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Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecologically Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka ENVIS Technical report: 176 Sahyadri Conservation Series: 106 May 2021 Sahyadri- Western Ghats Biodiversity, Ecology and Environment Environmental Information System [ENVIS-RP], Centre for Ecological Sciences, CES TE 15, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012 Web: http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy/; http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/biodiversity Email: tvr@ iisc.ac.in; energy.ces@ iisc.ac.in ENVIS Technical Report 176, SCR 106, ENVIS, CES, IISc 2021 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka T V Ramachandra Bharath Setturu ENVIS Technical report 176 Sahyadri Conservation Series 106 Citation: Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 Environmental Information System [ENVIS], MoEFCC Sahyadri- Western Ghats Biodiversity, Ecology and Environment Environmental Information System [ENVIS-RP], Centre for Ecological Sciences, TE 15 New Bioscience Building, Third Floor, E Wing Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy, http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/biodiversity Email: tvr@iisc.ac.in, energy.ces@iisc.ac.in, envis.ces@iisc.ac.in Note: The views expressed in the publication [ETR176, SCR 106] are of the authors and not necessarily reflect the views of either the publisher, funding agencies or of the employer (Copyright Act, 1957; Copyright Rules, 1958, The Government of India).
ii ENVIS Technical Report 176, SCR 106, ENVIS, CES, IISc 2021 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka T V Ramachandra Bharath Setturu ENVIS Technical report 176 Sahyadri Conservation Series 106 Citation: Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 CONTENT PAGE NO Research Highlights Executive Summary Introduction Materials and Method Results Ecologically Sensitive Regions 1 2 3 4 Annexure Flora of the district Fauna of the district 1 2 4 7 19 24 34 95 Energy & Wetlands Research Group, Centre for Ecological Sciences, TE 15 New Bioscience Building, Third Floor, E Wing Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560012, India http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy; http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/biodiversity E Mail: tvr@iisc.ac.in, envis.ces@iisc.ac.in Note: The views expressed in the publication [ETR176, SCR 106] are of the authors and not necessarily reflect the views of either the publisher, funding agencies or of the employer (Copyright Act, 1957; Copyright Rules, 1958, The Government of India).
ii Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR 176 2021 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka Research Highlights • Ecological sensitivity or fragility refers to permanent and irreparable loss of extant life forms or significant damage to the natural processes of evolution and speciation with the alterations in the ecological integrity of a region.
• Ecological sensitive regions at decentralised levels in Udupi district has been identified by considering composite metric based on bio, geo, hydro, climatic and ecological factors with the social aspects, which were compiled at grid levels (5’x5’ grids or 9 x 9 km) through grid based natural environment survey at representative grids and the extensive literature review for the information at district level.

• LULC changes leading to deforestation has altered the landscape structure.
• Decline in forest cover during 1990-2020 with an increase in urban and open surfaces.

Horticulture plantations increased from 36.82 % (1990) to 42.39% (2020), • Conversion of agricultural land to commercial uses, all along the major highways has increased the built-up area from 0.22% to 9.22%.

• Fragmentation analysis shows a decline in interior forests and an increase of non-forest areas.

Temporal land surface temperature analysis across LU categories shows an increase of land surface temperature.
It has been observed that urban areas show an increase in maximum temperature.

• Bio-Geo climatic, ecological and social attributes were used for prioritizing and identification of ESR regions at disaggregated levels (grids).

• Ecological Sensitive Regions analysis highlights that Udupi one of the coastal districts shows, spatially 15% of the area represents ESR 1, while 31% of the area represents ESR 2.

42% of the area represents ESR 3 and about 12% of the area is in ESR 4.
• ESR 2 regions have sensitivity similar to ESR 1 and have the potential to become ESR 1 with appropriate eco-restoration strategies.

The level of eco-sensitiveness has a direct impact on temperature with a correlation of 0.69 across eco-sensitive regions in Udupi.
© Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 1 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR 176 2021 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka Executive Summary Ecological sensitivity or fragility refers to permanent and irreparable loss of extant life forms or significant damage to the natural processes of evolution and speciation with the alterations in the ecological integrity of a region.
The comprehensive knowledge of ecological fragility of a region is quintessential for evolving strategies of conservation.
This entails understanding factors responsible for ecological sentiveness and also visualization of future growth to overcome the problems of haphazard and uncontrolled development approaches This has been done through assessment of LULC dynamics using temporal remote sensing data along with the field data and predicted future scenarios of transformation, which helps in the development of appropriate management strategies.
Prioritization of Ecological Sensitive Regions in the district was done at decentralized levels (dividing the region into 5’x5’ grids) by using geo- climatic, ecological, hydrologic and social variables.

Biodiversity Act (2002) Government of India empowers Biodiversity Management Committees at each panchayat for prudent management of natural resources at decentralised levels.

The spatial extent of grids (5’×5’ or 9 km × 9 km), is approximately equivalent to a panchayat.
This framework also helps in geospatial analyses by overlaying the collateral data available at decentralised levels.

These grids corresponds to (i) the Survey of India topographic maps of scale 1:50,000 and (ii) the spatial extent of each grid correspond to a panchayat, an administrative unit for the decentralised level of governance with an organized monitoring system for conservation of the region.

Forests are a major source for a wide range of goods (timber, fuelwood, non-timber forest produce, etc.)
and services that are critical to support people’s livelihood support and economy.

Unregulated changes in forests through unplanned developmental activities contributing to a rapid depletion of forest cover thereby threatening their sustenance.

In this context, the region is prioritized as ESR 1, ESR 2, ESR 3 and ESR 4 for sustainable management of ecologically fragile regions.

ESR 1 & ESR 2 are the no-go area with respect to developments and ESR 4 is referred as the least possible eco-sensitive region.
The Community-based Conservation (CBC) of ESR 2 & 3 © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 2 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR 176 2021 is proposed for conservation of biological diversity (or wildlife) involving local communities in decision-making.
This approach would aid in the improvement of local ecology.

The impacts of unplanned developmental activities are evident from barren hill tops, reduced number of rainy days, the conversion of perennial streams to seasonal ones, frequent occurrence of land slides, lowered agriculture productivity, etc.

which necessitates conservation of fragile ecosystems to support local livelihoods .
A landscape refers to an ecological space with a mosaic of heterogeneous elements, and structure (composition and configuration) determines ecosystem functions and hence resources availability.

Alteration in the landscape structure with fragmentation would lead to loss of habitat and biodiversity.

Landscape dynamics with changes occurring in the physical space are driven by either natural or induced by humans.
Landscape dynamics operating along with a broad range of temporal and spatial scales changes the stability, persistence, resistance, resilience, and recovery properties of a landscape.

Understanding landscape dynamics are crucial for prudent management of natural resources (land, water, etc.)

and conservation.

Landscape dynamics has a crucial significance in ecological processes at social, economic and ecological health of individuals.
However, unplanned developmental activities have been affecting the sustenance of natural resources evident from the barren hilltops, conversion of perennial streams to the seasonal streams threatening water security, loss of topsoil threatening food security, etc.
Rapid unsustainable development during the post industrialization and globalization era has led to the reduction of natural spaces with an exponential increase in pervious surfaces and burgeoning population has led to changes in local climate and formation of urban heat islands.

Due to the increase in urban areas, paved surfaces and loss of green belts, there has been an increase in land surface temperature.
The current study prioritizes villages in the Udupi district, Central Western Ghats based on ecological sensitiveness based on ecological, geo-climatic, land and social prospects.

Ecological Sensitive Regions are the distinct ecological units with exceptional biotic and abiotic elements which need at most care and sustainable development.
Unplanned developmental activities altering the landscape structure impacts the sustenance of natural resources evident from barren hilltops, conversion of perennial streams to seasonal ones, increase in the land surface temperature, etc.

This necessitates prudent management of natural resources.

In this regard, a spatial decision support system will aid in the decision making with a better understanding of the landscape dynamics to ensure sustainable development.
Multivariate statistical analysis is done to understand the © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 3 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR 176 2021 role of landscape dynamics on the land surface temperature.
The analyses of landscape dynamics using the temporal remote sensing data in Udupi district, Karnataka State reveal an increase in built-up areas by 2.68%, which also resulted in the increase in maximum temperature by 4˚C in Udupi district during 1990-2018.

The correlation analysis shows an increasing trend of LST across the ESR region with r2= 0.64 where ESR 1 shows the lowest temperature and ESR 4 has the maximum temperature.
1.0 Introduction Ecosystems are the distinct biological entities that connect biotic (living organisms) with the abiotic (nonliving) components (Fosberg, 1963; Lindeman 1942)., interacting as a system and characterized by a range of functions: nutrient cycling, bio-geochemical cycle, hydrological cycling, etc.

They provide a range of goods and services that are essential for human well- being, health, livelihood, and survival.
Ecosystem goods include food, fiber, freshwater, biochemical and genetic resources, etc.

Services provided by an ecosystem with the regulation of ecosystem processes are air quality regulation, climate regulation, water purification, disease control etc.

The goods and services provided by ecosystems sustain the livelihood of people and the extent of support depends on the conditions or health and spatial extent of the respective ecosystems.
Humans have been altering the integrity of the ecosystem evident from one third of the earth’s land surface turned into croplands and pastures with the decline of natural areas (Houghton 1994).

This necessitates an understanding of landscape dynamics to formulate effective management policies and sustain goods and services (Reid et al., 2000).

Land use and land cover (LULC) information are vital for understanding the ecosystem and interactions of human activities.
LU changes caused by anthropogenic activities lead to alteration in landscape dynamics causing various changes in biogeochemical cycles.

Thus, plays an important role in global climate change (Ramachandra et al., 2018).

LC relates to the type of physical features (vegetation, non-vegetation) present on the earth surface.

LU relates to the human activity or economic function associated with a specific piece of land, for example – agriculture, horticulture, forest, etc.

(Lillesand et al., 2004).


Landscape structure (size, shape and configuration) decides its functional aspects such as bio-geo chemical cycling and hydrological regimes.

Alteration in the structure of a landscape either due to natural or anthropogenic activities, affects the processes such as hydrologic regime, ecology, biodiversity, etc.

(Vinay et al., 2017).
Anthropogenic activities leading to large-scale © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 4 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR 176 2021 alterations in LULC have been affecting the environment at a global scale.
Escalated deforestation to cater the growing demands with industrialization and globalization has been contributing to global climate changes with the alteration of biogeochemical cycles.

During the last three decades, there has been a substantial reduction in the spatial extent of forests with globalization and the subsequent opening of Indian markets (Bharath et al., 2017).

Forests constitute vital ecosystems covering about 30% of the Earth's surface.
Forest cover changes, especially due to unplanned anthropogenic activities (Huang et al., 2008), have widespread effects on the provision of ecosystem services towards human welfare.

As pressure on forest cover is increasing due to human interventions, there has been a growing concern to mitigate deforestation through monitoring at global and regional scales (Kuemmerle et al., 2007).
Vegetation in forest ecosystem plays a significant role in mitigating carbon in the atmosphere through sequestration during photosynthesis (Hansen et al., 2010).

Forests provide ecological, economic, and social services to human society, including the provision of food, refuges for biodiversity, regulation of the hydrologic cycle, medicinal, and forest products, recreational uses, protection of soil resources, and spiritual needs.
Forests play a decisive role in the hydrologic cycle through evapotranspiration which cools climate through feedbacks with clouds and precipitation.

The ratio of evapotranspiration to available energy is generally low in native forests compared to croplands or monoculture plantations (Bonan et al., 2008).

Vegetation cover in forests is a product of the long-term interaction of geomorphological features, hydrological conditions, soil type, climate change, and human activities (Zhu et al., 2012).
It helps in modulating the ecosystem through water retention, atmospheric circulation, and terrestrial soil stability, and maintains the balance of an ecosystem.

(Leilei et al., 2014; Liu et al., 2009).

Therefore, quantification of spatial extent and conditions of an ecosystem provide insights into LULC changes which will aid in natural resources management (Hansen et al., 2000).
Changes in the LU involving degradation of forests has resulted in the increase in land surface temperature (LST), which is the radiative skin temperature of the earth’s surface.

It is one of the key elements representing the integrated features of land atmosphere physical and dynamic processes (Shwetha et al., 2016).

Land surface temperature and emissivity aid in understanding energy budget estimation (Chakraborty et al., 2015).
© Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 5 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR 176 2021 Emissivity is the ratio of energy radiated from a material's surface to that radiated from a blackbody (a perfect emitter) at the same temperature and wavelength at the same viewing conditions.
The emissivity of a surface depends not only on the material but also on the nature of the surface.

Estimating LST using emissivity as a parameter provides accurate information with appropriate calibration of land use land cover changes (Bharath et al., 2013).

Conventionally, Land Surface Temperature (LST) is measured from the direct ground measurement.
The advancement in satellite remote sensing, land surface temperature is estimated using the data of thermal infrared bands by either split-window algorithms or mono window algorithms or radiative transfer equation (Bakar et al., 2016; Mujabar et al., 2018; Estoque et al., 2017; Asgarian et al., 2014 Danodia et al., 2018; Kumari et al., 2018; Kayet et al., 2016).
Urbanization is a dominant demographic trend, marked by the process of change in land use, causing the transition from a rural to a more urban society.

As an increment in urban land use, it reflects the loss of vegetation, agricultural land, open space, etc.

This has prompted investigation of the causes and consequences of LULC by mapping and modeling landscape patterns, and dynamics (Ramachandra and Bharath, 2018).
Hence, land use change analysis has become a prerequisite for managing and monitoring ecosystem and environmental changes.

Humans depend either directly or indirectly on forests to an extent of 80% in the developing world.

Altering the ecological integrity would impact the ecological goods and services affecting the livelihood of the dependent population (Ramachandra et al., 2016).
The conservation and sustainable management of ecosystems are the vital components in the pursuit of ecologically sound, economically viable, and socially acceptable development goals (Ramachandra et al., 2018; Ramachandra and Bharath, 2021).

This entails identifying eco- sensitive regions and their preservations.
Eco-sensitive area refers not only to ecologically sensitive areas or ecologically fragile areas but also ecologically significant areas for their ecological, biological, cultural, economic and historical values and is protected by government regulations.

(Gadgil et al., 2011).

The increased exploitation of natural resources and large- scale landscape transformations have led to the degradation of the ecosystem.
The process of decision making should mandatorily include the importance of the intact ecosystems for the sustenance of natural resources to meet the present as well as the future needs (Ramachandra et al., 2016).

The main objective of the current study is to prioritize ecologically sensitive areas in Udupi district, Karnataka State, India, and understand the linkages of LST with LU and ecologically sensitive regions.
© Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 6 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR 176 2021 2.0 Materials and Method 2.1 Study area: Udupi district was created in August 1997 by bifurcating three taluks viz, Udupi, Kundapur, and Karkala from the undivided parent district of Dakshina Kannada and accounts for 1.9% of the total population of the State.
It is located in the coastal region at the foot of the Western Ghats running along the West Coast of Karnataka.

It shares its boundary with Uttara Kannada district in north and Dakshina Kannada district in southern direction lying between 13°04' and 13°59' N latitude and 74°35' and 75°12' E longitude (Figure 1.1).

Geographically, the districts have a total area of 3582 square kilometers and is divided into three sub-districts namely Kundapura, Udupi, and Karkal.
It has large tracks of tropical evergreen forest called Western Ghats forest which is one of the biodiversity hot spots in the world which covers an area of 100102 hectares and is equally distributed in all taluks.

Figure 1.1 Geographic location- Udupi District The district is blessed with abundant rainfall, fertile soil, and lush vegetation.

Pristine beaches, picturesque mountain ranges, temple towns, and rich culture make it a famous tourist destination.
It is well known for Yakshagana- a fabulous costumed dance-drama form, Kambala- the sport of buffalo racing by farmers, Kori-katta (Cock Fight), and Bootha Kola.

It is called the hub for Cashew Processing Industries and outsourcing companies.

The district has a coastal line of about 100 km length with rich marine output and beautiful beaches, abundant religious and spiritual centres.
In the north, particularly in the Kundapura taluk, the Western © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 7 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR 176 2021 Ghats are nowhere more than 40 km from the sea and at one point there is an extent of only about 10 km.
of plain land and at that point, the northern boundary of this district and the southern boundary of the Uttara Kannada district meet.

The northern portion has steep mountainous cliffs while the southern portion has parallel ridges intersected by deep valleys.

The most important mountains are the peak of Kodachadri, about 27 km from Kundapura, which is 1,341 meters (4,400 feet) high.
Forest cover: The slopes of the Western Ghats are endowed with dense forests containing valuable species including timber and fuelwood.

The heavy rainfall in the district stimulates the growth of forests, which sometimes, begin with a few kilometers of the seacoast.

Generally, the dense forest begins about 30 to 40 km from the coast.

The region is naturally blessed with evergreen, semi-evergreen and moist forests which totals approximately about 27.9 percent of the total geographical area (DCMSME, 2011).
Dense forest areas are prevalent in Kundapura and Karkal taluks.

The important timber trees are the teak, rosewood, ben teak (Tectona grandis), kiral bhogi (Hopea parviflora, Dipterocarpaceae family), Matti (Terminalia tomentosa; Terminalia arjuna), Maavu (Mangifera indica), and Kaadu halasu (Artocarpus hirsutus ).

Portuguese introduced pineapple (Ananas comosus) in the district which is now cultivated throughout the district.
Turmeric (Curcuma longa) is essentially found in the Karkal taluk and is cultivated in small patches in the district.

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.

), cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum), plantains (Musa acuminata, Musa balbisiana, Musa × paradisiaca), pepper (Piper nigrum) are some of the important crops which are grown in the district.

River and Drainage: The main drainage network is in the westward of the district.
The rivers and streams of the district flow from east to west as the Western Ghats are located in the eastern part of the district.

Varahi, Gangolli, Sitandi and Swarna are the important rivers.

These rivers are perennial whereas tributaries and smaller streams are seasonal and become dry during summer.

The prevailing high gradient in the hilly terrain and heavy rainfall bring a great volume of water in these rivers during the monsoon.
All these rivers join the Arabian Sea and are prone to tidal effects to considerable lengths in the inland area.

Lithology and soil: The soils of the district are derived from the coastal strips.

Laterite soil is the dominated soil characterized by a high iron and aluminium content (Figure 1.2).
This soil type occurs usually in heavy rainfall zone and is suitable for crops such as paddy, sugarcane, © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 8 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR 176 2021 areca nut, coconut, cardamom and plantains.
Valleys and ravines in the district contain fertile alluvial soil.

The district contains recent and sub-recent deposits and lateritic formations.

The older metamorphic rocks constitute mainly the Dharwars which are represented by the banded ferruginous quartzite and by the talc and hornblende schist (Figure 1.3).

Figure1.2.

Soil map of Udupi Figure1.3.

Lithology map of Udupi Rainfall: Udupi district gets an annual rainfall of 4000 mm.
The district falls under the coastal agro-climatic zone and has a good network of registered rain gauge stations:14 in Kundapura taluk, 9 in Karkal taluk, and 5 in Udupi taluk.

Mainly the rainy season starts from June and lasts till September end.

The rainfall increases from the coast towards the Western Ghats on the eastern border of the district (figure 1.4).

More than 85% of the annual rainfall is in the southwest monsoon season and the heaviest rainfall is during July.

Figure1.4.
Spatial variability of rainfall in Udupi © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 9 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR 176 2021 Climate and Temperature: The climate is marked by heavy rainfall, high humidity, and sticky weather in the hot seasons.
The hot season is from March to May, followed by the Southwest monsoon season, October and November are post-monsoon seasons and December to February are the northeast monsoon, although the rains cease after December and the rest of the season is generally dry.

May is the hottest month during which the maximum temperature reaches up to 40˚C and the minimum stays around 22˚C.
The weather in the district is well suited for the cultivation of paddy and for raising plantation crops like Areca nut, Coconut, and Banana on the slopes of hills and in the valleys.

The district is endowed with hot moist subhumid and hot humid wherein the region experiences warm summer and cool and dry winters.

2.2 Data 2.2.1 Remote Sensing data Landsat products: Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) data of 1990 and Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) of 2018, were used in the study (table 2.2.1).
Table 2.2.1.

Spatial data used for land use analyses Sl.No.

Dataset Year Source 1.

2.

LANDSAT 4– 5 TM 1990 https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov LANDSAT – 8 OLI & TIRS 2018 https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov Cloud free data of bands 1-5 and 7 with a spatial resolution of 30 m, and the thermal infrared band (band 6) of spatial resolution of 120m for Landsat 5 TM and 100m for Landsat 8 OLI images.
The Landsat data all bands including the thermal band were registered to a common Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system and resampled to 30 m using the nearest neighbor algorithm.

Description of the data used for the study are as follows: Landsat 5 TM: The Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) sensors (Landsat 4 and Landsat 5), and images consist of six spectral bands (Table 2.2.2) with a spatial resolution of 30 meters for Bands 1-5 and 7, and one thermal band (Band 6).
TM Band 6 was acquired at 120-meter resolution, and all these are resampled to 30-meter pixels.

Bands 2, 3 and 4 i.e., green, red, and near infrared bands were used for LU classification for false color composition.

Band 6 i.e., the thermal band was used for estimation of Land surface temperature using mono window algorithm.
© Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 10 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR 176 2021 Table 2.2.2. data details of Landsat 5 TM Band Number 1 – Blue 2 – Green 3 – Red 4 - Near Infrared (NIR) 5 - Shortwave Infrared (SWIR) 1 6 – Thermal 7 - Shortwave Infrared (SWIR) 2 Wavelength (in µm) Resolution (in m) 0.45-0.52 0.52-0.60 0.63-0.69 0.76-0.90 1.55-1.75 10.40-12.50 2.08-2.35 30 30 30 30 30 120* (30) 30 Landsat 8 OLI and TIRS: The data consist of nine spectral bands with a spatial resolution of 30 meters for Bands 1 to 7 and 9 (Table 2.2.3).
The ultra-blue Band 1 is useful for coastal and aerosol studies.

Band 9 is useful for cirrus cloud detection.

The resolution for Band 8 (panchromatic) is 15 meters.

Thermal bands 10 and 11 are useful in providing more accurate surface temperatures and are collected at 100 meters but products are resampled to 30-meter pixels.

Bands 3, 4 and 5 i.e.

green, red, and near infrared bands were used for LU classification for false color composition.
Band 10 i.e., thermal band was used for estimation of Land surface temperature using mono window algorithm.

Table 2.2.3.
Data details of Landsat 8 OLI Band Number 1 - Ultra Blue (coastal/aerosol) Wavelength (in µm) 0.435 - 0.451 Resolution (in m) 30 2 – Blue 3 – Green 4 – Red 5 - Near Infrared (NIR) 6 - Shortwave Infrared (SWIR) 1 7 - Shortwave Infrared (SWIR) 2 8 – Panchromatic 9 – Cirrus 10 - Thermal Infrared (TIRS) 1 11 - Thermal Infrared (TIRS) 2 0.452 - 0.512 0.533 - 0.590 0.636 - 0.673 0.851 - 0.879 1.566 - 1.651 2.107 - 2.294 0.503 - 0.676 1.363 - 1.384 10.60 - 11.19 11.50 - 12.51 30 30 30 30 30 30 15 30 100 * (30) 100 * (30) 2.2.2 Field data: Field data of LU were collected for classification and validation of classified LU and Land Surface Temperature.
The data from Google Earth for various classes like forest, plantation, agriculture, urban, water and open spaces were collected and used during analysis and validation.
© Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 11 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR 176 2021 For air temperature, ground data of 2018 was taken from KSNDMC (Karnataka State Natural Disaster Monitoring Centre).
Karnataka has the distinction of establishing country’s first Drought Monitoring Cell (DMC and later KSNDMC since 2007) in 1988 as an institutional mechanism affiliated with Department of Science and Technology.

2.2.3.

Global meteorological forcing dataset for land surface modeling: Global air temperature data (at 2 m from ground based on climate modeling grid of 0.25) is used for the validation of LST maps for 1990.
A 10 km, the daily meteorological dataset of 0.25 deg grid is used for the validation of LST of 1990.

The dataset is based on the NCEP‐NCAR reanalysis (NNR- https://psl.noaa.gov/data/gridded/data.ncep.reanalysis.pressure.html#) merged with the University of East Anglia Climate Research Unit (CRU) monthly gridded temperature product and the NASA Langley Surface Radiation Budget (SRB- https://asdc.larc.nasa.gov/ project/SRB) product.
The data are available in ‘netcdf’ format with one file per variable per year.

2.2.4.

Population data: Population data of 1901 and 2001 of Census of India (https://censusindia.gov.in/) and projected population of 2011.

2.2.5.

Geological data: Geological data such as soil, lithology, and agro-ecological zones were obtained from ICAR- NBSS & LUP (National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning).

2.2.6.

SRTM- DEM: DEM data was obtained from SRTM of 30-meter resolution.
Terrain analysis was used to obtain slope.

2.2.7.

Rainfall data: Rainfall data is obtained from WorldClim- Global Climate Data version- 2.

It is a set of global climate layers (gridded climate data) with a spatial resolution of about 1 km2 which can be used for mapping and spatial modeling.
2.3 Method The present study has been carried out (i) using remote sensing data to analyse land uses extent and conditions, (ii) identify and prioritize ecologically sensitive regions based on ecology, geo-climatic, land, and social attributes.

The approaches used in the study include land use analysis, fragmentation, land surface temperature, weightage metric score, and spatial decision support system.
The details of the approach are outlined in Figure 2.1 are discussed below: © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 12 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR 176 2021 Figure 2.1.
Method adopted for LULC Analysis 2.3.1 Land Use Analysis: LU analysis involved : i.

Quality parameters: The remote sensing data were chosen so that the data has no or minimal cloud cover (less than 10 percent) and pixel quality.

ii.

Image pre-processing and geo-referencing: The data was rectified radiometric errors and geometric errors.

Geometric rectification is done using ground control points with the nearest neighbourhood technique.
The geo-rectified image is then projected to WGS/UTM 43N (EPSG: 32643).

iii.

LU Classification: Remote sensing data is classified using a supervised classifier based on the Gaussian Maximum Likelihood principle.

In the supervised technique, training data of representative LU describing the spectral attributes (Lillesand et al., 2004) is considered.

The technique essentially uses a Gaussian maximum likelihood classifier considering variance and covariance of the unknown pixels.

iv.
iv.

Validation of LU information: Classified LU information is validated by accuracy assessment through computation of error matrix and Kappa statistics.
Error matrix © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 13 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR 176 2021 compares, on a category-by-category basis, the relationship between ground truth data (reference data) and the corresponding results of the classified data.
Kappa coefficient is estimated (eq.

1) which measures the difference between the actual agreement between the reference data and classified data.

𝐾 = 𝑂𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑦−𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐴𝑔𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 1−𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐴𝑔𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 …..1 2.3.2 Fragmentation: The condition of forest ecosystem is assessed through fragmentation analyses involving both the extent of the forest and its spatial pattern.
Fragmentation of forests measures the degree to which forested areas are being broken into smaller patches and pierced with non-forest cover.

It is estimated through the computation of Pf and Pff.

Pf is the ratio of number of pixels that are forested to the total number of non-forested non-water pixels in the kernel (3X3) and Pff is the proportion of all adjacent (in all cardinal directions) pixel pairs that include at least one forest pixel, for which both pixels are forested.
Various levels of fragmentation are outlined in Figure 2.2, which consists of five components: (i) Interior forest: It is essentially consisting of thick forest cover, (ii) Patch forest: Forest area comprising small forested areas surrounded by non-forested land cover, (iii) Perforated forest: Forest pixels forming the boundary between an interior forest and relatively small clearings (perforations) within forest landscape, (iv) Edge forest: Forest pixels that define the boundary between interior forest and large non-forested land cover features and (v) Transitional forest: Areas between edge type and non-forest types.
If higher pixels are non-forest, then they will be tending to non-forest cover with a higher degree of edge.

Figure 2.2.
Method adopted for Fragmentation Analysis © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 14 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR 176 2021 2.3.3 Land surface temperature: It is estimated using time series data from Top-of- Atmosphere brightness temperatures from the infrared spectral channels of a constellation of geostationary satellites.
Its estimation depends on the albedo, the vegetation cover, and the soil moisture.

LST influences the partition of energy between ground and vegetation and determines the surface air temperature.
Retrieval of LST from Landsat 8 thermal data involves computation of radiance correction, reflectance correction, converting DN value to brightness temperature, computation of NDVI, the proportion of vegetation, Emissivity-corrected LST (details in Figure 2.3) as follows: Radiance correctness: 𝐿𝜆 = 𝑀𝐿𝑄𝑐𝑎𝑙 + 𝐴𝐿 ..2 𝐿𝜆is TOA (temperature of atmosphere) spectral radiance (Watts/ (m2 * srad * μm)), 𝑀𝐿 is Band specific multiplicative rescaling factor from the metadata, 𝐴𝐿 is Band specific additive rescaling factor from the metadata, 𝑄𝑐𝑎𝑙 is Quantized and calibrated standard product pixel values (DN).
Reflectance correctness: ρλ′ = Mρ𝑄𝑐𝑎𝑙 + Aρ ….3 ρλ’ is TOA (temperature of atmosphere) planetary reflectance, Mρ is Band-specific multiplicative rescaling factor from the metadata, Aρ is Band-specific additive rescaling factor from the metadata.

DN value converted to brightness temperature: 𝑇𝑏 = 𝐾2 𝐾1 𝐿10 ln[ …..4 +1] L10 is the spectral radiance of thermal band 10 [Wm−2sr−1μm−1], 𝑇𝑏 is the brightness temperature [Kelvin] and K 1 and K 2 are constants [Wm−2ster−1μm−1], K 1 = 666.09, K2 = 1282.71.
Calculation of NDVI: 𝑁𝐷𝑉𝐼 = 𝐵𝑎𝑛𝑑5−𝐵𝑎𝑛𝑑4 𝐵𝑎𝑛𝑑5+𝐵𝑎𝑛𝑑4 …..5 Where Band5 is the near infrared band and band4 is the red band.
Step 5: Calculation of Proportion of vegetation (Pv): 𝑃𝑣 = ( 𝑁𝐷𝑉𝐼−𝑁𝐷𝑉𝐼𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑁𝐷𝑉𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥−𝑁𝐷𝑉𝐼𝑚𝑖𝑛 )2 ……6 Land surface emissivity is very important in the calculation of LST as it is the proportionality factor that scales blackbody radiance (Planck’s law) to predict emitted radiance, and it is the efficiency of transmitting thermal energy across the surface into the atmosphere (Kumari et al., 2018).
For all objects, emissivity are very close to 1, but to get a more precise temperature © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 15 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR 176 2021 emissivity of each LC class is considered separately (Table 2.2.4).
The land surface emissivity LSE (ε) is calculated as proposed by Sobrino et al., 2004 𝜀 = 0.004𝑃𝑉 + 0.986 ……7 where ε is the emissivity.

Table 2.2.4.
Table 2.2.4.

Table showing LU categories and emissivity values Land cover types Densely urban Forest cover Non-forest cover Water Emissivity Values 0.946 0.985 0.950 0.990 Step 7: Emissivity-corrected LST in degrees Celsius : 𝐿𝑆𝑇 = {1+[( 𝑇𝑏 𝜆𝑇𝑏 𝜌 )𝑙𝑛𝜀𝜆]} ……8 𝑐 ρ = h 𝜎 = 1.438*10-2 mK Where σ is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant (1.38*10−23J/K), h is the Planck's constant (6.626*10−32Js), and c is the velocity of light (2.998*108m/s).
Retrieval of LST from Landsat TM: Step 1: Radiance correctness: 𝐿𝜆 = ( 𝐿𝑚𝑎𝑥−𝐿𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑄𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑚𝑎𝑥−𝑄𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑚𝑖𝑛 ) ∗ (𝑄𝑐𝑎𝑙 − 𝑄𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑚𝑖𝑛) + 𝐿𝑚𝑖𝑛 …9 𝐿𝜆 is temperature of atmosphere spectral radiance Qcal is the quantized and calibrated standard product pixel value (DN) Step 2: DN value converted to brightness temperature: 𝑇𝑏 = ln[ ….10 𝐾2 𝐾1 𝐿𝜆 +1] 𝐿𝜆 is the spectral radiance of thermal band 6 [Wm−2sr−1μm−1], 𝑇𝑏 is the brightness temperature [Kelvin] and K 1 and K 2 are constants [mW*cm-2* sr-1], K 1 = 1260.56, K2 = 607.76.
Emissivity corrected final Land surface temperature will be computed using equation 7.

© Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 16 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR 176 2021 Figure 2.3.
Method adopted for LST Analysis 2.3.4 Prioritization of Ecological Sensitive Zones: Ecologically sensitive regions necessarily refer to the areas of high ecological significance value.

These are the regions where anthropogenic activities can cause alterations in the natural structure of the biological communities and natural habitats.

The steps followed during identification and prioritization of ecological sensitive regions are detailed in Figure 2.4 and listed below: i.
Creation of grids: The study area is divided into grids of 5’ X 5’covering approximately 9 X 9 km2 (comparable to grids of the Survey of India topographic maps of scale 1:50000) for prioritizing ESR at decentralized levels (panchayat level).

ii.

Integration of data with grid: In this study, four different attributes being ecology, geo-climatic, land, and social were selected for the prioritization of ESR.

Ecology consists of flora and fauna present in the region.
Geo-climatic refers to the various geological and climatic parameters such as rainfall, elevation, slope, LST, soil, agro- © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 17 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR 176 2021 ecological zones, and lithology.
Land essentially consists of forest cover and interior forest extent and social consisting of tribal and social population density.

iii.

Weightage metric score: Weightages were assigned to attributes based on their significance value.

Weightage metric score is estimated using equation 11.

𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = ∑ 𝑊𝑖 𝑛 𝑖=1 𝑉𝑖 ……..11 Where n is the number of data sets (variables), 𝑉𝑖 is the value associated with criterion i, and 𝑊𝑖 is the weight associated with that criterion.
Based on the weightage, rank is given between 1 to 10 wherein value 10 corresponds to the highest priority for conservation, 7, 5, and 3 corresponds to high, moderate and low level of prioritization whereas 1 corresponds to least priority for conservation iv.
Prioritization of ESR: Weights are aggregated for each grid and grouped into four groups as ESR 1, ESR 2, ESR 3 and ESR 4 based on the aggregated scores (ESR 1: aggregated scores > µ+2σ, ESR 2 (for grids within µ+2σ and µ+σ), ESR 3 (for grids with µ+σ and µ) and ESR 4 (grids with values < µ).

In particular, the weightages are based on an individual proxy and depends extensively on GIS techniques, which is the most effective method.

Figure 2.4.
Method adopted for prioritizing Ecological sensitive regions © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 18 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR 176 2021 3.0 Results: Spatio temporal quantification of changes in the land use pattern of Udupi for 1990 and 2018 was performed using the Maximum Likelihood Classification algorithm and accuracy of the classified map was analyzed by estimating kappa value and overall accuracy.
Udupi is one of the important coastal districts of Karnataka known for its estuarine diversity.

The land use map of Udupi has been shown in Figure 3.1.

The built-up area in the coastal region show increase from 1485 hectares to 33,052.53 hectares, of 8.81% during the three decades.

Area under forest cover i.e., evergreen and deciduous has decreased from 11.74%, 10.47% (1990) to 11.21%, 9.16% (2020) respectively.

Scrub forest increased from 1.85% (1990) to 2.76% (2020).
The conversion of agricultural land to commercial use along the major highways has increased the built-up area.

Horticulture plantations show an increase from 36.86% to 43.77% with rubber plantations during three decades (Table 3.1).

Figure 3.1.
Figure 3.1.

LU analysis of Udupi from 1990 to 2020 © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 19 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR 176 2021 Table 3.1.

Land uses in Udupi District (1990-2020) Land Use Categories 1.
Evergreen forest 2 Deciduous forest 3 Horticulture 4 Forest Plantations 5 Croplands 6 Built up 7 Water 8 Open lands 9 Scrub forest Total 1990 2018 2020 (Ha) 42,068.79 37,466.19 1,31,933.07 5,090.76 1,20,544.83 1,485.72 6,511.77 6,635.25 6,612.30 (%) 11.74 10.46 36.82 1.42 33.64 0.41 1.82 1.85 1.85 (Ha) 40,798.62 29,999.97 1,56,911.94 7,265.25 90,132.75 11,069.64 6,309.27 6,162.57 9,698.67 (%) 11.38 8.37 43.77 2.03 25.14 3.09 1.76 1.73 2.73 3,58,348.68 (Ha) 40,178.33 32,835.18 1,51,911.94 7,265.25 1,04,305.67 33,052.53 8,966.06 10,136.03 9,876.02 (%) 11.21 9.16 42.39 2.03 29.11 9.22 2.50 2.83 2.76 Figure 3.2, illustrates that scrub forest increase by 1.37%, and built-up areas increase by 7.17%.
Agricultural activities are replaced by horticulture plantations during three decades.

Figure 3.2.

Percentage change in LU analysis of Udupi during (1990-2020) Fragmentation analyses show loss of core forest and Figure 3.3 depicts the level of fragmentation is during 1990 to 2020.

Table 3.2 gives the spatial extent of various types of fragments (interior non-forest, patch forest, transitional forest, edge forest, perforated forest and interior forest).
Area under interior forest has decreased from 16.77% (1990) to 13.97% © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 20 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR 176 2021 (2020) while non-forest areas has increased from 74.27% (1990) to 78.24% (2020).
The transitional forest has decreased from 1.8% (1990) to 1.04% (2020) with increased edge forests indicating boundary between interior forest and non-forest has increased.

The increase in non- forest areas signifies a major portion of the forest area has been converted into built-up areas, croplands, roads etc.

Figures 3.4 and 3.5 give an insight into the present rate of deforestation and habitat destruction across the region.
The core forest exists only as protected areas, sanctuaries, national parks and sacred groves.

Figure 3.3.

Fragmentation analysis of Udupi from 1990 to 2020 Table 3.2.

Fragmentation Analysis of Udupi District (1990-2020) Sl.No.
Components 1990 2018 2020 Ha % Ha % Ha % Non-forest Patch Transitional Edge Perforated Interior Water Total Area 3,58,348.68 © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 21 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR 176 2021 Figure 3.4 Temporal fragmentation analysis Figure 3.5.
Percentage changes in fragmentation status Land Surface Temperature [LST]: The higher temperature can be seen especially in non- forest areas due to an increase in built-up areas.

The temporal land surface temperature analysis shows hilly regions are with moderate surface temperatures, evident from.

Table 3.3.

Urban areas show an increase in temperature (maximum) from 30.71˚C (in 1990) to 37.51 ˚C (in 2018).
Due to reduction in the interior or intact forests cover, there is an increase in temperature from 29.47 ˚C (in 1990) to 38.94 ˚C (in 2018).
© Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 22 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR 176 2021 Figure 3.6.

Temporal dynamics of LST of Udupi from 1990-2018 Table 3.3.
Temperature Analysis of Udupi District (1990-2018) Sl.No.

Land use categories Area (%) Temp (˚C) Area (%) 1990 1 2 3 4 FOREST NON-FOREST URBAN WATER 23.95 73.82 0.42 1.82 19.38 19.39 22 20.68 29.47 31.9 30.71 28.65 20.31 74.70 3.18 1.81 2018 Temp (˚C) 22.68 23.69 24.38 23.27 38.94 38.99 37.51 37.17 Table 3.4 and Figure 3.7 illustrates the change in temperature across land use categories over the period.
The maximum change in temperature was observed over forest cover (with the fragmentation of forests) by 6.39 ˚C followed by non-forest cover by 5.70 ˚C during the past 28 years which is comparable with ground data.

Table 3.4.
Temperature Change Analysis of Udupi District (1990-2018) Land Use Categories 1990 2018 Change Mean Temp (˚C) Mean Temp (˚C) 1 2 3 4 FOREST NON-FOREST URBAN WATER 24.43 25.65 26.36 24.67 30.81 31.34 30.95 30.22 6.39 5.70 4.59 5.56 © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 23 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR 176 2021 30.81 31.34 30.95 24.43 25.65 26.36 30.22 24.67 35.00 30.00 25.00 20.00 15.00 10.00 5.00 0.00 FOREST NON-FOREST URBAN WATER 1990 2018 Figure 3.7.
Percentage changes in mean temperature of Udupi from 1990-2018 Ecological Sensitive Regions: Compilation of attribute data related to ecology, geo-climate, land and social aspects has been collected, and aggregated weight has been computed.

Ecology: The health of the ecosystem is assessed based on key variables such as conservation status, diversity, etc.

Data is compiled from the field, review of published literature and virtual data portals such as avibase, ifoundbutterflies etc.
Conservation Reserves (CR) have been established under the framework of Protected Areas under the Wildlife Amendment Act of 2002.

Conservation Reserves are essentially the buffer zone between National Parks (NP), Wildlife Sanctuaries and reserve forests.
Higher weights were assigned to CR and NP and the grids with the critically endangered and endangered species were assigned a value of 10, vulnerable and near threatened species are assigned value of 7, threatened species is assigned 5, common, data deficient, rare and lower risk were assigned a value of 3 while not evaluated is assigned a value of 1.
Figure 3.8 to– Figure 3.11 depicts the distribution of flora and fauna with conservation status and weights, which shows most of the species are concentrated across wildlife sanctuaries in the district.
© Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 24 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR 176 2021 Figure 3.8.

Flora diversity with weight Figure 3.9.

Faunal diversity and weight Figure 3.10.


Wildlife Sanctuaries Figure 3.11 National Park and weight The flora of Udupi district has been compiled (Annexure 1) by reviewing published literature and data portals.
The district is home to critically endangered species such as Elaeocarpus gaussenii, Syzygium travancoricum, Utleria salicifolia, Vateria indica, Vatica chinensis and vulnerable species such as Chloroxylon swietenia, Cinnamomum sulphuratum, Dalbergia latifolia, Garcinia indica, Myristica malabarica, Ochreinauclea missionis, Paracautleya bhatii, Santalum album, Saraca asoca, Saraca indica.

The dominant families are Fabaceae, Lamiaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Euphorbiaceae.
Udupi district has rich faunal diversity (Annexure 2).

The region has near threatened amphibian species such as Philautus beddomii, Ramanella montana, Rana curtipes, Tomoptema rufescens, and vulnerable species such as Ichthyophis beddomei, Micrixalus Saxicola, Nyctibatrachus major, Philautus glandulosus, Rana aurantiaca, Rana leithi.
Mammals species such as Bos gaurus, Cervus unicolor, Funambulus subineatus, Melursus ursinus, Neophocaena phocaenoides, Physeter macrocephalus are under near threatened and species are Hyaena hyaena, Lutra lutra, Panthera pardus, Ratufa macroura, Sousa chinensis under vulnerable category of IUCN conservation status.
The district has critically endangered birds such as Fregata andrewsi, Gyps bengalensis, Gyps indicus, Sarcogyps calvus and vulnerable category © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 25 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR 176 2021 birds such as Chaetornis striata, Ciconia episcopus, Clanga clanga, Clanga hastata, Columba elphinstonii, Gallinago nemoricola, Leptoptilos javanicus, Schoenicola platyurus.
The district has vulnerable category reptiles such as Cnemaspis indica, Cnemaspis indraneildasi, Cnemaspis jerdonii, Hemidactylus albofasciatus, Hemidactylus sataraensis, Kaestlea laterimaculata, Melanophidium bilineatum, Oligodon brevicauda, Uropeltis phipsonii Kudermukh National Park covers a minor portion of the study region and shares its boundary with Dakshina Kannada.

The study region has diverse flora and fauna: 162 species of flowering plants representing 50 families.
Fabaceae, had maximum tree species (23), followed by Rhizophoraceae (17 species), Moraceae (7 species) – known as the family of figs and keystone species for plants, etc.

Vateria indica is one of the critically endangered species present in the district while Hopea ponga, and Syzygium caryophyllatum are the two endangered species and Garcinia indica, and Ochreinauclea missionis are the two vulnerable species that are well distributed in the district.
Someshwara and Mookambika wildlife sanctuary are known for the variety of birds and wild flowering species that are endemic to the region.

816 species of fauna representing 123 families were documented.

Malabar Grey Hornbill, Small Green Barbet, Gotyla, Rock Bush Quail, Grey Jungle fowl, Malabar Wood shrike, Indian Rufous Babbler, Nilgiri Thrush, Nilgiri Blue Robin, Day's Glass Fish, Gunther's catfish, Tyler’s Leaf Warbler, etc.

are found in the district.


Geo-climate: The geo-climatic parameter plays a crucial role in determining the landscape dynamics of any region.

The patterns of altitude, slope, rainfall helps in determining the forest cover, biodiversity, etc., of a region.

Regions with high rainfall, elevation and slope were assigned a value of 10 and the lowest is given a value of 1.
Loamy soil is considered best for agricultural purposes with rich porosity and humus content, which is assigned a value of 10, while laterite and mixed red and black soil are assigned a value of 7, red sandy and medium black were given 5 and coastal alluvium as 1.

Lithology is an important factor considering landscape structure and patterns.

Charnockites was given the highest value of 10 followed by peninsular gneiss of 7, clospet granite, and Dharwars were assigned 5 while alluvium was assigned 1.
Agro-ecological zones play a significant role in determining climate of a region.

Therefore, hot humid is assigned the highest value of 10 as the region receives high rainfall around 1500mm or more.

Hot moist sub-humid is assigned 7, hot dry sub-humid is given 5 and hot moist semi-arid is assigned a lowest value of 3.
© Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 26 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR 176 2021 Figure.3.12 Geo-climatic variables and their weights Figure 3.12 depicts the different geo-climatic parameters in the region and their weights assigned to the grids.
Rainfall pattern shows entire district receives high rainfall during all seasons.

The coastal part falls under hot moist sub-humid region can be attributed to favourable climatic pattern for healthy vegetation.

Grids with high rainfall and soil types have rich forest cover with high biodiversity and conservation values.

Land: Grids are prioritized based on the proportion of forest cover.
Forest fragments were computed using standard protocol wherein interior core forest patches were considered devoid of any edge effects.

Grids having more than 60% forest cover were assigned a value of 10 and accordingly values were assigned.

Land use analysis revealed that the region has about 2.98% under evergreen forest (Table 3.5).

Most of the region are with less than 15% forest cover.
© Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 27 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR 176 2021 Expansion of agricultural activities and the introduction of exotic species has led to the destruction of large forest patches at a temporal scale.
Figure 3.13 depicts the weights assigned to the grids based on the extent of forest cover.

Fragmentation analysis revealed that 3.39% of the area is under core interior forest while 94.25% area is under non-forest cover (Table 3.6).

Figure 3.13. forest cover and interior forest cover status and their weights- Udupi District Land use analysis revealed that the region has about 11.38% under evergreen forest (Table 3.5).

The coastal taluks have forest cover of less than 15% forest cover.
Expansion of agricultural activities and the introduction of exotic species has led to the destruction of large forest patches at a temporal scale.

Figure 3.13 depicts the weights assigned to the grids based on the extent of forest cover.

Fragmentation analysis revealed that only 15.9% of the area is under core interior forest while 77.14% area is under non-forest cover (Table 3.6).
Social: Forest dwellers (tribes) of the study regions were mapped and the grids with high tribal population were given higher weightage.

Population increase is one of the global phenomena leading to resource degradation.

An increase in population density will lead to loss of natural resources, species extinction etc.

In this study, population density per sq.

km has been considered as one of the influencing factors in resource use.
Therefore, grids with less population density were given higher weightages.

Forest dwellers were spatially mapped and were given higher weights as they were directly or indirectly dependent on forest resources and also protects the forest.

Grid wise village population was computed for 2011.

The grids with a population density of less than 50 persons were assigned high weights and vice-versa.

Figure 3.14 depicts population density assigned to the grids with corresponding weights.
The hilly regions have high forest cover with less population density.

© Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 28 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR 176 2021 Figure 3.14.
Figure showing social variables and weights- Udupi District Ecological Sensitive Regions: Ecologically sensitive regions were prioritized considering ecological, geo-climatic, land and social prospects.

Based on the relative significance of themes, regions were prioritized using weightage metric score as ESR 1 (Regions of highest sensitivity), ESR 2 (Regions of higher sensitivity), ESR 3 (Regions of high sensitivity) and ESR 4 (Regions of moderate sensitivity).

Figure 3.15.
Figure 3.15.

Figure showing ESR regions at taluk and village level- Udupi District Figure 3.16 Village wise ESR Spatially 15% of the district represents ESR 1, while 31% of area represents ESR 2.

42% of the district represents ESR 3 and about 12% of the district is in ESR 4.

Figure 3.15 depicts with taluk and village boundaries.

ESR analysis at village level shows only 14 villages are in ESR 1, 52 villages in ESR 2, 178 villages in ESR 3 and rest 51 in ESR 4 (Figure 3.16).
Eco sensitiveness and LST: Eco sensitiveness of a region has a direct impact on temperature.

ESR 1 shows less temperature as compared to ESR 2, ESR 3 and ESR 4.
ESR 1 has the maximum forest cover and rich © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 29 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR 176 2021 biodiversity along with less population which aided in the low land surface temperature.
LST trend shows an increase in temperature (r=0.69) across ESR regions.

y = 1.3174x + 27.012 R² = 0.4647 e r u t a r e p m e T 36 34 32 30 28 26 24 22 20 0 1 2 3 4 Ecological Sensitive Regions change in LST Figure 3.17.

LST across ESR- Udupi Multivariate analysis is carried out to find out the relationship between LST and various independent variables (rainfall, forest cover, interior forest cover and population density).
In the study, variables considered are rainfall weight (x1), forest cover (x2), interior forest cover (x3) and population density weight (x4) to understand the change of temperature across the ESR regions in the districts.

Probale relationship is given by LST = 0 x1- 0.28x2 + 0.16 x3 - 0.28 x4+31.94 (r: 0.851, p <0.05) Conclusion LULC changes leading to deforestation has altered the landscape structure.
The anthropogenic activities have led to the loss of primaeval forest cover due to monoculture plantations of exotic species.

The study showed a loss in forest cover during 1990-2018 with an increase in urban and open surfaces.

Horticulture plantations increased from 17.01% (1990) to 27.54% (2018), while cropland shows a decline with an increase in horticulture plantations of acacia, eucalyptus etc.
Conversion of agricultural land to commercial uses, all along the major highways has increased the built-up area from 0.78% to 0.92%.

Fragmentation analysis shows a decline in interior forests and an increase of non-forest areas.

Temporal land surface temperature analysis across LU categories shows an increase of land surface temperature.
It © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 30 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR 176 2021 has been observed that urban areas show an increase in maximum temperature.
Bio-Geo climatic, ecological and social attributes were used for prioritizing and identification of ESR regions at disaggregated levels (grids).

The study showed the variation in soil, lithology etc., across the districts and change in climate pattern with respect to different prospects.

Ecological Sensitive Regions analysis highlights that Udupi one of the coastal districts shows, spatially 15% of the area represents ESR 1, while 31% of the area represents ESR 2.
42% of the area represents ESR 3 and about 12% of the area is in ESR 4.

ESR 2 regions have sensitivity similar to ESR 1 and have the potential to become ESR 1 with appropriate eco-restoration strategies.

The level of eco-sensitiveness has a direct impact on temperature with a correlation of 0.69 across eco-sensitive regions in Udupi.

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Journal of Geographical Sciences, Volume 22, Issue 2, pp 346–358 © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 33 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR 176 2021 Annexure 1: Flora of Udupi District The flora of Udupi district has been analysed by reviewing published literature and data portals.
The district is home to critically endangered species such as Elaeocarpus gaussenii, Syzygium travancoricum, Utleria salicifolia, Vateria indica, Vatica chinensis and vulnerable species such as Chloroxylon swietenia, Cinnamomum sulphuratum, Dalbergia latifolia, Garcinia indica, Myristica malabarica, Ochreinauclea missionis, Paracautleya bhatii, Santalum album, Saraca asoca, Saraca indica.

The dominant families are Fabaceae, Lamiaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Euphorbiaceae.
Sno Latitude Longitud e Location Species Name Family Name Conservation Status Endemism Uses Habitat 13.861 74.64 Byndoor Acacia aurculiformis Fabaceae 13.868 74.62 Byndoor Acacia sinuata Fabaceae 13.878 74.622 Byndoor Albizia lebbeck Fabaceae 13.891 74.63 Byndoor Alstonia scholaris Apocynaceae 13.906 74.652 Byndoor Artocarpus heterophyllus Moraceae 13.913 74.671 Byndoor Artocarpus hirsutus Moraceae 13.915 74.659 Byndoor Borassus flabellifer Araceae 13.947 74.686 Byndoor Casurina equisetifolia Casurinaceae 13.931 74.675 Byndoor Calophyllum inophyllum Calophyllaceae 13.913 74.677 Byndoor Caryota urens Arecaceae 13.907 74.702 Byndoor Dalbergia sissoo Fabaceae LC NE NE LC NE NE NE NE LC LC NE Folk medicine, Ayurveda Native Medicinal,food,fuel,fodd er Medicinal Food,medicinal,fuel,fod der Folk medicine, Ayurveda, Siddha Medicinal Medicinal,food,Fodder,F uelwood,Pest management Moist deciduous forests Dry deciduous forests, along hill sides Open evergreen forests to moist deciduous forests Evergreen Forests, Cultivated in Plains n dry areas and along bunds in paddy fields Along river banks, swamps, marshes In plains along the banks of rivers and mangrove forests Common Name (English) Australian wattle Soap Pod Tree Black siri Devil Tree, Dita Bark Tree Jack fruit tree Aini Palmyra palm Whistling pine, She oak Alexandrian laurel Medicinal,food,fodder,p est management Terrestrial Elephant's palm Deciduous Indian Rosewood © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 34 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR 176 2021 12 13 13.912 74.695 Byndoor Erythrina variegata Fabaceae 13.9 74.669 Byndoor Eucalyptus tereticornis Myrtaceae 14 13.882 74.64 Byndoor Ficus benghalensis Moraceae 15 16 17 18 13.868 74.642 Byndoor Ficus
 religiosa Moraceae 13.847 74.663 Byndoor Hopea parviflora 13.86 74.663 Byndoor Hopea ponga Dipterocarpace ae Dipterocarpace ae 13.87 74.628 Byndoor Mammea suriga Clusiaceae NE NE NE NE EN EN NE 19 13.875 74.617 Byndoor Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae DD 20 13.882 74.622 Byndoor Mimusops elengi Sapotaceae 21 13.893 74.635 Byndoor Morinda citrifolia Rubiaceae 22 13.925 74.633 Byndoor Olea dioica Oleaceae NE NE NE Ripe fruits are eaten,Medicinal Medicinal Folk medicine, Siddha 23 13.928 74.617 Byndoor Pongamia pinnata Fabaceae LC Food,fodder,fuel 24 13.93 74.605 Byndoor Pterocarpus marcupium Fabaceae 25 26 27 13.93 74.619 Byndoor Samanea saman Mimosaceae 13.923 74.627 Byndoor Syzizium cumini Myrtaceae 13.919 74.633 Byndoor Tectona grandis Verbenaceae NE NE NE NE Medicinal,Food,Fodder, Fuel Indian Coral Tree Forest Red Gum Banyan Roadsides, forest edges, cultivated Evergreen to deciduous forests; and cultivated around villages.
Cosmopolitian Pipul, Peepal tree Terrestrial Hopea Thingam Evergreen and semi-evergreen forests and also widely cultivated Semi-evergreen and evergreen forests, also grown in homesteads Waste places and mangrove forests In both deciduous and evergreen forests River and stream banks, moist places, wet places, along irrigation channel Moist and dry deciduous forests, also in the plains Cuckoo's joy,Mango tree Asian bullet wood Indian Mulberry, Great Morinda Rose Sandalwood Indian Beech Bastard teak, Gammalu, Kino Indian Blackberry, Jaman Teak Meicinal Medicinal Moist deciduous forests, also © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 35 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR 176 2021 CR CR NE LC NE NE NE NE NE LC NE NE NE NE NE NE 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 13.908 74.647 Byndoor Vatica chinensis 13.907 74.643 Byndoor Vateria indica Dipterocarpace ae Dipterocarpace ae 13.911 74.642 Byndoor Calymperes tenerum Calymperaceae 13.91 74.649 Byndoor Selaginella tenera Selaginellaceae 13.915 74.668 Byndoor Taxillus tomentosus Loranthaceae 13.913 74.667 Byndoor Drynaria quercifolia Polypodiaceae 13.906 74.666 Byndoor Acampe praemorsa Orchidaceae 13.914 74.688 Byndoor 13.926 74.682 Byndoor Cleisostoma tenuifolium Bulbophyllum mysorense Orchidaceae Orchidaceae 13.944 74.68 Byndoor Rhynchostylis retusa Orchidaceae 13.953 74.679 Byndoor Dendrobium herbaceum Orchidaceae 13.964 74.662 Byndoor Vanda testacea Orchidaceae Ipomea batatas Convolvulacea e Canavalia ensiformis Fabaceae Spimfex littoralis Graminae Cuscuta chinensis Convolvulacea e 13.086 74.768 13.081 74.772 13.08 74.773 13.083 74.774 44 13.087 74.773 45 46 47 13.091 74.773 13.09 74.769 13.095 74.772 Hejamadi Kodi Hejamadi Kodi Hejamadi Kodi Hejamadi Kodi Hejamadi
 Kodi Hejamadi Kodi Hejamadi Kodi Derris indica Fabaceae LC Food,fodder,fuel Sesuvium portulacastrum Aizoaceae Wedelia trilobata Astraceae Schefflera capitata Araliaceae NE NE NE raised in plantations Terrestrial Indian Copal Tree Medicinal Ponds, low lying swampy localities River and stream banks, moist places, wet places, along irrigation channel Sword Bean Indian Beech Canieroc Yellow dots © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 36 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR 176 2021 Casurina equisetifolia Casurinaceae Morinda citrifolia Rubiaceae Cassia tora Caesalpiniacea e NE NE NE Clerodendrum inerme Verbenaceae NE Medicinal,food,Fodder,F uelwood,Pest management Medicinal young leavess use as vegetable Used in traditional medicine and ornamental.
Pongamia pinnata Fabaceae LC Food,fodder,fuel Hejamadi Kodi Hejamadi Kodi Hejamadi Kodi Hejamadi Kodi Hejamadi Kodi Hejamadi Kodi Hejamadi Kodi Hejamadi Kodi Hejamadi Kodi Hejamadi Kodi Hejamadi Kodi Hejamadi Kodi Hejamadi Kodi Hejamadi Kodi Hejamadi Kodi Acacia aurculiformis Fabaceae Thespesia populnea Malvaceae Pterocarpus santalinus fabaceae Ceriscoides turgida Rubiaceae Mimosa pudica Fabaceae Leucas aspera Lamiaceae Tridax procumbens Asteraceae Cocos nucifera Arecaceae Avicennia officinalis Verbenaceae Sonneratia alba Lythraceae LC NE EN NE NE NE NE NE LC LC Along river banks, swamps, marshes Waste places and mangrove forests Common in plains from the coast in low lying places, river banks Backwater low lying areas, rocky coastal belts, roadsides and cultivated River and stream banks, moist places, wet places, along irrigation channel Moist deciduous forests and grasslands, also in the plains Dry Evergreen to Dry Deciduous Forests, Cultivated Whistling pine, She oak Indian Mulberry, Great Morinda Pot Cassia Indian privet, Garden quinine Indian Beech Australian wattle Common Tephrosia Red sandalwood Ayurveda, Folk medicine, Sowa-Rigpa, Unani, Siddha medicinal Moist localities Sensitive plant medicinal medicinal medicinal Deciduous forests and wastelands Deciduous forests Cultivated Terrestrial, Marine Common Leucas, Thumba Tridax procumbens Coconut © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 37 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR 176 2021 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75
 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 13.666 74.689 Hemmadi Avicennia officinalis Verbenaceae 13.668 74.685 Hemmadi Rhizophora mucronata 13.671 74.69 Hemmadi Rhizophora apiculata 13.672 74.684 Hemmadi Bruguiera gymnorrhiza 13.67 74.681 Hemmadi Kandelia candel Rhizophoracea e Rhizophoracea e Rhizophoracea e Rhizophoracea e 13.672 74.68 Hemmadi Sonneratia alba Lythraceae 13.673 74.685 Hemmadi Aegicerus corniculatum Primulaceae 13.672 74.689 Hemmadi Acantus ilicifolius Acanthaceae 13.674 74.69 Hemmadi Excocaria agallocha Euphorbiaceae 13.676 74.692 Hemmadi Chlerodendron inerme Verbenaceae 13.677 74.69 Hemmadi Derris trifoliata Fabaceae 13.678 74.687 Hemmadi Dalbergia volubilis Fabaceae 13.679 74.689 Hemmadi Acrostichum aureum Pteridaceae 13.681 74.692 Hemmadi Ipomea batatas 13.68 74.694 Hemmadi 13.682 74.694 Hemmadi Pandanus odoratissimus Sesuvium portulacastrum Convolvulacea e Pandanaceae Aizoaceae 13.683 74.695 Hemmadi Caesalpinia crista Fabaceae 13.642 74.701 Hemmadi Aeluropus lagopoides Poaceae 13.643 74.701 Hemmadi Fimbristylis ferruginea Cyperaceae 13.643 74.701 Herikudru Avicennia officinalis Verbenaceae 13.643 74.701 Herikudru Rhizophora mucronata 13.644 74.701 Herikudru Rhizophora apiculata Rhizophoracea e Rhizophoracea e LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC NE NE NE LC NE NE NE NE NE LC LC LC LC Terrestrial, Marine Kolache Gida Terrestrial, Marine Terrestrial, Marine Marine, Freshwater Marine, Freshwater, Terrestrial Folk medicine, ayurveda, siddha Folk medicine, Taditional chinese Marine,Terrestri al Medicinal Ponds, low lying swampy localities Holy Mangrove Blinding tree Embrert Chillanki, Chillingi Golden Leather Fern siddha Folk medicine, ayurveda, Taditional chinese Canieroc West Indian Fimbry Rattle Pod Terrestrial Terrestrial, Freshwater Terrestrial, Marine © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental
 Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 38 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR 176 2021 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 13.644 13.644 13.644 13.643 13.643 74.7 74.7 74.7 74.7 74.7 Herikudru Bruguiera gymnorrhiza Herikudru Kandelia candel Rhizophoracea e Rhizophoracea e Herikudru Sonneratia alba Lythraceae Herikudru Aegicerus corniculatum Primulaceae Herikudru Acantus ilicifolius Acanthaceae 13.642 74.701 Herikudru Excocaria agallocha Euphorbiaceae 13.642 74.701 Herikudru Chlerodendron inerme Verbenaceae 13.642 74.7 Herikudru Derris trifoliata Fabaceae 13.642 74.699 Herikudru Dalbergia volubilis Fabaceae 13.643 74.699 Herikudru Acrostichum aureum Pteridaceae 13.643 74.699 Herikudru Ipomea batatas 13.643 74.699 Herikudru 13.644 74.699 Herikudru Pandanus odoratissimus Sesuvium portulacastrum Convolvulacea e Pandanaceae Aizoaceae 13.644 74.699 Herikudru Caesalpinia crista Fabaceae 13.799 74.813 Herikudru Aeluropus lagopoides Poaceae 100 13.806 74.811 Herikudru 101 13.808 74.798 102 13.799 74.775 103 13.807 74.78 104 13.819 74.8 105 13.83 74.806 Jadkal Forest Jadkal Forest Jadkal Forest Jadkal Forest Jadkal Forest Fimbristylis ferruginea Cyperaceae Acacia sinuata Fabaceae Actinodaphne malabarica Lauraceae Aeschynomene indica Fabaceae Ailanthus malabarica Simaroubaceae LC LC LC LC LC LC NE NE NE LC NE NE NE NE NE LC NE NE NE NE Kolache Gida Terrestrial, Marine Terrestrial, Marine Marine, Freshwater Marine, Freshwater, Terrestrial Folk medicine, ayurveda, siddha Folk medicine, Taditional chinese Marine,Terrestri al Medicinal Ponds, low lying swampy localities Holy Mangrove Blinding tree Embrert Chillanki, Chillingi Golden Leather Fern siddha Folk medicine, ayurveda, Taditional chinese Folk medicine, Ayurveda Canieroc West Indian Fimbry Soap Pod Tree Indian Joint vetch Maharukh Devil Tree, Dita Bark Tree Terrestrial Terrestrial; Freshwater Moist deciduous forests
 Semi-evergreen forests, also planted in the plains Open evergreen forests to moist deciduous forests Alstonia scholaris Apocynaceae LC Medicinal © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 39 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR Jadkal Forest Jadkal Forest Jadkal Forest Jadkal Forest Jadkal Forest Jadkal Forest Jadkal Forest Jadkal Forest Jadkal Forest Jadkal Forest Jadkal Forest Jadkal Forest Jadkal Forest Jadkal Forest Jadkal Forest Jadkal Forest Jadkal Forest Jadkal Forest Jadkal Forest Jadkal Forest Jadkal Forest Ancistrocladus heyneanus Ancistrocladac eae Aporosa lindleyana Euphorbiaceae Artocarpus hirsutus Moraceae Calophyllum apetalum Calophyllaceae Calycopteris floribunda Carallia brachiata Combretaceae Rhizophoracea e Careya arborea Lecythidaceae Chionanthus malabaricus Cinnamomum malabathrum Oleaceae Lauraceae Combretum latifolium Combretaceae Dalbergia latifolia Fabaceae Dillenia pentagyna Dilleniaceae Diospyros buxifolia Ebenaceae Diospyros paniculata Ebenaceae Diospyros sylvatica Ebenaceae Dipterocarpus indicus Dipterocarpace ae Elaeocarpus serratus Elaeocarpaceae Elaeocarpus tuberculatus Elaeocarpaceae Entada purseatha Mimosaceae Ficus religiosa Moraceae Flacourtia Montana Salicaceae NE NE NE NE NE NE LC NE NE NE VU NE NE NE NE EN NE NE NE NE NE Folk medicine, Ayurveda, Siddha Folk medicine
 Folk medicine, Ayurveda, Siddha Aini Kumbi Endemic to the Western Ghats- South and Central Sahyadris.
Terrestrial Bombay blackwood DilIenia pentagyna Evergreen and semi-evergreen forests Evergreen and semi-evergreen forests of Western Ghats evergreen to semi-evergreen forests New Guinea rosewood Rosary nut, Utrasum bead tree Cosmopolitian Pipul, Peepal tree Fruits are edible,Wood is used for building purposes Moist deciduous to semi evergreen forests Mountain Sweet Thorn © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 40 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR Jadkal Forest Jadkal Forest Jadkal Forest Jadkal Forest Jadkal Forest Jadkal Forest Jadkal Forest Jadkal Forest Jadkal Forest Jadkal Forest Jadkal Forest Jadkal Forest Jadkal Forest Jadkal Forest Jadkal Forest Jadkal Forest Jadkal Forest Jadkal Forest Jadkal Forest Garcinia morella Clusiaceae Gnetum ula Gnetaceae Guizotia abyssinica Asteraceae Holigarna arnottiana Anacardiaceae Holigarna ferruginea Anacardiaceae Hopea parviflora Hopea ponga Hydnocarpus pentandra Dipterocarpace ae Dipterocarpace ae Flacourtiaceae Ixora brachiata Rubiaceae Lagerstroemia microcarpa Lythraceae Macaranga peltata Euphorbiaceae Machilus macarantha Lauraceae NE LC NE NE NE EN EN NE NE NE NE NE Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae DD Memecylon talbotianum Melastomatace ae Murraya paniculata rutaceae Naringi crenulata Rutaceae Nothopegia travancorica Anacardiaceae Olea dioica Oleaceae Psychotria dalzellii Rubiaceae NE NE NE NE NE NE Folk medicine, ayurveda, siddha,
 Homeopathy, modern medicine Indian Gamboge Folk medicine, Siddha Black Varnish Tree Terrestrial Hopea Folk medicine Folk medicine, Siddha Semi-evergreen forests and sacred groves Moist deciduous forests, also in the plains Evergreen and semi-evergreen forests and also widely cultivated Wood very hard, used for construction works ,Medicinal Common on hills, especially in shaded ravines Thingam Chaulmugra Gorbale Ben Teak Macaranga Cuckoo's joy,Mango tree Folk medicine Satin Wood Folk medicine, Siddha In both deciduous and evergreen forests Rose Sandalwood © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 41 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR Jadkal Forest Jadkal Forest Jadkal Forest Jadkal Forest Jadkal Forest Jadkal Forest Jadkal Forest Jadkal Forest Jadkal Forest Jadkal Forest Jadkal Forest Jadkal Forest Jadkal Forest Jadkal Forest Jadkal Forest Jaladi Jaladi 164 13.666 74.7 165 166 13.667 74.699 13.668 74.699 Jaladi Jaladi Jaladi Pterospermum diversifolium Sterculiaceae Schleichera oleosa Sapindaceae Strychnos dalzellii Loganiaceae strychnos nux vomica Loganiaceae Syzygium caryophyllatum Myrtaceae Syzygium mungudam Myrtaceae NE NE NE NE EN NE Tabernaemontana heyneana Apocynaceae Low risk Terminalia bellerica Combretaceae Terminalia paniculata Combretaceae Terminalia tomentosa Combretaceae Vateria indica Dipterocarpace ae Vepris bilocularis Rutaceae Vitex altissima Lamiaceae Xylia
 xylocarpa Fabaceae Zanthoxylum rhetsa Rutaceae Avicennia officinalis Verbenaceae Rhizophora mucronata Bruguiera gymnorrhiza Kandelia candel Rhizophoracea e Rhizophoracea e Rhizophoracea e Rhizophoracea e Sonneratia alba Lythraceae NE NE NE CR NE NE NE NE LC LC LC LC LC LC 163 13.668 74.699 Jaladi Rhizophora apiculata Semi-evergreen and moist deciduous forests Macassar oil tree The seed contains a chemical called `strychnine' extensively used for preparation of medicines.
Moist and dry deciduous forests, also in the plains Nux-vomica tree Folk medicine, Ayurveda Terrestrial Medicinal Common Bedda nut tree Folk medicine, Ayurveda, Siddha Folk medicine Folk medicine, Ayurveda, Siddha Flowering Murdah Indian Laurel Terrestrial Indian Copal Tree Tall chaste tree Burma Ironwood Indian Prickly Ash Open areas, forested areas Terrestrial, Marine Kolache Gida Terrestrial, Marine © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 42 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR 176 2021 167 13.669 74.699 Jaladi Aegicerus corniculatum Primulaceae 168 13.669 74.7 Jaladi Acantus ilicifolius Acanthaceae 169 13.668 74.701 Jaladi Excocaria agallocha Euphorbiaceae 170 171 172 173 13.667 74.702 Jaladi Chlerodendron inerme Verbenaceae 13.666 74.702 13.667 74.703 13.667 74.703 Jaladi Jaladi Jaladi Derris trifoliata Fabaceae Dalbergia volubilis Fabaceae Acrostichum aureum Pteridaceae 174 13.668 74.702 Jaladi Ipomea batatas 175 13.669 74.702 Jaladi 176 13.67 74.701 Jaladi Pandanus odoratissimus Sesuvium portulacastrum Convolvulacea e Pandanaceae Aizoaceae 177 13.671 74.7 Jaladi Caesalpinia crista Fabaceae 178 179 180 181 13.617 74.692 Jaladi Aeluropus lagopoides Poaceae 13.623 74.693 Jaladi Fimbristylis ferruginea Cyperaceae 13.622 74.689 Kundapura Acacia aurculiformis Fabaceae 13.619 74.685 Kundapura Acacia sinuata Fabaceae 182 13.621 74.684 Kundapura Albizia lebbeck Fabaceae 183 13.625 74.682 Kundapura Alstonia scholaris Apocynaceae 184 13.628 74.683 Kundapura Artocarpus heterophyllus Moraceae 185 13.629 74.683 Kundapura Artocarpus hirsutus Moraceae 186 13.631 74.688 Kundapura Borassus flabellifer Araceae LC LC LC NE NE NE LC NE NE NE NE NE LC LC NE NE LC NE NE NE Folk medicine, ayurveda, siddha Terrestrial, Marine Marine,
 Freshwater Marine, Freshwater, Terrestrial Folk medicine, Taditional chinese Marine,Terrestri al Holy Mangrove Blinding tree Embrert Chillanki, Chillingi Golden Leather Fern Medicinal Ponds, low lying swampy localities siddha Folk medicine, ayurveda, Taditional chinese Folk medicine, Ayurveda Native Medicinal,food,fuel,fodd er Medicinal Food,medicinal,fuel,fod der Folk medicine, Ayurveda, Siddha Medicinal Canieroc West Indian Fimbry Australian wattle Soap Pod Tree Black siri Devil Tree, Dita Bark Tree Jack fruit tree Aini Palmyra palm Terrestrial Terrestrial; Freshwater Moist deciduous forests Dry deciduous forests, along hill sides Open evergreen forests to moist deciduous forests Evergreen Forests, Cultivated in Plains n dry areas and along bunds in paddy fields © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 43 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR 176 2021 187 13.631 74.694 Kundapura Casurina equisetifolia Casurinaceae NE 188 13.628 74.696 Kundapura Calophyllum inophyllum Calophyllaceae 189 190 191 192 13.623 74.694 Kundapura Caryota urens Arecaceae 13.623 74.688 Kundapura Dalbergia sissoo Fabaceae 13.618 74.689 Kundapura Erythrina variegata Fabaceae 13.61 74.69 Kundapura Eucalyptus tereticornis Myrtaceae 193 13.611 74.686 Kundapura Ficus benghalensis Moraceae 194 195 196 197 13.611 74.684 Kundapura Ficus religiosa Moraceae 13.615 74.685 Kundapura Hopea parviflora 13.619 74.684 Kundapura Hopea ponga Dipterocarpace ae Dipterocarpace ae 13.623 74.683 Kundapura Mammea suriga Clusiaceae LC LC NE NE NE NE NE EN EN NE 198 13.619 74.689 Kundapura Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae DD Medicinal,food,Fodder,F uelwood,Pest management Along river banks, swamps, marshes In plains along the banks of
 rivers and mangrove forests Whistling pine, She oak Alexandrian laurel Medicinal,food,fodder,p est management Terrestrial Elephant's palm Deciduous Indian Rosewood Medicinal,Food,Fodder, Fuel Indian Coral Tree Forest Red Gum Banyan Roadsides, forest edges, cultivated Evergreen to deciduous forests; and cultivated around villages.
Cosmopolitian Pipul, Peepal tree Terrestrial Hopea Thingam Evergreen and semi-evergreen forests and also widely cultivated Semi-evergreen and evergreen forests, also grown in homesteads Waste places and mangrove forests In both deciduous and evergreen forests River and stream banks, moist places, wet places, along irrigation channel Cuckoo's joy,Mango tree Asian bullet wood Indian Mulberry, Great Morinda Rose Sandalwood Indian Beech 199 13.611 74.689 Kundapura Mimusops elengi Sapotaceae 200 13.61 74.697 Kundapura Morinda citrifolia Rubiaceae 201 13.612 74.693 Kundapura Olea dioica Oleaceae NE NE NE Ripe fruits are eaten,Medicinal Medicinal Folk medicine, Siddha 202 13.616 74.691 Kundapura Pongamia pinnata Fabaceae LC Food,fodder,fuel © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 44 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR 176 2021 203 13.62 74.693 Kundapura Pterocarpus marcupium Fabaceae 204 205 13.625 74.694 Kundapura Samanea saman Mimosaceae 13.623 74.687 Kundapura Syzizium cumini Myrtaceae 206 13.621 74.684 Kundapura Tectona grandis Verbenaceae 207 13.624 74.683 Kundapura Vatica chinensis 13.627 74.683 Kundapura Vateria indica Dipterocarpace ae Dipterocarpace ae 13.626 74.688 Kundapura Calymperes tenerum Calymperaceae 13.627 74.692 Kundapura Selaginella tenera Selaginellaceae 13.625 74.694 Kundapura Taxillus tomentosus Loranthaceae 13.628 74.694 Kundapura Drynaria quercifolia Caryophyllacea e 13.631 74.691 Kundapura Acampe praemorsa Orchidaceae 13.631 74.687 Kundapura 13.631 74.683 Kundapura Cleisostoma tenuifolium Bulbophyllum mysorense Orchidaceae Orchidaceae 13.623 74.692 Kundapura Rhynchostylis retusa Orchidaceae 13.656 74.678 Kundapura Dendrobium herbaceum Orchidaceae 13.654 74.687 Kundapura Vanda testacea Orchidaceae 13.653
 74.689 220 13.65 74.688 221 13.649 74.687 222 13.647 74.685 223 13.649 74.684 224 13.653 74.683 Uppinakudr u Uppinakudr u Uppinakudr u Uppinakudr u Uppinakudr u Uppinakudr u Avicennia officinalis Verbenaceae Rhizophora mucronata Rhizophora apiculata Bruguiera gymnorrhiza Kandelia candel Rhizophoracea e Rhizophoracea e Rhizophoracea e Rhizophoracea e Sonneratia alba Lythraceae 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 NE NE NE NE CR CR NE LC NE NE NE NE NE LC NE NE LC LC LC LC LC LC Meicinal Moist and dry deciduous forests, also in the plains Bastard teak, Gammalu, Kino Medicinal Moist deciduous forests, also raised in plantations Indian Blackberry, Jaman Teak Terrestrial Indian Copal Tree Terrestrial, Marine Kolache Gida Terrestrial, Marine © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 45 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR Uppinakudr u Uppinakudr u Uppinakudr u Uppinakudr u Uppinakudr u Uppinakudr u Uppinakudr u Uppinakudr u Uppinakudr u Uppinakudr u Uppinakudr u Uppinakudr u Uppinakudr u Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Aegicerus corniculatum Primulaceae Acantus ilicifolius Acanthaceae Excocaria agallocha Euphorbiaceae Chlerodendron inerme Verbenaceae Derris trifoliata Fabaceae Dalbergia volubilis Fabaceae Acrostichum aureum
 Pteridaceae Ipomea batatas Pandanus odoratissimus Sesuvium portulacastrum Convolvulacea e Pandanaceae Aizoaceae Caesalpinia crista Fabaceae Aeluropus lagopoides Poaceae Fimbristylis ferruginea Cyperaceae Abrus pulchellus Fabaceae LC LC LC NE NE NE LC NE NE NE NE NE LC NE Abutilon persicum Malvaceae Rare Acacia caesia Fabaceae Acacia catechu Fabaceae Acacia torta Fabaceae Acampe wightiana Orchidaceae NE NE NE NE Folk medicine, ayurveda, siddha Terrestrial, Marine Marine, Freshwater Marine, Freshwater, Terrestrial Folk medicine, Taditional chinese Marine,Terrestri al Holy Mangrove Blinding tree Embrert Chillanki, Chillingi Golden Leather Fern Medicinal Ponds, low lying swampy localities siddha Folk medicine, ayurveda, Taditional chinese Canieroc West Indian Fimbry Terrestrial Terrestrial; Freshwater native medicinal,food,fodder,fu el,pest management Dry deciduous forests Black cutch tree Deciduous forests, also in the plains Twisted Acacia © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 46 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Acrocarpus fraxinifolius Actinodaphne tadulingami Fabaceae NE Folk medicine
 Lauraceae Rare Adina cordifolia Rubiaceae Aegle marmelos Rutaceae NE NE medicinal,food,fodder,fu el native Medicinal,food,fodder,fu el Aerva lanata Amaranthaceae NE Aeschynanthus perrottettii Gesneriaceae Aeschynomene aspera Fabaceae NE LC Ailanthus malabarica Simaroubaceae NE Alangium salvifolium Amaranthaceae NE Medicinal Albizia odoratissima Fabaceae Alseodaphne semecarpifolia Lauraceae Alstonia scholaris Apocynaceae Alternanthera sessilis Amaranthaceae Amaranthus virdis Amaranthaceae NE NE LC LC NE Moist deciduous forests, also in the plains Plain areas, forests, near roadsides Deciduous forests and waste lands in the plains Haldu, Yellow teak Bael tree Polpala Semi-evergreen forests, also planted in the plains Deciduous forests and waste lands in the plains Humid valley forests, open forests, hill slopes semi-evergreen forests Open evergreen forests to moist deciduous forests Moist open places, ponds, ditches, puddles Maharukh Polpala Ceylon rosewood Nelthare Devil Tree, Dita Bark Tree Tangle Mat, Sessile joyweed Medicinal medicinal,young shoots and leaves are cooked edible,nutritional value Wastelands and degraded forests Wild Amaranth, Slender amaranth © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 47 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi
 Ammannia baccifer Lythraceae Anacardium occidentale Anacardiaceae Annona reticulata Annonaceae Anogeissus latifolia Combretaceae LC NE NE NE Anthocephalus cadamba Rubiaceae NE Aporosa lindleyana Euphorbiaceae Argyreia involucrata Aristolochia indica Convolvulacea e Aristolochiacea e Artabotrys zeylanicus Annonaceae Artemisia vulgaris Asteraceae Artocarpus gomezianus Artocarpus heterophyllus Moraceae Moraceae Artocarpus hirsutus Moraceae NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE Wet places, near river banks, pond, ditches, puddle Blistering Ammania medicine,nuts Cultivated Cashew Apple Netted custard apple Medicinal,wood used for agricultural implements Moist and dry deciduous forests Dhawa, Indian Gum Tree Along banks of rivers and streams in evergreen forests, also in the plains Kadam Medicinal,antidote for snake-bite moist deciduous forests Indian birthwort Tropical evergreen and semi evergreen forests.
Ceylon green champa common mugwort Evergreen Forests, Cultivated in Plains Food,medicinal,fuel,fod der Folk medicine, Ayurveda, Siddha Jack fruit tree Aini © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 48 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Asclepias curassavica Asclepidaceae NE Ornamental,medicinal Hilly areas, marshy land, along stream banks Blood Flower, West Indian Ipecacuanha Asparagus racemosus Asparagaceae NE medicinal,nutritional value All forest types, also in the plains Asparagus, Spiny Asparagus Asystasia gangetica Acanthaceae NE Atalantia wightii Rutaceae Azadirachta indica Meliaceae Bambusa arundinaceae Poaceae Bambusa tulda Poaceae Bassia latifolia Sapotaceae Bauhinia foveolata Fabaceae Bauhinia malabarica Fabaceae Bauhinia phoenicia Bauhinia racemosa Caesalpiniacea e Caesalpiniacea e NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE Bischofia javanica Phyllanthaceae NE Bixa orellana Bixaceae NE Grows in open areas and also cultivated in gardens Coromandel/Chinese violet, native medicinal,fodder,fuelwo od,pest management,windbreak Shoots and seed grains are edible Dry deciduous forests, also widely planted Wild in most parts of tropical India Neem tree
 Bamboo Bamboo medicinal,food,fooder Forested areas Mowra butter tree Folk medicine, Siddha, Traditional Chinese medicine Very common in foothills,Dry and moist deciduous forests Cultivated, tolerant of poor soils but intolerant of shades Burmese Silk Orchid Bischofia Annatto tree, Annato © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 49 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Blepharis asperima Acanthaceae Boerhaavia chinensis Nyctaginaceae NE NE Boerhaavia diffusa Nyctaginaceae NE Bombax ceiba Malvaceae NE Dry Evergreen to Dry Deciduous Forests Dry and moist deciduous forests Moist and dry deciduous forests and also in the plains Moist deciduous and semi- evergreen forests, also in the plains Pigweed, Common Hogweed Indian bombax, Silk Cotton Tree Borreria hispida Rubiaceae NE Endemic to peninsular India Medicinal Sandy low lands Bridalia retusa Phyllanthaceae NE Medicinal Bridelia scandens Euphorbiaceae Buddleja asiatica Bulbophyllum mysorense Scrophulariace ae Orchidaceae Butea superba Fabaceae Caesalpinia crista Fabaceae Calamus rotang Arecaceae NE NE NE NE NE NE Callicarpa tomentosa Lamiaceae NE Folk medicine, Siddha Semi-evergreen and
 deciduous forests, also in the plains Sal forest n sacred groves near coastal regions and backwaters Moist deciduous and degraded forests, also in the plains Common rattan Great woolly malayan lilac © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 50 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Calophyllum apetalum Calophyllaceae NE Calotropis gigantea Asclepiadaceae LC Calycopteris floribunda Combretaceae Canarium strictum Burseraceae Canavalia ensiformis Fabaceae Canscora diffusa Gentianaceae Capparis cleghornii Capparaceae Capparis zeylanica Capparaceae Carallia brachiata Cardiospermum halicacabum Rhizophoracea e Sapindaceae Careya arborea Lecythidaceae NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE LC Carissa spinarum Apocynaceae NE Casurina equisetifolia Casurinaceae Carvia callosa Acanthaceae Caryota urens Arecaceae NE NE LC medicinal,nutritional value Deciduous forests, also in wet places in the plains Madar, Crown Flower Medicinal Semi evergreen forests, moist deciduous forests Dry deciduous forests Along the margins of semi- evergreen forests Scrub forests and dry plains Moist deciduous
 forests, also in scrub jungles Common in the plains from the coast, in scrub jungles Along river banks, swamps, marshes Medicinal Folk medicine Medicinal Folk medicine, Ayurveda, Siddha Medicinal,food,Fodder,F uelwood,Pest management Black Dammar Sword Bean Kilvar Wagati Ceylon Caper Balloon vine Kumbi Whistling pine, She oak Karvi Terrestrial Elephant's palm © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 51 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Cassia alata Caesalpiniacea e Cassia fistula Fabaceae Cassia hirsute Fabaceae Cassytha filiformis Lauraceae Celosia argentea Amaranthaceae Centella asiatica Apiaceae NE NE NE NE NE LC Chloroxylon swietenia Rutaceae VU Chukrasia tabularis Meliaceae Low risk Cinnamomum sulphuratum Cinnamomum zeylanicum Lauraceae Lauraceae VU NE Cipadessa baccifera Meliaceae NE Cissus discolor Vitaceae Clematis gouriana Ranunculaceae Clerodendrum inerme Verbenaceae NE NE NE tender shoots and leaves are edible medicinal,nutritional value Great demand for agricultural implements The Indian Laburnum Wolly senna Silver Spiked Cockscomb Indian Pennywort Indian Satin wood Tree Chikrassy
 Ceylon Cinnamon Degraded forests also in the plains Among bushes in plains Weed in cultivated areas and wastelands Deciduous forests, also in wet places in the plains Semi-evergreen, moist deciduous, evergreen and shola forests Evergreen and riparian forests, also cultivated Moist deciduous and semi- evergreen forests, also in the sacred groves Moist deciduous forests and grasslands Backwater low lying areas, rocky coastal Indian Travelers's Joy Indian privet, Garden quinine Used in traditional medicine and ornamental.
© Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 52 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Clerodendrum serratum Verbenaceae Cocos nucifera Arecaceae Coldenia procumbens Boraginaceae Colebrookea oppositifolia Lamiaceae Colocasia esculenta Areceae Combretum latifolium Combretaceae Connarus wightii Connaraceae Coscinium fenestratum Menispermacea e Costus speciosus Costaceae Crateva magna Capparaceae Crinum viviparum Amaryllidaceae Crotalaria pallida Fabaceae Crotalaria umbellata Fabaceae NE NE NE NE LC NE NE DD NE NE NE NE NE belts, roadsides and cultivated Blue-flowered Glory Tree medicinal Cultivated Coconut medicinal Waterlogged ditches and streamside Indian Squirrel Tail Taro, Wild taro Semi-evergreen and evergreen forests River banks in semi-evergreen forests Flase calumba Cane-reed Garlic Pear Tree Green maure chique chique,streaked rattlepod Cryptolepis buchananii Asclepiadaceae LC Medicinal Moist and dry deciduous forests, also in the plains © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106,
 Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 53 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Cymbidium aloifolium Orchidaceae Cyperus difformis Cyperaceae Dalbergia latifolia Fabaceae Dalzellia ceylanica Podostemaceae Debregeasia longifolia Decaschistia crotonifolia Dendrobium barbatulum Urticaceae Malvaceae Orchidaceae Derris thyrsiflora Fabaceae Dillenia pentagyna Dilleniaceae Dioscorea wallichii Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea bulbifera Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea pentaphylla Dioscoreaceae Diospyros ebenum Ebenaceae Diospyros gandolleana Ebenaceae Dipterocarpus indicus Dipterocarpace ae NE LC VU NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE EN Terrestrial Bombay blackwood Folk medicine, Siddha Wild Rhea DilIenia pentagyna Moist deciduous forests, also in the plains Medicianal,vegetable Folk medicine, Ayurveda, Siddha Air potato Fiji yam Evergreen and semi-evergreen forests of Western Ghats New Guinea rosewood © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 54 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR
 Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Dracaena terniflora Agavacae NE Ehretia laevis Boraginaceae Rare Elaeagnus conferta Elaeagnaceae Elaeocarpus tuberculatus Elaeocarpaceae Elephantopus scaber Asteraceae Ensete superbum Musaceae Entada scandeus Mimosaceae Eriocaulon xeranthemum Eriocaulaceae Euginea gradineri Myrtaceae Eupatorium adenophorum Evolvulus alsinoides Asteraceae Convolvulacea e NE NE NE NE NE LC NE NE NE Ficus benghalensis Moraceae NE Ficus racemosa Moraceae Ficus religiosa Moraceae NE NE Folk medicine Prickly leaved elephant's foot Wild Plantain Moist deciduous and semi- evergreen forests Terrestrial, Freshwater Folk medicine Degraded forest areas Sticky snakeroot, Crofton weed Medicinal,Food,Fodder, Fuel Medicinal,Food,Fodder, Fuel Evergreen to deciduous forests; and cultivated around villages.
Evergreen to moist deciduous forests; and cultivated.
Little Glory Banyan Cluster fig Cosmopolitian Pipul, Peepal tree © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 55 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Ficus tsjahela Moraceae Flacourtia Montana Salicaceae Garcinia morella Clusiaceae Garcinia spicata Clusiaceae Garcinia talboti Clusiaceae Glochidion zeylanicum Euphorbiaceae Glycosmis pentaphylla Rutaceae Gnetum scandens Gnetaceae Gnetum ula Gnetaceae Grewia tilifolia Malvaceae Gomphrena serrata Amaranthaceae Gymnema sylvestre Asclepiadaceae Helicteres isora Malvaceae Hemidesmus indicus Periplocaceae Heteropogon contortus Asclepiadaceae NE NE NE NE NE NE NE LC LC NE NE NE NE NE NE Fruits are edible,Wood is used for building purposes Folk medicine, ayurveda, siddha, Homeopathy, modern medicine Moist deciduous to semi evergreen forests Mountain Sweet Thorn Indian Gamboge Ash Sheora Joint Fir Moist deciduous forests Dhaman Gymnema, Small Indian Ipecae East Indian ScrewTree Deciduous forests, also in plantations and plains western ghat Indian Sarsaparilla western ghat roots used for drinks and beverages Plains from the coast, in scrub jungles Indian Sarsaparilla ©
 Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 56 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Hibiscus cannabinus Malvaceae NE Holarrhena antidysenterica Apocynaceae NE Holigarna arnottiana Anacardiaceae Holigarna grahamii Anacardiaceae Homonoia riparia Euphorbiaceae Homonoia riparia Euphorbiaceae Hopea canarensis Hopea parviflora Dipterocarpace ae Dipterocarpace ae Hopea ponga Dipterocarpace ae Hopea wightiana Dipterocarpace ae Humboldtia vahliana Fabaceae Humboldtia brunonis Fabaceae Hydnocarpus laurifolia Achariaceae NE NE LC LC DD EN EN NE NE NE NE WG WG WG Tropical and subtropical regions, near villages, cultivated places and roadsides Ambari hemp, Brown Indian hemp Easter Tree Plant is rich in alkaloids, a preparation from the bark is effective againest dysentery Folk medicine, Siddha Black Varnish Tree Terrestrial Hopea Evergreen and semi-evergreen forests, also in the plains in sacred groves Thingam © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian
 Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 57 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Hydrilla verticillata Hydrocharitace ae Hyptis suaveolens Lamiaceae Ichnocarpus frutescens Apocynaceae Imperata cylindrica Poaceae Indoneesiella echioides Ipomea aquatica Acanthaceae Convolvulacea e Ixora coccinea Rubiaceae Ixora pavetta Rubiaceae Jasminum malabaricum Oleaceae LC NE NE NE NE LC NE NE NE Knema attenuata Myristicaceae Low risk Kydia calycina Malvaceae NE Lagascea mollis Asteraceae Lagerstroemia microcarpa Lagerstroemia reginae Lythraceae Lythraceae NE NE NE Stagnant ponds Hydrilla leaves as vegetable,medicinal moist and dry deciduous forests and wastelands Medicinal Slender Dog-Bane leaves as vegetable,medicinal ornamental,medicinal The honey will be thick and sweet.
Leaves are eaten by the elephant, sambar deer Grasslands, banks of backwaters, forest clearings and fallow fields moist and dry deciduous forests and wastelands Margins of ditches and ponds In the plains, also grown in homesteads Terrestrial Deciduous forests Weed in cultivated fields, also in waste lands Moist deciduous forests, also in the plains Cogongrass, Sword Grass Swamp cabbage Jungle flame, Flame of the woods Roxburgh's Kydia, Pula Silk Leaf Ben Teak © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 58 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Lantana camara Verbenaceae NE Lawsonia inermis Lythraceae Leea asiatica Vitaceae Leea indica Vitaceae Leea macrophylla Vitaceae Leonotis neptifolia Lamiaceae Leucas aspera Lamiaceae Ligustrum gamblei Oleaceae Limonia crenulata Rutaceae Litsea coriacea Lauraceae Lobelia nicotianifolia trichandra Lobeliaceae Lophopetalum wightianum Celastraceae Ludwigia adscendens Onagraceae Luvunga eleutherandra Rutaceae Macaranga peltata Euphorbiaceae NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE LC NE NE NE Flower attracts butterflies and moths.
Birds disperse the seeds.
medicinal,dye Folk medicine Folk medicine, Ayurveda, Siddha Cosmopolitian,A ggressive invasive weed in cultivated fields Cosmopolitian,Pl ains and lower hill Common Lantana Henna Bandicoot Berry medicinal Deciduous forests Deciduous forests and wastelands Common Leucas, Thumba Waste lands, degraded places Water Primrose Folk medicine, Siddha Macaranga © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 59 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Madhuca neriifolia Sapotaceae Maesa indica Myrsinaceae Mallotus philippensis Euphorbiaceae NE NE NE Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae DD Melastoma malabathrica Melastomaceae Melia dubia Meliaceae Memecylon malabaricum Melastomatace ae Memecylon talbotianum Melastomatace ae Mesua ferrea Calophyllaceae Michelia champaca Magnoliaceae Mimosa pudica Fabaceae NE NE NE NE NE NE NE Mimusops elengi Sapotaceae NE Mitragyna parvifolia rubiaceae Moullava spicata Fabaceae NE NE Folk medicine Folk medicine, ayurveda, siddha, Homeopathy Kamala Dye Tree Cuckoo's joy,Mango tree Evergreen and semi-evergreen forests and also widely cultivated Western Ghats, Evergreen Forests Folk medicine Nag Champa Iron Wood Tree Ornamental,medicinal
 Evergreen forests Joy Perfume Tree medicinal Moist localities Sensitive plant Ripe fruits are eaten,Medicinal Semi-evergreen and evergreen forests, also grown in homesteads Asian bullet wood Endemic to Western Ghats Folk medicine Candy Corn Plant © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 60 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Mucuna pruriens Fabaceae Murraya paniculata rutaceae Mussaenda frondosa Rubiaceae Myristica beddomei Myristicaceae NE NE NE NE Medicinal,edible tubers Scrub jungles, waste lands Cow hage, Common cow itch Wood very hard, used for construction works ,Medicinal Common on hills, especially in shaded ravines Satin Wood Myristica malabarica Myristicaceae VU Terrestrial Bombay mace Naravelia zeylanica Ranunculaceae Nervilia plicata Orchidaceae Nilgirianthus heyneanus Acanthaceae Oberonia ensiformis Orchidaceae Oldenlandia corymbosa Rubiaceae Olea dioica Oleaceae Ophiorrhiza mungos rubiaceae Oroxylum indicum Bignoniaceae Oryza sativa Poaceae Osbeckia brachystemon Melastomatace ae NE NE NE NE LC NE NE LC NE NE Folk medicine, Siddha Wet
 places, near rivers, canals In both deciduous and evergreen forests Primary and secondary forest, in moist localities Moist deciduous forests, also in the plains Diamond Flower Rose Sandalwood Mongoose plant Broken Bones Plant © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 61 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Osbeckia muralis Ottelia alismoides Melastomatoce ae Hydrocharitace ae NE LC Oxalis corniculata Oxalidiaceae NE Palaquium ellipticum Sapotaceae Pandanus canaranus Pandanaceae Pandanus tectorius Pandanaceae Pandonus thwaitesii Pandanaceae Paspalidium flavidum Poaceae NE NE LC LC NE Leaves edible after cooking.
Forests, grasslands, moist places, irrigation channels Indian Sorrel Folk medicine Palai Endemic to peninsular India Along banks of stream Pavetta indica Rubiaceae NE Medicinal Peristrophe paniculata Acanthaceae Persea macrantha Lauraceae Pholidota imbricata Orchidaceae NE NE NE Phyllanthus emblica Euphorbiaceae NE Medicinal Phyllanthus lawii Euphorbiaceae NE Undergrowth in disturbed evergreen to semievergreen forests Plains, Dry Localities Indian Pavetta Panicled Peristrophe Dry and moist deciduous forests, also cultivated in the plains Indian gooseberry © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 62 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Black pepper Food,Fodder,Fuel Forested areas Pithecellobium dulce Pinanga dicksonii Arecaceae Piper nigrum Piperaceae Pithecellobium dulce Mimosaceae Plantago asiatica Plantaginaceae Plecospermum spinosum Poeciloneuron indicum Ulmaceae Calophyllaceae Polygala chinensis Polygalaceae NE NE NE NE NE NE NE Native Puthang Kolli Indian milkwort Indian Beech River and stream banks, moist places, wet places, along irrigation channel Pongamia glabra Fabaceae LC Food,fodder,fuel Pothos scandens Araceae Pouzolzia
 zeylanica Urticaceae Pouzolzia pentandra Urticaceae Psychotria nigra Rubiaceae Pterocarpus santalinus Pterospermum rubiginosum fabaceae Sterculiaceae NE NE NE NE NE EN Ayurveda, Folk medicine, Sowa-Rigpa, Unani, Siddha Dry Evergreen to Dry Deciduous Forests, Cultivated Red sandalwood © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 63 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Radermachera xylocarpa Bignoniaceae NE Randia dumetorium rubiaceae Rauvolfia serpentina Apocynaceae Rhaphanus sativus Brassicaceae Rubia cordifolia Rubiaceae Saccharum spontaneum Poaceae Sagittaria sagitifolia Alismataceae Santalum album Santalaceae Sapindus laurifolius Sapindaceae Saraca asoca Fabaceae Saraca indica Fabaceae Schefflera wallichiana Arecaceae Schleichera trijuga Sapindaceae Scoparia dulcis Scophulariacea e Sesamum indicum Pedaliaceae NE NE NE NE NE NE VU NE VU VU NE NE NE NE Common in the foothills, scrub jungles, dry deciduous forests Moist deciduous forests, also in the plains Cultivated fields.
Serpentine root Radish, Diakon, Garden radish Indian madder Widely cultivated, used as vegetable and medicine.
Folk medicine, Traditional Chinese medicine, Ayurveda, Siddha Oil,Scent,medicinal Medicinal Old World Arrowhead, Sandalwood Reetha Ashokam, Ashok tree Lower slopes, plain and foothills Semi-evergreen and moist deciduous forests Semi evergreen forests, cultivated Semi-evergreen and moist deciduous forests Macassar oil tree medicinal Cosmopolitian, cultivated Ginger oil plant © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 64 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Sesbania bispinosa Fabaceae Smilax zeylanica Smilacaceae Solanum torvum Solanaceae Sphaeranthus indicus Asteraceae Stachytarpheta indica Verbenaceae Stephania japonica Menispermacea e LC NE NE LC NE NE Sterculia guttata Malvaceae NE strychnos nux vomica Loganiaceae NE Syzygium caryophyllatum Myrtaceae Syzizium cumini Myrtaceae Syzygium hemisphericum Myrataceae Syzygium laetum Myrtaceae Syzygium zeylanicum Myrtaceae EN NE NE NE NE Occasional in wet places Devil's Fig Indian globe flower Blue snakeweed medicinal Thickets, near cultivated places and roadsides.
The seed contains a chemical called `strychnine' extensively used for preparation of medicines.
Semi-evergreen and moist deciduous forests, also in the plains Moist and dry deciduous forests, also in the plains Kunta Nerale Golder Nux-vomica tree Folk medicine, Ayurveda Honey bitter fruits edible, Elephants and also used to brew liquor swamps,riverban ks Indian Blackberry, Jaman Rose apple Tabernaemontana heyneana Apocynaceae Low risk Terrestrial © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 65 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR 176 2021 Tamarindus indica Ceasalpiniacea e NE native cooking purpose,medicinal A large evergreen tree Indian Date Tectona grandis Verbenaceae NE Medicinal Moist deciduous forests, also raised in plantations Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Terminalia alata Combretaceae Terminalia arjuna Combretaceae Terminalia bellerica Combretaceae Terminalia chebula Combretaceae Terminalia paniculata Combretaceae Themeda triandra Poaceae Tinospora cardifolia Menispermacea e Toddalia bilocularis Rutaceae Toona ciliata Meliaceae Torenia bicolor Scrophulariace ae Trema orientalis Cannabaceae Typha angustata Typhaceae Urena lobata Malvaceae NE NE NE NE NE NE LC NE NE LC LC LC NE Medicinal,hosts of the silkworm moth Common Nesting
 site of Apis dorsata,Trigonasp.Bees, medicinal Moist Deciduous to Evergreen Forests Teak Arjun Medicinal Common Bedda nut tree Deciduous forest Haritaki Folk medicine, Ayurveda, Siddha Flowering Murdah Indian Tinospora, Semi-evergreen and evergreen forests Australian redcedar,Red cedar Charcoal Tree Reed mace, Elephant grass Caesar's weed shallow water of lakes, rivers, ponds, marshes, and ditches Undergrowth in orchards, forests, waste place Folk medicine, Ayurveda, Siddha © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 66 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR 176 2021 Utricularia scandens Lentibulariacea e Vanda tessellata Orchidaceae Vateria indica Dipterocarpace ae NE NE CR Ventilago maderaspatna Rhamnaceae NE Medicinal Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Vetiveria zizaniodes Poaceae Vitex altissima Lamiaceae NE NE Vitex negundo Verbenaceae NE Vitex leucoxylon Lamiaceae Wendlandia notoniana Rubiaceae Woodfordia fruticosa Lythraceae Wrightia tinctoria Menispermacea e Xylia xylocarpa Fabaceae NE NE LC LC NE Zanthoxylum armatum Rutaceae NE Terrestrial Indian Copal Tree Common on hills, from foothills, scrub jungle,Moist deciduous forests Banks of streams and backwaters, also cultivated Open areas,
 forested areas Deciduous forests, river banks, villages and cultivated as hedge plant.
Red Creepe Khus-khus, Cuscus grass Tall chaste tree Chaste tree, Negundo Chastetree Use of lakky locally called is known to the rural people.
medicinal Waste lands Fire flame bush ayurvedhic Moist deciduous forests and scrub jungles prickly, deciduous to evergreen shrub, woody climber or small tree Indian Tinospora, Burma Ironwood Wingleaf pricklyash © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 67 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR 176 2021 541 13.675 74.969 542 13.506 74.706 543 13.498 74.705 544 13.488 74.702 545 13.478 74.694 546 13.492 74.69 547 13.498 74.691 548 13.504 74.692 549 13.51 74.697 Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Varahi river_Hosan gadi Udupi coastal area Udupi coastal area Udupi coastal area Udupi coastal area Udupi coastal area Udupi coastal area Zanthoxylum rhetsa Rutaceae Zingiber officinale Zingiberaceae NE NE Zizyphus oenoplia Rhamnaceae NE Aegle marmelos Rutaceae Aristolochia indica Aristolochiacea e Asparagus racemosus Asparagaceae Barringtonia acutangula Lecythidaceae NE NE NE NE Breynia vitis-idaea Euphorbiaceae NE Folk medicine, Ayurveda, Siddha medicinal edible fruit,medicinal,folklore native Medicinal,food,fodder,fu el Medicinal,antidote for snake-bite medicinal,nutritional value Caesalpinia bonduc Fabaceae NE medicinal 550 13.516 74.69 Udupi coastal area Calophyllum inophyllum Calophyllaceae LC 551 13.521 74.691 552 13.531 74.694 553 13.538 74.693 554 13.536 74.689 555 13.543 74.687 Udupi coastal area Udupi coastal area Udupi coastal area Udupi coastal area Udupi coastal area Calotropis gigantea Asclepiadaceae Caryota urens Arecaceae Catunaregam spinosa Rubiaceae Celastrus paniculata Celastraceae Croton gibsonianus Euphorbiaceae LC LC NE NE NE Indian Prickly Ash Canton Ginger Jackal jujube Bael tree Indian birthwort Asparagus, Spiny Asparagus Indian oak Indian snowberry Physic-Nut Alexandrian laurel Madar, Crown Flower
 Widely cultivated Moist and dry deciduous forests,also in the plains Plain areas, forests, near roadsides moist deciduous forests All forest types, also in the plains Banks of streams, edges of swamps and moist places Semi-evergreen and moist deciduous forests, also in the plains Evergreen and moist deciduous forests In plains along the banks of rivers and mangrove forests Deciduous forests, also in wet places in the plains medicinal,nutritional value Terrestrial Elephant's palm Medicinal,branches used for fencing Medicinal Moist deciduous forests,hilly areas Tropical and temperate forests Common emetic nut Mountain Pomegranate © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 68 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR Udupi coastal area Udupi coastal area Udupi coastal area Udupi coastal area Udupi coastal area Udupi coastal area Udupi coastal area Udupi coastal area Udupi coastal area Udupi coastal area Udupi coastal area Udupi coastal area Udupi coastal area Udupi coastal area Udupi coastal area Udupi coastal area Udupi coastal area Cucurbita maxima Cucurbitaceae Cuminum cyminum Apiaceae Curcuma longa Zinziberaceae Cyclea peltata Menispermacea e Elephantopus scaber Asteraceae Ervatamia heyneana Apocynaceae Ficus benghalensis Moraceae Ficus racemosa Moraceae Ficus religiosa Moraceae Hemidesmus indicus Periplocaceae Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Malvaceae Hybanthus enneaspermus
 Violaceae Ixora coccinea Rubiaceae Jasminum malabaricum Oleaceae Kalanchoe pinnata Crassulaceae Leucas aspera Lamiaceae Melastoma malabathrica Melastomaceae NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE Vegetable Seed - cooked as a flavouring,Medicinal Long-fallow, loamy soil,Cultivated as vegetable Pumpkin, Winter squash Cultivated Cumin medicinal,skin care Cultivated Turmeric Roots are used as medicine for treating skin diseases Semi-evergreen and evergreen forests, also in the plains Medicinal,Food,Fodder, Fuel Medicinal,Food,Fodder, Fuel Deciduous Forests Evergreen to deciduous forests; and cultivated around villages.
Evergreen to moist deciduous forests; and cultivated.
Pata root, Raj patta Prickly leaved elephant's foot Banyan Cluster fig Cosmopolitian Pipul, Peepal tree western ghat Ornamental,medicinal Medicinal ornamental,medicinal Cultivated in gardens Arable, pasture and wastelands In the plains, also grown in homesteads Indian Sarsaparilla Shoe flower Spade Flower Jungle flame, Flame of the woods Leaves eaten as vegetable,Medicinal medicinal Deciduous forests and wastelands Air Plant, Donkey Ears Common Leucas, Thumba © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 69 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR 176 2021 573 13.598 74.676 Udupi coastal area Memecylon malabaricum Melastomatace ae Udupi coastal area Udupi coastal area Udupi coastal area Udupi coastal area Udupi coastal area Udupi coastal area Udupi coastal area Udupi coastal area Udupi coastal area Udupi coastal area Udupi coastal area Udupi coastal area Udupi coastal area Udupi coastal area Udupi coastal area Mimusops elengi Sapotaceae Musa paradisiaca Musaceae Musa superba Musaceae Mussaenda belilla Rubiaceae Ocimum tenuiflorum Lauraceae Phyllanthus amarus Phyllanthaceae NE NE NE NE NE NE NE Rauvolfia serpentina Apocynaceae Ricinus communis Euphorbiaceae Salacia reticulata Hippocrateacea e Syzizium cumini Myrtaceae Tabernaemontana divaricata Tamarindus indica Apocynaceae Ceasalpiniacea e Terminalia arjuna Combretaceae NE NE NE NE NE NE NE Western Ghats, Evergreen Forests Semi-evergreen and evergreen forests, also grown in homesteads Ripe fruits are eaten,Medicinal Asian
 bullet wood Medicinal Forested areas Banana medicinal Medicinal Sandy rock region of scrub jungles Dry and moist deciduous forests, also cultivated in the plains River and stream banks, moist places, wet places, along irrigation channel Moist deciduous forests, also in the plains Cultivated, also runs wild Indian gooseberry Indian Beech Serpentine root Castor,Ricin Indian Blackberry, Jaman native cooking purpose,medicinal Nesting site of Apis dorsata,Trigonasp.Bees, medicinal A large evergreen tree Moist Deciduous to Evergreen Forests Indian Date Arjun Phyllanthus emblica Euphorbiaceae NE Medicinal Pongamia pinnata Fabaceae LC Food,fodder,fuel © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 70 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR 176 2021 589 13.404 74.713 590 13.404 74.711 591 13.542 74.891 592 13.537 74.876 Udupi coastal area Udupi coastal area Udupi coastal area Udupi coastal area Tinospora sinensis Menispermacea e NE Vitex negundo Verbenaceae NE Zanthoxylum rhetsa Rutaceae Zingiber officinale Zingiberaceae 593 13.528 74.878 Udupi taluk Aegle marmelos Rutaceae 594 13.435 74.908 Udupi taluk Aeschynomene indica Fabaceae 595 13.4 74.899 Udupi taluk Alangium salvifolium Amaranthaceae 596 13.405 74.851 Udupi taluk Anacardium occidentale Anacardiaceae 597 13.412 74.818 Udupi taluk Annona muricata Annonaceae 598 13.426 74.826 Udupi taluk Annona reticulata Annonaceae 599 600 601 602 603 13.5 74.869 Udupi taluk Annona squamosa Annonaceae 13.503 74.879 Udupi taluk Antidesma acidum Euphorbiaceae 13.302 74.802 Udupi taluk Antidesma ghresemhilla Euphorbiaceae 13.296 74.773 Udupi taluk Aporosa lindleyana Euphorbiaceae 13.32 74.769 Udupi taluk 604 13.354 74.77 Udupi taluk Artocarpus gomezianus
 Artocarpus heterophyllus Moraceae Moraceae 605 606 607 13.368 74.764 Udupi taluk Artocarpus hirsutus Moraceae 13.359 74.749 Udupi taluk Averrhoa bilimbi Oxalidaceae 13.343 74.737 Udupi taluk Averrhoa carambola Oxalidaceae NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE Use of lakky locally called is known to the rural people.
Folk medicine, Ayurveda, Siddha medicinal native Medicinal,food,fodder,fu el Medicinal Deciduous forests, river banks, villages and cultivated as hedge plant.
Widely cultivated Plain areas, forests, near roadsides Deciduous forests and waste lands in the plains Chaste tree, Negundo Chastetree Indian Prickly Ash Canton Ginger Bael tree Indian Joint vetch Polpala medicine,nuts Cultivated Cashew Apple Medicine,Fruit Medicine,Fruit Cultivated Cultivated and naturalized Cultivated and naturalized Graviola, Prickly custard apple Netted custard apple Netted custard apple Food,medicinal,fuel,fod der Folk medicine, Ayurveda, Siddha Evergreen Forests, Cultivated in Plains Jack fruit tree Aini cucumber tree, star fruit © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 71 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR 176 2021 608 13.331 74.738 Udupi taluk Borassus flabellifer Araceae NE 609 13.277 74.752 Udupi taluk Bridalia retusa Phyllanthaceae NE 610 13.241 74.761 Udupi taluk Buchanania lanzan Anacardiaceae NE 611 13.203 74.777 Udupi taluk Canthium coromandelicum Rubiaceae 612 613 614 13.177 74.805 Udupi taluk Canthium parviflorum Fabaceae 13.174 74.829 Udupi taluk Carissa congesta Apocynaceae 13.194 74.835 Udupi taluk Citrus aurantifolia Rutaceae 615 13.243 74.835 Udupi taluk Citrus medica Rutaceae 616 13.263 74.841 Udupi taluk Citrus limon Rutaceae 617 618 13.29 74.848 Udupi taluk Citrus sinensis Rutaceae 13.318 74.854 Udupi taluk Diospyros malabarica Ebenaceae 619 13.352 74.934 Udupi taluk Ensete superbum Musaceae 620 13.356 74.926 Udupi taluk Ficus auriculata Moracea 621 13.374 74.918 Udupi taluk Ficus racemosa Moraceae 622 13.409 74.924 Udupi taluk Flacourtia indica Flacourtiaceae 623 13.409 74.924 Udupi taluk Flacourtia Montana Salicaceae 624 13.413 74.831 Udupi taluk Garcinia gummi-gutta Clusiaceae NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NT Medicinal Medicinal Medicinal Medicinal Medicinal,nutritional
 value Medicinal,Food,Fodder, Fuel Medicinal Fruits are edible,Wood is used for building purposes n dry areas and along bunds in paddy fields Semi-evergreen and deciduous forests, also in the plains Moist deciduous, dry deciduous and semi- evergreen forests Moist and dry deciduous forests, also in sacred groves Deciduous forests Forest along marshes, sluggish streams Forest along marshes, sluggish streams Moist deciduous and semi- evergreen forests Evergreen to moist deciduous forests; and cultivated.
Scrubs, deciduous to mixed forests Moist deciduous to semi evergreen forests Palmyra palm Almondette tree Wild jessamine, Carray cheddie Barbadoes pride, Peacock flower Key Lime Citron Citron Key Lime Wild Plantain Cluster fig Batoko palm Mountain Sweet Thorn Malabar Gamboge © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 72 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR 176 2021 625 13.418 74.778 Udupi taluk Garcinia indica Clusiaceae 626 13.424 74.768 Udupi taluk Garcinia morella Clusiaceae 627 628 629 13.434 74.75 Udupi taluk Garcinia xanthochymus Clusiaceae 13.463 74.74 Udupi taluk Gardenia gummifera Rubiaceae Low risk 13.48 74.75 Udupi taluk Holigarna arnottiana Anacardiaceae 630 13.483 74.79 Udupi taluk Ixora coccinea Rubiaceae 631 13.467 74.845 Udupi taluk Madhuca neriifolia Sapotaceae VU NE NE NE NE NE 632 13.436 74.839 Udupi taluk Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae DD 633 13.406 74.858 Udupi taluk Memecylon edule Melastomatace ae 634 13.407 74.895 Udupi taluk Mimusops elengi Sapotaceae 635 636 637 13.421 74.915 Udupi taluk Mucuna monosperma Papilionoidacea e 13.448 74.904 Udupi taluk Musa balbisiana Musaceae 13.493 74.885 Udupi taluk Passiflora foetida Passifloraceae NE NE NE NE NE Folk medicine, ayurveda, siddha, Homeopathy, modern medicine Folk medicine, Siddha ornamental,medicinal Folk medicine Ripe fruits are eaten,Medicinal Terrestrial Brindonia Tallow Tree Indian Gamboge Egg tree Cumbi-gum tree Black Varnish Tree Jungle flame, Flame of the woods Cuckoo's joy,Mango tree Asian bullet wood In the plains, also grown in homesteads Evergreen and semi-evergreen forests and also widely cultivated Along watercourses, prefers shade.
Semi-evergreen and evergreen forests, also grown in homesteads 638 13.51 74.893 Udupi taluk Phyllanthus emblica Euphorbiaceae NE Medicinal 639 13.532 74.862 Udupi taluk Physalis minima Solanaceae 640 641 642 13.532 74.82 Udupi taluk Psidium guajava Myrtaceae 13.511 74.803 Udupi taluk Punica granatum Punicaceae 13.516 74.745 Udupi taluk Solanum americanum Solanaceae NE NE NE NE Ripe fruits are eaten raw which is sweet scented and delicious Edible Wet places Stinking Passion flower Dry and moist deciduous forests, also cultivated in the plains Common weed in open areas, rice field, road sides Cultivated Cultivated Indian gooseberry Little Gooseberry Common guava Promegranate © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 73 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR 176 2021 643 13.477 74.871 Udupi taluk Spondias pinnata Anacardiaceae NE 644 13.504 74.838 Udupi taluk Syzygium caryophyllatum Myrtaceae 645 13.177 74.768 Udupi taluk Syzizium cumini Myrtaceae 646 647 648 649 13.152 74.796 Udupi taluk Syzygium jambos Myrtaceae 13.18 74.84 Udupi taluk Syzygium zeylanicum Myrtaceae 13.204 74.828 Udupi taluk Tamarindus indica Ceasalpiniacea e 13.188 74.799 Udupi taluk Terminalia bellerica Combretaceae 650 13.218 74.77 Udupi taluk Terminalia catappa Combretaceae EN NE NE NE NE NE NE 651 13.243 74.779 Udupi taluk Ziziphus mauritiana Rhamanaceae NE 652 13.272 74.789 Udupi taluk Ziziphus oenoplia Rhamnaceae 653 654 13.288 74.821 Udupi taluk Ziziphus rugosa Rhamnaceae 13.362 74.812 Udupi taluk Artocarpus incisus Moraceae 655 13.335 74.848 Udupi taluk Momordica dioca Cucurbitaceae NE NE NE NE Moist deciduous and semi- evergreen forests, also in the plains Wild mango Folk medicine, Ayurveda Honey bitter fruits edible, Elephants and also used to brew
 liquor swamps,riverban ks Indian Blackberry, Jaman Malay Apple,Rose Apple native cooking purpose,medicinal A large evergreen tree Indian Date Medicinal Common Bedda nut tree Medicinal,The trunk is a source of gum.
The oil from seed is used for making soap Food,fodder,fuel,medici nal edible fruit,medicinal,folklore Medicinal Deciduous, mixed forest Dry deciduous forests, also planted in the plains Moist and dry deciduous forests,also in the plains Deciduous and semi-evergreen forests, also in the plains Undergrowth in disturbed evergreen to semievergreen forests Wet places, moist soil, dampy areas Indian Almond tree Indian jujube, Chinese date Jackal jujube Indian Pavetta Febrifuge plant Devil's Fig 656 13.33 74.897 Udupi taluk Pavetta indica Rubiaceae NE Medicinal 657 13.358 74.907 Udupi taluk Solanum virginianum Solanaceae 658 13.37 74.881 Udupi taluk Solanum torvum Solanaceae NE NE © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 74 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR 176 2021 659 660 13.368 74.858 Udupi taluk Tamilnadia uliginosa Rubiaceae 13.837 74.888 Udupi taluk Zanthoxylum ovalifolium Rutaceae 661 13.845 74.882 Udupi taluk Zanthoxylum rhetsa Rutaceae NE NE NE EN NE NE EN NE Folk medicine, Ayurveda, Siddha Evergreen and semi-evergreen forests of Western Ghats Indian Prickly Ash New Guinea rosewood Puthang Kolli Terrestrial Hopea Dipterocarpus indicus Dipterocarpace ae Poeciloneuron indicum Calophyllum tomentosum Hopea parviflora Calophyllaceae Calophyllaceae Dipterocarpace ae Machilus macarantha Lauraceae Myristica malabarica Myristicaceae VU Terrestrial Bombay mace Elaeocarpus serratus Elaeocarpaceae Terminalia paniculata Combretaceae Artocarpus hirsutus Moraceae Hopea ponga Dipterocarpace ae Vitex altissima Lamiaceae Euginea gradineri Myrtaceae NE NE NE EN NE NE Folk medicine, Ayurveda, Siddha Folk medicine, Ayurveda, Siddha evergreen to semi-evergreen forests Rosary nut, Utrasum bead tree Flowering Murdah Evergreen and
 semi-evergreen forests, also in the plains in sacred groves Open areas, forested areas Aini Thingam Tall chaste tree Mookambik a Wildlife Sanctuary Mookambik a Wildlife Sanctuary Mookambik a Wildlife Sanctuary Mookambik a Wildlife Sanctuary Mookambik a Wildlife Sanctuary Mookambik a Wildlife Sanctuary Mookambik a Wildlife Sanctuary Mookambik a Wildlife Sanctuary Mookambik a Wildlife Sanctuary Mookambik a Wildlife Sanctuary Mookambik a Wildlife Sanctuary Mookambik a Wildlife Sanctuary © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 75 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR Mookambik a Wildlife Sanctuary Mookambik a Wildlife Sanctuary Mookambik a Wildlife Sanctuary Mookambik a Wildlife Sanctuary Mookambik a Wildlife Sanctuary Mookambik a Wildlife Sanctuary Mookambik a Wildlife Sanctuary Mookambik a Wildlife Sanctuary Mookambik a Wildlife Sanctuary Mookambik a Wildlife Sanctuary Mookambik a Wildlife Sanctuary Mookambik a Wildlife Sanctuary Mookambik a Wildlife Sanctuary Mookambik a Wildlife Sanctuary Cinnamomum malabathrum Lauraceae NE Bombax ceiba Malvaceae NE Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae DD Moist deciduous and semi- evergreen forests, also in the plains Evergreen and semi-evergreen forests and also widely cultivated
 Indian bombax, Silk Cotton Tree Cuckoo's joy,Mango tree Dalbergia latifolia Fabaceae VU Terrestrial Bombay blackwood Dillenia indica Dilleniaceae Adina cordifolia Rubiaceae Anaphalis subdecurrens Asteraceae Combretum albidum Combretaceae Globba orixensis Zingiberaceae Justicia prostrata Acanthaceae Oxalis corymbosa Oxalidiaceae Oxalis dehradunensis Oxalidaceae Ravuolfia micrantha Apocynaceae Terminalia paniculata Combretaceae NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE LC NE medicinal,food,fodder,fu el Bettadakanigala, Kaadu kanigala Moist deciduous forests, also in the plains Folk medicine, Ayurveda, Siddha Haldu, Yellow teak Bark used as scrubber Semi-evergreen forests, along river banks Buffalo calf plant Folk medicine, Ayurveda, Siddha Flowering Murdah © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 76 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR 176 2021 Machilus macarantha Lauraceae Lophopetalum wightianum Celastraceae NE LC Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae DD Hopea canarensis Dipterocarpace ae Artocarpus hirsutus Moraceae Cinnamomum camphora Luraceae Dalbergia latifolia Fabaceae Terminalia tomentosa Combretaceae Lagerstroemia lanceolata Lythraceae Schleichera oleosa Sapindaceae Anacardium occidentale Anacardiaceae Dillenia pentagyna Dilleniaceae Careya arborea Lecythidaceae DD NE NE VU NE NE NE NE NE LC Mookambik a Wildlife Sanctuary Mookambik a Wildlife Sanctuary Mookambik a Wildlife Sanctuary Mookambik a Wildlife Sanctuary Mookambik a
 Wildlife Sanctuary Mookambik a Wildlife Sanctuary Mookambik a Wildlife Sanctuary Mookambik a Wildlife Sanctuary Mookambik a Wildlife Sanctuary Mookambik a Wildlife Sanctuary Mookambik a Wildlife Sanctuary Mookambik a Wildlife Sanctuary Evergreen and semi-evergreen forests and also widely cultivated Terrestrial Cuckoo's joy,Mango tree Folk medicine, Ayurveda, Siddha Aini Camphor Tree Terrestrial Bombay blackwood Indian Laurel Nandi Tree Macassar oil tree deciduous and dry evergreen forests Semi-evergreen and moist deciduous forests medicine,nuts Cultivated Cashew Apple Folk medicine, Ayurveda, Siddha DilIenia pentagyna Kumbi Teak Forest Red Gum Moist deciduous forests, also raised in plantations Roadsides, forest edges, cultivated Tectona grandis Verbenaceae NE Medicinal Eucalyptus tereticornis Myrtaceae NE © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 77 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR 176 2021 703 13.542 74.953 Mookambik a Wildlife Sanctuary Casurina equisetifolia Casurinaceae 704 13.554 74.956 Udupi Abrus precatorius Fabaceae 705 13.562 74.954 Udupi Abutilan indicum Malvaceae NE NE NE Medicinal,food,Fodder,F uelwood,Pest management Bongaigaon, Darrang, Nagaon, Kamrup Roots used as tonic.
Roots powdered andmixed with ghee and sugar 706 13.567 74.952 Udupi Acacia nilotica Mimosaceae Low risk 707 13.581 74.945 Udupi Acalypha fruticosa Euphorbiaceae 708 13.563 74.941 Udupi Acalypha indica Euphorbiaceae 709 13.548 74.94 Udupi Achyranthes aspera Amaranthaceae 710 13.548 74.936 Udupi Acorus calamus Acoraceae 711 13.548 74.927 Udupi 712 13.55 74.921 Udupi 13.551 74.92 13.561 74.918 13.563 74.917 Udupi Udupi Udupi 713 714 715 716 Acrocarpus fraxinifolius Acronychia pedunculata Acrotrema arnotttianum Fabaceae Rutaceae Dilleniaceae Adenia hondala Passifloraceae Adenoon indicum Asteraceae 13.572 74.934 Udupi Adhatoda zeylanica Acanthaceae 717 13.571 74.936 Udupi Aegle marmelos Rutaceae NE NE NE LC NE NE NE Rare NE NE NE Medicinal young plant as vegetable,medicinal,slen der roots as tooth sticks Rhizome used as medicine Folk medicine Folk medicine, Traditional chinese medicine Endemic to Western Ghats Flowers are eaten fried,mediciunal native Medicinal,food,fodder,fu el 718 13.576 74.943 Udupi Aerva lanata Amaranthaceae NE 719 13.592 74.936 Udupi Alangium salvifolium Amaranthaceae NE Medicinal Along river banks, swamps, marshes Deciduous forests Tropical and subtropical places as a weed Waste land, Uncultivated land and Forest.
Wastelands, in moist and shaded places, riverbanks Abundant in plantation of the hills,Tropics Semi-aquatic and marshy localities Semi-evergreen forests, also in the plains In the plains, often planted Plain areas, forests, near roadsides Deciduous forests and waste lands in the plains Deciduous forests and waste lands in the plains Whistling pine, She oak Crab's eye,Rosary pea,Black-Eyed Susan Country Mallow Babul Indian Acalypha Prickly Chaff Flower Sweet Flag, Sweet root Rosewood Malabar nut Bael tree Polpala Polpala © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 78 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR 176 2021 720 13.593 74.932 Udupi Albizia lebbeck Fabaceae 721 722 13.594 74.928 Udupi Aleo vera Liliaceae 13.587 74.92 Udupi Alpinia malaccensis Zingiberaceae 723 13.586 74.915 Udupi Alstonia scholaris Apocynaceae 724 13.579 74.91 Udupi Alternanthera echinata Amaranthaceae 725 13.576 74.906 Udupi Alternanthera sessilis Amaranthaceae 726 727 13.566 74.906 Udupi Alysicarpus vaginalis Papilionaceae 13.566 74.906 Udupi Amaranthus spinosus Amarathaceae 728 13.587 74.9 Udupi Amomum masticatorium 729 13.569 74.895 Udupi Anamirta cocculus 730 13.584 74.888 Udupi Andrographis paniculata Zingiberaceae Menispermacea e Acanthaceae 731 13.585 74.888 Udupi Anisochilus carnosus Lamiaceae 732 733 734 735 736 13.411 74.942 Udupi 13.405 74.936 13.4 74.923 13.411 74.958 Udupi Udupi Udupi 13.404 74.964 Udupi 737 13.412 74.969 Udupi Anisochilus paniculatus Lamiaceae Anisochilus robustus Lamiaceae Anisomeles indica Lamiaceae Anisomeles malabarica Aphanamyxis polystachya Lamiaceae Meliaceae 738 13.412 74.969 Udupi Areca catechu Arecaceae 739 740 741 13.403 74.98 Udupi Aristolochia indica Aristolochiacea e 13.403 74.981 Udupi Artemisia nilagirica
 Asteraceae 13.421 74.978 Udupi Artocarpus hirsutus Moraceae Native Medicinal,food,fuel,fodd er Medicinal Medicinal Native Dry deciduous forests, along hill sides Hilly areas, thicklets Open evergreen forests to moist deciduous forests Black siri Curacao Aloe Folk medicine Devil Tree, Dita Bark Tree medicinal,young shoots and leaves are cooked Moist open places, ponds, ditches, puddles Tangle Mat, Sessile joyweed Alyce clover Wet places, river banks Spiny amaranth, Prickly Amaranth medicinal , folklore Folk medicine, Ayurveda, Siddha Crow killer Wet places,Scrub jungles Green chiretta,Creat,Kalmegh, Andrographis Thick leaved lavender NE NE NE LC LC LC NE NE NE NE LC NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE Homeopathy, Ayurveda, Siddha Medicinal,antidote for snake-bite Folk medicine, Ayurveda, Siddha Paddy fields, marshes moist deciduous forests Rohituka tree Betel nut Indian birthwort Aini Anisomeles heyneana Lamiaceae Rare © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 79 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR 176 2021 742 13.399 74.99 Udupi Asclepias curassavica Asclepidaceae 743 744 13.397 74.998 Udupi Asparagus racemosus Asparagaceae 13.392 74.996 Udupi Asystasia dalzelliana Acanthaceae 745 13.39 74.99 Udupi Atalantia monophylla Rutaceae 746 747 13.393 74.987 13.45 75.005 Udupi Udupi Atalantia racemosa Rutaceae Atalantia wightii Rutaceae 748 13.445 75.01 Udupi Azadirachta indica Meliaceae 749 13.445 75.013 Udupi Bacopa monnieri Plataginaceae 750 751 13.442 75.015 Udupi Bauhenia variagata Fabaceae 13.456 75.01 Udupi Becium filamentosum Lamiaceae 752 13.454 75.007 Udupi Blumea lacera Asteraceae 753 13.457 75.003 Udupi Blumea lacera Asteraceae 754 13.512 74.915 Udupi Blumea mollis Asteraceae 755
 13.515 74.909 Udupi Boerhaavia diffusa Nyctaginaceae 756 13.515 74.909 Udupi Boswellia serrata Burseraceae 757 13.496 74.962 Udupi Buchanania lanzan Anacardiaceae 758 759 760 13.494 74.961 Udupi Butea monosperma Fabaceae 13.485 74.952 Udupi Calamintha umbrosa Lamiaceae 13.485 74.952 Udupi Callicarpa tomentosa Lamiaceae NE NE NE NE NE NE NE LC LC NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE Ornamental,medicinal medicinal,nutritional value Hilly areas, marshy land, along stream banks All forest types, also in the plains Common in plains from the coast in scrub jungles Blood Flower, West Indian Ipecacuanha Asparagus, Spiny Asparagus Wild Lime native medicinal,fodder,fuelwo od,pest management,windbreak medicinal,nutritional value Medicinal,food ,fodder,fuel Dry deciduous forests, also widely planted In the plains and mangrove forests Commonly found Neem tree Thyme Leaved Gratiola Ebony tree Dry deciduous forests, also in the plains Dry deciduous forests, also in the plains Moist and dry deciduous forests and also in the plains Dry deciduous forests Moist deciduous, dry deciduous and semi- evergreen forests Dry and moist deciduous forests Pigweed, Common Hogweed Frankincense,Olibanum, Indian Olibanum Almondette tree Flame Of The Forest Medicinal western ghat medicinal,food, fodder,fuel Folk medicine, Siddha Moist deciduous and degraded Great woolly malayan lilac © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 80 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR 176 2021 761 13.483 74.947 Udupi Cardiospermum halicacabum 762 13.482 74.939 Udupi Cassia auriculata Sapindaceae Caesalpiniacea e 763 13.478 74.932 Udupi Cassia fistula Fabaceae 764 13.474 74.923 Udupi Cassia occidentalis Fabaceae 765 13.48 74.92 Udupi
 Cassia tora Caesalpiniacea e 766 13.484 74.921 Udupi Catunaregam spinosa Rubiaceae 767 13.494 74.925 Udupi Celastrus paniculata Celastraceae 768 13.498 74.925 Udupi Centella asiatica Apiaceae 769 13.499 74.93 Udupi Centratherum punctatum Asteraceae 770 13.506 74.937 Udupi Chenopodium album Amaranthaceae 771 13.514 74.932 Udupi Chenopodium ambrosioides Chenopodiacea e 772 13.492 74.941 Udupi Chloroxylon swietenia Rutaceae 773 13.493 74.942 Udupi 13.5 74.947 Udupi 13.507 74.95 Udupi 774 775 776 Cinnamomum camphora Cinnamomum sulphuratum Cinnamomum travancoricum Luraceae Lauraceae Lauraceae 13.498 74.954 Udupi Cinnamomum verum Lauraceae Medicinal Indigenous source of tannin,flower used to make drug medicinal,fuel wood,dye,pest management Native young leavess use as vegetable Medicinal,branches used for fencing Medicinal medicinal,nutritional value Native Great demand for agricultural implements forests, also in the plains Moist deciduous forests, also in scrub jungles Dry deciduous forests Humid valley forests, open forests, hill slopes, open areas Gregarious weed of wastelands Common in plains from the coast in low lying places, river banks Moist deciduous forests,hilly areas Tropical and temperate forests Deciduous forests, also in wet places in the plains Wet places, river banks, cultivated lands Terrestrial Balloon vine Tanner's senna The Indian Laburnum Coffeeweed Pot Cassia Common emetic nut Mountain Pomegranate Indian Pennywort Lamb's quarters Indian Satin wood Tree Camphor Tree NE NE NE NE NE NE NE LC NE NE NE VU NE VU NE NE © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 81 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR 176 2021 777 13.41 74.962 Udupi Cinnamomum wightii Lauraceae 778 13.406
 74.966 Udupi Cissus quadrangularis Violaceae 779 13.408 74.972 Udupi Clausena dentata Rutaceae 780 781 13.413 74.972 13.397 74.983 Udupi Udupi Clausena heptaphylla Rutaceae Clausena willdenovii Rutaceae 782 13.395 74.984 Udupi Cleome viscosa Cleomaceae 783 13.401 74.988 Udupi Clerodendrum serratum Verbenaceae 784 13.392 74.993 Udupi Clitoria ternetea Fabaceae 785 786 787 788 13.394 74.995 Udupi Commiphora berryi Burseraceae 13.452 75.018 Udupi Convolvulus arvensis Convolvulacea e 13.452 75.018 Udupi Corchorus tridens Malvaceae 13.456 75.013 Udupi Crotalaria medicaginea Fabaceae 789 13.449 75.008 Udupi Crotalaria prostrate Fabaceae 790 13.455 75.005 Udupi Croton bonplandianus Euphorbiaceae 791 792 13.459 75.005 Udupi Cucumis callosus Cucurbitaceae 13.459 74.997 Udupi Curcuma aeruginosa Zingiberaceae 793 13.454 74.993 Udupi Curcuma aromatica Zingiberaceae 794 13.454 74.989 Udupi Curcuma neilgherrensis Zingiberaceae EN NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE medicinal Endemic to Southern Western Ghats Terrestrial Common in the plains, from scrub jungles and wastelands Evergreen and Semi-evergreen Forests Bone setter The leaves and seeds are used in medicinal applications.
Introduced and naturalized widely, native of tropical America Roots and seeds are used in traditional medicine Common on waysides, thickets, scrub jungles.

Widely cultivated in the tropics Native folk medicine Leaves used in medicinal preparations.
Spotted dove observed eating the fruit Montane grassy wetlands Wet sunny places, near drains, hilly area Scrub jungles Folk medicine, Traditional Chinese medicine, Siddha Sticky cleome, Wild mustard Blue-flowered Glory Tree Butterfly Bean, Clitoria Indian balm of gilead bindweed Trefoil Rattlepod Prostrate Rattlepod Ban tulsi Sweetmelon, Muskmelon Cochin turmeric Wild arrow root © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 82 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR 176 2021 795 13.462 74.985 Udupi Cyathocline purpurea Asteraceae 796 13.464 74.99 Udupi Cyclea peltata Menispermacea e 797 798 799 800 13.487 74.957 Udupi Cymbopogon citratus Poaceae 13.491 74.948 Udupi 13.507 74.947 Udupi Cymbopogon coloratus Cymbopogon flexuosus Poaceae Poaceae 13.485 74.947 Udupi Cymbopogon martinii Poaceae 801 13.481 74.935 Udupi Cynodon dactylon Poaceae 802 13.481 74.928 Udupi Datura metal Solanaceae 803 804 13.485 74.925 13.489 74.927 Udupi Udupi Digera alternifolia Amaranthaceae Dioscorea wallichii Dioscoreaceae 805 13.492 74.932 Udupi Diospyros paniculata Ebenaceae 806 13.495 74.938 Udupi Dysoxylum malabaricum Meliaceae 807 808 809 810 811 812 813 814 815 13.495 74.94 Udupi Eclipia prostrata Aesteraceae 13.507 74.939 Udupi Elaeocarpus gaussenii Elaeagnaceae 13.49 74.953 13.489 74.954 13.494 74.954 13.5 74.952 Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Endostemon viscosus Lamiaceae Entada purseatha Mimosaceae Eryngium foetidum Apiaceae Erythrina variegata Fabaceae 13.505 74.946 Udupi Euphorbia hirta Euphorbiaceae 13.288 74.95 13.29 74.916 Udupi Udupi Euphorbia orbiculata Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia prostrata Euphorbiaceae LC NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE EN DD CR NE NE NE NE NE NE NE Roots are used as medicine for treating skin diseases Semi-evergreen and evergreen
 forests, also in the plains Pata root, Raj patta Grasslands Oil grass, Melissa grass tropical and warm temperate regions,Plains from the coast to lower hills.
Degraded dry and moist deciduous forests and wastelands Dog's Tooth grass,Bermuda Grass Devils Weed, Purple Horn-of-Plenty The dried flowers are dried and smoked to cure asthma.

Endemic to the Western Ghats- South and Central Sahyadris.
Evergreen and semi-evergreen forests Medicinal Terrestrial White cedar Paddy fields and moist localities Bhringaraj Medicinal Forest path, grasslands Indian Coral Tree Snake head,Asthma herb © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 83 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR 176 2021 816 13.293 74.91 Udupi Euphorbia thymifolia Euphorbiaceae NE 817 13.294 74.91 Udupi Evolvulus alsinoides Convolvulacea e 818 13.309 74.913 Udupi Ficus racemosa Moraceae 819 13.309 74.913 Udupi Garcinia cambogia Clusiaceae NE NE NE 820 13.309 74.913 Udupi Gardenia gummifera Rubiaceae Low risk 13.309 74.913 Udupi Gardenia obtusa Rubiaceae 13.331 74.925 Udupi 13.331 74.925 13.322 74.935 13.322 74.935 Udupi Udupi Udupi Gaultheria fragrantissima Ericaceae Geranium nepalense Gentianaceae Globba ophioglossa Zingiberaceae 13.322 74.936 Udupi Glycosmis pentaphylla Rutaceae Gluta travancorica Anacardiaceae Low risk 827 13.33 74.969 Udupi Gmelina arborea Lamiaceae 828 829 13.33 74.968 Udupi Gomphostemma eriocarpon Lamiaceae 13.316 74.969 Udupi Gomphrena serrata Amaranthaceae 830 13.313 74.966 Udupi Gymnema sylvestre Asclepiadaceae 831 13.291 75.06 Udupi 13.283 75.06 Udupi Gymnosporia montana Hedychium coronarium Moracea Zingiberaceae 13.263 75.059 Udupi Hedychium flavescens Zingiberaceae 821 822 823 824 825 826 832 833 NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE Riverbeds in moist deciduous forests, also in plains Sandy soil, dry slopes, cultivated areas, grasslands, thickets, roadsides Evergreen to moist deciduous forests; and cultivated.
Dry deciduous forests near streams Close up of the flowers Little Glory Cluster fig Neela Kudam Puli Cumbi-gum tree Medicinal,Food,Fodder, Fuel Moist and dry deciduous forests, also in the plains Moist and dry deciduous forests, also in the plains Evergreen to moist deciduous forests; and cultivated.

Ash Sheora Candahar tree Gymnema, Small Indian Ipecae Cluster fig Butterfly Ginger Lily The leaves are used to neutralize the taste of sugar.
Medicinal,Food,Fodder, Fuel Traditional Chinese medicine, Siddha © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 84 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR 176 2021 834 835 13.239 75.049 13.233 75.081 Udupi Udupi Hedyotis aspera Rubiaceae Hedyotis corymbosa Rubiaceae 836 13.234 75.036 Udupi Helicteres isora Malvaceae 837 13.259 75.015 Udupi Heliotropium indicum Boraginaceae 838 13.259 75.015 Udupi Hemidesmus indicus Periplocaceae 839 840 841 842 843 844 845 13.27 75.013 Udupi Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Malvaceae 13.267 75.023 Udupi Holigarna arnottiana Anacardiaceae 13.286 75.039 Udupi Hubbardia heptaneuron Poaceae 13.303 75.034 Udupi Humboldtia vahliana Fabaceae 13.277 75.039 Udupi Hybanthus enneaspermus Violaceae 13.297 75.045 Udupi Hydnocarpus alpina Achariaceae 13.304 75.035 Udupi Hymenodictyon orixense Rubiaceae 846 13.295 75.017 Udupi Hyptis suaveolens Lamiaceae 847 848 13.196 75.026 Udupi Ichnocarpus frutescens Apocynaceae 13.196 75.027 Udupi Ilex denticulata Aquifoliaceae 849 13.226 75.05 Udupi Imperata cylindrica Poaceae 850 851 852 853 854 13.224 75.047 13.223 75.041 Udupi Udupi Indigofera cordifolia Fabaceae Indigofera linifolia Fabaceae 13.235 75.029 Udupi Indigofera tinctoria Ulmaceae 13.156 75.083 Udupi Indobanalia thyrsiflora Amaranthaceae 13.154 75.08 Udupi Indopoa paupercula Poaceae NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE LC NE NE NE Deciduous forests, also in plantations and plains Moist places, roadsides, borders of drains Plains from the coast, in scrub jungles Cultivated in gardens East Indian ScrewTree Indian turnsole Indian Sarsaparilla Shoe flower Black Varnish Tree western ghat roots used for drinks and beverages Ornamental,medicinal Folk medicine, Siddha WG Medicinal Arable, pasture and wastelands
 Spade Flower Folk medicine, Siddha Folk medicine, Siddha leaves as vegetable,medicinal moist and dry deciduous forests and wastelands Kuthan Medicinal Slender Dog-Bane Grasslands, banks of backwaters, forest clearings and fallow fields Cogongrass, Sword Grass Open places Heart-leaf Indigo medicinal Grasslands The bark of Indian Elm is used in rheumatism Endemic to Western Ghats Indian Elm © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 85 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi 13.146 75.055 Udupi 13.139 75.055 Udupi Ipomoea muricata Convolvulacea e Isodon coetsa Lamiaceae Isodon wightii Lamiaceae Janakia arayalpathra Asclepiadaceae Jasminum auriculatum Jasminum azoricum travancorense Oleaceae Oleaceae 13.139 75.059 Udupi Jasminum cordifolium Oleaceae 13.142 75.072 Udupi Jasminum malabaricum Oleaceae 13.142 75.072 Udupi Jasminum officinale Oleaceae 13.156 75.065 13.082 75.048 13.082 75.048 13.082 75.045 Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi 13.09 75.039 Udupi Jasminum rigidum Oleaceae Jasminum ritchiei Oleaceae Jasminum sambac Oleaceae Jasminum scandens Oleaceae Jasminum sessiliflorum Oleaceae 13.092 75.049 Udupi Jatropa curcas Euphorbiaceae 13.036 74.998 13.026 75.012 Udupi Udupi Kaempferia galanga Zingiberaceae Kaempferia rotunda Zingiberaceae 13.015 75.017 Udupi Kanjarum palghatense Acanthaceae 13.015 75.012 Udupi 13.023 74.992 13.03 74.988 13.049 74.989 Udupi Udupi Udupi 13.055 74.953 Udupi Kingiodendron pinnatum Fabaceae Knema attenuata Myristicaceae Low risk Kunstleria keralensis Fabaceae Laggera crispata Asteraceae
 Lamprachaenium microcephalum Asteraceae 878 13.053 74.939 Udupi Lavandula bipinnata Lamiaceae 879 13.058 74.927 Udupi Lavandula bipinnata Lamiaceae NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE EN NE NE NE NE NE Endemic to Western Ghats Western Ghats, Cultivated Common Jasmin Arabian jasmine Medicinal Forested areas, hilly areas Purging nut Endemic to Western Ghats Terrestrial Terrestrial Medicinal Evergreen Forests Evergreen Forests Feather-leaved Lavende Feather-leaved Lavende © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 86 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR 176 2021 880 13.08 74.932 Udupi Lawsonia inermis Lythraceae 881 13.111 74.963 Udupi Leonotis neptifolia Lamiaceae 882 13.111 74.959 Udupi Leucas aspera Lamiaceae 883 884 885 886 887 888 889 890 891 892 893 13.094 74.952 13.078 74.941 13.065 74.938 13.286 74.866 13.287 74.866 13.291 74.863 Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Leucas ciliata Lamiaceae Leucas lavandulifolia Lamiaceae Leucas marrubioides Lamiaceae Leucas stelligera Lamiaceae Leucas vestita vestita Lamiaceae Limnopoa meeboldii Poaceae 13.304 74.865 Udupi Limonia acidissima rutaceae 13.296 74.875 13.291 74.878 13.292 74.878 Udupi Udupi Udupi Limonia crenulata Rutaceae Madhuca longifolia Sapotaceae Maesua nagassarium Calophyllaceae 13.29 74.875 Udupi Mahonia leschenaultii Berberidaceae 894 13.281 74.877 Udupi Mallotus philippensis Euphorbiaceae 895 13.279 74.877 Udupi Memecylon malabaricum Melastomatace ae 896 13.28 74.877 Udupi Mentha arvensis Lamiaceae 897 898 899 900 901 902 13.283 74.876 Udupi Mentha spicata Lamiaceae 13.283 74.874 Udupi Michelia champaca Magnoliaceae 13.281 74.862 13.282 74.863 13.278 74.866 Udupi Udupi Udupi Michelia nilagirica
 Magnoliaceae Microtropis ramiflora Celastraceae Mimosa pudica Fabaceae 13.279 74.867 Udupi Mimusops elengi Sapotaceae NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE DD NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE medicinal,dye medicinal Cosmopolitian,Pl ains and lower hill Deciduous forests Deciduous forests and wastelands Henna Common Leucas, Thumba food,fodder,fuel Open forest areas Monkey fruit,curd fruit medicinal,food,fooder Forested areas Mowra butter tree Folk medicine, ayurveda, siddha, Homeopathy Toda plant Kamala Dye Tree Field mint, Corn mint Western Ghats, Evergreen Forests Marshes, borders of lakes, grassy areas, waste areas Ornamental,medicinal Evergreen forests Joy Perfume Tree Forested areas Kattu-Champakam medicinal Moist localities Sensitive plant Ripe fruits are eaten,Medicinal Semi-evergreen and evergreen Asian bullet wood © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 87 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR 176 2021 903 904 905 906 13.28 74.868 13.282 74.869 Udupi Udupi Mollugo cerviana Aizoaceae Moringa oleifera Moringaceae 13.284 74.871 Udupi Mucuna pruriens Fabaceae 13.286 74.872 Udupi Murraya indica Rutaceae 907 13.291 74.868 Udupi Murraya koengii Rutaceae 908 13.289 74.874 Udupi Murraya paniculata rutaceae 909 910 911 912 913 13.295 74.875 Udupi Myristica malabarica Myristicaceae 13.3 74.874 Udupi Nanothamnus sericeus Asteraceae 13.302 74.873 13.303 74.87 Udupi Udupi Naregamia alata Meliaceae Neolitsea zeylanica Lauraceae 13.3 74.869 Udupi 914 13.301 74.86 Udupi 915 13.301 74.861 Udupi Nothopegia travancorica Nyctanthes arbor- tristis Ochreinauclea missionis Anacardiaceae Oleaceae Rubiaceae 916 13.303 74.863 Udupi Ocimum amerianum Lamiaceae 917 13.303 74.868 Udupi Ocimum basilicum
 Lamiaceae 918 13.304 74.868 Udupi Ocimum gratissimum Lauraceae 919 920 921 922 13.305 74.87 13.309 74.867 13.678 74.657 13.679 74.656 Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Ocimum kilimandscharicum Lauraceae Ocimum sanctum Lamiaceae Ocimum tenuiflorum Lauraceae Orthosiphon diffuses Lauraceae forests, also grown in homesteads Vegetable Medicinal,edible tubers Scrub jungles, waste lands Cow hage, Common cow itch medicinal,usec in cooking Wood very hard, used for construction works ,Medicinal Plain areas, along roads, railway lines,undergrowt h Common on hills, especially in shaded ravines Curry leaf tree Satin Wood Terrestrial Bombay mace Flowers used as vegetable,Leaves used for skin diseases Cosmopolitian Night Jasmine Plain areas, forest margins, grassland Wild Basil Medicinal Cosmopolitian Ocimum basilicum Traditional Chinese medicine, Ayurveda, Siddha African Basil Medicinal Cosmopolitian Wild Basil NE NE NE NE NE NE VU NE NE NE NE NE VU NE NE NE NE NE NE NE © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 88 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR 176 2021 929 13.679 74.67 Udupi Phyllanthus amarus Phyllanthaceae medicinal 930 13.684 74.671 Udupi Phyllanthus emblica Euphorbiaceae NE Medicinal 923 13.682 74.655 Udupi 924 13.69 74.654 Udupi Orthosiphon thymiflorus Otonephelium stipulaceum Lauraceae Sapindaceae 925 13.688 74.663 Udupi Oxalis corniculata Oxalidiaceae 13.679 74.664 Udupi Paracautleya bhatii Zingiberaceae 926 927 13.67 74.665 Udupi 928 13.675 74.668 Udupi Paramignya monophylla Pelargonium graveolens Rutaceae Gentianaceae 931 13.69 74.671 Udupi Physalis minima Solanaceae 932 933 13.694 74.668 13.696 74.665 Udupi Udupi Pimpinella ascendens Asteraceae Piper barberi Piperaceae 934 13.7 74.659 Udupi
 Piper betle Piperaceae 935 936 13.689 74.657 Udupi Piper longum Piperaceae 13.693 74.656 Udupi Piper nigrum Piperaceae 937 13.695 74.657 Udupi 13.7 74.66 Udupi 13.696 74.663 Udupi Plecospermum spinosum Plectranthus amboinicus Plectranthus aromaticus Ulmaceae Lamiaceae Lamiaceae 13.689 74.657 Udupi Plectranthus barbatus Lamiaceae 13.689 74.655 Udupi Plectranthus coleoides Lamiaceae 938 939 940 941 NE NE NE VU NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE Leaves edible after cooking.
Forests, grasslands, moist places, irrigation channels Indian Sorrel Evergreen forests Paramignya Ripe fruits are eaten raw which is sweet scented and delicious Sandy rock region of scrub jungles Dry and moist deciduous forests, also cultivated in the plains Common weed in open areas, rice field, road sides Western Ghats, Moist Deciduous Forests , Cultivated Indian gooseberry Little Gooseberry Betel vine Indian long pepper Black pepper Country Borage medicinal Cultivated, forest clearings © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 89 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR 176 2021 943 944 945 946 947 948 951 952 953 960 961 942 13.688 74.656 Udupi 13.685 74.662 Udupi Plectranthus deccanicus Plectranthus malabaricus Lamiaceae Lamiaceae 13.683 74.663 Udupi Plectranthus mollis Lamiaceae 13.682 74.672 Udupi 13.678 74.671 Udupi Plectranthus subincisus Plectranthus zeylanicus Lamiaceae Lamiaceae 13.672 74.665 13.67 74.666 Udupi Udupi Pleiospermum alatum Rutaceae Pluchea tomentosa Asteraceae 949 13.67 74.666 Udupi Plumbago zeylanica 950 13.672 74.667 Udupi 13.673 74.668 Udupi Pogostemon benghalensis Pogostemon heyneanus Plumbaginacea e Lamiaceae Lamiaceae 13.673 74.668 Udupi Pogostemon mollis Lamiaceae 13.678 74.67 Udupi Pogostemon paniculatus Lamiaceae 954 13.681 74.67 Udupi Polyalthia longifolia Annonaceae 955 13.685 74.671 Udupi 956 957 958 13.687 74.672 Udupi 13.69 74.673 13.694 74.671 Udupi Udupi Polycarpaea corymbosa Caryophyllacea ea Polycarpon prostratum Caryophyllacea e Polygala chinensis Polygalaceae Polyzygus tuberosus Apiaceae 959 13.691 74.67 Udupi Portulaca oleracea Portulacaceae 13.692 74.67 Udupi Proteroceras holtumii Orchidaceae 13.696 74.668 Udupi 962 13.697 74.666 Udupi Pseudodichanthium serrafalcoides Pterocarpus
 marcupium Poaceae Fabaceae NE LC NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE LC NE NE NE NE medicinal Deciduous forests, also in the plains The Ceylon Leadwort Ornamental Used in Ayurveda, Siddha and folk medicine.
Evergreen forest, cultivated Roadsides, near cultivated fields and disturbed places, Asoka tree, False Ashok Old Man's Cap Native Indian milkwort Leaves cooked,Medicinal Wet areas in degraded forests, also in the plains Indian parselane Meicinal Moist and dry deciduous forests, also in the plains Bastard teak, Gammalu, Kino © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 90 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR 176 2021 963 13.718 74.844 Udupi Pterolobium hexapetalum Leguminosae 964 13.718 74.844 Udupi Punica granatum Punicaceae 965 13.704 74.845 Udupi Rauvolfia serpentina Apocynaceae 966 13.704 74.845 Udupi Rhus mysorensis Anacardiaceae 967 968 13.711 74.838 Udupi Ricinus communis Euphorbiaceae 13.711 74.837 Udupi Rungia repens Acanthaceae 969 13.711 74.836 Udupi Ruta chalapensis Rutaceae 970 971 972 973 13.711 74.837 Udupi 13.713 74.839 13.713 74.839 13.711 74.841 Udupi Udupi Udupi Saccharum officianarum Poaceae Sagearaea dalzelli Annonaceae Salvia coccinea Lamiaceae Salvia plebeia Lamiaceae 974 13.686 74.887 Udupi Santalum album Santalaceae 975 13.686 74.887 Udupi Sapindus laurifolius Sapindaceae 976 13.669 74.91 Udupi Saraca asoca Fabaceae 977 13.667 74.91 Udupi Sarcostemma acidum Asclepiadaceae 978 979 980 981 13.666 74.91 13.666 74.91 13.666 74.907 13.662 74.904 Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi 982 13.664 74.903 Udupi Scoparia dulcis Scophulariacea e Scutellaria violacea Lamiaceae Scutellaria wightiana Lamiaceae Scutia circumscissa Rhamnaceae Semacarpus anacardium Anacardiaceae NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE VU NE VU NE NE NE NE NE NE The sap from the leaves is used in veterinary medicine.
Dry deciduous forests,foothills, scrub jungles Indian Redwing Medicinal Cultivated Promegranate Firewood species,The stem used for fencing.

Medicinal Moist deciduous forests, also in the plains Common in foothills, scrub jungle Cultivated, also runs wild Cultivated.

Native to Mediterranean regions Serpentine root Mysore Sumac Castor,Ricin Sugarcane, Noble cane Oil,Scent,medicinal Medicinal Applied latex on wounds and cuts.
Lower slopes, plain and foothills Semi-evergreen and moist deciduous forests Semi evergreen forests, cultivated Dry Evergreen to Dry Deciduous Forests Sandalwood Reetha Ashokam, Ashok tree medicinal Moist deciduous and semi- evergreen forests Oriental cashew, Marking nut tree, © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 91 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR 176 2021 983 984 13.663 74.903 Udupi Sesbania grandiflora Fabaceae 13.611 74.916 Udupi Seshagiria sahyadrica Apocynaceae 985 13.616 74.917 Udupi Sida cordifolia Malvaceae 986 987 13.625 74.919 13.612 74.91 Udupi Udupi Silentvaleya nairii Poaceae Solanum anguivi Solanaceae NE NE NE NE NE 988 13.611 74.903 Udupi Solanum nigrum Solanaceae NE 989 990 13.612 74.89 13.608 74.905 Udupi Udupi Solanum torvum Solanaceae Solenocarpus indica Anacardiaceae 991 13.608 74.906 Udupi Sphaeranthus indicus Asteraceae 992 993 13.612 74.917 13.62 74.917 Udupi Udupi Sphaeranthus indicus Asteraceae Strychnos dalzellii Loganiaceae 994 13.609 74.908 Udupi strychnos nux vomica Loganiaceae 995 13.609 74.906 Udupi Strychnos potatorum Asteraceae 996 13.609 74.902 Udupi Symplocos cochinchinensis Symplocaceae 997 13.607 74.898 Udupi Syzizium cumini Myrtaceae 998 999 13.602 74.826 Udupi Syzigium aromaticum Myrtaceae 13.602 74.821 Udupi Syzizium cumini Myrtaceae NE NE LC LC NE NE LC NE NE NE NE Medicinal,Edible Along marshes, wet places Swamp pea,Vegetable Hummingbird Medicinal Common on the roadside and slopes Bala, Country Mallow Young leaves as mixed vegetable with others.Ripe fruits are eaten Very common,by riverbanks,moist places,fallow lands,arable lands Medicinal The seed contains a chemical called `strychnine' extensively used for preparation of medicines.
Medicinal Wet places, paddy fields, ponds, ditches, puddles, fallow lands Moist and dry deciduous forests, also in the plains Wet places, paddy fields, ponds, ditches, puddles, fallow lands Poison Berry Black Night Shade Devil's Fig Indian globe flower Indian globe flower Nux-vomica tree Indian globe flower Laurel Sapphire Berry Honey bitter fruits edible, Elephants and also used to brew liquor swamps,riverban ks Indian Blackberry, Jaman Indian Blackberry, Jaman © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 92 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR 176 2021 1000 13.61 74.816 1001 13.607 74.824 Udupi Udupi 1002 13.606 74.824 Udupi Syzygium lineare Myrtaceae Syzygium mungudam Myrtaceae Syzygium travancoricum Myrtaceae 1003 13.609 74.824 Udupi Tectona grandis Verbenaceae 1004 13.639 74.835 Udupi Tephrosia purpurea Fabaceae 1005 13.639 74.827 Udupi Terminalia arjuna Combretaceae 1006 13.641 74.84 Udupi Terminalia chebula Combretaceae 1007 13.641 74.85 Udupi Thespesia populnea Malvaceae 1008 13.649 74.854 Udupi Thymus vulgaris Lamiaceae 1009 13.64 74.851 Udupi Tinospora cardifolia 1010 13.636 74.85 Udupi Tinospora cardifolia Menispermacea e Menispermacea e 1011 13.646 74.854 Udupi Toddalia asiatica Rutaceae 1012 13.629 74.86 Udupi Trachyspermum ammi Apiaceae 1013 13.63 74.858 Udupi Trianthema portulacastrum Aizoaceae 1014 13.64 74.866 Udupi Tribulus terrestris Zygophyllaceae 1015 13.627 74.868 Udupi 1016 13.627 74.868 Udupi Trichodesma zeylanicum Triplopogon romasissimus Boraginaceae Poaceae 1017 13.627 74.875 Udupi Tylophora indica Asclepiadaceae NE NE CR NE NE NE NE NE NE LC LC NE NE NE NE NE NE NE Medicinal Nesting site of Apis dorsata,Trigonasp.Bees, medicinal ayurvedhic Native Folk medicine, Ayurveda, Siddha medicinal,tender shoot
 edible Terrestrial Moist deciduous forests, also raised in plantations Moist deciduous forests and grasslands, also in the plains Moist Deciduous to Evergreen Forests Deciduous forest Moist deciduous forests and grasslands, also in the plains Moist deciduous forests and scrub jungles Evergreen and shola forests, also in scrub jungles Dry deciduous forests, wastelands,Sand y areas Degraded forest areas, also in the plains Teak Common Tephrosia Arjun Haritaki Common Tephrosia Indian Tinospora, Indian Tinospora, Forest-Pepper Ajwain Black Pig Weed Bullhead,Puncture Vine Endemic to Western Ghats Medicinal,A tea is made from the tuber, Common on wayside thickets.
Panacea Twiner © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 93 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR 176 2021 1018 13.63 74.874 Udupi Utleria salicifolia Periplocaceae 1019 13.638 74.871 Udupi Vateria indica Dipterocarpace ae CR CR 1020 13.656 74.871 Udupi Vernonia cinerea Rhamnaceae NE Medicinal 1021 13.664 74.872 Udupi Vitex negundo Verbenaceae 1022 13.666 74.886 Udupi Vitex trifolia Verbenaceae 1023 13.661 74.892 Udupi Withania somnifera Solanaceae 1024 13.655 74.892 Udupi Wrightia tinctoria Menispermacea e 1025 13.644 74.894 Udupi Xeromphis spinosa Rubiaceae 1026 13.635 74.896 Udupi Zanthoxylum ovalifolium Rutaceae 1027 13.644 74.902 Udupi Zanthoxylum rhetsa Rutaceae 1028 13.638 74.915 Udupi Zanthoxylum tetraspermum Rutaceae 1029 13.638 74.915 Udupi Zingiber officinale Zingiberaceae 1030 13.646 74.911 Udupi Zingiber zerumbet Zingiberaceae 1031 13.65 74.907 Udupi Ziziphus mauritiana Rhamanaceae NE NE NE LC NE NE NE NE NE NE NE Plains from the coast Terrestrial Indian Copal Tree Common on hills, from foothills, scrub jungle,Moist deciduous forests Deciduous forests, river banks, villages and cultivated as hedge plant.
Red Creepe Chaste tree, Negundo Chastetree Cultivated Winter cherry Indian Tinospora, Moist deciduous forests and scrub jungles Evergreen & Semi Deciduous Forests Use of lakky locally called is known to the rural people.
The roots are used as tonic to strength to the body and to make sexually strong ayurvedhic Folk medicine, Ayurveda, Siddha Indian Prickly Ash medicinal Widely cultivated Food, fodder, fuel, medicinal Dry deciduous forests, also planted in the plains Canton Ginger Shampoo Ginger Indian jujube, Chinese date © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 94 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR 176 2021 Annexure 2: Fauna of Udupi District Udupi district has rich faunal diversity.
The region has near threatened amphibian species such as Philautus beddomii, Ramanella montana, Rana curtipes, Tomoptema rufescens, and vulnerable species such as Ichthyophis beddomei, Micrixalus Saxicola, Nyctibatrachus major, Philautus glandulosus, Rana aurantiaca, Rana leithi.
Mammals species such as Bos gaurus, Cervus unicolor, Funambulus subineatus, Melursus ursinus, Neophocaena phocaenoides, Physeter macrocephalus are under near threatened and species are Hyaena hyaena, Lutra lutra, Panthera pardus, Ratufa macroura, Sousa chinensis under vulnerable category of IUCN conservation status.
The district has critically endangered birds such as Fregata andrewsi, Gyps bengalensis, Gyps indicus, Sarcogyps calvus and vulnerable category birds such as Chaetornis striata, Ciconia episcopus, Clanga clanga, Clanga hastata, Columba elphinstonii, Gallinago nemoricola, Leptoptilos javanicus, Schoenicola platyurus.
The district has vulnerable category reptiles such as Cnemaspis indica, Cnemaspis indraneildasi, Cnemaspis jerdonii, Hemidactylus albofasciatus, Hemidactylus sataraensis, Kaestlea laterimaculata, Melanophidium bilineatum, Oligodon brevicauda, Uropeltis phipsonii Sno Latitude Longitude Location Species Name Family Name Conservation Status Endemism Amphibian 13.311 13.317 13.33 13.34 13.351 13.357 13.359 13.358 75.063 75.057 75.047 75.035 75.033 75.036 75.046 75.07 Andar Reserve Forest Ansonia ornata Andar Reserve Forest Andar Reserve Forest Bufo beddomii Bufo hololius Andar Reserve Forest Bufo melanastricus Andar Reserve Forest Microhyla ornata Andar Reserve Forest Microhyla rubra Andar Reserve Forest Ramanella montana Andar Reserve Forest Micrixalus gadgili Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Microhylidae Microhylidae Microhylidae Micrixalidae EN LC DD LC LC LC NT EN Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 95 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR 176 2021 Endemic to Western Ghats Andar Reserve Forest Micrixalus saxicola Micrixalidae Andar Reserve Forest Nyctibatrachus aliciae Nyctibatrachidae Andar Reserve Forest Nyctibatrachus hussaini Nyctibatrachidae Andar Reserve Forest Nyctibatrachus major
 Nyctibatrachidae Andar Reserve Forest Nyctibatrachus pygmaeus Nyctibatrachidae Andar Reserve Forest Nyctibatrachus sanctipalustris Nyctibatrachidae Andar Reserve Forest Rana aurantiaca Andar Reserve Forest Rana beddomi Andar Reserve Forest Rana brachytarsus Andar Reserve Forest Rana brachytarsus Andar Reserve Forest Rana curtipes Andar Reserve Forest Rana cyanoaphlyctis Andar Reserve Forest Rana leithi Andar Reserve Forest Rana keralensis Andar Reserve Forest Rana limnocharis Andar Reserve Forest Rana semipalmata Ranidae Ranidae Ranidae Ranidae Ranidae Ranidae Dicroglossidae Dicroglossidae Dicroglossidae Dicroglossidae Andar Reserve Forest Rana emporalis Ranidae Andar Reserve Forest Rana tigerina Dicroglossidae Andar Reserve Forest Tomopterna breviceps Dicroglossidae Andar Reserve Forest Tomoptema rufescens Microhylidae Andar Reserve Forest Philautus beddomii Andar Reserve Forest Philautus charius Andar Reserve Forest Philautus femoralis Rhacophoridae Rhacophoridae Rhacophoridae Andar Reserve Forest Philautus glandulosus Rhacophoridae Andar Reserve Forest Philautus leucorhinus Rhacophoridae Andar Reserve Forest Philautus nasutus Rhacophoridae Andar Reserve Forest Polypedates maculates Rhacophoridae Andar Reserve Forest Rhacophorus malabaricus Rhacophoridae VU EN EN VU LC EN VU LC EN EN NT LC VU LC LC LC DD LC LC NT NT EN EN VU EX EX LC LC © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 96 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR 176 2021 37 38 39 40 41 42 13.351 13.355 13.36 13.357 13.363 13.347 75.088 75.086 75.089 75.084 75.081 75.063 Andar Reserve Forest Gegeniophis carnosus Caecilidae Andar Reserve Forest Ichthyophis beddomei Ichthyophidae Andar Reserve Forest Ichthyophis bombayensis
 Ichthyophidae Andar Reserve Forest Ichthyophis malabarensis Ichthyophidae Andar Reserve Forest Ichthyophis tricolor Ichthyophidae Andar Reserve Forest Uraeotyphlus narayani Uraeotyphlidae DD VU LC LC LC DD Sno Latitude Longitude Location Species Name Family Name Conservation Status Common Name (Eng) Mammals Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary Macaca silenus Cercopithecoidea Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary Macaca radiata Cercopithecoidea Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary Presbytis entellus Cercopithecoidea Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary Loris tardigradus Lorisidae Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary Melursus ursinus Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary Bos gaurus Sus scrofa Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary Panthera tigris Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary Panthera pardus Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary Cuon alpinus Canis aureus Ursidae Bovidae Suidae Felidae Felidae Canidae Canidae Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary Macaca radiata Cercopithecoidea Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary Cervus unicolor Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary Muntiacus muntjak Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary Lutra lutra Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary Hystrix indica Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary Ratufa indica Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary Petaurista petaurista Cervidae Cervidae Mustelidae Hystricidae Sciuridae Sciuridae Someshwara Wildlife sanctuary Macaca silenus Cercopithecoidea EN LC LC EN VU VU LC EN NT EN LC LC VU LC NT LC LC LC EN Lion-tailed Macaque Bonnet macaque Common langur Slender lorris Sloth bear Gaur Wild pig Tiger Leopard Wild dog Jackal Bonnet macaque Sambar Barking deer Common Otter Indian Porcupine Malabar giant squirrel Common Giant Flying Squirrel Lion-tailed Macaque
 © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 97 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR 176 2021 Someshwara Wildlife sanctuary Macaca radiata Cercopithecoidea Someshwara Wildlife sanctuary Presbytis entellus Cercopithecoidea Lorisidae Ursidae Bovidae Suidae Felidae Felidae Canidae Canidae Bovidae Cervidae Cervidae Mustelidae Hystricidae Sciuridae Sciuridae Cervidae Bovidae Canidae Cervidae Canidae Someshwara Wildlife sanctuary Loris tardigradus Someshwara Wildlife sanctuary Melursus ursinus Someshwara Wildlife sanctuary Someshwara Wildlife sanctuary Bos gaurus Sus scrofa Someshwara Wildlife sanctuary Panthera tigris Someshwara Wildlife sanctuary Panthera pardus Someshwara Wildlife sanctuary Someshwara Wildlife sanctuary Cuon alpinus Canis aureus Someshwara Wildlife sanctuary Bos gaurus Someshwara Wildlife sanctuary Cervus unicolor Someshwara Wildlife sanctuary Muntiacus muntjak Someshwara Wildlife sanctuary Lutra lutra Someshwara Wildlife sanctuary Hystrix indica Someshwara Wildlife sanctuary Ratufa indica Someshwara Wildlife sanctuary Petaurista petaurista Uduppi Uduppi Uduppi Uduppi Uduppi Uduppi Uduppi Uduppi Uduppi Uduppi Uduppi Axis axis Bos gaurus Canis aureus Cervus unicolor Cuon alpinus Elephas maximus Elephantidae
 Felis bengalensis Felis chaus Funambulus palmarum Funambulus subineatus Felidae Felidae Sciuiridae Sciuridae Herpestes edwardsii Herpestidae LC LC EN VU VU LC EN NT EN LC VU VU LC NT LC LC LC LC VU LC VU EN EN LC LC LC VU LC Bonnet macaque Common langur Slender lorris Sloth bear Gaur Wild pig Tiger Leopard Wild dog Jackal Gaur Sambar Barking deer Common Otter Indian Porcupine Malabar giant squirrel Common Giant Flying Squirrel Spotted deer Gaur Jackal Sambar Wild dog Elephant Leopard cat Jungle cat Three striped palm squirrel Dusky striped squirrel Common mongoose © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 98 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR Uduppi Uduppi Uduppi Uduppi Uduppi Uduppi Uduppi Uduppi Uduppi Uduppi Uduppi Uduppi Uduppi Uduppi Uduppi Uduppi Uduppi Uduppi Uduppi Uduppi Uduppi Uduppi Uduppi Uduppi Uduppi Uduppi Uduppi Uduppi Herpestes fuscus Herpestes vitticolis Hyaena hyaena Hystrix indica Lapus nigricolis Loris tardigradus Lutra lutra Herpestidae Herpestidae Hyaenidae Hystricidae Leporidae Lorisidae Mustelidae Macaca radiata Cercopithecoidea Manis cradsicaudata Melursus ursinus Muntiacus muntjak Panthera pardus Panthera tigris Manidae Ursidae Cervidae Felidae Felidae Paradoxurus hermaphroditus
 Viverridae Paradoxurus hermaphroditus Viverridae Pipistrellus coromandra Vespertilionidae Presbytis entellus Cercopithecoidea Pteropus giganteus Pteropodidae Rattus blanfordi Rattus rattus Ratufa indica Ratufa macroura Suncus murinus Sus scrofa Tragulus meminna Viverra megaspilla Viverricula indica Muridae Muridae Sciuridae Sciuridae Soricidae Suidae Tragulidae Viverridae Viverridae Physeter macrocephalus Physeteridae LC LC NT LC LC EN NT LC EN VU LC NT EN LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC NT LC LC LC CR LC VU Brown mongoose Stripe necked Mongoose Striped hyena Indian porcupine Indian Hare Slender lorris Common otter Bonnet macaque Pangolin Sloth bear Barking deer Leopard Tiger Common palm civet Common palm civet Indian pipistrelle Common langur Flying fox White tailed wood rat Rat Malabar giant squirrel Giant flying squirrel Grey musk shrew Indian wild boar Mouse deer Malabar civet Small Indian civet Sperm whale © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 99 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR Uduppi Uduppi Uduppi Uduppi Uduppi Uduppi Uduppi Uduppi Uduppi Uduppi Uduppi Kogia sima Kogia breviceps Physeteridae Physeteridae Neophocaena phocaenoides Phacaenidae Stenella longirostris Stenella coeruleoalba Sousa chinensis Pseudorca crassidens Delphanidae Delphanidae Delphanidae Delphanidae Balaenoptera physalus Balaenopteridae Balaenoptera musculus Balaenopteridae Balaenoptera edini Balaenopteridae Balaenoptera borealis Balaenopteridae DD DD VU DD LC NT DD EN EN DD EN Dwarf Sperm Whale Pygmy Sperm whale
 Finless porpoise Spinner Dolphin Striped Dolphin Indo-Pacific Humpback Dolphin False Killer Whale Fin whale Blue Whale Bryde's Whale Sei whale Sno Latitude Longitude Location Species Name Family Name Conservation Status Common Name (Eng) Birds Anekere wetland Halcyon smyrnensis Anekere wetland Milvus migrans Anekere wetland Nectarinia zeylonica 75 Anekere wetland Pavo cristatus 75.002 Anekere wetland Pelagopsis capensis Anekere wetland Asio flammeus Alcedinidae Accipitridae Nectariniidae Phasianidae Alcedinidae Strigidae Anekere wetland Phalacrocorax niger Phalacrocoracidae Anekere wetland Psittacula krameri Anekere wetland Streptopelia chinensis Psittaculidae Columbidae Anekere wetland Threskiornis melanocephalus Threskiornithidae Anekere wetland Tringa hypoleucos Scolopacidae LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC NT LC White-throated Kingfisher Black Kite Purplerumped Sunbird Indian Peafowl Stork-billed Kingfisher Short-eared Owl Little cormorant Rose-ringed Parakeet Spotted Dove Black-headed Ibis Common sandpiper © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 100 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR 74.996
75.002 75.001 74.999 74.999 74.998 74.997 74.996 74.996 74.996 74.996 74.996 74.996 Anekere wetland Vanellus indicus Anekere wetland Acridotheres tristis Anekere wetland Actitis hypoleucos Anekere wetland Alauda gulgula Anekere wetland Anastomus oscitans Anekere wetland Accipiter virgatus Anekere wetland Anekere wetland Anekere wetland Anekere wetland Anekere wetland Athena brama Anthus ruflus Ardea cinerea Ardea purpurea Ardeola grayii Charadriidae Sturnidae Scolopacidae Alaudidae Ciconiidae Accipitridae Strigidae Motacillidae Ardeidae Ardeidae Ardeidae Anekere wetland Arenaria interpres Scolopacidae Anekere wetland Anekere wetland Anekere wetland Anekere wetland Athena brama Buceros bicornis Butorides striata Calidris alba Anekere wetland Calidris ferruginea Anekere wetland Aviceda jerdoni Anekere wetland Calidris subminuta Anekere wetland Centropus sinensis Anekere wetland Charadrius alexandrinus Anekere wetland Charadrius dubius Anekere wetland Ciconia episcopus Anekere wetland Cisticola juncidis Strigidae Bucerotidae Ardeidae Scolopacidae Scolopacidae Accipitridae Scolopacidae Cuculidae Charadriidae Charadriidae Ciconiidae Cisticolidae Anekere wetland Copsychus saularis Muscicapidae Anekere wetland Coracias benghalensis Anekere wetland Dendrocitta vagabunda 74.996 Anekere wetland Dendrocygna javanica Coraciidae Corvidae Anatidae LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC NT LC LC NT LC LC LC LC LC VU LC LC LC LC LC Red-wattled Lapwing Common Myna Common Sandpiper Oriental Skylark Asian Openbill Besra Spotted Owlet Paddy field pipit Gray Heron Purple Heron Indian Pond-Heron Ruddy Turnstone Spotted Owlet Great Hornbill Striated Heron Sanderling Curlew Sandpiper Asian Baza Ruff Greater Coucal Kentish Plover Little Ringed Plover Woolly-necked Stork Zitting Cisticola Oriental Magpie-Robin Indian Roller Rufous Treepie Lesser Whistling-Duck © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri
 Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 101 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR Anekere wetland Aviceda leuphotes Accipitridae Anekere wetland Dicrurus macrocercus Anekere wetland Dicrurus paradiseus Anekere wetland Dinopium benghalense Anekere wetland Eudynamys scolopaceus Dicruridae Dicruridae Picidae Cuculidae Kundapura Kundapura Kundapura Kundapura Kundapura Kundapura Kundapura Kundapura Kundapura Kundapura Kundapura Kundapura Kundapura Kundapura Kundapura Kundapura Kundapura Kundapura Kundapura Kundapura Kundapura Kundapura Kundapura Pseudibis papillosa Threskiornithidae Pycnonotus jocosus Saxicola caprata Galerida cristata Halcyon capensis Sturnus malabaricus Halcyon pileata Terpsiphone paradisi Pycnonotidae Muscicapidae Alaudidae Alcedinidae Sturnidae Alcedinidae Monarchidae Batrachostomus moniliger Podargidae Trigna nebularia Trigna totanus Haliaster indus Tringa stagnatilis Scolopacidae Scolopacidae Accipitridae Scolopacidae Hemiprocne coronata Hemiprocnidae Turdoides striata Leptoptilos dubius Tyto alba Upupa epops Zoothera citrina Botaurus stellaris Leiothrichidae Ciconiidae Tytonidae Upupidae Muscicapidae Ardeidae Brachypodius priocephalus Pycnonotidae Aythya fuligula Bubo bengalensis Anatidae Strigidae LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC NT LC LC Black Baza Black Drongo Greater Racket-tailed Drongo Black-rumped
 Flameback Asian Koel Red-naped Ibis Red-whiskered Bulbul Pied Bushchat Eurasian Coot Eurasian Oystercatcher Chest nut tailed starling Black-capped Kingfisher Indian Paradise-Flycatcher Sri Lankan Frogmouth Pompadour Green Pigeon Pompadour Green Pigeon Brahminy Kit Marsh Sandpiper Crested Treeswift Jungle Babbler Purple rumped sun bird Barn Owl Eurasian Hoopoe Orangeheaded Ground Thrush Bittern Grey-headed Bulbul Tufted Duck Rock Eagle-Owl © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 102 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR Kundapura Kundapura Kundapura Kundapura Kundapura Kundapura Kundapura Kundapura Kundapura Kundapura Kundapura Kundapura Kundapura Kundapura Kundapura Kundapura Kundapura Kundapura Kundapura Kundapura Kundapura Kundapura Kundapura Kundapura Kundapura Kundapura Kundapura Kundapura Lonchura malacca Bubo nipalensis Acridotheres fuscus Bubulcus ibis Buceros bicornis Megalaima viridis Butastur teesa Buteo buteo Estrildidae Strigidae Sturnidae Ardeidae Bucerotidae Megalaimidae Accipitridae Accipitridae Megalaima zeylanica Megalaimidae Butorides striata Cacomantis passerinus Merops leschenaulti Cacomantis sonneratii Calandrella dukhunensis Calidris alba Merops orientalis Calidris alpina
 Acridotheres tristis Calidris falcinellus Calidris ferruginea Merops philippinus Calidris minuta Calidris pugnax Calidris temminckii Calidris tenuirostris Caprimulgus affinis Caprimulgus asiaticus Ardeidae Cuculidae Meropidae Cuculidae Alaudidae Scolopacidae Meropidae Scolopacidae Sturnidae Scolopacidae Scolopacidae Meropidae Scolopacidae Scolopacidae Scolopacidae Scolopacidae Caprimulgidae Caprimulgidae Caprimulgus atripennis Caprimulgidae LC LC LC LC NT LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC NT LC LC LC LC EN LC LC LC Tricolored Munia Forest Eagle Owl Jungle Myna Cattle Egret Great Hornbill Small Green Barbet White-eyed Buzzard Common Buzzard Large Green Barbet Striated Heron Gray-bellied Cuckoo Chestnut-headed Bee-eater Banded Bay Cuckoo Sykes's Short-toed Lark Sanderling Green Bee-eater Dunlin Common Myna Broad-billed Sandpiper Curlew Sandpiper Blue-tailed Bee-eater Little Stint Ruff Temminck's Stint Eastern Knot Savanna Nightjar Indian Nightjar Jerdon's Nightjar © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 103 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR Kundapura Kundapura Kundapura Kundapura Kundapura Kundapura Kundapura Kundapura Kundapura Kundapura Kundapura Kundapura Kundapura
 Kundapura Kundapura Kundapura Kundapura Kundapura Kundapura Caprimulgus indicus Caprimulgidae Acrocephalus agricola Acrocephalidae Carpodacus erythrinus Mesophoyx intermedia Carpospiza brachydactyla Fringillidae Ardeidae Passeridae Cecropis daurica Hirundinidae Mirafra erythroptera Centropus bengalensis Centropus sinensis Ceryle rudis Chaetornis striata Chalcophaps indica Motacilla maderaspatensis Nyctcorax nyctcorax Aythya nyroca Charadrius alexandrinus Charadrius dubius Oriolus oriolus Alaudidae Cuculidae Cuculidae Alcedinidae Locustellidae Columbidae Motacillidae Ardeidae Anatidae Charadriidae Charadriidae Oriolidae Acrocephalus dumetorum Acrocephalidae Charadrius leschenaultii Charadriidae Oriolus xanthornus Oriolidae Charadrius mongolus Charadriidae Childonias hybrida Orthotomus sutorius Chloropsis aurifrons Chloropsis jerdoni Passer domesticus Laridae Cisticolidae Chloropseidae Chloropseidae Ploceidae Kundapura Chroicocephalus brunnicephalus Laridae LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC VU LC LC LC NT LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC Jungle Nightjar Paddyfield Warbler Common Rosefinch Median Egret Pale Rockfinch Red-rumped Swallow Indian Bushlark Lesser Coucal Greater Coucal Pied Kingfisher Bristled Grass Warbler Asian Emerald Dove White-browed Wagtail Black-crowned Night Heron Common white-eye Kentish Plover Little Ringed Plover Golden Oriole Blyth's Reed Warbler Greater Sand Plover Black-hooded Oriole Lesser Sandplover Whiskered Tern Common Tailorbird Golden-fronted Leafbird Jerdon's Leafbird House Sparrow Brown-headed Gull © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 104 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi
 district, ETR Kundapura Kundapura Kundapura Kundapura Kundapura Chroicocephalus genei Chroicocephalus ridibundus Chrysocolaptes festivus Ploceus philippinus Chrysocolaptes guttacristatus Laridae Laridae Picidae Ploceidae Picidae Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Abrornis humei Phylloscopidae Acrocephalus stentoreus Acrocephalidae Chrysomma sinense Paradoxornithidae Ciconia ciconia Ciconia episcopus Ciconia nigra Cinnyris asiaticus Cinnyris lotenius Circaetus gallicus Circus aeraginosus Circus macrourus Circus melanoleucos Actitis hypoleucos Circus pygargus Cisticola exilis Cisticola juncidis Clamator coromandus Clamator jacobinus Clanga clanga Clanga hastata Columba elphinstonii Columba livia Ciconiidae Ciconiidae Ciconiidae Nectariniidae Nectariniidae Accipitridae Accipitridae Accipitridae Accipitridae Scolopacidae Accipitridae Cisticolidae Cisticolidae Cuculidae Cuculidae Accipitridae Accipitridae Columbidae Columbidae Copsychus malabaricus Muscicapidae LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC VU LC LC LC LC LC NT LC LC LC LC LC LC LC VU VU VU LC LC Slender-billed Gull Black-headed Gull White-naped Woodpecker Baya Weaver Greater Flameback Hume's Warbler Clamorous Reed Warbler Yellow-eyed Babbler White Stork Woolly-necked Stork Black Stork Purple Sunbird Long-billed Sunbird Short-toed Snake-Eagle Western Marsh- Harrier Pallid Harrier Pied Harrier Common Sandpiper Montagu's Harrier
 Golden-headed Cisticola Zitting Cisticola Chestnut-winged Cuckoo Pied Cuckoo Greater Spotted Eagle Indian Spotted Eagle Nilgiri Wood-Pigeon Rock Pigeon White-rumped Shama © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 105 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Aeginithina tiphia Copsychus saularis Aegithinidae Muscicapidae Coracias benghalensis Coraciidae Coracina macei Campephagidae Corvus macrorhynchos Corvus splendens Coturnix coromandelica Coturnix coturnix Cuculus canorus Cuculus micropeterus Cuculus poliocephalus Aerodramus unicolor Cyornis pallidipes Cyornis rubeculoides Cyornis tickelliae Cypsiurus balasiensis Delichon urbicum Dendrocitta leucogastra Dendrocitta vagabunda Dendrocygna bicolor Dendrocygna javanica Dendronanthus indicus Aethopyga vigorsii Dicaeum agile Dicaeum concolor Dicaeum erythrorhynchos Dicrurus aeneus Dicrurus hottentottus Corvidae Corvidae Phasianidae Phasianidae Cuculidae Cuculidae Cuculidae Apodidae Muscicapidae Muscicapidae Muscicapidae Apodidae Hirundinidae Corvidae Corvidae Anatidae
 Anatidae Motacillidae Nectariniidae Dicaeidae Dicaeidae Dicaeidae Dicruridae Dicruridae LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC NT LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC Common Iora Oriental Magpie-Robin Indian Roller Large Cuckooshrike Large-billed Crow House Crow Rain Quail Common Quail Common Cuckoo Indian Cuckoo Lesser Cuckoo Indian Swiftlet White-bellied Blue Flycatcher Blue-throated Flycatcher Tickell's Blue Flycatcher Asian Palm-Swift Common House-Martin Southern Treepie Rufous Treepie Fulvous Whistling-Duck Lesser Whistling-Duck Forest Wagtail Vigors's Sunbird Thick-billed Flowerpecker Nilgiri Flowerpecker Pale-billed Flowerpecker Bronzed Drongo Hair-crested Drongo © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 106 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Dicrurus leucocephaeus Dicrurus macrocercus Dicrurus paradiseus Dinopium benghalense Dinopium javanense Alauda gulgula Dinopium javanense Dromas ardeola Ducula aenea Ducula badia Dumetia hyperythra Egretta garzeeta Egretta gularis Elanus caeruleus Eremopterix
 grisea Eudynamys scolopaceus Alcedo athis Eumyias albicaudatus Eumyias thalassinus Falco amurensis Falco chicquera Falco naumanni Falco peregrinus Falco tinnuculus Ficedula albicilla Ficedula ruficauda Dicruridae Dicruridae Dicruridae Picidae Picidae Alaudidae Picidae Dromadidae Columbidae Columbidae Timaliidae Ardeidae Ardeidae Accipitridae Alaudidae Cuculidae Alcedinidae Muscicapidae Muscicapidae Falconidae Falconidae Falconidae Falconidae Falconidae Muscicapidae Muscicapidae Francolinus pondericerianus Phasianidae Alcedo meninting Alcedinidae LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC NT LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC Ashy Drongo Black Drongo Greater Racket-tailed Drongo Black-rumped Flameback Common Flame-backed Woodpecker Oriental Skylark Common Flame-backed Woodpecker Crab-plover Green Imperial-Pigeon Green Imperial-Pigeon Tawny-bellied Babbler Little Egret Western Reef-Heron Black-winged Kite Ashy-crowned Sparrow-Lark Asian Koel Common kingfisher Nilgiri Flycatcher Verditer Flycatcher Amur Falcon Red-necked Falcon Lesser Kestrel Peregrine Falcon Eurasian Kestrel Taiga Flycatcher Rusty-tailed Flycatcher Grey Francolin Blue-eared Kingfisher © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 107 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR 74.927
74.898 74.9 74.911 74.925 74.925 74.925 74.927 74.949 74.956 74.995 74.981 74.949 74.932 74.918 74.931 Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Fregata andrewsi Fregata ariel Fulica atra Galerida malabarica Gallicrex cinerea Gallinago gallinago Gallinago nemoricola Gallinago stenura Gallinula chloropus Galloperdix spadicea Fregatidae Fregatidae Rallidae Alaudidae Rallidae Scolopacidae Scolopacidae Scolopacidae Rallidae Phasianidae Alcippe poioicephala Leiothrichidae Gallus sonnerati Phasianidae Gelochelidon nilotica Geokichla citrina Glareola lactea Glareola maldivarum Glaucidium radiatum Gorsachius melanolophus Gracula indica Gymnoris xanthocollis Gyps bengalensis Amandava amandava Gyps indicus Laridae Turdidae Glareolidae Glareolidae Strigidae Ardeidae Sturnidae Passeridae Accipitridae Estrildidae Accipitridae Haematopus ostralegus Haematopodidae Halcyon pileata Halcyon smyrnensis Haliaeetus humilis Haliaeetus leucogaster Alcedinidae Alcedinidae Accipitridae Accipitridae CR LC LC LC LC LC VU LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC CR LC CR LC LC LC NT LC Christmas Frigatebird Least Frigatebird Eurasian Coot Malabar Crested Lark Watercock Common Snipe Wood Snipe Pin-tailed Snipe Eurasian Moorhen Red Spurfowl Brown-cheeked Fulvetta Gray Junglefowl Gull-billed Tern Orange-headed Thrush Small Pratincole Oriental Pratincole Jungle Owlet Malaysian Night Heron Lesser Hill Myna Chestnut-shouldered Bush Sparrow White-rumped Vulture Red Avadavat Indian Vulture Eurasian Oystercatcher Black-capped Kingfisher White-throated Kingfisher Lesser Fish-Eagle White-bellied Sea-eagle © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 108 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of
 Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Haliaster indus Harpactes fasciatus Hemicircus canente Hemipus picatus Accipiter badius Amaurornis phoenicurus Hieraaetus pennatus Hierococcyx sparverioides Hierococcyx varius Accipitridae Trogonidae Picidae Vangidae Accipitridae Rallidae Accipitridae Cuculidae Cuculidae Himantopus himantopus Charadriidae Hirundapus giganteus Hirundo rustica Hirundo smithii Hydrobates monorhis Hydrophasianus chirugus Hydroprogne caspia Anas acuta Hypothymis azurea Hypsipetes ganeesa Apodidae Hirundinidae Hirundinidae Hirundinidae Jacanidae Laridae Anatidae Monarchidae Pycnonotidae Ianthocincla delesserti Leiothrichidae Ichthyaetus ichthyaetus Laridae Ictinaetus malaiensis Accipitridae Iduna caligata Iduna rama Iole indica Irena puella Ixobrychus cinamomeus Anas crecca Acrocephalidae Acrocephalidae Pycnonotidae Irenidae Ardeidae Anatidae LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC NT LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC Brahminy Kit Malabar Trogon Heart-spotted Woodpecker Bar-winged Flycatcher-shrike Shikra White-breasted Waterhen Booted Eagle Large Hawk Cuckoo Common Hawk-Cuckoo Black-winged Stilt Brown-backed Needletail Barn Swallow Wire-tailed Swallow Fork-tailed Storm-petrel Pheasant-tailed Jacana Caspian Tern Northern Pintail Black-naped Monarch Square-tailed
 Bulbul Wynaad Laughingthrush Pallas's Gull Black Eagle Booted Warbler Sykes's Warbler Yellow-browed Bulbul Asian Fairy-bluebird Cinnamon Bittern Green-winged Teal © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 109 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Ixobrychus flavicollis Ixobrychus sinensis Jynx torquilla Ketupa zeylonensis Ardeidae Ardeidae Picidae Strigidae Lalage melanoptera Campephagidae Lanius cristatus Lanius excubitor Lanius schach Lanius vittatus Larus fuscus Anas peocilorhyncha Laniidae Laniidae Laniidae Laniidae Laridae Anatidae Larvivora brunnea Muscicapidae Leiopicus mahrattensis Picidae Leptocoma minima Leptocoma zeylonia Leptoptilos javanicus Lewinia striata Limosa lapponica Limosa limosa Locustella naevia Lonchura kelaarti Anastomus oscitans Lonchura malacca Lonchura punctulata Lonchura striata Lophotriorchis kienerii Loriculus vernalis Luscinia svecica Nectariniidae Nectarinidae Ciconiidae Rallidae Scolopacidae Scolopacidae Locustellidae Estrildidae Ciconiidae Estrildidae Estrildidae Estrildidae
 Accipitridae Psittaculidae Muscicapidae LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC VU LC NT NT LC LC LC LC LC LC NT LC LC Black Bittern Yellow Bittern Eurasian Wryneck Brown Fish-Owl Black-headed Cuckooshrike Brown Shrike Great Gray Shrike Long-tailed Shrike Bay-backed Shrike Heuglin's Gull Mallard Indian Blue Robin Yellow-crowned Woodpecker Crimson-backed Sunbird Purple rumped sun bird Lesser Adjutant Slaty-breasted Rail Bar-tailed Godwit Black-tailed Godwit Grasshopper Warbler Black-throated Munia Asian Openbill Tricolored Munia Scaly-breasted Munia White-rumped Munia Rufous-bellied Eagle Vernal Hanging-Parrot Bluethroat © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 110 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Lymnocryptes minimus Scolopacidae Lyncornis macrotis Caprimulgidae Mareca strepera Merops leschenaulti Anhinga melanogaster Merops orientalis Merops philippinus Metopidius indicus Anatidae Meropidae Anhingidae Meropidae Meropidae Jacanidae Microcarbo nider Phalacrocoracidae Micropternus brachyurus Picidae Milvus migrans Mirafra affinis
 Mirafra cantillans Montecincla cachinnans Montecincla jerdoni Anser indicus Accipitridae Alaudidae Alaudidae Pellorneidae Endangered Anatidae Monticola cinclorhyncha Muscicapidae Monticola solitarious Muscicapidae Motacilla cinerea Motacilla fava Motacilla maderaspatensis Muscicapa dauurica Muscicapa muttui Muscicapa striata Motacillida Motacillidae Motacillidae Muscicapidae Muscicapidae Muscicapidae Mycteria leucocephala Ciconidae Myophonus horsfieldii Muscicapidae Anthracoceros coronatus Bucerotidae LC LC LC LC NT LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC EN LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC NT LC NT Jack Snipe Great eared-nightjar Gadwall Chestnut-headed Bee-eater Oriental Darter Green Bee-eater Blue-tailed Bee-eater Bronze-winged Jacana Little Cormorant Rufous Woodpecker Black Kite Jerdon's Bushlark Singing Bushlark Black-chinned Laughingthrush Banasura Laughingthrush Bar-headed Goose Blue-capped Rock-Thrush Black rock thrush Gray Wagtail Yellow Wagtail White-browed Wagtail Asian Brown Flycatcher Brown-breasted Flycatcher Spotted Flycatcher Painted stork Malabar Whistling Thrush Malabar Pied Hornbill © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 111 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR Udupi Udupi
74.647 74.647 74.647 74.633 74.642 Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Neophron percnopterus Accipitridae Nettapus coromandelianus Ninox scutulata Nisaetus cirrhatus Numenius arquata Numenius phaeopus Nyctcorax nyctcorax Nyctyornis athertoni Ocyceros griseus Oenanthe isabellina Anthus campestris Onychoprion anaethetus Onychoprion fuscatus Oriolus chinensis Oriolus kundoo Oriolus xanthornus Anatidae Strigidae Accipitridae Scolopacidae Scolopacidae Ardeidae Meropidae Bucerotidae Muscicapidae Motacillidae Laridae Laridae Oriolidae Oriolidae Oriolidae Orthotomus sutorius Cisticolidae Ottus bakkamoena Otus sunia Pandion haliactus Parus cinereus Anthus godlewskii Passer domesticus Pastor roseus Pavo cristatus Pelagopsis capensis Pelecanus philippensis Pellorneum ruficeps Strigidae Strigidae Pandionidae Paridae Motacillidae Ploceidae Sturnidae Phasianidae Alcedinidae Pelecanidae Pellorneidae EN LC LC LC NT LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC NT LC Egyptian Vulture Cotton Pygmy-Goose Brown Boobook Crested Hawk-Eagle Eurasian Curlew Whimbrel Black-crowned Night Heron Blue-bearded Bee-eater Indian Gray Hornbill Isabelline Wheatear Tawny Pipit Bridled Tern Sooty Tern Black-naped Oriole Indian Golden Oriole Black-hooded Oriole Common Tailorbird Indian Scops-Owl Oriental Scops-Owl Osprey Cinereous Tit Blyth's Pipit House Sparrow Rosy Starling Indian Peafowl Stork-billed Kingfisher Spot-billed Pelican Puff-throated Babbler © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 112 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR 176 2021 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363
Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Perdicula argoondah Perdicula asiatica Perdicula erythrorhyncha Phasianidae Phasianidae Phasianidae Pericrocotus cinnamomeus Campephagidae Accipiter nisus Anthus hodgsoni Accipitridae Motacillidae Pericrocotus divaricatus Campephagidae Pericrocotus flammeus Campephagidae Pernis ptilorhynchos Petrochelidon fluvicola Accipitridae Hirundinidae Phaenicophaeus viridirostris Cuculidae Phalacrocorax carbo Phalacrocoracidae Phalacrocorax fuscicollis Phalacrocoracidae Phoenicurus ochrurors Muscicapidae Phylloscopus affinis Phylloscopus tytleri Anthus richardi Picumnus innominatus Picus chlorolophus Picus xanthopygaeus Pitta brachyura Phylloscopidae Phylloscopidae Motacillidae Picidae Picidae Picidae Pittidae Plegadis falcinellus Threskiornithidae Plegadis falcinellus Threskiornithidae Ploceus manyar Ploceus philippinus Pluvialis fulva Pluvialis squatarola Anthus ruflus Ploceidae Ploceidae Charadriidae Charadriidae Motacillidae LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC NT LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC Rock Bush Quail Jungle Bush-Quail Painted Bush Quail Small Minivet Eurasian Sparrowhawk Olive-backed Pipit Ashy Minivet Orange Minivet Honey Buzzard Streak-throated Swallow Blue-faced Malkoha Great Cormorant Indian Cormorant Black Redstart Tickell's Leaf Warbler Tytler's Leaf Warbler Richard's Pipit Speckled Piculet Lesser Yellownape Streak-throated Woodpecker Indian Pitta Glossy
 Ibis Glossy Ibis Streaked Weaver Baya Weaver Pacific Golden Plover Grey Plover Paddy field pipit © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 113 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Pomatorhinus horsfieldii Timaliidae Porphyrio porphyrio Porzana porzana Prinia hodgsonii Prinia inorata Prinia socialis Prinia sylvatica Rallidae Rallidae Cisticolidae Cisticolidae Cisticolidae Cisticolidae Pseudibis papillosa Threskiornithidae Pseudibis papillosa Threskiornithidae Psilopogon haemacephalus Megalaimidae Anthus similis Motacillidae Psilopogon haemacephalus Megalaimidae Psilopogon malabaricus Psilopogon malabaricus Psilopogon viridis Psilopogon viridis Psilopogon zeylanicus Psilopogon zeylanicus Psittacula colomboides Psittacula cyanocephala Psittacula eupatria Anthus trivialis Psittacula krameri Pterocles indicus Ptyonoprogne concolor Ptyonoprogne rupestris Pycnonotus cafer Pycnonotus jocosus Megalaimidae Megalaimidae Megalaimidae Megalaimidae Megalaimidae Megalaimidae Psittaculidae Psittaculidae Psittaculidae Motacillidae
 Psittaculidae Pteroclidae Hirundinidae Hirundinidae Pycnonotidae Pycnonotidae LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC NT LC LC LC LC LC LC LC Indian Scimitar-Babbler Purple moorhen Spotted Crake Gray-breasted Prinia Plain Prinia Ashy Prinia Jungle Prinia Red-naped Ibis Red-naped Ibis Coppersmith Barbet Long-billed Pipit Coppersmith Barbet Crimson-throated Barbet Crimson-throated Barbet Small Green Barbet Small Green Barbet Brown-headed Barbet Brown-headed Barbet Bluewinged Parakeet Plum-headed Parakeet Alexandrine Parakeet Tree Pipit Rose-ringed Parakeet Painted Sandgrouse Dusky Crag Martin Eurasian Crag-Martin Red-vented Bulbul Red-whiskered Bulbul © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 114 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Pycnonotus luteolus Pycnonotidae Rallina eurizonoides Rallidae Recurvirostra avosetta Recurvirostridae Rhipidura albogularis Rhipiduridae Apus affinis Rhipidura aureola Rhopocichla atriceps Rostratula bengalensis Rubigula gularis Sarcogyps calvus Apodidae Rhipiduridae
 Timaliidae Rostratulidae Pycnonotidae Accipitridae Sarkidiornis melanotos Anatidae Saxicola caprata Saxicola maurus Schoenicola platyurus Muscicapidae Muscicapidae Locustellidae Seicercus magnirostris Phylloscopidae Apus pacificus Seicercus nitidus Seicercus occipitalis Seicercus trochiloides Sholicola major Sitta frontalis Spatula clypeata Spatula querquedula Spilornis cheela Stercorarius parasiticus Stercorarius pomarinus Aquila fasciata Sterna acuticauda Apodidae Phylloscopidae Phylloscopidae Phylloscopidae Muscicapidae Sittidae Anatidae Anatidae Accipitridae Stercorariidae Stercorariidae Accipitridae Laridae LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC CR LC LC LC VU LC LC LC LC LC EN LC LC LC LC LC LC LC EN White-browed Bulbul Slaty-legged Crake Pied Avocet Spot-breasted Fantail Little Swift White-browed Fantail Dark-fronted Babbler Greater Painted-Snipe Flame-throated Bulbul Red-headed Vulture Knob-billed Duck Pied Bushchat Siberian Stonechat Broad-tailed Grassbird Large-billed Leaf Warbler Fork-tailed Swift Green Leaf Warbler Western Crowned Warbler Greenish Leaf Warbler Nilgiri Blue Robin Velvet-fronted Nuthatch Northern Shoveler Garganey Crested Serpent-Eagle Arctic Skua Pomarine Jaeger Bonelli's Eagle Black-bellied Tern © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 115 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR 74.978
74.936 74.943 74.943 74.953 74.967 74.97 74.978 74.652 74.657 74.668 74.668 74.667 74.673 74.674 74.664 74.659 74.659 74.651 74.651 74.652 74.658 74.66 74.667 Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Sterna auranta Sterna hirundo Sternula albifrons Streptopelia chinensis Streptopelia decaocto Streptopelia orientalis Streptopelia tranquebarica Strix leptogrammica Strix ocellata Laridae Laridae Laridae Columbidae Columbidae Columbidae Columbidae Strigidae Strigidae Arachnothera longirostra Nectariniidae Sturnia blythii Sturnia malabarica Sturnia pagodarum Sula dactylatra Surniculus dicruroides Sylvia althaea Sylvia crassirostris Synoicus chinensis Sypheotides indicus Taccocua leschenaulti Ardea alba Sturnidae Sturnidae Sturnidae Sulidae Cuculidae Sylviidae Sylviidae Phasianidae Otididae Cuculidae Ardeidae Tachybaptus rufcollis Podicipedidae Tachymarptis melba Tadorna ferruginea Tephrodornis pondicerianus Tephrodornis sylvicola Apodidae Anatidae Vangidae Vangidae Terpsiphone paradisi Monarchidae Thalasseus bengalensis Laridae NT NT LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC EN LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC River Tern River Tern Little Tern Spotted Dove Eurasian Collared-Dove Oriental Turtle-Dove Red Collared-Dove Brown Wood-Owl Mottled Wood-Owl Little Spiderhunter Chestnut-tailed Myna Chestnut-tailed Starling Brahminy Starling Masked Booby Fork-tailed Drongo Cuckoo Hume's Whitethroat Eastern Orphean Warbler Blue-breasted Quail Lesser Florican Sirkeer Malkoha Great Egret Little Grebe Alpine Swift Ruddy Shelduck Common Woodshrike Malabar Woodshrike Indian Paradise-Flycatcher Lesser Crested Tern © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 116 Grid based
 Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Thalasseus bergii Thalasseus sandvicensis Laridae Laridae Threskiornis melanocephalus Threskiornithidae Accipiter trivirgatus Ardea cinerea Accipitridae Ardeidae Threskiornis melanocephalus Threskiornithidae Treron affinis Treron bicinctus Treron phoenicoptera Tringa erythropus Tringa glareola Tringa nebularia Tringa ochropus Tringa stagnatilis Tringa totannus Ardea intermedia Turdoides affinis Turdoides striata Turdus simillimus Turdus unicolor Turnix sucitator Turnix sylvaticus Turnix tanki Tyto alba Upupa epops Vanellus indicus Ardea purpurea Columbidae Columbidae Columbidae Scolopacidae Scolopacidae Scolopacidae Scolopacidae Scolopacidae Scolopacidae Ardeidae Leiothrichidae Leiothrichidae Turdidae Turdidae Turnicidae Turnicidae Turnicidae Tytonidae Upupidae Charadriidae Ardeidae Vanellus malabaricus Charadriidae LC LC NT LC LC NT LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC Greater Crested Tern Sandwich Tern Black-headed Ibis Crested Goshawk Gray Heron Black-headed Ibis Gray-fronted Green-Pigeon Orange-breasted Pigeon Yellow-footed Pigeon Spotted Red Shank Wood Sandpiper Common Greenshank Green Sandpiper Marsh Sandpiper Common Red Shank Intermediate Egret Yellow-billed Babbler Jungle Babbler Indian
 Blackbird Tickell's Thrush Barred button quail Small Buttonquail Yellow-legged Buttonquail Barn Owl Eurasian Hoopoe Red-wattled Lapwing Purple Heron Yellow-wattled Lapwing © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 117 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Xenus cinereus Yungipicus nanus Zapornia akool Zapornia fusca Zapornia pusilla Zoonavena sylvatica Zoothera neilgherriensis Zosterops palpebrosus Tachybaptus rufcollis Ardenna carneipes Scolopacidae Picidae Rallidae Rallidae Rallidae Apodidae Turdidae Zosteropidae Podicipedidae Procellariidae Phalacrocorax niger Phalacrocoracidae Ardea purpurea Ardea cinerea Ardeola striatus Ardeola grayii Bubulcus ibis Egretta intermedia Egretta garzeeta Ardeidae Ardeidae Ardeidae Ardeidae Ardeidae Ardeidae Ardeidae Anastomus oscitans Ciconiidae Dendrocygna javanica Ardeola grayii Anas crecca Nettapus coromandelianus Amaurornis phoenicurus Porphyrio porphyrio Metopidius indicus Vanellus indicus Tringa hypoleucos Anatidae Ardeidae Anatidae Anatidae Rallidae Rallidae Jacanidae
 Charadriidae Scolopacidae LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC Terek Sandpiper Brown-capped Woodpecker Brown Crake Ruddy-breasted Crake Baillon's Crake White-rumped Spinetailed Swift Nilgiri Thrush Blue-Tailed Bee-eater Little Grebe Flesh-footed Shearwater Little cormorant Purple Heron Gray Heron Indian Pond-Heron Indian Pond-Heron Cattle Egret Median egret Little Egret Asian Openbill Lesser Whistling-Duck Indian Pond-Heron Green-winged Teal Cotton Pygmy-Goose White-breasted Waterhen Purple moorhen Bronze-winged Jacana Red-wattled Lapwing Common sandpiper © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 118 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Charadrius dubius Alcedo athis Halcyon smyrnensis Arenaria interpres Ceryle rudis Pelagopsis capensis Merops orientalis Charadriidae Alcedinidae Alcedinidae Scolopacidae Alcedinidae Alcedinidae Meropidae Motacilla maderaspatensis Motacillidae Hirundo rustica Hirundinidae Dicrurus adsimilis Dicrurus paradiseus Acridotheres tristis Corvus
 macrorhynchos Dedrocitta vagabunda Argya subrufa Pycnonotus jocosus Copsychus saularis Milvus migrans Haliaster indus Accipiter nisus Columba livia Streptopelia chinensis Psittacula krameri Psittacula colomboides Eudynamys scolopaceus Artamus fuscus Centropus sinensis Apus affinis Dicaeidae Dicruridae Sturnidae Corvidae Corvidae Leiothrichidae Pycnonotidae Muscicapidae Accipitridae Accipitridae Accipitridae Columbidae Columbidae Psittaculidae Psittaculidae Cuculidae Artamidae Cuculidae Apodidae LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC Little Ringed Plover Common kingfisher White-throated Kingfisher Ruddy Turnstone Pied Kingfisher Stork-billed Kingfisher Green Bee-eater White-browed Wagtail Barn Swallow Fork-tailed Drongo Greater Racket-tailed Drongo Common Myna Large-billed Crow Asian Palm-Swift Indian Rufous Babbler Red-whiskered Bulbul Oriental Magpie-Robin Black Kite Brahminy Kit Eurasian Sparrowhawk Rock Pigeon Spotted Dove Rose-ringed Parakeet Bluewinged Parakeet Asian Koel Ashy Woodswallow Greater Coucal Little Swift © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 119 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Udupi Megalaima zeylanica Megalaimidae Alcedo athis Amaurornis phoenicurus Anhinga melanogaster Ardeola Striatus Ardeola grayii Bubulcus ibis Casmerodius albus Alcedinidae Rallidae Anhingidae Ardeidae
 Ardeidae Ardeidae Ardeidae Arundinax aedon Acrocephalidae Ceryle rudis Columba livia Corvus splendens Dicrurus adsimilis Egretta garzeeta Alcedinidae Columbidae Corvidae Dicaeidae Ardeidae LC LC LC NT LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC Large Green Barbet Common kingfisher White-breasted Waterhen Oriental Darter Indian Pond-Heron Indian Pond-Heron Cattle Egret Common Egret Thick-billed Warbler Pied Kingfisher Rock Pigeon House Crow Fork-tailed Drongo Little Egret Sn o Latitud e Longitud e Locatio n Species Name Family Name 13.127 75.052 Uduppi Ahaetulla perroteti Colubridae 13.127 75.052 Uduppi Cnemaspis goaensis Gekkonidae 13.136 75.054 Uduppi Cnemaspis indica Gekkonidae 13.159 75.068 Uduppi Cnemaspis indraneildasi Gekkonidae 13.15 75.062 Uduppi Cnemaspis jerdonii Gekkonidae 13.148 75.062 Uduppi Cnemaspis wynadensis Gekkonidae 13.191 75.099 Uduppi Dasia subcaerulea Scincidae 13.192 75.098 Uduppi Eurylepis poonaensi Scincidae Reptiles Conservation Status EN EN VU VU VU EN EN EN Endemism Common Name (Eng) Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Bronze-headed vine snake Goan day gecko Indian day gecko Indraneil’s day gecko Jerdon’s Day Gecko Wynad day gecko Endemic to Western Ghats Poona skink © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 120 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR 176 2021 9 13.154 75.155 Uduppi Eutropis clivicola Scincidae 10 13.154 75.155 Uduppi 11 13.15 75.155 Uduppi Hemidactylus albofasciatus Hemidactylus sataraensis Gekkonidae Gekkonidae 12 13.15 75.138 Uduppi Kaestlea laterimaculata Scincidae 13 14 15 13.147 75.12 Uduppi
 13.14 75.103 Uduppi Melanophidium bilineatum Oligodon brevicauda Uropeltidae Colubridae 13.127 74.972 Uduppi Otocryptis beddomii Agamidae 16 13.116 74.967 Uduppi Platyplectrurus madurensis Uropeltidae 17 13.106 74.958 Uduppi Rhinophis travancoricus Uropeltidae 18 13.106 74.956 Uduppi Uropeltis phipsonii Uropeltidae 19 13.164 74.98 Uduppi Ahaetulla dispar Colubridae 20 13.172 74.979 Uduppi Boiga dightoni Colubridae 21 13.174 74.984 Uduppi Boiga nuchalis Colubridae 22 23 24 25 13.159 74.992 Uduppi Calotes aurantolabium Agamidae 13.148 74.976 Uduppi Chalcides pentadactylus Scincidae 13.14 74.984 Uduppi Cnemaspis australis Gekkonidae 13.146 74.989 Uduppi Cnemaspis beddomei Gekkonidae 26 13.153 74.994 Uduppi Cnemaspis heteropholis Gekkonidae 27 13.161 75.005 Uduppi Cnemaspis kolhapurensis Gekkonidae 28 29 30 13.166 75.012 Uduppi Cnemaspis littoralis Gekkonidae 13.175 75.012 Uduppi Cnemaspis monticola Gekkonidae 13.181 75.012 Uduppi Cnemaspis nilagirica Gekkonidae EN VU VU VU VU VU EN EN EN VU NT DD DD DD DD DD DD NT DD DD DD DD Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Mountain skink White-banded broad-tailed gecko Endemic to Western Ghats Side-spotted ground skink Yellow-striped shieldtail Endemic to Western Ghats Indian kangaroo lizard Madurai shieldtail Travancore shieldtail Phipson’s shieldtail Günther’s vine snake Travancore cat snake Collared Cat Snake Orange-lipped forest lizard Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Beddome’s day gecko Heteropholis gecko Kolhapur day gecko Coastal day gecko Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and
 Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 121 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR 176 2021 31 32 13.185 75.013 Uduppi Cnemaspis ornatus Gekkonidae 13.142 75.064 Uduppi Cnemaspis sisparensis Gekkonidae 33 13.142 75.064 Uduppi Dendrelaphis chairecacos Colubridae 34 13.145 75.069 Uduppi Eryx whitakeri Boidae 35 13.152 75.076 Uduppi Eutropis gansi Scincidae 36 13.161 75.083 Uduppi Gerrhopilus beddomii 37 13.174 75.1 Uduppi Gerrhopilus tindalli 38 13.188 75.097 Uduppi Hemidactylus anamallensis Gerrhopilida e Gerrhopilida e Gekkonidae 39 13.541 74.942 Uduppi Kaestlea palnica Scincidae 40 13.588 74.925 Uduppi Lygosoma goaensis Scincidae 41 13.596 74.91 Uduppi Oligodon nikhili Colubridae 42 13.626 74.864 Uduppi Oligodon travancoricus Colubridae 43 13.64 74.869 Uduppi Plectrurus aureus Uropeltidae 44 13.646 74.902 Uduppi Peltopelor macrolepis Viperidae 45 13.643 74.913 Uduppi Platyplectrurus trilineatus Uropeltidae 46 13.608 74.911 Uduppi Plectrurus canaricus Uropeltidae 47 13.283 75.032 Uduppi Plectrurus guentheri Uropeltidae 48 13.233 75.05 Uduppi Rhinophis fergusonianus Uropeltidae 49 13.258 75.062 Uduppi Ristella guentheri Scincidae 50 51 13.255 75.13 Uduppi Ristella rurkii Scincidae 13.256 75.133 Uduppi Ristella travancorica Scincidae NT NT DD NT DD DD DD NT DD DD DD DD DD NT DD DD DD DD DD DD DD Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats
 Sispara day gecko Endemic to Western Ghats Whitaker’s boa Gansgrass skink Beddome’s worm snake Tindall’s worm snake Anaimalai gecko Palni hills ground skink Goan supple skink Nikhil’s kukri snake Travancore kukri snake Golden shieldtail Large-scaled green pit viper Three-lined shieldtail Kanara shieldtail Purple shieldtail Cardamom shieldtail Günther Rurk’s cat skink Endemic to Western Ghats © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 122 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR 176 2021 52 13.252 75.112 Uduppi Trimeresurus strigatus Viperidae 53 13.237 75.099 Uduppi Typhlops exiguus Typhlopidae 54 13.235 75.07 Uduppi Typhlops thurstoni Typhlopidae 55 13.308 75.03 Uduppi Uropeltis beddomii Uropeltidae 56 13.286 75.029 Uduppi Uropeltis bicatenata Uropeltidae 57 13.257 75.019 Uduppi Uropeltis broughami Uropeltidae 58 13.252 75.019 Uduppi Uropeltis dindigalensis Uropeltidae 59 13.232 75.037 Uduppi Uropeltis macrorhynchus Uropeltidae 60 13.228 75.051 Uduppi Uropeltis maculatus Uropeltidae 61 13.221 75.061 Uduppi Uropeltis myhendrae Uropeltidae 62 13.221 75.051 Uduppi Uropeltis nitidus Uropeltidae 63 13.229 75.037 Uduppi Uropeltis petersi Uropeltidae 64 13.253 75.036 Uduppi Xylophis stenorhynchus Xenodermid ae 65 13.292 75.042 Uduppi Ahaetulla perroteti Colubridae 66 13.275 75.066 Uduppi Cnemaspis goaensis Gekkonidae 67 13.281 75.081 Uduppi Cnemaspis indica Gekkonidae 68 13.288 75.104 Uduppi Cnemaspis indraneildasi Gekkonidae 69 13.312 75.114 Uduppi Cnemaspis jerdonii Gekkonidae 70 71 72 13.308 75.093 Uduppi Cnemaspis wynadensis Gekkonidae 13.312 75.093 Uduppi Dasia subcaerulea Scincidae 13.327 75.079 Uduppi Eurylepis poonaensi Scincidae DD DD DD DD NT DD DD DD
 DD DD DD DD DD EN EN VU VU VU EN EN EN Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Horseshoe pit viper Belgaum Worm Snake Thurston’s worm snake Beddome’s shieldtail Bicatenate shieldtail Sirumalai shieldtail Dindigul shieldtail Endemic to Western Ghats Red-sided shieldtail Barred shieldtail Cochin shieldtail Peter’s shieldtail Günther's Mountain Snake, Günther's Narrow-headed Snake Bronze-headed vine snake Goan day gecko Indian day gecko Indraneil’s day gecko Jerdon’s Day Gecko Wynad day gecko Endemic to Western Ghats Poona skink © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 123 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR 176 2021 73 13.333 75.063 Uduppi Eutropis clivicola Scincidae 74 13.343 75.072 Uduppi 75 13.357 75.075 Uduppi Hemidactylus albofasciatus Hemidactylus sataraensis Gekkonidae Gekkonidae 76 13.379 75.062 Uduppi Kaestlea laterimaculata Scincidae 77 78 79 13.406 75.042 Uduppi 13.347 74.992 Uduppi Melanophidium bilineatum Oligodon brevicauda Uropeltidae Colubridae 13.346 74.983 Uduppi Otocryptis beddomii Agamidae 80 13.334 74.958 Uduppi Platyplectrurus madurensis Uropeltidae 81 13.307 74.924 Uduppi Rhinophis travancoricus Uropeltidae 82 13.395 74.997 Uduppi Uropeltis phipsonii Uropeltidae 83 13.399 74.993 Uduppi Ahaetulla dispar Colubridae 84 13.395 74.983
 Uduppi Boiga dightoni Colubridae 85 13.474 74.962 Uduppi Boiga nuchalis Colubridae 86 87 88 89 13.488 74.951 Uduppi Calotes aurantolabium Agamidae 13.483 74.944 Uduppi Chalcides pentadactylus Scincidae 13.529 74.943 Uduppi Cnemaspis australis Gekkonidae 13.556 74.941 Uduppi Cnemaspis beddomei Gekkonidae 90 13.576 74.931 Uduppi Cnemaspis heteropholis Gekkonidae 91 13.571 74.922 Uduppi Cnemaspis kolhapurensis Gekkonidae 92 93 94 13.593 74.888 Uduppi Cnemaspis littoralis Gekkonidae 13.586 74.914 Uduppi Cnemaspis monticola Gekkonidae 13.607 74.911 Uduppi Cnemaspis nilagirica Gekkonidae EN VU VU VU VU VU EN EN EN VU NT DD DD DD DD DD DD NT DD DD DD DD Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Mountain skink White-banded broad-tailed gecko Endemic to Western Ghats Side-spotted ground skink Yellow-striped shieldtail Endemic to Western Ghats Indian kangaroo lizard Madurai shieldtail Travancore shieldtail Phipson’s shieldtail Günther’s vine snake Travancore cat snake Collared Cat Snake Orange-lipped forest lizard Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Beddome’s day gecko Heteropholis gecko Kolhapur day gecko Coastal day gecko Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 124 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR 176 2021 95 96 13.077 75.026 Uduppi Cnemaspis ornatus Gekkonidae 13.086
 75.029 Uduppi Cnemaspis sisparensis Gekkonidae 97 13.089 75.041 Uduppi Dendrelaphis chairecacos Colubridae 98 13.093 75.075 Uduppi Eryx whitakeri Boidae 99 13.08 75.055 Uduppi Eutropis gansi Scincidae Uduppi Gerrhopilus beddomii 13.101 75.047 Uduppi Gerrhopilus tindalli 13.08 75.05 Uduppi Hemidactylus anamallensis Gerrhopilida e Gerrhopilida e Gekkonidae 13.023 75.001 Uduppi Kaestlea palnica Scincidae 13.023 75.001 Uduppi Lygosoma goaensis Scincidae 13.008 75.031 Uduppi Oligodon nikhili Colubridae 13.017 75.031 Uduppi Oligodon travancoricus Colubridae 13.035 75.023 Uduppi Plectrurus aureus Uropeltidae 13.018 75.001 Uduppi Peltopelor macrolepis Viperidae 13.026 74.995 Uduppi Platyplectrurus trilineatus Uropeltidae 13.043 74.992 Uduppi Plectrurus canaricus Uropeltidae 13.05 74.972 Uduppi Plectrurus guentheri Uropeltidae 13.059 74.952 Uduppi Rhinophis fergusonianus Uropeltidae 13.071 74.95 Uduppi Ristella guentheri Scincidae 13.062 74.936 Uduppi Ristella rurkii Scincidae 13.058 74.931 Uduppi Ristella travancorica Scincidae NT NT DD NT DD DD DD NT DD DD DD DD DD NT DD DD DD DD DD DD DD Endemic to Western Ghats Sispara day gecko Endemic to Western Ghats Whitaker’s boa Gansgrass skink Beddome’s worm snake Tindall’s worm snake Anaimalai gecko Palni hills ground skink Goan supple skink Nikhil’s kukri snake Travancore kukri snake Golden shieldtail Large-scaled green pit viper Three-lined shieldtail Kanara shieldtail Purple shieldtail Cardamom shieldtail Günther Rurk’s cat skink Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic
 to Western Ghats © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 125 Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, ETR Uduppi Trimeresurus strigatus Viperidae 13.064 74.92 Uduppi Typhlops exiguus Typhlopidae 13.085 74.934 Uduppi Typhlops thurstoni Typhlopidae 13.097 74.949 Uduppi Uropeltis beddomii Uropeltidae 13.076 74.932 Uduppi Uropeltis bicatenata Uropeltidae 13.097 74.954 Uduppi Uropeltis broughami Uropeltidae 13.115 74.984 Uduppi Uropeltis dindigalensis Uropeltidae 13.127 74.982 Uduppi Uropeltis macrorhynchus Uropeltidae 13.134 75.096 Uduppi Uropeltis maculatus Uropeltidae 13.135 75.121 Uduppi Uropeltis myhendrae Uropeltidae 13.157 75.153 Uduppi Uropeltis nitidus Uropeltidae 13.152 75.138 Uduppi Uropeltis petersi Uropeltidae 13.151 75.12 Uduppi Xylophis stenorhynchus Xenodermid ae DD DD DD DD NT DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Endemic to Western Ghats Horseshoe pit viper Belgaum Worm Snake Thurston’s worm snake Beddome’s shieldtail Bicatenate shieldtail Sirumalai shieldtail Dindigul shieldtail Red-sided shieldtail Barred shieldtail Cochin shieldtail Peter’s shieldtail Günther's Mountain Snake, Günther's Narrow-headed Snake © Ramachandra T V, Bharath S, 2021, Grid based Inventorying and Mapping of Ecological Sensitive Regions in Udupi district, Karnataka, ENVIS
 Technical report 176, Sahyadri Conservation Series 106, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 126 Sahyadri Conservation Series 106 ENERGY AND WETLANDS RESEARCH GROUP [EWRG] SAHYADRI: ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION SYSTEM (ENVIS) CENTRE FOR ECOLOGICAL SCIENCES [CES] NEW BIOSCIENCE BUILDING, III FLOOR, E-WING, LAB: TE15 Indian Institute of Science, Telephone: 91-80-22933099/22933503 (Ext:107) Fax: 91-80-23601428/23600085/23600683[CES-TVR] Email: tvr@iisc.ac.in, energy.ces@iisc.ac.in Web: http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy, http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/biodiversity