Source document: https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1697705764966.pdf (Dominica)
... Labour Force Survey 1997 PREFACE The 1997 Labour Force Survey was conducted in collaboration with the International Labour Organization to obtain updated statistics on the status of the labour force in Dominica.

The previous Labour Force Survey was conducted in 1989.

We wish to acknowledge the following persons who gave valuable contribution to the successful outcome of the survey: Ms Grace Strachan - ILO Specialist Consultant, Mr. Desmond Hunte Survey Consultant.
Mr. Michael Murphy, Chief Statistician and Ms Avril Oscar, Survey Coordinator and Supervisor of Data Processing, must be recognised for their continuous support of the exercise.

The cooperation of the officers at the Government Printery, the supervisors and enumerators is also acknowledged.

The Central Statistical Office expresses its sincere gratitude to all persons who gave their full cooperation to the enumerators particularly in the interview stage of the survey.

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CHIEF STATISTICIAN , • Labour Force Survey 1997 • • TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION SURVEY DESIGN CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS METHODOLOGY ANALYSIS • TABLES ESTIMATED NON-INSTITUTIONAL POPULf,TION BY AGE AND SEX 1997 SUMMARY TABLE OF 15 YEARS AND OVER POPULATION BY ECONOMIC ACTIVITY 1997 NON-INSTITUTIONAL POPULATION 15 YEARS AND OVER & LABOUR FORCE BY EMPLOYMENT STATUS, SEX AND PARISH NON-INSTITUTIONAL POPULATION 15 YEARS AND OVER & LABOUR FORCE BY EMPLOYMENT STATUS, SEX AND AGE GROUP DISTRIBUTION OF THE LABOUR FORCE BY LEVEL OF EDUCATION AND SEX DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYED PERSONS BY LEVEL OF EDUCA TION AND SEX PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYED LABOUR FORCE BY TYPE OF TRAINING RECEIVED DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYED PERSONS BY EMPLOYMENT STATUS AND SEX DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYED PERSONS BY OCCUPATION AND SEX DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYED PERSONS BY INDUSTRY AND SEX • • - i 1- 2 6 11 13 21 21 22 23 24 24 25 25 26 26 Labour Force Survey 1997 II DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYED PERSONS BY USUAL AND ACTUAL HOURS WORKED PER WEEK AND SEX 12 DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYED PERSONS WORKING LESS THAN 32 HOURS PER WEEK BY SEX 13 REASON FOR WORKING LESS THAN 32 HOURS AND AVAILABILITY FOR ADDITIONAL WORK 13 DISTRIBUTION OF MULTIPLE-JOB HOLDERS BY MAIN AND SECONDARY EMPLOYMENT STATUS 14 DISTRIBUTION OF MULTIPLE JOB-HOLDERS BY MAIN AND SECONDARY OCCUPATION 15 16 DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYED PERSONS BY INCOME GROUP AND SEX NUMBER OF EMPLOYERS BY NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES AND SEX 17 DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYED PERSONS BY RELATIONSHIP TO HEAD OF 26 27 28 29 30 HOUSEHOLD AND SEX UNEMPLOYED LABOUR FORCE BY LEVEL OF EDUCATION AND SEX UNEMPLOYED LABOUR FORCE BY RELATIONSHIP TO HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD AND SEX DISTRIBUTION OF UNEMPLOYED BY LAST EMPLOYMENT STATUS AND SEX DISTRIBUTION OF UNEMPLOYED BY LENGTH OF TIME WITHOUT WORK AND SEX DISTRIBUTION OF UNEMPLOYED BY OCCUPATION OF LAST EMPLOYMENT AND SEX DISTRIBUTION OF UNEMPLOYED BY INDUSTRY OF LAST EMPLOYMENT AND SEX YOUTH IN THE LABOUR FORCE BY AGE AND SEX UNEMPLOYED YOUTH IN THE LABOUR FORCE
 BY AGE YOUTH NOT IN THE LABOUR FORCE BY REASON FOR UNA VAILABILITY PERSONS NOT IN THE LABOUR FORCE BY PARISH AND SEX PERSONS NOT IN THE LABOUR FORCE BY AGE GROUP AND SEX PERSONS NOT IN THE LABOUR FORCE BY LEVEL OF EDUCATION AND SEX PERSONS NOT IN THE LABOUR FORCE BY REASON FOR UNA VA1LABlLITY FOR WORK AND SEX 31 PERSONS NOT IN THE LABOUR FORCE BY MAIN MEANS OF FINANCIAL SUPPORT AND SEX 27 27 28 29 30 31 31 31 32 33 33 33 34 34 35 35 35 36 36 37 37 37 • • • • • • L:l!>our Forct' SlJrH'~ 1997 CHARTS POPULATION 15 YEARS AND OVER BY PARISH PARTICIPATION RATES BY PARISH AND SEX AGE SPECIFIC PARTICIPATION RATES BY SEX UNEMPLOYMENT RATES BY SEX AND PARISH UNEMPLOYMENT RATES BY SEX AND AGE GROUP EMPLOYED PERSONS BY INCOME GROUP EMPLOYED PERSONS BY ACTUAL NUMBER OF HOURS WORKED EMPLOYED PERSONS BY OCCUPATION EMPLOYED PERSONS BY INDUSTRY UNEMPLOYED PERSONS BY LENGTH OF TIME WITHOUT WORK 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 • • • • - iii - • • • • Labour Force Survey 1997 • • INTRODUCTION Census and Surveys provide an inventory of the country's population with regards to its structure, distribution and general characteristics.
They provide information that facilitate the preparation of economic and other development policies aimed at improving the quality of life of the population and to ensure a system of sustainable development.

In many countries, particularly developing countries, a national census, which is conducted every ten years, is the only source of such data.

In other countries, specialized sample surveys are conducted to supplement data collected from the census.

The Labour Force survey is one such survey.


For some surveys it is desirable to carry these activities on a continuing basis in order to derive the full benefit of the exercise.

As a result, Labour Force surveys are carried out on a continuing hasis either monthly.

quarterly or annually.

However.

it is not always possihle lo do so because of financial constraints.

Consequently.

many countries in the region have carried out ad hoc Labour Force surveys.
In the region however, some countries have found it possible to do so on a quarterly basis while others are trying to do so on an annual basis.

• 1 • • • • • • .. • • • Labour Force Survey 1997 SURVEY DESIGN The Dominica Labour Force Survey Design is a two stage sample design with the selection of the primary s~ll1plillg units (P.S.U.)

at first st~gc being proportional tll size.


The primary s~mpling units are the enumeration districts (EDs) into which the country was sub-divided for the conduct of censuses.

The second stage is the selection of the ultimate sampling units (U .S.U.)

which are clusters of households, one selected from each of the selected P.S.U.
While the primary objective of the survey is to provide up-to-date data on the labour force characteristics of the population of the Commonwealth of Dominica, the design also affords the ability to measure changes in the characteristics of the labour force if these surveys are conducted on a continuing basis.

The sampling frame for the survey design was the 1991 Population and Houslng Census.

This provided the data for allocating the sample by parishes, as well as the ordering of EDs within parish.
• • Administratively, Dominica is divided up into ten (10) parishes; St George which is divided into Roseau and the rest of Sl.

George.

St. John.

St. Petcr, Sl.

Joseph, St. Paul, St. Luke, Sl.

Mark, Sl.

Patrick.

Sl.

David and St. Andrew.

For ease of enumeration during the Population and Housing Censuses, these parish divisions are further broken down into enumeration districts (EDs).

The number of EDs in a parish division varies and range from 48 in Roseau, to 5 each in St. Peter and St. Luke.
However, for the survey, the contiguous parishes of St. John and St. Peter were joined together.

The same was done with St. Luke and St. Mark.

Besides the v~riation in the number of EDs in each parish, within each of these parishes there are also variations in the sizes of the EDs both in terms of the number of households and the population.

For example, during the 1991 Population and Housing Census the size of EDs in Roseau ranged from 178 households in the largest ED to 34 in the smallest.
However, the - :2 - Labour Force Survey 1997 majority was close to the average of 80 households.

The same applies to all of the other parishes although the average size varies from ED to ED.

However the largest ED was in St. Patrick with 211 households.

Roseau had 48 EDs while St. Peter and St. Luke had 5 EDs each while St. Mark had 7.

For the Labour Force Survey it was determined that a sample size of about 1200 would be adequate, taking into account the resources available.
In addition it was necessary to have these 1200 households distributed almost evenly over a three-month period.

As well, it was necessary for the survey design to take into account the need to have each census division adequately represented.

However, because of time constraints, it became necessary to conduct the survey over a one-month period.

In order to incorporate the above-mentioned features in the dcsign, a two-stage sample design was developed.
At the first stage EDs were selected with probability proportional to their size (fa) at the time of the 1991 Census.

At the second stage, a cluster of households is selected from each ED with a probability (fb) with the end result being that each household has thc same probability (I) of being selected; that is, f= f, X fb .

The total number of households in the country was broken up into clusters of 8 households each.
Each parish was then allocated a number of clusters in proportion to its size, that is, the number of households at the time of the census with the proviso that it must be a multiple of 30.

Within each parish, each ED was assigned a number of clusters that must be an integer, in proportion to its size.

The sum of the clusters of all EDs was equal to the number of clusters assigned to the parish.
This meant that the average cluster size varied slightly bctwccn parishes and was not 8 households but close to that size.

Enumeration Districts within each parish were put in descending order of the proportion of workers in a given occupation/industrial group depending on whether the parish was considered urban or rural.
In the urban parishes of Roseau and the rest of St. George, the occupational • 3 - • '" • • • Labour Force Survey 1997 grouping used was a combination of Managers, Senior Public officials, Professionals and sub professionals.

All other parishes were treated as rural and the criterion was the proportion of workers engaged in agriculture.

Having arranged the EDs in this manner a systematic selection of EDs was made with an interval of 10.
The EDs thus selected formed a grand sample consisting of 3 sub samples.

These were number 101, 102, 103, 201, 202, 203 etc.

the last digit being the sub sample number.

For the 1997 Labour Force Survey sub samples I and 2 were chosen.

The sampling fraction was thus This sampling fraction was expected to yield approximately 1200 households.
2/ 3 x 1/ = 10 1/ 15 Because of the time that had elapsed between the formation of the frame, 1991, and the conduct of the survey, 1997, changes in the sizes of most EDs would have resulted due to population increases but also because of population loss.

It was therefore necessary to carry out a new listing of selected EDs from which the sample of households would be drawn .
For the listing of an enumeration district, the interviewer was given full details of the boundaries of that district which aimed at ensuring that every building in the country is identified with one enumeration district and one only.

He was also given a sketch map of the enumeration district which showed these boundaries clearly, and which includes all roads and traces as well as other useful landmarks.
These sketch maps, except in the few cases in which mare recent sketch maps had been produced, were those which were prepared for and used in the 1991 Population and Housing Census.

The sketch map also showed the point at which the enumerator should begin his listing and indicated with arrows the direction that was to be followed.

At the listing stage.


the interviewer was required to visit every building and using a Listing Record, was to list and seriaIly number every single household in the enumeration district.

Before selection of the cluster of households to he enumerated within a givcn enumeration district (first stage sampling unit), the "Listing Records" were returned to the office.
There, the - 4 - • • • labour Force Survey 1997 • cluster of households was selected as a systematic sample using a random starting point between one (1) and the number of clusters assigned to that ED and an interval equal to the number of sampling units allocated to the ED.

The term cluster therefore, does not necessarily relate to a group of contiguous households, the more usual use of the term.
The second stage of sample selection involved selection of the cluster of households to be interviewed in each enumeration district.

The sampling fraction for each ED, that is, the number of clusters assigned to the ED, was inversely proportional to the size of the district.

It should be noted.

therefore.

that the actual number of households in a cluster in any given ED was not predetermined.

but depended upon the number of households existing in the ED at the time of listing.
A total of 160 clusters were selected which were expected to yield the 1200 households.

• • • - 5 - Labour Force Survey 1997 Household CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS It consists of one or more persons living together (i.e.

sleeping most nights of a week), who occupy a whole or part of a dwelling unit; who have common arrangements for housekeeping and who share at least one daily meal.

It is important to note that a member of a household need not be a relative of the main family, e.g.
a boarder or a domestic servant who sleeps in most nights a week is a member of the household.

It is possible for a household to consist of just one person, or of more than one family, as long as they share living arrangements.

A group of unrelated persons living together can also comprise a household.

Head ofHousehold For survey purposes every household must have a head.
The head is identified in the following situations: a) In a one person household, that person is the head, b) The person who carries the main responsibility for the affairs of the household and/or is the chief breadwinner is the head of the household.

c) The person recognized as the head of the household by the respondent(s) should be accepted as such for survey purposes.
d) In the case of a group of unrelated persons, sharing a dwelling on an equal basis, that member of the group whom others acknowledge as such should be taken as the head.

e) A person running a small guest house IS considered to be the head of that household .

- 6 - • • • • Labour Force Sun-'ey 1997 In cases where the respondent does not accept the idea of a head, assign a head, and continue the interview.
Economically Active Population The economically active population comprises all persons of either sex who furnish the supply of labour for the production of goods and services as defined by the United Nation System of National Accounts and Balances, during a specified reference period.
According to these systems, the production of goods and services includes all production and processing of primary products, whether for the market, for barter, or for own consumption, the production of all other goods and services for the market and in the case of the households which produce such goods and services for the market, the corresponding production for own consumption.
Age Limit and Scope for Economic Act.ivity The age limit used in this survey is 15 years, which is inline with the United Nations Principles and Recommendations for the Population Housing Censuses.

Labour Force The term "Labour Force" refers to the categories of persons according to their activities during the short reference period (such as one week or one day) by using a specific set of rules.
Labour Force = Employed + Unemployed Population = Labour Force + Not in the Labour Force - 7 - • .. • • • • Labour Force Survey 1997 Participation Rate The participation rate is defined as the percentage of the working-age population (the non institutional population aged 15 years and over) that comprises the labour force.
Priority Rule5' The labour force framework uses a set of priority rules for classifying the working age population into three basic categories of the framework: precedence is given to employment over unemployment and unemployment over economic inactivity.
Persons Not in the Labour Force Persons not in the labour force, or, equivalent, in the "population not currently active", comprises all persons not classified as employed or unemployed during the reference period and hence not • currently active, including children and young people below the age specified for measuring the economically active population.
Employed Persons According to the 1982 international definition of employment (ILO 1983) the "employed" comprises all persons above the specified age for measuring the economically active population who during the specified period (one week or one day) were in the categories: Paid employment: (l) (2) "at work" persons who during the reference period, performed some work for the wages or salary, in cash or in kind; "with a job but not at work" persons who having already worked in their present job, were temporarily not at work during the reference period but had a formal attachmem to their job .
• - 8 - Labour Force Survey 1997 Self employment: (I) (2) "At work" persons, who performed some work for profit or family gain, in cash or kind; "With an enterprise but not at work" persons with an enterprise, a farm or a service undertaking, who were temporarily not at work during the reference period for some specific reason.
The One Hour Criterion The one-hour criterion in the definition of employment is to cover all types of employment that may exist in a given country, including short-time work, casual labour, stand-by work and other types of irregular employment.

It is also a necessary criterion if total employment is to correspond to aggregate production.

The one-hour criterion in the definition of employment is .

also fundamental in defining unemployment as a situation of total lack of work.
Unpaid Family Worker Unpaid family workers, though participating in the activities of a household enterprise, are not considered to have an enterprise of their won.

Accordingly, they cannot be "with an enterprise but not at work" and therefore unpaid family workers not at work are not to be included among • • • the employed.
Hours of Work The notion hours of work is directly linked to the concept of employment since the term "some work" in the international definition of employment, is to one interpreted as "work for at least one hour" during the reference period.

Among the various concepts of hours of work, two have particular relevance in the labour force surveys: actual and usual hours of work.
- 9 - Labour Force Survey 1997 Unemployment The concept of unemplovment ({LO 1983) \s based on three criteria to be satisfied simultaneously: "without work", "currently available for work" and "seeking work", :\cClndillgly, lilc --lllll'lllpillyed" L'Olll!llhCS ..Ill pCrS{)IlS ;l!1\)\,c thl.'
<.Ige sIK'L'ilicd rllr 11le~I:)lIl'1ng lhe economically active population who during the reference period were: (a) "without work", i,e, were not in paid employment or selt~employment, as specified by the international definition of employment; (b) "currently available for work", Le.

were available for paid employment for paid employment or self-employment during the reference period; (c) "seeking work", i,e.

had taken specific steps in a specified recent period to seek paid employment or self-employment.
For purposes of the Dominica Labour Force Survey the reference period for seeking work was 3 months.

Unemployment Rate The Unemployment Rate is the percentage of the labour force that is unemployed, • - 10 - .. • labour Force Sun'ey 1997 METHODOLOGY For the conduct of the Dominica Labour Force Survey, interviewers were selected and trained for one week.

Every effort was made to ensure that the geographic distribution of interviewers matched that of the sample.
During the training, efforts were made to ensure that interviewers fully understood the various concepts and definitions associated with a Labour Force survey, since most of them were unfamiliar with this activity.

This was also necessary to ensure that data collected in the field was of a high quality and in keeping with international standards.
Familiarization with the questionnaire was necessary as well as understanding the essentials of interviewing and the various interviewing techniques that can be applied in the field.

To facilitate this process.

mock interviews were carried out in the classroom after the interviewers had gone through the questionnaire.

Live interviews were also conducted in the field after which the completed questionnaires were received and carefully evaluated.

The training therefore, was as thorough as possible.
During training, three tests were given and the most suitable candidates were selected to go on the lield.

Four persons were selected to supervise field operations in the North, East, West and Southwest of the island.

Supervisors were trained simultaneously with the interviewers in order to ensure that all field personnel were learning the same thing.

However, supervisors were also trained in supervisory methods.

Each was responsible for a group of interviewers.


Workloads were prepared for the interviewers and given to the respective supervisors for distribution.

Each interviewer was expected to visit approximately 80 households to conduct the interviews.

The survey was scheduled to last 3 weeks.

A survey week ran from Sunday to Saturday, that is, one calendar week.

The reference week for the survey was 16'" to 22'" November 1997.
• - I 1 Labour Force Surn'Y 1997 • SupervIsors met with the interviewers tbe seeond day aller the survey had started not only to ensure that interviews were being conducted properly, but more so.

to resolve any problems that might have been encountered.

These included inability to locate a household or difficulty with unexpected responses from household members.

Supervisors were expected to meet with interviewers under their care at least twice each week.
Two days after the end of a survey week, the completed questionnaires were submitted to the supervisors who were expected to review them for completeness and consistency before submission to the Central Statistical Office.

The days after the interview period were to facilitate callbacks that resulted from not meeting respondents at home during initial visits.

Where it was not possible to meet a respondent at home, an interviewer was required to make at least three visits.
If no contact was made, the supervisor was informed and in turn also made all possible attempts to make contact with the respondent.

Every effort was made to keep the number of non responses to a IninilTIUffi.

On submission of completed documents to the office, an editor closely examined the questionnaires to ensure completeness and consistency.

After office editing, the documents were coded for entry onto the computer for processing.
Computer edits were also carried out before the production of tables for analysis.

For the survey, a total of 1,343 households were selected of which 167 non-responses made up mainly of refusals, out-of-state household members and respondents who were not found.

The highest non-response rates were observed in Sl.

Paul (23.9%), St. Pckr (24%) and Roseau (21.0%).


Prior to going out into the field, a vigorous publicity campaign was conducted to create public awareness of the survey and its importance to the country.

This also facilitated the work of the enumerators since it meant that the potential respondents would have been aware of the survey and the likelihood of being interviewed during the survey period.
- 12- • • Labour Force Survey 1997 Introduction ANALYSIS The analysis that follows focus mainly on age, education and area of residence of the persons that comprises the labour force of Dominica.

It considered first of all, the labour force in general and then looked at the employed and unemployed separately.

However, two sub-populations, the youth and the persons who are not in the labour force were included.
The youth were selected because most are entering the labour force for the first time and has the highest unemployment rate and those out of the labour force were focused on since this group is a potential source of labour.

A brief comparison was made with the 1989 Labour Force survey mainly because it served as a benchmark.

However, it should be pointed out that in 1989, the unemployed as reported consisted only of those persons who sought work during the reference week.
Using the relaxed definition that will then include those who were tired of looking or could not find a suitable job, the comparative unemployment rate in 1989 would be 20.2% and the resulting participation rate, 64.5%.

For 1997 the unemployment rate was 23.1 % while the participation rate was 67.0%.

Labour Force One of the more striking highlights of the results of the survey has been the significant increase in the participation rate among women.
Between 1989 and 1997 the participation rate among females increased from 48.8% to 59.6%.

an increase of about 22%.

While there has been an overall increase in the participation rate for the total population, the participation rate for males has decreased.

The overall participation rate was 67.0% while for males it was 74.9% (Table 2).

• 13 .
• 13 .

• • Labour Force Survey 1997 The highest participation rate, overall, was in the parishes of St. Paul (73.9%), St. George, excluding the city of Roseau (73.7%), St. Andrew (71.6%) and St. John/St.

Peter (70.8%) all of which had rates above the national average of 67,0%, The lowest participation rates were found in the parishes of 51.

Luke/St.

Mark (57,2%), 51.

David (62.2%) and 51.

Joseph (62.4%) (See Table 3), When broken down by gender the participation rates showed a similar pattern.
Among males the highest participation rate was found in 51.

Paul (83.8%) followed by 51.

John!

St. Peter (80.2%), St. Andrew (79.9%) and St. George excluding Roseau (79.9%).

It was similar for females in St. George excluding Roseau (67.2%), 5t.

Paul (64.8%), St. Andrew (63,7%) and St. John/St.

Peter (61.7%) leading the way.

SI Luke/SI Mark again had the lowest participation rate among females (49.5%) and second lowest among males (67.5%).

SI.

Luke/SI.
SI.

Luke/SI.

Mark was the only parish therefore, where women had a participation rate under 50%.

An analysis of the data by age revealed that the pattern of participation rate among males was similar to the total population.

The participation rate increased with age, reaching a maximum of 88.8% at age 30-34 years, plateauing and then declining from age 45-49 years.
The rate reached a minimum in the 65 years old and over age group at 27.4% and 10,1% for men and women respectively (Table 4), As might be expected, the lowest participation rates were found at either end of the age range, the very young 15-19 years who are the ones entering the labour force for the first time and the elderly, that is those 60+ years who are leaving the labour force, While persons aged 20 to 39 years accounted for 44.9% of the total adult population, they accounted for 670% of the labour force (Table 4).
Both the male and female populations displayed similar characteristics.

The level of education of the labour force ret1ected that of the working age population, Persons with just a primary education dominated the labour force and accounted for 67.9% of the total labour force, followed by those with a secondary education 17.2% (Table 5), In other words, - 14 - • • • Labour Force Surycy 1997 these two groups accounted for just over 85% of the labour force.

However.
However.

panicipation in the labour force was highest among those with technical/vocational training (88.6'1'0) foitowed by those with a community college education (84.7%) and those with a university education (79.1 %).

Participation was least among those with an education below primary level.

The Employed Out of an estimated labour force of 33,418 a total of 25,694 were employed; 14,560 males and 11,134 females.

This meant that for every 100 employed men there were 76 employed women.
The employed persons were concentrated in two parishes, St. George including Roseau and St. Andrew.

These two parishes accounted lor 41>.8% of the employed persons "nd 46<n:" of the total labour force (Table 3).

The ratio of employed women to men was highest in Roseau (96/1 00) and St. Lukc/St.

Mark (92/1 00) although women outnumbered men in both of these areas.

The lowest ratio of employed women to men was in St. Patrick (60/1 00) although women vastly outnumbered men • by 36%.
Generally, the rate of employment increased with age, and while it was 80% and more for most age groups, tor the 15-19 years age group it was just about 55%, while for the 20-24 years age group it was about 70%.

The employed were concentrated in the age group 20 to 44 years which accounted for over two thirds ofthe employed (68%) and just over half (58%) of the working age population.

This pattern was the same for bOlh males and females (Table 4).
The distribution of the employed by educational level reflected that of thc 15+ population.

Persons with a primary scl1001 CdULCIlIllll acclluntcd lor almost tWll-thirds (66.3%) llC the employed while those with a secondary education accounted for 17% (Table 6).

The small contribution of those with technical/vocational education training (2.7%), those with community college education (4.7%) and a university education (4.5%) could have a negative impact on • - 15 - Labour Force SUrlle)' 1997 • development.
The pattern is different between males and females.

The employed females are much better educated than their male counterparts with 23.4% having a secondary level education, 3.0% having technical/vocational education/training and 5.6% being educated up to community college level.

For males on the other hand, the corresponding proportions were 12.1 %, 2.4% and 4.0% respectively.

OveralL almost half (49.6%) of employed persons had no occupational training.
the proportion being 56.5'Yo among females and 44.3% among males Cfable 7).

The occupational groups in which persons were trained also mirror the level of education of the employed.

Most of the employed were in the private sector (44.3%) or engaged in self-employment (31.9%) either working alone i.e.

as an own account worker (11.4%), or working with paid help i.e.

as an employer (20.5%).

The public sector accounted for just about one-fifth (21.3%) of the employed (Table 8).
The pattern was the same for both males and females.

The majority of males were employed in occupations in Agriculture (26.7%), as Craft or Related Tradesmen (23.6%) such as masons and joiners, and in other Elementary Occupations (15.6%) • such as labourers.

Women.

on the other hand, were engaged mainly in Elementary Occupations (24.0%), as Service and Sales persons (19.8%), Clerks (12.5%) or Technicians and Semi Professionals (12.5%): such as teachers and nurses.
Interestingly, higher proportions of females than males were managers or professionals (Table 9).

Overall, the highest proportion of persons was employed in the Agriculture sector (23.4%), accounting for about 31 % of men.

The next highest generator of employment was the Wholesale and Retail sector (15.8%) particularly among females (20.5%).
However, among males the Construction and Wholesale and Retail sectors generated the second and third highest percentage of employment at 13.8% and 12.1 % respectively.

- 16 - Labour f<'orce Survey 1997 For the majority of employed persons (39.3%) the number of hours usually worked per week was between 40 and 50 hours, although a substantial number (20.1 %) usually worked between 30 and 39 hours.

A large proportion (17.3%) usually had to work 50 hours and more.
For many persons though, full-time work constituted less than 32 hours (Table II).

Of the persons employed.

1.349 or 5.3% held more than one job.

This was t110re so among males (8.3%) having more than one job as compared with 2.1 % of females.

While the main job of the majority of multiple-job holders was in the public sector (32.5%) or the private sector (29.4%), most had a seco:ldary job either as an own-account worker (42.0%) or as an employer (29.4%) Crable 13).
The distribution was significantly different between males and females.

For the majority of females.

the secondary job was either as an own account worker (45.1 %) or as an employee in the private sector (34.5%).

Males generally had a secondary job either as an own account worker (41.3%) or as an employer (34.4%) As might be expected, the secondary jobs were either in agriculture (38.1 %) or employment as Craft and related workers (19.8%) such as masons, carpenters and joiners.
Service and Sales • workers also comprised a large proportion (13.3%) (Table 14).

Of the 2,920 self employed persons who used paid help to carryon the husiness activity.

almost two-thirds (63.6%) employed between 2 to 4 persons (Table 16).

It meant that these persons were able to generate on average about 9.000 jobs or about 12% of the jobs in the economy.

While the median monthly income was $840, a large proportion (17.9%) of the employed was earning less than $300 per month (Table 15).
Only a small proportion (3.8%) was earning above $3000 per month.

• - I 7 - • • • • Labour FOHe Survey 1997 The Unemployed The total unemployment rate was relatively high (23.1%) (Table 4).

The rate however, decreased with age, the highest unemployment rate at 50.5'%, occurring among the youth 15-19 years.

The 20-24 years age group followed with 34.7%.


That meant that among the overall population out of every 100 persons who were willing and available for participation in the production of goods and services, 23 persons wcre unable to find a job.

Moreover, half of those aged 15-19 years were not able to find a job.

In addition, unemployment tended to be higher among females than males.

Among the parishes St. Andrew had the lowest unemployment rate (14.7%) followed by St. Luke/St.
Mark (15.9%) while St. Patrick (45.9%) had the highest, almost twice the national unemployment rate (Tablc 3).

Most of the other parishes had unemployment rates just about the same as the national average.

.lust under 6(Y~'u or lhe ullcmplo)'cd were hetween the ages or 15 to 20 years.

Both St. Cieorge including Roseau (26.4%) and St. Patrick (23.8%) each accounted for almost one quarter of the unemployed.

Unemployment among the males and females both reflected the national picture.
Three quarters of the unemployed had a primary education or less.

As might be expected, the unemployment rate decreased with level of education, with persons having an university education reporting the lowest unemploymcnt rate (3.8%) as compared with 25% for those with a primary education or less (Table 18).

Almost half (49.6%) of the unemployed had no training that would fit them for employment while 14.7% had training as Craft and related workers, most of them bcing males.
An interesting feature is that while among females 56.5% had no occupational training, 10.5% had training as technicians Or associate professionals.

The majority (71.2%) of thc unemployed had worked before (Table 20).

However, this also meant that a large proportion of the unemployed was entering the labour force for the first time.

Of those who were unemployed at the time of the survey but had previously worked, 80.7% had - 18 - Labour Force Survey 1997 • worked in the private sector.
Six out of every ten unemployed persons could be tenned as being chronically unemployed, having last worked more than one year prior to the survey (Table 21).

Youth EmploymentfUnemployment The age of youth defined as persons between the ages of 15 and 24, represents a transition period from one in which the focus is on attaining a good basic education to one of work and/or improved education.

As a result, one would expect a very low labour force participation rate that increases with age.
The Dominica Labour Force Survey indicated this type of pattern.

From an initial participation rate of 12.0% at age 15, there was a steady increase which reached a maximum rate of 88.8% by age 24 with the highest rate of increase taking place between ages 15 and 16 years and slowing down thereafter (Table 24).

The participation rate for the 15 to 19 year olds as a whole was 37.9% as compared to 85.5% for the 20 to 24 year olds.
The pattern was basically the same for both males and females although males had a higher participation rate at every age level.

As might be expected, at 65%, the unemployment rate was extremely high for the youngest ages (Table 25).

These are the ones with the least experience among those entering the labour force for the first time.

The rate declined with age and was about 32% by age 24 years.

The unemployment rate tended to be higher for females at every age.
When grouped, the 15 to 19 year olds had an unemployment rate of 50.5% as compared with 34.7% for the 20 to 24 year olds.

Among the youth that were not in the labour force, the majority (75.3%) was at school or in training.

The proportion in school/training was significantly higher among males (84.1 %) than it was for females (68.3%) (Table 26).

• 19· • Labour I'or(l.: ::'UfH) I~LY' .


- - - - - - - - - - - -_.... Out of the Labour Force Persons out of the labour force numbered 16,441 of which 6,057 were males and 10,384 were females.

Roseau (24.2%), 8t.

Patrick (14.2%) and 8t.

Andrew (12.9%) accounted for most of the persons out of the labour force (Table 27).

8t.

Joseph (10.7%) and 8t.

David (l0.3%) were also maJor contributors.


['he two extreme age groups 15 to 19 years (27.3%) and 65+ years (32.1 %), accounted for mosl of the persons out of the labour force (Table 28).

In the case of the younger age groups most of them were at school or in training while in the case of older age groups, most were retired.

Overall 30.5% were out of the labour force because of retirement or old age.

24.5% were in an educanonal institution.


18.7% were engaged in home duties while a further 19.7",,, were dIsabled or ill. Only 6.Y~o gave sanle oth~r reason.

Given that situ,nion it meant that s!1l)uld it become necessary.

only a small proportion of the "Out of labour force" category would be available for employment.

They would come mainly from those who are engaged in home duties or who were not retired, disabled, ill or in school.
However, it also meant that a fairly large number would be entering the labour force in the near future.

These would come mainly from those who were in school or training during the survey week.

The educational level of the persons out of the labour force was reflective of the educational level of the population aged 15 and elver.
That is, the majority (75.5%) had a prinwry school education while a small proportion (9.7%) had a secondary level education - 20- L~bour Force Sun-'c)' 1997 Table 1: Estimated Non-Institutional Population by Age and Sex 1997 AGE GROUP I I 00-04 05-09 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35·39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65 & over Nut StaLed NUMBER OF PERSONS FEMALE MALE TOTAL MALE PERCENTAGE FEMALE TOTAL 4,080 4,419 4,354 3,749 2,890 3,247 2,538 2,453 1,871 1,338 1,031 812 958 2,781 )IlS 4,183 4,180 4,633 3,486 2,697 3,385 2,934 2.132 1,652 1,605 1,083 1,211 1,521 3.626 1· 9.~ () l) 109 11.4 11.9 9.6 7.4 8.8 7.2 6.2 4.7 3.9 2.8 2.7 3.1 8.5 1.1 I TOTAL 37,029 38,676 /5)05 100.1l 100.0 100.0 Table 2: Summary Table of 15 years and over Population by Economic Activity 1997 ITEM MALE FEMALE BOTH SEXES Total Non-Institutional Population 15 years and over Total Labour Force Employed Unemployed First Seekers Participation Rate Employment Rate Unemployment Rate Tot~1 Not in thl: Lllbour Force Future Starts Total Non-Illstitutional Population Under 15 24,176 18,119 14,560 3,559 493 74.9% 80.4% 19.6% 6,057 504 12,8';2 25,682 15,299 11,134 4,165 753 59.6% 12.8% 17.1% 10,383 1.588 12.995 49,858 33,418 25,694 7,724 1,246 67.0% 76.9% 23.1% 16,440 2.092 25.847 TOTAL POPULATION 37,028 38,677 75,71lsl - 21 - Labour Force Sur....e)' J997 Table 3: Non-Institutional Population 15 years and over & Labour Force by Employment Status, Sex and Parish Male PARISH Roseau Rest of 51.
George Sf John/SL.

P~ter Sr. Joseph St Paul St. LukdSl.

Mark S1.

Patrick Sr. David Sr. Andrew TOTAL Female PARISH Ros~au Rest of 51.

George S\ John/S\ Peter St Joseph St. Paul St. Luke/St.

Mark 51.

Patrick St. David St. Andrew TOTAL Total Parish Roseau Rest of St George St. John/St.

Peter St. Joseph S1.

Paul Sl LUkeiSl.

Mark S1.
Patrick St. David St. AnJrew TOTAL Non- institutional Population IS Years & O .... er 5,447 1.679 2.239 2,266 2,383 1,(170 3.114 2.316 3.661 24,176 Nan- institutional Population 15 Years & Over 6.1 12 1.623 2.275 2,433 2,601 1.431 4,235 2,166 3,808 25,683 Non- institutional Population 15 Years & Over 11.559 3.302 4.514 4,699 ~.l)X4 1.501 6.349 4,482 7,469 49,858 Total Labour Force 3.829 U43 1.795 1,523 1.998 7'''' -- 2.:!Xg 1.6<)5 2,925 18,118 Total Labour Force 3.757 [.091 1,404 1.411 1,686 709 1.721 1.093 2,428 15,299 Total Labour Force 7,Sg6 2,434 3.ll)l) 2.934 3.t\X4 1.431 4J)()'J 2.7HX 5.353 33,418 Employed Total Unemployed Participation Rate Unemployment Rate 3,074 1,091 1,475 1.226 1,589 6l!\ Employed Total Unemployed ParticipHtion Rate llnempJoyment Rate Employed Total Unemployed Participation Rate Unemployment Rate 1.546 490 711 761 867 22H I.H[ 490 791 7,724 65.6 73.7 7() X 62.4 n.t) 57.2 634 62.2 71.6 67.0 20.3 20.1 222 25.9 23.5 15.0 45 'J 17.5 14.7 23.1 6,040 1.944 l,4gg ~.In 2,X\ 7 1.203 2.16X 2.29X 4,562 25,694 - 22 - • I in Not Labour Force 1.618 336 444 743 385 348 826 621 736 6,058 Not in Labour Force 2.355 532 871 1,022 915 722 1,514 1.073 1,380 10,384 Not in Labour Force 3.973 868 I.J 15 1.765 1.300 1,070 2.3411 1,694 2,116 16,440 Labour Forc~ Surv~y 1997 Table 4: Non-Institutional Population 15 years and over & Labour Foree by Employment Status, Sex and Age G mu p \lal~ AGE 15-19 20-24 2:'-2l:J 3U-34 35-3q 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65 & over Not Stated TOTAL Female AGE 15-19 20-2<1 25-29 30-34 ]5-39 40-44 -15--19 50-54 55-59 60-64 65 & over Not Stated TOTAL Total AGE 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-]4 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 I 65 & Dver ~St~lll'd TOTAL "Jull-institutional Population I~ Years & Ovt'r 3,749 2,890 :I.2~7 2.5j8 2,453 1.871 1.338 1,031 8J2 958 2,781 508 24,t 76 Non~instihltional Population I ~ Yr:lrs ~~ Over 3.486 2,697 3.385 2,934 2.232 1.652 1.605 1.083 1,211 1,521 3.626 348 25,683 I Total Labour Force 1.653 2,6-13 3J) 12 2.466 2,363 1.781 1.164 901 552 471 761 351 18,118 fatal Lahour Forn' 1,0l.
;tJ 2./32 2.759 2.395 1.8UO jJ-I2 1.361 781 041 463 366 168 15,299 Non- institutional Population IS Years & Over Total Labour Force Employed lol:lI Un.employed Particip:ltioll Rate llllt'lIIplo)lIlclll Ratc Not in Labour Foret' 877 I.X59 2.194 2,188 1.890 1.572 1,042 829 488 447 683 293 14,560 776 784 618 278 473 209 122 72 64 24 78 588 3,559 44.1 91.5 92.X 972 96.3 lJ5.2 87.0 87.4 68.0 49.2 27.4 69.1 74.9 46.9 2l:J.7 205 11.3 lO.O 11.7 10.5 8.0 11.6 5.1 10.2 16.5 19.6 2,096 2~7 235 12 9U l)O 174 130 260 487 2,020 157 6,058 Employed Total t:llcmployed IJarticipation Rate Unemployment R:ll~ Not in Labour Forcc 479 1.257 1.907 1,902 1,444 1.US~ 1.156 61 (} 487 .142 325 132 1 t,133 610 875 851 493 JS5 259 207 /62 154 121 41 36 4,165 ] 1.2 79.0 81.5 81.6 80.6 H1.2 84.Y 72./ 52,9 32.6 III I 42.3 59,6 56.0 41 (I ]0.8 20.6 Il) 7 I'! )
15.2 2U 7 24.0 26.1 1l.2 21.4 27.2 2,397 565 627 539 -U3 11 () 242 :lV2 570 958 ],260 180 10,384 Employed Total Unemployed Participation RHte Unemployment Rl1h~ Not in Labour Force 7,135 5,587 6,632 5A72 4.685 3.523 2,943 2,114 2.U23 237t) hAU7 X:,h -t9,85f) 1.356 1.386 2.742 4,775 3.116 1.659 4,301 5,771/ 1.469 4,090 4,861 771 3,3]4 4.162 828 2,655 3,123 468 2.J98 2.527 329 1.448 234 1.682 218 975 1.193 7St) 145 LJ34 Ill) 1.

(J08 1.11' -l- I'::; .
;; It) "4 .\.\,4IH~~ 7,72"- j 37.9 85.5 87.0 88.8 888 g8.6 85.9 79.6 58.lJ 39.3 18.8 ()() (I h7.0 5U.5 ]4.7 25.4 158 199 1-1.9 13.0 139 18.2 15.5 ') '7 18 I !J.I I 449] 812 862 611 523 400 416 432 X3U 14'-15 5280 \"\7 «,,.HI I - 23 - Labour Force Survey 1997 Table 5: Distribution oftbe Labour Force by Level of Education and Sex LEVEL OF EDUCATION NUMBER OF PERSONS MALE FEMALE TOTAL PERCENTAGE FEMALE TOTAL MALE PARTICIPATION RATE FEMALE TOTAL 603 166 13.311 2.1.1 ~,I 444 6.19 (1l';...J- 50 g6 SUI IX lJ.3Hi 3.
():W 3X2 h 7ti 5.11 131 53 I.

1u] I o~ 22.

(19X , 75 7 X2(1 1.1 J:5 1.215 I HI 139 MALE .1.3 U 9 735 I I X .2 :'\ .1.5 3.H 0.3 0.5 INon~ l\lul scryiPrcschool IPrimar) /JSP Sccolld<ll'~ 1'~1:11' \i outtlunal COlllm College 1I111\'CI';-,iL) Other Not Sta(ed TOTAL 33 IJ.I 61 4 .2"1 7 2.5 4.4 3.5 0.9 OJ 3.3 0.6 67,9 17 .2 2.5 .1.9 3.

(1 0.5 04 4H,39% :-12.18% 75.12 uv 7tJ.

15'~'(1 .sS.7I v!
15'~'(1 .sS.7I v!

() 8475% 7H.71'yu 60.9l'l% 100.00% 3b.26C;o 15.52u·o 53.98u;() 7 7 .\).1"'0 1)2.27%J 84.61% 7lJA9 1i<, 65,83(% 75.71% 42.020/0 57 H6 lYo (14CJ.
:5<;,·o 7X,,)S(~/() 8X 63'1" X4.67'},o 7\) .U5'~·"u 64.41% l'l9.10% 18,119 15,299 33418 100,0 100.0 100.0 74.95% 59.57% 67.03% Table 6: Distribution of Employed Persons by Level of Education and Sex I LEVEL OF EDUCATION None Nursery/Pr~school Primary/JSP Secondary TechnicallYocational Community Co!l~ge Un(\ersity Oth~r Not Srakd I TOTAL NUMBER OF PERSONS FEMALE MALE TOTAL PERCENTAGE MALE FEMALE TOTAL 477 129 10,440 1.768 35) 589 684 50 68 343 18 6.583 2.606 329 620 485 131 18 820 147 17.023 4.374 684 1.209 1.169 181 86 3.3 0.9 717 12.1 ~.4 4.0 47 0.3 05 3.1 !
0.2 59.1 23.4 J(I 5.6 4.4 1.2 02 3.2 0.6 663 170 27 4.7 45 0.7 0.3 14,560 11,133 25,694 100.0 100.0 100.0 • Llibour Foret: Survey 1997 Table 7: Percentage Distribution of Employed Labour Force by Type of Training Received TYPE OF TRAINING RECEIVED No Occupational Training Legislators, Senior Officials, Manager'::> Pmfessionab Tecllnicians and .\ ~socJ(1(e I)n.l!

c:-':-' IOIl,l h Clerk, Service.


Shop & Market Sales Workers Skilled Agricultural & Fishery Workers Craft and Related Trades Workers Plant and Machine Operators & Assemblers Elementary Occupations Not Known Not Stated MALE FEMALE TOTAL NO.

6,457 279 81,) 697 jl)5 656 854 3,102 437 744 150 176 % 443 1.9 \.6 48 1.3 4.5 5.9 21.3 3.1 5.1 1.0 1.2 NO.

6,289 266 465 1,174 9n 772 148 670 33 219 96 73 % 56.5 2.4 4 ~ IUS S.3 6.9 1.3 6.0 0.3 2.0 0.9 0.7 NO.
12,746 545 1.21') 1,871 I, l23 I,42~ 1,002 3,772 470 963 246 249 % 49.6 2.1 5.0 7.3 4.4 56 3.9 14.7 1.8 3.7 1.0 1.0 I TOTAL 14,560 100.0 11,134 100.0 25,694 100.0 Table 8: Distribution of Employed Persolls by Employment Status and Sex EMPLOYMENT STATUS MALE FEMALE TOTAL Public Sector Employee Private Sector Employee Employer Own Account Worker Unpaid Family Worker Other Not Stated NO.

% NO.

% 2,508 20.3 2.952 41.2 6,002 5,383 J 5.2 2.219 701 3,129 2,151 215 0.7 109 373 0 0.2 24 124~18 NO.
5,460 11,385 2,920 5,280 482 24 142 22.5 ,)8.3 6.3 19.3 3.4 0.0 0.2 % 21.3 44.3 114 20.5 1.9 01 0.6 TOTAL 14,560 100.0 11,134 100.0 25,694 100.0 - 25 - Labour Foret Survty 1997 Table 9: Distribution of Employed Persons by Occupation and Sex OCCUPATION MALE FEMALE TOTAL NO oft, NO.

oft, NO.
oft, NO.

oft, Legislators, Senior Officials, Managers Professionals Technicians & Associate Professionals Clerks Service, Shop & Marker Sales Workers Skilled AgriclIlttlre, Fishery, Forestry Craft & Related Trades Workers Plant & Machine Operators & Assembly Workers I ",m,"", 0".,"""" Not Stated (,07 573 754 483 1,273 3.882 3,440 1,150 2,269 129 4.2 3.9 5.2 3.3 87 267 23.6 7.9 15.6 0.9 883 529 1,396 1.31.
)2 2.2 I TOTAL 14,560 100.0 11,134 100.0 25,694 100.0 Table 10: Distribution of Employed Persons by Industry and Sex INDUSTRY MALE NO Agriculture, Hunting and Forestry Fishing Manufacturing Electricity, Gas, and Water Supply Construction Wholesale and Retail trade, etc.
Hotels and Restaurant Tran~p0rl, Storage & C01l11l11Jll ic.u iOIl::i Financial Intermediation Real Estate, Renting and Business Activities Public Administration, Social Security Education Health and Social Work Other Community, social & Personal Service Activities Private Households with Employed Persons Not Stated 4,472 99 1,249 281 2.006 1,765 2,n J ,01.)')

134 462 1,081 196 319 422 106 628 FEMALE TOTAL % 30.7 0.7 86 1.9 13.8 12.1 1.7 7.5 0.9 3.2 7.4 1.3 2.2 2.9 0.7 4.3 NO.
1,532 0 998 0 140 2,287 73'1 403 403 383 452 1,064 793 508 978 460 % 13.8 00 9.0 00 1.3 20.5 66 3.6 3.6 3.4 4.1 9.6 7.1 4.6 8.8 4.1 NO.
6,004 99 2,247 281 2,146 4,051 975 1,501 537 846 1,532 1,260 1,112 930 1,084 1,088 % 23.4 0.4 8.7 1.1 8.4 15.8 3.8 5.8 2.1 -' ._, 6.0 4.9 4.3 3.6 4.2 4.2 TOTAL 14,560 100.0 11,134 100.0 25,694 100.0 - 26 - Labour Force Survey 1997 Table 11: Distribution of Employed Persons by Usual and Actual Hours Worked per Week and Sex I NUMBER OF HOURS WORKED MALE FEMALE TOTAL ACTUAL HOURS 00-05 hours 06-09 hours 10- \ 9 hours 20-29 hours 30-39 hours 40-49 hours 50-59 hours 60+ hours Not Stated % 0.6 0.9 3.2 6.8 20.2 46.0 8.1 130 1.3 % 1.7 2.6 10.1 13.2 20.5 39.1 4.4 7.6 06 % 1.1 1.6 6.2 9.6 20.4 43.0 6.5 106 1.0 TOTAL 100.0 100.0 100.0 USUAL HOURS 00-05 hours 06-09 hours 10-19 hours 20-29 hours 30-39 hours 40-49 hours 50-59 hours 60+ hours Not Stated °It.
2.7 1.0 3.8 7.7 20.9 41.8 9.6 11.4 1.2 (,lA, 5.3 2.4 9.8 13.7 19.\ 36.0 4.9 7.4 1.4 lYo 3.8 1.7 6.4 10.3 20.1 39.3 7.6 9.7 1.3 TOTAL 100.0 100.0 100.0 - 27- Labour Force Survey 1997 Table 12: Distribution of Employed Persons Working Less Than 32 Hours per week by Reason for Working Less Than 32 Hours and Availability for Additional Worl' Rf:ASON FOR WORKING LESS THAN 32 HOURS PER WEEK AV AILABLE FOR ADDITIONAL WORK Own Illness, Maternity Disability Ho]iday, Vacation Persona], Family Responsibilities In School or Training Did Not Want More Work Full-time Work is less than 32 Hours Job Start-End Within Reference Period Reduction ;n Economic Activity l"elllp l)lsorganisatiuniSuspen.
From Wurk Could Not find More Work Other Not Stated TOTAL AVAILABLE I NOT AVAILABLE FOR MORE WORK Own Illness.

Maternity Disability Huliday, Vacation Persunal.

Family' Responsibilities In School or rrain111g Did Not WmH More Work Full-time Work is less than 32 Hours Job Start-End Within Reference Period Reduction in Economic Activity Temp Disorganisation/Suspen.
From Work Could Not find More Work Other Not Stated TOTAL NOT AVAILABLE TOTAL PERSONS NUMBER OF PERSONS PERCENTAGE MALE FEMALE TOTAL MALE FEMALE TOTAL 13 0 127 0 73 384 59 54 14 460 0 17 1,202 303 94 578 " J_ ISS 1.208 0 55 17 ]55 78 36 2,744 13 0 145 0 129 950 77 114 48 685 24 76 2,263 586 130 794 SS 520 1,850 36 127 35 283 102 77 4,628 00 0.0 1.7 0.0 5.3 53.3 1.7 5.7 3.2 21.2 2.3 56 100.0 150 1.9 li.5 3.0 17.6 34.1 1.9 3.8 1.0 6.8 1.3 2.2 100.0 I.]
0.0 10.6 0.0 6.1 31.9 4.9 4.5 1.2 38.3 0.0 1.4 100.0 I 10 3.... 21.1 I 2 69 44.0 0.0 2.0 0.6 5.6 2.8 1.3 100.0 0.6 0.0 6.4 0.0 5.7 42.0 3.4 5.0 2.1 30.3 1.1 3.4 100.0 12.7 2.8 17 .~ I .1) il.2 40.0 0.8 2.7 0.8 6.]

2.2 1.7 100.0 3,946 6,891 42.7 57.3 100.0 • 0 0 18 0 56 566 18 60 34 225 24 59 1,061 283 36 216 56 332 642 36 n 18 128 24 41 1,884 2,945 - 28 - Labour Force Survey 1997 Table 13: Distribution of Multiple-job Holders by Main and Secondary Employment Status EMPLOYMENT STATUS .
MAIN JOB Public Sector Employee Private Sector Employee Employer Own Account Worker Unpaid Family Worker TOTAL SECONDARY JOB Public Sector Employee Private Sector Employee IEmployer Own Account Worker Other TOTAL NO.
OF MULTIPLE·JOB HOLDERS PERCENTAGE MALF: fi'EMALF: TOTAL MALE I'F:MALE TOTAL 351 330 264 154 14 t,t 13 51 202 383 4 t J 1,113 87 66 14 68 0 235 34 81 14 106 0 235 438 396 278 222 14 1,349 31.5 29.6 23.7 13.8 1.3 100.0 85 284 397 566 I 18 1,349 4.6 18.1 34.4 41.3 1.6 I 100.0 37.0 28.1 6.0 28.9 0.0 100.0 14.5 34.5 6.0 45.1 0.0 100.0 32.5 29.4 20.6 16.5 1.0 100.0 6.3 21.1 29.4 42.0 1.3 100.0 ·29 - Labour Foree Survey 1997 Table 14: Distribution of Multiple Job-Holders by Main and Secondary Occupation OCCUPATION Number of Persons PERCENTAGE MALE FEMALE TOTAL MALE FEMALE TOTAL MAIN OCCUPATION Legislators, Senil)r OlliciaJ<;, M,lIlagers Pl'OlC:;:;iol1i.lb Technicians and Associated Proft:ssionals Clerks Service, Shop 8: Market Sales Workers Skilled Agricultural, Fishery & Forestry Workers Craft and Related Trades Workers Plant & Machine Operators & Assemblers Elementary Occupations TOTAL SECONDARY OCCUPATION Legislators, Senior Officials, Managers Professionals Technicians and Assodated Professionals Clerks Service, Shop & Market Sales Workers Skilled Agricultural, Fishery & Forestry Workers Craft and Related Trades Workers Plant & Machine Operators & Assemblers Elementary Occupations TOTAL '---- n 35 87 18 148 193 308 86 161 1,113 95 0 18 0 124 500 217 50 110 1,113 19 I~ !
- 30- • Labour Force Survty 1997 Table 15: Distribution of Employed Persons by Income Group and Sex INCOME GROUP 99 $0 -$ S [00-$ 299 $ .i00-$ 499 $ 500-$ 799 $ 800-$ 999 $1000-$1299 $1300-$1499 $1500-$1 799 $1800-$1999 $2000-$2499 $2500-$2999 $3000-$3999 $4000 & Over Not Stated TOTAL MALE FEMALE TOTAL NO.
(Yo NO.

% NO.

% 846 1.?40 1.807 2.108 1,734 1,588 1,014 826 390 689 653 389 255 ],022 58 8.5 [2,4 [4.5 11.9 10.9 7.0 5.7 2.7 4.7 4.5 2.7 1.8 7.0 964 1.562 2, I S6 1.572 1,085 818 255 428 379 448 302 236 1]4 785 87 [4.0 I ().6 14.1 9.7 7.3 2.3 3.8 3,4 4.0 2.7 2. ]

1.0 7.]

1.810 2.802 .


),l)9] 3.680 2.819 2,406 ],269 1,254 769 ],138 955 624 369 1,807 7.0 10.9 15.5 ]4.3 11.0 9,4 4.9 4.9 3.0 4,4 3.7 2,4 1,4 7.0 14,560 100.0 11,134 100.0 25,694 100.0 Table 16: Number of Employers by Number of Employees and Sex NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES MALE FEMALE TOTAL NO.

% NO.

% NO.

% I 2-4 5 - 9 10 & Over Nol Stoted TOTAL 73 1,350 4.. ..., J .

10[ ].
()4 3.3 60.8 19.5 4.6 11.9 2,219 100.0 ] 8 508 124 37 14 701 2.6 n.5 17.7 5.3 2.0 91 [,858 556 [38 278 3.1 63.6 19.0 4.7 9.5 100.0 2,920 100.0 - 3] - Labour Force Survey 1997 Table 17: Distribution of Employed Persons by Relationsbip to Head of Household and Sex RELA T10NSHIP TO HEAD Head Spouse Unmarried Child Grandchild Sib\ ing/in-la\v Other Not Stated MALE TOTAL NUMBER OF PERSONS FEMALE 3970 3827 2188 180 510 442 18 8756 783 3206 379 995 440 a PERCENTAGE FEMALE MALE 12726 4610 .5394 559 1505 882 18 60.\ 5.4 22.0 2.6 68 3.0 0.0 35.7 34.4 197 1.6 4.6 4.0 0.2 TOTAL 29.5 17.9 21.0 2.2 5.9 3.4 0.1 TOTAL 14,560 11,133 25,694 100.0 100.0 100.0 Table 18: Unemployed Labour Force by Level of Education and Sex LEVEL OF EDUCATION None Nursery/Preschool Pr;marylJSP Secondary Technical/Vocational Community College University 1_:_:,--tT_SA_ta_~e_d NUMBER OF PERSONS FEMALE MALE TOTAL UNEMPLOYMENT RATE (%) TOTAL FEMALE MALE 126 37 2,871 :J()\) 89 50 0 157 0 2.804 1,01 ,·1 53 56 46 283 37 5,675 1,:JR:- 142 106 46 20.9 22.3 21.6 17:-; 20.1 7.8 0.0 31.4 0.0 29.9 ?X () 13.9 8.3 87 I 257 20.1 25.0 240 17.2 8.1 3.8 I_-=3C':.5:.:~-,-:_I_----,-4':':I:::":':,-------1__7:.:.7-=::.::---,L:6_:_~__:_:_.
:_~_2--,J:,--.-,-:---, .

32 .
Labour Force Survey 1997 Table 19: Unemployed Labour Force by Relationship to Head of Household and Sex RELATIONSHIP TO HEAD NUMBER OF PERSONS UNEMPLOYMENT RATE (%) MALE FEMALE TOTAL MALE FEMALE TOTAL Head Spouse Unmarried Child Grandchild BrotherlSister or Brother ISister-in-law Other 1045 126 \,631 300 320 137 978 1,131 1,337 309 228 181 TOTAL 3,559 4,165 :2.023 1,257 2,986, 609 548 318 7,724 10.6 13.8 33.7 44.2 24.3 23.7 19.6 198 22.8 37.9 63.2 30.9 29.0 27.2 13.7 2104 35.5 52.1 26.7 265 23.1 I Table 20: Distribution of Unemployed by Last Employment Status and Sex LAST EMPLOYMENT STATUS MALE FEMALE TOTAL NO % NO % NO % Public Sector Employees Private Sector Employees Employer Own Account Worker Unpaid Family Worker Other 460 2,121 36 125 18 () 16.7 76.8 1.3 4.5 0.7 00 276 2,320 14 115 0 19 ]0.1 84.6 05 4.2 0.0 0.7 736 40441 50 240 18 19 1304 80.7 0.9 404 0.3 0.3 TOTAL 2,761 100.0 2,743 100.0 5,5~ 100,0 I Table 21: Distribution of Unemployed by Length of Time Without Work and Sex TIME WITHOUT WORK MALE NO % FEMALE NO % TOTAL NO % Less than one month From 1 month to 3 months From 4 months to 6 months From 7 months to 1 I months Twelve months or more Not Stated I TOTAL 144 531 312 375 1,399 0 5.2 19.2 11.3 13.6 50.7 00 2,761 L~ 93 284 241 87 2,002 36 3.4 lOA 8.8 3.2 73.0 1.3 237 814 552 462 3,401 36 4.3 14.8 10.0 804 61.8 07 2,7431 100.0 I 5,5031- - - - 100.0 I - 33 - Labour Forct' Sur\'ey ]997 Table 22: Distribution of Unemployed by Occupation of Last Employment and Sex OCCUPATION MALE NO % FEMALE NO % Legislators, Senior Officials, Managers Professionals Technicians & Associate Professionals Clerks Service, Shop & Market Sales Workers Skilled Agricultural & Fishery Workers Craft & Related Trades Workers Plant & Machine Operators & Assemblers Elementary Occupations Not Known Not Stated 37 74 37 0 226 54 1,054 123 1,086 0 69 1.3 2.7 1.3 0.0 8.2 2.0 38.2 4.5 3.93 0.0 2.5 51 14 73 198 919 III 171 42 1,079 34 52 1.9 0.5 2.7 7.2 33.5 4.0 6.2 1.5 39.3 1.2 1.9 TOTAL NO 87 88 110 198 1,144 165 1,225 165 2,165 34 121 % 1.6 1.6 2.0 3.6 20.8 3.0 22.3 3.0 39.3 0.6 2.2 TOTAL 2,761 100.0 2,743 100.0 5,503 100.0 Table 23: Distribution of Unemployed by Industry of Last Employment and Sex INDUSTRIAL SECTOR MALE NO % Agriculture.
Ilullting and Forestry Fishing Manufacturing Electricity, Gas, and Water Supply Construction Wholesale and Retail trade, etc.
Hotels and Restaurant Transport, Storage & Communications Financial Intermediation Real Estate, Renting and Business Activities Public Administration, Social Security Education Health and Social Work Other Community, social & Personal Service Activities Private Households with Employed Persons Not Known Not Stated 266 I~ 200 18 96\ 166 137 178 37 18 240 37 0 100 24 83 258 96 0.7 7.2 0.7 35.5 6.0 5.0 6.4 1.3 0.7 8.7 1.3 0.0 3.6 0.9 30 9.3 NO.
FEMALE % J • TOTAL NO.
57~1 I~ 617 18 1,000 527 489 245 55 50 325 238 55 209 613 102 484 % 10.4 0.3 \1.2 0.3 18.2 9.6 8.9 4.5 1.0 0.9 5.9 2.3 1.0 3.8 ILl 1.9 8.8 TOTAL 2,761 100.0 2,743 100.0 5,503 100.0 ·34· Labour Force Survey 1997 AGE Table 24: Youth in the Labour Force by Age and Sex NUMBER OF PERSONS FEMALE 108 138 223 195 425 336 422 474 430 470 TOTAL 209 484 571 629 851 680 1,078 1,034 922 1,060 MALE 10] 346 348 434 426 344 656 560 492 590 PARTICIPATION RATE FEMALE 11.9 16.9 31.2 41.5 73.7 81.9 80.1 81.0 73.0 80.2 MALE 12.2 41.9 45.5 59.7 70.2 86.9 92.3 87.6 91.9 97.0 TOTAL 12.0 29.5 38.6 52.5 71.9 84.4 87.1 84.5 82.0 88.8 I TOTAL 4,297 I 3,221 I 7,518 64.7 52.1 58.6 Table 25: Unemployed Youth in the Labour Force by Age AGE NUMBER OF PERSONS FEMALE 72 ]20 160 105 152 89 231 223 146 186 TOTAL 136 328 341 281 300 206 502 321 290 340 MALE 64 208 18 \ 176 148 117 271 98 144 154 UNEMPLOYMENT RATE FEMALE 66.7 86.9 71.7 538 35.7 26.5 54.7 47.0 33.9 39.6 TOTAL 65.0 67.8 59.7 447 35.2 30.3 46.6 31.0 2 [.4 32.0 MALE 63.4 60.1 52.0 40.5 34.7 34.0 41.3 j 7.5 29.3 26.1 TOTAL 1,561 1,484 3,045 36.3 46.1 40.5 Table 26: Youth Not in the Labour Force by Reason for Unavailability REASON FOR UNA VAILABILITY NUMBER OF PERSONS FEMALE MALE TOTAL PERCENTAGE MALE FEMALE TOTAL At SchooliEduc Institution Engaged in Household Iliness/Disabi lity Not Stated 1,971 37 186 149 2,025 400 239 299 3.996 436 425 448 84.1 1.6 7.9 6.4 68.3 J 3.5 8.1 ]0.1 75.3 8.2 8.0 8.4 ITOTAL 2,343 2,963 5,305 100.0 100.0 100.0 - 35 - Labour Force Sur\'cy 1997 Table 27: Persons Not in the Labour Force by Parish and Sex PARISH Roseau Rest of SI.
George SI.

John/St .Peter St Joseph SI.

Paul SI.

Luke/St.

Mark SI.

Patrick SI.

David SI.
Andrew NUMBER OF PERSONS FEMALE TOTAL MALE PERCENTAGE FEMALE MALE TOTAL 1,618 336 444 743 385 348 826 621 736 2,355 532 871 1,022 915 722 1,514 1.073 1,380 3,973 868 1,315 1.765 1,300 1.070 2,340 1.694 2.116 26.7 5.5 7J 123 6.4 5.7 13.6 10.3 12.2 22.7 5.1 8.4 9.8 8.8 7.0 14.6 10.3 13.3 24.2 5.3 8.0 10.7 7.9 6.5 14.2 10J 12.9 TOTAL 6,057 10,384 16,441 100.0 100.0 100.0 Table: 28: Persons Not in the Labour Force by Age Group and Sex AGE GROUP 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 165 & Over Not Slaled TOTAL NUMBER OF PERSONS FEMALE MALE TOTAL 2,096 247 235 72 90 90 174 130 260 487 2,020 157 2,397 565 627 539 433 310 242 302 570 958 3.260 jW 4,493 812 862 611 523 400 416 432 830 1.445 5.280 JJ7 PERCENTAGE FEMALE MALE TOTAL 34.6 4.1 3.9 1.2 1.5 1.5 2.9 2.1 4.3 80 33.3 l.b 23.1 5.4 6.0 5.2 4.2 3.0 2.3 2.9 5.5 9.2 31.4 1.7 27.3 4.9 5.2 3.7 3.2 2.4 2.5 2.6 5.0 8.8 32.1 1.U 6,057 10,384 16,441 100.0 100,0 100.0 - 36 - Labour Force Survey 1997 Table 29: Persons Not in the Labour Force by Level of Education and Sex LEVEL OF EDUCATION None Nursery/Preschool Primary/JSP Secondary TechNocational Comm College University Other Not Stated TOTAL NUMBER OF PERSONS FEMALE TOTAL MALE PERCENTAGE FEMALE TOTAL MALE I Table 30: Persons Not in the Labour Force by Reason for Unavailability for Work and Sex REASON FOR UNAVAILABILITY At SchoollEduc.
Institution Engaged in Household Retired/Old Age 1lInessIDisabi1ity Other Not Stated NUMBER OF PERSONS FEMALE TOTAL MALE PERCENTAGE FEMALE MALE TOTAL TOTAL 6,057 10,384 16,441 100.0 100.0 100.0 Table 31: Persons Not in the Labour Force by Main Means of Financial Support and Sex MAIN MEANS OF FINANCIAL SUPPORT Self Spouse/Partner Money From Abroad Savings/Investment Friends/Relatives Social Security Other Not Stated NUMBER OF PERSONS FEMALE MALE TOTAL PERCENTAGE FEMALE MALE TOTAL 470 146 156 1,371 3.556 163 105 90 I 5 J I 2,121 234 1.114 5.S 10 148 87 49 981 2,368 390 2.595 9.365 410 193 138 7.8 2.4 2.6 12.6 5S.7 2.7 1.7 15 4.9 11.4 2.3 liS 560 2.4 0.8 0.5 6.0 14.4 1.4 15.8 57.0 2.5 1.1 0.8 TOTAL 6,057 10,384 16,441 100.0 100.0 100.0 - 37 - z o t= :5 g, ::::l 0.. Labour Force Survey 1997 CHART 1: Population 15 Years and Over by Parish Noy - Dec 1997 12000 10000 8000 4000 2000 Roseau st George St. John/St.
St. Joseph St. Paul St. Luke/St.

St. Patrick St. David St. Andrew (Excl Roseau) Peter Mark PARISH OF RESIDENCE • Labour Force • Not In Labour Force - 38 ­ Labour Force Survey 1997 CHART 2: Participation Rates by Parish and Sex Nov - Dec 1997 90.0 80.0 70,0 60.0 40.0 w ~ ~ z 0 i= oct Q. U i= 0:: < Q. Roseau 5t George (Excl Roseau) 51.

John/51.

Peler 51.

Joseph 51.

Paul 51.

Luke/51.

Mark 51.

Patrick 51.

David 51.

Andrew PARISH OF RESIDENCE II MALE • FEMALE - 39­ ..

.'
.'

Labour Force Survey 1997 CHART 3: Age Specific Participation Rates by Sex Nov - Dec 1997 100.0 //1 ( W I­ ~ Z o ~ U ~ <a.

90.0 80.0 50.0 10.0 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65 & over Not Stated AGE GROUP IJMALE .FEMALE I - 40­ Labour Force Survey 1997 CHART 4: Unemployment Rates by Sex and Parish Nov - Dec 1997 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 W I­ ~ I­ Z w :!

: >­ 0 ...J C.

:!

: w 20.0 Z ::> 10.0 0.0 Roseau 5t George (Excl Roseau) 51.

John/5l Peter 51.

Joseph 51.

Paul 5l luke/51.


Mark 51.

Patrick 51.

David 51.

Andrew PARISH OF RESIDENCE rcMALE .FEMALE OTOTA"'L] - 4 I ­ Labour Force Survey 1997 CHART 5: Unemployment Rates by Sex and Age Group Nov - Dec 1997 40 W I- ~ I­ Z w :!

: >­ 0 ...J a.

:!
: w z ::> 10 • 16·19 20·24 26·29 30·34 36·39 40-44 45-49 AGE GROUP 60·54 56·59 60·64 66 & over Not Stated I I!IMALE _FEMALE OTOTAL I - 42 ­ Labour Force Survey 1997 CHART 6: Employed Persons by Income Group Nov - Dec 1997 $3000 & Over 4% Not Stated 7% Less Than $500 34% $2000-$2999 8% $1000-$1999 22% $500-$999 25% • .. - 43 ­ Labour Force Survey 1997 CHART 7: Employed Persons by Actual Number of Hours Worked Nov - Dec 1997 50+ hours 17% Not Stated 1% less Than 20 Hours 9% 20-29 hours 10% 40-49 hours 43% 30-39 hours 20% '.
- 44 ­ Labour Force Survey 1997 Craft & Related Trades Workers, Machine Operators, Drivers 21% CHART 8: Employed Persons by Occupation • Nov· Dec 1997 Elementary Occupations 19% Not Stated 1% Legislators, Senior Officials, Managers 6% Professionals, Technicians -- & Associate Professionals 13% • .'
Skilled Agriculture, Fishery, Forestry Workers 20% Clerks,Service, Shop & Market Sales Workers 20% - 45· .. Labour Foree Survey 1997 ~HART 9: Employed Persons by Industry Nov - Dec 1997 Transport, Storage & Communications 5.8% Hotels and Restaurant 3.8% Financial Intermed iation, Real Estate, Renting and Business Activities 5.4% Other 8.9% Not Stated 4.2% Public dministration, Social Security, Health, Education 15.2% Agriculture, Hunting, Forestry, Fishing 23.8% • Construction 8.4% Wholesale and Retail trade, etc.
15.8% Manufacturing 8.7% ....

.

: 'f - 46-­ Labour Force Survey 1997 CHART 10: Unemployed Persons by Length of Time Without Work Nov - Dec 1997 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 o z 0 Cf) 0::: w Q. U.

0 0::: w co ~ ::> z Less than 1 month 1 - 3 months 4 - 6 months 7 - 11 months 12 months or Not Stated LENGTH OF TIME UNEMPLOYED more OMALE FEMALE - 4:-J­ • • • .... , ~ .,,' •, • • ,