritance rights of daughters2........................................................— Inheritance rights of widows2 ...........................................................— Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................— Women’s access to land ownership2 ................................................— Women’s access to credit2 ...............................................................— Women’s access to property other than land2 ...................................— Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................5 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......5.59 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................64 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................48 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................— Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........13 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............13 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................31 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19)
 ...........................................— Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................1.90 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ................6 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................— Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................98 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ................. 12 [7-23] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............78 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................0.10 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................0.30 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births)...............................................3 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................0.98 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 .........................................................— Parental authority after divorce2 .......................................................— Female genital mutilation2 ................................................................— Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ..............— Year women received right to vote ................................................1915 Quota type ........................................................................No legislated Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination.........................................................Yes Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave .....................................................52 weeks; up to 32 weeks may be divided freely between both parents Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period)
 .......................100, up to ceiling Provider of maternity coverage .................... Municipality and employer Length of paternity leave .......2 weeks within ﬁrst 14 weeks after birth Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 (or paternity leave beneﬁt equivalent to unemployment beneﬁt rate) Daycare options ...........................................Public and private daycare with allowance, homecare with allowance 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 163 Part 2: Country Profiles Dominican Republic Gender Gap Index 2012 89 0.666 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 10.06 1.32 40.20 8,387 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............93 0.605 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................93 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ..............102 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................93 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............54 Professional and technical workers ........................1 0.65 0.58 0.50 0.44 1.00 0.68 0.64 55 84 — — 0.53 6,538 13,168 0.25 0.63 31 51 69 49 Educational Attainment .......................................94 0.969 0.932 Literacy rate ...........................................................1 Enrolment in
Enrolment in primary education ..........................122 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 1.00 0.93 1.00 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 90 87 67 42 89 93 58 26 0.65 0.58 0.50 0.44 1.04 1.00 0.93 1.15 1.59 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival .............................................89 0.971 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ........................................93 0.94 1.03 0.92 1.04 — — 64 62 0.96 1.03 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................84 0.118 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................58 Women in ministerial positions .............................79 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............58 0.26 0.15 0.00 0.23 0.19 0.17 21 13 0 79 87 50 0.26 0.15 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 164 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Dominican Republic OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 89 0.666 93 0.605 94 0.969 89 0.971 84 0.118 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 81 0.668 92 0.597 1 1.000 88 0.971 80 0.105 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 73 0.677 64 0.652 1 1.000 86 0.971 92 0.087 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 67 0.686 67 0.647 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 72 0.674 82 0.601 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 65 0.670 88 0.585 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 59 0.664 78 0.559 1 1.000 1 1.000 1 1.000 1 1.000 1 0.980 73 0.117 1 0.980 69 0.117 1 0.980 55 0.117 1 0.980 49 0.117 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data
 Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ............21 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force)...................10 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........42 Inheritance rights of daughters2.....................................................0.00 Inheritance rights of widows2 ........................................................0.00 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................— Women’s access to land ownership2 .............................................0.50 Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................0.50 Women’s access to property other than land2 ................................0.50 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................2 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......4.28 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................76 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................66 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................41 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........11 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............11 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................22 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................27 Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................2.60 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............98 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................99 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................94 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ......... 150 [100-210] Contraceptive prevalence,
 married women (%, any method) .............73 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................1.00 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................0.70 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births).............................................22 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................1.01 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................0.00 Parental authority after divorce2 ....................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation2 .............................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........0.25 Year women received right to vote ................................................1942 Quota type ................................................ Legislated candidate quotas Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination.........................................................Yes Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ......................................................12 weeks Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................ 100 (if worker is not entitled to social security beneﬁts, employer covers 100%) Provider of maternity coverage ...... 50% social security, 50% employer Length of paternity leave ..................................................................— Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options ................................................................................— 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2
 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 165 Part 2: Country Profiles Ecuador Gender Gap Index 2012 33 0.721 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 14.67 1.41 25.00 7,201 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............97 0.600 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ..................................101 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................93 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................91 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............69 Professional and technical workers ......................62 0.61 0.62 0.51 0.38 0.97 0.68 0.64 48 79 — — 0.53 5,701 11,264 0.25 0.63 28 49 72 51 Educational Attainment .......................................54 0.994 0.932 Literacy rate .........................................................80 Enrolment in primary education ..............................1 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 0.97 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 90 98 59 43 93 96 58 37 0.61 0.62 0.51 0.38 0.97 0.97 1.03 1.02 1.15 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival .............................................58 0.976 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy
 ........................................69 0.94 1.05 0.92 1.04 — — 66 63 0.95 1.05 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................23 0.313 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................20 Women in ministerial positions .............................11 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............56 0.48 0.67 0.00 0.23 0.19 0.17 32 40 0 68 60 50 0.48 0.67 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 166 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Ecuador OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 33 0.721 97 0.600 54 0.994 58 0.976 23 0.313 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 45 0.704 99 0.584 77 0.988 58 0.976 29 0.267 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 40 0.707 90 0.599 78 0.988 57 0.976 28 0.267 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 23 0.722 77 0.630 45 0.996 1 0.980 21 0.283 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 35 0.709 74 0.623 52 0.995 1 0.980 28 0.238 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 44 0.688 65 0.634 42 0.994 1 0.980 44 0.145 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 82 0.643 92 0.499 39 0.994 1 0.980 64 0.100 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ..............8 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................5 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........39 Inheritance rights of daughters2.....................................................0.00 Inheritance rights of widows2 ........................................................0.00 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................24 Women’s access to
 land ownership2 .............................................0.50 Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................0.50 Women’s access to property other than land2 ................................0.50 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................2 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......4.37 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................63 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................50 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................31 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........12 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............12 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................22 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................22 Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................2.50 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ............100 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................84 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................89 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ........... 110 [62-180] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............73 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................0.30 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................0.60 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births).............................................18 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................1.00 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and
 Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................0.00 Parental authority after divorce2 ....................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation2 .............................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........0.50 Year women received right to vote ................................................1929 Quota type ................................................ Legislated candidate quotas Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination..........................................................— Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ......................................................12 weeks Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Provider of maternity coverage ......75% Social security, 25% employer Length of paternity leave ..................................................................— Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options ................................................................................— 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 167 Part 2: Country Profiles Egypt Gender Gap Index 2012 126 0.597 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 82.54 1.75 160.26 5,544
 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity ...........124 0.454 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ..................................130 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ..................1 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) ...................126 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............99 Professional and technical workers ......................96 0.30 0.82 0.26 0.12 0.51 0.68 0.64 24 79 — — 0.53 2,605 10,012 0.25 0.63 11 34 89 66 Educational Attainment .....................................110 0.925 0.932 Literacy rate .......................................................116 Enrolment in primary education ..........................117 Enrolment in secondary education ......................103 Enrolment in tertiary education .............................98 0.79 0.97 0.96 0.91 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 64 94 69 31 80 98 71 34 0.30 0.82 0.26 0.12 0.51 0.79 0.97 0.96 0.91 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival .............................................54 0.977 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ........................................64 0.94 1.05 0.92 1.04 — — 62 59 0.95 1.05 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .....................................125 0.035 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ..........................................128 Women in ministerial positions .............................95 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............58 0.02 0.12 0.00 0.23 0.19 0.17 2 10 0 98 90 50 0.02 0.12 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 168 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Egypt OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL
 POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 126 0.597 124 0.454 110 0.925 54 0.977 125 0.035 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 123 0.593 122 0.457 110 0.908 52 0.977 126 0.031 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 125 0.590 121 0.453 110 0.899 52 0.977 125 0.031 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 126 0.586 124 0.450 107 0.900 89 0.972 129 0.023 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 124 0.583 120 0.437 105 0.902 84 0.972 124 0.023 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 120 0.581 120 0.421 101 0.909 83 0.972 123 0.022 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 109 0.579 108 0.416 90 0.903 66 0.974 111 0.022 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ............23 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................5 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........18 Inheritance rights of daughters2.....................................................1.00 Inheritance rights of widows2 ........................................................1.00 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................34 Women’s access to land ownership2 .............................................0.00 Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................0.00 Women’s access to property other than land2 ................................1.00 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................3 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......4.99 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................53 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................42 Female teachers, tertiary education
 (%) ............................................— Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........10 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............11 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................23 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................14 Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................2.70 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............50 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................73 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................79 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ............. 66 [40-100] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............60 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .................................... <0.10 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ........................................ <0.10 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births).............................................19 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................1.01 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................1.00 Parental authority after divorce2 ....................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation2 .............................................................0.91 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........0.50 Year women received right to vote ................................................1956 Quota type ................................................ Legislated candidate quotas Existence of legislation prohibiting
 gender-based discrimination..........................................................— Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave .........................................................90 days Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Provider of maternity coverage ...Social insurance 75%, employer 25% Length of paternity leave ..................................................................— Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options ................................................................................— 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 169 Part 2: Country Profiles El Salvador Gender Gap Index 2012 94 0.663 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 6.23 0.53 15.84 5,981 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity ...........112 0.543 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................99 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ..............106 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) ...................114 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............73 Professional and technical workers ......................76 0.61 0.57 0.41 0.33 0.86 0.68 0.64 49 81 — — 0.53 4,113 9,939 0.25 0.63 25 46 75 54
 Educational Attainment .......................................77 0.989 0.932 Literacy rate .........................................................91 Enrolment in primary education ............................68 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 0.94 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 82 94 59 25 87 94 57 22 0.61 0.57 0.41 0.33 0.86 0.94 1.00 1.04 1.16 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival ...............................................1 0.980 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ..........................................1 0.94 1.06 0.92 1.04 — — 63 58 0.95 1.09 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................66 0.141 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................33 Women in ministerial positions .............................90 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............58 0.36 0.13 0.00 0.23 0.19 0.17 26 11 0 74 89 50 0.36 0.13 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 170 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles El Salvador OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 94 0.663 112 0.543 77 0.989 1 0.980 66 0.141 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 94 0.657 108 0.541 72 0.989 1 0.980 72 0.118 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 90 0.660 102 0.553 79 0.988 1 0.980 73 0.118 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 55 0.694 98 0.579 81 0.988 1 0.980 32 0.230 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 58 0.688 97 0.563 78 0.988 1 0.980 32 0.219 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 48 0.685 91 0.576 66 0.988 1
 0.980 26 0.197 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 39 0.684 73 0.570 59 0.988 1 0.980 24 0.197 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ..............5 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................9 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........48 Inheritance rights of daughters2.....................................................0.00 Inheritance rights of widows2 ........................................................0.00 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................40 Women’s access to land ownership2 .............................................0.50 Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................0.50 Women’s access to property other than land2 ................................0.00 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................1 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......4.07 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................68 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................68 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................35 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........11 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............11 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................23 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................17 Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................2.30 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............68 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%)
 .................................94 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................85 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ............. 81 [55-120] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............73 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................0.50 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................1.20 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births).............................................14 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................0.90 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................0.00 Parental authority after divorce2 .......................................................— Female genital mutilation2 .............................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........0.25 Year women received right to vote ................................................1939 Quota type ........................................................................No legislated Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination..........................................................— Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ......................................................12 weeks Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................75 Provider of maternity coverage ...................................... Social security for insured workers, employer for un-insured Length of paternity leave ..................................................................— Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered
 period) ..............................................— Daycare options ................................................................................— 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 171 Part 2: Country Profiles Estonia Gender Gap Index 2012 60 0.698 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 1.34 -0.01 8.36 16,561 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............40 0.719 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................24 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................88 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................49 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............27 Professional and technical workers ........................1 0.89 0.62 0.65 0.57 1.00 0.68 0.64 69 78 — — 0.53 17,887 27,688 0.25 0.63 36 68 64 32 Educational Attainment .......................................58 0.994 0.932 Literacy rate ...........................................................1 Enrolment in primary education ..........................105 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 1.00 0.99 1.00 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 100 100 93 93 79 95 91 47 0.89 0.62 0.65 0.57 2.15 1.00 0.99 1.02 1.70 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY
 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival .............................................34 0.979 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ............................93 Healthy life expectancy ..........................................1 0.94 1.06 0.92 1.04 — — 71 61 0.94 1.16 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................87 0.099 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................63 Women in ministerial positions ...........................105 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............58 0.25 0.09 0.00 0.23 0.19 0.17 20 8 0 80 92 50 0.25 0.09 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 172 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Estonia OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 60 0.698 40 0.719 58 0.994 34 0.979 87 0.099 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 52 0.698 35 0.720 38 0.997 51 0.977 87 0.099 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 47 0.702 35 0.719 38 0.997 50 0.977 74 0.114 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 37 0.709 36 0.705 37 0.998 41 0.979 50 0.156 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 37 0.708 33 0.700 48 0.995 38 0.979 48 0.156 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 30 0.701 34 0.694 20 0.999 37 0.979 51 0.131 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 29 0.694 27 0.682 16 0.999 36 0.979 51 0.117 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ............14 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force)...................20 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........54 Inheritance rights of
 daughters2........................................................— Inheritance rights of widows2 ...........................................................— Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................36 Women’s access to land ownership2 ................................................— Women’s access to credit2 ...............................................................— Women’s access to property other than land2 ...................................— Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................5 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......5.18 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................93 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................77 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................48 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........12 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............12 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................24 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................— Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................1.70 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............24 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................— Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................99 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ..................... 2 [1-4] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............70 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................0.80 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................1.70 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live
 births)...............................................4 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................0.86 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 .........................................................— Parental authority after divorce2 .......................................................— Female genital mutilation2 ................................................................— Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ..............— Year women received right to vote ................................................1918 Quota type ........................................................................................— Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination.........................................................Yes Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ........................................ 140 calendar days Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Provider of maternity coverage ...................................... Social security Length of paternity leave ........................................................2 weeks; can be used during the 2 months before or after birth Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) .......Paid on the basis of father’s average wages, up to a ceiling Daycare options .................................... Public daycare with allowance, private daycare with and without allowance, homecare without allowance 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true
 maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 173 Part 2: Country Profiles Ethiopia Gender Gap Index 2012 118 0.620 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 84.73 2.15 18.32 934 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............85 0.622 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................15 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................64 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................41 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............92 Professional and technical workers ......................98 0.91 0.66 0.67 0.19 0.49 0.68 0.64 0.53 0.25 0.63 83 91 — — 894 1,341 16 33 84 67 Educational Attainment .....................................130 0.739 0.932 Literacy rate .......................................................129 Enrolment in primary education ..........................120 Enrolment in secondary education ......................128 Enrolment in tertiary education ...........................133 0.59 0.94 0.66 0.36 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 29 79 11 3 49 84 17 8 0.91 0.66 0.67 0.19 0.49 0.59 0.94 0.66 0.36 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival .............................................72 0.974 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ........................................86 0.94 1.04 0.92 1.04 — — 51 49 0.97 1.04 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................62 0.146 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament
 ............................................32 Women in ministerial positions ...........................101 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............58 0.39 0.11 0.00 0.23 0.19 0.17 28 10 0 72 90 50 0.39 0.11 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 174 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Ethiopia OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 118 0.620 85 0.622 130 0.739 72 0.974 62 0.146 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 116 0.614 71 0.637 131 0.704 77 0.974 64 0.139 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 121 0.602 74 0.632 129 0.700 75 0.974 82 0.102 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 122 0.595 91 0.598 130 0.700 106 0.969 74 0.113 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 122 0.587 96 0.565 126 0.700 101 0.969 70 0.113 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 113 0.599 86 0.585 121 0.740 100 0.969 68 0.102 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 100 0.595 74 0.568 108 0.739 87 0.969 61 0.102 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ............30 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force)...................12 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........42 Inheritance rights of daughters2.....................................................0.50 Inheritance rights of widows2 ........................................................0.50 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................31 Women’s access to land ownership2 .............................................0.50 Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................1.00 Women’s access to property other than land2
 ................................0.00 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................2 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......4.46 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................36 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................21 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................11 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) .............8 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) .................9 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................21 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................27 Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................4.20 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ............109 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................34 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................10 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ......... 350 [210-630] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............15 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ..........................................— Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ..............................................— Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births).............................................68 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................0.99 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................0.00 Parental authority after divorce2 ....................................................0.00
Female genital mutilation2 .............................................................0.74 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........0.00 Year women received right to vote ................................................1955 Quota type ........................................................................................— Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination.........................................................Yes Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave .........................................................90 days Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Provider of maternity coverage ......................
Employer (up to 45 days) Length of paternity leave ........................................... 5 days after birth Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) .......................................
Unpaid Daycare options ................................................................................— 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 175 Part 2: Country Profiles Fiji Gender Gap Index 2012 113 0.629 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 0.87 0.97 1.92 4,178 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity ...........117 0.497 0.599 Labour force participation ..................................117 0.50 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ............... — Estimated earned income (PPP US$) ...................119 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ..............1 Professional and technical workers ....................111 — 0.38 1.00 0.10 0.68 0.64 — — 0.53 2,593 6,893 0.25 0.63 51 9 49 91 40 80 0.50 Female-to-male ratio — 0.38 1.04 0.10 0.96 1.00 1.11 1.19 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Educational Attainment .......................................63 0.992 0.932 Literacy rate .........................................................84 Enrolment in primary education ............................64 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 0.96 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 92 97 88 18 96 97 79 15 Health and Survival ...............................................1 0.980 0.956
0.980 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ..........................................1 0.94 1.06 0.92 1.04 — — 64 60 0.95 1.07 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .....................................123 0.045 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ........................................... — Women in ministerial positions .............................90 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............58 — 0.13 0.00 0.23 0.19 0.17 — — 11 0 89 50 — 0.13 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 176 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Fiji OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 113 0.629 117 0.497 63 0.992 1 0.980 123 0.045 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 109 0.625 116 0.497 70 0.989 1 0.980 123 0.036 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 108 0.626 114 0.498 70 0.989 1 0.980 121 0.036 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 103 0.641 111 0.534 72 0.991 1 0.980 115 0.061 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) — — — — — — — — Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) — — — — — — — — Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) — — — — — — — — — — — — — — Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ............13 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................6 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........30 Inheritance rights of daughters2.....................................................0.50 Inheritance rights of widows2 ........................................................0.50 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................49
 Women’s access to land ownership2 .............................................0.50 Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................0.50 Women’s access to property other than land2 ................................0.00 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................1 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 ..........— Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................55 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................71 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................36 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........13 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............12 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................23 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................10 Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................2.70 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............30 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) ...............................100 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ..............................100 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ............... 26 [15-48] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............41 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................0.10 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................0.20 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births).............................................15 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................1.04 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social
 Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................0.00 Parental authority after divorce2 ....................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation2 .............................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........0.25 Year women received right to vote ................................................1963 Quota type ........................................................................................— Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination..........................................................— Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave .........................................................84 days Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ......................100; 50 beginning with fourth birth Provider of maternity coverage ..............................................
Employer Length of paternity leave ..................................................................— Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options ................................................................................— 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 177 Part 2: Country Profiles Finland Gender Gap Index 2012 2 0.845 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 5.39 0.46 145.42 31,493 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............14 0.785 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ......................................6 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................15 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................16 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............61 Professional and technical workers ........................1 0.96 0.77 0.78 0.42 1.00 0.68 0.64 74 77 — — 0.53 31,374 40,000 0.25 0.63 30 55 70 45 Educational Attainment .........................................1 1.000 0.932 Literacy rate ...........................................................1 Enrolment in primary education ..............................1 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 99 98 94 103 99 98 94 85 0.96 0.77
 0.78 0.42 1.24 1.00 1.00 1.01 1.22 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival ...............................................1 0.980 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ..........................................1 0.94 1.06 0.92 1.04 — — 75 70 0.96 1.07 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .........................................2 0.616 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ..............................................3 Women in ministerial positions ...............................1 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................7 0.74 1.00 0.32 0.23 0.19 0.17 43 50 12 58 50 38 0.74 1.00 0.32 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 178 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Finland OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 2 0.845 14 0.785 1 1.000 1 0.980 2 0.616 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 3 0.838 12 0.768 26 0.999 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 3 0.826 16 0.757 28 0.999 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 2 0.825 15 0.750 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 2 0.820 19 0.741 1 1.000 1 1.000 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 3 0.804 22 0.723 21 0.999 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ..............8 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................9 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (%
 of total non-agricultural employment) ..........51 Inheritance rights of daughters2........................................................— Inheritance rights of widows2 ...........................................................— Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................— Women’s access to land ownership2 ................................................— Women’s access to credit2 ...............................................................— Women’s access to property other than land2 ...................................— Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................5 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......5.72 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................79 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................64 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................51 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........13 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............12 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................30 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................— Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................1.90 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ................9 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) ...............................100 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................99 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ..................... 5 [3-8] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............77 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................0.10 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................0.10 Infant mortality rate
 (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births)...............................................2 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................0.96 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 .........................................................— Parental authority after divorce2 .......................................................— Female genital mutilation2 ................................................................— Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ..............— Year women received right to vote ................................................1906 Quota type ........................................................................................— Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination..........................................................— Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ......................................... 105 working days Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ......................70 up to a ceiling, plus 40 of the additional amount up to a ceiling, plus 25 of additional amount Provider of maternity coverage ....................... Social insurance system Length of paternity leave .........Up to 18 days after birth, taken in up to 4 separate periods; full month of additional paternity leave (daddy month) can be taken by fathers, between 13 and 36 working days (mothers not eligible for maternity or Parental Allowance during daddy month) Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ......................Approximately 70, minimum allowance Daycare options .......................................... Public and private daycare, homecare with and without allowance 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on
 a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 179 Part 2: Country Profiles France Gender Gap Index 2012 57 0.698 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 65.44 0.55 1,484.70 29,640 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............62 0.669 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................37 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ..............129 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................34 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............20 Professional and technical workers ......................63 0.87 0.43 0.68 0.63 0.97 0.68 0.64 65 75 — — 0.53 27,294 40,000 0.25 0.63 39 49 61 51 Educational Attainment .........................................1 1.000 0.932 Literacy rate ...........................................................1 Enrolment in primary education ..............................1 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 99 99 99 61 99 98 98 48 0.87 0.43 0.68 0.63 0.97 1.00 1.00 1.02 1.28 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival ...............................................1 0.980 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy
 ..........................................1 0.94 1.06 0.92 1.04 — — 76 71 0.95 1.07 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................63 0.145 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................69 Women in ministerial positions .............................47 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............43 0.23 0.26 0.02 0.23 0.19 0.17 19 21 1 81 79 49 0.23 0.26 0.02 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 180 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles France OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 57 0.698 62 0.669 1 1.000 1 0.980 63 0.145 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 48 0.702 61 0.659 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 46 0.703 60 0.661 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 18 0.733 61 0.659 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 15 0.734 53 0.663 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 51 0.682 61 0.646 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ............10 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................9 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........50 Inheritance rights of daughters2........................................................— Inheritance rights of widows2 ...........................................................— Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................— Women’s access to land ownership2
 ................................................— Women’s access to credit2 ...............................................................— Women’s access to property other than land2 ...................................— Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................5 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......3.47 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................83 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................59 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................39 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........13 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............13 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................32 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................— Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................2.00 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............11 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) ...............................100 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................98 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ................... 8 [7-10] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............77 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................0.30 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................0.50 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births)...............................................3 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................0.95 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental
 authority in marriage2 .........................................................— Parental authority after divorce2 .......................................................— Female genital mutilation2 ................................................................— Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ..............— Year women received right to vote ................................................1944 Quota type ................................................ Legislated candidate quotas Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination..........................................................— Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ......................................................16 weeks Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) .......................100, up to ceiling Provider of maternity coverage ...................................... Social security Length of paternity leave ..................................................................— Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options ................................................................................— 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 181 Part 2: Country Profiles Gambia, The Gender Gap Index 2012 93 0.663 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 1.78 2.74 0.61 1,265 Health
 Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............18 0.772 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................48 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ..................4 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................37 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ........... — Professional and technical workers ..................... — 0.84 0.80 0.67 — — 0.68 0.64 71 85 — — 0.53 1,724 2,557 0.25 0.63 — — — — Educational Attainment .....................................127 0.763 0.932 Literacy rate .......................................................124 Enrolment in primary education ..............................1 Enrolment in secondary education ......................133 Enrolment in tertiary education ...........................116 0.67 1.00 0.42 0.66 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 40 67 8 1 60 64 19 2 0.84 0.80 0.67 — — 0.67 1.03 0.42 0.66 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival ...............................................1 0.980 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ..........................................1 0.94 1.06 0.92 1.04 — — 53 50 0.97 1.06 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................70 0.137 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ..........................................119 Women in ministerial positions .............................21 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............58 0.08 0.45 0.00 0.23 0.19 0.17 8 31 0 93 69 50 0.08 0.45 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 182 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Gambia, The OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT
 Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 93 0.663 18 0.772 127 0.763 1 0.980 70 0.137 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 77 0.676 19 0.756 122 0.832 1 0.980 66 0.137 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 75 0.676 14 0.759 121 0.829 1 0.980 62 0.138 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 75 0.675 23 0.741 119 0.853 1 0.980 68 0.127 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 85 0.662 32 0.706 118 0.836 1 0.980 63 0.127 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 95 0.642 37 0.687 117 0.808 1 0.980 73 0.094 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 79 0.645 25 0.688 106 0.809 64 0.974 55 0.109 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ............— Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force)...................— Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........32 Inheritance rights of daughters2.....................................................1.00 Inheritance rights of widows2 ........................................................1.00 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................21 Women’s access to land ownership2 .............................................1.00 Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................0.50 Women’s access to property other than land2 ................................0.50 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ........................................— Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......5.63 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................33 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................— Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................16
 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) .............8 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) .................8 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................20 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................25 Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................4.90 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ............104 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................85 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................52 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ......... 360 [170-820] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............18 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................2.40 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................1.70 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births).............................................57 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................0.98 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................0.00 Parental authority after divorce2 ....................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation2 .............................................................0.78 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........0.75 Year women received right to vote ................................................1960 Quota type ........................................................................................— Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based
 discrimination..........................................................— Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ......................................................12 weeks Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Provider of maternity coverage ..............................................
Employer Length of paternity leave ..................................................................— Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options ................................................................................— 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 183 Part 2: Country Profiles Georgia Gender Gap Index 2012 85 0.669 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 4.49 0.95 5.60 4,552 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............57 0.677 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................69 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................10 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) ...................116 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............38 Professional and technical workers ........................1 0.76 0.77 0.40 0.51 1.00 0.68 0.64 59 78 — — 0.53 3,205 8,084 0.25 0.63 34 62 66 38 Educational Attainment .......................................89 0.979 0.932 Literacy rate .........................................................46 Enrolment in primary education ..........................110 Enrolment in secondary education ......................106 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 1.00 0.98 0.95 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 100 100 93 80 31 95 84 25 0.76 0.77 0.40 0.51
 1.62 1.00 0.98 0.95 1.25 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival ...........................................129 0.950 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..........................129 Healthy life expectancy ..........................................1 0.90 1.06 0.92 1.04 — — 67 62 0.90 1.08 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .....................................109 0.071 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ..........................................121 Women in ministerial positions .............................64 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............49 0.07 0.19 0.01 0.23 0.19 0.17 7 16 0 93 84 50 0.07 0.19 0.01 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 184 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Georgia OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 85 0.669 57 0.677 89 0.979 129 0.950 109 0.071 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 86 0.662 54 0.672 67 0.990 128 0.948 120 0.039 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 88 0.660 54 0.675 87 0.981 129 0.944 119 0.039 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 83 0.668 54 0.675 82 0.985 131 0.939 103 0.073 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 82 0.665 69 0.635 1 1.000 127 0.939 92 0.088 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 67 0.666 69 0.630 28 0.998 125 0.933 66 0.104 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 54 0.670 41 0.656 28 0.997 115 0.923 59 0.104 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ............16 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force)...................17 Share of women in wage employment in the non-
 agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........49 Inheritance rights of daughters2.....................................................0.50 Inheritance rights of widows2 ........................................................0.50 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................41 Women’s access to land ownership2 .............................................0.00 Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................0.00 Women’s access to property other than land2 ................................0.50 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................2 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......5.14 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................86 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................86 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................52 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........11 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............11 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................— Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................14 Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................1.60 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............44 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................96 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ..............................100 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ............. 67 [43-110] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............47 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................0.10 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................0.10
 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births).............................................20 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................0.89 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................0.50 Parental authority after divorce2 ....................................................0.50 Female genital mutilation2 .............................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........0.50 Year women received right to vote ......................................1918, 1921 Quota type ........................................................................No legislated Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination..........................................................— Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave .................................................................— Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Provider of maternity coverage .........................................................— Length of paternity leave ..................................................................— Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options ................................................................................— 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95%
 probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 185 Part 2: Country Profiles Germany Gender Gap Index 2012 13 0.763 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 81.73 -0.15 2,069.46 33,414 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............31 0.740 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................39 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................90 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................21 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............23 Professional and technical workers ........................1 0.87 0.62 0.74 0.61 1.00 0.68 0.64 71 82 — — 0.53 29,616 40,000 0.25 0.63 38 50 62 50 Educational Attainment .......................................83 0.985 0.932 Literacy rate ...........................................................1 Enrolment in primary education ............................75 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ...........................101 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.89 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 99 98 88 44 99 98 88 50 0.87 0.62 0.74 0.61 1.01 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.89 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival .............................................52 0.978 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ............................93 Healthy life expectancy ........................................60 0.94 1.06 0.92 1.04 — — 75 71 0.94 1.06 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................15 0.349 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament
 ............................................18 Women in ministerial positions .............................17 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............12 0.49 0.50 0.17 0.23 0.19 0.17 33 33 7 67 67 43 0.49 0.50 0.17 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 186 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Germany OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 13 0.763 31 0.740 83 0.985 52 0.978 15 0.349 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 11 0.759 32 0.727 50 0.994 49 0.978 15 0.336 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 13 0.753 37 0.714 51 0.995 47 0.978 15 0.325 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 12 0.745 37 0.696 49 0.995 60 0.978 13 0.311 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 11 0.739 45 0.688 49 0.995 57 0.978 16 0.296 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 7 0.762 29 0.700 35 0.995 56 0.978 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 5 0.752 32 0.669 31 0.995 36 0.979 6 0.374 6 0.366 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ..............7 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................8 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........48 Inheritance rights of daughters2........................................................— Inheritance rights of widows2 ...........................................................— Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................20 Women’s access to land ownership2 ................................................— Women’s access to credit2 ...............................................................— Women’s access to property other than land2
 ...................................— Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................5 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......4.45 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................86 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................59 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................39 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........13 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............13 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................31 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................— Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................1.40 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............10 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) ...............................100 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................99 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ..................... 7 [6-9] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............70 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................0.10 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................0.20 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births)...............................................3 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................0.96 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 .........................................................— Parental authority after divorce2 .......................................................—
Female genital mutilation2 ................................................................— Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ..............— Year women received right to vote ................................................1918 Quota type ........................................................................No legislated Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination.........................................................Yes Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ......................................................14 weeks Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) .......................100, up to ceiling Provider of maternity coverage ...... Statutory health insurance scheme, state, employer Length of paternity leave ..................................................................— Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options ...................Public and private daycare with allowance 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 187 Part 2: Country Profiles Ghana Gender Gap Index 2012 71 0.678 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 24.97 2.35 8.76 1,475 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............26 0.754 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force
 participation ......................................2 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ..................8 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................30 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............47 Professional and technical workers ..................... — 0.99 0.77 0.70 0.47 — 0.68 0.64 75 76 — — 0.53 1,550 2,206 0.25 0.63 32 68 — — Educational Attainment .....................................113 0.906 0.932 Literacy rate .......................................................112 Enrolment in primary education ..............................1 Enrolment in secondary education ......................112 Enrolment in tertiary education ...........................117 0.84 1.00 0.92 0.62 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 61 84 47 9 73 84 51 15 0.99 0.77 0.70 0.47 — 0.84 1.01 0.92 0.62 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival ...........................................105 0.967 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ......................................109 0.94 1.02 0.92 1.04 — — 50 49 0.97 1.02 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .....................................100 0.084 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ..........................................116 Women in ministerial positions .............................52 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............58 0.09 0.23 0.00 0.23 0.19 0.17 8 18 0 92 82 50 0.09 0.23 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 188 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Ghana OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 71 0.678 26 0.754 113 0.906 105 0.967 100 0.084 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 70 0.681 17 0.758 111 0.903 104 0.967 91
 0.096 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 70 0.678 15 0.758 111 0.891 103 0.967 88 0.096 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 80 0.670 13 0.755 112 0.886 111 0.967 101 0.073 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 77 0.668 14 0.745 110 0.875 106 0.967 94 0.085 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 63 0.673 3 0.781 106 0.871 105 0.967 91 0.071 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 58 0.665 5 0.753 94 0.868 89 0.969 80 0.071 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ..............4 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................4 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........32 Inheritance rights of daughters2.....................................................0.50 Inheritance rights of widows2 ........................................................0.50 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................44 Women’s access to land ownership2 .............................................1.00 Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................0.50 Women’s access to property other than land2 ................................0.50 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................2 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......5.21 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................34 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................22 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................18 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........11 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............11 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women
 (years)..........................22 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................14 Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................4.20 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............70 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................90 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................55 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ......... 350 [210-630] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............24 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................2.20 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................1.40 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births).............................................50 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................1.04 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................0.50 Parental authority after divorce2 ....................................................0.50 Female genital mutilation2 .............................................................0.04 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........0.25 Year women received right to vote ................................................1954 Quota type ........................................................................No legislated Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination..........................................................No Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ......................................................12 weeks Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period)
 ............................................100 Provider of maternity coverage ..............................................
Employer Length of paternity leave ..................................................................No Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options ................................................................................— 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 189 Part 2: Country Profiles Greece Gender Gap Index 2012 82 0.672 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 11.30 0.29 153.65 24,206 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............80 0.633 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................86 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................70 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................87 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............65 Professional and technical workers ......................64 0.70 0.65 0.53 0.40 0.96 0.68 0.64 55 79 — — 0.53 18,617 35,338 0.25 0.63 28 49 72 51 Educational Attainment .......................................55 0.994 0.932 Literacy rate .........................................................73 Enrolment in primary education ..............................1 Enrolment in secondary education ........................87 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 0.98 1.00 0.99 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 96 99 90 94 98 98 91 85 0.70 0.65
 0.53 0.40 0.96 0.98 1.01 0.99 1.10 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival .............................................69 0.974 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ............................93 Healthy life expectancy ........................................79 0.94 1.04 0.92 1.04 — — 74 71 0.94 1.04 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................99 0.086 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................71 Women in ministerial positions ...........................118 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............58 0.23 0.06 0.00 0.23 0.19 0.17 19 6 0 81 94 50 0.23 0.06 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 190 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Greece OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 82 0.672 80 0.633 55 0.994 69 0.974 99 0.086 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 56 0.692 78 0.624 53 0.994 86 0.971 42 0.177 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 58 0.691 79 0.621 54 0.994 84 0.971 42 0.177 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 85 0.666 86 0.607 60 0.993 57 0.979 94 0.086 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 75 0.673 72 0.631 55 0.994 54 0.979 93 0.086 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 72 0.665 70 0.630 57 0.989 53 0.979 98 0.061 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 69 0.654 70 0.585 46 0.992 53 0.978 87 0.061 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ............16 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force)...................10 Share of women in wage employment in the non-
 agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........43 Inheritance rights of daughters2........................................................— Inheritance rights of widows2 ...........................................................— Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................24 Women’s access to land ownership2 ................................................— Women’s access to credit2 ...............................................................— Women’s access to property other than land2 ...................................— Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................5 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......4.21 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................65 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................58 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................35 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........12 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............12 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................27 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................— Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................1.50 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............12 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................— Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................— Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ..................... 3 [2-5] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............76 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................0.10 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................0.20
 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births)...............................................3 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................0.98 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 .........................................................— Parental authority after divorce2 .......................................................— Female genital mutilation2 ................................................................— Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ..............— Year women received right to vote ................................................1952 Quota type ........................................................................No legislated Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination.........................................................Yes Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave .......................................................119 days Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ........ 50 plus a 10% supplement for each dependent (40% maximum); birth grant paid as lump sum Provider of maternity coverage ...................... Social security, employer Length of paternity leave ............... Father is entitled to maternity leave if not used by mother Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) .................................
Paid leave, amount depending on earnings Daycare options ...........................................Public and private daycare with allowance (civil servants) 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 191 Part 2: Country Profiles Guatemala Gender Gap Index 2012 116 0.626 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 14.76 2.50 26.77 4,292 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity ...........114 0.526 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ..................................110 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ..............108 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) ...................107 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ........... — Professional and technical workers ..................... — 0.56 0.57 0.44 — — 0.68 0.64 50 90 — — 0.53 3,073 6,947 0.25 0.63 — — — — Educational Attainment .....................................102 0.951 0.932 Literacy rate .......................................................106 Enrolment in primary education ..........................112 Enrolment in secondary education ......................109 Enrolment in tertiary education .............................91 0.87 0.98 0.94 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 70 96 40 18 81 98 43 18 0.56 0.57 0.44 — — 0.87 0.98 0.94 1.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival
 ...............................................1 0.980 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ..........................................1 0.94 1.06 0.92 1.04 — — 62 58 0.95 1.07 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .....................................121 0.048 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................89 Women in ministerial positions ...........................125 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............58 0.15 0.00 0.00 0.23 0.19 0.17 13 0 0 87 100 50 0.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 192 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Guatemala OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 116 0.626 114 0.526 102 0.951 1 0.980 121 0.048 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 112 0.623 113 0.524 98 0.946 1 0.980 118 0.042 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 109 0.624 109 0.528 101 0.945 1 0.980 116 0.042 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 111 0.621 115 0.506 101 0.938 1 0.980 118 0.060 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 112 0.607 114 0.475 103 0.915 1 0.980 113 0.060 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 106 0.614 112 0.471 102 0.897 1 0.980 61 0.110 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 95 0.607 104 0.443 91 0.895 1 0.980 54 0.110 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ..............2 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................2 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........30 Inheritance rights of
 daughters2.....................................................0.00 Inheritance rights of widows2 ........................................................0.00 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................44 Women’s access to land ownership2 .............................................0.50 Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................0.50 Women’s access to property other than land2 ................................0.00 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ........................................— Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......4.14 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................65 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................45 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................— Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........10 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............10 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................20 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................26 Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................4.00 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............92 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................93 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................51 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ......... 120 [110-140] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............43 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................0.50 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................1.10 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live
 births).............................................25 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................0.95 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................1.00 Parental authority after divorce2 .......................................................— Female genital mutilation2 .............................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........0.00 Year women received right to vote ................................................1946 Quota type ........................................................................No legislated Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination..........................................................— Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave .........................................................84 days Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Provider of maternity coverage ...............................Social security (2/3), employer (1/3; 100% if mother not entitled to social security) Length of paternity leave ..................................................................— Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options ................................................................................— 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender
 Gap Report 2012 | 193 Part 2: Country Profiles Guyana Gender Gap Index 2012 42 0.712 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 0.76 0.20 0.91 3,078 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............94 0.603 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ..................................109 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................34 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) ...................113 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............72 Professional and technical workers ........................1 0.57 0.73 0.42 0.34 1.00 0.68 0.64 48 85 — — 0.53 2,022 4,856 0.25 0.63 25 59 75 41 Educational Attainment .......................................28 0.999 0.932 Literacy rate .........................................................58 Enrolment in primary education ..............................1 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 99 82 83 17 99 79 78 7 0.57 0.73 0.42 0.34 1.42 0.99 1.04 1.07 2.52 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival .............................................47 0.979 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ........................................56 0.94 1.06 0.92 1.04 — — 55 52 0.95 1.06 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................32 0.267 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................25 Women in
Women in ministerial positions .............................25 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............29 0.46 0.42 0.05 0.23 0.19 0.17 31 29 2 69 71 48 0.46 0.42 0.05 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 194 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Guyana OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 42 0.712 94 0.603 28 0.999 47 0.979 32 0.267 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 38 0.708 88 0.598 75 0.989 45 0.979 28 0.268 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 38 0.709 93 0.592 33 0.998 43 0.979 27 0.267 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 35 0.711 85 0.613 41 0.997 1 0.980 28 0.254 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) — — — — — — — — Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) — — — — — — — — Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) — — — — — — — — — — — — — — Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ............15 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force)...................10 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........35 Inheritance rights of daughters2........................................................— Inheritance rights of widows2 ...........................................................— Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................58 Women’s access to land ownership2 ................................................— Women’s access to credit2 ...............................................................— Women’s access to property other than land2 ...................................— Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ........................................— Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......5.41
 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................89 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................68 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................55 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........10 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) .................9 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................20 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................— Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................2.30 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ............101 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................86 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................87 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ......... 280 [180-430] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............43 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................1.20 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................1.30 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births).............................................25 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................1.01 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 .........................................................— Parental authority after divorce2 .......................................................— Female genital mutilation2 ................................................................— Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2
 ..............— Year women received right to vote ................................................1953 Quota type ................................................ Legislated candidate quotas Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination..........................................................— Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ......................................................13 weeks Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) .............70 plus lump sum grant Provider of maternity coverage ...................................... Social security Length of paternity leave ..................................................................— Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options ................................................................................— 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 195 Part 2: Country Profiles Honduras Gender Gap Index 2012 74 0.676 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 7.75 2.00 10.58 3,519 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............96 0.601 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ..................................116 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................96 Estimated earned income (PPP US$)
 ...................117 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............14 Professional and technical workers ........................1 0.51 0.61 0.40 0.68 1.00 0.68 0.64 42 82 — — 0.53 2,306 5,827 0.25 0.63 41 52 59 48 Educational Attainment .......................................21 1.000 0.932 Literacy rate .........................................................45 Enrolment in primary education ..............................1 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 85 96 26 23 85 94 23 15 0.51 0.61 0.40 0.68 1.08 1.00 1.02 1.11 1.51 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival .............................................55 0.976 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ........................................65 0.94 1.05 0.92 1.04 — — 64 61 0.95 1.05 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................75 0.128 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................66 Women in ministerial positions .............................58 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............58 0.24 0.21 0.00 0.23 0.19 0.17 20 18 0 81 82 50 0.24 0.21 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 196 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Honduras OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 74 0.676 96 0.601 21 1.000 55 0.976 75 0.128 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 54 0.694 91 0.597 29 0.999 53 0.976 37 0.205 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 54 0.693 96 0.590 30 0.999 53 0.976 35 0.205 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)
 62 0.689 87 0.605 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 47 0.696 70 0.634 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 68 0.666 98 0.549 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 74 0.648 99 0.478 1 1.000 1 1.000 1 1.000 1 1.000 1 0.980 41 0.173 1 0.980 41 0.171 1 0.980 48 0.136 1 0.980 42 0.136 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ..............3 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................3 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........42 Inheritance rights of daughters2.....................................................0.00 Inheritance rights of widows2 ........................................................0.50 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................43 Women’s access to land ownership2 .............................................0.50 Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................0.50 Women’s access to property other than land2 ................................0.00 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................1 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......4.69 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................75 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................55 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................38 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........11 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............10 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................21 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................25 Fertility rate (births per woman)
 .....................................................3.10 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ............108 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................84 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................66 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ........... 100 [64-160] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............65 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................0.50 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................1.00 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births).............................................20 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................1.00 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................0.00 Parental authority after divorce2 ....................................................0.50 Female genital mutilation2 .............................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........0.75 Year women received right to vote ................................................1955 Quota type ................................................ Legislated candidate quotas Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination..........................................................— Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ......................................................12 weeks Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Provider of maternity coverage ...............................Social security (2/3), employer (1/3; 100% if mother not
 entitled to social security) Length of paternity leave ..................................................................— Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options ................................................................................— 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 197 Part 2: Country Profiles Hungary Gender Gap Index 2012 81 0.672 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 9.97 -0.23 56.34 16,958 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............68 0.659 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................60 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ..............128 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................42 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............26 Professional and technical workers ........................1 0.80 0.47 0.66 0.57 1.00 0.68 0.64 55 68 — — 0.53 17,525 26,398 0.25 0.63 36 60 64 40 Educational Attainment .......................................68 0.992 0.932 Literacy rate .........................................................54 Enrolment in primary education ..........................104 Enrolment in secondary education ........................86 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 1.00 0.99
 0.99 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 99 92 91 71 99 93 91 52 0.80 0.47 0.66 0.57 1.52 1.00 0.99 0.99 1.37 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival .............................................34 0.979 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ............................93 Healthy life expectancy ..........................................1 0.94 1.06 0.92 1.04 — — 69 62 0.94 1.11 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .....................................117 0.057 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ..........................................111 Women in ministerial positions .............................97 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............58 0.10 0.11 0.00 0.23 0.19 0.17 9 10 0 91 90 50 0.10 0.11 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 198 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Hungary OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 81 0.672 68 0.659 68 0.992 34 0.979 117 0.057 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 85 0.664 64 0.654 56 0.993 1 0.980 127 0.031 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 79 0.672 48 0.689 64 0.990 49 0.978 126 0.031 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 65 0.688 55 0.674 64 0.992 41 0.979 81 0.106 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 60 0.687 50 0.669 64 0.993 38 0.979 77 0.106 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 61 0.673 56 0.653 50 0.991 37 0.979 93 0.069 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 55 0.670 48 0.640 49 0.991 36 0.979 82 0.069 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ............11 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour
 force)...................12 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........49 Inheritance rights of daughters2........................................................— Inheritance rights of widows2 ...........................................................— Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................42 Women’s access to land ownership2 ................................................— Women’s access to credit2 ...............................................................— Women’s access to property other than land2 ...................................— Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................5 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......3.68 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................96 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................71 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................38 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........12 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............12 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................30 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................— Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................1.40 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............20 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................— Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ..............................100 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ............... 21 [15-31] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............81 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .................................... <0.10 Male HIV
<0.10 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................0.10 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births)...............................................5 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................0.90 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 .........................................................— Parental authority after divorce2 .......................................................— Female genital mutilation2 ................................................................— Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ..............— Year women received right to vote ......................................1918, 1945 Quota type ........................................................................No legislated Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination..........................................................— Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ......................................................24 weeks Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................70 Provider of maternity coverage ................................... Social insurance Length of paternity leave ..................................................................— Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options ................................................................................— 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal
 mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 199 Part 2: Country Profiles Iceland Gender Gap Index 2012 1 0.864 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 0.32 -0.14 10.79 32,781 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............27 0.754 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................21 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................44 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................22 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............41 Professional and technical workers ........................1 0.90 0.70 0.73 0.50 1.00 0.68 0.64 81 90 — — 0.53 29,280 40,000 0.25 0.63 33 56 67 44 Educational Attainment .........................................1 1.000 0.932 Literacy rate ...........................................................1 Enrolment in primary education ..............................1 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 99 99 89 97 99 99 87 52 0.90 0.70 0.73 0.50 1.28 1.00 1.00 1.02 1.87 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival .............................................98 0.970 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ......................................102 0.94 1.03 0.92 1.04 — — 75 73 0.96 1.03 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .........................................1 0.733 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament
 ..............................................7 Women in ministerial positions ...............................1 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................2 0.66 1.00 0.64 0.23 0.19 0.17 40 50 19 60 50 31 0.66 1.00 0.64 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 200 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Iceland OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 1 0.864 27 0.754 1 1.000 98 0.970 1 0.733 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 1 0.853 24 0.745 1 1.000 96 0.970 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 1 0.850 18 0.754 1 1.000 96 0.970 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 1 0.828 16 0.750 1 1.000 101 0.970 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 4 0.800 20 0.732 61 0.993 96 0.970 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 4 0.784 23 0.721 67 0.987 95 0.970 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 4 0.781 17 0.711 50 0.991 92 0.968 1 0.697 1 0.675 1 0.591 3 0.504 4 0.456 4 0.456 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ..............7 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................8 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........52 Inheritance rights of daughters2........................................................— Inheritance rights of widows2 ...........................................................— Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................— Women’s access to land ownership2 ................................................— Women’s access to credit2 ...............................................................— Women’s access to property other than land2 ...................................—
 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................5 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......5.42 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................— Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................— Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................49 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........15 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............14 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................28 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................— Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................2.10 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............15 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................— Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................— Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ..................... 5 [3-9] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............— Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................0.20 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................0.40 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births)...............................................2 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................1.02 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 .........................................................— Parental authority after divorce2 .......................................................— Female genital mutilation2
 ................................................................— Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ..............— Year women received right to vote ......................................1915, 1920 Quota type ........................................................................No legislated Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination.........................................................Yes Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ..................................................... 3 months, may be freely split between parents Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................80 Provider of maternity coverage ...................................... Social security Length of paternity leave .......................................................13 weeks Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) .......................Approximately 80 up to a ceiling Daycare options ...........................................Public and private daycare with allowance, homecare with allowance 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 201 Part 2: Country Profiles India Gender Gap Index 2012 105 0.644 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 1,241.49 1.39 963.40 3,073 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic
 Participation and Opportunity ...........123 0.459 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ..................................123 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................92 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) ...................124 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ........... — Professional and technical workers ..................... — 0.42 0.62 0.27 — — 0.68 0.64 35 85 — — 0.53 1,530 5,635 0.25 0.63 — — — — Educational Attainment .....................................121 0.852 0.932 Literacy rate .......................................................123 Enrolment in primary education ............................96 Enrolment in secondary education ......................123 Enrolment in tertiary education ...........................110 0.68 0.99 0.79 0.73 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 51 92 75 93 — — 15 21 0.42 0.62 0.27 — — 0.68 0.99 0.79 0.73 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival ...........................................134 0.931 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..........................131 Healthy life expectancy ......................................111 0.89 1.02 0.92 1.04 — — 57 56 0.89 1.02 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................17 0.334 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ..........................................100 Women in ministerial positions ...........................100 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................3 0.12 0.11 0.61 0.23 0.19 0.17 11 10 19 89 90 31 0.12 0.11 0.61 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 202 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles India OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 105 0.644 123 0.459 121 0.852 134 0.931 17 0.334 Gender
 Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 113 0.619 131 0.396 121 0.837 134 0.931 19 0.312 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 112 0.615 128 0.403 120 0.837 132 0.931 23 0.291 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 114 0.615 127 0.412 121 0.843 134 0.931 24 0.273 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 113 0.606 125 0.399 116 0.845 128 0.931 25 0.248 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 114 0.594 122 0.398 116 0.819 126 0.931 21 0.227 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 98 0.601 110 0.397 102 0.819 103 0.962 20 0.227 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ..............5 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................4 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........18 Inheritance rights of daughters2.....................................................0.50 Inheritance rights of widows2 ........................................................0.50 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ..................9 Women’s access to land ownership2 .............................................0.50 Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................0.50 Women’s access to property other than land2 ................................0.50 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................2 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......4.48 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................44 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................40 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................40 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........10 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary
 (years) ...............10 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................20 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................28 Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................2.60 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............45 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................75 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................58 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ......... 200 [140-310] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............56 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................0.30 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................0.40 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births).............................................48 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................1.07 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................0.00 Parental authority after divorce2 ....................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation2 .............................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........0.25 Year women received right to vote ......................................1935, 1950 Quota type ........................................................................No legislated Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination..........................................................— Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave
 ......................................................12 weeks Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Provider of maternity coverage ..............................................
Employer Length of paternity leave ..................................................................— Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options ................................................................................— 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 203 Part 2: Country Profiles Indonesia Gender Gap Index 2012 97 0.659 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 242.33 1.03 274.37 3,880 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity ...........104 0.565 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ..................................100 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................58 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) ...................112 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............85 Professional and technical workers ......................80 0.61 0.67 0.42 0.28 0.81 0.68 0.64 53 87 — — 0.53 2,780 6,567 0.25 0.63 22 45 78 55 Educational Attainment .......................................92 0.973 0.932 Literacy rate .........................................................93 Enrolment in primary education ..............................1 Enrolment in secondary education ........................88 Enrolment in tertiary education .............................99 0.94 1.00 0.99 0.89 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 90 97 67 22 96 95 68 24 0.61 0.67 0.42
 0.28 0.81 0.94 1.02 0.99 0.89 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival ...........................................107 0.966 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ......................................113 0.94 1.02 0.92 1.04 — — 61 60 0.95 1.02 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................73 0.132 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................72 Women in ministerial positions .............................89 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............25 0.22 0.13 0.07 0.23 0.19 0.17 18 11 3 82 89 47 0.22 0.13 0.07 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 204 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Indonesia OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 97 0.659 104 0.565 92 0.973 107 0.966 73 0.132 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 90 0.659 101 0.564 93 0.967 106 0.966 61 0.140 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 87 0.661 100 0.575 95 0.964 105 0.966 58 0.141 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 92 0.658 100 0.572 95 0.966 87 0.972 70 0.122 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 93 0.647 90 0.571 97 0.945 82 0.972 80 0.101 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 81 0.655 82 0.599 93 0.949 81 0.972 70 0.101 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 68 0.654 67 0.598 81 0.949 88 0.969 63 0.101 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ..............9 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................6 Share of women in wage employment in the
 non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........32 Inheritance rights of daughters2.....................................................0.50 Inheritance rights of widows2 ........................................................0.50 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................43 Women’s access to land ownership2 .............................................0.00 Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................0.50 Women’s access to property other than land2 ................................0.00 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................2 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......4.79 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................60 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................48 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................41 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........12 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............12 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................23 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) .............................................9 Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................2.10 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............52 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................93 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................77 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ......... 220 [130-350] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............61 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................0.10 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................0.30
 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births).............................................27 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................0.99 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................0.50 Parental authority after divorce2 ....................................................0.50 Female genital mutilation2 .............................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........0.50 Year women received right to vote ......................................1945, 2003 Quota type ................................................ Legislated candidate quotas Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination..........................................................— Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ...................................................... 3 months Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Provider of maternity coverage ..............................................
Employer Length of paternity leave ..................................................................— Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options ................................................................................— 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 205 Part 2: Country Profiles Iran, Islamic Rep.
Gender Gap Index 2012 127 0.593 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 74.80 1.14 158.09 10,462 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity ...........130 0.412 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ..................................122 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................87 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) ...................130 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............97 Professional and technical workers ......................97 0.44 0.63 0.21 0.15 0.50 0.68 0.64 33 76 — — 0.53 3,912 18,834 0.25 0.63 13 33 87 67 Educational Attainment .....................................101 0.953 0.932 Literacy rate .......................................................100 Enrolment in primary education ..............................1 Enrolment in secondary education ......................117 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 0.90 1.00 0.87 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 81 100 80 43 89 99 92 43 0.44 0.63 0.21 0.15 0.50 0.90 1.01 0.87 1.01 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival .............................................87 0.971 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ........................................91 0.94 1.03 0.92 1.04 — — 62 60 0.95 1.03 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .....................................126 0.035 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ..........................................125 Women in ministerial positions ...........................102 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............58 0.03 0.10 0.00 0.23 0.19 0.17 3 9 0 97 91 50 0.03 0.10 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 206 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Iran, Islamic Rep.
OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 127 0.593 130 0.412 101 0.953 87 0.971 126 0.035 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 125 0.589 125 0.444 105 0.925 85 0.971 130 0.017 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 123 0.593 125 0.426 96 0.959 83 0.971 129 0.017 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 128 0.584 131 0.377 96 0.964 63 0.978 132 0.017 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 116 0.602 118 0.449 92 0.965 60 0.978 128 0.017 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 118 0.590 123 0.395 90 0.958 58 0.978 122 0.031 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 108 0.580 113 0.359 80 0.954 52 0.978 109 0.031 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ............17 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................9 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........15 Inheritance rights of daughters2.....................................................1.00 Inheritance rights of widows2 ........................................................0.50 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................— Women’s access to land ownership2 .............................................0.50 Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................0.50 Women’s access to property other than land2 ................................0.50 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................2 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......3.92 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................57 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................— Female
 teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................22 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........12 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............13 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................24 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................17 Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................1.70 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............31 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................99 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................99 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ............... 21 [15-30] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............73 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................0.10 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................0.20 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births).............................................22 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................1.03 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................1.00 Parental authority after divorce2 ....................................................1.00 Female genital mutilation2 .............................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........1.00 Year women received right to vote ................................................1963 Quota type
Quota type ........................................................................................— Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination..........................................................— Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave .........................................................90 days Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................67 Provider of maternity coverage ...................................... Social security Length of paternity leave ..................................................................— Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options ................................................................................— 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 207 Part 2: Country Profiles Ireland Gender Gap Index 2012 5 0.784 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 4.49 0.35 123.49 35,988 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............29 0.751 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................64 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................12 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................19 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............48 Professional and technical workers
 ........................1 0.78 0.77 0.75 0.47 1.00 0.68 0.64 64 81 — — 0.53 29,988 40,000 0.25 0.63 32 53 68 47 Educational Attainment .......................................30 0.999 0.932 Literacy rate ...........................................................1 Enrolment in primary education ............................73 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 99 95 100 67 99 95 98 55 0.78 0.77 0.75 0.47 1.15 1.00 1.00 1.02 1.22 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival .............................................69 0.974 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ............................93 Healthy life expectancy ........................................79 0.94 1.04 0.92 1.04 — — 74 71 0.94 1.04 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .........................................6 0.412 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................84 Women in ministerial positions .............................70 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................1 0.18 0.17 0.71 0.23 0.19 0.17 15 14 21 85 86 29 0.18 0.17 0.71 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 208 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Ireland OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 5 0.784 29 0.751 30 0.999 69 0.974 6 0.412 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 5 0.783 30 0.732 1 1.000 72 0.974 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 6 0.777 25 0.741 1 1.000 89 0.970 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 8 0.760 43 0.692 1 1.000 86 0.973 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 8 0.752 48 0.681 1 1.000 81 0.973 Gender
 Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 9 0.746 48 0.667 1 1.000 80 0.973 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 10 0.733 47 0.640 1 1.000 81 0.970 6 0.426 7 0.398 8 0.374 8 0.354 8 0.343 9 0.323 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ............10 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force)...................17 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........52 Inheritance rights of daughters2........................................................— Inheritance rights of widows2 ...........................................................— Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................42 Women’s access to land ownership2 ................................................— Women’s access to credit2 ...............................................................— Women’s access to property other than land2 ...................................— Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................4 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......5.34 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................85 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................— Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................38 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........15 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............14 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................31 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................— Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................2.10 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19)
 ..............17 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) ...............................100 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ..............................100 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ................... 6 [3-12] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............65 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................0.10 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................0.30 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births)...............................................3 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................1.00 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 .........................................................— Parental authority after divorce2 .......................................................— Female genital mutilation2 ................................................................— Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ..............— Year women received right to vote ......................................1918, 1928 Quota type ................................................ Legislated candidate quotas Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination.........................................................Yes Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ......................................................26 weeks Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ...... 80, subject to minimum and maximum amount Provider of maternity coverage ................................... Social insurance Length of paternity leave ..................................................................— Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered
 period) ..............................................— Daycare options ....................................Private daycare with allowance 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 209 Part 2: Country Profiles Israel Gender Gap Index 2012 56 0.699 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 7.77 1.83 169.83 26,023 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............53 0.682 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................29 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ..............113 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................44 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............46 Professional and technical workers ........................1 0.88 0.55 0.65 0.47 1.00 0.68 0.64 61 69 — — 0.53 22,118 34,047 0.25 0.63 32 52 68 48 Educational Attainment .......................................80 0.987 0.932 Literacy rate .........................................................94 Enrolment in primary education ..............................1 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 0.93 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 89 97 100 71 95 97 97 55 0.88 0.55 0.65 0.47 1.09 0.93 1.01 1.03 1.30 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY
 1.50 Health and Survival .............................................94 0.970 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ........................................98 0.94 1.03 0.92 1.04 — — 74 72 0.95 1.03 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................54 0.156 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................62 Women in ministerial positions .............................95 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............17 0.25 0.12 0.11 0.23 0.19 0.17 20 10 5 80 90 45 0.25 0.12 0.11 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 210 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Israel OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 56 0.699 53 0.682 80 0.987 94 0.970 54 0.156 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 55 0.693 55 0.672 78 0.987 92 0.970 59 0.141 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 52 0.696 49 0.688 80 0.987 91 0.970 63 0.138 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 45 0.702 41 0.693 50 0.995 98 0.970 53 0.150 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 56 0.690 55 0.659 42 0.996 93 0.970 59 0.135 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 36 0.696 45 0.671 38 0.995 92 0.970 41 0.150 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 35 0.689 46 0.641 36 0.995 83 0.969 36 0.150 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ..............7 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................7 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........50 Inheritance rights of
 daughters2........................................................— Inheritance rights of widows2 ...........................................................— Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................— Women’s access to land ownership2 ................................................— Women’s access to credit2 ...............................................................— Women’s access to property other than land2 ...................................— Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................4 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......4.45 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................84 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................73 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................— Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........12 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............12 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................26 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................— Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................2.90 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............15 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................— Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................— Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ................... 7 [5-10] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............68 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................0.10 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................0.20 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live
 births)...............................................4 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................0.97 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 .........................................................— Parental authority after divorce2 .......................................................— Female genital mutilation2 ................................................................— Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ..............— Year women received right to vote ................................................1948 Quota type ........................................................................No legislated Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination.........................................................Yes Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ......................................................14 weeks Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) .......................100, up to ceiling Provider of maternity coverage ...................................... Social security Length of paternity leave .......................................Father can take part of maternity leave instead of mother, starting from 6 weeks (up to 14 weeks) after birth; if mother splits maternity leave during an extended period of hospitalization, father may take unpaid leave during that time Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Daycare options ................................................................................— 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed
 numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 211 Part 2: Country Profiles Italy Gender Gap Index 2012 80 0.673 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 60.77 0.48 1,148.10 27,137 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity ...........101 0.591 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................87 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ..............126 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................85 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............40 Professional and technical workers ......................72 0.70 0.49 0.54 0.50 0.89 0.68 0.64 52 74 — — 0.53 21,465 40,000 0.25 0.63 33 47 67 53 Educational Attainment .......................................65 0.992 0.932 Literacy rate .........................................................59 Enrolment in primary education ..........................107 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 0.99 0.99 1.00 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 99 97 94 77 99 98 94 55 0.70 0.49 0.54 0.50 0.89 0.99 0.99 1.00 1.41 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival .............................................76 0.973 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ............................93 Healthy life expectancy ........................................84 0.94 1.04 0.92 1.04 — — 76 73 0.94 1.04 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment
 .......................................71 0.135 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................55 Women in ministerial positions .............................61 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............58 0.28 0.20 0.00 0.23 0.19 0.17 22 17 0 78 83 50 0.28 0.20 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 212 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Italy OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 80 0.673 101 0.591 65 0.992 76 0.973 71 0.135 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 74 0.680 90 0.598 48 0.995 75 0.974 55 0.152 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 74 0.677 97 0.589 49 0.995 95 0.970 54 0.152 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 72 0.680 95 0.590 46 0.996 88 0.972 45 0.162 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 67 0.679 85 0.587 43 0.996 83 0.972 46 0.160 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 84 0.650 101 0.543 32 0.997 82 0.972 80 0.087 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 77 0.646 87 0.527 27 0.997 77 0.972 72 0.087 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ............10 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................8 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........44 Inheritance rights of daughters2........................................................— Inheritance rights of widows2 ...........................................................— Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................— Women’s access to land ownership2 ................................................— Women’s access to credit2
 ...............................................................— Women’s access to property other than land2 ...................................— Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................5 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......3.20 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................95 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................67 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................36 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........13 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............13 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................30 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................— Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................1.40 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ................7 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................98 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ..............................100 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ..................... 4 [3-5] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............63 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................0.20 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................0.30 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births)...............................................3 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................0.96 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 .........................................................—
Parental authority after divorce2 .......................................................— Female genital mutilation2 ................................................................— Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ..............— Year women received right to vote ................................................1945 Quota type ........................................................................No legislated Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination..........................................................— Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ...................................................... 5 months Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................80 Provider of maternity coverage ................................... Social insurance Length of paternity leave ..................................................................— Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options ................................................................................— 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 213 Part 2: Country Profiles Jamaica Gender Gap Index 2012 51 0.704 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 2.71 0.25 9.90 6,883 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap
 Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............38 0.721 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................63 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................83 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................68 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ..............1 Professional and technical workers ..................... — 0.79 0.63 0.60 1.00 — 0.68 0.64 61 78 — — 0.53 6,069 10,125 0.25 0.63 59 41 — — Educational Attainment .......................................79 0.988 0.932 Literacy rate ...........................................................1 Enrolment in primary education ..........................115 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 1.00 0.97 1.00 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 91 81 87 41 82 83 80 18 0.79 0.63 0.60 1.44 — 1.12 0.97 1.08 2.28 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival ...............................................1 0.980 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ..........................................1 0.94 1.06 0.92 1.04 — — 66 62 0.95 1.06 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................77 0.125 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................92 Women in ministerial positions .............................49 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............33 0.15 0.25 0.04 0.23 0.19 0.17 13 20 2 87 80 48 0.15 0.25 0.04 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 214 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Jamaica OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 51 0.704
 38 0.721 79 0.988 1 0.980 77 0.125 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 47 0.703 21 0.751 83 0.985 1 0.980 92 0.096 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 44 0.704 19 0.754 86 0.985 1 0.980 87 0.097 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 48 0.701 21 0.743 1 1.000 96 0.971 93 0.091 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 44 0.698 23 0.730 1 1.000 91 0.971 91 0.091 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 39 0.692 28 0.701 1 1.000 90 0.971 72 0.098 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 25 0.701 7 0.738 1 1.000 82 0.970 65 0.098 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ............15 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................9 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........48 Inheritance rights of daughters2.....................................................0.00 Inheritance rights of widows2 ........................................................0.00 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................38 Women’s access to land ownership2 .............................................0.50 Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................0.50 Women’s access to property other than land2 ................................0.00 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ........................................— Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......4.84 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................91 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................73 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................60 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........10 Male school life expectancy, primary to
 secondary (years) ...............10 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................33 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) .............................................1 Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................2.30 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............60 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................99 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................98 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ........... 110 [77-170] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............69 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................1.10 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................2.30 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births).............................................20 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................0.97 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................0.00 Parental authority after divorce2 ....................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation2 .............................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........0.25 Year women received right to vote ................................................1944 Quota type ........................................................................................— Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination.........................................................Yes Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave
 ........................................................8 weeks Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ...........................................100; domestic workers paid national minimum weekly wage for 8 weeks Provider of maternity coverage ..............................................Employer, social security for domestic worker Length of paternity leave ..................................................................— Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options ................................................................................— 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 215 Part 2: Country Profiles Japan Gender Gap Index 2012 101 0.653 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 127.82 -0.08 5,010.03 30,573 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity ...........102 0.576 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................78 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................97 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................80 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ..........106 Professional and technical workers ......................73 0.73 0.60 0.55 0.10 0.87 0.68 0.64 62 84 — — 0.53 22,096 40,000 0.25 0.63 9 47 91 53 Educational
 Attainment .......................................81 0.987 0.932 Literacy rate ...........................................................1 Enrolment in primary education ..............................1 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ...........................100 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.89 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 99 100 100 56 99 99 99 63 0.73 0.60 0.55 0.10 0.87 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.89 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival .............................................34 0.979 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ............................93 Healthy life expectancy ..........................................1 0.94 1.06 0.92 1.04 — — 78 73 0.94 1.07 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .....................................110 0.070 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ..........................................102 Women in ministerial positions .............................83 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............58 0.12 0.13 0.00 0.23 0.19 0.17 11 12 0 89 88 50 0.12 0.13 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 216 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Japan OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 101 0.653 102 0.576 81 0.987 34 0.979 110 0.070 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 98 0.651 100 0.567 80 0.986 1 0.980 101 0.072 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 94 0.652 101 0.572 82 0.986 1 0.980 101 0.072 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 101 0.645 108 0.550 84 0.985 41 0.979 110 0.065 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 98 0.643 102 0.544 82 0.985 38 0.979 107 0.065 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 91 0.645 97 0.549 69 0.986 37 0.979 94
 0.067 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 80 0.645 83 0.545 60 0.986 1 0.980 83 0.067 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ..............5 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................5 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........43 Inheritance rights of daughters2........................................................— Inheritance rights of widows2 ...........................................................— Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................— Women’s access to land ownership2 ................................................— Women’s access to credit2 ...............................................................— Women’s access to property other than land2 ...................................— Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................5 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......3.91 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................65 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................— Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................18 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........12 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............12 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................29 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................— Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................1.40 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ................5 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%)
 .................................— Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ..............................100 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ..................... 5 [5-6] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............54 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .................................... <0.10 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ........................................ <0.10 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births)...............................................2 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................0.95 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 .........................................................— Parental authority after divorce2 .......................................................— Female genital mutilation2 ................................................................— Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ..............— Year women received right to vote ......................................1945, 1947 Quota type ........................................................................................— Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination..........................................................No Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ......................................................14 weeks Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) .............................................30; upon return to work mother receives a further 10% of pre-leave wage for duration of leave taken as a re-engagement beneﬁt Provider of maternity coverage ............................. 1/8 National Treasury, 7/8 Employment Insurance Fund Length of paternity leave
 .................................................................No; however, spousal maternity leave available at corporate level Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................ 50 (minimum) Daycare options .......................................... Public and private daycare, with and without allowance 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 217 Part 2: Country Profiles Jordan Gender Gap Index 2012 121 0.610 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 6.18 2.21 15.32 5,157 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity ...........126 0.430 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ..................................129 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................65 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) ...................129 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ........... — Professional and technical workers ..................... — 0.32 0.66 0.21 — — 0.68 0.64 25 78 — — 0.53 2,051 9,745 0.25 0.63 — — — — Educational Attainment .......................................82 0.986 0.932 Literacy rate .........................................................95 Enrolment in primary education ............................71 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 0.93 1.00 1.00
 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 89 91 88 41 96 91 83 35 0.32 0.66 0.21 — — 0.93 1.00 1.06 1.16 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival .............................................90 0.971 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ............................93 Healthy life expectancy ........................................93 0.94 1.03 0.92 1.04 — — 64 62 0.94 1.03 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .....................................118 0.055 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ..........................................102 Women in ministerial positions ...........................113 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............58 0.12 0.07 0.00 0.23 0.19 0.17 11 7 0 89 93 50 0.12 0.07 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 218 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Jordan OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 121 0.610 126 0.430 82 0.986 90 0.971 118 0.055 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 117 0.612 127 0.433 79 0.987 89 0.971 113 0.056 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 120 0.605 126 0.422 81 0.987 87 0.971 117 0.039 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 113 0.618 122 0.452 83 0.985 94 0.971 111 0.064 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 104 0.628 109 0.489 80 0.986 89 0.971 108 0.064 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 104 0.620 110 0.483 79 0.979 88 0.971 112 0.048 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 93 0.611 105 0.442 70 0.979 62 0.975 100 0.048 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ............24 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour
 force)...................10 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........16 Inheritance rights of daughters2.....................................................1.00 Inheritance rights of widows2 ........................................................1.00 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................13 Women’s access to land ownership2 .............................................0.50 Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................0.50 Women’s access to property other than land2 ................................0.50 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................3 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......4.62 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................64 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................58 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................25 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........11 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............11 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................25 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) .............................................6 Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................3.10 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............32 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................99 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................99 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ............. 63 [37-110] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............59 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ..........................................— Male HIV
Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ..............................................— Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births).............................................18 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................1.06 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................1.00 Parental authority after divorce2 ....................................................1.00 Female genital mutilation2 ................................................................— Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........0.50 Year women received right to vote ................................................1974 Quota type ....................................................................
Reserved seats Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination..........................................................— Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ......................................................10 weeks Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Provider of maternity coverage ...................................... Social Security Length of paternity leave ..................................................................— Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options ................................................................................— 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 219 Part 2: Country Profiles Kazakhstan Gender Gap Index 2012 31 0.721 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 16.56 1.42 40.51 10,916 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............19 0.768 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................18 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................14 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................63 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............21 Professional and technical workers ........................1 0.91 0.77 0.61 0.62 1.00 0.68 0.64 73 81 — — 0.53 10,091 16,541
 0.25 0.63 38 67 62 33 Educational Attainment .......................................66 0.992 0.932 Literacy rate .........................................................50 Enrolment in primary education ............................99 Enrolment in secondary education ........................89 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 1.00 0.99 0.99 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 100 100 88 89 48 89 90 33 0.91 0.77 0.61 0.62 2.02 1.00 0.99 0.99 1.44 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival ...............................................1 0.980 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ..........................................1 0.94 1.06 0.92 1.04 — — 60 53 1.06 1.13 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................61 0.146 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................42 Women in ministerial positions .............................64 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............58 0.32 0.19 0.00 0.23 0.19 0.17 24 16 0 76 84 50 0.32 0.19 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 220 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Kazakhstan OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 31 0.721 19 0.768 66 0.992 1 0.980 61 0.146 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 49 0.701 23 0.749 43 0.995 1 0.980 98 0.080 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 41 0.706 12 0.763 25 0.999 1 0.980 96 0.080 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 47 0.701 12 0.757 42 0.996 41 0.979 102 0.073 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 45 0.698 18 0.741 40 0.997 38 0.979 101 0.073 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 32
 0.698 15 0.737 65 0.989 37 0.979 77 0.089 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 32 0.693 16 0.713 53 0.990 36 0.979 69 0.089 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ..............8 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................6 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........50 Inheritance rights of daughters2.....................................................0.00 Inheritance rights of widows2 ........................................................0.00 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................34 Women’s access to land ownership2 .............................................0.50 Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................0.00 Women’s access to property other than land2 ................................0.00 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................4 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......5.31 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................98 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................86 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................63 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........11 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............12 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................23 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) .............................................5 Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................2.60 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............31 Antenatal care coverage, at least one
 visit (%) .................................98 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................99 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ............... 51 [44-58] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............51 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................0.20 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................0.10 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births).............................................29 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................0.92 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................0.00 Parental authority after divorce2 ....................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation2 .............................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........0.25 Year women received right to vote ......................................1924, 1993 Quota type ........................................................................No legislated Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination..........................................................— Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ........................................ 126 calendar days Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Provider of maternity coverage ..............................................
Employer Length of paternity leave ..................................................................— Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options ................................................................................— 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 221 Part 2: Country Profiles Kenya Gender Gap Index 2012 72 0.677 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 41.61 2.63 18.99 1,481 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............35 0.724 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................30 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................56 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................46 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ........... — Professional and technical workers ..................... — 0.88 0.68 0.65 — — 0.68 0.64 78 89 — — 0.53 1,352 2,085 0.25 0.63 — — — — Educational Attainment .....................................106 0.937 0.932 Literacy rate .........................................................96 Enrolment in primary education ..............................1 Enrolment in secondary education ......................108 Enrolment in tertiary education ...........................115 0.93 1.00 0.94 0.70 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 84 83 48 3 91 82 52 5 0.88 0.68 0.65 — — 0.93 1.01 0.94
 0.70 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival ...........................................103 0.968 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ......................................107 0.94 1.02 0.92 1.04 — — 48 47 0.98 1.02 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .....................................103 0.079 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ..........................................110 Women in ministerial positions .............................67 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............58 0.11 0.18 0.00 0.23 0.19 0.17 10 15 0 90 85 50 0.11 0.18 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 222 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Kenya OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 72 0.677 35 0.724 106 0.937 103 0.968 103 0.079 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 99 0.649 83 0.616 101 0.936 102 0.968 100 0.077 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 96 0.650 82 0.615 102 0.940 101 0.968 98 0.077 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 97 0.651 50 0.683 106 0.909 110 0.968 122 0.045 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 88 0.655 41 0.693 102 0.926 105 0.968 121 0.032 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 83 0.651 59 0.649 97 0.934 104 0.968 104 0.053 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 73 0.649 40 0.657 88 0.918 96 0.966 93 0.053 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ............— Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force)...................— Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (%
 of total non-agricultural employment) ..........32 Inheritance rights of daughters2.....................................................0.50 Inheritance rights of widows2 ........................................................0.50 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................37 Women’s access to land ownership2 .............................................0.50 Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................0.50 Women’s access to property other than land2 ................................1.00 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................3 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......4.85 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................44 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................41 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................— Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........10 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............11 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................21 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................20 Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................4.70 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ............106 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................92 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................44 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ......... 360 [230-590] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............46 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................7.50 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................5.00 Infant mortality rate
 (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births).............................................55 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................1.00 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................0.50 Parental authority after divorce2 ....................................................0.50 Female genital mutilation2 .............................................................0.27 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........1.00 Year women received right to vote ......................................1919, 1963 Quota type ....................................................................
Reserved seats Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination..........................................................— Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ...................................................... 3 months Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Provider of maternity coverage ..............................................
Employer Length of paternity leave ..................................................................— Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options ................................................................................— 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 223 Part 2: Country Profiles Korea, Rep.
Gender Gap Index 2012 108 0.636 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 49.78 0.26 800.21 27,027 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity ...........116 0.509 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................83 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ..............117 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) ...................109 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ..........104 Professional and technical workers ......................87 0.73 0.54 0.44 0.11 0.69 0.68 0.64 55 76 — — 0.53 17,402 40,000 0.25 0.63 10 41 90 59 Educational Attainment .......................................99 0.959 0.932 Literacy rate ...........................................................1 Enrolment in primary education ............................94 Enrolment in secondary education ........................91 Enrolment in tertiary education ...........................112 1.00 0.99 0.99 0.72 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 99 98 95 86 99 99 96 119 0.73 0.54 0.44 0.11 0.69 1.00 0.99 0.99 0.72 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival .............................................78 0.973 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..........................121 Healthy life expectancy ..........................................1 0.93 1.06 0.92 1.04 — — 74 68 0.93 1.09 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................86 0.101 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................81 Women in ministerial positions .............................80 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............41 0.19 0.14 0.02 0.23 0.19 0.17 16 13 1 84 88 49 0.19 0.14 0.02 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 224 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Korea, Rep.
OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 108 0.636 116 0.509 99 0.959 78 0.973 86 0.101 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 107 0.628 117 0.493 97 0.948 78 0.974 90 0.097 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 104 0.634 111 0.520 100 0.947 79 0.973 86 0.097 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 115 0.615 113 0.520 109 0.894 80 0.973 104 0.071 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 108 0.615 110 0.487 99 0.937 107 0.967 102 0.071 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 97 0.641 90 0.580 94 0.949 106 0.967 95 0.067 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 92 0.616 96 0.481 82 0.948 94 0.967 84 0.067 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ..............3 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................4 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........43 Inheritance rights of daughters2........................................................— Inheritance rights of widows2 ...........................................................— Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................19 Women’s access to land ownership2 ................................................— Women’s access to credit2 ...............................................................— Women’s access to property other than land2 ...................................— Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................4 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......3.91 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................78 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................55 Female teachers,
Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................34 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........12 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............12 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................29 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................— Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................1.30 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ................2 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) ...............................100 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ..............................100 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ............... 16 [13-19] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............80 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .................................... <0.10 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ........................................ <0.10 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births).............................................— Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................0.99 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 .........................................................— Parental authority after divorce2 .......................................................— Female genital mutilation2 ................................................................— Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ..............— Year women received right to vote ................................................1948 Quota type ................................................ Legislated candidate quotas Existence of legislation prohibiting
 gender-based discrimination.........................................................Yes Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave .........................................................90 days Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ...........................................100; employer pays ﬁrst 60 days of leave for enterprises which do not meet certain criteria Provider of maternity coverage .................Employment Insurance Fund Length of paternity leave ............................................................3 days Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) .......................................
Unpaid Daycare options ...........................................Public and private daycare with allowance, homecare with allowance 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 225 Part 2: Country Profiles Kuwait Gender Gap Index 2012 109 0.632 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 2.82 3.36 61.44 49,542 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity ...........106 0.557 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ..................................111 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................46 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................47 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............94 Professional and technical workers ......................95 0.55 0.70 0.65 0.16 0.52 0.68 0.64 47 84 — — 0.53 25,940 40,000 0.25 0.63 14 34 86 66 Educational Attainment .......................................60 0.994 0.932 Literacy rate .........................................................83 Enrolment in primary education ..............................1 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 0.97 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 92 94 93 31 95 91 86 14 0.55 0.70 0.65 0.16 0.52 0.97 1.03 1.08 2.20 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival
 ...........................................111 0.961 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ......................................118 0.94 1.00 0.92 1.04 — — 69 69 0.95 1.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .....................................130 0.016 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ..........................................131 Women in ministerial positions ...........................116 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............58 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.23 0.19 0.17 0 6 0 100 94 50 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 226 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Kuwait OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 109 0.632 106 0.557 60 0.994 111 0.961 130 0.016 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 105 0.632 107 0.541 84 0.983 111 0.961 116 0.043 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 105 0.632 107 0.537 83 0.986 110 0.961 114 0.043 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 105 0.636 106 0.557 86 0.981 116 0.961 124 0.043 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 101 0.636 92 0.570 74 0.990 112 0.961 125 0.022 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 96 0.641 80 0.604 63 0.989 110 0.961 126 0.010 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 86 0.634 72 0.577 41 0.993 105 0.961 114 0.005 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ..............2 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................2 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........23 Inheritance rights of
 daughters2.....................................................1.00 Inheritance rights of widows2 ........................................................0.50 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................— Women’s access to land ownership2 .............................................0.00 Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................0.00 Women’s access to property other than land2 ................................0.00 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................3 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......4.58 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................90 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................55 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................27 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........13 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............12 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................27 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) .............................................5 Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................2.30 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............12 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................93 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................99 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ................. 14 [8-23] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............52 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ..........................................— Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ..............................................— Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live
 births).............................................10 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................1.48 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................1.00 Parental authority after divorce2 ....................................................0.50 Female genital mutilation2 .............................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........0.50 Year women received right to vote ................................................2005 Quota type ........................................................................................— Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination.........................................................Yes Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave .........................................................70 days Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Provider of maternity coverage ..............................................
Employer Length of paternity leave ..................................................................— Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options .........................................................................
Private 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 227 Part 2: Country Profiles Kyrgyz Republic Gender Gap Index 2012 54 0.701 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 5.51 1.19 2.03 2,008 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............46 0.704 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................84 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................11 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................82 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............34 Professional and technical workers ........................1 0.72 0.77 0.54 0.54 1.00 0.68 0.64 59 83 — — 0.53 1,716 3,151 0.25 0.63 35 62 65 38 Educational Attainment .......................................74 0.990 0.932 Literacy rate .........................................................60 Enrolment in primary education ..........................106 Enrolment in secondary education ........................90 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 0.99 0.99 0.99 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 99 87 79 55 100 88 79 42 0.72 0.77 0.54 0.54 1.67 0.99 0.99 0.99 1.30 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival .............................................78 0.973 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..........................121
 Healthy life expectancy ..........................................1 0.93 1.06 0.92 1.04 — — 59 55 0.93 1.07 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................68 0.138 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................46 Women in ministerial positions .............................93 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............36 0.30 0.12 0.03 0.23 0.19 0.17 23 11 2 77 89 48 0.30 0.12 0.03 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 228 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Kyrgyz Republic OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 54 0.701 46 0.704 74 0.990 78 0.973 68 0.138 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 44 0.704 43 0.707 39 0.996 1 0.980 68 0.132 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 51 0.697 52 0.680 48 0.995 1 0.980 65 0.135 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 41 0.706 46 0.687 59 0.994 1 0.980 43 0.164 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 41 0.705 47 0.682 63 0.993 1 0.980 44 0.164 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 70 0.665 57 0.653 43 0.994 1 0.980 118 0.035 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 52 0.674 26 0.687 33 0.995 1 0.980 107 0.035 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ..............9 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................7 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........51 Inheritance rights of daughters2.....................................................0.50 Inheritance rights of widows2 ........................................................0.50 Firms with female participation in
 ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................60 Women’s access to land ownership2 .............................................0.50 Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................0.50 Women’s access to property other than land2 ................................0.50 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................1 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......5.16 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................98 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................83 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................59 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........10 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............10 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................22 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) .............................................8 Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................2.70 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............30 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................97 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................97 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ............. 71 [44-110] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............48 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................0.20 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................0.40 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births).............................................33 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................0.97 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and
 Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................0.00 Parental authority after divorce2 ....................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation2 .............................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........0.50 Year women received right to vote ................................................1918 Quota type ....................................................................
Reserved seats Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination..........................................................— Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ........................................ 126 calendar days Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ......... 100; beneﬁts are adjusted periodically according to changes in cost of living Provider of maternity coverage Employer covers ﬁrst 10 working days; for the remainder, 10 times the benchmark amount is paid from social security fund Length of paternity leave ..................................................................— Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options ................................................................................— 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 229 Part 2: Country Profiles Latvia Gender Gap Index 2012 15 0.757 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 2.22 -0.70 11.22 12,948 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............20 0.762 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................28 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................69 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................26 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............11 Professional and technical
 workers ........................1 0.88 0.65 0.71 0.71 1.00 0.68 0.64 70 79 — — 0.53 14,949 20,909 0.25 0.63 41 67 59 33 Educational Attainment .........................................1 1.000 0.932 Literacy rate ...........................................................1 Enrolment in primary education ..............................1 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 100 100 96 84 77 94 83 44 0.88 0.65 0.71 0.71 2.06 1.00 1.02 1.02 1.75 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival ...............................................1 0.980 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ..........................................1 0.94 1.06 0.92 1.04 — — 68 59 0.95 1.15 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................26 0.288 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................47 Women in ministerial positions .............................22 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............11 0.30 0.44 0.19 0.23 0.19 0.17 23 31 8 77 69 42 0.30 0.44 0.19 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 230 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Latvia OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 15 0.757 20 0.762 1 1.000 1 0.980 26 0.288 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 19 0.740 22 0.750 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 18 0.743 21 0.752 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 14 0.742 14 0.754 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 10 0.740 13 0.746 1 1.000 1 1.000 1 1.000 1 1.000 1 0.980 33 0.230 1 0.980 31 0.240 1
 0.980 31 0.233 1 0.980 31 0.233 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 13 0.733 17 0.734 70 0.986 1 0.980 19 0.233 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 19 0.709 20 0.705 85 0.931 1 0.980 21 0.221 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ............16 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force)...................22 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........54 Inheritance rights of daughters2........................................................— Inheritance rights of widows2 ...........................................................— Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................46 Women’s access to land ownership2 ................................................— Women’s access to credit2 ...............................................................— Women’s access to property other than land2 ...................................— Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................5 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......4.93 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................94 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................83 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................58 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........11 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............12 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................29 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................— Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................1.50 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000
 girls aged 15-19) ..............15 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................97 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................99 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ............... 34 [22-55] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............68 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................0.40 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................0.90 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births)...............................................8 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................0.85 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 .........................................................— Parental authority after divorce2 .......................................................— Female genital mutilation2 ................................................................— Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ..............— Year women received right to vote ................................................1918 Quota type ........................................................................................— Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination.........................................................Yes Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ........................................ 112 calendar days Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Provider of maternity coverage .............. State Social Insurance Agency Length of paternity leave ........................................... 10 calendar days Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages
 paid in covered period) ......................80, up to a ceiling Daycare options .................................... Public daycare with allowance, private daycare without allowance, homecare with and without allowance 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 231 Part 2: Country Profiles Lebanon Gender Gap Index 2012 122 0.603 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 4.26 0.73 28.52 12,621 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity ...........125 0.442 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ..................................128 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................84 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) ...................127 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ..........107 Professional and technical workers ......................68 0.33 0.63 0.25 0.09 0.93 0.68 0.64 25 75 — — 0.53 5,922 23,920 0.25 0.63 8 48 92 52 Educational Attainment .......................................86 0.980 0.932 Literacy rate .........................................................97 Enrolment in primary education ............................93 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 0.92 0.99 1.00 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 86 91 79 59 93 92 71 49 0.33 0.63 0.25 0.09 0.93 0.92 0.99 1.12 1.19 0.00 =
 INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival ...............................................1 0.980 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ..........................................1 0.94 1.06 0.92 1.04 — — 64 60 0.95 1.07 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .....................................131 0.010 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ..........................................125 Women in ministerial positions ...........................125 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............58 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.23 0.19 0.17 3 0 0 97 100 50 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 232 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Lebanon OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 122 0.603 125 0.442 86 0.980 1 0.980 131 0.010 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 118 0.608 123 0.448 90 0.977 1 0.980 128 0.028 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 116 0.608 124 0.448 91 0.977 1 0.980 127 0.028 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) — — — — — — — — Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) — — — — — — — — Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) — — — — — — — — Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ............10 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................9 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........14 Inheritance rights of
 daughters2.....................................................0.50 Inheritance rights of widows2 ........................................................0.50 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................34 Women’s access to land ownership2 .............................................0.50 Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................0.50 Women’s access to property other than land2 ................................0.50 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................3 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......4.29 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................86 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................57 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................41 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........11 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............11 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................27 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) .............................................5 Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................1.80 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............18 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................95 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................98 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ............... 25 [14-45] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............58 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................0.10 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................0.20 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live
 births).............................................19 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................0.95 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................0.50 Parental authority after divorce2 ....................................................0.50 Female genital mutilation2 .............................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........0.75 Year women received right to vote ................................................1952 Quota type ........................................................................No legislated Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination.........................................................Yes Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ........................................................7 weeks Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Provider of maternity coverage ..............................................
Employer Length of paternity leave ..................................................................No Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options ...............................Private daycare without allowance 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 233 Part 2: Country Profiles Lesotho Gender Gap Index 2012 14 0.761 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 2.19 1.02 1.08 1,437 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity ...............6 0.816 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................11 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................30 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................60 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ..............1 Professional and technical workers ........................1 0.92 0.73 0.61 1.00 1.00 0.68 0.64 72 79 — — 0.53 1,309 2,133 0.25 0.63 52 58 48 42 Educational Attainment .........................................1 1.000 0.932 Literacy rate ...........................................................1 Enrolment in primary education ..............................1 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 96 75 37 4 83 72 23 3 0.92 0.73 0.61 1.07 1.37 1.15
 1.04 1.62 1.25 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival ...............................................1 0.980 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ..........................................1 0.94 1.06 0.92 1.04 — — 41 38 0.97 1.08 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................33 0.247 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................36 Women in ministerial positions .............................15 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............58 0.33 0.58 0.00 0.23 0.19 0.17 25 37 0 75 63 50 0.33 0.58 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 234 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Lesotho OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 14 0.761 6 0.816 1 1.000 1 0.980 33 0.247 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 9 0.767 8 0.768 10 0.750 2 0.874 1 0.879 4 0.801 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 16 0.732 21 0.731 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 26 0.708 53 0.661 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ............28 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force)...................23 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total
 non-agricultural employment) ..........51 Inheritance rights of daughters2.....................................................1.00 Inheritance rights of widows2 ........................................................0.50 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................18 Women’s access to land ownership2 .............................................0.00 Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................0.00 Women’s access to property other than land2 ................................0.00 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ........................................— Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......5.01 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................77 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................64 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................47 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........10 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) .................9 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................22 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................18 Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................3.20 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............92 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................92 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................62 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ......... 620 [370-970] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............47 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .....................................28.20 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .........................................18.50 Infant mortality rate (probability of
 dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births).............................................65 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................0.97 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................0.00 Parental authority after divorce2 .......................................................— Female genital mutilation2 ................................................................— Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........0.75 Year women received right to vote ................................................1965 Quota type ........................................................................No legislated Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination..........................................................No Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ......................................................12 weeks Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..................... No legal obligation for paid leave but some employment contracts have provisions Provider of maternity coverage ..............................................
Employer Length of paternity leave ..................................................................No Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options ...............................Private daycare without allowance 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 235 Part 2: Country Profiles Lithuania Gender Gap Index 2012 34 0.719 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 3.20 -1.59 17.53 15,534 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............25 0.755 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................19 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................86 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................27 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............16 Professional and technical workers ........................1 0.91 0.63 0.71 0.67 1.00 0.68 0.64 65 71 — — 0.53 17,152 24,089 0.25 0.63 40 67 60 33 Educational Attainment .......................................45 0.995 0.932 Literacy rate ...........................................................1 Enrolment in primary education ............................92 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 1.00 0.99 1.00 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 100 100 92 91 90 93 91 59 0.91 0.63 0.71 0.67 2.06
 1.00 0.99 1.01 1.52 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival .............................................34 0.979 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ............................93 Healthy life expectancy ..........................................1 0.94 1.06 0.92 1.04 — — 68 58 0.94 1.17 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................60 0.147 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................67 Women in ministerial positions .............................70 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............24 0.24 0.17 0.07 0.23 0.19 0.17 19 14 3 81 86 47 0.24 0.17 0.07 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 236 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Lithuania OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 34 0.719 25 0.755 45 0.995 34 0.979 60 0.147 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 37 0.713 26 0.744 60 0.991 1 0.980 65 0.138 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 35 0.713 17 0.756 68 0.989 1 0.980 66 0.128 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 30 0.718 18 0.748 54 0.995 41 0.979 54 0.148 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 23 0.722 17 0.742 53 0.995 38 0.979 40 0.173 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 14 0.723 7 0.761 29 0.998 37 0.979 38 0.155 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 21 0.708 15 0.713 24 0.998 36 0.979 39 0.140 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ............14 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force)...................21 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector
 (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........54 Inheritance rights of daughters2........................................................— Inheritance rights of widows2 ...........................................................— Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................39 Women’s access to land ownership2 ................................................— Women’s access to credit2 ...............................................................— Women’s access to property other than land2 ...................................— Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................5 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......4.97 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................97 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................81 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................55 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........12 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............12 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................27 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................— Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................1.50 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............20 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) ...............................100 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ..............................100 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ................... 8 [5-12] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............51 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .................................... <0.10 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................0.10 Infant mortality rate
 (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births)...............................................5 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................0.87 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 .........................................................— Parental authority after divorce2 .......................................................— Female genital mutilation2 ................................................................— Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ..............— Year women received right to vote ................................................1919 Quota type ........................................................................No legislated Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination.........................................................Yes Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ........................................ 126 calendar days Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Provider of maternity coverage ..................State Social Insurance Fund Length of paternity leave ........................................................ 4 weeks, from birth until child is 1 month old Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Daycare options ................................................................................— 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap
 Report 2012 | 237 Part 2: Country Profiles Luxembourg Gender Gap Index 2012 17 0.744 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 0.52 1.83 26.52 68,742 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity ...............7 0.815 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................57 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................51 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .......................1 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ........... — Professional and technical workers ..................... — 0.80 0.69 1.00 — — 0.68 0.64 59 74 — — 0.53 40,000 40,000 0.25 0.63 — — — — Educational Attainment .......................................43 0.996 0.932 Literacy rate ...........................................................1 Enrolment in primary education ..............................1 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education .............................95 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.97 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 99 96 86 10 99 94 84 11 0.80 0.69 1.00 — — 1.00 1.02 1.03 0.97 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival .............................................85 0.972 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..........................121 Healthy life expectancy ........................................60 0.93 1.06 0.92 1.04 — — 75 71 0.93 1.06 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................39 0.193 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................36 Women in ministerial
 positions .............................36 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............58 0.33 0.36 0.00 0.23 0.19 0.17 25 27 0 75 73 50 0.33 0.36 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 238 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Luxembourg OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 17 0.744 7 0.815 43 0.996 85 0.972 39 0.193 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 30 0.722 25 0.745 1 1.000 67 0.974 48 0.167 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 26 0.723 22 0.751 1 1.000 67 0.974 49 0.167 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 63 0.689 73 0.638 1 1.000 80 0.973 57 0.144 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 66 0.680 75 0.613 1 1.000 76 0.973 58 0.135 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 58 0.679 78 0.606 1 1.000 74 0.973 50 0.135 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 56 0.667 76 0.560 1 1.000 71 0.973 44 0.135 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ..............5 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................4 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........44 Inheritance rights of daughters2........................................................— Inheritance rights of widows2 ...........................................................— Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................— Women’s access to land ownership2 ................................................— Women’s access to credit2 ...............................................................— Women’s access to property other than land2 ...................................— Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3
 ..........................................5 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......4.80 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................72 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................48 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................— Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........13 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............13 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................28 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................— Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................1.60 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ................9 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................— Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ..............................100 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ................. 20 [4-93] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............— Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................0.20 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................0.40 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births)...............................................2 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................0.99 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 .........................................................— Parental authority after divorce2 .......................................................— Female genital mutilation2
 ................................................................— Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ..............— Year women received right to vote ................................................1919 Quota type ........................................................................No legislated Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination.........................................................Yes Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ......................................................16 weeks Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Provider of maternity coverage ................................... Social insurance Length of paternity leave ............................................................2 days Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Daycare options ...........................................Public and private daycare with allowance, homecare with and without allowance 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 239 Part 2: Country Profiles Macedonia, FYR Gender Gap Index 2012 61 0.697 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 2.06 0.18 4.58 9,192 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity
 .............65 0.665 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................88 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ..................7 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................98 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............64 Professional and technical workers ........................1 0.69 0.78 0.48 0.40 1.00 0.68 0.64 51 74 — — 0.53 7,512 15,804 0.25 0.63 29 51 71 49 Educational Attainment .......................................75 0.990 0.932 Literacy rate .........................................................79 Enrolment in primary education ..............................1 Enrolment in secondary education ........................92 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 0.97 1.00 0.98 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 96 89 81 42 99 87 82 36 0.69 0.78 0.48 0.40 1.06 0.97 1.01 0.98 1.18 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival ...........................................126 0.953 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..........................128 Healthy life expectancy ......................................115 0.93 1.02 0.92 1.04 — — 66 65 0.93 1.02 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................45 0.179 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................26 Women in ministerial positions .............................77 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............54 0.45 0.16 0.00 0.23 0.19 0.17 31 14 0 69 86 50 0.45 0.16 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 240 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Macedonia, FYR OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 61 0.697 65 0.665 75 0.990 126 0.953 45
 0.179 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 53 0.697 53 0.676 71 0.989 125 0.955 49 0.166 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 49 0.700 53 0.677 72 0.989 124 0.955 43 0.177 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 53 0.695 59 0.666 79 0.988 115 0.963 44 0.163 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 53 0.691 63 0.647 79 0.987 111 0.963 42 0.168 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 35 0.697 51 0.665 72 0.985 109 0.963 30 0.173 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 28 0.698 31 0.671 64 0.985 101 0.964 28 0.173 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ............32 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force)...................32 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........42 Inheritance rights of daughters2.....................................................0.00 Inheritance rights of widows2 ........................................................0.00 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................36 Women’s access to land ownership2 .............................................0.50 Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................0.50 Women’s access to property other than land2 ................................0.00 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................4 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......5.26 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................79 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................56 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................48 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........11 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years)
 ...............11 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................23 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) .............................................2 Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................1.40 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............20 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................94 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ..............................100 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ................. 10 [3-31] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............14 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ..........................................— Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ..............................................— Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births).............................................— Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................1.00 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................0.00 Parental authority after divorce2 ....................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation2 .............................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........0.25 Year women received right to vote ................................................1946 Quota type ................................................ Legislated candidate quotas Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination.........................................................Yes Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave
 ...................................................... 9 months Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..........Paid amount not speciﬁed Provider of maternity coverage .......................... Health Insurance Fund Length of paternity leave ....................................................... 9 months (If mother does not use leave for birth and parenthood, father or adoptive parent is entitled to leave) Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Daycare options ............................................Public daycare assistance with and without allowance, private daycare assistance without allowance, homecare assistance without allowance 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 241 Part 2: Country Profiles Madagascar Gender Gap Index 2012 58 0.698 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 21.32 2.89 5.03 869 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............51 0.692 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ......................................5 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................59 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................25 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............84 Professional and technical workers ......................82 0.96 0.67 0.72 0.28 0.76
 0.68 0.64 0.53 0.25 0.63 86 89 — — 813 1,133 22 43 78 57 Educational Attainment .......................................93 0.973 0.932 Literacy rate .........................................................98 Enrolment in primary education ..............................1 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education .............................97 0.91 1.00 1.00 0.91 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 62 79 24 4 67 79 23 4 0.96 0.67 0.72 0.28 0.76 0.91 1.00 1.05 0.91 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival .............................................77 0.973 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ........................................88 0.94 1.04 0.92 1.04 — — 53 51 0.97 1.04 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................56 0.155 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................73 Women in ministerial positions .............................37 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............58 0.21 0.36 0.00 0.23 0.19 0.17 18 26 0 83 74 50 0.21 0.36 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 242 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Madagascar OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 58 0.698 51 0.692 93 0.973 77 0.973 56 0.155 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 71 0.680 52 0.678 91 0.972 81 0.973 93 0.096 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 80 0.671 58 0.671 98 0.959 78 0.973 95 0.082 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 77 0.673 45 0.688 98 0.958 1 0.980 108 0.067 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 74 0.674 38 0.696 94 0.957 1 0.980 111 0.062 Gender Gap Index
 2007 (out of 128 countries) 89 0.646 76 0.609 89 0.958 1 0.980 116 0.038 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 84 0.639 71 0.578 76 0.960 49 0.978 104 0.038 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ..............4 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................2 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........38 Inheritance rights of daughters2.....................................................1.00 Inheritance rights of widows2 ........................................................1.00 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................50 Women’s access to land ownership2 .............................................0.50 Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................0.00 Women’s access to property other than land2 ................................0.00 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................1 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......4.65 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................56 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................45 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................30 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........10 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............10 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................20 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................33 Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................4.70 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ............147
 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................86 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................44 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ......... 240 [160-400] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............40 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................0.10 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................0.30 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births).............................................43 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................0.99 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................0.50 Parental authority after divorce2 ....................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation2 .............................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........0.25 Year women received right to vote ................................................1959 Quota type ........................................................................................— Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination.........................................................Yes Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ......................................................14 weeks Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Provider of maternity coverage ...........................50% social insurance, 50% employer Length of paternity leave ................................................. Public sector, 15 days from birth; private sector, 3 days from birth
 Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Daycare options ................................................................................— 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 243 Part 2: Country Profiles Malawi Gender Gap Index 2012 36 0.717 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 15.38 3.13 2.74 791 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity ...............5 0.822 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ......................................7 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................18 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................15 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ........... — Professional and technical workers ..................... — 0.96 0.76 0.79 — — 0.68 0.64 0.53 0.25 0.63 74 78 — — 810 1,026 — — — — Educational Attainment .....................................111 0.919 0.932 Literacy rate .......................................................111 Enrolment in primary education ..............................1 Enrolment in secondary education ........................93 Enrolment in tertiary education ...........................118 0.84 1.00 0.98 0.62 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 68 99 27 1 81 94 28 1 0.96 0.76 0.79 — — 0.84 1.05 0.98 0.62 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male
 ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival ...........................................102 0.968 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ......................................106 0.94 1.02 0.92 1.04 — — 44 43 0.99 1.02 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................53 0.157 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................51 Women in ministerial positions .............................45 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............53 0.29 0.27 0.00 0.23 0.19 0.17 22 21 0 78 79 50 0.29 0.27 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 244 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Malawi OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 36 0.717 5 0.822 111 0.919 102 0.968 53 0.157 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 65 0.685 45 0.700 112 0.897 100 0.968 44 0.174 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 68 0.682 44 0.698 112 0.889 99 0.968 45 0.174 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 76 0.674 42 0.693 113 0.883 116 0.961 48 0.159 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 81 0.666 46 0.687 107 0.894 112 0.961 65 0.124 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 87 0.648 43 0.675 108 0.865 110 0.961 76 0.090 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 81 0.644 36 0.665 96 0.860 106 0.960 68 0.090 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ............10 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................5 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........11
 Inheritance rights of daughters2.....................................................0.00 Inheritance rights of widows2 ........................................................0.00 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................24 Women’s access to land ownership2 .............................................0.50 Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................0.50 Women’s access to property other than land2 ................................0.50 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................2 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......5.11 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................40 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................— Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................30 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........10 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............10 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................19 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................36 Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................6.00 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ............177 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................95 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................71 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ......... 460 [290-710] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............41 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .....................................13.20 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................8.90 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000
 live births).............................................58 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................1.00 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................0.00 Parental authority after divorce2 ....................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation2 .............................................................0.05 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........0.25 Year women received right to vote ................................................1961 Quota type ........................................................................................— Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination..........................................................— Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ........................... 8 weeks, every three years Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Provider of maternity coverage ..............................................
Employer Length of paternity leave ..................................................................— Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options ................................................................................— 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 245 Part 2: Country Profiles Malaysia Gender Gap Index 2012 100 0.654 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 28.86 1.60 147.25 13,214 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............98 0.599 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ..................................106 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ..................2 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) ...................110 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............75 Professional and technical workers ......................83 0.57 0.82 0.43 0.32 0.71 0.68 0.64 47 82 — — 0.53 9,380 21,624 0.25 0.63 24 42 76 58 Educational Attainment .......................................72 0.991 0.932 Literacy rate .........................................................89 Enrolment in primary education ..............................1 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 91 96 71 45 95 96 65 35 0.57 0.82
 0.43 0.32 0.71 0.95 1.00 1.08 1.29 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival .............................................78 0.973 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..........................121 Healthy life expectancy ..........................................1 0.93 1.06 0.92 1.04 — — 66 62 0.93 1.06 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .....................................120 0.053 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ..........................................106 Women in ministerial positions ...........................115 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............58 0.12 0.07 0.00 0.23 0.19 0.17 10 6 0 90 94 50 0.12 0.07 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 246 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Malaysia OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 100 0.654 98 0.599 72 0.991 78 0.973 120 0.053 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 97 0.653 95 0.594 65 0.991 78 0.974 115 0.052 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 98 0.648 99 0.576 65 0.990 76 0.974 110 0.052 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 100 0.647 103 0.565 77 0.989 103 0.969 113 0.063 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 96 0.644 100 0.555 75 0.990 98 0.969 109 0.063 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 92 0.644 93 0.567 71 0.985 97 0.969 101 0.056 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 72 0.651 68 0.592 63 0.985 80 0.970 90 0.056 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ..............4 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................4 Share of women in wage employment in
 the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........39 Inheritance rights of daughters2.....................................................0.50 Inheritance rights of widows2 ........................................................0.50 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................13 Women’s access to land ownership2 .............................................0.00 Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................0.00 Women’s access to property other than land2 ................................0.00 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................3 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......5.74 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................69 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................67 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................50 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........11 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............10 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................25 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) .............................................5 Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................2.60 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............12 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................83 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................99 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ............... 29 [12-64] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............55 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................0.10 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................0.80
 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births)...............................................5 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................1.03 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................0.00 Parental authority after divorce2 ....................................................0.50 Female genital mutilation2 .............................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........0.25 Year women received right to vote ................................................1957 Quota type ........................................................................................— Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination.........................................................Yes Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave .........................................................60 days Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Provider of maternity coverage ..............................................
Employer Length of paternity leave .....Public sector, 1 week; private sector, none Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Daycare options .................................... Public daycare with allowance, private daycare without allowance, homecare without allowance 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 247 Part 2: Country Profiles Maldives Gender Gap Index 2012 95 0.662 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 0.32 1.32 1.28 7,642 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity ...........100 0.597 0.599 Labour force participation ....................................73 0.75 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ............... — Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................79 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............93 Professional and technical workers ......................67 — 0.55 0.17 0.95 0.68 0.64 — — 0.53 6,362 11,463 0.25 0.63 14 49 86 51 59 79 0.75 Female-to-male ratio — 0.55 0.17 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.14 1.08 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Educational Attainment .......................................26 0.999 0.932 Literacy rate ...........................................................1 Enrolment in primary education ............................67 Enrolment in secondary education
 ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 98 96 52 13 98 96 46 12 Health and Survival ...........................................111 0.961 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ......................................118 0.94 1.00 0.92 1.04 — — 64 64 0.95 1.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................96 0.089 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ..........................................122 Women in ministerial positions .............................44 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............58 0.07 0.27 0.00 0.23 0.19 0.17 7 21 0 94 79 50 0.07 0.27 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 248 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Maldives OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 95 0.662 100 0.597 26 0.999 111 0.961 96 0.089 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 101 0.648 86 0.602 69 0.990 111 0.961 119 0.039 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 99 0.645 95 0.591 67 0.990 110 0.961 118 0.039 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 99 0.648 97 0.579 1 1.000 126 0.951 112 0.063 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 91 0.650 95 0.566 1 1.000 122 0.951 96 0.083 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 99 0.635 106 0.514 1 1.000 120 0.951 87 0.075 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) — — — — — — — — — — Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ............24 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................8 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural
 sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........30 Inheritance rights of daughters2........................................................— Inheritance rights of widows2 ...........................................................— Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................— Women’s access to land ownership2 ................................................— Women’s access to credit2 ...............................................................— Women’s access to property other than land2 ...................................— Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ........................................— Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 ..........— Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................74 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................35 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................67 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........12 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............12 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................23 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................— Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................1.80 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............15 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................99 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................95 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ............... 60 [35-99] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............35 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .................................... <0.10 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ........................................ <0.10 Infant mortality
 rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births).............................................14 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................1.02 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 .........................................................— Parental authority after divorce2 .......................................................— Female genital mutilation2 ................................................................— Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ..............— Year women received right to vote ................................................1932 Quota type ........................................................................................— Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination..........................................................— Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave .................................................................— Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Provider of maternity coverage .........................................................— Length of paternity leave ..................................................................— Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options ................................................................................— 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report
 2012 | 249 Part 2: Country Profiles Mali Gender Gap Index 2012 128 0.584 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 15.84 3.04 4.15 955 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity ...........103 0.568 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ..................................108 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................53 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) ...................115 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ........... — Professional and technical workers ..................... — 0.57 0.68 0.41 — — 0.68 0.64 0.53 0.25 0.63 39 68 — — 637 1,561 — — — — Educational Attainment .....................................132 0.709 0.932 Literacy rate .......................................................135 Enrolment in primary education ..........................126 Enrolment in secondary education ......................127 Enrolment in tertiary education ...........................127 0.47 0.88 0.70 0.46 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 20 59 25 4 43 67 36 8 0.57 0.68 0.41 — — 0.47 0.88 0.70 0.46 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival .............................................57 0.976 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ........................................67 0.94 1.05 0.92 1.04 — — 43 41 0.97 1.05 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .....................................101 0.083 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ..........................................107 Women in ministerial positions
 .............................76 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............40 0.11 0.16 0.02 0.23 0.19 0.17 10 14 1 90 86 49 0.11 0.16 0.02 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 250 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Mali OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 128 0.584 103 0.568 132 0.709 57 0.976 101 0.083 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 132 0.575 111 0.527 132 0.693 55 0.976 81 0.105 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 131 0.568 113 0.514 131 0.679 55 0.976 81 0.103 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 127 0.586 92 0.597 131 0.668 104 0.969 78 0.109 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 109 0.612 29 0.711 127 0.657 99 0.969 74 0.109 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 112 0.602 33 0.695 126 0.652 98 0.969 75 0.091 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 99 0.600 35 0.665 111 0.674 91 0.968 67 0.091 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ............11 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................7 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........35 Inheritance rights of daughters2.....................................................1.00 Inheritance rights of widows2 ........................................................1.00 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................58 Women’s access to land ownership2 .............................................0.50 Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................0.00 Women’s access to property other than land2 ................................0.00 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3
 ........................................— Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......4.88 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................28 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................10 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................— Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) .............6 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) .................8 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................18 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................53 Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................6.30 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ............190 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................70 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................49 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ......... 540 [350-930] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) ...............8 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................1.20 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................0.70 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births).............................................99 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................1.00 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................1.00 Parental authority after divorce2 ....................................................1.00 Female genital mutilation2
 .............................................................0.85 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........1.00 Year women received right to vote ................................................1956 Quota type ........................................................................No legislated Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination.........................................................Yes Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ......................................................14 weeks Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Provider of maternity coverage ...................................... Social security Length of paternity leave ............................................................3 days Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options ................................................................................— 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 251 Part 2: Country Profiles Malta Gender Gap Index 2012 88 0.667 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 0.42 0.48 4.60 22,761 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity ...........109 0.550 0.599 Female-to-male ratio
 Labour force participation ..................................118 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................40 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................89 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............88 Professional and technical workers ......................86 0.50 0.71 0.52 0.21 0.70 0.68 0.64 39 78 — — 0.53 18,749 35,969 0.25 0.63 17 41 83 59 Educational Attainment .......................................59 0.994 0.932 Literacy rate ...........................................................1 Enrolment in primary education ..............................1 Enrolment in secondary education ........................97 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 1.00 1.00 0.97 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 94 94 80 41 91 93 82 30 0.50 0.71 0.52 0.21 0.70 1.03 1.01 0.97 1.36 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival .............................................69 0.974 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ............................93 Healthy life expectancy ........................................79 0.94 1.04 0.92 1.04 — — 74 71 0.94 1.04 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................59 0.149 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ..........................................112 Women in ministerial positions .............................42 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............19 0.10 0.29 0.11 0.23 0.19 0.17 9 22 5 91 78 45 0.10 0.29 0.11 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 252 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Malta OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 88 0.667 109 0.550 59 0.994 69 0.974 59 0.149 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 83 0.666 110
 0.528 1 1.000 72 0.974 52 0.161 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 83 0.670 104 0.543 1 1.000 72 0.974 51 0.161 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 88 0.664 105 0.561 47 0.995 77 0.974 69 0.124 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 83 0.663 98 0.560 47 0.995 74 0.974 64 0.124 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 76 0.661 99 0.549 31 0.998 72 0.974 54 0.126 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 71 0.652 91 0.510 26 0.998 65 0.974 48 0.126 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ..............7 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................7 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........36 Inheritance rights of daughters2........................................................— Inheritance rights of widows2 ...........................................................— Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................— Women’s access to land ownership2 ................................................— Women’s access to credit2 ...............................................................— Women’s access to property other than land2 ...................................— Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ........................................— Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......4.87 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................85 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................60 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................30 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........13 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............13 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at
 marriage for women (years)..........................22 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................— Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................1.30 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............20 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) ...............................100 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ..............................100 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ................... 8 [5-14] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............86 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................0.10 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................0.10 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births)...............................................5 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................0.98 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 .........................................................— Parental authority after divorce2 .......................................................— Female genital mutilation2 ................................................................— Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ..............— Year women received right to vote ................................................1947 Quota type ........................................................................No legislated Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination.........................................................Yes Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ......................................................14 weeks Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of
 wages paid in covered period) ........ 100 for the ﬁrst 13 weeks; 14th week is unpaid Provider of maternity coverage .............................................
Employer; social security (at a ﬂat rate) for those not covered under the Employment and Industrial Relations Act Length of paternity leave ....................1-2 days (variable upon sectors) Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Daycare options ...................Public and private daycare with allowance 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 253 Part 2: Country Profiles Mauritania Gender Gap Index 2012 119 0.613 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 3.54 2.40 2.11 2,203 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity ...........119 0.496 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................75 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ..............125 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) ...................122 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ........... — Professional and technical workers ..................... — 0.74 0.49 0.28 — — 0.68 0.64 61 82 — — 0.53 1,112 4,016 0.25 0.63 — — — — Educational Attainment .....................................119 0.857 0.932 Literacy rate .......................................................117 Enrolment in primary education ..............................1 Enrolment in secondary education ......................118 Enrolment in tertiary education ...........................130 0.79 1.00 0.86 0.41 0.87 0.97
 0.90 0.88 51 76 15 3 65 72 17 6 0.74 0.49 0.28 — — 0.79 1.04 0.86 0.41 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival ...............................................1 0.980 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ..........................................1 0.94 1.06 0.92 1.04 — — 52 49 0.97 1.06 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................82 0.120 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................53 Women in ministerial positions .............................86 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............58 0.28 0.13 0.00 0.23 0.19 0.17 22 12 0 78 88 50 0.28 0.13 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 254 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Mauritania OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 119 0.613 119 0.496 119 0.857 1 0.980 82 0.120 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 114 0.616 120 0.464 117 0.860 1 0.980 51 0.162 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 113 0.615 118 0.467 118 0.853 1 0.980 50 0.162 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 119 0.610 117 0.491 120 0.849 1 0.980 71 0.122 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 110 0.612 108 0.489 113 0.856 1 0.980 66 0.122 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 111 0.602 108 0.505 114 0.832 1 0.980 74 0.092 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 106 0.583 93 0.499 103 0.818 1 0.980 106 0.037 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ............41 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................9 Share of
 women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........36 Inheritance rights of daughters2.....................................................1.00 Inheritance rights of widows2 ........................................................1.00 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................17 Women’s access to land ownership2 .............................................0.50 Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................0.50 Women’s access to property other than land2 ................................0.00 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ........................................— Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......3.94 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................36 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................10 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ..............................................7 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) .............8 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) .................8 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................22 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................28 Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................4.50 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............88 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................72 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................57 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ......... 510 [280-990] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) ...............9 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................0.50 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%)
 ...........................................1.00 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births).............................................75 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................1.01 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................0.50 Parental authority after divorce2 ....................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation2 .............................................................0.72 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........0.50 Year women received right to vote ................................................1961 Quota type ................................................ Legislated candidate quotas Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination..........................................................— Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ......................................................14 weeks Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Provider of maternity coverage ................National Social Security Fund Length of paternity leave ..................................................................— Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options ................................................................................— 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio
 with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 255 Part 2: Country Profiles Mauritius Gender Gap Index 2012 98 0.655 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 1.29 0.46 6.64 12,286 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity ...........108 0.554 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ..................................107 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................78 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) ...................104 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............80 Professional and technical workers ......................79 0.57 0.64 0.45 0.30 0.81 0.68 0.64 45 80 — — 0.53 9,052 20,133 0.25 0.63 23 45 77 55 Educational Attainment .......................................73 0.990 0.932 Literacy rate .........................................................90 Enrolment in primary education ..............................1 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 86 94 74 28 91 92 74 22 0.57 0.64 0.45 0.30 0.81 0.95 1.02 1.01 1.24 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival ...............................................1 0.980 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ..........................................1 0.94 1.06 0.92 1.04 — — 65 61 0.95 1.07 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................88 0.095 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament
 ............................................70 Women in ministerial positions ...........................107 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............52 0.23 0.09 0.01 0.23 0.19 0.17 19 8 0 81 92 50 0.23 0.09 0.01 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 256 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Mauritius OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 98 0.655 108 0.554 73 0.990 1 0.980 88 0.095 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 95 0.653 105 0.544 74 0.989 1 0.980 86 0.099 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 95 0.652 103 0.549 76 0.988 1 0.980 91 0.091 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 96 0.651 109 0.546 80 0.988 1 0.980 92 0.091 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 95 0.647 103 0.527 77 0.988 1 0.980 90 0.091 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 85 0.649 100 0.547 75 0.983 1 0.980 82 0.085 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 88 0.633 95 0.483 65 0.983 1 0.980 73 0.085 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ............13 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................5 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........38 Inheritance rights of daughters2.....................................................0.00 Inheritance rights of widows2 ........................................................0.00 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................17 Women’s access to land ownership2 .............................................0.00 Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................0.00 Women’s access to property other than land2
 ................................0.00 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................4 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......4.43 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................70 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................58 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................— Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........12 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............12 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................23 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................10 Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................1.60 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............34 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................— Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ..............................100 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ............... 60 [39-91] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............76 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................0.60 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................1.40 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births).............................................13 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................0.98 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................0.00 Parental authority after divorce2 ....................................................0.00 Female
Female genital mutilation2 .............................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........0.00 Year women received right to vote ................................................1956 Quota type ........................................................................................— Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination.........................................................Yes Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ......................................................12 weeks Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Provider of maternity coverage ..............................................
Employer Length of paternity leave ................................................
Private sector, 5 continuous working days; public sector, normal casual leave plus up to 8 days leave from accumulated vacation Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Daycare options ............................... Public daycare without allowance; daycare centres are free of charge or apply nominal fees for needy households 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 257 Part 2: Country Profiles Mexico Gender Gap Index 2012 84 0.671 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 114.79 1.23 692.48 12,441 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity ...........113 0.538 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ..................................112 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ..............104 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) ...................105 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............52 Professional and technical workers ......................84 0.55 0.58 0.45 0.44 0.70 0.68 0.64 46 84 — — 0.53 9,516 21,325 0.25 0.63 31 41 69 59 Educational Attainment .......................................69 0.991 0.932 Literacy rate .........................................................75 Enrolment in primary education ..............................1 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education
 .............................94 0.97 1.00 1.00 0.97 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 92 98 73 28 94 98 70 28 0.55 0.58 0.45 0.44 0.70 0.97 1.00 1.04 0.97 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival ...............................................1 0.980 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ..........................................1 0.94 1.06 0.92 1.04 — — 69 65 0.95 1.06 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................48 0.176 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................33 Women in ministerial positions .............................45 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............58 0.36 0.27 0.00 0.23 0.19 0.17 26 21 0 74 79 50 0.36 0.27 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 258 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Mexico OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 84 0.671 113 0.538 69 0.991 1 0.980 48 0.176 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 89 0.660 109 0.532 61 0.991 1 0.980 63 0.139 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 91 0.658 110 0.521 61 0.991 1 0.980 61 0.139 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 98 0.650 114 0.509 90 0.978 1 0.980 65 0.135 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 97 0.644 112 0.479 86 0.978 1 0.980 55 0.140 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 93 0.644 109 0.489 49 0.992 1 0.980 57 0.116 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 75 0.646 98 0.480 45 0.992 1 0.980 45 0.133 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ..............5 Male adult unemployment rate (%
 of male labour force).....................5 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........39 Inheritance rights of daughters2........................................................— Inheritance rights of widows2 ...........................................................— Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................26 Women’s access to land ownership2 ................................................— Women’s access to credit2 ...............................................................— Women’s access to property other than land2 ...................................— Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................3 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......3.93 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................67 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................49 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................— Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........12 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............12 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................23 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................— Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................2.30 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............90 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................96 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................95 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ............... 50 [44-56] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............71 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%)
 .......................................0.20 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................0.50 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births).............................................14 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................0.97 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 .........................................................— Parental authority after divorce2 .......................................................— Female genital mutilation2 ................................................................— Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ..............— Year women received right to vote ................................................1947 Quota type ................................................ Legislated candidate quotas Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination.........................................................Yes Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ......................................................12 weeks Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Provider of maternity coverage ...................................... Social security Length of paternity leave .................................................... Federal law does not provide paternity leave though some federal institutions have related provisions Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ................................ 100 (where paternity leave is available) Daycare options .................................... Public daycare with allowance, private daycare with and without allowance, homecare without allowance 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst
 score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 259 Part 2: Country Profiles Moldova Gender Gap Index 2012 45 0.710 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 3.56 -0.10 2.12 2,790 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............21 0.761 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................10 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................42 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................43 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............22 Professional and technical workers ........................1 0.92 0.71 0.66 0.61 1.00 0.68 0.64 53 57 — — 0.53 2,722 4,134 0.25 0.63 38 66 62 34 Educational Attainment .......................................42 0.996 0.932 Literacy rate .........................................................64 Enrolment in primary education ............................81 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 98 87 79 44 99 88 78 33 0.92 0.71 0.66 0.61 1.98 0.99 1.00 1.02 1.34 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival .............................................34 0.979 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ............................93 Healthy life expectancy
 ..........................................1 0.94 1.06 0.92 1.04 — — 63 58 0.94 1.09 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................85 0.104 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................63 Women in ministerial positions ...........................118 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............38 0.25 0.06 0.03 0.23 0.19 0.17 20 6 1 80 94 49 0.25 0.06 0.03 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 260 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Moldova OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 45 0.710 21 0.761 42 0.996 34 0.979 85 0.104 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 39 0.708 14 0.764 64 0.991 1 0.980 88 0.099 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 34 0.716 10 0.771 66 0.990 1 0.980 69 0.124 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 36 0.710 26 0.732 63 0.993 41 0.979 64 0.137 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 20 0.724 2 0.802 35 0.998 38 0.979 68 0.118 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 21 0.717 5 0.778 41 0.994 37 0.979 56 0.117 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 17 0.713 2 0.760 37 0.994 1 0.980 50 0.117 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ..............5 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................8 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........55 Inheritance rights of daughters2.....................................................0.50 Inheritance rights of widows2 ........................................................0.00 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................53 Women’s access to land
 ownership2 .............................................0.50 Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................0.50 Women’s access to property other than land2 ................................0.00 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................3 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......4.84 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................98 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................77 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................57 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........10 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............10 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................22 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................11 Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................1.50 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............24 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................98 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ..............................100 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ............... 41 [32-55] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............68 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................0.40 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................0.50 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births).............................................16 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................0.90 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and
 Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................0.00 Parental authority after divorce2 ....................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation2 .............................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........0.25 Year women received right to vote ......................................1924, 1993 Quota type ........................................................................No legislated Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination.........................................................Yes Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ........................................ 126 calendar days Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Provider of maternity coverage ................................... Social insurance Length of paternity leave ..................................................................— Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options ............................................................. Public daycare with and without allowance, homecare with and without allowance 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 261 Part 2: Country Profiles Mongolia Gender Gap Index 2012 44 0.711 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample
 average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 2.80 1.62 2.13 3,620 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity ...............1 0.839 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................27 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ..................9 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................18 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ..............6 Professional and technical workers ........................1 0.88 0.77 0.76 0.90 1.00 0.68 0.64 71 80 — — 0.53 4,125 5,419 0.25 0.63 47 55 53 45 Educational Attainment .......................................50 0.994 0.932 Literacy rate ...........................................................1 Enrolment in primary education ..........................100 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 1.00 0.99 1.00 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 98 98 85 65 97 99 77 42 0.88 0.77 0.76 0.90 1.20 1.01 0.99 1.11 1.53 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival ...............................................1 0.980 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ..........................................1 0.94 1.06 0.92 1.04 — — 62 55 0.95 1.13 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .....................................127 0.032 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ..........................................124 Women in ministerial positions ...........................109 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............55 0.04 0.08 0.00 0.23 0.19 0.17 4 7 0 96 93 50 0.04 0.08 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 262 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Mongolia
 OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 44 0.711 1 0.839 50 0.994 1 0.980 127 0.032 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 36 0.714 3 0.850 47 0.995 1 0.980 125 0.032 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 27 0.719 2 0.875 59 0.992 1 0.980 124 0.032 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 22 0.722 1 0.833 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 40 0.705 10 0.756 1 1.000 1 1.000 1 0.980 100 0.075 1 0.980 95 0.084 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 62 0.673 47 0.668 23 0.999 1 0.980 113 0.046 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 42 0.682 21 0.704 20 0.999 1 0.980 101 0.046 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ..............4 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................3 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........53 Inheritance rights of daughters2.....................................................0.00 Inheritance rights of widows2 ........................................................0.00 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................52 Women’s access to land ownership2 .............................................0.50 Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................0.00 Women’s access to property other than land2 ................................0.00 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................4 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......5.11 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................96 Female teachers, secondary education (%)
 .......................................73 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................57 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........11 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............11 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................24 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) .............................................6 Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................2.50 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............20 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................99 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................99 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ............. 63 [27-140] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............66 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .................................... <0.10 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ........................................ <0.10 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births).............................................26 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................0.97 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................0.00 Parental authority after divorce2 ....................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation2 .............................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........0.25 Year women received right to vote ................................................1924 Quota type
Quota type ........................................................................................— Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination..........................................................— Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave .......................................................120 days Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................70 Provider of maternity coverage ...........................Social Insurance Fund Length of paternity leave ..................................................................— Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options ................................................................................— 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 263 Part 2: Country Profiles Morocco Gender Gap Index 2012 129 0.583 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 32.27 1.00 59.91 4,227 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity ...........128 0.415 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ..................................126 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................75 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) ...................123 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............98 Professional and technical workers
 ......................91 0.34 0.64 0.27 0.15 0.55 0.68 0.64 28 84 — — 0.53 2,173 7,915 0.25 0.63 13 36 87 64 Educational Attainment .....................................115 0.874 0.932 Literacy rate .......................................................126 Enrolment in primary education ..........................102 Enrolment in secondary education ......................119 Enrolment in tertiary education ...........................102 0.64 0.99 0.84 0.87 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 44 95 32 12 69 96 38 14 0.34 0.64 0.27 0.15 0.55 0.64 0.99 0.84 0.87 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival .............................................88 0.971 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ........................................92 0.94 1.03 0.92 1.04 — — 63 61 0.95 1.03 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .....................................108 0.072 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................76 Women in ministerial positions ...........................122 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............58 0.20 0.03 0.00 0.23 0.19 0.17 17 3 0 83 97 50 0.20 0.03 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 264 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Morocco OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 129 0.583 128 0.415 115 0.874 88 0.971 108 0.072 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 129 0.580 128 0.418 115 0.865 87 0.971 102 0.067 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 127 0.577 127 0.408 116 0.861 85 0.971 103 0.067 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 124 0.593 125 0.448 118 0.856 90 0.972 90 0.095 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 125
 0.576 127 0.393 117 0.844 85 0.972 86 0.095 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 122 0.568 121 0.401 113 0.845 84 0.972 103 0.053 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 107 0.583 102 0.461 99 0.848 90 0.968 92 0.053 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ............11 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force)...................10 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........21 Inheritance rights of daughters2.....................................................1.00 Inheritance rights of widows2 ...........................................................— Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................13 Women’s access to land ownership2 .............................................0.50 Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................0.50 Women’s access to property other than land2 ................................0.00 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................3 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......4.73 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................50 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................33 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................17 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) .............9 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............10 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................26 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................11 Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................2.30 Adolescent fertility
 rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............18 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................80 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................74 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ........... 100 [62-170] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............63 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................0.10 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................0.20 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births).............................................30 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................0.96 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................0.00 Parental authority after divorce2 ....................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation2 .............................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........0.75 Year women received right to vote ................................................1959 Quota type ....................................................................
Reserved seats Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination..........................................................— Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ......................................................14 weeks Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Provider of maternity coverage ...................................... Social security Length of paternity leave ..................................................................— Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options ................................................................................— 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 265 Part 2: Country Profiles Mozambique Gender Gap Index 2012 23 0.735 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 23.93 2.30 9.12 845 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity ...............9 0.799 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ......................................3 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................60 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................13 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ........... — Professional and technical workers ..................... — 0.99 0.67 0.81 — — 0.68 0.64 0.53 0.25 0.63 86 87 — — 881 1,088 — — — —
 Educational Attainment .....................................123 0.827 0.932 Literacy rate .......................................................128 Enrolment in primary education ..........................119 Enrolment in secondary education ......................110 Enrolment in tertiary education ...........................124 0.61 0.95 0.94 0.50 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 43 87 17 1 71 92 18 2 0.99 0.67 0.81 — — 0.61 0.95 0.94 0.50 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival ...........................................111 0.961 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ......................................118 0.94 1.00 0.92 1.04 — — 42 42 0.98 1.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................12 0.353 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ..............................................9 Women in ministerial positions .............................30 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............15 0.64 0.38 0.13 0.23 0.19 0.17 39 28 6 61 72 44 0.64 0.38 0.13 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 266 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Mozambique OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 23 0.735 9 0.799 123 0.827 111 0.961 12 0.353 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 26 0.725 9 0.782 124 0.812 111 0.961 12 0.346 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 22 0.733 5 0.811 123 0.814 110 0.961 11 0.345 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 26 0.720 3 0.813 126 0.782 62 0.978 15 0.305 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 18 0.727 1 0.835 121 0.799 59 0.978 17 0.295 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 43 0.688 1 0.797 120 0.752 57 0.978 22 0.226
 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) — — — — — — — — — — Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ..............1 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................3 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........11 Inheritance rights of daughters2.....................................................1.00 Inheritance rights of widows2 ........................................................1.00 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................24 Women’s access to land ownership2 .............................................0.50 Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................0.50 Women’s access to property other than land2 ................................0.50 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ........................................— Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......4.78 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................39 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................18 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................21 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) .............9 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............10 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................19 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................43 Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................4.90 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ............185 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................89 Births attended by skilled
 health personnel (%) ................................55 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ......... 490 [300-850] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............17 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .....................................13.60 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................9.20 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births).............................................92 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................0.95 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................0.00 Parental authority after divorce2 ....................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation2 .............................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........0.25 Year women received right to vote ................................................1975 Quota type ........................................................................No legislated Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination..........................................................— Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave .........................................................60 days Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Provider of maternity coverage ...................................... Social security Length of paternity leave ..................................................................— Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options
Daycare options ................................................................................— 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 267 Part 2: Country Profiles Namibia Gender Gap Index 2012 41 0.712 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 2.32 1.82 6.09 5,808 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............43 0.710 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................47 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................79 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................51 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............32 Professional and technical workers ........................1 0.84 0.64 0.64 0.56 1.00 0.68 0.64 53 64 — — 0.53 5,328 8,341 0.25 0.63 36 52 64 48 Educational Attainment .......................................31 0.999 0.932 Literacy rate .........................................................61 Enrolment in primary education ..............................1 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 88 88 57 10 89 83 44 8 0.84 0.64 0.64 0.56 1.10 0.99 1.05 1.30 1.32 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival ...........................................106 0.967 0.956
0.967 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ......................................110 0.94 1.02 0.92 1.04 — — 53 52 0.97 1.02 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................49 0.173 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................40 Women in ministerial positions .............................40 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............58 0.32 0.29 0.00 0.23 0.19 0.17 24 23 0 76 77 50 0.32 0.29 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 268 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Namibia OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 41 0.712 43 0.710 31 0.999 106 0.967 49 0.173 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 32 0.718 31 0.727 34 0.998 105 0.967 41 0.178 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 25 0.724 27 0.739 34 0.998 104 0.967 38 0.192 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 32 0.717 32 0.720 85 0.982 108 0.968 38 0.196 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 30 0.714 30 0.709 83 0.983 104 0.968 36 0.196 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 29 0.701 44 0.672 46 0.993 103 0.968 31 0.172 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 38 0.686 57 0.614 43 0.993 93 0.967 29 0.172 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ............43 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force)...................33 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........41 Inheritance rights of daughters2.....................................................0.50 Inheritance rights of widows2
 ........................................................0.50 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................33 Women’s access to land ownership2 .............................................0.50 Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................0.50 Women’s access to property other than land2 ................................0.50 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................3 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......4.58 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................68 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................50 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................41 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........11 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............11 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................28 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) .............................................5 Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................3.20 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............74 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................95 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................81 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ......... 200 [100-320] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............55 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .....................................15.70 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .........................................10.50 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births).............................................29 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)
 .....................................0.99 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................0.50 Parental authority after divorce2 ....................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation2 .............................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........0.25 Year women received right to vote ................................................1989 Quota type ..........Legislated candidate quotas at the sub-national level Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination.........................................................Yes Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ......................................................12 weeks Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Provider of maternity coverage ................
Employer and social security Length of paternity leave ..................................................................No Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options ................................................................................— 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 269 Part 2: Country Profiles Nepal Gender Gap Index 2012 123 0.603 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 30.49 1.77 8.04 1,075 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity ...........120 0.487 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................56 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ..............103 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) ...................111 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............95 Professional and technical workers ....................107 0.81 0.58 0.43 0.16 0.24 0.68 0.64 0.53 0.25 0.63 66 82 — — 757 1,764 14 20 86 80 Educational Attainment .....................................128 0.763 0.932 Literacy rate .......................................................125 Enrolment in primary education ..........................132 Enrolment in secondary education ......................113 Enrolment in tertiary education ...........................131 0.66 0.82 0.92 0.40 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 48 64 40 3 73 78 44 8 0.81 0.58
 0.43 0.16 0.24 0.66 0.82 0.92 0.40 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival ...........................................111 0.961 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ......................................118 0.94 1.00 0.92 1.04 — — 55 55 0.96 1.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................37 0.199 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................17 Women in ministerial positions .............................67 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............58 0.50 0.18 0.00 0.23 0.19 0.17 33 15 0 67 85 50 0.50 0.18 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 270 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Nepal OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 123 0.603 120 0.487 128 0.763 111 0.961 37 0.199 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 126 0.589 121 0.461 128 0.759 111 0.961 43 0.175 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 115 0.608 112 0.517 126 0.781 110 0.961 44 0.174 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 110 0.621 116 0.498 125 0.816 123 0.955 35 0.216 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 120 0.594 116 0.462 124 0.745 119 0.955 34 0.214 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 125 0.558 114 0.457 122 0.734 117 0.955 83 0.085 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 111 0.548 100 0.465 109 0.734 111 0.953 102 0.039 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ..............2 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................3 Share of women in wage
 employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........14 Inheritance rights of daughters2.....................................................0.00 Inheritance rights of widows2 ........................................................0.00 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................27 Women’s access to land ownership2 .............................................0.50 Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................0.50 Women’s access to property other than land2 ................................0.00 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ........................................— Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......4.18 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................40 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................15 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................— Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) .............8 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............10 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................19 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................32 Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................2.70 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ............106 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................58 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................36 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ......... 170 [100-290] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............48 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................0.30 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................0.50 Infant
Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births).............................................41 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................0.98 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................0.00 Parental authority after divorce2 ....................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation2 .............................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........0.50 Year women received right to vote ................................................1951 Quota type ................................................ Legislated candidate quotas Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination..........................................................— Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave .........................................................52 days Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Provider of maternity coverage ..............................................
Employer Length of paternity leave ..................................................................— Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options ................................................................................— 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 271 Part 2: Country Profiles Netherlands Gender Gap Index 2012 11 0.766 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 16.70 0.51 441.19 36,996 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............24 0.758 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................38 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................50 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .......................9 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............70 Professional and technical workers ......................59 0.87 0.69 0.88 0.38 0.99 0.68 0.64 74 85 — — 0.53 35,247 40,000 0.25 0.63 27 50 73 50 Educational Attainment .........................................1 1.000 0.932 Literacy rate ...........................................................1 Enrolment in primary education ..............................1 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 99 99 100 100 88 66 87 59
 0.87 0.69 0.88 0.38 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.02 1.12 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival .............................................94 0.970 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ........................................98 0.94 1.03 0.92 1.04 — — 74 72 0.95 1.03 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................16 0.336 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ..............................................5 Women in ministerial positions .............................17 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............58 0.69 0.50 0.00 0.23 0.19 0.17 41 33 0 59 67 50 0.69 0.50 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 272 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Netherlands OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 11 0.766 24 0.758 1 1.000 94 0.970 16 0.336 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 15 0.747 27 0.743 32 0.999 92 0.970 26 0.277 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 17 0.744 31 0.723 39 0.997 91 0.970 25 0.288 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 11 0.749 49 0.685 51 0.995 75 0.974 10 0.342 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 9 0.740 51 0.667 59 0.994 72 0.974 12 0.324 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 12 0.738 49 0.667 44 0.993 70 0.974 11 0.319 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 12 0.725 51 0.635 73 0.972 67 0.974 10 0.319 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ..............5 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................4 Share of women in wage employment in
 the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........48 Inheritance rights of daughters2........................................................— Inheritance rights of widows2 ...........................................................— Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................— Women’s access to land ownership2 ................................................— Women’s access to credit2 ...............................................................— Women’s access to property other than land2 ...................................— Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................5 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......4.96 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................— Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................49 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................39 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........14 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............14 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................31 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................— Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................1.80 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ................5 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................— Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ..............................100 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ..................... 6 [4-7] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............69 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................0.10 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................0.30
 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births)...............................................4 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................0.99 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 .........................................................— Parental authority after divorce2 .......................................................— Female genital mutilation2 ................................................................— Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ..............— Year women received right to vote ................................................1919 Quota type ........................................................................No legislated Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination.........................................................Yes Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ......................................................16 weeks Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) .......................100, up to ceiling Provider of maternity coverage ................................... Social insurance Length of paternity leave ..................2 days, within 4 weeks after birth Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ........................... 100, no ceiling Daycare options ............................................................
Private daycare with and without allowance, homecare without allowance 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 273 Part 2: Country Profiles New Zealand Gender Gap Index 2012 6 0.781 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 4.41 1.20 63.78 24,649 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............15 0.782 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................42 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................16 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................29 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............17 Professional and technical workers ........................1 0.85 0.76 0.71 0.67 1.00 0.68 0.64 72 85 — — 0.53 25,029 35,368 0.25 0.63 40 55 60 45 Educational Attainment .........................................1 1.000 0.932 Literacy rate ...........................................................1 Enrolment in primary education ..............................1 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 99 99 95 99 99 99 94 67 0.85 0.76 0.71 0.67 1.25 1.00 1.00 1.01 1.46 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival .............................................94 0.970 0.956 Female-to-male ratio
 Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ........................................98 0.94 1.03 0.92 1.04 — — 74 72 0.95 1.03 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .........................................9 0.370 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................22 Women in ministerial positions .............................28 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................9 0.47 0.40 0.28 0.23 0.19 0.17 32 29 11 68 71 39 0.47 0.40 0.28 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 274 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles New Zealand OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 6 0.781 15 0.782 1 1.000 94 0.970 9 0.370 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 6 0.781 11 0.775 1 1.000 92 0.970 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 7 0.751 14 0.714 17 0.999 69 0.973 11 0.317 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ..............7 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................6 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........51 Inheritance rights of daughters2........................................................— Inheritance rights of widows2 ...........................................................— Firms with
Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................— Women’s access to land ownership2 ................................................— Women’s access to credit2 ...............................................................— Women’s access to property other than land2 ...................................— Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................5 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......5.48 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................84 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................62 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................51 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........15 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............14 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................26 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................— Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................2.20 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............34 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................— Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................96 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ................. 15 [9-26] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............75 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................0.10 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................0.10 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births)...............................................5 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................0.97 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and
 Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 .........................................................— Parental authority after divorce2 .......................................................— Female genital mutilation2 ................................................................— Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ..............— Year women received right to vote ................................................1893 Quota type ........................................................................................— Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination.........................................................Yes Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ......................................................14 weeks Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) .......................100, up to ceiling Provider of maternity coverage .......... State funds (universal and social assistance system) Length of paternity leave ........................................................2 weeks; eligible male employees may also qualify for 14 weeks paid parental leave Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) .......................................
Unpaid Daycare options ....................................Private daycare with allowance to ECE service and parents 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 275 Part 2: Country Profiles Nicaragua Gender Gap Index 2012 9 0.770 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 5.87 1.36 5.49 2,613 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............88 0.615 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................98 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ..............118 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) ...................102 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............13 Professional and technical workers ........................1 0.61 0.54 0.46 0.69 1.00 0.68 0.64 50 81 — — 0.53 1,850 4,056 0.25 0.63 41 51 59 49 Educational Attainment .......................................23 1.000 0.932 Literacy rate .........................................................52 Enrolment in primary education ..............................1 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 78 93 49 19 78 92 43 17 0.61 0.54 0.46 0.69 1.05 1.00 1.01 1.14 1.09 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival
 .............................................58 0.976 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ........................................69 0.94 1.05 0.92 1.04 — — 66 63 0.95 1.05 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .........................................5 0.489 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ..............................................6 Women in ministerial positions ...............................6 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............13 0.67 0.86 0.16 0.23 0.19 0.17 40 46 7 60 54 43 0.67 0.86 0.16 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 276 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Nicaragua OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 9 0.770 88 0.615 23 1.000 58 0.976 5 0.489 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 27 0.725 79 0.619 25 1.000 58 0.976 21 0.304 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 30 0.718 94 0.591 24 1.000 57 0.976 19 0.304 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 49 0.700 104 0.563 1 1.000 65 0.976 25 0.262 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 71 0.675 117 0.461 1 1.000 62 0.976 23 0.262 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 90 0.646 117 0.434 51 0.991 60 0.976 28 0.181 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 62 0.657 101 0.463 40 0.994 50 0.978 25 0.192 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ..............5 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................5 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........38 Inheritance rights of
 daughters2.....................................................0.50 Inheritance rights of widows2 ........................................................0.50 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................62 Women’s access to land ownership2 .............................................0.50 Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................0.00 Women’s access to property other than land2 ................................0.00 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................1 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......3.90 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................77 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................55 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................46 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........11 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............11 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................21 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................28 Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................2.60 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ............109 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................90 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................74 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ............. 95 [54-170] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............72 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................0.10 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................0.30 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live
 births).............................................23 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................0.98 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................0.50 Parental authority after divorce2 .......................................................— Female genital mutilation2 .............................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........0.25 Year women received right to vote ................................................1950 Quota type ........................................................................No legislated Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination..........................................................— Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ......................................................12 weeks Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................60 Provider of maternity coverage ..................................... Social security; employer, if mother not entitled to social security beneﬁts Length of paternity leave ..................................................................— Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options ................................................................................— 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender
 Gap Report 2012 | 277 Part 2: Country Profiles Nigeria Gender Gap Index 2012 110 0.631 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 162.47 2.52 86.28 2,152 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............81 0.630 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ..................................115 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................33 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................74 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ........... — Professional and technical workers ..................... — 0.53 0.73 0.57 — — 0.68 0.64 40 75 — — 0.53 1,841 3,206 0.25 0.63 — — — — Educational Attainment .....................................124 0.816 0.932 Literacy rate .......................................................122 Enrolment in primary education ..........................124 Enrolment in secondary education ......................124 Enrolment in tertiary education ...........................113 0.70 0.91 0.77 0.71 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 50 55 22 9 72 60 29 12 0.53 0.73 0.57 — — 0.70 0.91 0.77 0.71 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival ...........................................121 0.961 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ............................93 Healthy life expectancy ......................................118 0.94 1.00 0.92 1.04 — — 42 42 0.94 1.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................83 0.119 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ..........................................120 Women in ministerial positions
 .............................29 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............58 0.07 0.39 0.00 0.23 0.19 0.17 7 28 0 93 72 50 0.07 0.39 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 278 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Nigeria OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 110 0.631 81 0.630 124 0.816 121 0.961 83 0.119 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 120 0.601 93 0.596 125 0.809 121 0.961 121 0.038 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 118 0.606 86 0.604 124 0.807 120 0.961 111 0.050 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 108 0.628 83 0.616 123 0.832 109 0.968 89 0.096 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 102 0.634 64 0.646 120 0.825 101 0.969 84 0.096 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 107 0.612 72 0.621 118 0.808 100 0.969 106 0.052 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 94 0.610 59 0.612 104 0.816 99 0.966 99 0.049 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ..............4 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................4 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........21 Inheritance rights of daughters2.....................................................1.00 Inheritance rights of widows2 ........................................................0.50 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................20 Women’s access to land ownership2 .............................................0.50 Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................1.00 Women’s access to property other than land2 ................................0.50 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3
 ..........................................3 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......4.99 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................48 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................46 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................17 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) .............7 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) .................8 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................21 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................33 Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................5.50 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ............123 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................53 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................34 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ....... 630 [370-1200] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............15 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................4.40 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................2.90 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births).............................................88 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................1.03 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................0.50 Parental authority after divorce2 ....................................................0.50 Female genital mutilation2
 .............................................................0.30 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........0.50 Year women received right to vote ................................................1958 Quota type ........................................................................................— Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination.........................................................Yes Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ......................................................12 weeks Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................50 Provider of maternity coverage ..............................................
Employer Length of paternity leave ..................................................................No Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options ...........................................Public and private daycare assistance without allowance 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 279 Part 2: Country Profiles Norway Gender Gap Index 2012 3 0.840 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 4.95 1.25 195.42 46,908 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity ...............4 0.830 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ......................................9 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................21 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .......................1 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............50 Professional and technical workers ........................1 0.94 0.75 1.00 0.46 1.00 0.68 0.64 76 81 — — 0.53 40,000 40,000 0.25 0.63 31 51 69 49 Educational Attainment .........................................1 1.000 0.932 Literacy rate ...........................................................1 Enrolment in primary education ..............................1 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 99 99 94 93 99
 99 94 57 0.94 0.75 1.00 0.46 1.06 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.63 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival .............................................94 0.970 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ........................................98 0.94 1.03 0.92 1.04 — — 74 72 0.95 1.03 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .........................................3 0.562 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ..............................................8 Women in ministerial positions ...............................1 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............10 0.66 1.00 0.25 0.23 0.19 0.17 40 53 10 60 47 40 0.66 1.11 0.25 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 280 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Norway OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 3 0.840 4 0.830 1 1.000 94 0.970 3 0.562 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 2 0.806 10 0.751 17 1.000 51 0.979 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 2 0.799 11 0.729 15 1.000 61 0.975 3 0.562 3 0.561 3 0.533 2 0.533 3 0.494 2 0.494 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ..............3 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................4 Share of women in wage employment in the non-
 agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........49 Inheritance rights of daughters2........................................................— Inheritance rights of widows2 ...........................................................— Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................— Women’s access to land ownership2 ................................................— Women’s access to credit2 ...............................................................— Women’s access to property other than land2 ...................................— Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................5 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......5.81 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................— Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................— Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................36 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........14 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............14 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................32 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................— Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................1.90 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ................9 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................— Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................99 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ................... 7 [4-12] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............88 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................0.10 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................0.20
 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births)...............................................3 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................1.00 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 .........................................................— Parental authority after divorce2 .......................................................— Female genital mutilation2 ................................................................— Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ..............— Year women received right to vote ................................................1913 Quota type ........................................................................No legislated Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination.........................................................Yes Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ............................................46 or 56 weeks; mother must take at least 3 weeks immediately before birth and 9 weeks immediately after birth Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ........................Parental beneﬁts are paid either at 100 for 46 weeks or at 80 for 56 weeks Provider of maternity coverage ................................... Social insurance Length of paternity leave .......................................................12 weeks after birth for babies born after 1 July 2011 (father’s quota) Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Daycare options .....................................Public daycare with allowance 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on
 a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 281 Part 2: Country Profiles Oman Gender Gap Index 2012 125 0.599 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 2.85 2.56 30.35 24,226 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity ...........127 0.428 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ..................................127 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................20 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) ...................128 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ..........105 Professional and technical workers ......................99 0.34 0.75 0.25 0.10 0.49 0.68 0.64 27 79 — — 0.53 9,804 40,000 0.25 0.63 9 33 91 67 Educational Attainment .......................................96 0.968 0.932 Literacy rate .......................................................102 Enrolment in primary education ..........................116 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 0.90 0.97 1.00 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 81 92 90 29 90 95 89 21 0.34 0.75 0.25 0.10 0.49 0.90 0.97 1.01 1.39 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival .............................................62 0.976 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ........................................72 0.94 1.05 0.92 1.04 — — 67 64 0.95 1.05 0.00 =
 INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .....................................129 0.022 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ..........................................129 Women in ministerial positions ...........................112 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............58 0.01 0.07 0.00 0.23 0.19 0.17 1 7 0 99 93 50 0.01 0.07 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 282 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Oman OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 125 0.599 127 0.428 96 0.968 62 0.976 129 0.022 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 127 0.587 130 0.407 99 0.941 62 0.976 129 0.026 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 122 0.595 129 0.400 90 0.978 61 0.976 128 0.026 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 123 0.594 128 0.406 93 0.974 95 0.971 128 0.025 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 118 0.596 122 0.415 89 0.974 90 0.971 123 0.025 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 119 0.590 125 0.384 83 0.971 89 0.971 119 0.035 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) — — — — — — — — — — Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ............— Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force)...................— Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........22 Inheritance rights of daughters2.....................................................1.00 Inheritance rights of widows2 ........................................................1.00 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................— Women’s access to land ownership2 .............................................0.50 Women’s access to
Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................0.50 Women’s access to property other than land2 ................................0.50 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................3 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......4.99 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................64 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................58 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................37 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........12 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............12 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................25 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) .............................................4 Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................2.30 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............14 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................99 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ..............................100 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ............... 32 [19-51] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............32 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .................................... <0.10 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................0.10 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births)...............................................8 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................1.44 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................1.00
Parental authority after divorce2 ....................................................1.00 Female genital mutilation2 ................................................................— Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........1.00 Year women received right to vote ......................................1994, 2003 Quota type ........................................................................................— Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination.........................................................Yes Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave .................................................................— Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Provider of maternity coverage .........................................................— Length of paternity leave ..................................................................No Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options ............................................................
Private daycare assistance without allowance 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 283 Part 2: Country Profiles Pakistan Gender Gap Index 2012 134 0.548 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 176.75 1.80 116.06 2,411 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity ...........134 0.310 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ..................................134 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ..............110 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) ...................131 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ..........112 Professional and technical workers ....................105 0.26 0.56 0.21 0.03 0.28 0.68 0.64 0.53 0.25 0.63 22 88 — — 940 4,528 3 22 97 78 Educational Attainment .....................................129 0.762 0.932 Literacy rate .......................................................131 Enrolment in primary education ..........................133 Enrolment in secondary education ......................126 Enrolment in tertiary education ...........................105 0.59 0.82 0.76 0.83 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 40 67 29 5 69 81 38 6 0.26 0.56 0.21 0.03 0.28 0.59 0.82 0.76 0.83 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival ...........................................123 0.956 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male)
 ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ......................................131 0.94 0.98 0.92 1.04 — — 55 56 0.95 0.98 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................52 0.164 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................50 Women in ministerial positions .............................97 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............20 0.29 0.11 0.10 0.23 0.19 0.17 23 10 5 78 90 45 0.29 0.11 0.10 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 284 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Pakistan OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 134 0.548 134 0.310 129 0.762 123 0.956 52 0.164 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 133 0.558 134 0.345 127 0.778 123 0.956 54 0.155 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 132 0.546 133 0.306 127 0.770 122 0.956 52 0.155 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 132 0.546 132 0.340 128 0.747 128 0.950 55 0.146 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 127 0.555 128 0.372 123 0.751 123 0.950 50 0.146 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 126 0.551 126 0.372 123 0.734 121 0.950 43 0.148 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 112 0.543 112 0.369 110 0.706 112 0.951 37 0.148 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ..............9 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................4 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........13 Inheritance rights of daughters2.....................................................0.50 Inheritance rights of widows2
 ........................................................0.50 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ..................7 Women’s access to land ownership2 .............................................0.50 Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................0.00 Women’s access to property other than land2 ................................0.50 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................2 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......4.09 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................48 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................51 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................37 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) .............6 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) .................8 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................23 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................16 Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................3.40 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............16 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................64 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................45 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ......... 260 [150-500] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............27 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................0.10 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................0.10 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births).............................................70 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)
 .....................................1.03 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................1.00 Parental authority after divorce2 ....................................................0.50 Female genital mutilation2 .............................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........0.75 Year women received right to vote ................................................1956 Quota type ....................................................................
Reserved seats Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination..........................................................— Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ......................................................12 weeks Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Provider of maternity coverage ..............................................
Employer Length of paternity leave ..................................................................— Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options ................................................................................— 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 285 Part 2: Country Profiles Panama Gender Gap Index 2012 40 0.712 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 3.57 1.57 20.75 12,206 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............48 0.700 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................97 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................82 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................83 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ..............5 Professional and technical workers ........................1 0.62 0.64 0.54 0.93 1.00 0.68 0.64 53 85 — — 0.53 11,027 20,295 0.25 0.63 48 53 52 47 Educational Attainment .......................................62 0.993 0.932 Literacy rate .........................................................68 Enrolment in primary education ............................95 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 0.99 0.99 1.00 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 93 97 72 54 95 99 66 35 0.62 0.64 0.54
 0.93 1.13 0.99 0.99 1.08 1.53 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival .............................................64 0.975 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ........................................74 0.94 1.05 0.92 1.04 — — 68 65 0.96 1.05 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................44 0.181 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ..........................................114 Women in ministerial positions .............................25 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............18 0.09 0.42 0.11 0.23 0.19 0.17 9 29 5 92 71 45 0.09 0.42 0.11 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 286 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Panama OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 40 0.712 48 0.700 62 0.993 64 0.975 44 0.181 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 40 0.704 51 0.680 54 0.994 65 0.975 47 0.168 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 39 0.707 47 0.693 55 0.993 65 0.975 48 0.168 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 43 0.702 51 0.683 52 0.995 1 0.980 52 0.152 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 34 0.710 49 0.678 54 0.995 1 0.980 38 0.185 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 38 0.695 54 0.655 40 0.994 1 0.980 40 0.153 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 31 0.693 44 0.647 35 0.995 47 0.979 35 0.153 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ..............9 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................5 Share of women in wage employment in the non-
 agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........43 Inheritance rights of daughters2.....................................................0.00 Inheritance rights of widows2 ........................................................0.00 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................25 Women’s access to land ownership2 .............................................0.00 Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................0.00 Women’s access to property other than land2 ................................0.00 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................3 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......4.94 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................76 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................59 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................47 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........11 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............11 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................22 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................22 Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................2.50 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............87 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................96 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................89 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ............. 92 [75-110] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............58 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................0.60 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................1.10
 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births).............................................17 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................1.02 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 .........................................................— Parental authority after divorce2 .......................................................— Female genital mutilation2 ................................................................— Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........0.00 Year women received right to vote ......................................1941, 1946 Quota type ................................................ Legislated candidate quotas Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination..........................................................— Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ......................................................14 weeks Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Provider of maternity coverage ..........................Social Insurance Fund, employer if mother not entitled to social security beneﬁts Length of paternity leave ..................................................................— Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options ................................................................................— 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true
 maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 287 Part 2: Country Profiles Paraguay Gender Gap Index 2012 83 0.671 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 6.57 1.76 10.46 4,648 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............71 0.651 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................90 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ..............100 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................54 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............37 Professional and technical workers ........................1 0.67 0.59 0.62 0.52 1.00 0.68 0.64 59 88 — — 0.53 4,146 6,669 0.25 0.63 34 50 66 50 Educational Attainment .......................................44 0.995 0.932 Literacy rate .........................................................72 Enrolment in primary education ............................70 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 0.98 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 93 85 62 43 95 85 58 30 0.67 0.59 0.62 0.52 1.02 0.98 1.00 1.07 1.43 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival .............................................58 0.976 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ........................................69 0.94 1.05 0.92 1.04 — — 66 63 0.95 1.05 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .....................................115 0.063 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in
 parliament ............................................93 Women in ministerial positions ...........................109 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............58 0.14 0.08 0.00 0.23 0.19 0.17 13 7 0 88 93 50 0.14 0.08 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 288 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Paraguay OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 83 0.671 71 0.651 44 0.995 58 0.976 115 0.063 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 67 0.682 69 0.644 46 0.995 58 0.976 73 0.113 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 69 0.680 71 0.637 45 0.996 57 0.976 75 0.113 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 66 0.687 58 0.669 40 0.997 1 0.980 85 0.102 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 100 0.638 111 0.483 38 0.997 1 0.980 89 0.092 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 69 0.666 83 0.594 95 0.945 1 0.980 45 0.144 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 64 0.656 80 0.554 83 0.944 1 0.980 38 0.144 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ..............8 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................4 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........40 Inheritance rights of daughters2.....................................................0.00 Inheritance rights of widows2 ........................................................0.00 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................52 Women’s access to land ownership2 .............................................0.50 Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................0.00 Women’s access to property other than land2
 ................................0.00 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................2 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......4.15 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................72 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................62 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................— Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........10 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............10 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................23 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................12 Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................3.00 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............65 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................96 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................85 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ............. 99 [60-160] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............79 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................0.20 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................0.40 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births).............................................21 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................1.02 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................0.00 Parental authority after divorce2 ....................................................0.00
Female genital mutilation2 .............................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........0.25 Year women received right to vote ................................................1961 Quota type ................................................ Legislated candidate quotas Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination.........................................................Yes Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ......................................................12 weeks Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ........... 50 for 9 weeks coverage Provider of maternity coverage ...................................... Social security Length of paternity leave ............................................................3 days Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Daycare options ...........................................Public and private daycare assistance with allowance, private daycare assistance without allowance 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 289 Part 2: Country Profiles Peru Gender Gap Index 2012 78 0.674 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 29.40 1.08 92.47 8,555 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity
 .............91 0.610 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................59 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ..............105 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................61 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............86 Professional and technical workers ......................77 0.80 0.57 0.61 0.24 0.84 0.68 0.64 62 78 — — 0.53 7,833 12,791 0.25 0.63 19 46 81 54 Educational Attainment .......................................88 0.980 0.932 Literacy rate .......................................................103 Enrolment in primary education ..............................1 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 0.89 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 85 96 78 45 95 95 77 41 0.80 0.57 0.61 0.24 0.84 0.89 1.01 1.01 1.09 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival ...........................................109 0.966 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ......................................116 0.94 1.02 0.92 1.04 — — 67 66 0.95 1.02 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................65 0.142 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................56 Women in ministerial positions .............................61 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............44 0.27 0.20 0.02 0.23 0.19 0.17 22 17 1 79 83 49 0.27 0.20 0.02 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 290 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Peru OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 78 0.674 91 0.610 88 0.980 109 0.966 65 0.142 Gender
 Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 73 0.680 85 0.611 88 0.980 108 0.966 50 0.162 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 60 0.690 81 0.620 89 0.980 107 0.966 37 0.193 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 44 0.702 76 0.635 89 0.978 91 0.971 33 0.225 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 48 0.696 83 0.596 84 0.981 86 0.971 29 0.235 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 75 0.662 103 0.537 80 0.976 85 0.971 34 0.165 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 60 0.662 86 0.531 71 0.976 58 0.976 31 0.165 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ..............9 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................4 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........38 Inheritance rights of daughters2.....................................................0.00 Inheritance rights of widows2 ........................................................0.00 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................29 Women’s access to land ownership2 .............................................0.50 Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................0.00 Women’s access to property other than land2 ................................0.00 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................2 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......4.19 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................66 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................44 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................— Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........11 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years)
 ...............11 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................25 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................12 Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................2.50 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............69 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................95 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................84 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ............. 67 [42-110] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............73 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................0.20 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................0.60 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births).............................................15 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................1.00 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................0.00 Parental authority after divorce2 ....................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation2 ................................................................— Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........0.25 Year women received right to vote ................................................1955 Quota type ................................................ Legislated candidate quotas Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination..........................................................— Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave
 .........................................................90 days Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Provider of maternity coverage .......................... Social security system Length of paternity leave ...........................4 consecutive working days between childbirth and date when mother/newborn are discharged from medical center Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Daycare options ....... Public daycare assistance with allowance, private daycare assistance with and without allowance 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 291 Part 2: Country Profiles Philippines Gender Gap Index 2012 8 0.776 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 94.85 1.68 129.02 3,560 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............17 0.772 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................94 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ..................6 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................69 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ..............1 Professional and technical workers ........................1 0.63 0.79 0.60 1.00 1.00 0.68 0.64 51 80 — — 0.53 3,092 5,181 0.25 0.63 55 62 45 38 Educational Attainment
 .........................................1 1.000 0.932 Literacy rate ...........................................................1 Enrolment in primary education ..............................1 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 96 89 67 32 95 88 56 26 0.63 0.79 0.60 1.21 1.64 1.01 1.02 1.19 1.25 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival ...............................................1 0.980 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ..........................................1 0.94 1.06 0.92 1.04 — — 64 59 0.95 1.08 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................14 0.352 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................48 Women in ministerial positions .............................54 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................6 0.30 0.22 0.46 0.23 0.19 0.17 23 18 16 77 82 34 0.30 0.22 0.46 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 292 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Philippines OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 8 0.776 17 0.772 1 1.000 1 0.980 14 0.352 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 8 0.769 15 0.763 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 9 0.765 13 0.761 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 9 0.758 11 0.760 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 1
1.000 1 1.000 1 0.980 16 0.331 1 0.980 17 0.321 1 0.980 19 0.291 1 0.980 22 0.274 1 0.980 14 0.283 1 0.980 16 0.269 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ..............7 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................8 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........42 Inheritance rights of daughters2.....................................................0.00 Inheritance rights of widows2 ........................................................0.00 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................69 Women’s access to land ownership2 .............................................0.50 Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................0.50 Women’s access to property other than land2 ................................0.00 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................2 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......5.86 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................90 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................76 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................56 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........10 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............10 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................23 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) .............................................9 Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................3.10 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............53 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................91 Births attended by
Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................62 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ............. 99 [66-140] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............51 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .................................... <0.10 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ........................................ <0.10 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births).............................................23 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................1.01 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................0.00 Parental authority after divorce2 ....................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation2 .............................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........0.25 Year women received right to vote ................................................1937 Quota type ........................................................................No legislated Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination.........................................................Yes Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ........................................................6 weeks Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Provider of maternity coverage ...................Social security or employer Length of paternity leave ........ 1 week after legitimate wife’s childbirth Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Daycare options ................................ Public daycare without allowance 1 Survey data,
 responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 293 Part 2: Country Profiles Poland Gender Gap Index 2012 53 0.702 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 38.22 0.08 251.09 17,352 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............72 0.650 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................55 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ..............123 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................75 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............29 Professional and technical workers ........................1 0.81 0.51 0.57 0.57 1.00 0.68 0.64 56 70 — — 0.53 15,666 27,310 0.25 0.63 36 60 64 40 Educational Attainment .......................................34 0.998 0.932 Literacy rate .........................................................56 Enrolment in primary education ............................76 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 99 96 92 83 100 96 90 58 0.81 0.51 0.57 0.57 1.52 1.00 1.00 1.02 1.43 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival .............................................34 0.979 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male)
 ............................93 Healthy life expectancy ..........................................1 0.94 1.06 0.92 1.04 — — 70 64 0.94 1.09 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................46 0.179 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................44 Women in ministerial positions .............................42 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............39 0.31 0.29 0.03 0.23 0.19 0.17 24 22 1 76 78 49 0.31 0.29 0.03 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 294 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Poland OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 53 0.702 72 0.650 34 0.998 34 0.979 46 0.179 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 42 0.704 65 0.653 28 0.999 48 0.979 40 0.184 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 43 0.704 63 0.653 29 0.999 46 0.979 41 0.184 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 50 0.700 71 0.643 33 0.999 41 0.979 40 0.178 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 49 0.695 73 0.624 30 0.999 38 0.979 39 0.178 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 60 0.676 74 0.617 1 1.000 37 0.979 63 0.107 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 44 0.680 50 0.635 13 1.000 36 0.979 58 0.107 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ............10 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................9 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........48 Inheritance rights of daughters2........................................................— Inheritance rights of widows2 ...........................................................— Firms with female
Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................48 Women’s access to land ownership2 ................................................— Women’s access to credit2 ...............................................................— Women’s access to property other than land2 ...................................— Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................5 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......3.92 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................84 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................70 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................43 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........12 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............12 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................25 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................— Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................1.40 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............16 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................— Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ..............................100 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ..................... 5 [4-6] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............73 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................0.10 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................0.10 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births)...............................................5 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................0.93 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and
 Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 .........................................................— Parental authority after divorce2 .......................................................— Female genital mutilation2 ................................................................— Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ..............— Year women received right to vote ................................................1918 Quota type ................................................ Legislated candidate quotas Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination..........................................................— Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ......................................................16 weeks Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Provider of maternity coverage ...........................Social Insurance Fund Length of paternity leave ..................................................................— Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options ................................................................................— 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 295 Part 2: Country Profiles Portugal Gender Gap Index 2012 47 0.707 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample
 average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 10.64 0.05 124.94 21,660 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............55 0.679 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................36 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ..............107 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................52 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............51 Professional and technical workers ........................1 0.87 0.57 0.64 0.45 1.00 0.68 0.64 69 79 — — 0.53 19,905 31,337 0.25 0.63 31 52 69 48 Educational Attainment .......................................57 0.994 0.932 Literacy rate .........................................................82 Enrolment in primary education ..............................1 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 0.97 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 94 99 86 68 97 99 78 57 0.87 0.57 0.64 0.45 1.07 0.97 1.00 1.10 1.19 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival .............................................83 0.972 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..........................121 Healthy life expectancy ........................................55 0.93 1.06 0.92 1.04 — — 73 69 0.93 1.06 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................43 0.183 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................28 Women in ministerial positions .............................54 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............47 0.40 0.22 0.01 0.23 0.19 0.17 29 18 0 71 82 50 0.40 0.22 0.01 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 296 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Portugal
 OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 47 0.707 55 0.679 57 0.994 83 0.972 43 0.183 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 35 0.714 59 0.663 55 0.993 71 0.974 34 0.228 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 32 0.717 56 0.672 69 0.989 71 0.974 32 0.233 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 46 0.701 53 0.681 76 0.989 80 0.973 47 0.161 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 39 0.705 39 0.696 71 0.990 76 0.973 45 0.161 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 37 0.696 38 0.684 58 0.989 74 0.973 47 0.138 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 33 0.692 33 0.669 57 0.989 71 0.973 40 0.138 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ............12 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force)...................10 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........49 Inheritance rights of daughters2........................................................— Inheritance rights of widows2 ...........................................................— Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................51 Women’s access to land ownership2 ................................................— Women’s access to credit2 ...............................................................— Women’s access to property other than land2 ...................................— Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................5 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......4.08 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................80 Female teachers, secondary education (%)
 .......................................69 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................43 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........13 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............13 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................26 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................— Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................1.30 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............16 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) ...............................100 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ..............................100 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ................... 8 [5-11] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............87 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................0.40 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................0.70 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births)...............................................3 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................0.94 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 .........................................................— Parental authority after divorce2 .......................................................— Female genital mutilation2 ................................................................— Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ..............— Year women received right to vote ......................................1931, 1976 Quota type
1976 Quota type ................................................ Legislated candidate quotas Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination.........................................................Yes Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ........................................... 120 or 150 days Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) .................. 100 of average daily wages for 120-day option, 80 for 150-day option Provider of maternity coverage ................................... Social insurance Length of paternity leave ..Compulsory period of 10 working days after birth; 5 consecutive days must be taken immediately after birth and 5 days within 30 days of birth; 10 additional working days may be added Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Daycare options .................................... Public daycare with allowance, private daycare with and without allowance 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 297 Part 2: Country Profiles Qatar Gender Gap Index 2012 115 0.626 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 1.87 9.60 54.22 73,196 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity ...........107 0.556 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ..................................113 Wage equality for similar work (survey)
 ................36 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................10 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ..........110 Professional and technical workers ....................108 0.55 0.72 0.83 0.07 0.24 0.68 0.64 51 93 — — 0.53 33,260 40,000 0.25 0.63 7 20 93 80 Educational Attainment .......................................36 0.998 0.932 Literacy rate .........................................................65 Enrolment in primary education ..............................1 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 95 92 93 26 97 92 76 5 0.55 0.72 0.83 0.07 0.24 0.99 1.01 1.22 5.38 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival ...........................................127 0.952 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ......................................134 0.94 0.97 0.92 1.04 — — 66 68 0.98 0.97 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .....................................133 0.000 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ..........................................131 Women in ministerial positions ...........................125 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............58 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.23 0.19 0.17 0 0 0 100 100 50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 298 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Qatar OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 115 0.626 107 0.556 36 0.998 127 0.952 133 0.000 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 111 0.623 104 0.547 57 0.992 127 0.952 132 0.000 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 117 0.606 116 0.483 74 0.989 126
 0.952 131 0.000 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 125 0.591 129 0.400 53 0.995 129 0.947 130 0.021 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 119 0.595 123 0.415 41 0.997 125 0.947 126 0.021 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 109 0.604 115 0.456 45 0.993 123 0.947 124 0.021 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) — — — — — — — — — — Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ..............3 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................0 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........12 Inheritance rights of daughters2........................................................— Inheritance rights of widows2 ...........................................................— Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................— Women’s access to land ownership2 ................................................— Women’s access to credit2 ...............................................................— Women’s access to property other than land2 ...................................— Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ........................................— Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......4.70 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................89 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................55 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................38 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........12 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............11 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................26 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19)
 ...........................................— Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................2.30 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............15 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) ...............................100 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ..............................100 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ................... 7 [3-16] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............43 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .................................... <0.10 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ........................................ <0.10 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births)...............................................7 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................3.15 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 .........................................................— Parental authority after divorce2 .......................................................— Female genital mutilation2 ................................................................— Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ..............— Year women received right to vote ................................................2003 Quota type ........................................................................................— Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination..........................................................— Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave .........................................................50 days Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Provider of maternity
 coverage ..............................................
Employer Length of paternity leave ..................................................................— Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options ................................................................................— 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 299 Part 2: Country Profiles Romania Gender Gap Index 2012 67 0.686 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 21.39 -0.20 56.53 10,921 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............54 0.681 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................62 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................95 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................35 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............62 Professional and technical workers ........................1 0.79 0.61 0.68 0.42 1.00 0.68 0.64 54 68 — — 0.53 12,364 18,135 0.25 0.63 29 56 71 44 Educational Attainment .......................................52 0.994 0.932 Literacy rate .........................................................66 Enrolment in primary education ............................88 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 0.99 0.99 1.00 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 97 87 83 68 98 88 82 50 0.79 0.61
 0.68 0.42 1.29 0.99 0.99 1.02 1.35 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival .............................................34 0.979 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ............................93 Healthy life expectancy ..........................................1 0.94 1.06 0.92 1.04 — — 68 63 0.94 1.08 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................97 0.089 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................99 Women in ministerial positions .............................61 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............58 0.13 0.20 0.00 0.23 0.19 0.17 11 17 0 89 83 50 0.13 0.20 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 300 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Romania OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 67 0.686 54 0.681 52 0.994 34 0.979 97 0.089 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 68 0.681 46 0.694 45 0.995 41 0.979 112 0.056 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 67 0.683 41 0.708 73 0.989 50 0.977 109 0.056 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 70 0.681 34 0.712 70 0.991 41 0.979 126 0.040 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 70 0.676 34 0.700 60 0.994 38 0.979 120 0.032 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 47 0.686 31 0.697 47 0.993 37 0.979 89 0.074 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 46 0.680 30 0.673 44 0.993 36 0.979 79 0.074 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ..............7 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................8 Share of women in wage employment in the
 non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........46 Inheritance rights of daughters2........................................................— Inheritance rights of widows2 ...........................................................— Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................48 Women’s access to land ownership2 ................................................— Women’s access to credit2 ...............................................................— Women’s access to property other than land2 ...................................— Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................4 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......4.46 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................86 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................68 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................46 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........11 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............11 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................26 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................— Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................1.40 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............39 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................94 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................99 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ............... 27 [23-32] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............70 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................0.10 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................0.20
 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births).............................................11 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................0.94 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 .........................................................— Parental authority after divorce2 .......................................................— Female genital mutilation2 ................................................................— Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ..............— Year women received right to vote ......................................1929, 1946 Quota type ........................................................................No legislated Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination.........................................................Yes Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ........................................ 126 calendar days Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................85 Provider of maternity coverage ...........................Social Insurance Fund Length of paternity leave ............................................. 5 working days; up to 15 working days in special cases Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Daycare options ...........................................Public and private daycare assistance with allowance, homecare assistance with and without allowance 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the
 uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 301 Part 2: Country Profiles Russian Federation Gender Gap Index 2012 59 0.698 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 141.93 -0.07 414.36 14,183 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............39 0.720 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................17 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................89 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................56 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............24 Professional and technical workers ........................1 0.91 0.62 0.62 0.59 1.00 0.68 0.64 69 76 — — 0.53 16,609 26,877 0.25 0.63 37 64 63 36 0.91 0.62 0.62 0.59 1.80 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Educational Attainment .......................................35 0.998 0.932 Female-to-male ratio Literacy rate .........................................................53 Enrolment in primary education ............................72 Enrolment in secondary education ....................... — 1.00 1.00 — Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 99 93 100 93 — — 1.00 1.00 — 87 65 1.35 Health and Survival .............................................34 0.979 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ............................93 Healthy life expectancy ..........................................1 0.94 1.06 0.92 1.04 — — 65 55 0.94 1.18 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment
 .......................................90 0.095 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................88 Women in ministerial positions .............................64 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............58 0.16 0.19 0.00 0.23 0.19 0.17 14 16 0 86 84 50 0.16 0.19 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 302 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Russian Federation Part 2: Country Profiles OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 59 0.698 39 0.720 35 0.998 34 0.979 90 0.095 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 43 0.704 29 0.737 33 0.998 41 0.979 84 0.100 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 45 0.704 28 0.736 26 0.999 40 0.979 85 0.100 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 51 0.699 24 0.740 29 0.999 41 0.979 99 0.076 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 42 0.699 16 0.743 28 0.999 38 0.979 100 0.076 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 45 0.687 16 0.735 22 0.999 37 0.979 120 0.034 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 49 0.677 22 0.696 19 0.999 36 0.979 108 0.034 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ..............7 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................8 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........51 Inheritance rights of daughters2.....................................................0.00 Inheritance rights of widows2 ........................................................0.00 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................33 Women’s access to land ownership2 .............................................0.00 Women’s access to credit2
 ............................................................0.00 Women’s access to property other than land2 ................................0.00 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................3 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......4.06 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................98 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................81 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................56 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........10 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............10 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................24 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) .............................................8 Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................1.50 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............30 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................— Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ..............................100 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ............... 34 [26-42] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............80 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................1.10 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................1.00 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births)...............................................9 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................0.86 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................0.00
Parental authority after divorce2 ....................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation2 .............................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........0.75 Year women received right to vote ................................................1918 Quota type ........................................................................................— Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination.........................................................Yes Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ........................................ 140 calendar days Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) .......................100 up to ceiling, plus lump sum birth grant Provider of maternity coverage ...........................Social Insurance Fund Length of paternity leave ..................................................................— Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ....................100, up to a ceiling Daycare options ............................................................. Public daycare with and without allowance, homecare with allowance 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 303 Part 2: Country Profiles Saudi Arabia Gender Gap Index 2012 131 0.573 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 28.08 2.36 258.71 20,374 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score
 Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity ...........133 0.340 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ..................................132 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................94 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) ...................132 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ..........109 Professional and technical workers ....................102 0.27 0.62 0.17 0.08 0.38 0.68 0.64 22 82 — — 0.53 6,652 38,856 0.25 0.63 7 28 93 72 Educational Attainment .......................................91 0.976 0.932 Literacy rate .......................................................101 Enrolment in primary education ............................98 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 0.90 0.99 1.00 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 81 89 83 39 90 90 78 35 0.27 0.62 0.17 0.08 0.38 0.90 0.99 1.06 1.12 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival .............................................55 0.976 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ........................................65 0.94 1.05 0.92 1.04 — — 64 61 0.95 1.05 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .....................................133 0.000 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ..........................................131 Women in ministerial positions ...........................125 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............58 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.23 0.19 0.17 0 0 0 100 100 50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 304 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Saudi Arabia OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score
 Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 131 0.573 133 0.340 91 0.976 55 0.976 133 0.000 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 131 0.575 133 0.358 92 0.967 53 0.976 132 0.000 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 129 0.571 132 0.335 92 0.974 53 0.976 131 0.000 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 130 0.565 133 0.310 92 0.975 65 0.976 134 0.000 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 128 0.554 129 0.259 85 0.979 62 0.976 130 0.000 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 124 0.565 127 0.321 87 0.961 60 0.976 128 0.000 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 114 0.524 115 0.240 93 0.880 54 0.977 115 0.000 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ............16 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................4 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........16 Inheritance rights of daughters2.....................................................1.00 Inheritance rights of widows2 ........................................................1.00 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................— Women’s access to land ownership2 .............................................0.50 Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................0.00 Women’s access to property other than land2 ................................0.50 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................3 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......3.69 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................50 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................52 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................37 Female school life
Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........12 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............13 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................25 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) .............................................4 Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................2.80 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ................7 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................97 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ..............................100 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ............... 24 [13-45] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............24 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ..........................................— Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ..............................................— Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births).............................................15 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................1.23 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................1.00 Parental authority after divorce2 ....................................................1.00 Female genital mutilation2 ................................................................— Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........0.75 Year women received right to vote ....................................................— Quota type ........................................................................................— Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based
 discrimination..........................................................— Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ......................................................10 weeks Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) .... 50 if working for one to three years, 100 if working for three or more years Provider of maternity coverage ..............................................
Employer Length of paternity leave ..................................................................— Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options ................................................................................— 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 305 Part 2: Country Profiles Senegal Gender Gap Index 2012 90 0.666 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 12.77 2.66 6.98 1,736 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............59 0.674 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................79 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................43 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................72 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ........... — Professional and technical workers ..................... — 0.73 0.70 0.58 — — 0.68 0.64 66 90 — — 0.53 1,455 2,515 0.25 0.63 — — — — Educational Attainment .....................................122 0.827 0.932 Literacy rate .......................................................127 Enrolment in primary education ..............................1 Enrolment in secondary education ......................125 Enrolment in tertiary education ...........................120 0.63 1.00 0.77 0.60 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 39 78 19 6 62 73 24 10 0.73 0.70 0.58 — — 0.63 1.06 0.77
 0.60 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival .............................................75 0.973 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ........................................87 0.94 1.04 0.92 1.04 — — 52 50 0.97 1.04 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................41 0.189 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................49 Women in ministerial positions .............................38 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............35 0.29 0.33 0.03 0.23 0.19 0.17 23 25 2 77 75 48 0.29 0.33 0.03 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 306 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Senegal OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 90 0.666 59 0.674 122 0.827 75 0.973 41 0.189 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 92 0.657 47 0.688 123 0.825 80 0.973 58 0.143 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 101 0.641 65 0.644 122 0.821 77 0.973 68 0.127 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 102 0.643 74 0.638 124 0.817 76 0.974 59 0.141 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) — — — — — — — — Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) — — — — — — — — Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) — — — — — — — — — — — — — — Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ............14 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................8 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........11 Inheritance rights of
 daughters2.....................................................0.50 Inheritance rights of widows2 ........................................................0.50 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................26 Women’s access to land ownership2 .............................................0.00 Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................0.50 Women’s access to property other than land2 ................................0.00 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................2 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......5.19 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................31 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................17 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................— Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) .............8 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) .................8 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................21 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................30 Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................4.80 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............96 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................93 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................65 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ......... 370 [230-640] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............12 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................1.00 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................0.70 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live
 births).............................................50 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................0.98 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................1.00 Parental authority after divorce2 ....................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation2 .............................................................0.28 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........0.25 Year women received right to vote ................................................1945 Quota type ................................................ Legislated candidate quotas Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination..........................................................— Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ......................................................14 weeks Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Provider of maternity coverage ...................................... Social security Length of paternity leave ..................................................................— Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options ................................................................................— 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 307 Part 2: Country Profiles Serbia Gender Gap Index
 2012 50 0.704 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 7.26 -0.40 8.71 9,598 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............67 0.660 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ................................... — Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................76 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................78 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............28 Professional and technical workers ........................1 — 0.64 0.56 0.57 1.00 0.68 0.64 — — — — 0.53 8,604 15,302 0.25 0.63 36 56 64 44 Educational Attainment .......................................61 0.993 0.932 Literacy rate .........................................................74 Enrolment in primary education ............................82 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 0.97 0.99 1.00 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 97 92 91 56 99 93 89 43 — 0.64 0.56 0.57 1.28 0.97 0.99 1.02 1.30 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival .............................................91 0.970 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ............................93 Healthy life expectancy ........................................95 0.94 1.03 0.92 1.04 — — 66 64 0.94 1.03 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................40 0.192 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................19 Women in ministerial positions .............................69 Years with female head of
 state (last 50) ..............58 0.48 0.18 0.00 0.23 0.19 0.17 32 15 0 68 85 50 0.48 0.18 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 308 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Serbia OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 50 0.704 67 0.660 61 0.993 91 0.970 40 0.192 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) — — — — — — — — Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) — — — — — — — — Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) — — — — — — — — Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) — — — — — — — — Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) — — — — — — — — Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ............20 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force)...................18 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........44 Inheritance rights of daughters2.....................................................0.50 Inheritance rights of widows2 ...........................................................— Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................29 Women’s access to land ownership2 .............................................0.50 Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................0.00 Women’s access to property other than land2 ................................0.00 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................2 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......4.51 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................90 Female teachers, secondary
 education (%) .......................................64 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................46 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........11 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............11 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................26 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) .............................................5 Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................1.60 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............22 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................98 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ..............................100 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ................. 12 [9-17] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............41 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ..........................................— Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ..............................................— Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births)...............................................6 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................0.98 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................0.00 Parental authority after divorce2 ....................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation2 .............................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........0.25 Year women received right to vote ................................................1946 Quota type
Quota type ................................................ Legislated candidate quotas Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination..........................................................— Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave .......................................................365 days Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............... 100 for ﬁrst 6 months, 60 from 6th to 9th month, 30 for last 3 months Provider of maternity coverage ................................... Social insurance Length of paternity leave ..................................................................— Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options ................................................................................— 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 309 Part 2: Country Profiles Singapore Gender Gap Index 2012 55 0.699 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 5.18 1.77 165.18 51,966 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............13 0.788 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................76 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ..................3 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .......................1 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............49 Professional
 and technical workers ......................78 0.74 0.81 1.00 0.46 0.82 0.68 0.64 60 82 — — 0.53 40,000 40,000 0.25 0.63 31 45 69 55 Educational Attainment .....................................104 0.941 0.932 Literacy rate .........................................................87 Enrolment in primary education ..........................123 Enrolment in secondary education ......................107 Enrolment in tertiary education ............................ — 0.96 0.93 0.95 — 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 94 98 — — — — — — 0.74 0.81 1.00 0.46 0.82 0.96 0.93 0.95 — 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival .............................................85 0.972 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..........................121 Healthy life expectancy ........................................60 0.93 1.06 0.92 1.04 — — 75 71 0.93 1.06 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................89 0.095 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................45 Women in ministerial positions ...........................125 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............58 0.31 0.00 0.00 0.23 0.19 0.17 24 0 0 77 100 50 0.31 0.00 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 310 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Singapore OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 55 0.699 13 0.788 104 0.941 85 0.972 89 0.095 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 57 0.691 16 0.758 100 0.938 101 0.968 83 0.101 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 56 0.691 20 0.753 103 0.937 100 0.968 79 0.108 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 84 0.666 57 0.671 102 0.937 121 0.958 86 0.101 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)
 84 0.663 58 0.654 98 0.938 117 0.958 81 0.101 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 77 0.661 55 0.655 98 0.931 115 0.958 71 0.101 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 65 0.655 45 0.646 86 0.931 107 0.960 75 0.083 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ..............7 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................5 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........45 Inheritance rights of daughters2.....................................................0.50 Inheritance rights of widows2 ........................................................0.50 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................— Women’s access to land ownership2 .............................................0.00 Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................0.00 Women’s access to property other than land2 ................................0.00 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................5 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......5.74 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................81 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................66 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................35 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........— Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............— Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................27 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) .............................................1 Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................1.30 Adolescent fertility rate
 (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ................5 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) ...............................100 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ..............................100 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ..................... 3 [2-7] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............62 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................0.10 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................0.10 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births)...............................................2 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................1.02 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................0.00 Parental authority after divorce2 ....................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation2 .............................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........0.00 Year women received right to vote ................................................1947 Quota type ........................................................................................— Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination..........................................................No Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ......................................................12 weeks Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Provider of maternity coverage ....................
Employer and government (ﬁrst 8 weeks paid by employer, last 4 weeks by government up to a ceiling; for the third and subsequent births, full 12 weeks paid by government up to a ceiling) Length of paternity leave ................................No statutory entitlement; 3 days for public sector fathers on birth of the ﬁrst 4 children Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ...................... 100, public sector Daycare options ............................................................
Private daycare assistance with and without allowance 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 311 Part 2: Country Profiles Slovak Republic Gender Gap Index 2012 70 0.682 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 5.44 0.21 45.86 20,164 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............82 0.628 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................58 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ..............124 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................73 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............60 Professional and technical workers ........................1 0.80 0.51 0.58 0.42 1.00 0.68 0.64 62 77 — — 0.53 17,988 31,243 0.25 0.63 30 59 70 41 Educational Attainment .........................................1 1.000 0.932 Literacy rate ...........................................................1 Enrolment in primary education ..............................1 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 99 85 99 83 — — 67 42 0.80 0.51 0.58 0.42 1.45 1.00 1.02 1.01 1.59 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival ...............................................1 0.980 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at
 birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ..........................................1 0.94 1.06 0.92 1.04 — — 70 64 0.95 1.09 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................80 0.122 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................75 Women in ministerial positions .............................70 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............34 0.21 0.17 0.04 0.23 0.19 0.17 17 14 2 83 86 48 0.21 0.17 0.04 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 312 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Slovak Republic OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 70 0.682 82 0.628 1 1.000 1 0.980 80 0.122 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 72 0.680 73 0.634 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 71 0.678 70 0.638 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 68 0.685 68 0.646 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 64 0.682 66 0.638 1 1.000 1 1.000 1 1.000 1 1.000 1 0.980 79 0.106 1 0.980 89 0.094 1 0.980 75 0.112 1 0.980 71 0.112 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 54 0.680 50 0.667 37 0.995 1 0.980 86 0.077 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 50 0.676 43 0.650 34 0.995 1 0.980 77 0.077 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ............15 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force)...................14 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........49 Inheritance rights of daughters2........................................................— Inheritance rights of widows2 ...........................................................—
Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................30 Women’s access to land ownership2 ................................................— Women’s access to credit2 ...............................................................— Women’s access to property other than land2 ...................................— Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................5 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......4.19 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................89 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................75 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................44 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........12 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............12 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................28 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................— Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................1.30 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............22 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................97 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ..............................100 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ................... 6 [4-10] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............80 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .................................... <0.10 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ........................................ <0.10 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births)...............................................7 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................0.95 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and
 Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 .........................................................— Parental authority after divorce2 .......................................................— Female genital mutilation2 ................................................................— Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ..............— Year women received right to vote ................................................1920 Quota type ........................................................................No legislated Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination.........................................................Yes Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ......................................................28 weeks Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................55 Provider of maternity coverage ...........................Social Insurance Fund Length of paternity leave ..................................................................— Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options ...........................................Public and private daycare with and without allowance, homecare without allowance 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 313 Part 2: Country Profiles Slovenia Gender Gap Index 2012 38 0.713 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$
 billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 2.05 0.44 26.08 25,048 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............41 0.714 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................25 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................77 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................55 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............33 Professional and technical workers ........................1 0.88 0.64 0.62 0.55 1.00 0.68 0.64 67 75 — — 0.53 21,221 34,194 0.25 0.63 35 56 65 44 Educational Attainment .......................................33 0.998 0.932 Literacy rate .........................................................44 Enrolment in primary education ............................79 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 100 100 97 92 103 97 91 71 0.88 0.64 0.62 0.55 1.25 1.00 1.00 1.01 1.45 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival .............................................78 0.973 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..........................121 Healthy life expectancy ..........................................1 0.93 1.06 0.92 1.04 — — 74 69 0.93 1.07 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................50 0.168 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................22 Women in ministerial positions ...........................108 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............58 0.47 0.08 0.00 0.23 0.19 0.17 32 8 0 68 92 50 0.47 0.08 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 314 | The Global
 Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Slovenia OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 38 0.713 41 0.714 33 0.998 78 0.973 50 0.168 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 41 0.704 34 0.720 36 0.998 64 0.975 71 0.123 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 42 0.705 32 0.723 36 0.998 63 0.975 70 0.123 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 52 0.698 31 0.721 36 0.998 80 0.973 87 0.100 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 51 0.694 31 0.708 36 0.998 76 0.973 85 0.096 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 49 0.684 27 0.705 18 0.999 74 0.973 99 0.060 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 51 0.675 34 0.667 22 0.999 71 0.973 88 0.060 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ..............7 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................7 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........48 Inheritance rights of daughters2........................................................— Inheritance rights of widows2 ...........................................................— Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................42 Women’s access to land ownership2 ................................................— Women’s access to credit2 ...............................................................— Women’s access to property other than land2 ...................................— Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................5 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......4.73 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................98 Female
Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................72 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................37 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........13 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............13 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................31 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................— Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................1.40 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ................5 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) ...............................100 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ..............................100 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ................. 12 [5-30] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............79 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .................................... <0.10 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................0.10 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births)...............................................2 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................0.96 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 .........................................................— Parental authority after divorce2 .......................................................— Female genital mutilation2 ................................................................— Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ..............— Year women received right to vote ................................................1946 Quota type
Quota type ................................................ Legislated candidate quotas Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination.........................................................Yes Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ........................................ 105 calendar days Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Provider of maternity coverage .....................................................State Length of paternity leave ..........90 days; 15 days paid, 75 days unpaid Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 with a minimum value and a ceiling Daycare options .................................... Public daycare with allowance, private daycare with and without allowance, homecare without allowance 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 315 Part 2: Country Profiles South Africa Gender Gap Index 2012 16 0.750 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 50.59 1.35 187.25 9,477 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............69 0.659 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................70 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................71 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................81 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and
 managers ............59 Professional and technical workers ........................1 0.76 0.65 0.55 0.43 1.00 0.68 0.64 51 67 — — 0.53 7,838 14,290 0.25 0.63 30 52 70 48 Educational Attainment .......................................87 0.980 0.932 Literacy rate .........................................................85 Enrolment in primary education ............................80 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education .............................96 0.96 1.00 1.00 0.91 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 87 85 65 14 91 85 59 16 0.76 0.65 0.55 0.43 1.10 0.96 1.00 1.11 0.91 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival ...........................................103 0.968 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ......................................107 0.94 1.02 0.92 1.04 — — 48 47 0.98 1.02 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .........................................7 0.392 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ..............................................4 Women in ministerial positions .............................11 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............58 0.73 0.67 0.00 0.23 0.19 0.17 42 40 0 58 60 50 0.73 0.67 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 316 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles South Africa OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 16 0.750 69 0.659 87 0.980 103 0.968 7 0.392 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 14 0.748 58 0.665 86 0.981 102 0.968 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 12 0.753 55 0.673 43 0.996 101 0.968 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 6 0.771 60 0.663 43 0.996 70 0.975 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130
 countries) 22 0.723 93 0.568 45 0.996 67 0.975 9 0.377 9 0.377 5 0.449 9 0.353 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 20 0.719 85 0.586 52 0.991 65 0.975 10 0.326 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 18 0.713 79 0.556 42 0.993 59 0.976 8 0.326 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ............26 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force)...................22 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........45 Inheritance rights of daughters2.....................................................0.00 Inheritance rights of widows2 ........................................................0.00 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................23 Women’s access to land ownership2 .............................................0.50 Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................0.50 Women’s access to property other than land2 ................................0.50 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................4 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......4.75 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................77 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................55 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................— Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........12 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............12 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................28 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) .............................................4 Fertility rate (births per woman)
 .....................................................2.50 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............54 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................92 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................91 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ......... 300 [150-500] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............60 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .....................................22.50 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .........................................13.10 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births).............................................41 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................0.98 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................0.00 Parental authority after divorce2 ....................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation2 .............................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........0.25 Year women received right to vote ......................................1930, 1994 Quota type ........................................................................No legislated Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination..........................................................— Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ...................................................... 4 months Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) .....................................Up to 60 depending on level of income Provider of maternity coverage .............Unemployment Insurance Fund Length of paternity
 leave ..................................................................— Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options ................................................................................— 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 317 Part 2: Country Profiles Spain Gender Gap Index 2012 26 0.727 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 46.24 0.35 712.34 26,941 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............75 0.646 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................68 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ..............116 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................66 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............44 Professional and technical workers ......................61 0.77 0.55 0.60 0.48 0.98 0.68 0.64 63 82 — — 0.53 24,145 40,000 0.25 0.63 32 50 68 50 Educational Attainment .......................................38 0.997 0.932 Literacy rate .........................................................70 Enrolment in primary education ..............................1 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 0.98 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 97 99 100 100 96 81 94 66 0.77
 0.55 0.60 0.48 0.98 0.98 1.00 1.02 1.24 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival .............................................34 0.979 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ............................93 Healthy life expectancy ..........................................1 0.94 1.06 0.92 1.04 — — 76 71 0.94 1.07 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................27 0.284 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................14 Women in ministerial positions .............................22 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............58 0.56 0.44 0.00 0.23 0.19 0.17 36 31 0 64 69 50 0.56 0.44 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 318 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Spain OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 26 0.727 75 0.646 38 0.997 34 0.979 27 0.284 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 12 0.758 74 0.633 37 0.997 56 0.976 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 11 0.755 78 0.624 40 0.996 63 0.975 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 17 0.734 90 0.602 56 0.994 80 0.973 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 17 0.728 89 0.577 58 0.994 76 0.973 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 10 0.744 84 0.589 39 0.994 74 0.973 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 11 0.732 85 0.539 38 0.994 71 0.973 5 0.426 5 0.426 9 0.369 7 0.369 5 0.421 5 0.421 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ............21 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force)...................20 Share of women in wage employment in the non-
 agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........47 Inheritance rights of daughters2........................................................— Inheritance rights of widows2 ...........................................................— Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................34 Women’s access to land ownership2 ................................................— Women’s access to credit2 ...............................................................— Women’s access to property other than land2 ...................................— Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................5 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......4.01 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................75 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................55 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................39 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........14 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............14 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................29 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................— Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................1.50 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............13 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................— Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................— Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ..................... 6 [4-7] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............66 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................0.20 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................0.60
 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births)...............................................4 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................0.98 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 .........................................................— Parental authority after divorce2 .......................................................— Female genital mutilation2 ................................................................— Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ..............— Year women received right to vote ................................................1931 Quota type ................................................ Legislated candidate quotas Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination.........................................................Yes Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ......................................................16 weeks Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Provider of maternity coverage ...................................... Social security Length of paternity leave .........................................................2 weeks Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Daycare options ........................................................ Public and private daycare with and without allowance 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio
 with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 319 Part 2: Country Profiles Sri Lanka Gender Gap Index 2012 39 0.712 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 20.87 0.92 27.03 4,555 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity ...........105 0.560 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ..................................119 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................28 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) ...................120 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............76 Professional and technical workers ......................71 0.47 0.74 0.36 0.32 0.89 0.68 0.64 38 80 — — 0.53 3,022 8,288 0.25 0.63 24 47 76 53 Educational Attainment .......................................48 0.995 0.932 Literacy rate .........................................................78 Enrolment in primary education ..............................1 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 0.97 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 90 94 61 20 93 94 56 11 0.47 0.74 0.36 0.32 0.89 0.97 1.01 1.09 1.92 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival ...............................................1 0.980 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ..........................................1 0.94 1.06 0.92 1.04 — — 65 61 0.96 1.07 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................22 0.315 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament
 ..........................................123 0.06 Women in ministerial positions ............................ — — Years with female head of state (last 50) ................5 0.49 0.23 0.19 0.17 6 94 0.06 — — — 16 34 0.49 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 320 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Sri Lanka OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 39 0.712 105 0.560 48 0.995 1 0.980 22 0.315 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 31 0.721 102 0.560 103 0.933 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 16 0.746 89 0.601 57 0.993 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 16 0.740 99 0.573 68 0.992 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 12 0.737 99 0.560 65 0.992 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 15 0.723 94 0.557 56 0.990 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ..............8 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................4 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........31 Inheritance rights of daughters2.....................................................0.50 Inheritance rights of widows2 ........................................................0.50 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................— Women’s access to land ownership2 .............................................1.00 Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................0.00 Women’s access to property other than land2 ................................0.50
 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................3 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......5.38 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................85 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................63 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................— Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........12 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............12 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................24 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................11 Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................2.30 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............23 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................99 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................99 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ............... 35 [25-49] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............68 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .................................... <0.10 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ........................................ <0.10 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births).............................................14 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................0.97 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................1.00 Parental authority after divorce2 ....................................................0.50 Female genital mutilation2
 .............................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........0.25 Year women received right to vote ................................................1931 Quota type ........................................................................No legislated Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination..........................................................— Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ......................................................12 weeks Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ...........................86 for mothers paid at a time-rate or piece-rate, 100 for mothers covered by the Shop and Ofﬁces Employees Act Provider of maternity coverage ..............................................
Employer Length of paternity leave ..................................................................— Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options ................................................................................— 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 321 Part 2: Country Profiles Suriname Gender Gap Index 2012 106 0.641 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 0.53 0.91 1.39 6,930 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity ...........115 0.514 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ..................................104 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................67 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) ...................103 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............68 Professional and technical workers ....................103 0.59 0.65 0.45 0.39 0.30 0.68 0.64 42 72 — — 0.53 4,909 10,858 0.25 0.63 28 23 72 77 Educational Attainment .......................................37 0.997 0.932 Literacy rate .........................................................69 Enrolment in primary education ..............................1 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 94 91 55 15 95 91 46 9 0.59 0.65 0.45 0.39
 0.30 0.99 1.00 1.20 1.72 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival ...............................................1 0.980 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ..........................................1 0.94 1.06 0.92 1.04 — — 64 58 0.95 1.10 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .....................................107 0.072 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................97 Women in ministerial positions .............................90 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............58 0.13 0.13 0.00 0.23 0.19 0.17 12 11 0 88 89 50 0.13 0.13 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 322 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Suriname OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 106 0.641 115 0.514 37 0.997 1 0.980 107 0.072 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 104 0.640 114 0.508 62 0.991 70 0.974 95 0.084 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 102 0.641 123 0.449 85 0.985 70 0.974 53 0.154 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 78 0.673 101 0.571 74 0.990 80 0.973 51 0.155 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 79 0.667 101 0.551 70 0.991 76 0.973 49 0.155 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 56 0.679 73 0.617 64 0.989 74 0.973 46 0.139 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) — — — — — — — — — — Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ............14 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................7 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of
 total non-agricultural employment) ..........36 Inheritance rights of daughters2........................................................— Inheritance rights of widows2 ...........................................................— Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................— Women’s access to land ownership2 ................................................— Women’s access to credit2 ...............................................................— Women’s access to property other than land2 ...................................— Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ........................................— Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......4.53 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................93 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................69 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................48 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........13 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............12 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................19 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................— Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................2.30 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............66 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................89 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................87 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ........... 130 [89-190] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............46 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................0.60 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................1.40 Infant mortality rate
 (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births).............................................27 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................1.01 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 .........................................................— Parental authority after divorce2 .......................................................— Female genital mutilation2 ................................................................— Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ..............— Year women received right to vote ................................................1948 Quota type ........................................................................................— Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination.........................................................Yes Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave .................................................................— Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Provider of maternity coverage .........................................................— Length of paternity leave ..................................................................— Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options .................................... Public daycare with allowance, private daycare, homecare with and without allowance 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95%
 probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 323 Part 2: Country Profiles Sweden Gender Gap Index 2012 4 0.816 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 9.45 0.85 302.84 33,771 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............10 0.796 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ......................................8 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................49 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .......................6 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............45 Professional and technical workers ........................1 0.94 0.69 0.91 0.48 1.00 0.68 0.64 77 82 — — 0.53 36,503 40,000 0.25 0.63 32 51 68 49 Educational Attainment .......................................39 0.997 0.932 Literacy rate ...........................................................1 Enrolment in primary education ............................86 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 1.00 0.99 1.00 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 99 99 94 90 99 100 94 58 0.94 0.69 0.91 0.48 1.02 1.00 0.99 1.00 1.54 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival .............................................73 0.974 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ............................93 Healthy life expectancy ........................................82 0.94 1.04 0.92 1.04 — — 75 72 0.94 1.04 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .........................................4 0.498 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament
 ..............................................2 Women in ministerial positions ...............................1 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............58 0.81 1.00 0.00 0.23 0.19 0.17 45 52 0 55 48 50 0.81 1.09 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 324 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Sweden OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 4 0.816 10 0.796 39 0.997 73 0.974 4 0.498 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 4 0.804 7 0.793 41 0.996 82 0.973 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 4 0.802 11 0.770 41 0.996 80 0.973 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ..............8 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................9 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........50 Inheritance rights of daughters2........................................................— Inheritance rights of widows2 ...........................................................— Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................— Women’s access to land ownership2 ................................................— Women’s access to credit2 ...............................................................— Women’s access to property other than land2 ...................................—
 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................5 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......5.16 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................81 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................59 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................43 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........12 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............12 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................32 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................— Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................1.90 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ................6 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) ...............................100 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................— Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ..................... 4 [2-7] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............75 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................0.10 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................0.20 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births)...............................................2 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................0.99 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 .........................................................— Parental authority after divorce2 .......................................................— Female genital mutilation2
 ................................................................— Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ..............— Year women received right to vote ......................................1919, 1921 Quota type ........................................................................No legislated Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination.........................................................Yes Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ....... 480 days shared between both parents; 60 reserved for each parent, the rest freely transferable between both parents (with sole custody, all 480 days accrue to custodial parent) Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ........................ 80 for 390 days, up to a ceiling, ﬂat rate for remaining 90 days Provider of maternity coverage ................................... Social insurance Length of paternity leave ................................10 optional nursing days can be used within 2 months from birth Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) .......................80 up to a ceiling Daycare options ...........................................Public and private daycare with allowance, homecare with allowance 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 325 Part 2: Country Profiles Switzerland Gender Gap Index 2012 10 0.767 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 7.91 1.06 294.75 37,583
 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............28 0.752 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................32 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................73 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .......................5 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............58 Professional and technical workers ......................69 0.88 0.64 0.92 0.43 0.91 0.68 0.64 76 87 — — 0.53 36,734 40,000 0.25 0.63 30 48 70 52 Educational Attainment .......................................71 0.991 0.932 Literacy rate ...........................................................1 Enrolment in primary education ............................77 Enrolment in secondary education ........................98 Enrolment in tertiary education .............................92 1.00 1.00 0.97 0.99 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 99 94 82 55 99 94 84 55 0.88 0.64 0.92 0.43 0.91 1.00 1.00 0.97 0.99 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival .............................................68 0.974 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ........................................84 0.94 1.04 0.92 1.04 — — 76 73 0.95 1.04 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................13 0.353 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................30 Women in ministerial positions ...............................9 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............21 0.40 0.75 0.10 0.23 0.19 0.17 29 43 4 72 57 46 0.40 0.75 0.10 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 326 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Switzerland OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH
 AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 10 0.767 28 0.752 71 0.991 68 0.974 13 0.353 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 10 0.763 28 0.742 68 0.990 75 0.974 13 0.345 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 10 0.756 30 0.727 71 0.989 74 0.974 13 0.335 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 13 0.743 48 0.685 88 0.979 59 0.978 12 0.327 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 14 0.736 54 0.663 88 0.975 56 0.978 11 0.327 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 40 0.692 42 0.676 92 0.957 55 0.978 37 0.158 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 26 0.700 18 0.709 79 0.957 35 0.979 34 0.154 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ..............5 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................4 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........47 Inheritance rights of daughters2........................................................— Inheritance rights of widows2 ...........................................................— Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................— Women’s access to land ownership2 ................................................— Women’s access to credit2 ...............................................................— Women’s access to property other than land2 ...................................— Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................5 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......4.86 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................— Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................— Female teachers, tertiary education (%)
 ............................................36 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........13 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............13 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................29 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................— Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................1.50 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ................4 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................— Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ..............................100 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ................... 8 [4-15] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............82 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................0.20 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................0.50 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births)...............................................4 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................0.97 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 .........................................................— Parental authority after divorce2 .......................................................— Female genital mutilation2 ................................................................— Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ..............— Year women received right to vote ................................................1971 Quota type ........................................................................No legislated Existence of legislation
 prohibiting gender-based discrimination.........................................................Yes Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ......................................................14 weeks (some cantons provide longer leaves) Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..........................80 up to ceiling Provider of maternity coverage ................................... Social insurance Length of paternity leave ........................... No statutory paternity leave Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options ...........................................Public and private daycare with and without allowance, homecare with and without allowance; 26 different cantonal systems 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 327 Part 2: Country Profiles Syria Gender Gap Index 2012 132 0.563 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 20.82 2.04 31.20 4,741 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity ...........135 0.274 0.599 Labour force participation ..................................133 0.27 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ............... — Estimated earned income (PPP US$) ...................134 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ..........100 Professional and technical workers
 ......................85 — 0.15 0.11 0.70 0.68 0.64 — — 0.53 1,362 9,071 0.25 0.63 10 41 90 59 22 82 0.27 Female-to-male ratio — 0.15 0.11 0.70 0.86 0.98 1.01 0.72 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Educational Attainment .....................................107 0.931 0.932 Literacy rate .......................................................107 Enrolment in primary education ..........................109 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ...........................111 0.86 0.98 1.00 0.72 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 77 92 67 12 90 94 67 17 Health and Survival .............................................61 0.976 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ............................93 Healthy life expectancy ........................................68 0.94 1.05 0.92 1.04 — — 65 62 0.94 1.05 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .....................................111 0.070 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................96 Women in ministerial positions .............................97 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............58 0.14 0.11 0.00 0.23 0.19 0.17 12 10 0 88 90 50 0.14 0.11 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 328 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Syria OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 132 0.563 135 0.274 107 0.931 61 0.976 111 0.070 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 124 0.590 129 0.409 109 0.914 61 0.976 110 0.060 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 124 0.593 130 0.398 104 0.936 60 0.976 107 0.060 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 121 0.607 120 0.461 104 0.931 68 0.976 116 0.060 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130
 countries) 107 0.618 107 0.508 101 0.927 65 0.976 112 0.060 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 103 0.622 104 0.524 99 0.927 63 0.976 100 0.059 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) — — — — — — — — — — Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ............23 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................6 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........15 Inheritance rights of daughters2.....................................................0.50 Inheritance rights of widows2 ........................................................0.50 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................14 Women’s access to land ownership2 .............................................0.50 Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................0.50 Women’s access to property other than land2 ................................0.50 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................1 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 ..........— Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................66 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................51 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................— Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........10 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............10 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................25 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................11 Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................2.90 Adolescent fertility rate
 (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............75 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................88 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................96 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ............. 70 [41-110] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............58 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ..........................................— Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ..............................................— Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births).............................................14 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................1.02 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................0.50 Parental authority after divorce2 ....................................................0.50 Female genital mutilation2 .............................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........1.00 Year women received right to vote ......................................1949, 1953 Quota type ........................................................................................— Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination..........................................................— Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ................................. 120 days for ﬁrst child, 90 days for second, 75 days for third Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Provider of maternity coverage ..............................................
Employer Length of paternity leave ..................................................................— Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options ................................................................................— 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 329 Part 2: Country Profiles Tajikistan Gender Gap Index 2012 96 0.661 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 6.98 1.39 1.92 1,940 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............42 0.711 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................74 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................13 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................67 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ........... — Professional and technical workers ..................... — 0.75 0.77 0.60 — — 0.68 0.64 60 81 — — 0.53 1,762 2,938 0.25 0.63 — — — — Educational Attainment .....................................114 0.887 0.932 Literacy rate .........................................................51 Enrolment in primary education ..........................118 Enrolment in secondary education ......................114 Enrolment in tertiary education ...........................129 1.00 0.96 0.89 0.41 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 100 100 95 80 11 99 90 28 0.75 0.77 0.60 — — 1.00 0.96
 0.89 0.41 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival ...........................................122 0.956 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ......................................130 0.94 0.98 0.92 1.04 — — 57 58 0.95 0.98 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................95 0.089 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................68 Women in ministerial positions ...........................116 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............58 0.23 0.07 0.00 0.23 0.19 0.17 19 6 0 81 94 50 0.23 0.07 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 330 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Tajikistan OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 96 0.661 42 0.711 114 0.887 122 0.956 95 0.089 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 96 0.653 49 0.683 113 0.884 122 0.956 94 0.088 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 89 0.660 40 0.709 113 0.882 121 0.956 90 0.093 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 86 0.666 27 0.730 114 0.875 58 0.979 96 0.081 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 89 0.654 44 0.689 112 0.867 55 0.979 98 0.081 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 79 0.658 25 0.710 107 0.869 54 0.979 90 0.074 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) — — — — — — — — — — Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ............— Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force)...................— Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total
 non-agricultural employment) ..........37 Inheritance rights of daughters2.....................................................0.50 Inheritance rights of widows2 ........................................................0.00 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................34 Women’s access to land ownership2 .............................................0.50 Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................0.50 Women’s access to property other than land2 ................................0.00 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................3 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......5.35 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................64 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................59 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................34 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........10 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............11 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................21 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................14 Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................3.30 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............27 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................89 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................88 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ............. 65 [29-150] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............37 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................0.10 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................0.30 Infant mortality rate (probability
 of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births).............................................52 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................0.97 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................0.00 Parental authority after divorce2 ....................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation2 .............................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........0.75 Year women received right to vote ................................................1924 Quota type ........................................................................................— Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination..........................................................— Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ........................................ 140 calendar days Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..........Paid amount not speciﬁed Provider of maternity coverage ...................................... Social security Length of paternity leave ..................................................................— Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options ................................................................................— 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 331 Part 2: Country
 Profiles Tanzania Gender Gap Index 2012 46 0.709 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 46.22 2.98 19.97 1,286 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............60 0.669 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ......................................4 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................39 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................33 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............90 Professional and technical workers ......................89 0.97 0.71 0.69 0.20 0.61 0.68 0.64 89 91 — — 0.53 1,239 1,804 0.25 0.63 16 38 84 62 Educational Attainment .....................................105 0.937 0.932 Literacy rate .......................................................108 Enrolment in primary education ............................83 Enrolment in secondary education ......................105 Enrolment in tertiary education ...........................106 0.85 0.99 0.95 0.82 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 67 98 5 2 79 98 5 2 0.97 0.71 0.69 0.20 0.61 0.85 0.99 0.95 0.82 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival ...........................................111 0.961 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ......................................118 0.94 1.00 0.92 1.04 — — 45 45 0.97 1.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................31 0.268 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................14 Women in ministerial positions
 .............................30 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............58 0.56 0.38 0.00 0.23 0.19 0.17 36 28 0 64 72 50 0.56 0.38 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 332 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Tanzania OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 46 0.709 60 0.669 105 0.937 111 0.961 31 0.268 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 59 0.690 63 0.657 114 0.878 111 0.961 30 0.265 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 66 0.683 57 0.671 114 0.872 110 0.961 33 0.228 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 73 0.680 52 0.682 115 0.868 105 0.969 37 0.200 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 38 0.707 3 0.789 111 0.870 100 0.969 35 0.200 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 34 0.697 4 0.780 109 0.859 99 0.969 29 0.180 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 24 0.704 1 0.809 97 0.859 95 0.967 26 0.180 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ..............6 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................3 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........31 Inheritance rights of daughters2.....................................................1.00 Inheritance rights of widows2 ........................................................1.00 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................31 Women’s access to land ownership2 .............................................0.50 Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................0.50 Women’s access to property other than land2 ................................0.50 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3
 ..........................................2 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......4.68 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................50 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................— Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................24 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........— Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............— Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................20 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................28 Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................5.50 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ............116 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................88 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................49 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ......... 460 [190-740] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............34 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................6.80 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................4.50 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births).............................................50 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................1.00 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................0.50 Parental authority after divorce2 ....................................................0.50 Female genital mutilation2
 .............................................................0.15 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........1.00 Year women received right to vote ................................................1959 Quota type ....................................................................
Reserved seats Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination..........................................................— Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ......................................................12 weeks Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Provider of maternity coverage ................National Social Security Fund Length of paternity leave ..................................................................— Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options ................................................................................— 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 333 Part 2: Country Profiles Thailand Gender Gap Index 2012 65 0.689 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 69.52 0.60 187.49 7,673 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............49 0.699 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................51 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................27 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................59 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............79 Professional and technical workers ........................1 0.83 0.74 0.62 0.31 1.00 0.68 0.64 70 85 — — 0.53 6,665 10,813 0.25 0.63 24
 56 76 44 Educational Attainment .......................................78 0.989 0.932 Literacy rate .........................................................86 Enrolment in primary education ............................85 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 0.96 0.99 1.00 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 92 89 78 54 96 90 70 41 0.83 0.74 0.62 0.31 1.25 0.96 0.99 1.12 1.31 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival ...............................................1 0.980 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ..........................................1 0.94 1.06 0.92 1.04 — — 65 59 0.95 1.10 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................93 0.090 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................80 Women in ministerial positions ...........................104 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............42 0.19 0.10 0.02 0.23 0.19 0.17 16 9 1 84 91 49 0.19 0.10 0.02 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 334 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Thailand OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 65 0.689 49 0.699 78 0.989 1 0.980 93 0.090 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 60 0.689 41 0.709 82 0.986 1 0.980 97 0.083 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 57 0.691 36 0.716 84 0.986 1 0.980 94 0.083 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 59 0.691 30 0.722 62 0.993 1 0.980 105 0.069 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 52 0.692 25 0.728 69 0.991 1 0.980 104 0.069 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 52 0.682 21 0.724 81 0.973 1
 0.980 110 0.050 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 40 0.683 13 0.722 72 0.973 1 0.980 89 0.058 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ..............1 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................1 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........46 Inheritance rights of daughters2.....................................................0.00 Inheritance rights of widows2 ........................................................0.00 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................— Women’s access to land ownership2 .............................................0.50 Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................0.50 Women’s access to property other than land2 ................................0.00 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................3 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......5.21 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................60 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................55 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................69 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........10 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............10 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................24 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................11 Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................1.60 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............43 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%)
 .................................99 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................99 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ............... 48 [33-70] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............81 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ..........................................— Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ..............................................— Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births).............................................11 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................0.97 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................0.50 Parental authority after divorce2 ....................................................0.50 Female genital mutilation2 .............................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........0.25 Year women received right to vote ................................................1932 Quota type ........................................................................No legislated Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination..........................................................— Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave .........................................................90 days Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Provider of maternity coverage .......................
Employer (up to 45 days per the Labor Protection Act) and social insurance system Length of paternity leave ..................................................................— Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options ................................................................................— 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 335 Part 2: Country Profiles Timor-Leste Gender Gap Index 2012 68 0.685 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 1.18 2.20 0.42 832 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............90 0.613 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................81 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................45 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) ...................118 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ........... — Professional and technical workers ..................... — 0.73 0.70 0.39 — — 0.68 0.64 0.53 0.25 0.63 62 85 — — 885 2,265 — — — — Educational Attainment .....................................109 0.928 0.932 Literacy rate .......................................................113 Enrolment in primary education ............................91 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ...........................114 0.83 0.99 1.00 0.70 0.87
 0.97 0.90 0.88 53 85 39 14 64 86 34 19 0.73 0.70 0.39 — — 0.83 0.99 1.12 0.70 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival .............................................47 0.979 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ........................................56 0.94 1.06 0.92 1.04 — — 55 52 0.95 1.06 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................34 0.222 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................20 Women in ministerial positions .............................39 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............58 0.48 0.30 0.00 0.23 0.19 0.17 32 23 0 68 77 50 0.48 0.30 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 336 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Timor-Leste OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 68 0.685 90 0.613 109 0.928 47 0.979 34 0.222 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) — — — — — — — — Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) — — — — — — — — Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) — — — — — — — — Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) — — — — — — — — Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) — — — — — — — — Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ............— Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force)...................— Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........35 Inheritance rights of
 daughters2.....................................................0.50 Inheritance rights of widows2 ........................................................0.50 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................43 Women’s access to land ownership2 ................................................— Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................1.00 Women’s access to property other than land2 ...................................— Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................1 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......4.85 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................40 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................29 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................25 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........11 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............11 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................23 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................11 Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................6.20 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............54 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................84 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................30 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ......... 300 [160-560] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............22 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ..........................................— Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ..............................................— Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live
 births).............................................46 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................1.04 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................0.50 Parental authority after divorce2 .......................................................— Female genital mutilation2 .............................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........0.75 Year women received right to vote ....................................................— Quota type ........................................................................................— Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination..........................................................— Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave .................................................................— Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Provider of maternity coverage .........................................................— Length of paternity leave ..................................................................— Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options ................................................................................— 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 337 Part 2: Country Profiles
 Trinidad and Tobago Gender Gap Index 2012 43 0.712 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 1.35 0.38 14.05 23,088 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............47 0.701 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................77 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................72 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................84 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ..............8 Professional and technical workers ........................1 0.73 0.65 0.54 0.77 1.00 0.68 0.64 61 83 — — 0.53 18,378 34,013 0.25 0.63 43 53 57 47 Educational Attainment .......................................53 0.994 0.932 Literacy rate .........................................................63 Enrolment in primary education ............................90 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 0.99 0.99 1.00 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 98 94 70 13 99 94 66 10 0.73 0.65 0.54 0.77 1.14 0.99 0.99 1.06 1.28 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival ...........................................128 0.952 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ......................................135 0.94 0.97 0.92 1.04 — — 62 64 0.97 0.97 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................36 0.199 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................29 Women in ministerial positions
 .............................52 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............31 0.40 0.23 0.04 0.23 0.19 0.17 29 18 2 71 82 48 0.40 0.23 0.04 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 338 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Trinidad and Tobago OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 43 0.712 47 0.701 53 0.994 128 0.952 36 0.199 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 21 0.737 39 0.711 49 0.994 1 0.980 31 0.264 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 21 0.735 38 0.712 50 0.995 1 0.980 30 0.255 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 19 0.730 44 0.691 58 0.994 1 0.980 27 0.255 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 19 0.724 52 0.666 39 0.997 1 0.980 24 0.255 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 46 0.686 64 0.639 34 0.996 1 0.980 52 0.130 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 45 0.680 56 0.614 30 0.996 1 0.980 46 0.130 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ..............6 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................4 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........44 Inheritance rights of daughters2.....................................................0.00 Inheritance rights of widows2 ........................................................0.00 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................— Women’s access to land ownership2 .............................................0.00 Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................0.00 Women’s access to property other than land2 ................................0.00 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3
 ........................................— Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......4.91 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................79 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................63 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................33 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........12 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............12 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................27 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) .............................................6 Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................1.60 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............33 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................95 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................97 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ............... 46 [26-84] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............43 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................1.00 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................2.10 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births).............................................24 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................0.94 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................0.00 Parental authority after divorce2 ....................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation2
 .............................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........0.25 Year women received right to vote ................................................1946 Quota type ........................................................................No legislated Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination..........................................................— Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ......................................................13 weeks Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) .........................100 for 1 month and 50 for 2 months (employer) plus a sum depending on earnings (social insurance); when total paid under the Maternity Protection Act and social insurance is less than full pay, employer pays difference Provider of maternity coverage ..........................Employer and National Insurance Board Length of paternity leave ..................................................................— Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options ................................................................................— 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 339 Part 2: Country Profiles Turkey Gender Gap Index 2012 124 0.601 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 73.64 1.25 389.12 12,547 Health
 Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity ...........129 0.414 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ..................................125 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................85 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) ...................121 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ..........103 Professional and technical workers ......................93 0.35 0.63 0.30 0.11 0.54 0.68 0.64 26 74 — — 0.53 7,813 26,005 0.25 0.63 10 35 90 65 Educational Attainment .....................................108 0.930 0.932 Literacy rate .......................................................105 Enrolment in primary education ..........................108 Enrolment in secondary education ......................111 Enrolment in tertiary education ...........................108 0.89 0.98 0.93 0.79 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 85 97 71 40 96 98 77 51 0.35 0.63 0.30 0.11 0.54 0.89 0.98 0.93 0.79 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival .............................................62 0.976 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ........................................72 0.94 1.05 0.92 1.04 — — 67 64 0.95 1.05 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................98 0.087 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................85 Women in ministerial positions ...........................121 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............27 0.17 0.04 0.06 0.23 0.19 0.17 14 4 3 86 96 47 0.17 0.04 0.06 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 340 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Turkey OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT
 Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 124 0.601 129 0.414 108 0.930 62 0.976 98 0.087 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 122 0.595 132 0.389 106 0.920 62 0.976 89 0.097 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 126 0.588 131 0.386 109 0.912 61 0.976 99 0.077 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 129 0.583 130 0.400 110 0.892 93 0.971 107 0.068 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 123 0.585 124 0.412 108 0.890 88 0.971 106 0.068 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 121 0.577 118 0.431 110 0.854 87 0.971 108 0.052 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 105 0.585 106 0.434 92 0.885 85 0.969 96 0.052 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ............13 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force)...................11 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........23 Inheritance rights of daughters2........................................................— Inheritance rights of widows2 ...........................................................— Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................41 Women’s access to land ownership2 ................................................— Women’s access to credit2 ...............................................................— Women’s access to property other than land2 ...................................— Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................4 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......4.31 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................— Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................— Female teachers, tertiary education (%)
 ............................................41 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........10 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............11 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................23 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................— Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................2.10 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............51 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................92 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................91 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ............... 20 [13-32] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............73 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .................................... <0.10 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ........................................ <0.10 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births).............................................12 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................0.99 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 .........................................................— Parental authority after divorce2 .......................................................— Female genital mutilation2 ................................................................— Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ..............— Year women received right to vote ................................................1930 Quota type ........................................................................................— Existence of legislation
 prohibiting gender-based discrimination.........................................................Yes Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ......................................................16 weeks Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ........................ 67 for 12 weeks Provider of maternity coverage ...................................... Social security Length of paternity leave .............................Public sector only, 10 days Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options ................................................................................— 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 341 Part 2: Country Profiles Uganda Gender Gap Index 2012 28 0.723 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 34.51 3.21 12.61 1,141 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............37 0.722 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................26 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ..................5 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................23 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............39 Professional and technical workers ......................94 0.88 0.80 0.73 0.50 0.54 0.68 0.64 80 91 — — 0.53 1,139 1,569 0.25 0.63 33 35 67 65 Educational
 Attainment .....................................112 0.906 0.932 Literacy rate .......................................................119 Enrolment in primary education ..............................1 Enrolment in secondary education ......................115 Enrolment in tertiary education ...........................109 0.78 1.00 0.88 0.79 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 65 92 15 4 83 90 17 5 0.88 0.80 0.73 0.50 0.54 0.78 1.03 0.88 0.79 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival ...............................................1 0.980 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ..........................................1 0.94 1.06 0.92 1.04 — — 44 41 0.97 1.07 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................28 0.284 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................16 Women in ministerial positions .............................20 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............58 0.54 0.47 0.00 0.23 0.19 0.17 35 32 0 65 68 50 0.54 0.47 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 342 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Uganda OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 28 0.723 37 0.722 112 0.906 1 0.980 28 0.284 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 29 0.722 42 0.709 107 0.917 1 0.980 25 0.282 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 33 0.717 42 0.707 107 0.922 1 0.980 29 0.259 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 40 0.707 28 0.726 111 0.892 69 0.976 30 0.233 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 43 0.698 40 0.694 109 0.889 66 0.976 30 0.233 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 50 0.683 41 0.676 104 0.874 64 0.976 24 0.207 Gender
 Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 47 0.680 28 0.677 98 0.859 60 0.976 22 0.207 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ..............5 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................3 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........39 Inheritance rights of daughters2.....................................................1.00 Inheritance rights of widows2 ........................................................1.00 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................35 Women’s access to land ownership2 .............................................1.00 Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................1.00 Women’s access to property other than land2 ................................1.00 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................2 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......5.70 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................41 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................23 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................20 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........10 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............11 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................20 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................22 Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................6.10 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ............159 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................94 Births
 attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................42 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ......... 310 [200-500] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............24 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................7.70 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................5.30 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births).............................................63 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................1.00 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................0.50 Parental authority after divorce2 ....................................................0.50 Female genital mutilation2 .............................................................0.01 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........0.25 Year women received right to vote ................................................1962 Quota type ....................................................................
Reserved seats Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination..........................................................No Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ........................................... 60 working days Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Provider of maternity coverage ..............................................
Employer Length of paternity leave ............................................................4 days Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Daycare options ................................................................................— 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 343 Part 2: Country Profiles Ukraine Gender Gap Index 2012 64 0.689 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 45.71 -0.40 47.56 6,029 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............34 0.725 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................40 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................63 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................65 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............19 Professional and technical workers ........................1 0.86 0.66 0.61 0.63 1.00 0.68 0.64 62 72 — — 0.53 5,578 9,214 0.25 0.63 39 64 61 36 Educational Attainment .......................................22 1.000 0.932 Literacy rate .........................................................48 Enrolment in primary education ..............................1 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 100 100 91 86 89 90 86 71 0.86 0.66
 0.61 0.63 1.77 1.00 1.01 1.01 1.25 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival .............................................34 0.979 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ............................93 Healthy life expectancy ..........................................1 0.94 1.06 0.92 1.04 — — 64 55 0.94 1.16 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .....................................119 0.054 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ..........................................117 Women in ministerial positions ...........................125 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............26 0.09 0.00 0.06 0.23 0.19 0.17 8 0 3 92 100 47 0.09 0.00 0.06 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 344 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Ukraine OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 64 0.689 34 0.725 22 1.000 34 0.979 119 0.054 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 64 0.686 44 0.704 24 1.000 56 0.976 106 0.065 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 63 0.687 43 0.707 23 1.000 56 0.976 105 0.064 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 61 0.690 33 0.720 31 0.999 41 0.979 117 0.060 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 62 0.686 27 0.714 34 0.998 38 0.979 117 0.051 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 57 0.679 26 0.708 73 0.984 74 0.973 109 0.050 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 48 0.680 24 0.691 25 0.998 1 0.980 97 0.050 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ..............6 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................7 Share of women in wage employment in the non-
 agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........55 Inheritance rights of daughters2.....................................................0.00 Inheritance rights of widows2 ........................................................0.00 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................47 Women’s access to land ownership2 .............................................0.00 Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................0.00 Women’s access to property other than land2 ................................0.00 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................3 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......4.58 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................99 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................76 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................— Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........10 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............11 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................23 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) .............................................7 Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................1.40 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............30 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................99 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................99 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ............... 32 [24-43] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............67 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................1.20 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................1.10
 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births).............................................11 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................0.85 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................0.00 Parental authority after divorce2 ....................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation2 .............................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........0.00 Year women received right to vote ................................................1919 Quota type ........................................................................................— Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination..........................................................— Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave .......................................................126 days Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Provider of maternity coverage ...................................... Social security Length of paternity leave ..................................................................— Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options ................................................................................— 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95%
 probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 345 Part 2: Country Profiles United Arab Emirates Gender Gap Index 2012 107 0.639 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 7.89 7.93 158.41 42,351 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity ...........122 0.475 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ..................................121 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................22 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) ...................101 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ..........101 Professional and technical workers ....................106 0.46 0.75 0.46 0.11 0.28 0.68 0.64 43 93 — — 0.53 18,306 40,000 0.25 0.63 10 22 90 78 Educational Attainment .........................................1 1.000 0.932 Literacy rate ...........................................................1 Enrolment in primary education ..............................1 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 91 90 82 39 89 87 80 12 0.46 0.75 0.46 0.11 0.28 1.02 1.04 1.01 3.16 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival ...........................................111 0.961 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ......................................118 0.94 1.00 0.92 1.04 — — 68 68 0.95 1.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................81 0.121 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament
 ............................................73 Women in ministerial positions .............................54 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............58 0.21 0.22 0.00 0.23 0.19 0.17 18 18 0 83 82 50 0.21 0.22 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 346 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles United Arab Emirates OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 107 0.639 122 0.475 1 1.000 111 0.961 81 0.121 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 103 0.645 119 0.490 59 0.991 111 0.961 62 0.139 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 103 0.640 120 0.461 37 0.998 110 0.961 60 0.139 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 112 0.620 126 0.415 67 0.992 116 0.961 76 0.111 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 105 0.622 121 0.420 46 0.996 112 0.961 72 0.111 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 105 0.618 119 0.421 68 0.987 110 0.961 65 0.105 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 101 0.592 109 0.403 61 0.986 100 0.964 112 0.015 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ............12 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................2 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........20 Inheritance rights of daughters2.....................................................1.00 Inheritance rights of widows2 ........................................................1.00 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................— Women’s access to land ownership2 .............................................0.50 Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................0.50 Women’s access to property
 other than land2 ................................1.00 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................2 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......5.22 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................86 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................65 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................31 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........12 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............11 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................24 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) .............................................8 Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................1.70 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............22 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) ...............................100 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ..............................100 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ................. 12 [5-27] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............28 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ..........................................— Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ..............................................— Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births)...............................................6 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................2.28 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................1.00 Parental authority after divorce2 ....................................................1.00
Female genital mutilation2 ................................................................— Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........1.00 Year women received right to vote ................................................2006 Quota type ........................................................................................— Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination.........................................................Yes Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave .........................................................45 days Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) .............................100 after one continuous year of employment, 50 for employment less than one year Provider of maternity coverage ..............................................
Employer Length of paternity leave ..........................................Public sector only, 3 consecutive working days after birth Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ...............Public sector only, 100 Daycare options ................................................................................— 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 347 Part 2: Country Profiles United Kingdom Gender Gap Index 2012 18 0.743 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 62.64 0.68 1,744.58 32,474 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............33 0.730 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................46 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................57 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................20 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............36 Professional and technical workers ......................70 0.84 0.68 0.74 0.53 0.90 0.68 0.64 69 82 — — 0.53 29,752 40,000 0.25 0.63 35 47 65 53 Educational Attainment .......................................27 0.999 0.932 Literacy rate ...........................................................1 Enrolment in primary education ............................69 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 99
 99 100 100 97 69 95 49 0.84 0.68 0.74 0.53 0.90 1.00 1.00 1.03 1.40 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival .............................................93 0.970 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ........................................97 0.94 1.03 0.92 1.04 — — 73 71 0.95 1.03 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................29 0.274 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................51 Women in ministerial positions .............................60 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................8 0.29 0.21 0.30 0.23 0.19 0.17 22 17 12 78 83 38 0.29 0.21 0.30 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 348 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles United Kingdom OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 18 0.743 33 0.730 27 0.999 93 0.970 29 0.274 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 16 0.746 33 0.722 1 1.000 91 0.970 23 0.293 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 15 0.746 34 0.721 1 1.000 90 0.970 22 0.293 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 15 0.740 35 0.706 1 1.000 72 0.974 22 0.280 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 13 0.737 42 0.692 1 1.000 69 0.974 21 0.280 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 11 0.744 32 0.695 1 1.000 67 0.974 12 0.307 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 9 0.736 37 0.664 1 1.000 63 0.974 12 0.307 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ..............7 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................9 Share of women in
 wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........47 Inheritance rights of daughters2........................................................— Inheritance rights of widows2 ...........................................................— Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................— Women’s access to land ownership2 ................................................— Women’s access to credit2 ...............................................................— Women’s access to property other than land2 ...................................— Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................5 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......5.00 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................81 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................62 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................43 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........14 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............13 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................26 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................— Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................1.90 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............26 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................— Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................99 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ............... 12 [10-14] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............84 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................0.20 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%)
 ...........................................0.30 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births)...............................................5 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................0.97 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 .........................................................— Parental authority after divorce2 .......................................................— Female genital mutilation2 ................................................................— Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ..............— Year women received right to vote ......................................1918, 1928 Quota type ........................................................................No legislated Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination.........................................................Yes Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave .................... 26 weeks of ordinary maternity leave and 26 weeks of additional maternity leave Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ................. 90 for ﬁrst 6 weeks, ﬂat rate for remaining weeks Provider of maternity coverage ..............................................
Employer (92% refunded by public funds) Length of paternity leave ........... 2 weeks within the ﬁrst 8 weeks after birth; up to 26 weeks of additional paternity leave if mother returns to work before the end of her 52-week maternity leave period Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) .....90 capped at a ﬂat rate for 2 weeks Daycare options ...........................................Public and private daycare without family allowance 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 349 Part 2: Country Profiles United States Gender Gap Index 2012 22 0.737 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita 311.59 0.84 11,597.86 42,297 Health country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity ...............8 0.814 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................43 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................61 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .......................4 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............10 Professional and technical workers ........................1 0.85 0.67 0.93 0.74 1.00 0.68 0.64 68 80 — — 0.53 37,376 40,000 0.25 0.63 43 55 57 45 Educational Attainment .........................................1 1.000 0.932 Literacy rate ...........................................................1 Enrolment in primary education ..............................1 Enrolment in secondary education
 ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 99 95 90 111 99 94 89 79 0.85 0.67 0.93 0.74 1.20 1.00 1.00 1.02 1.41 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival .............................................33 0.979 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ........................................53 0.94 1.06 0.92 1.04 — — 72 68 0.95 1.06 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................55 0.156 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................78 Women in ministerial positions .............................32 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............58 0.20 0.38 0.00 0.23 0.19 0.17 17 27 0 83 73 50 0.20 0.38 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 350 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles United States OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 22 0.737 8 0.814 1 1.000 33 0.979 55 0.156 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 17 0.741 19 0.741 6 0.800 6 0.799 1 1.000 39 0.979 39 0.186 1 1.000 38 0.979 40 0.186 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 31 0.717 17 0.750 1 1.000 40 0.979 61 0.140 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 27 0.718 12 0.752 1 1.000 37 0.979 56 0.140 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 31 0.700 14 0.738 76 0.982 36 0.979 69 0.102 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 23 0.704 3 0.759 66 0.982 1 0.980 66 0.097 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female
 labour force) ..............9 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force)...................11 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........48 Inheritance rights of daughters2........................................................— Inheritance rights of widows2 ...........................................................— Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................— Women’s access to land ownership2 ................................................— Women’s access to credit2 ...............................................................— Women’s access to property other than land2 ...................................— Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................5 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......4.95 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................87 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................61 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................47 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........12 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............12 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................26 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................— Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................2.10 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............40 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................— Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................99 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ............... 21 [18-23] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............79 Female HIV
 prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................0.30 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................0.80 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births)...............................................7 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................0.98 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 .........................................................— Parental authority after divorce2 .......................................................— Female genital mutilation2 ................................................................— Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ..............— Year women received right to vote ......................................1920, 1965 Quota type ........................................................................................— Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination.........................................................Yes Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ......................................................12 weeks Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ................. No national program; cash beneﬁts may be provided at state level Provider of maternity coverage .........................................................— Length of paternity leave ......................................................No federal nor state laws directing or mandating paternity leave Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ...................
There is no national program; any wages disbursed to a parent on such leave would be set by the father’s individual employer or a state having a paid leave law Daycare options ...........................................Public and private daycare with and without allowance, homecare with and without allowance 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 351 Part 2: Country Profiles Uruguay Gender Gap Index 2012 76 0.675 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 3.37 0.35 30.57 12,655 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............66 0.660 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................66 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ..............122 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................77 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............15 Professional and technical workers ........................1 0.77 0.51 0.57 0.68 1.00 0.68 0.64 65 85 — — 0.53 11,076 19,580 0.25 0.63 40 53 60 47 Educational Attainment .......................................40 0.997 0.932 Literacy rate ...........................................................1 Enrolment in primary education ............................87 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 1.00 0.99 1.00 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 98 99 73 81 98 99 66 46 0.77 0.51
 0.57 0.68 1.13 1.01 0.99 1.11 1.74 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival ...............................................1 0.980 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ..........................................1 0.94 1.06 0.92 1.04 — — 70 64 0.96 1.09 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .....................................116 0.062 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................94 Women in ministerial positions ...........................109 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............58 0.14 0.08 0.00 0.23 0.19 0.17 12 7 0 88 93 50 0.14 0.08 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 352 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Uruguay OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 76 0.675 66 0.660 40 0.997 1 0.980 116 0.062 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 58 0.691 60 0.662 35 0.998 1 0.980 70 0.123 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 59 0.690 62 0.657 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 57 0.694 62 0.653 1 1.000 1 1.000 1 0.980 71 0.123 1 0.980 58 0.142 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 54 0.691 65 0.642 27 1.000 1 0.980 53 0.142 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 78 0.661 66 0.634 53 0.991 1 0.980 115 0.039 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 66 0.655 60 0.611 47 0.991 1 0.980 103 0.039 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ............10 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................5 Share of women in wage employment in the non-
 agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........46 Inheritance rights of daughters2.....................................................0.00 Inheritance rights of widows2 ........................................................0.00 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................23 Women’s access to land ownership2 .............................................0.00 Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................0.50 Women’s access to property other than land2 ................................0.00 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................2 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......3.85 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................92 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................72 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................50 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........12 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............12 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................23 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................13 Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................2.10 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............60 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................96 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ..............................100 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ............... 29 [21-39] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............77 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................0.30 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................0.70
 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births)...............................................9 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................0.93 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................0.00 Parental authority after divorce2 ....................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation2 .............................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........0.50 Year women received right to vote ................................................1932 Quota type ................................................ Legislated candidate quotas Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination.........................................................Yes Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ......................................................12 weeks Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ........................... 100 for private sector employees, special system for civil servants Provider of maternity coverage .......................... Social security system Length of paternity leave .. 10 workings days (public sector), 3 working days (private sector); 2 extra days for special collective agreements Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Daycare options ...........................................Public and private daycare assistance with and without allowance, homecare assistance without allowance 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 =
 best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 353 Part 2: Country Profiles Venezuela Gender Gap Index 2012 48 0.706 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 29.28 1.57 159.40 10,973 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............83 0.626 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................92 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................80 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................92 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............53 Professional and technical workers ........................1 0.66 0.64 0.50 0.44 1.00 0.68 0.64 55 83 — — 0.53 8,544 17,100 0.25 0.63 31 64 69 36 Educational Attainment .......................................29 0.999 0.932 Literacy rate .........................................................57 Enrolment in primary education ............................65 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 95 92 76 99 96 93 68 58 0.66 0.64 0.50 0.44 1.81 1.00 1.00 1.11 1.69 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival ...............................................1 0.980 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ..........................................1 0.94 1.06 0.92 1.04 — — 68 64 0.95 1.06 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY
 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................35 0.220 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................76 Women in ministerial positions .............................14 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............58 0.20 0.63 0.00 0.23 0.19 0.17 17 39 0 83 61 50 0.20 0.63 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 354 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Venezuela OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 48 0.706 83 0.626 29 0.999 1 0.980 35 0.220 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 63 0.686 82 0.616 30 0.999 1 0.980 56 0.150 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 64 0.686 83 0.615 31 0.999 1 0.980 55 0.152 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 69 0.684 80 0.619 34 0.999 1 0.980 63 0.138 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 59 0.688 71 0.634 31 0.999 1 0.980 57 0.138 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 55 0.680 68 0.631 25 0.999 1 0.980 62 0.110 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 57 0.666 66 0.600 62 0.986 71 0.973 57 0.107 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ..............8 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................7 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........42 Inheritance rights of daughters2.....................................................0.00 Inheritance rights of widows2 ........................................................0.00 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................31 Women’s access to land ownership2 .............................................0.00 Women’s access to credit2
 ............................................................0.00 Women’s access to property other than land2 ................................0.00 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................1 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......4.38 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................— Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................— Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................34 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........10 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............10 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................23 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................17 Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................2.50 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ............101 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................94 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................95 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ............. 92 [78-110] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............70 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ..........................................— Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ..............................................— Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births).............................................16 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................1.01 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................0.00
Parental authority after divorce2 ....................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation2 .............................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........0.25 Year women received right to vote ................................................1946 Quota type ........................................................................No legislated Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination..........................................................— Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ......................................................18 weeks Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Provider of maternity coverage ...................................... Social security Length of paternity leave ..................................................................— Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options ................................................................................— 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 355 Part 2: Country Profiles Vietnam Gender Gap Index 2012 66 0.687 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 87.84 1.04 62.83 2,875 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap
 Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............44 0.710 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................13 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................54 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................32 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............83 Professional and technical workers ........................1 0.92 0.68 0.69 0.28 1.00 0.68 0.64 74 81 — — 0.53 2,809 4,075 0.25 0.63 22 51 78 49 0.92 0.68 0.69 0.28 1.05 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Educational Attainment .......................................95 0.968 0.932 Female-to-male ratio Literacy rate .........................................................88 0.96 Enrolment in primary education ........................... — Enrolment in secondary education ......................102 Enrolment in tertiary education ...............................1 — 0.96 1.00 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 91 95 0.96 — — 68 22 71 22 — 0.96 1.00 Health and Survival ...........................................130 0.944 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..........................131 Healthy life expectancy ..........................................1 0.89 1.06 0.92 1.04 — — 66 62 0.89 1.06 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .......................................78 0.125 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................40 Women in ministerial positions ...........................102 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............58 0.32 0.10 0.00 0.23 0.19 0.17 24 9 0 76 91 50 0.32 0.10 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 356 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Vietnam OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 66 0.687 44 0.710
 95 0.968 130 0.944 78 0.125 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 79 0.673 40 0.711 104 0.926 130 0.946 76 0.111 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 72 0.678 33 0.721 106 0.924 127 0.947 72 0.118 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 71 0.680 25 0.735 108 0.897 97 0.970 72 0.118 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 68 0.678 24 0.729 106 0.894 92 0.970 67 0.118 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 42 0.689 11 0.745 103 0.892 91 0.970 42 0.148 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) — — — — — — — — — — Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ..............2 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force).....................2 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........40 Inheritance rights of daughters2.....................................................0.50 Inheritance rights of widows2 ...........................................................— Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................59 Women’s access to land ownership2 .............................................0.50 Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................0.00 Women’s access to property other than land2 ................................0.00 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................3 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......4.55 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................78 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................64 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................47 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........11 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary
 (years) ...............11 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................23 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) .............................................6 Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................1.80 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............35 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................88 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................84 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ............. 59 [27-130] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............80 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .......................................0.30 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ...........................................0.60 Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births).............................................19 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................0.98 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................0.00 Parental authority after divorce2 ....................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation2 .............................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........0.25 Year women received right to vote ................................................1946 Quota type ........................................................................................— Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination.........................................................Yes Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave
 ...................................................4-6 months Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Provider of maternity coverage ........................... Social insurance fund Length of paternity leave ..................................................................No Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options .................................... Public daycare with allowance, private daycare without allowance, homecare assistance with and without allowance 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 357 Part 2: Country Profiles Yemen Gender Gap Index 2012 135 0.505 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 24.80 3.06 14.68 2,380 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity ...........132 0.342 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ..................................131 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................66 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) ...................125 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ..........113 Professional and technical workers ....................110 0.28 0.66 0.27 0.02 0.18 0.68 0.64 0.53 0.25 0.63 21 74 — — 996 3,685 2 15 98 85 Educational Attainment .....................................133 0.684
 0.932 Literacy rate .......................................................132 Enrolment in primary education ..........................131 Enrolment in secondary education ......................129 Enrolment in tertiary education ...........................128 0.58 0.83 0.63 0.42 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 47 70 31 6 81 85 49 14 0.28 0.66 0.27 0.02 0.18 0.58 0.83 0.63 0.42 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival .............................................82 0.973 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ........................................89 0.94 1.04 0.92 1.04 — — 55 53 0.95 1.04 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .....................................128 0.023 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ..........................................130 Women in ministerial positions ...........................106 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............58 0.00 0.09 0.00 0.23 0.19 0.17 0 8 0 100 92 50 0.00 0.09 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 358 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Yemen OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 135 0.505 132 0.342 133 0.684 82 0.973 128 0.023 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 135 0.487 135 0.318 134 0.642 83 0.973 131 0.016 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 134 0.460 134 0.195 132 0.657 81 0.973 130 0.016 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 134 0.461 134 0.233 133 0.615 1 0.980 133 0.016 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 130 0.466 130 0.252 129 0.618 1 0.980 129 0.016 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 128 0.451 128 0.251 127 0.565 1 0.980 127 0.008 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 115
 0.459 114 0.253 114 0.598 48 0.979 113 0.008 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ............41 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force)...................12 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ............6 Inheritance rights of daughters2.....................................................1.00 Inheritance rights of widows2 ........................................................1.00 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ..................6 Women’s access to land ownership2 .............................................0.50 Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................0.50 Women’s access to property other than land2 ................................0.50 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................1 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......3.48 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................25 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................21 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................17 Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) .............7 Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) .................9 Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................22 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................17 Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................5.20 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ..............80 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................47 Births attended by skilled health
 personnel (%) ................................36 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ......... 200 [110-370] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............28 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ..........................................— Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) ..............................................— Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births).............................................57 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................1.01 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................1.00 Parental authority after divorce2 ....................................................0.50 Female genital mutilation2 .............................................................0.38 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........1.00 Year women received right to vote ......................................1967, 1970 Quota type ........................................................................................— Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination..........................................................— Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave .........................................................60 days Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Provider of maternity coverage ..............................................
Employer Length of paternity leave ..................................................................— Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options ................................................................................— 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 359 Part 2: Country Profiles Zambia Gender Gap Index 2012 114 0.628 Rank (out of 135 countries) Score (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality) Key Indicators Total population (millions) Population growth (%) GDP (US$ billions) GDP (PPP) per capita country score sample average 0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality Education 13.47 1.58 5.59 1,401 Health Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Politics Rank Score Sample average Female-to- Female Male male ratio Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity .............89 0.614 0.599 Female-to-male ratio Labour force participation ....................................71 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ................25 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .....................50 Legislators, senior ofﬁcials and managers ............87 Professional and technical workers ....................101 0.76 0.75 0.64 0.23 0.46 0.68 0.64 60 79 — — 0.53 1,270 1,974 0.25 0.63 19 31 81 69 Educational Attainment .....................................120 0.855 0.932 Literacy rate .......................................................120 Enrolment in primary education ..............................1 Enrolment in secondary education ......................120 Enrolment in tertiary education ...........................126 0.77 1.00 0.84 0.46 0.87 0.97 0.90 0.88 62 92 15 2 81 90 18 3 0.76 0.75 0.64 0.23 0.46
 0.77 1.02 0.84 0.46 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Female-to-male ratio 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Health and Survival .............................................99 0.969 0.956 Female-to-male ratio Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................1 Healthy life expectancy ......................................103 0.94 1.03 0.92 1.04 — — 40 39 0.97 1.03 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 Political Empowerment .....................................106 0.073 0.195 Female-to-male ratio Women in parliament ............................................98 Women in ministerial positions .............................83 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..............58 0.13 0.13 0.00 0.23 0.19 0.17 12 12 0 89 88 50 0.13 0.13 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY 1.00 = EQUALITY 1.50 360 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Part 2: Country Profiles Zambia OVERALL ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Gender Gap Index 2012 (out of 135 countries) 114 0.628 89 0.614 120 0.855 99 0.969 106 0.073 Gender Gap Index 2011 (out of 135 countries) 106 0.630 87 0.600 120 0.851 97 0.969 84 0.100 Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 106 0.629 88 0.601 119 0.847 97 0.969 84 0.100 Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries) 107 0.631 93 0.593 116 0.865 116 0.961 82 0.105 Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries) 106 0.620 94 0.568 115 0.848 112 0.961 78 0.105 Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries) 101 0.629 92 0.571 111 0.848 110 0.961 49 0.135 Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries) 85 0.636 64 0.602 100 0.843 102 0.963 43 0.135 Evolution 2006–2012 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Additional Data Economic Empowerment Female adult unemployment rate (% of female labour force) ............11 Male adult unemployment rate (% of male labour force)...................14 Share of women in wage employment in the non-
 agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment) ..........22 Inheritance rights of daughters2.....................................................0.00 Inheritance rights of widows2 ........................................................0.50 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of ﬁrms) ................37 Women’s access to land ownership2 .............................................0.50 Women’s access to credit2 ............................................................0.50 Women’s access to property other than land2 ................................0.50 Women’s access to ﬁnance programmes3 ..........................................2 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership1 .......5.14 Education Female teachers, primary education (%) ...........................................51 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................— Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ............................................— Female school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...........— Male school life expectancy, primary to secondary (years) ...............— Marriage and Childbearing Singulate mean age at marriage for women (years)..........................21 Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19) ...........................................27 Fertility rate (births per woman) .....................................................6.30 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19) ............151 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit (%) .................................94 Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) ................................47 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)4 ......... 440 [220-790] Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%, any method) .............41 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .....................................16.00 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15–49 (%) .........................................11.10 Infant
Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1,000 live births).............................................69 Overall population sex ratio (male/female) .....................................1.01 Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Social Institutions and Political Rights Parental authority in marriage2 ......................................................1.00 Parental authority after divorce2 ....................................................0.50 Female genital mutilation2 .............................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women in case of domestic violence2 ...........0.75 Year women received right to vote ................................................1962 Quota type ........................................................................................— Existence of legislation prohibiting gender-based discrimination..........................................................— Childcare Ecosystem Length of maternity leave ......................................................12 weeks Maternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ............................................100 Provider of maternity coverage ..............................................
Employer Length of paternity leave ..................................................................— Paternity leave beneﬁts (% of wages paid in covered period) ..............................................— Daycare options ................................................................................— 1 Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score) 3 Data on a 1-to-5 scale (1 = worst score, 5 = best score) 4 Bracketed numbers show the range between the uncertainties, estimated to contain the true maternal mortality ratio with a 95% probability The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 361 About the Authors Ricardo Hausmann is Director of the Center for International Development (CID) and Professor of the Practice of Economic Development at Harvard University and is one of the foremost thinkers on how regions and countries can accelerate growth.
His research includes issues of growth, macroeconomic stability, international ﬁnance and the social dimensions of development.

Professor Hausmann has published widely in leading economic journals and has advised governments in over 80 developing countries on creating effective growth strategies and development policies.

He holds a degree in physics and a PhD in economics from Cornell University.
Previously, he was Professor of Economics at the Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Administración (IESA) (1985– 1991) in Caracas, where he founded the Center for Public Policy.

Professor Hausmann served as the ﬁrst Chief Economist of the Inter-American Development Bank (1994- 2000), where he created its Research Department, and served as Minister of Planning of Venezuela (1992-1993) and as a member of the Board of the Central Bank of Venezuela.
He also served as Chair of the IMF-World Bank Development Committee.

As Director of CID he guides the Center’s focus on solving global challenges with breakthrough research at the cutting edge of the hard sciences, social sciences, ethics and politics.

Under Professor Hausmann’s leadership, CID’s Growth Lab has developed innovative theories and their practical applications.
Recently, his research team published the Atlas of Economic Complexity: Mapping Paths to Prosperity, a new methodology that predicts countries’ growth potential by measuring their productive capabilities and know- how.

Professor Hausmann developed the methodology of the World Economic Forum Global Gender Gap Index, which looks into areas of health, education, economic participation and political power; he is also the co-author of the annual Global Gender Gap Report.

Laura D’Andrea Tyson is the S.K.


and Angela Chan Professor of Global Management at the Haas School of Business, at the University of California Berkeley.

She served as Dean of London Business School from 2002-2006, and as Dean of the Berkeley Haas School of Business from 1998-2001.

Tyson is a member of President Barack Obama’s Council of Jobs and Competitiveness and a member of Secretary Hillary Clinton’s Foreign Affairs Policy Board.
From 2009–2011, she was a member of President Obama’s Economic Recovery Advisory Board.

She served in the Clinton Administration and was the Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers (1993-1995) and the President’s National Economic Adviser (1995–1996).

Tyson is a Senior Advisor at the McKinsey Global Institute, Credit Suisse Research Institute and The Rock Creek Group.

She is a Senior Fellow at the Center for American Progress and is on the Advisory Council of the Brookings Institution Hamilton Project.
She also serves on the Advisory Board of Newman’s Own, Generation Investment Management, H&Q Asia Paciﬁc and Tykoon.

Tyson is the chair of the Board of Trustees for the Blum Center for Development Economies and the Bay Area Council Economic Institute.

She is an Advisor to Samsung SDS and a Special Advisor at the Berkeley Research Group.
She is a Commissioner at the Committee for Responsible Federal Budget and is a member of The MIT Corporation, Committee on Capital Markets Regulation, Henry Jackson Initiative Task Force, Jacobs Foundation Board of Trustees, Think Long Committee for California and 21st Century Council.

She is a member of the National Academies’ Board on Science, Technology and Economic Policy and a co-chair of the World Economic Forum Global Agenda Council on Women’s Empowerment.
Tyson serves on the Boards of Directors of Morgan Stanley, AT&T, Silver Spring Networks, CBRE Group Inc. and the Peter G. Peterson Institute of International Economics.

Tyson has written books and articles on industrial competitiveness and trade.

She has also written opinion columns for many publications, including Businessweek, the New York Times and the Financial Times, and she has made numerous television appearances on economic issues.
She is an Economics Editor of Current TV and is on the editorial board of the International Economy.

She contributes to the New York Times Economix blog, Project Syndicate and the Financial Times A-list.

The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 363 About the Authors Saadia Zahidi is a Senior Director at the World Economic Forum.
Under her leadership, the Women Leaders and Gender Parity Programme aims to benchmark global gender gaps, create awareness of the economic incentives for gender parity and promote collaboration among leaders—women and men— to address gender gaps.
Zahidi is co-author and editor of the Global Gender Gap Report series since its inception in 2006, co-author and editor of the Corporate Gender Gap Report, and responsible for the Forum’s initial study in this ﬁeld, Women’s Empowerment: Measuring the Global Gender Gap, in 2005.

Zahidi frequently serves as an expert and spokesperson in the media and at international conferences on issues of gender parity.
She also serves as an advisor on gender gap issues for several institutions, including as a member of the Scientiﬁc Advisory Council of the Gender Equality Project, the Women in Public Service Initiative and the Wall Street Journal, Women in the Economy Taskforce, among other initiatives.

She was previously Head of Constituents at the World Economic Forum, responsible for the engagement of labour leaders, religious leaders, international organizations, NGOs and other civil society actors.
She has also been an Economist with the Forum’s Global Competitiveness Programme.

Her research interests include issues of education, gender, skills, employment and human capital.

Zahidi holds a cum laude B.A.

degree in Economics from Smith College, Massachusetts, USA and an M.Phil degree in International Economics from the Graduate Institute of International Studies in Geneva, Switzerland.
She is currently a candidate for a mid-career Master’s in Public Administration at Harvard University’s Kennedy School of Government.

364 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Project Team Yasmina Bekhouche is Project Manager for the Women Leaders and Gender Parity Programme at the World Economic Forum.

Her responsibilities include the production of the Global Gender Gap Report, which encompasses the production of the Index and co-authoring of the main chapter.
She is also responsible for the production of regional studies and organizing community activities at the World Economic Forum’s Annual Meetings and regional summits.

She previously worked at the Foreign Affairs Division of the Swiss Federal Administration.

Bekhouche holds a master’s degree in International Relations from the Graduate Institute of International Studies in Geneva, Switzerland.

Her interests include social issues, human capital management, diversity and geopolitics.
Annabel Guinault is Team Coordinator for Constituents at the World Economic Forum.

Her responsibilities include coordinating among the following communities at the Forum: women leaders, gender parity groups, religious leaders, NGOs and labour leaders.

She is also responsible for organising the launch of the Global Gender Gap Report.
She formerly worked at the Foreign Affairs Division of the Swiss Federal Administration, the International AIDS Society and the Global Benchmarking Network of the World Economic Forum.

Guinault holds a master’s degree in Advanced European and International Studies from the European Institute in Nice, France.

Her interests include sustainable development, health, gender issues and global competitiveness.
Silvia Magnoni is Senior Community Manager for the Women Leaders and Gender Parity Programme at the World Economic Forum, where she coordinates a community of leaders committed to gender equality.

Prior to joining the Forum, Silvia worked for Green Center in Denmark, where she delivered research and corporate programs for sustainable development.
Previous to this, Silvia held various positions for private companies and international organisations, including Deutsche Bank, the European Central Bank and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

Silvia holds an honors degree in Business Economics from LIUC University, Italy and an advanced postgraduate degree in European Studies and Global Affairs from the Postgraduate School of Economics and International Relations in Milan and Pázmány Péter University in Budapest.
She is completing a master’s program in African Studies at the University of Copenhagen with a focus on gender and environment.

Her interests include public policy, corporate accountability and gender mainstreaming.
The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 365 The World Economic Forum would like to thank Aetna, Alcatel-Lucent, Mumtalakat, Clifford Chance, the Coca-Cola Company, Ernst & Young, HCL Technologies, Heidrick & Struggles, Hubert Burda Media, ManpowerGroup, McKinsey & Company, NYSE Euronext, Nomura, the Olayan Group, Omnicom, Renault-Nissan Alliance and Takeda Pharmaceutical for their invaluable support of the Women Leaders and Gender Parity Programme and this report.
Aetna is a leading diversified healthcare benefits company that serves approximately 36.5 million people around the world with information and resources to help them make better informed healthcare decisions.

With a workforce of approximately 33,000, Aetna promotes the use of information technology to improve healthcare delivery and build more effective healthcare systems.
An innovative leader in the US healthcare services industry, Aetna applies its expertise globally to collaborate with healthcare systems, government entities and plan sponsors to design locally appropriate solutions to measure and manage wellness, as well as improve health, quality and cost outcomes in Asia, Europe, the Middle East and North America.

Aetna’s expatriate business is one of the industry’s largest international health benefits providers, supporting more than 400,000 members worldwide.
www.aetna.com Alcatel-Lucent is the long-trusted partner of service providers, enterprises, strategic industries and governments around the world.

The company is a leader in mobile, fixed, IP and optics technologies, as well as a pioneer in applications and services.

Alcatel-Lucent includes Bell Labs, one of the world’s foremost centres of research and innovation in communications technology.
With operations in more than 130 countries and one of the most experienced global services organizations in the industry, Alcatel-Lucent is a local partner with global reach.

The company achieved revenues of 16 billion euros in 2010 and is incorporated in France and headquartered in Paris.
www.alcatel-lucent.com Mumtalakat is the investment company for the Kingdom of Bahrain, established in June 2006 by Royal Decree as an independent holding company for the government of Bahrain’s strategic non- oil and gas-related assets.

Mumtalakat was created to pursue value-enhancing opportunities, demonstrate transparency and achieve operational excellence for its state-owned non-oil and gas- related assets.
Mumtalakat holds stakes in over 35 commercial enterprises spanning a variety of sectors, including aluminium production, financial services, telecommunications, real estate, tourism, transportation and food production.

www.bmhc.bh The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 367 An ambition to be the world’s premier law firm underpins Clifford Chance’s business strategy.
The firm aims to achieve this goal through sustained investment in managing knowledge and information and by creating a working culture in all its offices that enables its people to offer consistently high standards of client service.

Combining pragmatism and creativity, Clifford Chance offers practical solutions, a down-to-earth approach to complex cases, in-depth industry knowledge and market-leading expertise to address clients’ day-to-day business issues.
Clifford Chance builds long-term relationships with clients and is proud of the trust they place in the firm, as it works to develop and implement strategies to take clients’ business further.

As one of the world’s largest law firms, Clifford Chance embraces responsibilities that extend beyond its clients’ work.

Through an active programme of pro bono, arts and charitable initiatives, all its people are encouraged to develop strong links with the communities in which they work.
www.cliffordchance.com The Coca-Cola Company (NYSE: KO) is the world’s largest beverage company, refreshing consumers with nearly 500 sparkling and still brands.

Along with Coca-Cola, recognized as the world’s most valuable brand, the Company’s portfolio includes 12 other billion dollar brands, including Diet Coke, Fanta, Sprite, Coca-Cola Zero, vitaminwater, Powerade, Minute Maid, Simply and Georgia Coffee.
Globally, the Company is the number one provider of sparkling beverages, juices and juice drinks and ready-to-drink teas and coffees.

Through the world’s largest beverage distribution system, consumers in more than 200 countries enjoy the Company’s beverages at a rate of nearly 1.6 billion servings a day.
With an enduring commitment to building sustainable communities, the Company is focused on initiatives that protect the environment, conserve resources and enhance the economic development of the communities where it operates.

www.thecocacolacompany.com Ernst & Young is a global leader in assurance, tax, transaction and advisory services.

Its 152,000 people are united by shared values and a commitment to quality.
The company’s staff work together to help each other develop and succeed personally and professionally, to help clients deliver on their promises to their markets and stakeholders and to make a difference in the communities in which they live and work.

www.ey.com HCL Technologies is a leading global IT services company, working with clients in the areas that impact and redefine the core of their businesses.
Since its inception into the global landscape after its IPO in 1999, HCL focuses on “transformational outsourcing”, underlined by innovation and value creation, and offers an integrated portfolio of services including software-led IT solutions, remote infrastructure management, engineering and R&D services and BPO.
HCL leverages its extensive global offshore infrastructure and network of offices in 26 countries to provide holistic, multi-service delivery in key industry verticals including financial services, manufacturing, consumer services, public services and healthcare.

HCL takes pride in its philosophy of “Employees First, Customers Second”, which empowers its 80,520 transformers to create real value for customers.
HCL Technologies, along with its subsidiaries, reported consolidated revenues of US$ 3.7 billion (Rs 16,977 crores) on 30 September 2011 (on an LTM basis).
www.hcltech.com Acknowledgments 368 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Acknowledgments Leadership advisory firm Heidrick & Struggles provides senior-level executive search and leadership consulting services, including succession planning, executive assessment, talent retention management, executive development, transition consulting for newly appointed executives, and M&A human capital integration consulting.
For almost 60 years the firm has focused on quality service, building strong leadership teams through relationships with clients and individuals worldwide.

Today, Heidrick & Struggles’ leadership experts operate from principal business centres globally.

www.heidrick.com Hubert Burda Media is one of Germany’s biggest media companies, with 100 years of family tradition.
The divisions Domestic Publishing, Foreign Publishing, Digital and Printing (Burda Druck) with around 8,000 employees achieved a consolidated group turnover (external sales) of 2.17 million euros in 2011.

The group sold around 350 million magazines domestically and reached 80.4% of the German population over 14 years.

The company hosts BAMBI, the most popular media award in Europe.
Burda Digital, with its businesses Burda ConsumerTech Group (Cyberport, computeruniverse.net, CHIP Communications and CHIP Xonio Online), Tomorrow Focus AG, Xing AG, DLD Ventures, Burda Direkt Services and Zooplus, is a leading European Internet company.

It pools successful growth companies with a focus on business-to-consumer operations.
www.hubert-burda-media.com ManpowerGroup (NYSE: MAN), the world leader in innovative workforce solutions, creates and delivers high-impact solutions that enable its clients to achieve their business goals and enhance their competitiveness.

With over 60 years of experience, the US$ 22 billion company creates unique time to value through a comprehensive suite of innovative solutions that help clients win in the “Human Age”.
These solutions cover an entire range of talent-driven needs from recruitment and assessment, training and development, and career management, to outsourcing and workforce consulting.
ManpowerGroup maintains the world’s largest and industry-leading network of nearly 3,900 offices in over 80 countries and territories, generating a dynamic mix of an unmatched global footprint with valuable insight and local expertise to meet the needs of its 400,000 clients per year, across all industry sectors, small and medium-sized enterprises, local, multinational and global companies.
By connecting its deep understanding of human potential to the ambitions of clients, ManpowerGroup helps the organizations and individuals it serves achieve more than they imagined – because their success leads to ManpowerGroup’s success.

www.manpowergroup.com McKinsey & Company is a management consulting firm that helps leading corporations and organizations make distinctive, lasting and substantial improvements in their performance.
Over the past eight decades, the firm’s primary objective has remained constant: to serve as an organization’s most trusted external adviser on critical issues facing senior management.

With consultants deployed from more than 90 offices in more than 50 countries, McKinsey advises companies on strategic, operational, organizational and technological issues.
The firm has extensive experience in all major industry sectors and primary functional areas as well as in-depth expertise in high priority areas for today’s business.

www.mckinsey.com The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 369 NYSE Euronext (NYX) is a leading global operator of financial markets and provider of innovative trading technologies.

The company’s exchanges in Europe and the United States trade equities, futures, options, and fixed-income and exchange-traded products.
With more than 8,000 listed issues (excluding European Structured Products), NYSE Euronext’s equities markets – the New York Stock Exchange, NYSE Euronext, NYSE Amex, NYSE Alternext and NYSE Arca – represent nearly 40% of the world’s equities trading, the most liquidity of any global exchange group.

NYSE Euronext also operates NYSE Liffe, the leading European derivatives business and the world’s second- largest derivatives business by value of trading.
The company offers comprehensive commercial technology, connectivity and market data products and services through NYSE Technologies.

NYSE Euronext is in the S&P 500 index and is the only exchange operator in the Fortune 500. www.nyx.com Nomura is a leading financial services group and the pre-eminent Asia-based investment bank with worldwide reach.
Nomura provides a broad range of innovative solutions tailored to the specific requirements of individual, institutional, corporate and government clients through an international network in over 30 countries.

Based in Tokyo and with regional headquarters in Hong Kong, London, and New York, Nomura employs over 27,000 staff worldwide.
Nomura’s unique understanding of Asia enables the company to make a difference for clients through three business divisions: retail, asset management and wholesale (fixed income, equities and investment banking).

www.nomura.com The Olayan Group is a private, multinational enterprise comprising more than 50 companies and affiliated businesses.

It was founded in 1947 by Suliman S. Olayan, a self-made Saudi entrepreneur who rose to international prominence as a business leader, investor and philanthropist.
Today, in its 65th year, the Group continues to build its reputation upon the bedrock values of its founder: dedication, integrity, teamwork and continual improvement.

This applies across the board to the Group’s activities as both a global investor and a diversified commercial and industrial enterprise in Saudi Arabia and the wider Middle East.

The Group frequently partners with leading multinational or regional companies, and it represents top international brands.
The Group has principal offices in Riyadh, Athens, Vienna, London and New York.

www.olayangroup.com Omnicom is a strategic holding company headquartered in New York.

It manages a portfolio of global market leaders in the disciplines of advertising, marketing services, specialty communications, interactive/digital media and media buying services.
Omnicom Group companies cover more than 30 marketing communications disciplines across more than 200 strategic brand platforms, comprising three global advertising agency networks, leading national advertising agencies, a global network of more than 175 marketing services companies and a media group that includes two of the world’s premier providers of media planning and buying services.
Omnicom’s commitment to excellence, quality and client satisfaction is a primary reason why its record of new business wins and longevity of major client relationships are the best in the business.

Its agency brands are consistently acknowledged as having the best creative talent in the world in all disciplines.

A leader in digital media, Omnicom Group has been ranked number one in digital share of revenue among all holding companies.
www.omnicomgroup.com Acknowledgments 370 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 Acknowledgments Created in 1999, the Renault-Nissan Alliance is a unique partnership of five brands that sold 8 million units in 2011 and more than one in 10 cars worldwide.

Renault and Nissan employ nearly 350,000 people in almost 200 countries worldwide.
Renault and Nissan are run as separate companies but united through cross-shareholding, a shared focus on results-driven synergies, cross-cultural management and respect for individual brand and corporate identities.

The Alliance has a flexible business platform and has expanded to include collaborations with Germany’s Daimler, China’s Dong Feng and Russia’s AvtoVAZ, among others.
Renault and Nissan are the only automakers mass-producing and selling zero-emission vehicles, including the Nissan LEAF and Renault Kangoo ZE van, which are both 100% electric.

The Alliance is helping to build a zero-emission infrastructure around the world and has agreements with over 100 cities, states and countries that are working to establish the infrastructure and market conditions that will help make electric vehicles affordable and convenient.
www.alliance-renault-nissan.com Takeda Pharmaceutical is a global pharmaceutical company with a presence in more than 70 regions and territories around the world, committed to striving for patients’ better health worldwide.

The company has a dynamic 231-year history and is currently the top pharmaceutical company in Japan and Asia, as well as one of the top 20 pharmaceutical firms globally.
Takeda pursues its mission through intensive innovation in R&D and in-licensing opportunities in four strategic areas: metabolic and CV, oncology, CNS diseases, and immunology and inflammation.

In pursuit of its vision of sustainable growth and greater contribution to all stakeholders, Takeda is passionate in its commitment to its three strategic pillars – Innovation, Culture and Growth – in order to adapt to the world’s rapidly changing landscape.
With the addition of Nycomed to the Takeda family in 2011, the company is dedicated to increasingly providing leading medicines to ever more patients around the world.
www.takeda.com The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 | 371 World Economic Forum91-93 route de la CapiteCH-1223 Cologny/GenevaSwitzerlandTel +41 (0) 22 869 1212Fax +41 (0) 22 786 2744contact@weforum.orgwww.weforum.orgThe World Economic Forum is an independent international organization committed to improving the state of the world by engaging business, political, academic and other leaders of society to shape global, regional and industry agendas.
Incorporated as a not-for-profit foundation in 1971 and headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the Forum is tied to no political, partisan or national interests