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Annual Report 2011 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji ANNUAL REPORT 2011 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Annual Publication 2011 Release © Copyright 2011.

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1 | P a g e www.srif.tk Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Annual Report 2011 2 | P a g e Annual Report 2011 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji MISSION STATEMENT To advance the industry by excellence in technology transfer emanating from research results through science that supports innovative activities in sugar related industries and to make the Fiji Sugar Industry productive and sustainable.
TABLE OF CONTENT Contents Page Board Members, SAC & Staff Crop Improvement Analytical Laboratory Crop Protection Crop Production Geographical Information System Estates FACP Appendices Approved Varieties Financial Report 4 5 11 17 23 25 28 31 41 44 3 | P a g e Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Annual Report 2011 BOARD MEMBERS Professor John Morrison (Chairman) Mr. Sanjay Prakash (Secretary) Mr. Sundresh Chetty Mr. Viliame Gucake Dr. Krishnamurthi Mr. Suresh Patel Mr. Mangaiya Reddy Mr. Seru Vularika SCIENCE AUDIT COMMITTEE MEMBERS Dr. Krishnamurthi (Chairman) Mr. Sanjay Prakash (Secretary) Mr. Jai Gawander (CEO) Mr. Mangaiya Reddy Professor John Morrision Mr. Sundresh Chetty SRIF STAFF Name Jai Gawander Sanjay Namal Prakash Prema Nadan Naidu Sada Sivan Swamy Karuna Garan Rajendra Krishna Nazeea Bano Nemani Soli Sugubati Amit Raj Singh Ronal Rajnil Kumar Nitika Natasha Pravashni Ashnita Ashalni Chand Pedro N B Rounds Muni Sangeeta Goundar Andreen Astika Kiran Renil Ritesh Kumar Jainesh Anish Ram Samuel Dyer Work Doreen Shobna Ram Shireen Shabrina Sattar Saimone Sabakera Johnson Karishma Mala Nalini Shartika Prasad Desmond Vinod Kumar Sanmogam Gounder Nafisat Bibi Jyotika Devi Prasad Jashneel Jay Singh Mere Kosi Tauvoli Maciu Talebulamaimaleya 4 | P a g e 4 | P a g e Designation Chief Executive Officer Finance & Administration Manager Research Officer Technical Officer/Grower Services Technical Officer Technical Officer Senior Technical Assistant/Grower Services Technical Officer/Grower Services Scientific Officer Junior Corporate Officer Corporate Assistant Senior Technical Assistant/Grower Services Scientific Officer Senior Technical Assistant Technical Assistant/Grower Services Senior Technical Assistant/Grower Services Junior Technical Officer/Grower Services Junior Technical Officer/Grower Services Senior Technical Assistant/Grower Services Principal Technical Assistant Senior Scientific Officer Senior Technical Assistant/Grower Services Senior Technical Assistant/Grower Services Technical Officer/Grower
 Services Senior Technical Assistant/Grower Services Senior Technical Assistant/Grower Services Senior Technical Assistant/Grower Services Senior Technical Assistant/Grower Services Senior Technical Assistant/Grower Services TFO Clerk Annual Report 2011 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji CROP IMPROVEMENT 5 | P a g e Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Annual Report 2011 Project 1: A comparative study of family and individual mass selection methods as early selection criteria A prototype trial that was established in 2010 was analyzed.
In this trial seedlings from 50 families (crosses) were planted in 4 replicates.

Each replicate had 20 seedlings.

Individual mass selection and family selection was conducted in the plant crop.

The clones selected under individual selection have been propagated and will be planted with the clones that will be selected in the first ratoon that will follow the family selection criteria.
Project 2: Nobilization of Erianthus The nobilization work continued in 2011 and an additional 57 crosses were effected with Erianthus arundinaceous.

31 putative hybrids from the 2009 nobilization crosses were in the flowering beds of which 10 flowered and were used to make 38 outcrosses with high brix commercial cultivars.

The progeny from these crosses will be handled separately from routine Stage 1 evaluation.
Project 3: Germplasm and Breeding plots A total of 5906 clones are being maintained of which 743 are in the breeding plots (around 13%).

Major highlights in 2011 has been on restoration of the Drasa germplasm i.e.

initiation of re-planting and re-location of breeding plots to the new site at Dobuilevu that has been purchased by SRIF.

The current germplasm collection is summarized in the following table.
Table 1: Details on the existing SRIF sugarcane germplasm Sub- collection Drasa Description Commercials, backcross progeny, imported varieties (existing as singles, duplicates, triplicates and quadruplicates) Commercials, backcross progeny, imported varieties (singles from 1993 collection) Sub-total S. officinarum var.

Korpi, Badila x S. spontaneum var.


Tobago, Mandalay hybrids (KT’s, BT’s, KM’s, BM’s) S. spontaneum hybrids developed under Joint Research Project CSR Macknade and DNPRC (David North Plant Research Centre) in 1964 Sub-total Indonesian collection (IJ/IK) S. officinarum x S. spontaneum hybrids (KT/BT) S. officinarum collection Commercial hybrids, near commercials and commercials.

Overseas varieties (BSES – 15, MSIRI -10) Sub-total Total No.
of clones 3093 Year Planted 1993 1638 2011 4731 235 2009 197 2009 432 101 7 123 512 25 743 5906 2009 2009 2009 2007-2011 2010-2011 Wairuku Dobuilevu The DNA fingerprinting work was initiated and DNA extractions from 9 samples were sent to Mauritius Sugar Industry Research Institute - MSIRI.

Unfortunately all the samples were contaminated and work on getting clean samples is ongoing.
6 | P a g e Annual Report 2011 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Project 4: Sugarcane crossing A total of 1015 crosses were set this year.

The objective had been the same as 2010 i.e.

continue with the polycrosses and parental line development.

The proportion of the crosses that were set is as follows 13 bi-parental, 489 polycrosses and 513 experimental crosses.
The experimental crosses comprised of 57 with Erianthus arundinaceous, 69 outcrosses with 2009 H1, 164 with Saccharum officinarum, 9 with Saccharum robustum, 14 with Korpi x S. spontaneum hybrids and 200 with varieties from IJ/IK collection).

The fuzz from the experimental crosses will be monitored separately.

Project 5: Pollen Viability The pollen from first anthesis was collected for Erianthus arundinaceous, Saccharum officinarum, Spartan and LF02-48.
It was kept and cultured at hourly intervals to study the life span of pollen.

In this study, it was found that pollen can remain viable for up to two hours under Dobuilevu conditions after which the percentage viability starts to drop.

If pollen is collected and kept covered in a dry petri dish it can be kept for six hours with a minimum viability of 50%.
Figure 1: Life span of Erianthus arundinaceous, Saccharum officinarum (Badila), Spartan and LF02-48 pollen Project 6: Fuzz Sowing A total of 781 packets of fuzz were sown from 2009, 2010 and 2011 crosses of which 450 germinated giving 58% germination.

The breakdown of the type of crosses that were sown and the respective germination as % is provided in Table below.

Table 2: Details of 2011 Fuzz Sowing Description No.

of Bi-parental Crosses Trays Sown No.


of Trays Bi-parental Crosses Geminated % Germination No.

of Poly Crosses Trays Sown No.

of Trays Poly Crosses Geminated % Germination No.

of Experimental Trays Sown No.


of Experimental Trays Geminated % Germination Total sown (Exp + Poly) Total Germinated (Exp+ Poly) Total as % Total 49 10 20 542 341 63 190 99 52 781 450 58 7 | P a g e Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Annual Report 2011 Project 7: Stage 1 In 2011, LF2010 series was analyzed and LF2011 series was planted.
A total of 25 554 seedlings was evaluated for LF2010 series and 1250 clones were selected based on field brix and planted as Stage 2.

The seedlings for experimental crosses were not evaluated due to flooding and excessive lodging.

For LF2011, a total of 9 182 and 1 458 seedlings were planted for the commercial and experimental crosses from the original 16 717 and 2 530 respectively.

The balance seedlings were lost to floods and excessive rain that affected the seedlings in the trays.
Project 8: Stage 2 LF2009 series was evaluated and LF2010 series planted.

A total of 1881 clones were in LF2009 Stage 2 of which 442 were selected for biochemical analysis based upon field brix and field grading on characteristics like trashing, growth habit, lodging, disease symptoms.

A final selection of 141 varieties was made based on %pocs and %fibre and planted as Stage 3.

Project 9: Stage 3 LF2008 series was evaluated and LF2009 series planted.
LF2008 series had 75 varieties out of which 19 were selected based on the biochemical data and had been panted in propagation plot for Stage 4.

All the varieties from Stage 3 had been sent for FLG screening.

141 varieties were planted for LF2009 Stage 3.

Project 10: Stage 4 Trials (LF2004, LF2005, LF2006 & LF2007) LF2004 series (Large Population Stage 4 Trial) This trial was in the second ratoon crop at Legalega Research Station.
The total rainfall received for the trial from September 2010 to October 2011 was 2533mm.

The cane rows of the selected varieties were divided into four sections (replicates) and small mill cane samples were taken from five varieties and two standards.

Four plots of 10 metres length was marked in the four sections for harvesting and determining cane yield.

All the cane within the marked plot was harvested and weighed manually.

The cane was 12.5 months old at the time of harvest.
The unusual wetter conditions that prevailed over the duration of this trial contributed to the heavy lodging of all the varieties in this trial except for one variety LF04-448.

The bio chemical data of the trial is presented in table 3.

The cane (tch) and sugar (tsh) yield of the variety LF04-448 was higher and significantly different than all the other varieties and the standards Ragnar and LF91-1925.
The LF2004 series trial was planted and evaluated under a new concept called as the large plot non-replicated trial and has ended.

Conducting the trial under this concept has reduced the number of years of testing in the breeding program.

One promising variety LF04-448 has emerged from this series that was initiated in December 2004.

It took 7 years for the evaluation of this series starting from stage 1 and up to the large plot trial as compared to more than 12 years in the normal breeding program.
Table 3: Trial data of selected varieties from 2nd ratoon crop Variety LF91-1925 Ragnar LF04-918 LF04-509 LF04-512 LF04-448 Pol %Fibre %pocs 14.4 73.6 9.7 15.6 11.2 82.5 13.9 9.2 71.4 15.6 81.0 9.6 15.8 11.8 82.9 14.9 10.2 76.5 Brix 19.2 21.6 19.0 21.2 21.2 19.8 Purity 90.4 89.4 88.8 89.4 91.5 91.2 tch 61 65 53 56 54 83 tsh 8.7 10.2 7.4 8.8 8.5 12.4 8 | P a g e Annual Report 2011 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji LF2005 series Table 4 shows the results of plant crop and 1st ratoon crop from LF2005 series trial in Drasa.
The trial has 11 varieties out of which 5 varieties have higher sugar yield (tsh) compared to the standards in 1st ratoon crop.

Two varieties LF05-973 and LF05-1502 have done better than the standards in both the plant and ratoon crop.

The trial is in 2nd ratoon and will be evaluated in November 2012.
Table 4: Trial data of LF2005 varieties from plant and 1st ratoon crop Variety Plant Crop 1st Ratoon Crop Naidiri Ragnar Mana Kaba Test Varieties LF05-1160 LF05-1502 LF05-302 LF05-421 LF05-581 LF05-614 LF05-625 LF05-844 LF05-952 LF05-973 LF05-978 tch 128 113 123 111 98 127 111 112 107 96 92 93 103 131 88 tsh %pocs %fibre tch 113 96 112 88 93 125 153 151 138 178 133 120 87 142 121 tsh %pocs %fibre LF2006 series Table 5 shows the results of plant crop from LF2006 series.
The trial has 14 varieties and was planted in Drasa and Rarawai.
Both the trials are in first ratoon and will be evaluated in October 2012. tch 249 207 193 143 Table 5: 2006 Series (Evaluation of plant crop) Variety LF91-1925 Naidiri Mana Ragnar Test Varieties LF06-525 LF06-529 LF06-320 LF06-591 LF06-353 LF06-336 LF06-372 LF06-499 LF06-539 LF06-426 LF06-165 LF06-566 LF06-433 LF06-381 230 221 222 221 208 218 186 186 186 192 191 186 159 142 tsh 32.7 30.8 23.0 20.3 32.0 31.2 30.1 30.1 29.1 28.4 28.1 26.6 26.1 25.9 25.0 23.9 22.7 18.0 %pocs 13.2 14.8 12.1 14.2 %fibre | P a g e Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Annual Report 2011 LF2006 series (Large Population Stage 4 Trial) Introduction The large population trial was introduced in 2008 and the LF2006 series varieties were the second of the trials planted under this concept.
The concept of the large plot trials is to hasten the variety evaluation and reduce the time by fast tracking any promising varieties.

Results and Discussion This trial was planted in May 2010 at Legalega Research Station on a poor soil.

There were 14 test varieties and two standards (Mana and Kiuva).

These varieties were planted in multiple long rows that ranged from 140 to 300 metres in length.

The total rainfall received for the trial from May 2010 to October 2011 was 2622mm.
The cane rows of each variety were divided into four sections (replicates) and small mill cane samples were taken from all the varieties.

Four plots of 10 metres length was marked in the four sections for harvesting and determining cane yield.

All the cane within the marked plot was harvested and weighed manually.

The cane was 17 months old at the time of harvest.


The fibre per cent of four test varieties (LF06-165, 320, 336 and 566) were high and ranged between 14.3 to 16.2% but the sugar yield of these varieties were low and well below the standards.

The cane and sugar yield of the variety LF06-353 was on par with the second best standard Kiuva.

The variety LF06-539 had slightly better cane and sugar yield compared to the best standard variety Mana.

The data from this trial is presented in the table 6.
The trial will be further evaluated in the first ratoon crop and then only any promising varieties can be identified.
Table 6: LF2006 Trial analysis data Variety LF06-529 LF06-539 LF06-336 LF06-165 LF06-566 LF06-320 LF06-353 Mana Kiuva LF04-448 pol %fibre %pocs brix 22.2 22.8 22.6 21.6 22.5 22.2 22.4 22.7 21.1 20.7 purity 90.3 90.2 91.2 90.7 86.3 90.5 90.7 88.1 89.7 94.3 tch 75 101 69 47 55 62 78 94 83 92 tsh 12.3 16.8 11.1 7.0 7.9 9.7 12.7 15.0 12.8 14.7 2007 Series (Planted) Twenty-five varieties from LF2007 series were planted in Lautoka, Rarawai, Penang and Labasa.
The trials were planted in May and June 2011.

The plant crop will be evaluated between August and September in 2012.

Tissue Culture Plant tissue culture comprises of in vitro techniques which are used to grow plants in a controlled environment.

The main focus of sugarcane tissue culture at the Institute is to create genetic variability to produce improved sugarcane varieties which have high yield and resistance to disease.
Leaf discs cultured on chemical medium containing 2, 4-D undergo changes in their genetic make-up and produce plantlets which are genetically unique from the parent plant.

The other field of tissue culture that the Institute is in the process of establishing is rapid propagation which is used to produce quality seed material for planting.
10 | P a g e Annual Report 2011 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji ANALYTICAL LABORATORY & METEOROLOGY 11 | P a g e Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Annual Report 2011 Introduction The Sugar Research Institute of Fiji had a well maintained daily climatological recording (DCR) station with a range of meteorological instruments at its head office in Lautoka and also maintains 3 other DCR’s at the mill centres.
The head office of the institute had been relocated to Drasa in May and efforts have been put in place to set up a new DCR station at Drasa.

In addition there are forty-three rainfall recording sites within the cane growing areas which forward daily rainfall data to SRIF.
Climatological stations are manned by observers who are required to make basic observations of temperatures (dry, wet, max, min) ,rainfall, amount of clouds, visibility, sunshine, wind direction, wind force, evaporation at 9am and maximum temperatures at 3pm daily.

Meteorology readings for 2011 were not recorded from the DCR station at the head office from April onwards as there was loss of equipment due to theft and also due to non-availability of the instruments at the new site in Drasa.
The daily climatological data plays a vital role in predicting weather forecast, producing climate summary, quarterly climate outlook for sugarcane belt area.

Summary of weather events Weather and climate conditions varied significantly from one month to another.

Moderate to strong La Niña conditions persisted during the first quarter, ENSO neutral conditions prevailed from May to August and weak to moderate La Niña conditions re-emerged in October and remained until end of 2011.
The SPCZ was located to the southwest of its mean position for most of the year having significant impact on Fiji’s rainfall pattern.

Normal to wetter than normal conditions were experienced across the country.

There were no cyclones that directly affected Fiji in 2011, though some parts of the country experienced strong winds and heavy rain as a result of tropical cyclones passing close to the Fiji Group.
Rainfall The annual rainfall recorded at all the mill stations were above average and rain was recorded at all the stations and in all the months.

The rainfall received at Lautoka and Rarawai mill were above average in all the months and the annual rainfall was 58 and 40% above the 41 year average respectively.

At Penang mill the rainfall recorded in Jan, Feb, Apr, May, Aug, Oct and Nov were above average and the annual rainfall was 37% above the 41 year average.
In Labasa mill the rainfall recorded in Jan, Feb, Mar, May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Oct and Nov were above average and the annual rainfall was 24% above the 41 year average.

The rainfall received throughout 2011 was not good for cane growth and maturity as well above average rainfalls were recorded in the wet months and during the maturing phase.

The rainfalls received from late May also affected the crushing of cane as farmers faced difficulty in harvesting and transporting their cane.
El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) ENSO is an irregular cycle of persistent warming and cooling of sea surface temperatures in the tropical Pacific Ocean.

The warm extreme is known as El Niño and cold extreme, La Niña.

The Pacific experienced one of the strongest La Niña events in 2011.

The 2010/11 La Niña event began during the second half of 2010, immediately after the 2009/10 El Niño event and developed into a moderate to strong event during 2011.
Through April and May, the existent strong La Niña event weakened but the atmospheric indicators, especially SOI, remained strongly positive during this period and remained consistent.

During May, the event finally ended with all indicators reaching neutral levels and in June, persisting through July.

During August, weak La Niña conditions re-emerged.

The re-emergence of the 2010/11 La Niña continued during August and September.

A weak La Niña was re-established in the equatorial Pacific by December.
The presence of moderate to strong La Niña in the region impacted the rainfall over Fiji.

The main rain producing systems, the SPCZ was located close 12 | P a g e Annual Report 2011 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji to the country; hence, most parts of the country experienced enhanced rainfall.

The formation and distribution of tropical cyclones was displaced to the southwest, thus, fewer cyclones threatened the country during the cyclone season.
Relative Humidity Relative Humidity at 0900hrs were generally above long term average in Lautoka mill for January, April and from September to December below average for February, March and May.

Sunshine The sunshine recorder was stolen in May and sunshine hours were only recorded from January to April and it was generally below long term average for these months.
Earth Temperature The earth temperatures at all depths (5cm, 10cm & 20cm) were slightly below the long time mean values for the months recorded.

The earth thermometers were vandalized in May and no temperatures were recoded from June onwards.

Soil Moisture The P:E ratio was only calculated for January which had a value of 1.14 that falls in the Moderate - sufficient moisture for moderate growth.
Soil moisture status could not be determined for all other months due to damage and theft of raised and sunken pan.

Air Temperature The daytime air temperatures were above average and night-time below average for Lautoka mill during January to December 2011.

The highest maximum temperature recorded was 33.6°C for the month of November and the lowest minimum recorded was 15.0°C in May 2011.
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Total Table 1: Rainfall (mm) for all mills 2011 Mills Lautoka Mill Monthly Rainfall No.

of rain days 41yrs Avg (1971-2011) % of average Rarawai Mill Monthly Rainfall No.

of rain days 41yrs Avg (1971-2011) % of average Penang Mill Monthly Rainfall No.
of rain days 41yrs Avg (1971-2011) % of average Labasa Mill Monthly Rainfall No.
of rain days 41yrs Avg (1971-2011) % of average | P a g e Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Annual Report Table 2: Rainfall data (mm) for Lautoka, Nadi and Sigatoka Districts 2011 Sector Drasa No.
of raindays Saweni No.

of raindays Natova No.

of raindays Legalega No.

of raindays Meigunyah No.

of raindays Navo No.

of raindays Malolo No.

of raindays Nawaicoba No.

of raindays Yako No.

of raindays Lomawai No.

of raindays Cuvu No.

of raindays Olosara No.
of raindays Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Total Table 3: Rainfall data (mm) for Rarawai Mill 2011 Sector Varoko No.
of raindays Mota No.

of raindays Naloto 6 No.

of raindays 730 365 317 218 149 123 Rarawai 7 14 No.

of raindays AES - Rarawai 738 393 421 218 149 124 No.
of raindays 7 10 Koronubu Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Total No.

of raindays 15 10 11 11 7 Veisaru 577 246 175 231 126 No.
of raindays 15 13 12 11 6 7 85 7 Varavu 578 294 212 202 96 131 No.

of raindays 13 11 9 10 5 Tagi Tagi 494 275 165 290 185 No.

of raindays 16 7 9 8 5 Yaladro 695 423 122 205 183 No.

of raindays 17 7 10 8 5 7 89 5 67 6 Drumasi 837 491 149 235 204 77 142 No.
of raindays 17 7 8 8 5 7 7 14 | P a g e Annual Report 2011 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Table 4: Rainfall data (mm) for Penang Mill – 2011 Sector Nanuku No.

of raindays Malau No.

of raindays Ellington I No.

of raindays Ellington II No.
of raindays Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Total Jan Table 5: Rainfall (mm) data for Labasa Mill - 2011 Sector Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Total Rokosalase (Solove) 499 484 239 220 390 101 No.
of raindays 17 20 15 10 22 17 Naravuka (Bulivou) 466 503 247 341 389 126 No.

of raindays 18 17 12 15 19 Natua (Seaqaqa) 804 580 316 268 307 No.

of raindays 26 16 18 11 16 Seaqaqa Sub.

St. 566 427 221 154 404 10 77 12 44 17 No.

of raindays Waiqele No.

of raindays Wailevu 23 22 21 693 590 361 18 18 13 17 63 10 22 189 65 101 13 6 8 652 451 344 123 231 49 54 No.

of raindays 18 16 11 10 11 Vunimoli 625 565 470 137 159 No.

of raindays 21 24 19 Korowiri (Labasa M) 698 476 362 No.
of raindays 25 23 17 14 84 14 4 60 10 6 93 17 17 198 89 100 18 12 19 Nagigi (Bucaisau) 719 413 404 119 258 95 100 No.

of raindays 18 14 16 11 14 6 Daku 619 614 288 119 187 110 No.

of raindays 24 21 16 13 19 11 Kuru Kuru (Daku) 608 631 265 129 163 136 No.

of raindays 23 21 15 10 12 Wainikoro 581 559 274 109 237 No.

of raindays 16 17 14 8 14 Vunivutu 562 522 294 153 210 No.

of raindays 16 18 14 14 15 Papalagi 611 424 271 107 222 No.
of raindays | P a g e Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Annual Report 2011 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Table 6: Meteorological data for Sugar Research Institute of Fiji, Lautoka 2011 Measurements Relative Humidity 42yrs Avg (1970-2011) Air temperature (°C) Mean maximum Mean Max 42 yrs Avg (1970- 2011) Mean minimum Mean Min 42 yrs Avg (1970- 2011) Mean Highest maximum Lowest minimum Evaporation (mm) Sunken pan Sunken Pan: 42 yrs Avg (1970- 2011) Raised pan Raised Pan: 42 yrs Avg (1970- 2011) P:E ratio Earth temperature (°C) 5 cm 10 cm 20 cm 100 cm 42yrs Avg (1970-2011): 5cm 42yrs Avg (1970-2011): 10cm 42yrs Avg (1970-2011): 20cm Sunshine (hours) –mean 42yrs Avg (1971-2011) Note: sunken and raised pan damaged in February and stolen in end of April
 together with the sunshine recorder, earth thermometers vandalized in May and station relocated to Drasa in mid-May.
June- August readings (mean, max, dry, wet and air temperature) recorded by new organization but no data available.

Thermometers reinstalled at new site in September.

Table 7: Transeau Ratio (Precipitation/Evaporation) and Moisture Status of Soil 2011 P:E Moisture status Months <0.25 Drought conditions 0.26-0.50 Very dry - limiting moisture.

Slow growth.

0.51-1.00 Dry - limiting moisture.

Slow growth.

1.10-2.00 Moderate - sufficient moisture for moderate growth.
January >2.00 Good - sufficient moisture for good growth.

Note table incomplete due to damage and theft of raised and sunken pan 16 | P a g e Annual Report 2011 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji CROP PROTECTION 17 | P a g e Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Annual Report 2011 Fiji Leaf Gall Disease (FLGD) Fiji leaf gall is widespread in Fiji on the most popular commercial variety, Mana and in the garden cane Duruka.
The disease is caused by a reovirus and transmitted by the leafhopper Perkinsiella vitiensis.

This is the most economically important disease of sugarcane in Fiji.

The resistance screening of the new clones (LF2008 series) were commenced in March with hopper survey and hopper collection from the commercial cane field.

The insect that were collected from the field was bred on infected Fiji 10 (Erianthus maximus) for the nymphs.
After 4-5 weeks the viruliferous nymphs appeared in those cases in which adult hoppers were kept.

The infected nymphs were released on the 75 tested clones and 10 recommended standards inside the insectary for 14 days to transmit the Fiji virus on the test clones.

Before taking out the plant from the insectary, the insecticide was used to kill all the infected nymphs.
The test clone were planted in two rows outside the insectary and inspection started for symptom of Fiji disease galls on the under surface of the leaf after 21 days.

The inspection was done for 100 days.

Table 1: Number of clones screened for Fiji leaf gall disease Series screened Clone Resistance (Ratings) LF2008 Table 2: LF2008 rating list Screened Ratings No.
Of Clones 34 6 11 12 7 3 2 Resistant (1 -3) 51 Moderate (4-6) 22 Susceptible (7) 2 l s e n o C f o r e b m u N 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Rating Figure 1: Summary - Fiji leaf gall resistance trial of 75 clones Job’s tear as host of FDV A prelimary study was conducted to determine whether Fiji leaf gall can be transmitted to Job’s tear (wild maize/corn) and whether Perkinsiella vitiensis can complete its life cycle on this species.
In this experiment, the same procedure was applied as Fiji leaf gall screening.

Job’s tear, Mana and Kaba were planted for screening.

There was no leaf gall observed under the leaf surface of these plants.

The job’s tear leaf were forming wrinkle, showing hollow under the leaf surface and giving a strong unpleasant smell.

The adult hoppers were collected from the commercial cane field and covered with Nytrel cage on healthy plants of Job’s tear, Mana and Kaba to complete their life cycle.
After 15 days the number of egg puncture were counted on midrib, after 25 days the number of nymphs were counted and after 40 days the number of adult hoppers were counted.

The result of the experiment showed that hoppers were not able to complete their life cycle successfully on job’s tear plant compared to Mana and Kaba plants.

On 25 days it was found that nymphs were dead on job’s tear.
18 | P a g e Annual Report 2011 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Disease Control Roguing was carried out as per set procedures and 1 Km radius checks were made when any diseased plant was found.

A total of 7,578 ha of cane (962 ha plant crop and 6,616 ha ratoon crop) were inspected in 2011 for major diseases.

The only major disease incidence recorded during the year was Fiji disease in all the 4 mill areas.

A total of 1038 infected stools were rogued out during 2011.
The highest number of infected stools was removed in Nadi district (680 stools).

Fiji disease has been on the increase in the commercial cultivar, Mana.

In year 2009, the roguers of Lautoka, Nadi and Sigatoka district used the GPS to mark the way points of disease infected stools before removing.

The marked way point is used to map the disease area on Google earth for further reference and have a better monitoring of the major disease.

Table 3: Summary of rouging inspections in 2011 Mill District No.
of Farms Inspected 327 690 633 418 187 211 Area Rouged (Ha) Plant 59.31 140.96 543.63 91.82 78.42 48.1 Ratoon 672.7 1948.06 2677.9 721.24 403.93 192.52 No.

of FLGD stools Rouged 133 680 17 192 8 8 1038 2466 962.24 6616.35 Lautoka Nadi Labasa Sigatoka Rarawai/Tavua Penang Total Cane Weevil Borer Cane weevil borer (Rhabdoscelus obscurus) is a sugarcane pest which chews the inner tissues and reduces the cane and sugar yield of commercial cane.
A two year project is currently being carried out on Integrated Pest Management of the Sugarcane Weevil Borer in Fiji in collaboration with BSES.

Split cane traps and pheromone traps were used to monitor trends in sugarcane weevil borer populations in commercial sugarcane fields of Viti Levu from October 2010 – December 2011.

Six farms were selected in each mill area of Viti Levu for split cane trap and 4 farms were selected in Lautoka mill area for pheromone traps.
Adult borers appeared in all the fields, population increased gradually in January-April and declined in May-August, followed by another increase in September-November.

Table 4: Borer population & borer damage in Split cane trap in 2010-2011 Mill region No.

of farm Variety Avg.

no.

of male borer/farm Avg.

no.

of female borer/ farm Avg.

cane yield (tch)/farm Avg.

no of stalks sampled/farm Avg.


% of bored stalk/farm Avg.% of length (cm) damage stalk/farm Lautoka Rarawai Penang 6 Mana 1226 1295 72.24 100 32.83 3.9 6 Mana 843 1019 52.15 100 69.5 5.4 6 Mana 628 740 68.5 100 61.66 9.7 Pheromone mass trapping is an effective method of collecting and monitoring the adult borer’s population densities.

The most effective method for capturing adult borers was using 19 | P a g e Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Annual Report 2011 the water trap containing pheromone.
The water trap is a 20 cm-diameter pot with a plastic bag inserted to hold water with pheromone lures and cane pieces held together in a plastic container suspended over the water from a square of wire mesh.

Results also showed that adult borers in adjacent fields are able to sense the lures and migrate into treated fields.

However, the pheromone traps mainly attracted female borers all year round.
No clear results were available but it is evident that the borers are more attracted to the pheromone during November, January and March.

This may be due to the odour emitting from non- harvested stumps and leftover stalks during the cane harvesting season which heightens the effect of pheromone to attract borers.

Table 5: Borer population and borer damage in pheromone trial in 2010-2011 in Lautoka mill region.

Farm no.

of male borer/farm no.

of female borer/farm Cane yield (tch) No.
of stalks sampled/farm %of bored stalk/farm % length of damage stalk/farm F1 1031 1169 72.14 100 24 2.7 F2 1055 1303 104.4 100 26 3.2 F3 1567 1859 57.5 100 27 3.1 F4 1791 2264 108.89 100 44 6.5 Snapshot Field Audit of damage caused by Cane weevil borer to Sugarcane in Lautoka Mill Area The snapshot field audit at Drasa, Lautoka, Natova, Meigunyah, Saweni, Legalega and Nawaicoba sectors shows that approximately 98% of the farms had Mana variety which was in other ratoon crop.
Two farms had a different variety which were Kaba and an unknown variety.

Earlier preliminary studies have shown that this pest has preferential feeding on Mana variety, thus it is important to reduce composition of Mana in each farm by planting other varieties.

Field Survey The objective of SRIF snapshot field audit was to assess the impact of cane weevil borer damage on sugarcane in the seven sectors in Lautoka Mill area.
The inspection results showed that Meigunyah sector had the highest % infestation compared to the other sectors.

The result of the preliminary study indicates that there is a greater decline in pocs for Natova than Saweni even though the % infestation is approximately same.

The % intensity of infestation is more in Natova than Saweni even though the % infestation is about the same.

This implies that decline in %pocs depends on the % intensity of infestation not on % infestation.
Similarly, the sectors (Lautoka and Legalega) have the same % infestation but different % intensity of infestation Table 6: Mean % infestation and % intensity of infestation of 6 farms per sector Sector % infestation % intensity of infestation % pocs (uninfected) % pocs (infected) % pocs (difference) Natova Saweni Lautoka Meigunyah Drasa Legalega Nawaicoba 20 | P a g e Annual Report 2011 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji The highest % infestation and % intensity of borer damage was found on flat, follows undulating and the lowest was damage was found on hilly terrain.
The damage caused by cane weevil borer affects the quality of cane by decreasing the pol, brix, %pocs and increasing % fibre.

This may be due to the grub or larval stage of the sugarcane beetle chewing fresh tissue and leaving dry and dead fibrous tissue after ingestion.

The ingestion of internal tissue also renders the rind dry and hard.
Biochemical Analysis The results of the field audit in seven sectors of Lautoka shows that, when all the stalks are infected to varying degrees of infestation (infected cane), the %pocs reduces on an average by 0.8% in comparison to clean cane (uninfected cane) from the same farms.

Generally, there is an increase in fibre of the infected cane by 0.1% from the uninfected cane.

This is due to the larvae as they burrow into and feed on the inner tissue.
There is a 0.1-0.4% increase in the fibre of the infected cane compared with the uninfected cane in all seven sectors.

The small mill data from Meigunyah sector showed 36.7% infestation and there is a decline in pocs by 3%.

The farms on the flat terrain showed decrease of about 1.0% pocs.

The farms on the undulating terrain showed decrease of about 0.2% pocs.

The farms on the hilly terrain showed decrease of about 1.3% pocs.
According to the small mill analysis, %pocs is not dependent on the terrain but the %intensity of infestation depends on terrain.

Overall results showed that there is negligible difference in %pocs within different terrain (flat, undulating & hilly) of the infected cane.
U/I U U U U U U U Table 7: Results of Biochemical Analysis of Uninfected (U) and Infected (I) Cane Sector Meigunyah Saweni Lautoka Drasa Legalega Natova Nawaicoba Average Meigunyah Saweni Lautoka Drasa Legalega Natova Nawaicoba Average Difference pol % fibre -0.1 2.8 %pocs 10.9 13.3 11.6 12.7 12.5 13.1 10.2 12.0 7.8 12.9 11.1 12.7 12.0 12.3 9.8 11.2 0.8 brix 18.5 20.7 19.3 21.0 19.1 19.9 20.8 19.9 16.9 20.5 19.1 21.1 18.6 19.6 20.9 19.5 0.4 I I I I I I I U - I purity 77.8 82.8 79.4 80.4 83.3 83.5 71.2 79.8 67.3 81.3 78.0 79.9 82.4 81.5 69.2 77.1 2.7 Nematology In November 2010, the two nematodes management field trial was set-up at Drasa estate on clay sand silt soil on plant crop in field 17 on Kiuva variety and on other ratoon crop in field 11 on Kaba variety.
This trial was conducted to evaluate the impact of various management practices to minimize nematode damage on sugarcane.

Soil samples were collected from both the trials for nematodes population count and for soil nutrient analysis.

The application of different ratios of distillery effluent and intercropping of cowpeas had increased the population density of nematodes.
The treatments in this trial were: 21 | P a g e Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Annual Report 2011 Table 8: Treatments for trial 1 and 2 Trial 1 T1 - Control T2-1:10 distillery effluent single @50day T3-1:10 distillery effulent double @100days T4-1:20 distillery effulent single @50days T5-1:20 distillery effulent double @ 100days Trial 2 T1 - Control T2 - Cowpeas T3 - 1:10 distillery effluent T4 - 1:20 distillery effulent 1500 2605 2310 2395 2753 Table 9: Nematodes population of both the trials.
Trial 1 population of different nematodes on plant crop of Kiuva Treatments Lesion Rootknot Spiral Reniform 4830 T1 6960 T2 5890 T3 6110 T4 T5 7070 Trial 2 population of different nematodes on other ratoon crop of Kaba Treatments Lesion Rootknot Spiral Reniform 3860 T1 2870 T2 3660 T3 3600 T4 Ring Daggar Lance 1590 2000 1943 2260 2545 Ring Daggar Lance 30 60 20 10 5030 8070 7180 6550 8530 2300 1650 2210 1930 610 1040 1350 820 5370 4540 5720 5140 690 775 715 685 925 FLG 40 13255 85 11690 125 11435 245 11725 140 11990 260 11520 270 13390 180 12700 9840 120 0 20 16 5 10 10 20 40 10 FLN Pin Stubby 60 10 0 170 0 0 10 170 0 30 A total of 9 genera of Plant Parasitic Nematodes (Lesion, Rootknot, Spiral, Reniform, Ring, Stubby, Lance, Pin and Daggar) were found in the soils of sugarcane.
Free Living Nematodes were observed in high numbers.

Amongst them Spiral and Reniform nematodes were found in all the treatments.

The spiral and Reniform (R. parvus) nematodes do not cause economic losses.

The most destructive nematodes to sugarcane are Root-knot, Dagger and Stubby in sandy soils.

The large numbers of FLN is a good sign, contributing naturally to the biological control of the plant parasitic nematodes in this trial.
tsh 12.8 14.1 13.0 13.6 12.6 tch 96.7 104.5 94.8 102.4 89.5 Brix %Fibre %pocs 13.3 11.1 19.7 13.7 11.2 20.1 14.0 10.6 20.2 13.3 10.8 19.7 14.2 11.3 20.5 Table 10: Biochemical data of both the trials Trial 1 Field 17 on Plant crop Treatment as in table 8 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 Trial 2 Field 11 on other Ratoon crop Treatment as in table 8 Brix % Fibre %pocs T1 15 11.0 20.6 T2 15.1 11.1 20.4 T3 15.1 10.7 20.5 T4 14.9 10.9 20.3 Preliminary results indicate that the application of distillery effluent in field 17 resulted in increased germination, tillering and plant height.
The cane yield (tch) increased in T2 & T4 of plant trial.

The results of the present study shows that single application of distillery effluent at 50 days have effect on cane yield.

In field 11, the treatments were applied during the establishment of the trials.

In this trial the distillery effluents do not have much impact on cane yield.

In control the yield is high (difference of 3.1).

The soil was compact in this trial.


Conclusive results will be obtained when both trials will be harvested for 2nd time respectively.

These trials are currently ongoing.

tsh 11.7 10.4 11.3 10.9 tch 78.1 68.8 75.0 73.3 22 | P a g e Annual Report 2011 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji CROP PRODUCTION 23 | P a g e Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Annual Report 2011 Seed cane nursery program The objective of this project was to improve the quality of seed cane planted in commercial farms.
It is anticipated that the nurseries would provide seed cane that is disease free, varietally pure and has good germination capability.

The importance of having a seed cane nursery is that farmers can get seed cane from a healthy source such as a certified seed cane nursery.

A program of seed cane production using hot water treated cane setts and well maintained with regards to nutrition, weed control, disease inspection and appropriate irrigation when needed would have resulted in good quality seed cane.
Heat treatment for seed cane production continued in the 2011 season.

A total of 29.3ha were planted in the SRIF administered estates in 2011 on mother plots and distribution plots.

The uptake of seed cane from the estates is improving gradually as farmers realize the benefits of planting seed cane from approved plots.
Table 1: Uptake of seed cane from HWT seed bed Year 2010 2011 Total seed cane available (tonnes) 4368 3776 Total seed cane taken (tonnes) 176.45 237.46 % uptake 4.0 6.3 The reasons for the very low uptake of seed cane from the Estates were due to the LA NINA effects experienced in 2011 with a total rainfall of more than 3000mm.

At the end of 2011, approximately 2800t was available for 2012 planting.
Weed Management for Plant Crop A weed management trial was initiated in a plant crop where all the plots were treated with pre-emergence weedicide Diuron 80 at the rate of 5kg/ha.

A weed survey was conducted five (5) weeks after pre-emergence spraying and the results are summarized in table 2.

Following the survey five different post emergence treatments (Table 3) was applied to the plots.
Before the survey for the efficacy of the post emergence treatments could be conducted, heavy rain and flooding damaged the field and the trial was subsequently abandoned.
Table 2: Pre emergence weed survey Average/plot % of total Grass 29.95 17.52 Broadleaves 118.45 69.64 Vines 21.84 12.84 170.24 100 Types of weeds Total all weeds Table 3: Post emergence treatments (T1-T5) Treatments T0 – pre emergences Diuron 80 on all plots (5kg/ha) T1 – Diuron 80 (5kg/ha) T2 – Karmex (2.4kg/ha) + Amine 720 (2.4L/ha) T3 – Diuron 80 + E40 (3kg + 3L/ha) T4 – Karmex + E40 (3kg + 3L/ha) T5 – Diuron 80 + Amine 720 (3kg + 2.4L/ha) Target Weed Grass Grass Grass & Broad leaves Grass and Broad leaves Grass ,Broad leaves and Creepers Grass, Broad leaves and creepers.
The results of the pre-emergence weedicide application indicate Diuron 80 to be more effective on Grass than on Vines and Broadleaves.

The results of the pre-emergence weed survey allow for specific formulation of post-emergence treatment to control fields which are predominantly covered with either, Grass, Broadleaves or Vines.
In this trial the fields showed a dominance of broadleaves and a specific weedicide treatment for better and cost 24 | P a g e Annual Report 2011 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji effective weed control could be adopted.

The post-emergence treatment was applied and before the first survey could be conducted, the field was damaged by floods.
The following recommendations are made from this trial • The efficacy of Diuron 80 as a pre-emergence effective against grass and as the first • line of weed control, before dealing with broadleaves and vines.

Effectively covers a broad spectrum of weeds and creates conditions conducive to application of cost effective Preventative (mechanical tillering) and Curative (use of weedicides) weed control practices.
• Allows the selective formulation and application of post-emergence weedicide to control the resulting emergence of broadleaves and vines.

• The trial also creates a system for the residual effect of reducing the weed seed bank if continued into ratoon weed management practice.

This trial should be conducted again in other locations.

Geographic Information System Sector Mapping The mapping of sector based thematic mapping was continued with the Lovu sector and isolation of Lautoka and Rarawai sectors.
The geo-coded farms were clipped with the production data available to identify the active farms.

This also allowed the identification of the production patterns over the sector geographical area.

The production data gave an indication of the spatial distribution of the production level across the sector.

Initial conclusion that could be made from the distribution mapping that the production level did not have a set pattern as they were spread over the sector according to the tonnes total.
Sugar Industry Project A major industry wide project was initiated which is ‘The Development of a Decision Making Tool for the Sugar Industry of Fiji’.

It involves all the sugar industry stakeholders namely Sugar Research Institute of Fiji, Sugar Industry Tribunal, Fiji Sugar Corporation, Sugar Cane Growers Council, Ministry of Sugar in collaboration with Belgium Government.

Belgium based I-Mage Consult is the main collaborator in this initial setup phase.
The pilot projects were identified to be Drasa, Lovu and one sector to be selected in Vanua Levu for the 2012 trial run.

The work on the Drasa sector finished in November and it involved the mapping of all the farms with the attributes mainly focusing on the cane variety and the ratoon.

Lovu sector is 90% complete.

The main objective of this project is to provide the stakeholders with detailed information on sugarcane in all the sectors of Fiji.
The development of a Web- based application for the project will enable the dissemination of the information to all the interested parties.

The plot boundaries were digitized according to satellite image and field data.

Two images are used to cover Drasa and Lovu sectors: KOMPSAT satellite image: False colors composition (RGB: PIR/R/G) compiled from KOMPSAT 4 band satellite image.

It covers the major part of Lovu sector (all lease of Love are covered) and the major part of Drasa sector.
QuickBird satellite image: True color composition (RGB:R/G/B) complied from QuickBird 3 band mosaic satellite imagery.

It covers the North East part of Lovu sector.

A working Data Management tree was designed to allow the development of a geo-database for the project which will follow for all the sectors.

Data was organized into a geodatabase file called ‘Plot_mapping’.
This allows defining a default projection system and running a topology check and this directory hierarchy was created at the beginning of the project using ArcCatalog.

25 | P a g e Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Annual Report 2011 Part of Drasa Sector Pilot project on KOMPSAT satellite imagery background - figure 1 & 2.
Figure 1: Part of Drasa Sector Cane Variety Distribution Figure 2: Part of Drasa Sector Ratoon Age Distribution 26 | P a g e Annual Report 2011 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Lovu Sector work in progress on QuickBird satellite imagery background – figure 3 & 4 Figure 3: Lovu Sector Cane Variety Distributions Figure 4: Lovu Sector Ratoon Age Distribution 27 | P a g e Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Annual Report 2011 Drasa Estate Drasa Estate has a total area of 128.9 hectares available for cane planting.
In 2011, 79.5 ha was under commercial cane, 4.6 ha was under research trials, 23.5 ha was under old other variety and 21.3 ha was short fallow.

The total cane production at Drasa Estate in 2011 season was 8770 tonnes from an area of 107.6 hectares that gave a yield of 82 tonnes per hectare.

There was an increase in cane production from 56tch in 2010 to 82tch in 2011.
In addition there was a decrease of 3% in burnt cane (1918 tonnes or 22% of 8770t in 2011) as compared to previous year (1498 tonnes or 25% of 5997t in 2010).

The table below summarizes the cane production in 2011.
Table 4: Drasa Estate Cane Production 2011 Crop Plant 1R 2R OR Total Crop Plant 1R 2R OR Total ha 6.0 26.7 4.4 42.4 79.5 Commercial tonnes 712 2534 451 2400 6097 Old Other Variety ha 5.1 5.9 1.6 10.9 23.5 tonnes 705 576 157 677 2115 tch 119 95 103 57 77 tch 138 98 98 62 90 ha 3.6 0.6 - 0.4 4.6 ha 14.7 33.2 6.0 53.7 107.6 Research tonnes 480 48 - 30 558 tonnes 1897 3158 608 3107 8770 tch 133 80 - 75 121 Total tch 129 95 101 58 82 The 2011 season was an exceptional one because all months received above average rainfall.
The normal yearly rainfall is between 1800-2500mm.

During the year a total of 3176mm of rainfall was received and this was 1448mm more compared to 2010 season (1727mm) and a lot of difficulties were encountered during the planting and harvesting time.

The cane production per hectare increased by 26 tonnes compared to 2011 season.

All fertilization was done mechanically except the trials.
A total of 1814 bags of fertilizer was applied that included 3 bags blend A, 105 bags blend B and 1706 bags blend C. In nutritional value the 2011 crop received 205kgN/ha, 55kgP/ha and 133kgK/ha.

The 2011 harvesting season commenced on 07/06/11 and ceased on 22/12/11 whereas estate harvesting commenced on 28/06/11 and ceased on 17/12/11.

Apart from research cane (257t) and some commercial cane (246t) which was harvested manually the remaining cane (8267t) was harvested mechanically.
All cultivation, fertilization and harvesting was given out on contract.

Total cane planted in 2011 was 10.9 hectares out of this 4.0ha was Naidiri, 1.5ha Kiuva, 0.3 ha Ragnar-HWT, 0.2 ha Aiwa-HWT, 0.1ha Beqa-HWT, 0.9ha near commercial LF04-448, 1.4ha research trials and 2.5ha Other Variety.
Approximately 300 tonnes of cane was used as seed material, out of this 73 tonnes was used for estate planting, 192t was sold to FSC for establishment of seed cane nurseries,11t was sold for cash and 24t was sold on FSC order.
Table 5: Drasa Estate production figures for the last five years (2007-2011) Year Area (ha) 104.8 114.8 94.2 108.0 107.6 Burnt 2819 2864 3262 1498 1918 % 38 40 46 25 22 Production Green 4523 4254 3082 4499 6782 % 62 60 54 75 78 Total 7343 7118 6344 5997 8700 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 28 | P a g e Yield tch 70.1 62.0 67.0 56.0 82.0 Annual Report 2011 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Waqadra Estate Nadi Estate has a 64.9 ha for cane production with farm basic allotment of 3856 tonnes.
The total production of cane at the Estate this year was 3320 tonne of cane from 51.9 hectare giving a yield of 63.9 tch.

There was an increase in the yield for Commercial crop from 54.3 tch in 2010 to 79.0 tch in 2011.
Table 6: Waqadra Estate production figures for the last five years (2007-2011) Year Area (ha) 56.6 59.6 48.6 63.0 51.9 Burnt 2971 2971 2190 1349 1270 % 71.6 69.8 53.5 39.4 40.0 Production Green 1176 1176 1899 2074 2050 % 28.4 30.2 46.5 60.6 60.0 Total 4147 4252 4089 3423 3320 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Yield tch 73.3 69.6 84.1 54.3 63.9 Rarawai Estate A total of 3094 mm rainfall was received during 2011 season compared to 1655 mm in 2010.
The sugarcane growth was greatly affected by water logging due to excessive rainfall.

The total cane harvested from Rarawai Estate in 2011 season was 3906 tonnes of which 3689 was sent to the mill and approximately 217 t was used for seed cane at Estate and sold to growers at mill sectors.

The production of cane per hectare (tch) for commercial and Research was 69 and 50t respectively.

The yield for commercial cane for 2011 compared to 2010 had increased by 9 tch.
The actual area measured for under cane showed less as compared to previous record.

Total of 3689 t harvested and sent to mill of which 2770t was green and 919 t burnt cane.

The cultivation in the estate was done by tractor.

Scarifier cultivator (Tiller) was mostly used to control weeds and at the same time cover fertilizer that was applied mechanically.

In addition to this two other methods i.e.

chemical and manual weed control was carried out in all fields.
Manual weeding was also carried to control weeds namely Rottoboellia, Pennywort and Balsam Pear since the herbicides were to a large extent ineffective on these weeds.
Table 7: Rarawai Estate Cane Production 2011 Crop Plant 1R 2R OR Total ha 4.5 0.7 5.6 10.8 Research tonnes 272 52 220 544 tch 60.4 74.3 39.3 50.4 ha 10.9 13.4 3.8 17.8 45.9 Commercial tonnes 950 968 229 998 3145 tch 87.2 72.2 60.3 55.5 68.5 ha 15.4 14.1 3.8 23.4 56.7 Total tonnes 1222 1020 229 1218 3689 Table 8: Rarawai Estate production figures for the last seven years (2005-2011) Year Area (ha) 88.8 83.2 79.5 74.6 76.6 71.0 56.7 Burnt 2160 6033 2797 2206 1583 1710 919 % 32.9 74.7 55.0 50.1 33.3 40.0 24.9 Production Green 4414 2041 2292 2194 3167 2555 2770 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 % 67.1 25.3 45.0 49.9 66.7 60.0 75.1 Total 6574 8074 5089 4400 4750 4265 3689 tch 79.4 72.3 60.3 52.1 65.1 Yield tch 74 97 64 59 62 60 65 29 | P a g e Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Annual Report 2011 Labasa Estate Labasa Estate harvested 1161 tonnes of cane this season with an area of 20.0 ha giving a yield of 58.1 tonnes per hectare.
Production dropped drastically due to lease expiry in September this year.

Two hundred tonnes of cane was left as stand over in the fields due to continuous mill break down and excessive rain during the end of crush.

Forty tonnes of Kiuva variety and 15 tonnes of LF91-1925 were given free to 40 growers in different sectors for propagation.

Fifteen tonnes of LF91-1925 was also sold to growers.
In the Batnikama farm 54 tonnes of cane was harvested this season from 0.8 hectares and 2.4 ha were ploughed out in 2010 and left as short fallow.

Korowiri climate station received 2837mm of rainfall this year, 562 mm more than previous year.

Majority of rain received was during the first and the last quarter of the year.

Labasa had experienced a dry spell during September to October.
Table 9: Labasa Estate Cane Production 2011 Crop Plant 1R 2R OR Total ha nil nil nil nil nil Research tonnes nil nil nil nil nil Commercial tonnes 120 350 110 581 1161 ha 1.6 6.0 2.0 10.4 20.0 tch 75 58.3 55.0 55.8 58.1 ha 1.6 6.0 2.0 10.4 20.0 Total tonnes 120 350 110 581 1161 tch nil nil nil nil nil Table 10: Labasa Estate production figures for the last five years (2007-2011) Year Area (ha) 28.4 27.6 28.0 30.0 20.0 Burnt 318 778 nil 127 331 % 16.9 63.0 nil 6.1 28.5 Production Green 1567 454 1623 1936 830 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 % 83.1 37.0 10.0 93.9 71.5 Total 1885 1232 1623 2063 1161 tch 75 58.3 55.0 55.8 58.1 Yield tch 66.4 44.6 58.0 68.8 58.1 Penang Estate Penang estate has an area of 4.01hectares that is divided into four blocks that are planted with commercial varieties.
In 2011, 308 tonnes of cane was harvested and sent to the mill and 5 tonnes was given as seedcane.

The decline in production was due to the heavy rain and flooding that brought a lot of debris that damaged the cane.

Weeding, trashing, spraying and fertilization was done on time.
Table 11: Penang Estate production figures for the last five years (2007-2011) Year 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Area ha 4.01 4.01 3.69 3.78 4.01 Tonnes 20 Burnt % 8.0 Tonnes 237 62 205 18.0 67.0 337 309 276 103 Green % 92.0 100.0 100.0 82.0 33.0 Total Tonnes 257 337 309 338 308 Yield tch 67 84 84 89 77 30 | P a g e Annual Report 2011 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Field Activities Crop Production (FACP) Appendices for all mills Appendix 1: Main features of 2011 season compared with 2010 Lautoka Rarawai Labasa Penang All mills 2010 2011 2010 2011 2010 2011 2010 2011 2010 2011 Total registrations Total allotments (tonnes) farm basic 5612 16378 930419 915058 907150 889784 863638 873953 301174 301174 3002381 2979969 16768 5379 1876 4047 5233 1876 3969 5154 registered area Total (hectares) Total area cultivated (hectares) Total area harvested (hectares) Total quotas (tonnes) farm harvest 94 make tonnes Sugar actual(tonnes) Tonnes 94 N.T sugar Yield N.T.sugar per hectare Tonnes cane per tonnes sugar 94 N.T.
%pocs Cane purity average for season Tonnes cane harvested Tonnes cane crushed 545431 644408 479294 673442 554575 570471 200747 208307 1780047 2104555 Appendix 2: Monthly rainfall(mm) for 2011 compared with long term average Mills Feb Mar Apr May Jul Aug Jun Jan Sep Oct Nov Dec Total Lautoka Rarawai Labasa Penang No.
of years 2011 actual 103 yrs LTM 2011 actual 126 yrs LTM 2011 actual 123 yrs LTM 2011 actual 114 yrs LTM LTM – Long Term Mean up to 2011 31 | P a g e Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Annual Report 2011 Appendix 3: Crop production details Lautoka Rarawai Labasa Penang All mills 2010 2011 2010 2011 2010 2011 2010 2011 2010 2011 Areas harvested (hectares) Plant First ratoon 2nd ratoon Other ratoons 11681 9295 10600 9378 10583 10215 2959 2805 35823 31693 Total 13780 11954 13519 12661 13974 14453 3654 3786 44927 42854 Tonnes Cane Harvested Plant 39601 91463 52547 85721 54930 96417 12076 27772 159154 301373 First ratoon 41874 39719 45267 57951 51716 53792 11859 11935 150716 163397 2nd ratoon 25863 40249 33556 50370 52277 43281 11008 11220 122704 145120 Other ratoons 420129 480902 390646 469732 395604 376978 140758 157933 1347137 1485545 Total 527467 652333 522016 663774 554527 570468 175701 208860 1779711 2095435 Yield tonnes per hectare harvested Plant First ratoon 2nd ratoon Other ratoons Avg.
yield/ha Main varieties crushed according to tonnes (%) Ragnar Aiwa Beqa Galoa Kaba Mali Mana Naidiri Vatu Waya LF91-1925 Kiuva Expt./Others 0.5 0.4 0.1 0.1 2.6 nil 93.8 1.5 nil nil 0.4 nil 0.6 0.4 0.4 nil 0.1 2.8 nil 0.3 0.1 nil 0.0 4.9 nil 0.2 0.2 nil nil 4.0 nil 19.6 16.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 6.2 0.2 0.4 0.1 9.2 0.3 13.1 13.7 nil nil nil 0.6 0.4 nil nil nil 0.2 0.2 93.9 91.8 93.9 1.0 1.7 nil nil 0.5 0.4 0.5 nil 0.7 nil nil 0.5 1.2 nil 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 nil 31.3 19.4 7.7 1.4 nil 0.6 nil 94.5 98.7 35.5 16.2 7.4 0.3 nil 0.9 4.0 0.6 nil nil nil nil 0.3 100 nil nil nil nil 0.1 100 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 32 | P a g e 52.0 48.0 42.3 37.6 39.6 6.4 0.3 0.1 1.9 2.4 4.1 64.1 11.1 6.0 2.6 0.6 nil 0.4 56.9 54.9 50.3 46.9 48.9 4.6 0.3 nil 2.5 2.2 3.8 68.8 10.4 4.4 2.1 0.3 0.1 0.5 100 100 Annual Report 2011 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Appendix 4: Rainfall (mm) at mill centres Mill For 12 months ended 31st December For 12 months ended 30th September 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Lautoka 2363 2502 2875 1299 3115 2054 2714 2983 899 2422 Rarawai 2805 3020 2591 1655 3032 2663 3115 2932 1101 2779 Labasa 2786 2448 2479 2275 3087 2208 2815 2709 1568 2814 Penang 2618 3384 3064 1643 3335 1991 3673 3165 1342 3246 Appendix 5: Rainfall distribution affecting 2011 crop(mm) Month Jul 10 Aug 10 Sep 10 Oct 10 Nov 10 Dec 10 Jan 11 Feb 11 Mar 11 Apr 11 May 11 Jun 11 Period Early Mid Late Early Mid Late Early Mid Late Early Mid Late Early Mid Late Early Mid Late Early Mid Late Early Mid Late Early Mid Late Early Mid Late Early Mid Late Early Mid Late Lautoka 52.2 2.4 nil 1.6 nil 5.2 3.6 0.9 5.9 3.0 107.2 96.0 16.0 126.4 156.9 60.8 120.4 44.4 246.9 192.8 120.1 26.9 8.6 5.1 12.2 27.2 2.9 188.4 38.2 nil Rarawai 26.3 26.7 nil 8.9 nil 14.6 26.2 1.2 4.2 8.9 63.1 69.4 30.1 178.5 276.1 12.7 136.4 117.5 265.2 275.4 197.1 7.2 29.4
 2.4 25.6 7.0 9.7 111.2 45.6 170.6 Labasa 53.0 Nil Nil 8.9 nil Penang 8.0 80.1 nil 1.6 2.2 38.1 nil 2.3 14.5 19.4 90.4 64.4 76.5 121.8 226.8 86.5 170.9 143.1 272.1 185.8 201.5 154.4 415.5 21.9 217.9 48.3 55.4 167.8 28.1 81.8 242.0 68.4 74.2 33.6 16.2 24.9 Early - 1st to 10th of the month Mid - 11th to 20th of the month Late - 21st to end of the month 33 | P a g e Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Annual Report 2011 Appendix 6: Hectares harvested Mills Average for period of five seasons 1986/ 1990 4007 19743 23750 3574 14805 18379 2512 17181 19693 1396 5029 6425 11489 56758 68247 1996/ 2000 2944 19701 22645 3164 14613 17777 2597 18348 20945 1120 4674 5794 9825 57336 67161 1991/ 1995 3634 20580 24214 2899 17360 20259 3120 19604 22724 1386 4958 6344 11039 62502 73541 2001/ Last six seasons individually Lautoka Plt Rtn Total Labasa Rarawai Plt Rtn Total Plt Rtn Total Plt Rtn Total Plt Rtn Total Penang All Mills Appendix 7: Tonnes of cane harvested Mills Average for period of five seasons 1986/ 1990 1996/ 2000 1048942 1283569 1216597 1991/ 1995 2001/ 2005 Lautoka Last six seasons individually 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 971454 1051097 741231 770569 726046 527663 652333 Rarawai 1006366 1017374 957507 878509 1039474
 738478 732165 659351 522114 663774 Labasa 1015166 1166055 1017061 840388 871031 769138 604314 679584 554575 570468 Penang 332592 291206 309205 239044 264498 229844 214572 181650 175701 208860 All Mills 3403066 3758204 3500370 2929395 3226100 2478691 2321620 2246631 1780053 2095435 Appendix 8: Tonnes of cane per hectare harvested Mills Average for period of five seasons 2001/ 1986/ 2005 1990 63.9 65.4 45.9 54.2 1991/ 1995 64.7 51.2 1996/ Last six seasons individually Lautoka Rarawai Labasa Penang All Mills Plt Rtn Total Plt Rtn Total Plt Rtn Total Plt Rtn Total Plt Rtn Total 34 | P a g e Annual Report 2011 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Appendix 9: Hectares harvested in relation to registered area and cultivated area (ha) Mills Lautoka Rarawai Labasa Penang Total 2011 hectares (A) Hectares harvested as % of various categories "A" Registered (1) Cultivated (2) Harvested 22816 21825 17931 8897 71469 14148 18860 16893 5709 55610 11954 12661 14454 3787 42856 (1) 52.4 58.0 80.6 42.6 60.0 (2) 84.5 67.1 85.6 66.3 77.1 Appendix 10: Plant cane harvested as percentage of total cane harvested Mills Lautoka Rarawai Labasa Penang All Mills Average for period of five seasons 1986/ 1990 17 19 1991/ 1995 15 14 1996/ 2000 13 18 2001/ 2005 5 6
 13 22 17 14 23 16 12 19 15 7 11 7 Last six seasons individually Appendix 11: Plant and ratoon yields and percentage of total area harvested - 2011 Crop Mills Plant First ratoon Other ratoons All cane Lautoka Rarawai Labasa Penang All Mills tch % Area tch % Area tch % Area tch % Area Appendix 12: Seasonal %pocs in cane Mills Rough average for period of five seasons Last six seasons individually 1986/90 1991/95 1996/00 2001/05 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Lautoka Rarawai Labasa Penang All Mills Avg.
12.0 12.1 12.4 12.2 12.3 12.5 12.9 12.1 12.6 12.5 11.4 11.4 11.1 11.1 11.2 11.5 10.7 11.3 10.7 10.2 10.9 11.9 11.5 11.6 10.7 NA 9.6 9.6 9.8 11.5 11.4 10.4 11.0 10.8 10.0 10.0 11.9 11.9 11.5 10.5 11.7 11.3 11.2 10.7 NA NA 10.6 10.9 9.6 9.8 35 | P a g e Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Annual Report 2011 Appendix 13: Weekly %pocs in cane 2011 season Week no.
Week ending Lautoka Rarawai Labasa Penang 26 27 28 29 Season Average 13/06/11 20/06/11 27/06/11 4/07/11 11/07/11 18/07/11 25/07/11 01/08/11 08/08/11 15/08/11 22/08/11 29/08/11 05/09/11 12/09/11 19/09/11 26/09/11 03/10/11 10/10/11 17/10/11 24/10/11 31/10/11 07/11/11 14/11/11 21/11/11 28/11/11 05/12/11 12/12/11 19/12/11 26/12/ Appendix 14: Sugar produced (tonnes 94 N.T.
equivalent) Mills Tonnes sugar 94 N.T equivalent 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Lautoka 110684 97315 96875 75656 77311 53313 43384 50306 Rarawai Labasa Penang All mills 36 | P a g e Annual Report 2011 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Appendix 15: Sugar per hectare harvested (tonnes 94 N.T equivalent) Mills Lautoka Rarawai Labasa Penang Average Average for period of five seasons 1986/ 1990 1996/ 2000 1991/ 1995 2001/ 2005 6.55 6.36 6.20 5.70 6.28 6.15 6.29 6.00 5.47 6.05 5.61 5.61 4.95 5.42 5.39 4.92 5.38 4.97 4.65 5.06 2006 5.60 6.23 5.09 6.63 5.75 Last six seasons individually Appendix 16: Length of season (weeks) - Start and finish of crushing (date) Mills Average for five seasons Last five seasons individually 1986/ 1990 28.8 1991/ 1995 28.0 1996/ 2000 29.7 2001/ 2005 27.6 Lautoka Rarawai 26.2 25.3 26.5 24.2 Labasa 26.6 29.4 30.7 24.1 Penang 25.5 21.5 26.2 20.4 All mills 26.8 26.1 28.2 24.1 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 32.4 05 Jun 11 Jan 30.8 31 May 01 Jan 29.0 24.0 07 Jun 18 Nov 23.8 18 Jun 18 Nov 29.1 23.9 10 Jun 21 Nov 25.7 23 Jun 15 Dec 26.0 31.4 22 Jun 25 Jan 31.5 03 Jul 03 Feb 25.6 23.3 24 Jun 4 Dec 28.0 28 Jun 11 Jan 28.1 28.3 08 Jun 24 Dec 26.6 21 Jun 24 Dec 22.7 06 Jun 06 Jun 30 Jun 09 Jun 22 Jun 14 Jul 25 Dec 21.4 20 Jun 16 Nov 28.4 25 Dec 22.1 06 Jun 06 Nov 24.8 22 Dec 22.2 11 Jun 13 Nov 24.5 18 Dec 22.4 19 May 22 Oct 28.3 29 Dec 24.6 6 Jun 20 Nov 23.3 20 Dec 24.6 28 Jun 28 Nov 25.6 Appendix 17: Varieties Percent of hectares harvested Varieties Ragnar Waya Mali Galoa Aiwa Kiuva Mana LF91-1925 Kaba Vatu Beqa Naidiri Exp.
Other var.
Lautoka Rarawai Labasa Penang All Mills 2010 0.5 nil nil 0.1 0.4 0.1 94 0.4 2.6 nil 0.1 1.5 nil 0.4 2011 0.4 nil nil 0.1 0.4 0.4 93.9 0.5 2.8 nil nil 1.0 nil 0.5 2010 0.3 0.7 nil nil 0.1 nil 91.8 nil 4.9 nil nil 1.7 nil 0.3 2011 0.2 0.1 nil nil 0.2 0.1 93.9 0.1 4.0 nil nil 1.2 nil 0.2 2010 19.6 7.7 13.1 2011 16.2 7.4 13.7 6.2 0.3 nil nil 1.4 0.2 19.4 0.2 31.3 nil 0.6 9.2 0.4 nil nil 0.3 0.3 16.2 0.1 35.5 nil 0.9 2010 0.2 nil 0.4 nil nil nil 94.5 nil 0.6 nil nil 4 nil 0.3 2011 0.2 0.2 nil 2010 6.4 2.6 4.1 2011 4.6 2.1 3.7 nil nil nil 98.8 nil 0.2 nil nil 0.6 0.1 nil 1.9 0.3 nil 64.1 0.6 2.4 6.0 0.1 11.1 nil 0.4 2.5 0.3 0.2 68.8 0.3 2.2 4.4 0.1 10.4 nil 0.5 37 | P a g e Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Annual Report 2011 Appendix 18: Area planted in hectares as % of registered and cultivated areas Lautoka Rarawai Labasa Penang Total Hectares planted 2010 2011 Hectares planted as % of registered area 2010 2011 Hectares planted as % of cultivated area - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Vatu Galoa Ragnar 9.30 7.00 0.40 0.60 0.20 - - 0.06 5.10 5.40 7.70 17.60 98.70 61.80 80.20 85.30 91.40 83.20 Labasa 10.40 16.60 Penang - 0.10 Lautoka 6.30 0.40 Rarawai Nil 0.30 Appendix 19: Planting of varieties as percentage of total area planted over three years Year Varieties 2009 2010 2011 2009 Waya 2010 2011 2009 Mana 2010 2011 2009 2010 2011 2009 2010 2011 2009 Mali Other Varieties 50.10 27.00 13.80 11.80 0.40 0.34 - 0.02 0.10 2.50 - 0.20 - 0.50 0.30 0.02 - 0.10 1.30 0.03 - 3.40 1.90 1.36 - 0.05 1.30 1.20 2.00 0.30 1.00 1.30 - 0.20 5.70 4.10 0.30 0.30 1.70 0.27 LF91-1925 Naidiri Kiuva Beqa Kaba Aiwa - - - - - - - - - - - - - - All mills 5.00 4.80 54.20 2.90 3.40 5.10 0.10 3.30 17.20 0.70 1.50 1.70 38 | P a g e Annual
 Report 2011 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Appendix 20: Cane transport in Fiji (tonnes of cane harvested and actual method of delivery) Mills Year Delivered portable line Tonnes % of Total 2 16695 2005 Lautoka Winch trailer or lorry to mainline Tonnes % of Total 23 202130 Lorry direct to mill carrier Total % of Total 75 Tonnes % of Total 100 890779 1 2 2 2 1 174057 158002 179905 168852 129410 17 21 24 23 25 Tonnes Rarawai 2005 40601 2006 44731 2007 32927 2008 38797 2009 23827 2010 25106 Labasa 2005 18563 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2005 2006 2007 2008 Penang 3391 2910 1275 1191 3681 3010 3026 2 1 249669 238591 233371 179815 230735 171042 nil nil 162856 5 1 1 1 6 38421 63499 55450 48285 30977 44447 55422 714077 716019 128061 592099 595054 471349 695639 2009 11145 2010 2011 nil nil All mills | P a g e Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Annual Report 2011 Appendix 21: Percentage burnt cane of total
 tonnes crushed Lautoka Rarawai Labasa Penang Average Year | P a g e Annual Report 2011 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Approved Varieties The list of sugarcane varieties approved for planting during 2011 has been revised to include maturity trend.
Varieties that are no longer planted have been removed from the approved varieties list.

The varieties are recommended to growers on their soil type.

The growers have a choice of at least three varieties to plant on their farms as laid down in the Master Award.
Mill/Sectors Soil types Varieties recommended on maturity trends Early – mid maturing Mid – late maturing Lautoka/Olosara Rich alluvial soils Aiwa, Beqa,Naidiri, LF91-1925 Ragnar, Kaba, Kiuva Medium soils Aiwa, Beqa,Naidiri, LF91-1925 Ragnar, Kaba, Kiuva Poor soils LF91-1925 Kaba, Mana Lautoka/Cuvu Flat Fertile soils Aiwa, Beqa,Naidiri, LF91-1925 Ragnar, Kaba, Kiuva Medium soils Aiwa, Beqa,Naidiri, LF91-1925 Ragnar, Kaba, Kiuva Poor soils Sandy soils LF91-1925 LF91-1925 Kaba, Mana Kaba, Mana Lautoka/Lomawai Flat Fertile soils Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Ragnar, Kaba, Kiuva Medium soils Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Ragnar, Kaba, Kiuva Poor soils Sandy soils LF91-1925 LF91-1925 Kaba, Mana Kaba, Mana, Galoa Lautoka/Yako Flat Fertile soils Aiwa, Beqa,Naidiri, LF91-1925 Ragnar, Kaba, Kiuva Medium soils Aiwa, Beqa,Naidiri, LF91-1925 Ragnar, Kaba, Kiuva Poor soils Sandy soils LF91-1925 LF91-1925 Kaba, Mana Kaba, Mana, Galoa Lautoka/Nawaicoba Flat Fertile soils Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Ragnar, Kaba, Kiuva Medium soils Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Ragnar, Kaba, Vatu, Kiuva Poor soils Sandy soils LF91-1925 LF91-1925 Kaba, Mana Kaba, Mana, Galoa Lautoka/Malolo Flat Fertile soil Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Ragnar, Kaba, Kiuva Medium soils Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Ragnar, Kaba, Vatu, Kiuva Poor soils LF91-1925 Kaba, Mana Lautoka/Qeleloa Rich alluvial soils Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Ragnar, Kaba, Kiuva Medium soils Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Ragnar, Kaba, Vatu, Kiuva Poor soils LF91-1925 Kaba, Mana Lautoka/Meigunyah Flat Fertile soils Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Ragnar, Kaba, Kiuva Medium soils Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Ragnar, Kaba, Vatu, Kiuva Poor soils LF91-1925 Kaba, Mana Lautoka/Legalega Flat Fertile soils Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Ragnar, Kaba, Kiuva Medium soils Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Ragnar, Kaba, Vatu, Kiuva Poor soils LF91-1925 Kaba, Mana Lautoka/Natova Flat Fertile soils Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Ragnar, Kaba, Kiuva Medium soils Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925
 Ragnar, Kaba, Vatu, Kiuva Poor soils Sandy soils LF91-1925 LF91-1925 Kaba, Mana Kaba, Mana, Galoa Lautoka/Lautoka Flat Fertile soils Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Ragnar, Kaba, Kiuva Medium soils Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Ragnar, Kaba, Vatu, Kiuva Poor soils LF91-1925 Kaba, Mana 41 | P a g e Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Annual Report 2011 Mill/Sectors Soil types Varieties recommended on maturity trends Early – mid maturing Mid – late maturing Lautoka/Saweni Flat Fertile soils Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Ragnar, Kaba, Kiuva Medium soils Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Ragnar, Kaba, Vatu, Kiuva Poor soils Sandy soils LF91-1925 LF91-1925 Kaba, Mana Kaba, Mana, Galoa Lautoka/Lovu Flat Fertile soils Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Ragnar, Kaba, Kiuva Medium soils Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Ragnar, Kaba, Vatu, Kiuva Poor soils LF91-1925 Kaba, Mana Lautoka/Drasa Flat Fertile soils Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Ragnar, Kaba, Kiuva Medium soils Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Ragnar, Kaba, Vatu, Kiuva Poor soils Sandy soils LF91-1925 LF91-1925 Kaba, Mana Kaba, Mana, Galoa Rarawai/Varoko Flat Fertile soils Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Ragnar, Kaba, Kiuva Medium soils Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Ragnar, Kaba, Vatu, Kiuva Poor soils LF91-1925 Kaba, Mana Rarawai/Mota Flat Fertile soils Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Ragnar, Kaba, Kiuva Medium soils Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Ragnar, Kaba, Vatu, Kiuva Poor soils LF91-1925 Kaba, Mana Rarawai/Naloto Flat Fertile soils Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Ragnar, Kaba, Kiuva Medium soils Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Ragnar, Kaba, Vatu, Kiuva Poor soils LF91-1925 Kaba, Mana Rarawai/Koronubu Flat Fertile soils Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Ragnar, Kaba, Kiuva Medium soils Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Ragnar, Kaba, Vatu, Kiuva Poor soils LF91-1925 Kaba, Mana Rarawai/Veisaru Flat Fertile soils Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Ragnar, Kaba, Kiuva Medium soils Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Ragnar, Kaba, Vatu,
 Kiuva Poor soils LF91-1925 Kaba, Mana Rarawai/Rarawai Flat Fertile soils Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Ragnar, Kaba, Kiuva Medium soils Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Ragnar, Kaba, Vatu, Kiuva Poor soils LF91-1925 Kaba, Mana Rarawai/Varavu Flat Fertile soils Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Ragnar, Kaba, Kiuva Medium soils Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Ragnar, Kaba, Vatu, Kiuva Poor soils LF91-1925 Kaba, Mana Rarawai/Tagitagi Flat Fertile soils Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Ragnar, Kaba, Kiuva Medium soils Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Mana, Kaba, Vatu Poor soils Saline areas LF91-1925 Naidiri, LF91-1925 Kaba, Mana Kaba, Mana, Galoa Rarawai/Yaladro Flat Fertile soils Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Ragnar, Kaba, Kiuva Medium soils Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Ragnar, Kaba, Vatu, Kiuva Poor soils LF91-1925 Kaba, Mana Rarawai/Drumasi Flat Fertile soils Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Ragnar, Kaba, Kiuva Medium soils Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Mana, Kaba, Vatu Poor soils Saline areas LF91-1925 Naidiri, LF91-1925 Kaba, Mana Kaba, Mana, Galoa 42 | P a g e Annual Report 2011 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Mill/Sectors Soil types Varieties recommended on maturity trends Early – mid maturing Mid – late maturing Labasa/Waiqele Flat Fertile soils Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Ragnar, Kaba, Kiuva Medium soils Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Ragnar, Kaba, Vatu, Kiuva Poor soils Naidiri, LF91-1925 Kaba, Mali Labasa/Wailevu Flat Fertile soils Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Ragnar, Kaba, Kiuva Medium soils Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Ragnar, Kaba, Vatu, Kiuva Poor soils Saline soils Naidiri, LF91-1925 Naidiri, LF91-1925 Kaba, Mali Galoa, Vatu Labasa/Vunimoli Flat Fertile soils Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Ragnar, Kaba, Kiuva Medium soils Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Ragnar, Kaba, Vatu, Kiuva Poor soils Naidiri, LF91-1925 Kaba, Mali Labasa/Labasa Flat Fertile soils Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Ragnar, Kaba, Kiuva Medium soils Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Ragnar,
 Kaba, Vatu, Kiuva Poor soils Saline soils Naidiri, LF91-1925 Naidiri, LF91-1925 Kaba, Mali Galoa, Vatu, Mali Labasa/Bucaisau Flat Fertile soils Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Ragnar, Kaba, Kiuva Medium soils Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Ragnar, Kaba, Vatu, Kiuva, Waya Poor soils Saline soils Naidiri, LF91-1925 Naidiri, LF91-1925 Kaba, Waya, Mali Galoa, Vatu, Mali Labasa/Wainikoro Flat Fertile soils Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Ragnar, Kaba, Kiuva Medium soils Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Ragnar, Kaba, Vatu, Kiuva, Waya Poor soils Saline soils Naidiri, LF91-1925 Naidiri, LF91-1925 Kaba, Waya, Mali Galoa, Vatu, Mali Labasa/Daku Flat Fertile soils Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Ragnar, Kaba, Kiuva Medium soils Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Ragnar, Kaba, Vatu, Kiuva, Waya Labasa/Natua Labasa/Solove Poor soils Poor soils Poor soils Naidiri, LF91-1925 Kaba, Waya, Mali Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Ragnar, Kaba, Mali Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Ragnar, Kaba, Mali Labasa/Bulivou Poor soils Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Ragnar, Kaba, Mali Penang/Nanuku Flat Fertile soils Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Ragnar, Kaba, Kiuva Medium soils Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Ragnar, Kaba, Vatu, Kiuva Poor soils LF91-1925 Salt affected areas Naidiri, LF91-1925 Kaba, Mana Galoa Viti Vanua area Naidiri, LF91-1925 Mana, Kaba, Kiuva, Mali Penang/Malau Rich alluvial soils Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Ragnar, Kaba, Kiuva Medium soils Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Ragnar, Kaba, Vatu, Kiuva, Mali Poor soils LF91-1925 Salt affected areas Naidiri, LF91-1925 Kaba, Mana Galoa Penang/Ellington Flat Fertile soils Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Ragnar, Kaba, Kiuva Medium soils Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Ragnar, Kaba, Vatu, Kiuva,Mali Poor soils LF91-1925 Salt affected areas Naidiri, LF91-1925 Kaba, Mana Galoa 43 | P a g e Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Annual Report 2011 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Financial statements for the year ended 31 December 2011 Annual Report 2011
 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Contents Board report Report of the independent auditor Statement of comprehensive income Statement of financial position Statement of cash flows Notes to the financial statements Disclaimer Statement of operations 1 - 2 3-4 5 6 7 8 - 17 18 19 - 21 Annual Report 2011 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Board report In accordance with a resolution of the Board of Directors, the directors herewith submit the statement of financial position of Sugar Research Institute of Fiji (the “Institute”) as at 31 December 2011 and the related statement of comprehensive income and statement of cash flows for the year ended on that date and report as follows: Board members The Board members in office during the year end at the date of this report are: Dr John Morrison - Chairman Sundresh Chetty Viliame Gucake Dr. Krishnamurthi Suresh Patel Mangaiya Reddy Seru Vularika State of affairs In the opinion of the Board the accompanying statement of financial position gives a true and fair view of the state of affairs of the Institute as at 31 December 2011 and the accompanying statement of comprehensive income and statement of cash flows give a true and fair view of the results and cash flows of the Institute for the year then ended.
Results The surplus for the year was $Nil (2010: $Nil) after accounting for income tax benefit of $49,560 (income tax expense 2010: $49,560).

Principal activity The functions of the Institute are outlined under the Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Act No 14 of 2005, which includes promoting by means of research and investigation, the technical advancement, efficiency and productivity of the sugar industry, and to provide its functions, powers, administration and finance and for related matters.
Current assets The directors took reasonable steps before the Institute’s financial statements were made out to ascertain that the current assets of the Institute were shown in the accounting records at a value equal to or below the value that would be expected to be realised in the ordinary course of business.

At the date of this report, the directors are not aware of any circumstances which would render the values attributable to the current assets in the financial statements to be misleading.
1 | P a g e Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Annual Report 2011 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Board report (continued) Receivables The directors took reasonable steps before the Institute’s financial statements were made out to ascertain that all known bad debts were written off and adequate allowance was made for impairment losses.

At the date of this report, the directors are not aware of any circumstances which would render the above assessment inadequate to any substantial extent.
Related party transactions All related party transactions have been adequately recorded in the financial statements.

Other circumstances At the date of this report, the directors are not aware of any circumstances not otherwise dealt with in this report or financial statements which would render any amounts stated in the accounts to be misleading.
Unusual circumstances The results of the Institute’s operations during the financial year have not in the opinion of the directors been substantially affected by any item, transaction or event of a material and unusual nature other than those disclosed in the financial statements.
Events subsequent to balance date There has not arisen in the interval between the end of the year and the date of this report any item, transaction or event of a material and unusual nature likely, in the opinion of the Board members, to affect significantly the operations of the Institute, the results of those operations or the state of affairs of the Institute in subsequent financial years.

Dated at Lautoka this 22nd day of September 2012 .

Signed in accordance with a resolution of the Board.
Chairman Board member 2 | P a g e Annual Report 2011 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji 3 | P a g e Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Annual Report 2011 4 | P a g e Annual Report 2011 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Statement of comprehensive income For the year ended 31 December 2011 Note 2011 $ 2010 $ Contributions and grants 5 899,948 2,831,840 Estate income Other income Total income 825,001 755,201 6 966,375 27,110 2,691,324 3,614,151 Cost of operations (1,474,265) (1,405,524) Administrative expenses (1,261,810) (2,154,706) Surplus from operations 7 (44,751) 53,921 Finance expense Surplus before tax 8 (4,809) (4,361) (49,560) 49,560 Income tax benefit/(expense) 9 49,560 (49,560) Surplus after income tax - - Other comprehensive income net of income tax - - Total comprehensive income for the year - - The notes on pages 8 to 17 are an integral part of these financial statements.
5 | P a g e Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Annual Report 2011 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Statement of financial position As at 31 December 2011 Assets Non-current assets Property, plant and equipment Total non-current assets Current assets Cash and cash equivalents Inventories Receivables and prepayments Receivable from related parties Total current assets Note 2011 $ 2010 $ 10 3,270,397 3,003,668 3,270,397 3,003,668 11 12 16(b) 1,691,827 1,311 13,292 5,495,366 727,629 - 48,467 4,295,366 7,201,796 5,071,462 Total assets 10,472,193 8,075,130 Current liabilities Deferred income Payable to related parties Employee benefits Trade and other payables Provision for income tax Total current liabilities 13 16(c) 14 15 9 6,435,861 3,595,739 36,831 403,762 - 3,736,273 4,022,442 33,060 233,795 49,560 10,472,193 8,075,130 Total liabilities 10,472,193 8,075,130 Signed on behalf of the board Chairman Board Member The notes on pages 8 to 17 are an integral part of these financial statements.
6 | P a g e Annual Report 2011 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Statement of cash flows For the year ended 31 December 2011 Operating activities Receipts from stakeholders and donors Payment to suppliers and employees Note 2011 $ 2010 $ 2,726,087 (2,707,020) 2,440,856 (1,977,332) Cash flows (used in)/ from operating activities 19,067 463,524 Investing activities Proceeds from sale of property, plant and equipment Acquisition of property, plant and equipment - (554,869) 22,391 (1,539,020) Cash flows used in investing activities (554,869) (1,516,629) Financing activities Grant income from stakeholders Cash flows used in financing activities 1,500,000 1,500,000 1,006,694 1,006,694 Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents 964,198 (46,411) Cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of the year Cash and cash equivalents at 31 December 11 727,629 774,040 1,691,827 727,629 The notes on pages 8 to 17 are an integral part of these financial statements.
7 | P a g e Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Annual Report 2011 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Notes to the financial statements For the year ended 31 December 2011 1.

Reporting entity Sugar Research Institute of Fiji (the "Institute") is a body corporate domiciled in Fiji, established under the Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Act 2005.

The address of the Institute's registered office is Drasa, Lautoka, Fiji.
The functions of the Institute are outlined under Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Act No 14 of 2005, which includes promoting by means of research and investigation, the technical advancement, efficiency and productivity of the sugar industry, and to provide its functions, powers, administration and finance and for related matters.

2.

Basis of preparation (a) Statement of compliance The financial statements have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS).
The financial statements were authorised for issue by the Board on 22nd September 2012 (b) Basis of measurement The financial statements have been prepared on the historical cost basis except where stated.

(c) Functional and presentation currency The financial statements are presented in Fiji dollars which is the Institute's functional currency.
(d) Use of estimates and judgments The preparation of financial statements in conformity with IFRS requires management to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the application of accounting policies and the reported amount of assets, liabilities, income and expenses.

Actual results may differ from these estimates.

Estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis.
Revisions to accounting estimates are recognised in the period in which the estimate is revised and in any future period affected.

3.

Significant accounting policies The accounting policies set out below have been applied consistently to all periods presented in these financial statement.

(a) Foreign currency transactions Transactions in foreign currencies are translated to Fiji dollars at exchange rates at the dates of the transactions.
Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies at the reporting date are retranslated to Fiji dollars at the exchange rate at that date.

The foreign currency gains or losses on translation are recognised in profit or loss.

8 | P a g e Annual Report 2011 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Notes to the financial statements For the year ended 31 December 2011 3.
Significant accounting policies (continued) (a) Foreign currency transactions (continued) Non-monetary items in a foreign currency that are measured in terms of historical cost are translated using the exchange rate at the date of the transaction.

(b) Property, plant and equipment Recognition and measurement Items of property, plant and equipment are measured at cost less accumulated depreciation and impairment losses.
Cost includes expenditure that is directly attributable to the acquisition of the asset.

The cost of self- constructed assets includes the cost of materials and direct labour, any other costs directly attributable to bringing the assets to a working condition for their intended use, the costs of dismantling and removing the items and restoring the site on which they are located, and capitalised borrowing costs.
Purchased software that is integral to the functionality of the related equipment is capitalised as part of that equipment.

When parts of an item of property, plant and equipment have different useful lives, they are accounted for as separate items (major components) of property, plant and equipment.

Any gain and loss on disposal of an item of plant and equipment (calculated as a difference between net proceeds from disposal and carrying amount of the item) is recognised in profit or loss.
Subsequent costs Subsequent expenditure is capitalised only when it is probable that the future economic benefits associated with the expenditure will flow to the Institute.

Ongoing repairs and maintenance is expensed as incurred.

Depreciation Items of property, plant and equipment are depreciated in profit or loss on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of each component of an item of property, plant and equipment.
Leased assets are depreciated over the shorter of the lease term and their useful lives unless it is reasonably certain that the Institute will obtain ownership by the end of the lease term.

Freehold land is not depreciated.


The estimated useful lives for the current and comparative years are as follows: Computers Fixtures and fittings Motor vehicles Plant and Equipment 5 years 10 years 6.67 years 6.67 - 10 years Depreciation methods, useful lives and residual values are reassessed at reporting date and adjusted if appropriate.
9 | P a g e Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Annual Report 2011 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Notes to the financial statements For the year ended 31 December 2011 3.

Significant accounting policies (continued) (c) Financial instruments (i) Non-derivative financial assets The Institute initially recognises loans and receivables on the date that they are originated.
All other financial assets are recognised initially on the trade date at which the Institute becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument.

The Institute derecognises a financial asset when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the asset expire, or it transfers the rights to receive the contractual cash flows on the financial asset in a transaction in which substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of the financial asset are transferred.
Any interest in transferred financial assets that is created or retained by the Institute is recognised as a separate asset or liability.

Financial assets and liabilities are offset and the net amount presented in the statement of financial position when, and only when, the Institute has a legal right to offset the amounts and intends either to settle on a net basis or to realise the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.
The Institute classifies non-derivative financial assets into loans and receivables.

Loans and receivables Receivables are financial assets with fixed or determinable payments that are not quoted in an active market.

Such assets are recognised initially at fair value plus any directly attributable transaction costs.

Subsequent to initial recognition loans and receivables are measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method, less any impairment losses.
Loans and receivables comprise receivables from related party, other receivables and cash and cash equivalents.

Cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents comprises cash at bank and cash on hand.

(ii) Non-derivative financial liabilities Financial liabilities are recognised initially on the trade date, which is the date the Institute becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument.
The Institute derecognises a financial liability when its contractual obligations are discharged or cancelled or expire.

The Institute classifies non-derivative financial liabilities into the other financial liabilities category.

Such financial liabilities are recognised initially at fair value plus any directly attributable transaction costs.

Subsequent to initial recognition these financial liabilities are measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method.
10 | P a g e Annual Report 2011 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Notes to the financial statements For the year ended 31 December 2011 3.

Significant accounting policies (continued) (c) Financial instruments (continued) (ii) Non-derivative financial liabilities (continued) The Institute has the following non-derivative financial liabilities: trade and other payables and payable to related party.
(d) Inventories Inventories are measured at the lower of cost and net realisable value.

The cost of inventories is based on the first-in first-out principle, and includes expenditure incurred in acquiring the inventories, production or conversion costs and other costs incurred in bringing them to their existing location and condition.

Net realisable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less the estimated selling expenses.
(e) Impairment (i) Non-derivative financial assets A financial asset not carried at fair value through profit or loss is assessed at each reporting date to determine whether there is objective evidence that it is impaired.

A financial asset is impaired if objective evidence indicates that a loss event has occurred after the initial recognition of the asset, and that the loss event had a negative effect on the estimated future cash flows of that asset that can be estimated reliably.
Financial assets measured at amortised cost The Institute considers evidence of impairment for financial assets measured at amortised cost (loans and receivables) at a specific asset level.

An impairment loss in respect of a financial asset measured at amortised cost is calculated as the difference between its carrying amount and the present value of the estimated future cash flows discounted at the asset’s original effective interest rate.
Losses are recognised in profit or loss and reflected in an allowance account against receivables.

When a subsequent event causes the amount of impairment loss to decrease, the decrease in impairment loss is reversed through profit or loss.

(ii) Non-financial assets At each reporting date non financial assets are reviewed to determine whether there is any indication of impairment.

If any such indication exists, then the asset's recoverable amount is estimated.
If estimated recoverable amount is lower, the carrying amount is reduced to its estimated recoverable amount, and an impairment loss is recognised immediately in profit or loss.

(f) Trade payables and other payables Trade and other payables are non-interest-bearing and are stated at cost.
11 | P a g e Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Annual Report 2011 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Notes to the financial statements For the year ended 31 December 2011 (g) Revenue Grant income An unconditional government grant related to an asset is recognised in profit or loss as other income when the grant becomes receivable.
Grants are recognised in the statement of financial position initially as deferred income when there is reasonable assurance that it will be received and that the Institute will comply with the conditions associated with the grant and are then recognised in profit or loss as other income on a systematic basis over the useful life of the asset.
Grants that compensate the Institute for expenses incurred are recognised in profit or loss as other income on a systematic basis in the same periods in which the expenses are recognised.

(h) Employee benefits Superannuation Obligations for contributions to the Fiji National Provident Fund (FNPF) are recognised as an expense in the profit or loss when they are incurred.
Short-term benefits Short-term employee benefit obligations are measured on an undiscounted basis and are expensed in the profit or loss as the related service is provided.

(i) (j) Finance expenses Finance expense comprise bank charges.

Income tax The Institute is not subject to income tax.

Financial risk management 4.


The financial statements do not disclose information relating to the nature and extent of risks arising from financial instuments to which the Institute is exposed at year end, since credit risk, liquidity risk and market fluctuatuions are not material to the Institute.

5.
Contributions and grants Contributions from stakeholders and grants that compensate the Institute for revenue and capital expenditure are recognised from deferred income as follows: African Caribbean and Pacific Group of States (ACP) Contribution from the Fiji Government European Union Fiji Sugar Corporation (FSC) Sugar Cane Growers Mauritius Sugar Research Instititue (MISRI) 2011 $ 12,942 258,812 71,435 2010 $ - 682,892 870,895 249,318 642,270 247,801 635,783 59,640 899,948 - 2,831,840 12 | P a g e Annual Report 2011 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Notes to the financial statements For the year ended 31 December 2011 6.
Other income Included in other income is $953,885 which relates to reversal of 2010 payable to FSC with respect to NIR charges.

These charges are no longer payable by the Institute.

7.
Surplus from operations 2011 $ 2010 $ (a) Surplus from operations has been arrived at after including the following items: Auditors remuneration - audit Auditors remuneration - other services Board fees Depreciation FSC costs Gain on sale of property, plant and equipment Insurance Legal fees (b) Personnel expenses Fiji National Provident Fund contributions Training and Productivity Authority of Fiji Key management compensation - short term benefits Wages and salaries 7,200 # 8,878 # 35,875 288,140 562,102 - # 37,326 3,742 7,200 4,861 36,750 255,177 1,392,913 22,391 46,355 10,786 48,489 4,647 143,449 325,277 521,862 50,054 4,897 143,449 345,933 544,333 8.
9.

Finance expense Bank charges 4,809 4,361 Income tax benefit / (expense) In 2012 the Fiji Revenue and Customs Authority confirmed that the entity is not subject to income tax hence the 2010 income tax expense was reversed in 2011.

13 | P a g e Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Annual Report 2011 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Notes to the financial statements For the year ended 31 December 2011 11.
Cash and cash equivalents 2011 $ 2010 $ Cash at bank Cash on hand Cash and cash equivalents in the statement of cash flows 1,691,504 323 1,691,827 727,344 285 727,629 12.

Receivables and prepayments Receivable from European Union Other receivables Prepayments 13.
Deferred income - 42,131 12,992 300 13,292 2,767 3,569 48,467 Balance at the beginning of the year Funds received or receivable during the period Utilised during the period Balance at 31 December 3,736,273 3,599,536 (899,948) 6,435,861 3,052,836 3,515,277 (2,831,840) 3,736,273 This is comprised as follows: Contribution from stakeholders European Union grant African Caribbean and Pacific Group of States (ACP) Mauritius Sugar Research Instititue (MISRI) 4,218,463 1,219,262 873,006 125,130 6,435,861 2,445,577 1,290,696 - - 3,736,273 14.
Employee benefits Balance at 1 January Net movement during the year Balance at 31 December 15.

Trade and other payables Trade payables Other payables VAT payable 33,060 3,771 36,831 35,108 (2,048) 33,060 67,334 48,529 287,899 403,762 26,287 28,540 178,968 233,795 14 | P a g e Annual Report 2011 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Notes to the financial statements For the year ended 31 December 2011 16.
Related parties Related parties of the Institute include key stakeholders in the Fiji Sugar Industry, namely, the Government of Fiji, Fiji Sugar Corporation, South Pacific Fertilizers Limited, Sugar Cane Growers Fund and Sugar Cane Growers Council.

Transactions with these parties and outstanding balances at year end are disclosed below.
(a) Board members The following are the Board members of the Institute during the financial year: Dr John Morrison - Chairman Sundresh Chetty Viliame Gucake Dr. Krishnamurthi Suresh Patel Mangaiya Reddy Seru Vularika Board members emoluments and board expenses are disclosed under Note 7.
(b) Amounts receivable from related parties Fiji Sugar Corporation Sugar Cane Growers (c) Amounts payable to related parties Fiji Sugar Corporation (d) Transactions with related parties Revenue Grant income - Fiji Sugar Corporation Grant income - Fiji Government Grant income - Sugar Cane Growers Grant received from African Caribbean and Pacific Group of States (ACP) Grant received from Mauritius Sugar Research Instititue (MISRI) Estate income - Fiji Sugar Corporation Expenses Fiji Sugar Corporation costs 15 | P a g e 2011 $ 2010 $ 4,145,366 3,395,366 1,350,000 900,000 5,495,366 4,295,366 3,595,739 3,595,739 4,022,442 4,022,442 249,318 258,812 642,270 682,892 247,801 635,783 12,942 - 59,640 825,001 1,653,514 - 755,201 2,716,146 562,102 1,392,913 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Annual Report 2011 2 4 4 , 0 5 2 , 4 5 7 1 , 5 1 6 7 5 1 , 3 4 2 $ l a t o T - - 3 5 5 , 1 7 1 , 2 0 2 0 , 9 3 5 , 1 ) 0 0 0 , 5 1 ( 3 7 5 , 5 9 6 , 3 9 6 8 , 4 5 5 $ n i k r o W s s e r g o r p - - 5 2 7 , 6 5 3 3 7 6 , 0 9 2 , 1 1 2 0 , 7 1 4 8 9 3 , 7 4 6 , 1 ) 4 4 2 , 9 4 4 , 1 ( 8 2 7 , 1 5 4 7 7 1 , 5 5 2 ) 0 0 0 , 5 1 ( 5 0 9 , 1 9 6 0 4 1 , 8 8 2 - 5 4 0 , 0 8 9 - - - - - - - # # # - 0 2 1 , 5 7 3 0 , 8 3 2 # 6 5 5 , 5 7 9 7 1 , 1 9 9 ) 0 0 0 , 5 1 ( 7 5 1 , 3 4 2 # 5 3 7 , 1 5 0 , 1 - - - # - 0 9 5 , 3 6 1 3 6 , 8 4 - 9 2 6 , 8 4 1 2 2 , 2 1 1 - - - 5 3 7 , 1 5 0 , 1 - 5 9 0 , 8 0 3 0 0 4 , 0 5 1 ) 0 0 0 , 5 1 ( 5 9 4 , 3 4 4 2 2 4 , 2 4 1 5 2 8 , 9 1 7 , 1 5 2 7 , 6 5 3 7 9 3 , 0 7 2 , 3 5 7 1 , 5 1 6 8 6 6 , 3 0 0 , 3 8 9 3 , 7 4 6 , 1 7 4 4 , 4 7 1 6 3 9 , 0 3 1 7 0 3 , 2 8 4 8 0 , 3 8 6 0 4 2 , 8 0 6 8 1 8 , 5 6 4 7 4 6 4 7 4 , 7 5 3 9 7 5 , 6 2 4 6 4 6 , 2 2 9 , 0 3 7 3 7 , 7 3 3 4 3 , 3 3 # 0 5 8 , 0 6 1 7 1 9 , 5 8 5 3 7 7 0 0 2 , 9 8 5 , 0 1 - - 0 0 3 7 7 , 4 9 6 2 5 , 9 7 7 0 7 , 4 9 9 9 2 1 , - - 3 4 7 2 , 2 5 4 3 , 5 9 1 6 , 4 9 3 4 , - - - 7 4 9 , 1 5 5 4 0 4 , 7 5 1 1 5 3 , 9 0 7 8 4 8 , 7 3 1 - - - - 5 6 6 , 3 3 7 6 2 , 0 1 2 3 9 , 3 4 - - - - 4 4 2 , 9 4 4 1 , - - 9 9 1 , 7 4 8 2 3 9 3 4 , 4 4 2 , 9 4 4 1 , - - - - -
 6 1 9 , 1 2 6 1 9 , 1 2 - - 8 2 3 , 7 2 4 1 , 16 | P a g e $ s r e t u p m o C $ r o t o M s e l c i h e v $ $ & & g n i d l i u B & , y t r e p o r P .
0 1 Annual Report 2011 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Notes to the financial statements For the year ended 31 December 2011 16.

Related parties (continued) (e) Key management personnel Key management personnel include the chief executive officer and finance and administration manager of the Institute.
Transactions with key management personnel are no favourable than those available, or which might be reasonably be expected to be available, on similar transactions to third parties on an arm's length.

Key management compensation is disclosed under Note 7(b).

17.

Capital commitments and contingencies Capital commitments and contingent liabilities as at 31 December 2011 amounted to $Nil (2010: $Nil).

18.
18.

Events subsequent to balance date There has not arisen in the interval between the end of the year and the date of this report any item, transaction or event of a material and unusual nature likely, in the opinion of the Board members, to affect significantly the operations of the Institute, the results of those operations or the state of affairs of the Institute in subsequent financial years.
17 | P a g e Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Annual Report 2011 18 | P a g e Annual Report 2011 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Statement of Operations For the year ended 31 December 2011 2011 $ 2010 $ Income Contribution from the Fiji Government Fiji Sugar Corporation (FSC) contribution Grant received from European Union Grant received from African Caribbean and Pacific Group of States (ACP) Grant received from Mauritius Sugar Research Instititue (MISRI) Sugar Cane Growers contribution Estate income Gain on sale of property, plant and equipment Sundry income 258,812 249,318 71,435 12,942 59,640 247,801 825,001 - 966,375 682,892 642,270 870,895 - - 635,783 755,201 22,391 4,719 Total income 2,691,324 3,614,151 Less cost of operations Bank charges Depreciation Electricity EU Cost General supplies Comunication expenses Material costs Miscellaneous expenses Motor vehicle running expenses Overhead expenses Other running costs Postage RAF costs Rent Repairs and maintenances Subcontract expenses Travel Wages and salaries Total cost of operations 4,809 288,140 13,704 10,285 2,937 11,004 94,138 - 177,194 820 - 21 9,626 3,300 24,498 544,919 10,065 283,614 1,479,074 4,361 255,177 798 68,277 3,322 10,227 103,237 - 185,531 3,056 - 59 17,438 7,475 40,015 472,836 9,932 228,144 1,409,885 Balance carried forward 1,479,074 1,409,885 The above detailed statement of operations is to be read in conjunction with the disclaimer report set out on page 18.
19 | P a g e Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Annual Report 2011 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Statement of Operations For the year ended 31 December 2011 Balance brought forward 1,479,074 1,409,885 Administrative expenses Accommodation and meals Auditors remuneration - audit Auditors remuneration - other services ACP Cost Board fees Board allowances Business licenses CEO Donation CEO Security Consultanties Electricity Fees- Science Audit Committee Fiji National Provident Fund contributions FSC costs General expenses Hire of services ICT consumables ICT license Communication expenses Industrial relations expense Insurance Legal fees Medical expense Media and publication MISRI Cost Freight Rent Repairs and maintenance Stationery Subscriptions Training 29,008 7,200 8,878 11,127 35,875 - - 1,250 4,680 41,092 13,681 1,650 48,489 562,102 2,249 16,263 4,979 14,879 17,740 410 37,326 3,742 18,032 4,950 54,794 28,831 28,793 5,780 6,724 3,485 2,451 25,751 7,200 4,861 36,750 - 216 200 4,410 7,508 4,048 1,000 50,054 1,392,913 1,314 17,204 7,193 8,586 16,368 - 46,355 10,786 14,958 7,619 15,178 27,490 16,667 7,067 8,466 - Balance carried forward 1,016,460 1,740,162 The above detailed statement of operations is to be read in conjunction with the disclaimer report set out on page 18.
20 | P a g e Annual Report 2011 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Statement of Operations For the year ended 31 December 2011 Balance brought forward 1,016,460 1,740,162 Training and Productivity Authority of Fiji Travel Tuition fees VAT penalty Visa permit Water Wages and salaries 4,647 41,341 3,808 - 1,080 9,362 185,112 4,897 31,566 - 102,528 1,902 12,413 261,238 Total administrative expense 1,261,810 2,154,706 Total expenditure 2,740,884 3,564,591 (Deficit) /Surplus for the year (49,560) 49,560 The above detailed statement of operations is to be read in conjunction with the disclaimer report set out on page 18.
21 | P a g e Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Annual Report 2011 22 | P a g e Annual Report 2011 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji ANNUAL REPORT 2011 23 | P a g e Sugar Research Institute of Fiji, P. O.

Box 3560, Lautoka, Fiji.

Ph: +679 776 1839 Fax: +679 628 1082.

E-mail: info@srif.org.fj.

Website: www.srif.tk