Source document: https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1698135985670.pdf (Malta)
Health Committee Meeting 12 Document 27 Legal Age of Sexual Consent Dr Joanne Cassar Empirical Research 2 Sexual activity amongst Maltese 16 year olds According to the national survey Sexual Knowledge, Attitudes and Behaviours, conducted by the Ministry of Health (2012): -Amongst 329 adolescents aged 16 to 18 years, 41% report having had sexual intercourse.

* -Amongst the sexually active population, age at first intercourse is lowest amongst the 16 to 18 year olds at 15 years.
*Data weighting was applied to ensure survey results are representative for the population.
Once you had sex it is harder to say "no" the next time Amongst the 16-18 years olds: Strongly agree: 23.8% Agree: 41.9% Total: 65.7% 4 Most of my close friends have had sexual intercourse Amongst the 16-18 years olds: Strongly agree: 18.8% Agree: 37.5% Total: 56.3% 5 Main reasons for first sexual intercourse Amongst the 16-18 years olds, who were sexually active: 47.5% - I was in love 44.7% - Natural step to follow in the relationship 25.4% - I felt I was the right age 21.5% - I was curious 15.2% - I wanted to lose my virginity 12.4% - I got carried away 10% - Friends are all doing it 8.3% - I gave into my partner’s wishes 3.4% - I was under the influence of alcohol/drugs 0.7% - It was physically forced on me 6 You should be in love before you have sexual intercourse Amongst the 16-18 years olds: Strongly agree: 47.5% Agree: 35% Total: 82.5% 7 Use of contraception during first sexual intercourse Amongst the 16-18 years olds, who were sexually active: 41.6% - Condom 36.4% - None 22.1% - Withdrawal 5.2% - Pill 1.3% - Intra-Uterine Method 1.3% - Natural Family Planning 8 How easy is it to talk about contraception with the person you have sexual intercourse with Amongst the 16-18 years olds, who were sexually active: Very easy: 32.5% Quite easy: 42.9% Total: 75.4% Have you ever had unprotected sex because you were drinking or using drugs Amongst the 16-18 years olds, who were sexually active: YES - 21.1% 10 The Maltese National Sexual Health Policy (2010) “Research has shown that the likelihood of young people engaging in unplanned intercourse increased with higher alcohol use.
“The likelihood of engaging in unprotected sex and/ or having multiple sexual partners appears to be consistently high amongst adolescents who frequently drank until they reached a state of inebriation.
for girls, weekly drunkenness-related Particularly drinking was associated with multiple partners.” Number of sexual partners in last 6 months Amongst the 16-18 years olds: 56.8% - 1 sexual partner 20.3% - None 10.8% - 3-5 sexual partners 9.5% - 2 sexual partners 2.7% - 6 sexual partners or more 12 Sexually acquired infections Amongst the 16-18 years olds: •Do you know what a Genitourinary (GU) clinic is?
YES 47.4% •Have you ever been told by a nurse/doctor/midwife that you had a sexually acquired infection?

YES 7.6% In some studies, earlier age of sexual debut was consistently associated with SAI prevalence among adolescent males and females.

Teenage Pregnancy •32 babies were born to mothers aged 16 or under in 2011.

* •The highest rates registered in the southern harbour (14), followed by the northern harbour area (6).
* *National Statistics Office 14 Desired feature of sexual health services Amongst the 16-18 years olds: Advice on relationships 44.8% - Very important 42.9% - Quite important Total: 87.7% Pregnancy testing/Unplanned pregnancy counselling 54.8%- Very important 39.4%- Quite important Total: 94.2% 15 LEGAL AGE OF SEXUAL CONSENT EUROPEAN COUNTRIES Spain Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Estonia, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Liechtenstein, Macedonia, Montenegro, Portugal, San Marino, Serbia Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Greece, Iceland, Monaco, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden Andorra, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Finland, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Netherlands, Northern Cyprus, Norway, Russia, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom Cyprus, Ireland Malta, Turkey, Vatican City 16 Some Pertinent Issues 17 Adolescents in Malta are not homogeneous The appropriate age for sexual initiation differs from one adolescent to another.
Sexual readiness occurs at different ages.

For a number of Maltese teenagers having sex at age 16 might be considered normal but for others it is unthinkable, terrifying even, as they simply: -don’t know how to go about it, -they do not feel ready to do it -they do not want to.

Consequently a significant number of adolescents ‘postpone’ sexual initiation up until their mid twenties or later.

18 What factors influence the onset of sexual activity?
-Overall dominant cultural and social norms -Family background and upbringing -Peer culture and peer pressure -Personal, religious values and moral reasoning -Media -Sexuality education -Personality (self-esteem, feeling shy etc.)

-Maturity level 19 Consent -Not all teenagers understand the implications that the sexual acts they give consent to might have on their life and wellbeing.

-Not all teenagers know that they have the right not to give consent.
Not all teenagers know what sexual health and wellbeing entail.

-Not all teenagers would have planned to engage in sex, when it actually happens.

20 Consent The OPPOSITE is also the case.

There are 16 year old adolescents who: -are capable of sound decision making, which benefits their sexual well being.

-know what they want or what they don’t want in terms of their sexuality.
21 Sexual activity, which feels right Sexual activity, which feels right for 16 year old teenagers, could be considered part of their growth and development.

Their exploration of human sexuality could help them identity, as they establish a greater sense of experience satisfaction through sexual intimacy and closer interpersonal relationships.

From this perspective, criminalising these teenagers for considered sexual their inappropriate.
behaviour, might be 22 Sexual exploitation -Younger adolescents might be at a greater risk of sexual exploitation than older adolescents, since they might lack the maturity needed to handle the responsibility of becoming sexually active and make safe sexual health decisions.

to Maltese forced sexual -According behaviour onto another person of any age is illegal.
Sexual criminal actions together with their punishments are listed in the Criminal Code (1854), Title VII, Of Crimes affecting the Good order of Families.

legislation, -Adolescents might not be aware of implications surrounding sexual activity.

legal rights and obligations regarding their the 23 Significant age difference between the sexual partners -Significantly older sexual partners do not necessarily sexually coerce 16 year old minors.
-Yet there is some research showing that teenage girls with older partners are more likely to become pregnant than those with partners closer in age.

-Perhaps the law can make it illegal for sexual partners to be older than say 10 years than their partner.

This could however be taken to mean that one is discriminating against the older partners because of age.
24 The protection of minors -In view of potential harm that sexual activity at 16 years might entail, the possible introduction of legislation to decrease the minimum age of sexual consent to 16, needs to ensure that those teenagers who are most vulnerable and particularly at risk of being sexually exploited or assaulted, are safeguarded and protected.

-HOW?

25 The protection of minors (i) Sexual health clinics administered through the Health Promotion Unit and NGOs.
are services address medical, to “All psychological, ethical and social needs in as user friendly a manner as possible, including the development of outreach services for clients, particularly those with special needs.

“All services are to be evidence-based, which will include the use of standard national guidelines developed by authorized entities..” National Sexual Health Policy 26 Sexuality education (ii) Sexuality education in schools, youth hubs, youth centres, media etc.
The provision of an effective sexuality education is a right.
“Wellings et al.32 had examined the relation between sexuality education and early sexual experience with a sample of 18,876 British participants and concluded that the data provided no significant evidence to support the prevalent concern that provision of school sex education might hasten the onset of sexual experience.” National Sexual Health Policy Sexuality education A review of 53 studies to examine the impact of HIV/AIDS education on young people’s sexual behaviour concluded that: “The overwhelming majority of reports reviewed in methodology, […] regardless of variations investigation, and year of countries under publication, the contention that sexual health education encourages experimentation or increases sexual activity.“ little support found for National Sexual Health Policy 28 Sexuality education “Using data from a nationally representative survey among 2019 never-married males and females aged 15–19 years in the United States, that sexuality and Mueller et al.
relationships education had effectively reduced adolescent sexual risk behaviours when provided before sexual initiation.” found National Sexual Health Policy Sexuality education “Another recent comprehensive review of studies that comprehensive programmes suggests may actually delay sexual intercourse and sexually increase transmitted unplanned teenage pregnancies… The evidence strongly suggests that comprehensive sexuality education does not hasten the onset or increase sexual activity” against and protection infections National Sexual Health Policy A balancing act… A proposed legislation needs to: (i) safeguard young persons from sexual dysfunction, exploitation and abuse (ii)legitimise their sexual expression, which makes them who they are, as they transition towards young adulthood.
31 References -Ministry of Health (2012), Sexual Knowledge, Attitudes and Behaviours.

Malta: Ministry of Health.

Health -National Policy:https://ehealth.gov.mt/healthportal/news.aspx?newsid =361 Sexual