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Support for continued data collection and analysis concerning mobility pat- terns and career paths of researchers Country profile – Remuneration USA 1 RESEARCHER REMUNERATION IN ACADEMIA 2 1.0 Introduction _______________________________________ 2 1.1 Main indicators _____________________________________ 3 1.2 Salaries, stipends and benefits by job positions and employment contract ________________________________ 4 1.3 Tax System ________________________________________ 5 1.4 Labour legislation in the Higher Education Sector __________ 5 1.5 Social Security System _______________________________ 6 1.6 Quality of Life ______________________________________ 6 1.7 Salary data of university researchers by country – A literature survey ____________________________________ 7 Brussels, October 2012 1 MORE2 – Interim report 1 RESEARCHER REMUNERATION IN ACADEMIA 1.0 Introduction This is one of a series of more than 40 country profiles summarising data on the remuneration of researchers and work-related benefits in the academic sector.
Data were collected for the European Commission in 2012 by an extensive network of national experts as part of the MORE 2 study.

The profiles provide also complementary data from official sources.1 A report containing a comparative analysis of the data and more qualitative information related to the remuneration of researchers will also be published as part of the MORE2 study.

The profiles are structured as follows: 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.
Main indicators Salaries, stipends and benefits by job position and employment contract Tax system Labour legislation in the Higher Education Sector Social security system Quality of life Where available: Gross annual earnings and hourly earnings of non-academic re- searchers Where available: Salary data of university researchers by country – A literature survey In the first section, the main indicators on remuneration (salaries, stipends, and the degree of autonomy of universities to decide on remuneration-related aspects) are compared with the EU-average and the US.
In the second section, the profiles summarise minimum, average and maximum annual gross salaries (both in national currency and in purchasing power parities) for all available job positions and employment statuses.

The following sections present an assessment of the value of the gross annual salaries.
As it is very difficult to collect data on net salaries that are meaningfully comparable across countries due to very specific regulations, the country profiles include information on the dues that are typically deducted from gross salaries in order to provide an indication of the level of net sala- ries.

Furthermore, data are also presented on the public benefits researchers receive for these deductions.
It is important to note that the data provide an indication of the remuneration package and do not offer an exact, comparable measure for researcher salaries across coun- tries.

Finally, where available the profiles also contain information on the gross annual and hourly earnings of non-academic researchers based on Eurostat's Structure of Earnings Survey, and a summary table on salary data collected in other studies.
Further information on data collection and results of the study is available in: IDEA Consult et al, 2013.

MORE2 - Support for continued data collection and analysis concerning mobility patterns and career paths of researchers, Remuneration Cross-Country Report (WP4).

European Commis- sion, DG Research and Innovation.

1 Data have been collected in 2012.


If there are more recent data available, they have not been included in the country profiles but the respective sources are listed in chapter 7 of the MORE2 WP4 report (IDEA et al.

2013).
2013).

2 MORE2 – Interim report 1.1 Main indicators Source: MORE II expert survey; Spokes are normalised minimum = 0, and maximum = 100% in case of „PhD-Stipends“ and „Salaries R1-R4“, maximum = R1 in case of „Permanent con- tract“, and maximum = 5 in case of „Salary rise“, „Salary at appointment“, and „Minimum sal- ary“.

Missing values are set to zero.
• 1) Degree of autonomy: „Salary rise“, „Salary at appointment“, and „Minimum salary“ based on question: „Please indicate the institutional level at which the following aspects of public university researchers are de-termined?“ Scale: (1) National, (2) Regional (state), (3) Sector/collective agreements, (4) University, (5) Individual negotiation, (0) missing value; • 2) Prospect of a “permanent contract“ shows the lowest career stage (R1-R4) at which university researchers can obtain permanent contracts.
• 3) Salaries: „PhD Stipends“, „Salaries R1-R4“ show gross annual salaries (in PPP €) paid in the country as a percentage of the best paying country at this career stage.
3 Minimum Salary - Autonomy (1)Permanent contractProspects (2)PhD Stipends (3)Salary R1 (3)Salary R2 (3)Salary R3 (3)Salary R4 (3)Salary RiseAutonomy (1)Salary at AppointmentAutonomy (1)255075100USEUUS MORE2 – Interim report 1.2 Salaries, stipends and benefits by job positions and em- ployment contract 4 Type of contractMandatory insurancesin national currency and (in PPP €)Annual Gross Salary RankNameEmployment statusContract durationMinimumAverageMaximumHealth careUnemploymentPension.22,032.(.)(15,828)(.)23,17442,40865,823(16,648)(30,466)(47,287)60,34366,56472,677(43,350)(47,819)(52,210)39,264.54,180(28,207)(.)(38,922)50,287.93,175(36,126)(.)(66,936)73,11578,56586,241(52,525)(56,440)(61,955)71,674.129,517(51,490)(.
)(93,044)99,691117,368139,954(71,617)(84,316)(100,542)R2.Assistant Professor 3)EmployeeFixed 1-2 yearsXR1.Research Associate 2)EmployeeFixed < 1 yearR1.PhD-Candidate 1)StipendiaryFixed < 1 yearXXXXXR2.Post-Doctoral Fellow 4)EmployeeFixed 1-2 yearsR2.Research Scientist 5)EmployeeFixed 1-2 yearsXXXXR3.Associate Professor 6)EmployeePermanentXXR4.Senior Research Scientist 7)EmployeeOtherXXSource: MORE II - Expert Survey; National currency: USD: Annual Gross Salary: Source: 1, 4) 2012; :grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/NOT-OD-12-033.html; 2) 2011; US Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
(May 2011).

Occupational employment and wage estimates for Social Sciences Research Assistant (Annual Salary).

A check of three public research university websites showed a median salary of $35,544.
(These included: http://www1.umn.edu/ohr/pay/salaries/1213floors/index.html; http://www.suny.edu/hr/compensation/sal_sched/research.cfm https://www.his.admin.uwa.edu.au/his/acad_sals.asp); 3, 6, 8) 2011; American Association of University Professors; 5) 2011; U.S. Federal Government, GS-11 minimum and GS-13 maximum; 7) 2011; U.S. Federal Government, GS-13 minimum and GS-15 maximum; Notes: ad 2) Contracts can be terminated in case of non-renewal of external grant or contract; 7) At some U.S. federal agencies, researchers working on important intra-mural research programs are eligible for tenure granted by the Deputy Diretcor of the agency; 8) If the institution declares financial exigency, it is possible to dismiss tenured faculty, according to the standards of the American Association of University Professors.
In the past, this has meant that the entire institution must be on the financial brink.

More recently, institution have dismissed tenured faculty when they have discontinued academic programs, e.g.

eliminating foreign language departments.
These cases have not been successfully reversed by the American Association of University Professors; ad Salary: ad 3, 6, 8) Salaries in research intensive universities only (Max -Avg - Min): 89307 - 74772 -71465; 5, 7) In addition, federal employees are eligible for locality bonuses of up to 35% of salary to address cost-of-living differentials in different geographic locations of federal jobs; ad Stipends: The stipend is payable monthly over the ten months of the academic year (September through June).
Students have to study on a full-time basis (usually minimum of 9 credit hours of coursework) to receive a stipend.

This precluding other full-time employment.

There are no citizenship restriction: recipients should at a minimum hold a J-1 student visa.
PPP: Salaries and Stipends in national currency are converted into PPP US-Dollar (2011) and the resulting PPPs are converted into EURO using the currency exchange rate of Eurostat 1,3920$ = 1EURO; if the year of the salary or the stipend is not 2011, the amount was grossed up to to 2011 using the unit labour costs index of the AMECO database.XR4.Full Professor 8)EmployeePermanentXX MORE2 – Interim report 1.3 Tax System 1.4 Labour legislation in the Higher Education Sector 5 TaxesIncome bracket in national currency from08,50134,50183,601174,401379,151Income bracket in national currency to8,50034,50083,600174,400379,150maxMarginal Tax rate10.015.025.028.033.035.0Levy of income taxSingle, no children (average wage)29.7316.32Single, no children (167% of average wage)35.2024.90Married couple, no children (133% of average wage)28.10Married couple, two children (167% of average wage)The employer automatically deducts the income tax from the gross salary; The employee pays the income tax after her annual tax declarationTax Wedge in % of labour costsTax rate: Source: OECD, 2011*; Levy of income tax: Source: MORE II - Expert Survey based on question "Please indicate how personal income tax is usually levied?
"; Tax Wedge in % of labour costs: Source: OECD, 2010*; Note: Income tax plus employee and employer contributions less cash benefits in % of the labour costs for selected personal circumstances.

* More recent data available, cf.

IDEA et al.

2013, ch.

7.Married couple, two children (average wage)Salary (at appointment)NationalSalary riseMinimum salaryWorking timeRelevant factors for salary rise (incl.
rank)Seniority(1); Other reasons(2); Performance(2)Notice period (in months)2008OECDSeverance pay (in months)2008OECDDuration of Compensation in case of Unemployment (in Months)232010OECDTwo-earner married couple, no child5658Two-earner married couple, two children0.0Sector/collective agreements; UniversityIndividual negotiation; Sector/collective agreements; University0.00.00.0Unemployment insuranceHealth care insuranceRetirement pension insuranceRegional (state); Sector/collective agreements; UniversityRegional (state); Sector/collective agreements; UniversityDismissal of University Researcher: Note: Conversion into months if original data are listed in weeks or days: weeks/7 days * 30 days; days * 30 days; Duration of Compensation in case of Unemployment (in Months): Note: For a 40-year old (where benefits are conditional on work history, the table assumes a long and uninterrupted employment record); Average Net Replacement Rate: Source: OECD, 2010*; Note: The percentage of a worker's pre-unemployment income that is paid out by the unemployment insurance when the worker becomes unemployed in two different categories of personal circumstances.
* More recent data available, cf.

IDEA et al.

2013, ch.

7.Sector/collective agreements; UniversitySector/collective agreements; UniversitySource: MORE II - Expert Survey based on question "Please indicate the institutional level at which the following aspects of public university researchers are determined?
"; Country-specific comment: Across the board cost-of-living increases for all academic staff.Dismissal of University Researchers9 months tenure4 years tenureInstitutional levels determining remuneration aspects20 years tenure0.00.0Average Net Replacement Rate in case of Unemployment (in % of previous income for a 40 year old) MORE2 – Interim report 1.5 Social Security System 1.6 Quality of Life 6 Public social spending (% of GDP)16.202007*OECD7.242007*OECDAdditional health care insurance by universityYesCovered by researchers´ remuneration package (incl.
mandatory insurance)Additional retirement pension insurance by universityYesAdditional (private) retirement pension insurance is...Ambulant treatment; Hospital treatment; Rehabilitation; Drugs/pharmaceuticalsNot importantAdditional health care/retirement pension insurances by university: Source: MORE II - Expert Survey based on question "Do universities provide the following social security insurances for university researchers, exceeding what is mandated by law?
"; Do researchers usually have additional private health care/retirement pension insurance?

Source: MORE II - Expert Survey based on questions "Do researchers usually purchase additional health care insurance/pension funds, beyond what is already provided in the remuneration package?

"; Country-specific comments: The may purchase health care coverage for their spouses and dependent children through the age of 26 at special group rates.
Typically, the institution contributes a percentage of employees' monthly salary to a pension fund (either TIAA-CREF in the private sector or a state retirement system in the public sector) contingent on an employee matching such a contribution - although individual match is usually less than institutions, e.g.

10% institution; 5% individual.

Covered by researchers' remuneration package (incl.
mandatory insurance): Source: MORE II - Expert Survey based on question "Please indicate the extent to which health care is compulsorily covered by researchers´ remuneration packages in your country.

"; Additional (private) retirement pension insurance is...: Source: MORE II - Expert Survey based on question "How important is additional (private) retirement pension insurance for researchers in order to maintain their personal standard of living after retirement?".

* More recent data available, cf.


IDEA et al.

2013, ch.
7.Additional health care insuranceAlwaysDo researchers usually have additional private health care insurance?Additional retirement pension insuranceAlwaysDo researchers usually have additional private retirement pension insurance?Public health spending (% of GDP)Insurances usually go beyond what is mandated by lawIncome and WelfareGovernanceGDP per capita (in PPP €)34,8002011Worldbank18 / 462011WorldbankGDP per capita (in €)34,8002011Worldbank28 / 462011WorldbankHuman Development Index #3 / 462011*HDI19 / 462011WorldbankLife expectancy78.502011*UNDESA14 / 462011Worldbank 17 / 462011Worldbank 20 / 462011WorldbankQuality of public child careNet childcare costs (% avg wage)27.282004OECD22 / 452010OECDChildcare fees (% avg wage)19.532004OECD15 / 432009OECDPublic spending on childcare and early education (% GDP)0.382007*OECD26 / 432009OECDPublic spending on family benefits (% GDP)1.192007*OECD19 / 432009OECDPublic spending on pre school services (% GDP)0.312007*OECD5.292009OECDRatio of child to carer5.002009OECD2.052009OECDRatio of children to teaching staff14.492009OECD# Ranking within countries with available data covered in this study; GDP per capita (in PPP €): Note: GDP per capita is converted into PPP US-Dollar (2011) and the resulting PPPs are converted into EURO using the currency exchange rate of Eurostat 1,3920$ = 1EURO; Life expectancy: Note: Number of years a new born infant could expect to live if prevailing patterns of age-specific mortality rates at the time of birth stay the same throughout the infant’s life; Net childcare costs: Note: for a dual earner family with full-time arrangements of 167% of the average wage in % of the average wage; Childcare fees: Note: Childcare fees per two-year old attending accredited early-years care and education services; Childcare fees in % of average wage; Public spending on childcare and early education: Note: Total spending in % of GDP; Public spending on family benefits: Note: Public expenditure on pre-school services in % of GDP; Public spending on pre school
 services: Note: Public expenditure on pre-school services, in % of GDP; Ratio of children to carers: Note: Shows the average child-to-carer/educator ratio for children not yet 4 years of age who attend licensed day care facilities; Ratio of children to teaching staff: Note: For children attending pre-school, certified teacher-to-child ratios are calculated by dividing the number of full-time equivalent children enrolled in pre-school programmes by the number of full-time equivalent teachers at that level.
* More recent data available, cf.

IDEA et al.

2013, ch.
7.PISA science score #Public expenditures on education (% of GDP)Private expenditures on education (% of GDP)Rule of Law #Control of Corruption #Quality of EducationAverage Years of Schooling #PISA reading score #PISA mathematic score #Voice and Accountability #Political Stability and Absence of Violence #Government Effectiveness #Regulatory Quality # 1.7 Salary data of university researchers by country – A literature survey MORE2 – Interim report 7 United StatesPositionSalary (Range)CurrencyReported salaryYearSourceNoteAssistant Professor4589PPP$Average monthly salary2005-06Altbach et al.
(2008)Academic year Full Professor7385PPP$Average monthly salary2005-06Altbach et al.

(2008)Academic year Lecturer70700PPP US$Average annual salary2008Coates et al.

(2009)Associate Professor83000PPP US$Average annual salary2008Coates et al.

(2009)Professor113900PPP US$Average annual salary2008Coates et al.
(2009)Assistant Professor70700PPP US$Average annual gross salary2006-08Deloitte (2008)Associate Professor83000PPP US$Average annual gross salary2006-08Deloitte (2008)Professor (minimum)113900PPP US$Average annual gross salary2006-08Deloitte (2008)Lecturer (Private Doctoral)62799US$Average annual salary2008-2009Ehrenberg (2010)Assistant82295US$Average annual salary2008-2009Ehrenberg (2010)Professor (Private Doctoral)151403US$Average annual salary2008-2009Ehrenberg (2010)Lecturer (Public Doctoral)51827US$Average annual salary2008-2009Ehrenberg (2010)Assistant68048US$Average annual salary2008-2009Ehrenberg (2010)Professor (Public Doctoral)115509US$Average annual salary2008-2009Ehrenberg (2010)Lecturer (Private Masters)54408US$Average annual salary2008-2009Ehrenberg (2010)Assistant61986US$Average annual salary2008-2009Ehrenberg (2010)Professor (Private Masters)99555US$Average annual salary2008-2009Ehrenberg (2010)Lecturer (Public Masters)49159US$Average annual salary2008-2009Ehrenberg (2010)Assistant59416US$Average annual salary2008-2009Ehrenberg (2010)Professor (Public Masters)88357US$Average annual salary2008-2009Ehrenberg (2010)Assistant58014US$Average annual salary2008-2009Ehrenberg (2010)Professor (Private Bachelors)58886US$Average annual salary2008-2009Ehrenberg (2010)Lecturer (Private Bachelors)98808US$Average annual salary2008-2009Ehrenberg (2010)Assistant49708US$Average annual salary2008-2009Ehrenberg (2010)Professor (Public Bachelors)56997US$Average annual salary2008-2009Ehrenberg (2010)Lecturer (Public Bachelors)84488US$Average annual salary2008-2009Ehrenberg (2010)Assistant50415US$Average annual salary2008-2009Ehrenberg (2010)Professor (2-Year Colleges)53427US$Average annual salary2008-2009Ehrenberg (2010)Lecturer (2-Year Colleges)74933US$Average annual salary2008-2009Ehrenberg (2010) MORE2 – Interim report 8 United States (continued)PositionSalary (Range)CurrencyReported salaryYearSourceNoteLecturer/Lecturer B (public 4-year)42627US$Average annual salary2003Robinson (2006)Assistant Professor/Senior
 Lecturer (public 4-year)52626US$Average annual salary2003Robinson (2006)Associate Professor/Senior Lecturer/Reader (public 4-year)62545US$Average annual salary2003Robinson (2006)Professor (public 4-year)85843US$Average annual salary2003Robinson (2006)Lecturer/Lecturer B (private 4-year)47643US$Average annual salary2003Robinson (2006)Assistant Professor/Senior Lecturer (private 4-year)52098US$Average annual salary2003Robinson (2006)Associate Professor/Senior Lecturer/Reader (private 4-year)62894US$Average annual salary2003Robinson (2006)Professor (private 4-year)91439US$Average annual salary2003Robinson (2006)Assistant Professor4690€Monthly gross salary2009/10Academic Careers Observatory (ACO)average Public universities; MenAssociate Professor5445€Monthly gross salary2009/10Academic Careers Observatory (ACO)average Public universities; MenProfessor7851€Monthly gross salary2009/10Academic Careers Observatory (ACO)average Public universities; MenLecturer3667€Monthly gross salary2009/10Academic Careers Observatory (ACO)average Public universities; MenInstructor3103€Monthly gross salary2009/10Academic Careers Observatory (ACO)average Public universities; MenAssistant Professor4334€Monthly gross salary2009/10Academic Careers Observatory (ACO)average Public universities, WomenAssociate Professor5068€Monthly gross salary2009/10Academic Careers Observatory (ACO)average Public universities, WomenProfessor7107€Monthly gross salary2009/10Academic Careers Observatory (ACO)average Public universities, WomenLecturer3296€Monthly gross salary2009/10Academic Careers Observatory (ACO)average Public universities, WomenInstructor2963€Monthly gross salary2009/10Academic Careers Observatory (ACO)average Public universities, WomenAssistant Professor5723€Monthly gross salary2009/10Academic Careers Observatory (ACO)average Private/independent universities, MenAssociate Professor6564€Monthly gross salary2009/10Academic Careers Observatory (ACO)average Private/independent universities,
 MenProfessor10270€Monthly gross salary2009/10Academic Careers Observatory (ACO)average Private/independent universities, MenLecturer4372€Monthly gross salary2009/10Academic Careers Observatory (ACO)average Private/independent universities, MenInstructor3878€Monthly gross salary2009/10Academic Careers Observatory (ACO)average Private/independent universities, MenAssistant Professor5211€Monthly gross salary2009/10Academic Careers Observatory (ACO)average Private/independent universities, WomenAssociate Professor6003€Monthly gross salary2009/10Academic Careers Observatory (ACO)average Private/independent universities, WomenProfessor9458€Monthly gross salary2009/10Academic Careers Observatory (ACO)average Private/independent universities, WomenLecturer3775€Monthly gross salary2009/10Academic Careers Observatory (ACO)average Private/independent universities, WomenInstructor3747€Monthly gross salary2009/10Academic Careers Observatory (ACO)average Private/independent universities, WomenAssistant68072US$Average salary2009Altbach et al.
(2012)Doctoral, public institutionAssistant79915US$Average salary2009Altbach et al.

(2012)Doctoral, private institutionAssistant59397US$Average salary2009Altbach et al.

(2012)Master, public institutionAssistant60069US$Average salary2009Altbach et al.

(2012)Master, private institutionAssistant56883US$Average salary2009Altbach et al.

(2012)Baccalaureate, public institutionAssistant54945US$Average salary2009Altbach et al.
(2012)Baccalaureate, private institutionAssociate80013US$Average salary2009Altbach et al.

(2012)Doctoral, public institutionAssociate93317US$Average salary2009Altbach et al.

(2012)Doctoral, private institutionAssociate70233US$Average salary2009Altbach et al.

(2012)Master, public institutionAssociate72522US$Average salary2009Altbach et al.

(2012)Master, private institutionAssociate68121US$Average salary2009Altbach et al.
(2012)Baccalaureate, public institutionAssociate66703US$Average salary2009Altbach et al.

(2012)Baccalaureate, private institutionProfessor115553US$Average salary2009Altbach et al.

(2012)Doctoral, public institutionProfessor147286US$Average salary2009Altbach et al.

(2012)Doctoral, private institutionProfessor88298US$Average salary2009Altbach et al.

(2012)Master, public institutionProfessor94760US$Average salary2009Altbach et al.
(2012)Master, private institutionProfessor84502US$Average salary2009Altbach et al.

(2012)Baccalaureate, public institutionProfessor88092US$Average salary2009Altbach et al.

(2012)Baccalaureate, private institutionRank 34950PPP US$Average monthly salary2010Altbach et al.

(2012)public universitiesRank 25853PPP US$Average monthly salary2010Altbach et al.

(2012)public universitiesTop rank7358PPP US$Average monthly salary2010Altbach et al.
(2012)public universitiesRank 35006PPP US$Average monthly salary2010Altbach et al.

(2012)private universitiesRank 26044PPP US$Average monthly salary2010Altbach et al.

(2012)private universitiesTop rank7897PPP US$Average monthly salary2010Altbach et al.

(2012)private universities