Source document: https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1697742147677.pdf (Georgia)
FEATURES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF SELF-GOVERNMENT IN THE FORMER SOVIET REPUBLICS Boris Chichinadze Doctor­of­Economics,­Lecturer­­at­Kutaisi­Akaki­Tsereteli­State­University,­Georgia borkach@mail.ru KEY WORDS: Local­Self­Government,­Budgetary­Independence,­Fiscal­Decentralization,­Sources­ of­Budgetary­Revenue,­Transparency­of­Local­Government­Activities,­Local­Revenue.­­­­­­­­­ J.E.L.­classification:­K1,­R0,­E6 ­After­the­collapse­of­the­Soviet­Union,­one­of­the­ the­former­Soviet­republics­has­not­improved­over­ most­acute­problems­in­the­post­socialist­republics­ the­years,­and­their­dependence­on­the­center­has­ was­the­formation­and­strengthening­of­local­self­ even­­increased.
government.­ Over­ the­ past­ two­ decades,­ several­ Reserves­ of­ municipalities­ were­ not­ used­ models­ of­ development­ have­ been­ selected­ and­ efficientlyfor­ decades.­ Municipalities­ did­ not­ some­positive­steps­have­been­taken,­but­the­actual­ have­ modern­ programs­ for­ the­ socio­economic­ development­of­local­governments­has­failed.
development­ of­ the­ region.­ The­ priorityofvarious­ The­need­for­self­development­is­now­particularly­ settlements­ was­ not­ imposed­ and­ determined­ for­ acute,­ since­ most­ post­socialist­ stateshave­ set­ the­economic­development­of­municipalities;­issues­ themselves­on­a­course­to­integration­into­the­Euro­ were­ resolved­ spontaneously,­ without­ taking­ into­ structures,­ therefore,­ it­ is­ extremely­ important­ account­ needs­ and­ interestsof­ the­ population.­ for­ local­ authorities­ to­ develop­ a­ strategy­ that­ Between­ the­ central­ and­ local­ governments­ should­ ensure­ social­ and­ economic­ development­ there­ was­ a­ mixture­ of­ competencies,­ rights­ and­ and­ increased­ level­ of­ competitivenessof­ obligations.
municipalitiesin­ the­ former­ Soviet­ republics.­ In­ post­socialist­ states­ ­ the­ situation­ is­ still­ For­ many­ years,­ there­ was­ no­ legislative­ base­ difficult,­ local­ authorities­ do­ not­ have­ significant­ that­ would­ ensure­ the­ further­ development­ of­ fiscal­ independence,­ the­ central­ government­ has­ municipalities.­ The­ policy­ towards­ municipalities­ passed­ the­ lawsthat­ cannot­ ensure­ sustainable­ was­not­effective,­and­that­was­aggravated­by­­high­­ economic­development­of­local­municipalities,­the­ crime­rates­and­terrible­economic­situation­in­these­ restoration­ of­ local­ socio­economic­ policies­ and­ republics,­ ­ decrease­ in­ labor­ and­ entrepreneurial­ economic­growth­of­the­countries.
activity,­ which,­ in­ turn,­ negatively­ affected­ the­ The­situation­in­the­former­Soviet­states,in­terms­ development­ of­ municipalities­ and­ made­ their­ of­ the­ development­ of­ local­ self­government,­ is­ activities­unpredictable.­ Despite­the­numerous­laws­passed­by­the­central­ authorities,­ the­ situation­ of­ the­ municipalities­ of­ almost­identical­(exception­are­the­Baltic­republics),­ and­ the­ main­ unresolved­ issues­ are­ as­ follows­­­ (Amstrong H., Taylor J, 1994:325) 49 trjyjvbrehb ghjabkb7 1!
)7 @_!
)2Economic Profile, N19, 2019 a)­ ­ confusion­ between­ the­ rights,­ duties­ and­ their­ competences.There­ are­ two­ important­ laws­ competencies­of­the­Center­and­the­region­and­the­ regarding­ the­ development­ and­ regulation­ of­ lack­of­distinction­thereof; local­ self­government­ in­ Armenia:­ laws­ on­ local­ b)­ ­ lack­ of­ transparency­ in­ the­ requirements­ self­government­ (adopted­ in­ 2002)­ and­ the­ law­ for­ election­ of­ peopleto­ leading­ positions­ in­ local­ on­ local­ self­government­ of­ Yerevan­ (adopted­ authorities; in­ 2008).­ These­ laws­ clearly­ define­ the­ rights,­ c)­ ­ high­ level­ of­ bureaucracy­ existing­ in­ the­ duties­ and­ responsibilities­ of­ local­ municipalities.
central­government; Legal­ supervision­ of­ the­ delegated­ rights­ of­ local­ d)­ unregulated­ salaries­ of­ persons­ employed­ in­ authorities­of­Armenia­is­carried­out­by­the­relevant­ local­government; central­bodies­in­accordance­with­the­law.­Existing­ e)­ ­ lack­ of­ criteria­ for­ determining­ a­ socio­ legislation­strictly­prohibits­the­central­government­ economic­status­in­local­government; from­interfering­in­the­activities­of­local­authorities f)­ duplication­ of­ functions­ of­ executive­ and­ The­activities­of­local­governments­in­the­budget,­ representative­bodies­of­local­self­government­and­ financial­ and­ economic­ spheres­ in­ Armenia­ are­ the­confusion­of­responsibility; regulated­by­the­1997­Law­on­the­Budget­System.­ g)­low­accountability­of­local­government­to­the­ This­ law­ defines­ the­ revenue­ sources­ of­ local­ public; budgets.
h)­ low­ degree­ of­ public­ participation­ in­ solving­ Despite­ the­ rights­ and­ powers­ of­ municipalities­ local­problems; provided­ for­ by­ the­ legislation­ of­ Armenia,­ the­ i)­ low­­ level­ support­ in­ address­ the­ community­ degree­of­their­independence­is­still­low,­the­criteria­ problems­of­the­local­population; for­appointment­to­executive­bodies,­as­well­as­the­ k)­ the­ absence­ of­ a­ short­term­ and­ long­term­ legal­ procedures­ for­ their­ dismissalare­ ineffective.­ development­strategy­of­local­self­government.
These­issues­are­a­serious­obstacle­and­cause­serious­ Consider­ the­ situation­ in­ some­ post­Soviet­ problems­for­the­further­development­of­local­self­ republics­from­the­point­of­view­of­the­development­ government­in­Armenia.

of­local­self­government.
Georgia.­ Since­ Georgia­ gained­ independence,­ Armenia.The­formation­of­local­self­government­ many­important­reforms­have­been­carried­out­in­ in­ Armenia­ was­ based­ on­ the­ constitution­ of­ the­ field­ of­ development­ of­ local­ self­government­ Armenia,­ adopted­ by­ referendum­ in­ 1995.­ The­ (since­ 1991),­ however,­ the­ level­ of­ budgetary­ Constitution­of­Armenia­has­a­separate­chapter­on­ independence­ of­ local­ self­government­ bodies­ local­self­government­and­its­legal­regulation.­It­also­ is­ very­ low­ and­ lags­ far­ behind­ the­ average­ level­ indicates­that­local­governments­play­an­important­ of­ local­ self­government­ in­ developed­ European­ role­ in­ nation­building.In­ 2005,­ significant­ countries.­One­of­the­main­problems­of­local­self­ amendments­ were­ made­ to­ the­ constitution,­ government­ in­ Georgia­ remains­ the­ mobilization­ defining­ the­ legal­ status­ of­ municipalities­ as­ of­ very­ small­ amounts­ of­ money­ from­ state­ taxes­ separate­legal­entities.­The­Constitution­and­other­ to­ local­ budgets.­ As­ of­ January­ 1,­ 2019,­ six­ taxes­ legal­acts­set­the­task­of­dividing­the­rights­between­ in­ Georgia­ are­ fully­ taxed­ in­ the­ budgets­ of­ local­ the­ center­ and­ municipalities­ and­ determining­ authorities,­ and­ the­ rest­ is­ mobilized­ from­ the­ 50 central­ budget,­ which­ is­ then­ returned­ to­ local­ budgets­ by­ means­ of­ various­ transfers.All­ of­ this,­ trjyjvbrehb ghjabkb7 1!
)7 @_!

)2Economic Profile, N19, 2019 in­ its­ turn,­ leads­ to­ an­ unfair­ distribution­ of­ total­ Although­ the­ legislation­ of­ Turkmenistan­ clearly­ revenues­ in­ local­ government­ budgets.­ Intensive­ defines­the­competence­of­local­authorities,­the­issue­ work­is­underway­to­clarify­the­distribution­of­state­ of­ administrative­ reform­ remains­ on­ the­ agenda.­ taxes­in­local­budgets­(Parliament­of­Georgia,­2019).
This­reform­should­make­the­attitude­of­the­central­ ­Turkmenistan.­The­history­of­the­development­ government­ to­ local­ authorities­ even­ more­ clear,­ of­ local­ self­government­ in­ the­ Republic­ of­ which­ultimately­will­ensure­a­clear­separation­of­ Turkmenistan­ covers­ more­ than­ 20­ years.­ The­ powers­between­the­Center­and­the­municipality.
Constitution­of­Turkmenistan­has­a­separate­chapter­ Kyrgyzstan.­ Much­ work­ has­ to­ be­ done­ in­ the­ on­local­self­government.­The­development­of­local­ field­ of­ developing­ local­ self­government­ in­ the­ self­government­and­the­substantial­strengthening­ Kyrgyz­Republic.­Despite­the­fact­that­the­republic­ of­its­independence­on­the­basis­of­the­law­and­by­ gained­ independence­ more­ than­ 20­ years­ ago,­ the­ laws­are­of­paramount­importance.­The­law­provides­ degree­ of­ independence­ of­ local­ governments­ is­ that­local­self­government­is­a­form­of­population­ low­ and­ urgently­ needs­ legislative­ changes­ and­ management­ that­ addresses­ issues­ that­ are­ not­ reforms.The­ separation­ of­ powers­ remains­ an­ within­the­competence­of­the­central­government.­ important­ issue­ which­ requires­ a­ clear­ separation­ The­principle­of­citizen­participation­is­best­ensured­ of­powers­between­the­Center­and­local­authorities.­ in­ solving­ local­ problems.­ Local­ governments­ are­ The­ legal­ regulation­ of­ local­ self­government­ is­ created­ on­ the­ basis­ of­ historical,­ national­ethnic,­ carried­out­by­the­Law­on­Local­Self­Government­ regional­ and­ environmental­ characteristics­ based­ of­ the­ Kyrgyz­ Republic.­ This­ law­ does­ not­ fully­ on­ the­ principle­ of­ decentralization,­ and­ this­ guarantee­ the­ independence­ of­ local­ authorities,­ approach­ is­ a­ step­ forward­ in­ the­ development­ of­ which­ significantly­ reduces­ the­ effectiveness­ of­ local­democracy.
the­activities­of­local­authorities­and­increases­the­ The­legislation­of­Turkmenistan­is­of­paramount­ degree­of­their­dependence­on­their­Centers.
importance­for­resolving­such­local­issues­as: Although­the­Kyrgyz­constitution­is­the­guarantor­ ­a)­­increased­­local­financial­resources; of­the­independence­of­the­country's­economy,­the­ b)­ providing­ trainings­ for­ local­ government­ stability­ of­ the­ country's­ economy­ as­ a­ whole­ is­ officials; almost­ unimaginable­ without­ the­ legal­ reform­ of­ ­c)­­significant­increase­in­local­ownership; local­ authorities,­ and­ fact,­ in­ turn,­ threatens­ the­ ­d)­improving­the­quality­of­local­medical­services; further­development­of­the­socio­economic­situation­ ­ e)­ improving­ the­ living­ conditions­ of­ the­ local­ in­the­country.­Currently,­the­central­government­ population.
of­ Kyrgyzstan­ is­ working­ on­ the­ development­ of­ The­ reform­ of­ local­ self­government­ in­ local­authorities.­Significant­legislative­changes­are­ Turkmenistan­began­with­the­adoption­of­the­Law­ being­ introduced,­ which­ should­ serve­ as­ the­ basis­ on­ Local­ Self­Government.­ The­ law­ states­ that­ for­increasing­the­independence­of­local­authorities­ local­government­is­a­form­of­decentralization­and­ in­Kyrgyzstan.
the­basic­rule­of­local­democracy.­Very­important­ Tajikistan.­ The­ development­ of­ local­ self­ is­ the­ transparency­ of­ local­ government­ and­ the­ government­ in­ Tajikistan­ is­ hindered­ by­ an­ accountability­ of­ officials­ to­ the­ public.­ The­ law­ clearly­defines­the­rights­and­powers­of­central­and­ local­authorities­during­the­delegation­of­authority.­ 51 trjyjvbrehb ghjabkb7 1!

)7 @_!
)2Economic Profile, N19, 2019 ineffective­ legislative­ framework,­ which­ is­ a­ cultural­ traditions­ of­ Russia,­ it­ will­ be­ impossible­ serious­ obstacle­ to­ the­ development­ of­ local­ self­ to­develop­local­authorities­without­the­support­of­ government.­ The­ activities­ of­ local­ governments­ the­ central­ government.The­ level­ of­ transparency­ are­ regulated­ by­ the­ Law­ on­ Local­ Governments­ of­the­work­of­local­government­officials­is­still­low,­ in­ Sattlements­ and­ Villages,­ adopted­ in­ 1994.In local­issues­are­not­resolved­together­with­citizens,­ 2005, a new constitutional law was adopted, namely budgetary­ independence­ of­ local­ self­government­ the Law on Local Government.
Despite the adopted is­low,­and­local­tax­revenues­are­not­diversified.

laws, a significant development of local government The­ issue­ of­ reforming­ local­ government,­ is still impossible.

There is currently a mixed form of requiring­ the­ adoption­ of­ special­ federal­ laws,­ is­ government in Kyrgyzstan.
Despite the collapse of the currently­ on­ the­ agenda­ in­ Russia.In­ accordance­ Soviet Union, the form of local government has not with­ the­ requirements­ of­ the­ Council­ of­ Europe­ changed, and the current rule is a continuation of the Standards,­ an­ important­ reform­ is­ necessary­ for­ one which existed before.Currently,­the­Government­ local­authorities,­which­should­provide­a­significant­ of­ Tajikistan­ is­ working­ on­ a­ reform­ of­ local­ self­ improvement­ in­ socio­economic­ conditions­ that­ government,­which­should­lead­to­significant­local­ will­ become­ the­ basis­ for­ resolving­ issues­ of­ local­ reforms,­ civic­ initiatives­ and­ increased­ citizen­ importance,­­will­increase­involvement­of­citizens­ participation­ in­ solving­ local­ problems.­ The­ andensure­ the­ irreversibility­ of­ the­ democratic­ Republic­of­Tajikistan­has­already­lost­a­lot­of­time,­ process­(Чихладзе,­2016:56) so­ urgent­ and­ effective­ implementation­ of­ local­ Kazakhstan.­ In­ Kazakhstan,­ local­ governments­ reforms­is­on­the­agenda.
are­part­of­the­central­executive­bodies.­According­ Russia.­ The­ development­ of­ local­ self­ to­ the­ current­ legislation,­ the­ prerogative­ of­ the­ government­in­Russia­has­been­of­great­importance­ central­government­is­to­support­­local­and­regional­ in­the­course­of­democratic­processes.­According­to­ authorities­and­generate­maximum­interest­of­local­ the­ Russian­ constitution,­ local­ self­government­ is­ residents.­ The­ president­ of­ the­ republic­ appoints­ the­main­institution­of­constitutional­construction­ special­ representatives­ in­ the­ regions,­ and­ the­ of­the­country.The Law “On General Principles of population­ votes­ for­ self­government­ at­ the­ local­ Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation” level.­The­government­has­focused­on­the­need­to­ , adopted in 2003, clearly defines the rights and reform­local­governments.­While­the­law­guarantees­ powers of local authorities, the need for citizens to the­independence­of­local­governments,­in­practice­ participate in resolving issues of local importance the­situation­is­completely­different:­municipalities­ and other important issues.
The main responsibilitie lack­ their­ own­ budget­ revenues,­ which­ makes­ of local governments is the need to implement it­ difficult­ to­ effectively­ resolve­ issues­ of­ local­ public administration and increase its effectiveness.

importanceand­negatively­affects­the­development­ Although­ the­ law­ defines­ the­ rights­ of­ local­ self­ processes­in­the­country­as­a­whole.
government,­ the­ degree­ of­ public­ activity­ of­ The­ government­ of­ Kazakhstan­ has­ developed­ citizens­is­still­very­low,­the­participation­of­citizens­ a­ strategy­ known­ as­ “Kazakhstan­2030,”­ which­ in­ resolving­ issues­ of­ local­ importance­ is­ still­ determines­ the­ need­ of­ a­ clear­ delineation­ of­ insignificant;­Due­to­the­legal,­socio­economic­and­ powers­between­the­Center­and­local­authorities.To­ 52 do­this,­it­is­necessary­to­improve­the­methodology­ of­central­and­local­self­government,­which­should­ trjyjvbrehb ghjabkb7 1!
)7 @_!

)2Economic Profile, N19, 2019 ensure­ the­ transfer­ of­ important­ powers­ from­ the­ c)­ there­ is­ no­ diversification­ of­ local­ income/ central­government­to­the­local­self­government.
revenue; Ukraine.­Ukraine­still­has­much­to­do­in­terms­of­ d)­ local­ governments­ do­ not­ seek­ additional­ the­development­of­local­self­government.­Despite­ budgetary­sources; the­ fact­ that­ the­ republic­ gained­ independence­ e)­the­procedure­for­calculating­transfers­to­local­ more­than­25­years­ago,­the­degree­of­independence­ authorities­is­practically­unclear; of­ local­ governments­ is­ low­ and­ urgently­ needs­ f)­ There­ are­ subjective­ approaches­ adopted­ by­ legislative­ changes­ and­ reforms.­ The­ issue­ of­ the­central­government­with­signs­of­nepotism; separation­of­powers­remains­a­serious­problem­in­ g)­self­government­bodies­do­not­actually­fulfill­ Ukraine.­It­is­important­to­improve­the­mechanisms­ their­legal­obligations­in­terms­of­creating­a­healthy­ of­legal­regulation­of­local­authorities.­The­degree­of­ environment­and­identifying­health­risk­factors; fiscal­ independence­ of­ local­ governments­ remains­ h)­ Strategic­ plans­ for­ the­ development­ of­ local­ a­ problem.­ There­ is­ no­ diversification­ of­ local­ governments­are­not­developed­at­the­local­level­and­ budget­ revenues,­ no­ employment­ criteria,­ signs­ do­not­­monitor­the­progress­of­the­implementation­ of­ nepotism­ are­ often­ observed­ at­ the­ central­ and­ of­these­plans; local­levels,­which­greatly­complicates­the­process­ i)­Citizens­do­not­control­the­expenses­incurred­ of­ reforming­ local­ authorities.The­ challenge­ is­ by­local­governments; becoming­ even­ more­ relevant­ today,­ as­ Ukraine­ j)­ Local­ budgets­ are­ often­ adopted­ without­ has­ set­ itself­ on­ a­ course­ to­ integration­ into­ the­ consulting­citizens; Euro­structures,­ which­ requires­ serious­ legislative­ o)­Features­of­self­government­are­not­taken­into­ changes­and­reforms­both­at­the­central­and­local­ account­when­preparing­the­budget; levels.­(Чихладзе,­2014:35) k)­ minorities­ use­ the­ experience­ of­ foreign­ At­present,­the­central­government­of­Ukraine­has­ developed­countries­to­ensure­the­development­of­ local­authorities­on­the­agenda­­in­the­framework­ municipalities; of­reform­and­positive­development,­we­hope­that­ l)­There­are­significant­problems­with­municipal­ laws­will­be­adopted­by­the­government­that­will­ procurement,­mainly­due­to­paralytic­legislation; make­a­significant­contribution­to­the­development­ m)­ There­ is­ confusion­ and­ overlap­ between­ of­ self­government,­ which­ ultimately­ will­ ensure­ the­ rights­ and­ obligations­ of­ central­ and­ local­ a­ significant­ increase­ in­ the­ independent­ socio­ governments; economic­situation.
n)­Local­authorities­do­not­use­the­experience­of­ The­ research­ showed­ that­ the­ problems­ faced­ friendly­cities­of­developed­European­countries­to­ by­ local­ governments­ in­ almost­ all­ post­Soviet­ improve­the­local­socio­economic­situation; republics­(except­the­Baltic­republics)­are­identical.­ o)­ Local­ governments­ do­ not­ identify­ In­particular: environmental­risks­and­develop­­green­economy; a)­ self­government­ bodies­ do­ not­ have­ the­ Consequently,­ self­government­ systems­ in­ necessary­ finances­ and­ independent­ levers­ to­ the­ former­ Soviet­ republics­ need­ urgent­ reform,­ manage­them; otherwise­ the­ gap­ between­ the­ central­ and­ local­ b)­criteria­for­appointment­to­senior­management­ authorities­ increases,­ which­ negatively­ affects­ the­ positions­are­almost­unclear; 53 trjyjvbrehb ghjabkb7 1!
)7 @_!

)2Economic Profile, N19, 2019 development­of­democratic­processes­as­a­whole.

implementation,­agree­to­cooperate­and­adopt­such­ The­ need­ for­ reform­ is­ also­ confirmed­ by­ the­ laws­that­should­ensure­the­independence­of­local­ European­ Charter­ of­ Local­ Self­Government,­ governments,­raise­their­requirementsaccording­to­ adopted­ in­ 1985,­ which­ clearly­ sets­ out­ the­ rights­ european­standards.
and­ obligations­ of­ those­ countries­ that­ recognize­ Research­ ­ and­ observations­ of­ the­ situation­ the­Charter­and­have­ratified­it­in­their­respective­ in­ the­ former­ Soviet­ states­ allow­ us­ to­ indicate: legislative­bodies.­In­particular,­the­preamble­to­the­ ­ a)­ Local­ government­ is­ a­ body­ that­ Charter­states­that: gives­ citizens­ the­ right­ to­ participate­ in­ ­­ The­member­states­of­the­Council­of­Europe­ planning­ and­ solving­ local­ problems; which­ have­ signed­ this­ Agreement­ shall­ take­ into­ ­­ b)­Local­government­is­a­form­of­government,­ account­ that­ the­ aim­ of­ the­ Council­ of­ Europe­ is­ which­means­that­the­power­belongs­to­the­people; to­ achieve­ greater­ unity­ among­ its­ members­ with­ ­c)­Local­government­is­a­form­of­government­that­ the­aim­of­upholding­the­ideals­and­principles­that­ exists­ in­ parallel­ with­ the­ central­ government; represent­their­common­heritage; ­ d)­ local­ government­ acts­ at­ its­ own­ ­­ Take­into­account­that­one­of­the­methods­to­ expense,­ at­ its­ own­ responsibility­ and­ risk; achieve­this­goal­is­the­conclusion­of­theagreements­ ­ e)­ local­ governments­ are­ obliged­ to­ carry­ in­the­field­of­management; out­ their­ activities­ openly/in­ public; ­­ Consider­ that­ local­ authorities­ are­ one­ of­ ­ f)­ self­government­ bodies­ should­ systematically­ the­key­pillars­of­any­democratic­regime; report­ to­ the­ population­ on­ their­ activities; ­­ Take­into­account­that­the­right­of­citizens­ ­ g)­ Local­ governments­ should­ periodically­ discuss­ to­ participate­ in­ the­ management­ of­ public­ affairs­ issues­with­citizens.
is­one­of­the­democratic­principles­common­to­all­ Only­after­fulfilling­the­above­criteria­will­it­be­ Council­of­Europe­member­states; possible­to­create­truly­independent­and­democratic­ ­­ Take­into­account­that­it­is­at­the­local­level­ self­governments,­and­their­work­will­be­based­on­ that­ this­ right­ can­ most­ effectively­ be­ exercised­ the­ same­ principles.­ If­ there­ will­ be­ no­ real­ local­ directly; authorities­and­mutual­trust­between­citizens,­then­ ­­ Are­ convinced­ that­ the­ existence­ of­ local­ in­ the­ former­ Soviet­ republics­ self­development­ authorities­ with­ real­ responsibility­ can­ ensure­ will­ be­ undermined,­ welfare­ and­ sustainable­ development­of­the­region­will­not­be­provided­for­ citizens (Chichinadze, ­2017:161) effective­and­close­citizenship; ­­ Recognize­ that­ the­ protection­ and­ strengthening­ of­ local­ self­government­ in­ various­ European­ countries­ is­ an­ important­ contribution­ to­ building­ ­ Europe­ based­ on­ the­ principles­ of­ democracy­and­decentralized­governance; ­­ This­ implies­ that­ local­ authorities­ that­ are­ empowered­ with­ decision­making­ rights­ are­ democratic­ bodies­ that­ have­ a­ wide­ degree­ of­ autonomy­ in­ their­ competence­ in­ terms­ of­ 54 trjyjvbrehb ghjabkb7 1!
)7 @_!

)2Economic Profile, N19, 2019 References: structures,­ therefore,­ it­ is­ extremely­ important­ for­ local­ authorities­ to­ develop­ a­ strategy­ that­ 1.­ Amstrong H., Taylor J.
(1994) Regional should­ ensure­ social­ and­ economic­ development­ Economics and policy; and­ increased­ level­ of­ competitivenessof­ 2.­ Chichinadze B., ­ (2017).­ ­ Problems­ and­ municipalitiesin­ the­ former­ Soviet­ republics.­ perspectives­of­local­self­government­development.­ For­ many­ years,­ there­ was­ no­ legislative­ base­ Kutaisi,­­Akaki­Tsereteli­State­University­Publishing­ that­ would­ ensure­ the­ further­ development­ of­ House; municipalities.­ The­ policy­ towards­ municipalities­ 3.­ Parliament of Georgia.
URL: www.
was­not­effective,­and­that­was­aggravated­by­­high­­ parliament.ge­ crime­rates­and­terrible­economic­situation­in­these­ 4.­ Чихладзе­ Л.­ (2014)­ Компетенция­ republics,­ ­ decrease­ in­ labor­ and­ entrepreneurial­ органов­ местного­ самоуправления­ и­ местного­ activity,­ which,­ in­ turn,­ negatively­ affected­ the­ в­ управления­ государствах­участниках­ Содружества­Независимых­Государств.­“Вестник Московского университета МВД России”, №1, 35 5.­ Чихладзе­ Л.­ (2016)­ Особенности­ российской­ модели­ местного­ самоуправления.­ “Правозащитник”,­№1,­56.
Boris Chichinadze Doctor­of­Economics,­Lecturer­­at­Kutaisi­Akaki­ Tsereteli­State­University,­Georgia borkach@mail.ru FEATURES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF SELF-GOVERNMENT IN THE FORMER SOVIET REPUBLICS SUMMARY After­the­collapse­of­the­Soviet­Union,­one­of­the­ most­acute­problems­in­the­post­socialist­republics­ was­the­formation­and­strengthening­of­local­self­ government.­ Over­ the­ past­ two­ decades,­ several­ models­ of­ development­ have­ been­ selected­ and­ some­positive­steps­have­been­taken,­but­the­actual­ development­of­local­governments­has­failed.
The­need­for­self­development­is­now­particularly­ acute,­ since­ most­ post­socialist­ stateshave­ set­ themselves­on­a­course­to­integration­into­the­Euro­ development­ of­ municipalities­ and­ made­ their­ activities­unpredictable.­ 55 trjyjvbrehb ghjabkb7 1!

)7 @_!

)2Economic Profile, N19, 2019