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THE IMPORTANCE OF CULTURAL POLICY RESEARCH FOR CULTURAL POLICY Conference in Hannesarholt, Iceland, October 26, 2022 Trine Bille Professor, Ph.D. Copenhagen Business School Institut for Ledelse, Politik og Filosofi SOME OF MY EXPERIENCES • Professor of Cultural Economics at CBS • President of ACEI, The Association for Cultural Economics International, 2021-2023 • The Swedish Agency for Cultural Policy Analysis and Nordic Cultural Policy Analysis (Kulturanalys Norden), member of the scientific board, 2016 – present • The Arts Council Norway, member of the board of research and development (FoU udvalget), 2014 – present • Norwegian Research Council, member of the program board of KULMEDIA, a research program on the Culture and Media Sector (2 x 80 mill.
NOK), 2014 – 2019 • Norwegian Research Council, member of the portfolio board for research in Welfare, Culture and Society, allocating about 400 million NOK (40 million EUR) in research grants per year, 2019 – present A RESEARCH CENTER FOR THE DEVELOPEMENT OF THE CCIS WHY AND HOW?
• Impact of research on strategies and policy, examples • The scope of the center • The organisation • Three models: Sweden, Norway and Denmark – pro and cons • A new institute for cultural policy analysis in Denmark • A new research center: • Three challenges • Three principles • Three recommendations • Questions and discussion IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH FOR STRATEGIES AND POLICY EXAMPLES Law on visual arts 2003 EVIDENCE BASED POLICY IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH FOR STRATEGIES AND POLICY EXAMPLES THE SCOPE OF THE CENTER • The CCIs: Broad group of industries • The size and growth of the creative sector: jobs and value creation • DCMS Mapping document, 1998, classification • Creative jobs outside creative industries, creative skills (input) • Dynamic mapping (supportive and embedded jobs), Bakhshi et al.
2013 (NESTA) • Artistic or creative careers • Bille, Trine and Mark Lorenzen (2008): Den danske oplevelsesøkonomi – afgrænsning, økonomisk betydning og vækstmuligheder, Forlaget Samfundslitteratur, Copenhagen • Bille, Trine (2011): The Scandinavian approach to the Experience Economy – does it make sense?, International Journal of Cultural Policy, vol.

18, no.1, pp.

93-110 • Bille, Trine (2012): Creative labor: Who are they?

What do they do?

Where do they work?


A discussion based on a quantitative study from Denmark, In: Christopher John Mathieu (ed.

): Careers in the creative industries, Routhledge, pp 36 – 65 • THE SCOPE OF THE CENTER • Business policy and cultural policy?

• Proved difficult • How to support CCIs based on a growth agenda ?

• What makes the CCIs different from other industries (IPR, finance, small start-ups) ?

• The CCIs are inherently different: organization, law, purpose, finance.
• Experience from Denmark: • Center for Culture and Experience Economy, funded by the Minister of Culture and the Minister of Business and Growth, 2013-2015 • Now: Creative Business Cup and Business Network • Experience from Norway: • Kunnskapsverket, National knowledge-centre for CCIs, 2014-19 • Now: integrated in Arts Council Norway THE SCOPE OF THE CENTER • Arts and culture: the cultural sector • Focus on the production of arts and the consumption of culture by the population • Cultural policy D. Throsby: Concentric circles model THE ORGANISATION OF THE CENTER • Three different models • Sweden: The Agency for Cultural Policy Analysis • Norway: Arts Council Norway • Denmark: No model, now: The Institute for Cultural Policy Analysis GOVERNEMENAL AUTHORITY (SWEDEN) FUNDING, EXECUTION AND APPLICATION ARE CLOSELY LINKED • The Swedish Agency for Cultural Policy Analysis is assigned by the Government of Sweden to evaluate, analyse and present the effects of proposals and measures taken in the cultural field.
This is to be done based on the cultural policy objectives.

• The aim of the Agency is to provide a substantial contribution to the development of cultural policy, to support the government and in this way create better pre-requisites for those active in the cultural field.
• 15 employees • Scientific council (only advisory) GOVERNMENTAL AUTHORITY (SWEDEN) FUNDING, EXECUTION AND APPLICATION ARE CLOSELY LINKED PROS CONS • Application: The research is used and applied as it is directly ordered by the government • Arm-length: Little arm-length between research and government • Quality of research: The knowledge and research enviroments are not involved RESEARCHER MODEL (NORWAY) GOVERNMENT FUNDING, ARMS-LENGTH, RESEARCHERS FUNDING EXECUTION Arts Council Norway • Research and Development Section (FoU udvalget) Norwegian Research Council • KULMEDIA: The economic and technological framework conditions for the cultural and media sector (80 + 80 mio.
NOK financed by the Ministry of Culture) SAMKUL • • Portfolio for research in Welfare, Culture and Society (400 mio.

NOK per year) Universities and independent research institutions, e.g.
: • Telemarksforskning • Østlandsforskning • BI Norwegian Business School • Universities across Norway RESEARCHER MODEL (NORWAY) GOVERNMENT FUNDING, ARMS-LENGTH, RESEARCHERS PROS CONS • Arm-length between research and government • Quality of research: The knowledge and research environments are involved • Funding: The research is funded and requested by government • Application: The research is applied and used by the government and the arts council ?
PRIVATISATION (DENMARK) RESEARCH FUNDED BY PRIVATE FOUNDATIONS FUNDING EXECUTION Very little funding from government Private foundations, e.g.

: • Ny Carlsbergfondet • Augustinus Fonden • Velux Fonden • Nordea Fonden • Tuborg Fonden Universities, e.g.

: • Copenhagen, Roskilde, Århus, Ålborg, Syddansk, CBS Private consultancy firms, e.g.
: • Rambøll • Seismonaut PRIVATISATION (DENMARK) RESEARCH FUNDED BY PRIVATE FOUNDATIONS PROS CONS • Arm-length between research and • Funding: The research is not fundend government • Quality of research: The knowledge and research enviroments are involved and requested by government • Application: The research is rarely used and applied NEW INSTITUTE FOR CULTURAL POLICY ANALYSIS (DENMARK) • Request and demand from the cultural sectors • The Institute for cultural analysis is established as an independent institute, which will support and develop knowledge about the conditions of the cultural sector and the importance of culture for the well-being of citizens, i.a.
based on evidence and research-based studies.

• Funding: 28 mio.

DKK (2022-2025) / 8 mio.

per year from the Goverment • Board of directors: 7 members appointed by the Minister of Culture • Lots of expectations HOW TO SUCCEED?

THREE CHALLENGES 1.

The CCIs are diverse and heterogenous: Funding, purpose, organisation (private/public), law, etc.

(from visual arts, to computer games, to tourism) 2.

Many levels: The institutions/business, the industry, the municipalities and the state.
Various demands for knowledge.

3.

Research competences: How to find qualified researchers?

Knowledge of the sector important.

Many disciplines (humanities, sociology, economcis, etc.).

HOW TO SUCCEED?

THREE PRINCIPLES 1.

Arms-length (independent research) 2.

Quality assessment (peer review) 3.

Close collaboration with external partners • Existing researches and research environments • National Statistics Bureau: Data and data collection • A nuanced discussion on data is really important!
HOW TO SUCCEED?

THREE RECOMMENDATIONS 1.

Involvement of users of the research in strategic decisions (industry partners, municipalities, the government) • Focus, priorities and strategy • Policy realted 2.

Creating volume: additional external funding 3.

Curating and dissemination of existing knowledge and research THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION Trine Bille: tbi.mpp@cbs.dk Trine Bille Professor, Ph.D. Copenhagen Business School Institut for Ledelse, Politik og Filosofi