Source document: https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1697790560724.pdf (Fiji)
Front Cover 2012 Annual Report Publication Copyright © 2012.

All Rights Reserved.

www.srif.net.fj PARLIMENT OF FIJI PARLIMENTARY PAPER NO.

49 OF 2018 MISSION STATEMENT To advance the industry by excellence in technology transfer emanating from research results through science that supports innovative activities in sugar related industries and to make Industry productive and the Fiji Sugar sustainable.
FORWARD 3 CROP IMPROVEMENT 4 CROP PROTECTION 20 11 ANALYTICAL LABORATORY 24 CROP PRODUCTION 41 APPROVED VARIETIES FACP TABLES 31 BOARD MEMBERS Professor John Morrison (Chairman) Dr. Krishnamurthi Mr. Viliame Gucake Mr. Seru Vularika Mr. Jai Gawander (CEO) Mr. Sanjay Prakash (Secretary) Mr. Sundresh Chetty Mr. Mangaiya Reddy Mr. Suresh Patel SCIENCE AUDIT COMMITTEE MEMBERS Dr. Krishnamurthi (Chairman) Mr. Mangaiya Reddy Mr. Sundresh Chetty Professor John Morrison Mr. Jai Gawander (CEO) Mr. Seru Vularika Mr. Sanjay Prakash (Secretary) 2 SUGAR RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF FIJI | ANNUAL REPORT 2012 44 FINANCIAL REPORT FORWARD FORWARD The year, 2012 was a difficult one for the industry.
The continuing loss of important resources, due to natural events, had a major impact on cane production, particularly a very wet period during the first three months that led to 2 major floodings of the low lying cane belt areas.

The Sugar Industry Strategic plan (SAP 2012- 2022) was compiled during the year and the Institute’s task under the Crop Production Program in the SAP focuses to improve production through prioritization of sugarcane research.
Several key elements have been identified in the SAP that SRIF has to address through the Grower Advisory Services mechanism.

The Institute consulted with all stakeholders to determine the priorities for research for long-term gains in cane and sugar production.

SRIF believes that forward-looking, anticipatory research and analyses that integrate the diverse views of growers and other stakeholders on specific opportunities and challenges facing the industry will have most benefit for the industry.
During the year a new crossing shed was constructed with funds provided by the European Union.

The crossing shed will provide the right environment for conventional breeding and enhance the research capacity to advance the development of new varieties.

A total of 792 crosses were made in 2012.

Leaf samples from 30 varieties assumed to be Erianthus hybrids were sent to Mauritius and Australia for DNA analysis to confirm if these varieties were true Erianthus hybrids.
None of these varieties tested positive.

An advanced variety adaptation trial was evaluated using a new concept known as large population trial.

This concept was introduced to overcome difficulties encountered in weighing of individual plots for cane yield determination.

This trial will continue until the 2nd ratoon is completed next year.
The analytical lab provided fertilizer recommendation for 1266 soil samples from grower’s fields for planting of sugarcane and 2274 cane samples were analysed from the agronomy and plant breeding trials.

The analytical laboratory participated in the SPACNET proficiency program for accreditation of the laboratory.

A field audit was conducted during the year to assess post-harvest losses that revealed 2.9 and 4 tonnes cane per hectare were lost with mechanical and manual harvesting respectively.
The disease control unit inspected 7,491 hectares for Fiji leaf gall disease and removed 534 stools of infected cane.

The hot water seedcane nursery program produced 2,260 tonnes of seedcane but uptake of the seedcane was poor due to after effects of the flooding’s that was experienced during the year.

The GIS mapping of two sectors was completed in 2012 and some useful data was collected for these sectors that can be in future planning for the extension services.
I would like to thank all staff for their dedication and commitment to the institute.

Chief Executive Officer PARLIMENT OF FIJI PARLIMENTARY PAPER NO.
49 OF 2018 SUGAR RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF FIJI | ANNUAL REPORT 2012 3 CROP IMPROVEMENT CROP IMPROVEMENT 4 SUGAR RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF FIJI | ANNUAL REPORT 2012 CROP IMPROVEMENT ACP Project – A Comparative Study of Family and Individual Mass Selection Methods as Early Selection Criteria 50 families planted for the prototype trial were analyzed and no significant difference was found between the families for %pocs, tch and tsh which was attributed to lack of genetic diversity in crosses.
For the actual trial, 71 packets of West Indies fuzz was imported and sown of which 70 germinated.

The initial count saw at least 60 families having more than 80 seedlings required for the actual project.

After damage by Cat 4 TC Evan only 26 families were available for the project.

The balance was sought from polycrosses.

For this reason, trial planting for the project was re-scheduled to 2013.
ACP Project - Nobilization of Erianthus The nobilization work continued in 2012 with samples sent to MSIRI for DNA tests on hybrids attained.

No positive results were received on the hybrids.

The progeny from LF2011 and LF2012 series will be tested in 2013.

Germplasm/ Breeding Plots The maintenance of Germplasm continued in 2012.

The DNA fingerprinting work was initiated in the Drasa Germplasm and 9 DNA extractions samples were sent to Mauritius Sugar Industry Research Institute - MSIRI.
Unfortunately all the samples were contaminated and work on getting clean samples is ongoing.

The breeding plots were maintained and re-planting and transfer of the flowering varieties from the farmer’s field to the new breeding facility was initiated.

Some new additions in terms of imported varieties were done - 9 Erianthus spp.

from Vietnam (6 germinated), 8 varieties from BSES, Australia (all germinated).
Sugarcane Crossing A total of 792 crosses were set involving commercial crosses, experimental crosses and some outcrosses (refer to Table 1 for breakdown of crosses).

All the crosses were set at the Dobuilevu breeding facility from 07/05/2012 to 04/07/2012.

The new crossing shed for bi- parental crosses neared completion and was utilized to set 100 crosses.

Crosses inside the new crossing shed.


SUGAR RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF FIJI | ANNUAL REPORT 2012 5 CROP IMPROVEMENT Fuzz Sowing A total of 854 packets of fuzz were sown from 2009 - 2012 crosses of which 458 germinated giving 54% germination.

This also included 71 packets of fuzz from West Indies to be used for the ACP project.

The breakdown of sowing is presented in Table 2.

The % germination was largely affected by poor germination of 100 lantern crosses set in the new crossing shed as a trial.
Stage 1 The LF2011 series was planted and evaluated as Stage 1 whereas LF2012 series was planted as new Stage 1.

For LF2011 series, a total of 22 495 seedlings was available for transplanting however only 10 640 seedlings of which 14% were from experimental crosses were transplanted.

The reduction on the seedling number is attributed to the following – 1.

Only 100-200 seedlings were planted from crosses having more than 200 seedlings which is considered enough to attain variation in seedling population.
2.

High seedling mortality due to delay in transplanting following heavy rainfall and water- cuts at FSC after flooding affecting routine watering.

3.

Damage by Mar2011 flood in the field following transplanting.

A total of 296 clones (2%) were selected from LF2011 series the low number due to damage by TC Evan.

For LF2012 series, approximately 26,000 seedlings were available including the seedlings from West Indies fuzz at the beginning of the season.
However, these were damaged by TC Evan as well following which, approximately 6889 was planted for Stage 1 whereas 2000 was set aside for ACP Family trial.

Stage 2 In 2012, LF2010 series was evaluated and LF2011 series was planted.

A total of 1 144 clones were in LF2010 Stage 2 of which 297 were selected for biochemical analysis based upon field brix and field grading on characteristics like trashing, growth habit, lodging, disease symptoms.
A final selection of 64 varieties was made based on %pocs and %fibre and planted as Stage 3.

A total of 296 clones were planted for LF2011 Stage 1 trial and will be evaluated in 2013.

Stage 3 LF2009 series was evaluated and LF2010 series planted.

LF2009 series had 141 varieties of which 50% did not germinate well due to seed cane issues.

After field evaluations, 61 varieties were sampled, 14 were selected and propagated for Stage 4 trial.
A total of 64 varieties were selected from LF2010 series Stage 2 and planted as LF2010 Stage 3.

Table 1: Breakdown of crosses set at Dobuilevu Breeding Facility in 2012.

Type of cross Poly crosses Bi-parental Bi-parental - lantern Erianthus - lantern Erianthus IJ/IK Hybrids Officinarum KT/BT JRP Erianthus Hybrids Robustum hybrids Commercial Experimental Backcrosses Total Crosses No.
of cross 236 15 100 7 49 51 60 13 1 169 91 792 % 30 2 13 1 6 6 8 2 0.1 21 11 100 6 SUGAR RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF FIJI | ANNUAL REPORT 2012 Total per type % per type 351 44 181 23 260 792 33 100 Table 2: Details of fuzz sowing carried out in 2012 – fuzz from year 2009 - 2012 Commercial crosses Experimental crosses Outcrosses CROP IMPROVEMENT l a t n e r a p - i B 28 3 11 6 5 83 3 2 67 3 1 33 40 11 28 i s e d n I t s e W m u t s u b o R n r e t n a L - 2 - 2 - - - 2 - 1 - 50 - 2 2 - - 100 - - - 6 5 83 71 103 3 70 99 3 71 103 3 70 3 99 s u h t n a i r E 15 4 27 12 11 92 - - - 3 0 0 30 15 50 n r e t n a L s u h t n a i r E s d i r b y h K I / J I - - - - - - - - - 5 1 20 - - - 11 8 73 69 45 65 22 10 45 5 102 63 1 62 20 m u r a n c i f f i O - - - - - - 51 27 53 10 4 40 61 31 51 T B / T K P R J - - - - - - - - - 6 5 - - - - - - - - - 1 1 83 100 1 1 83 100 6 5 s d i r b y h s u h t n a i r E - - - - - - 4 3 75 4 1 25 8 4 50 m u t s u b o R s d i r b y h l a t o T - 140 48 - - 34 - 159 - 115 - 72 2 223 0 137 61 0 23 332 10 158 43 48 25 854 10 458 54 40 r a e Y s l i a t e D l y o P 95 Sown 9 0 39 Germ 0 2 41 % Sown 128 0 1 90 Germ 0 2 70 % 92 Sown 1 58 Germ 1 0 2 63 % 81 Sown 2 1 52 Germ 0 2 64 % Sown 396 a Germ 239 t o T 60 % l Table 3 below shows the results of plant and 1st ratoon crop from LF2006 series.
The trial was planted in Drasa and Rarawai.
Both trials are in 2nd ratoon and will be evaluated in October 2013. tch 154 126 132 88 tsh 20.66 15.98 19.95 12.79 Table 3: LF2006 Series (Evaluation of 1st Ratoon) Varieties LF91-1925 Mana Naidiri Ragnar Test Varieties LF06-525 LF06-529 LF06-591 LF06-320 LF06-336 LF06-566 LF06-165 LF06-353 LF06-426 LF06-372 LF06-499 LF06-539 LF06-433 LF06-381 20.26 20.29 19.31 18.50 17.81 17.01 17.13 17.43 16.80 17.33 16.35 16.00 14.31 13.71 143 140 138 134 133 127 126 123 121 115 113 112 100 100 %pocs 14.04 13.71 15.31 15.05 14.75 15.10 14.64 14.23 14.09 14.08 13.99 14.93 14.45 14.93 14.93 14.86 13.99 14.55 %fibre 11.61 9.81 11.09 11.86 11.30 11.35 12.09 12.95 12.89 12.31 14.38 9.61 10.70 12.45 10.19 10.96 12.03 11.56 SUGAR RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF FIJI | ANNUAL REPORT 2012 7 CROP IMPROVEMENT tch 90 76 71 59 Table 4: LF2007 Series (Evaluation of Plant) Variety Naidiri Kaba Mana Ragnar Test Varieties LF07-79 LF99-1254 LF00-631 LF07-117 LF07-156 LF07-148 LF07-397 LF99-1126 LF00-1057 LF07-168 LF07-169 LF00-491 LF07-157 LF07-83 LF07-124 LF07-126 LF07-112 LF07-81 LF07-90 LF07-104 LF07-488 LF07-671 LF07-99 LF07-669 LF07-504 107 100 100 98 98 95 95 92 92 91 90 90 89 88 85 83 80 80 79 76 76 72 71 64 61 tsh 14.68 11.26 10.82 8.57 16.93 15.99 15.29 14.45 15.35 15.63 15.78 14.65 14.01 14.20 13.35 14.02 12.64 13.65 13.23 12.08 12.27 11.63 11.81 11.76 12.33 11.32 10.84 9.09 10.07 %pocs 16.2 14.98 15.23 15.9 %fibre Table 4 above shows the results of plant from LF2007 series.
The trial has 25 test varieties and was planted in Lautoka, Rarawai, Penang and Labasa.

The trials were planted in May and June 2011.

All the trials are in first ratoon and will be evaluated in October 2013.

LF2008 Series (Plant) Eighteen varieties from LF2008 series were planted in Lautoka, Rarawai, Penang and Labasa.

The trials were planted in May and June 2012.

The plant crop will be evaluated between August and September in 2013.
Large Population Stage 4 Trial (LF2006 Series) Introduction The large population trial was introduced in 2008 and the LF2006 series varieties were the second of the trials planted under this concept.

The concept of the large plot trials is to hasten the variety evaluation and reduce the time by fast tracking any promising varieties and forego the stage 5 evaluation.
Under the large plot concept the idea is to plant one trial on a poor 8 SUGAR RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF FIJI | ANNUAL REPORT 2012 CROP IMPROVEMENT soil that could be mechanically harvested and weighed at the mill weighbridge so that an improved assessment of the yield could be obtained.

Promising varieties identified from the plant crop could be evaluated in subsequent years on different soil types and topographies at the mills.
It was also presumed that varieties that would perform well on poor fertility soils would also perform well on fertile soils.

Results and Discussion This trial was planted in May 2010 at Legalega Research Station.

There were 14 test varieties and two standards (Mana and Kiuva).

These varieties were planted in multiple long rows.

The stand of the first ratoon crop was not healthy and this is attributed to leaching of the fertilizers due to frequent heavy rains during active growing period.
In addition weed control was a problem as the weedicides applied were washed away and not very effective.

The total rainfall received for the trial from October 2011 to October 2012 was 3419 mm over 166 days.

The cane rows of each variety were divided into four replicates and small mill cane samples were harvested from all the varieties.

Each variety was mechanically harvested and weighed at the mill weighbridge.

The cane was 12 months old at the time of harvest and in the first ratoon crop.
The results of this trial are presented in table 5.

Based on the result, three varieties LF06-539, 353 and 591 produced better cane and sugar yield compared to the standard varieties Mana and Kiuva.

The fibre percent of five test varieties (LF06-165, 320, 336, 381 and 566) were high and ranged between 14.2 to 16.3% but the sugar yield of these varieties were below the standards.

The plant and ratoon cane and sugar yield data is presented in table 6.
From the data the three varieties LF06-539, 353 and 591 that performed well in the first ratoon crop also performed well in the plant crop.

LF06-539 had the best cane and sugar yield in both the plant and first ratoon crop.

The trial will be further evaluated in the second ratoon crop before any promising varieties can be confirmed and after verification of data obtained for the same series trials that were planted at Drasa and Rarawai.
Table 5: Cane and sugar yields first ratoon crop Variety LF06-433 LF06-499 LF06-529 LF06-539 LF06-525 LF06-336 LF06-372 LF06-165 LF06-566 LF06-320 LF06-381 LF06-353 LF06-591 LF06-426 Mana Kiuva LF04-448 plot area m2 1079.6 1142.3 897.9 622.0 622.0 622.0 622.0 622.0 622.0 622.0 622.0 622.0 622.0 622.0 622.0 622.0 622.0 plot yield tonnes 5.32 3.12 4.69 5.18 1.29 1.29 3.06 3.06 3.06 1.33 1.33 5.34 4.56 1.82 4.56 4.77 4.77 tch %pocs %fibre tsh 7.0 4.0 7.1 13.0 2.7 2.2 6.1 6.8 6.6 3.0 3.0 12.1 10.8 3.6 9.5 9.5 9.9 SUGAR RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF FIJI | ANNUAL REPORT 2012 9 CROP IMPROVEMENT Table 6: Comparative plant and ratoon cane and sugar yield data Variety sugar yield Comments cane yield LF06-433 LF06-499 LF06-529 LF06-539 LF06-525 LF06-336 LF06-372 LF06-165 LF06-566 LF06-320 LF06-381 LF06-353 LF06-591 LF06-426 Mana Kiuva LF04-448 P 46 44 75 101 40 69 51 47 55 62 58 78 61 60 94 83 91 P R R 7.0 P & R cane and sugar yields below standards 4.0 Poor ratooning 7.1 P & R cane and sugar yields below standards 13.0 P & R cane and sugar yields above standards 2.7 Poor ratooning 2.2 Poor ratooning 6.1 P & R cane and sugar yields below standards 6.8 P & R cane and sugar yields below standards 6.6 P & R cane and sugar yields below standards 3.0 Poor ratooning 3.0 Poor ratooning 12.1 P & R cane and sugar yields on par with standards 10.8 R cane and sugar yields improved and above standards 3.6 Poor ratooning 9.5 Average stand 9.5 Average stand 9.9 Average stand Tissue Culture Lab Tissue culture is a routine project which involves media preparation, aseptic callus culture, shoot initiation and root initiation cultures.
Work was done on callus culture and some work was started on meristem culture.

772 cultures of varieties such as Kaba, Naidiri, Kiuva, LF91- 1925 and LF94-694 were carried out.

Kiuva failed to produce callus under culture conditions while 210 variants were produced from the remaining varieties.

Mortality rate for the seedlings was high due to the intense winds during the cyclone in the absence of a glasshouse.

The remaining cultures in the lab also suffered due to power cuts during the cyclone.
Work on meristem culture to produce disease free seedlings was initiated successfully and will be continued next year.

Biotechnology Lab In 2012, 30 samples were sent to BSES to be verified as Erianthus hybrids.

These were sent as dried leaf samples in calcium chloride.

22 leaf samples were collected from Dobuilevu.

These has been selected earlier from stage 1 2009 series.

The remaining 8 samples were collected from stage 1 2010 series in Rarawai.
51 DNA samples (including parents) were extracted and sent to MSIRI for verification.

The DNA was extracted using CTAB method, vaccum dried and sent to Mauritius.

The results obtained indicated that none of the clones sent for testing were Erianthus hybrids.
Biotechnology Lab 10 SUGAR RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF FIJI | ANNUAL REPORT 2012 ANALYTICAL LABORATORY ANALYTICAL LABORATORY & METEOROLOGY SUGAR RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF FIJI | ANNUAL REPORT 2012 11 ANALYTICAL LABORATORY Analytical Laboratory Introduction The SRIF analytical laboratory provides analytical support services to growers, individual organizations and research projects.
The laboratory has the capability to conduct a broad cross section of analysis and three major analysis carried out in the laboratory are soil, plant and cane analysis.

Soil and plant samples are received from the growers and research trials at the four mill districts for fertilizer recommendation.

The soil and plant samples are analyzed for various nutrient elements namely; potassium, phosphorous, calcium, magnesium and pH for soils.
In addition organic matter, nitrogen, electrical conductivity, cation exchange capacity and pH buffering capacity are also determined in the research projects soil samples.

Cane samples are analyzed for %pol, %brix, and %fiber for research trials conducted by SRIF and also for mill auditing purposes.

The laboratory conducts soil salinity and sodicity test upon request by Sugar Tribunal and Fiji Sugar Cooperation.

The laboratory also provided special analysis for a collaborative project with MSIRI.
Soil, bedload and run off samples were collected from newly planted farms for this project and analysed.

Attachment opportunities are also provided to graduates to obtain knowledge about research/laboratory activities carried out at SRIF that is a pre requisite for some courses offered by the Universities.

Soil and Leaf samples A total of 1266 advisory soil samples and 80 advisory leaf samples were received from the four districts for plant and ratoon crop fertilizer recommendations.
There was a slight improvement in number of samples received from extension services.

2012 recorded 1168 more soil samples compared to only 98 samples in 2011.

The number of samples received from each district is summarized in table 1.

216 soil samples were received from research projects which were analyzed for nitrogen, potassium, phosphorous, pH, and organic carbon.

Table 1: Soil and leaf samples received in 2012.


District Lautoka Rarawai Penang Labasa Total advisory soil 262 351 60 593 1266 research soil 216 leaf samples 216 80 80 Table 2: Cane samples analysed in 2012.

Projects Agronomy Disease Field Audit Small mill Project Variety Total cane samples 200 249 46 304 1475 2274 Cane Analysis A total of 2274 cane samples were analyzed in 2012 from agronomy, variety and disease trials as well as small mill projects and field audit as summarized in table 2.
Quality Assurance The analytical laboratory adhered to quality control checks by including quality control samples with each analysis batch.

Daily calibration checks of room temperatures, pH and EC of distilled water were recorded.

The laboratory also participated in SPACNET proficiency programs for accreditation of SRIF laboratory to international standards.
Small Mill Projects Two projects were carried out in the small mill laboratory to test the efficiency of the two grinders namely Jeffco and Cane disintegrator and verify methods used to analyze cane.

In the first project, 290 cane samples of Mana variety were grinded using Jeffco Cutter Grinder (145 samples) and Wet Cane Disintegrator (145 samples) and analysed.

The residual cake was oven dried using both bag and tray method from the grinded samples.
The purpose of 12 SUGAR RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF FIJI | ANNUAL REPORT 2012 this trial was to decide which grinder should be used for grinding cane samples.

The averaged %pocs data from each method/equipment is presented in table 3 ANALYTICAL LABORATORY Table 3: Comparative pocs values Bag/Disintegrator Bag/Jeffco Tray/Disintegrator Tray/Jeffco 11.337 10.207 11.224 10.245 In this project the %pocs values were found to be a unit higher when cane was grinded with the disintegrator.
In the second project seven varieties namely; Naidiri, Kiuva, Kaba, LF91- 1925, Mana, Ragnar and Beqa were grinded using Jeffco cutter grinder and Wet cane disintegrator including the trash and analysed.

The purpose of this trial was also to decide which of the two grinders should be used for grinding cane samples.

The data obtained is shown in table 4.
Table 4: Bio-chemical data of varieties from Jeffco and Disintegrator grinded cane %pocs %fibre Variety Naidiri Kiuva Kaba LF91-1925 Mana Ragnar Beqa Note: D- Disintegrator and J-Jeffco cutter grinder D 12.00 11.38 11.23 11.01 9.74 10.49 12.82 J 19.2 19.2 18.7 19.0 17.7 18.4 20.4 %brix D 19.4 20.2 19.5 18.3 17.6 18.9 21.3 J 13.75 13.43 13.58 13.34 12.64 12.00 14.93 %pol D 17.72 18.37 17.85 16.80 15.46 17.08 20.66 J 17.10 16.74 16.47 17.02 15.27 16.14 18.42 D 13.81 14.42 14.09 13.29 12.10 13.46 16.50 J 12.84 12.49 12.32 12.89 11.39 12.28 13.74 All the seven varieties tested at the small mill produced a lower pocs when grinded by the Jeffco cutter grinder.
The results (outcomes) from these projects were to use Jeffco cutter grinder for cane grinding and tray method for fiber analysis.

Field Audit A field audit was conducted to assess post-harvest cane and sugar losses due to harvesting and poor loading of cane.

A total of seven farms that was mechanically harvested were surveyed for this audit in Lovu and Drasa sectors.

A total of nineteen farms that was manually harvested were surveyed for this audit in Lovu and Drasa sectors.
Out of the nineteen farms, fifteen were on flat and four on undulating land.
Table 5: Cane (tch) losses due to mechanical harvesting practices Sector Type Lovu Drasa Average Flat Flat Stalks (tch) Stumps (tch) range average range average 1.0 – 2.7 0.3 -1.6 2.1 0.9 1.6 0.2 -1.5 1.0 -2.7 1.0 1.7 1.3 Total tch range 2.4 – 4.0 2.3 – 3.0 2.9 SUGAR RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF FIJI | ANNUAL REPORT 2012 13 ANALYTICAL LABORATORY Table 6: Cane (tch) losses due to manual harvesting practices Sector Type Lovu Drasa Average Flat Undulating* Flat Undulating *Only one farm surveyed Stalks (tch) Stumps (tch) range 0.8 -4.3 1.9 0.9 – 4.6 0.3 – 1.6 avg 1.5 1.9 2.5 0.8 1.9 range avg 0.5 -1.4 1.9 1.4 -7.2 0.3 – 2.9 1.0 1.9 3.6 1.3 2.1 Total tch range 1.3 - 5.5 3.8 2.3 -9.8 0.7 – 4.6 4.0 Table 7: Sugar (tsh) losses due to mechanical and manual harvesting practices Mechanical tsh Manual tsh Sector Type Lovu Lovu Drasa Drasa Average Flat Undulating Flat Undulating range 0.27 – 0.45 avg 0.36 $value 630 0.25 – 0.34 0.29 507 0.33 $577 range 0.14 – 0.62 0.43 0.25 – 1.10 0.08 – 0.51 avg 0.28 0.43 0.68 0.23 0.41 $value 490 753 1190 402 $717 $value based on local retail sugar price of $1.75/kg and POCS of 11.2 used in calculating tsh that is the 2012 crushing season average until July end The total losses in sugarcane harvesting inclusive of leftover cane stalks and non-harvested stumps was 2.9 tch and 4.0 tch with mechanical and manual harvesting respectively as shown in tables 5 & 6.
This loss is equivalent to 6 and 8% of the national average production of 50 tons per hectare.

Table 7 shows the estimated money that is lost due to different harvesting practices.
AANALYST 400 14 SUGAR RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF FIJI | ANNUAL REPORT 2012 METEOROLOGY METEOROLOGY Meteorology Introduction The Meteorological Station at Sugar Research Institute of Fiji is equipped with a range of meteorological instruments and maintained with the help of the Fiji Meteorological Service (FMS) at its head office in Drasa, Lautoka and three other daily Climatological recording centres.
Climatological stations are manned by observers who take climate readings of temperatures (dry, wet, maximum and minimum), rainfall, amount of cloud, visibility and wind direction at 9am and maximum temperature at 3pm daily.

At the end of each month, data is compiled in a standard form F211 and forwarded to FMS.

Similarly, rainfall figures from each sector from the eight districts are compiled and kept for our records.
The climatic data is used to produce climate summary and predicting of weather forecast for the country.

In collaboration with FMS, the Research Institute provides farmers advice on possible farm activities such as land preparation, cultivation, fertilizer application, weedicide application and harvesting from sugarcane belt areas.

Rainfall The annual rainfall for all the 4 mills was above average when compared to the 42 years average.
For Lautoka, Rarawai, Penang and Labasa, the annual rainfall was incremented by further 77 %, 21%, 25% and 15% respectively when compared to the 42 years average.

For Lautoka, January to April, June, September and October recorded above average rainfall while the rest of the months recorded close to or below average rainfall.

For Rarawai, January, February, June, September and October recorded above average rainfall.

July had no rain while heavy rain in March/April resulted in rain gauge being damaged.
For Penang, January, February, April, June, August, September, October and December experienced above average rainfall while the other months received less rain compared to the 42 years average.

For Labasa, January to March, June, September, October and December received above average rainfall while the other months had little rain.
The rainfall received throughout 2012 favoured rapid weed growth and thus growers were advised to apply fertilizer by the end of the year to all plant and ratoon cane so that it could have been taken up by plants progressively.

Heavy rain from late June affected crushing of cane as farmers faced difficulty in harvesting and transporting of cane to their respective mills.
El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) El Niño–Southern Oscillation is an irregular cycle of persistent warming and cooling of sea surface temperatures in the Tropical Pacific Ocean.

The warm extreme is known as El Niño and cold extreme, La Niña.

From April to June 2012, conditions in the equatorial tropical Pacific were at neutral levels (neither El Niño nor La Niña).

However from July, sea surface temperatures (SSTs) increased to weak El Niño levels.
Despite the central Pacific SSTs being warmer than average through August and early September, the atmosphere failed to cool.

The Pacific SSTs returned to neutral values by early October and the ocean-atmosphere remained at neutral.

ENSO indicators in the tropical Pacific remained at neutral levels for the month of November and SSTs remained warmer than average but below El-Niño level.

The sub-surface temperatures across most of the equatorial Pacific Ocean continued to be above average.
Atmospheric indicators of ENSO, such as the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), trade winds and tropical cloud patterns, all remained at neutral levels.

The trade winds and cloudiness near the Date Line have remained near average over most of the tropical Pacific.

Fiji’s weather in December was influenced by the moist southeast wind flow, series of troughs SUGAR RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF FIJI | ANNUAL REPORT 2012 15 METEOROLOGY of low pressure and severe Tropical Cyclone (TC) Evan.
The cyclone brought torrential rain and caused flooding in Penang Mill and Rarawai Mill.

Relative Humidity Relative humidity calculated at 0900hrs was generally average to above average in Lautoka Mill for all the months.

Sunshine There is no sunshine recorder at the new site in Drasa after theft of the old instrument.
Earth Thermometers The earth temperature at a depth of 5cm was slightly higher than the long-time average for the months of January, March, July, August, November and December whereas at a depth of 10cm was above average for all the months except February.

For the 20cm temperatures, January and March till December all have above average values.

Soil Moisture Soil moisture could not be determined due to damage and theft of raised and sunken pan.
Air Temperatures The daytime air temperatures are very close to and above average or normal to above normal for Lautoka Mill during January to December 2012.

The highest maximum temperature recorded was 33.8°C for the month of January and the lowest minimum temperature was recorded as 15.5°C for the month of May.
Meteorological Station – Drasa Lautoka 16 SUGAR RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF FIJI | ANNUAL REPORT 2012 METEOROLOGY Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total 17 18 20 825 710 275 17 22 Table 8: Rainfall (mm) for all mills 2012 Mills Lautoka Mill 854 579 894 406 Monthly Rainfall 15 No.

of rain days 42 yrs.

Avg (1971-2012) 383 313 322 195 % of Average 223 185 278 208 Rarawai Mill *4 Monthly Rainfall No.

of rain days 4 42 yrs.


Avg (1971-2012) 394 356 370 199 2 % of Average Penang Mill Monthly Rainfall No.

of rain days 42 yrs Avg (1971-2012) % of Average Labasa Mill Monthly Rainfall No.
of rain days 42 yrs Avg (1971-2012) % of Average Table 9: Rainfall Data (mm) for Lautoka Mill 2012 Sectors Drasa No.
of rain days Saweni No.

of rain days Natova No.

of rain days Legalega No.

of rain days Meigunyah No.

of rain days Malolo No.

of rain days Nawaicoba No.

of rain days Yako No.

of rain days Lomawai No.

of rain days Cuvu No.

of rain days Olosara No.
of rain days 9 9 12 18 131 8 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total SUGAR RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF FIJI | ANNUAL REPORT 2012 17 METEOROLOGY 16 13 16 275 15 Jan 1418 1278 21 729 13 Table 10: Rainfall Data (mm) for Rarawai Mill 2012 Sectors Varoko No.
of rain days Mota No.

of rain days Koronubu No.

of rain days Rarawai No.

of rain days Veisaru No.

of rain days Varavu No.

of rain days Naloto No.

of rain days Tagitagi No.

of rain days Drumasi No.

of rain days Yaladro No.
of rain days Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug * *Raingauge replacement – mid April.
Table 11: Rainfall Data (mm) for Penang Mill 2012 Sectors Ellington 1 No.

of rain days Malau No.

of rain days Nanuku No.

of rain days Ellington 11 No.
of rain days Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug 14 271 2 16 75 477 10 22 54 665 2 18 40 537 5 21 202 379 15 235 576 17 594 306 11 535 263 19 Jan Sep Oct Nov Dec Total Sep Oct Nov Dec Total Table 12: Rainfall Data (mm) for Labasa Mill 2012 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Sectors 38 447 822 Waiqele 17 20 No.
of rain days 6 56 377 494 Wailevu 6 19 15 No.

of rain days 45 445 798 Vunimoli 17 23 No.

of rain days 7 37 411 567 Korowiri (Labasa) 9 19 24 No.

of rain days 61 453 727 Nagigi (Bucaisau) 18 16 No.

of rain days 5 72 433 745 Wainikoro 7 17 19 No.

of rain days 179 446 989 Daku 21 24 No.

of rain days 8 33 511 458 Natua (Seaqaqa) 9 21 27 No.
of rain days Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total Table continued on next page -> SUGAR RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF FIJI | ANNUAL REPORT 2012 METEOROLOGY Table 12 cont’d Sectors Rokosalase (Solove) No.
of rain days Naravuka (Bulivou) No.

of rain days Kuru kuru (Daku) No.

of rain days Vunivutu No.

of rain days Papalagi No.

of rain days Seaqaqa Sub.

St. No.
of rain days Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total Table 13: Meteorological data for Sugar Research Institute of Fiji, Lautoka 2012 Measurements Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Avg.
Relative Humidity 43 yrs Avg (1970-2012) 78 75 80 77 75 77 82 75 76 74 75 70 72 69 69 68 69 69 72 66 72 70 73 74.3 72 72.0 Air Temperature (°C) Mean Maximum 31 31 32 30 29 29 29 30 30 31 31 32 30.4 Mean Max 43 yrs avg (1970-2012) 32 32 31 31 30 28 28 28 29 31 31 31 30.2 Mean Minimum 23 23 23 22 21 20 21 20 21 22 22 23 21.8 Mean Min 43 yrs avg (1970-2012) Mean Highest Maximum Lowest Minimum 5cm 10cm 20cm 100cm 43 yrs Avg (1970-2012): 5cm 43 yrs Avg (1970-2012): 10cm 43 yrs Avg (1970-2012): 20cm Earth Temperature (°C) - Note: Earth temperature readings was provided by Fiji Meteorological Station thus June and October earth temperatures was not in their records.
SUGAR RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF FIJI | ANNUAL REPORT 2012 19 CROP PROTECTION CROP PROTECTION 20 SUGAR RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF FIJI | ANNUAL REPORT 2012 CROP PROTECTION Fiji Leaf Gall Disease (FLGD) Fiji disease is caused by a virus and the disease is spread by leaf hoppers from infected plant to non-infected plant.

Duruka (Saccharum edule) is the alternate host of this disease and Mana is the most popular commercial variety, which is affected by this disease.
Screening new varieties for Fiji disease resistance continued this year.

A total of 60 varieties from the LF2009 series were tested for resistance to Fiji disease.

The screening was conducted during the February to November period.

The screened ratings obtained for the standards were similar to the established ratings.

The screened ratings were supported by statistical analysis that showed that the ratings and days are highly significant (P<0.000).
There were negative linear relationships between standards and days (R²=0.9149).

Some of the varieties released for commercial cultivation over the years show differences in the field reaction to the Fiji disease.

Example: the variety Mana is highly resistance to Fiji disease and had a rating of 1.

Under field conditions this variety shows intermediate resistance for Fiji disease.

The commercial varieties that have been given resistant ratings should be screened again.
They may be tolerant to the disease but act as a carrier of the virus.
Table 1: Number of clones screened for Fiji leaf gall disease Series screened LF 2009 Clone Resistance (Ratings) Moderate (4-6) 12 Resistance (1-3) 45 Susceptible (7-9) 3 Fiji leaf gall resistance ratings s e n o l c f o r e b m u N 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Rating Breeding of plant hoppers (Perkinsiella vitiensis) on Fiji 10 (Erianthus maximus) SUGAR RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF FIJI | ANNUAL REPORT 2012 21 CROP PROTECTION Job’s tear as host of FDV A preliminary experiment was conducted on Mana, Kaba and Job’s tear (Coix lachryma jobi) plants in 3 replications to study whether leaf hoppers can complete their life cycle.
After conducting this experiment it was found that the hoppers (Perkinsiella vitiensis) were not able to complete their life cycle on Job’s tear plant successfully, possibly due to its strong unpleasant smell, compared to Mana and Kaba plants.

The second instar nymphs from the infected Fiji 10 were collected and placed on healthy uninfected Job’s tear, Mana and Kaba plants.

This was done to flush out the virus from their system to their salivary gland and infect the healthy plants.
Inspections carried out over 100 days showed that the Job’s tear leaf were forming wrinkles and pseudo galls from under the leaf surface but no Fiji Leaf Gall was observed on the studied plants.

Disease Control Fiji disease has showed a low incidence for 2012 season.

The disease control inspectors had covered 7,491.12 ha of total crops for 2012 season.

The inspectors found and destroyed 534 stools of Fiji disease which was lower, compared to last year.
The Fiji disease stools were found mainly on Mana ratoon and mostly in Nawaicoba sector of Nadi.

224 stools were found in this sector alone.

Labasa and Rarawai mill area did not record any incidence of Fiji disease.

Labasa had the highest number of farms inspected, an area of 3,775.91 ha checked by the two rouging teams.

FSC seed cane nursery was inspected in the different mills and 91 stools of FLD were found on farm 1204 in Ellington II of Penang mill region.
The area of this field was 1.6 ha planted with Mana variety.

A total of 49.5 ha of seed cane nurseries were inspected.

Table 2: Summary of rouging inspections in 2012 Mill District Lautoka Nadi Labasa Sigatoka Rarawai/Tavua Penang Total No.

of farms Inspected 422 705 859 400 267 111 2,764 Area Rouged (Ha) Ratoon 725.35 1547.75 3247.90 659.50 306.29 92.35 6579.14 Plant 75.57 126.49 528.01 66.70 82.42 32.79 911.98 No.
of FLGD stools Rouged 67 224 0 152 0 91 534 Cane Weevil Borer Cane weevil borer is a destructive sugarcane pest, which causes damage to the sugarcane stalks.

This insect belongs to the phylum – Arthropoda which is classified as Insecta and was introduced in Fiji through Australia and Hawaii from PNG during seed exchange.

A two year project is being carried out on Integrated Pest Management of the Sugarcane Weevil Borer (Rhabdoscelus obscurus) in Fiji with guidance from BSES in Australia.
Split cane traps and Pheromone traps were used to monitor trends in sugarcane weevil borer’s population on commercial fields of Viti Levu mill areas from October, 2010 to August, 2012.

The population of female borer collected was higher than the male borer by using both the pheromone and split cane trap.
By placing the split cane traps continuously for 14 months in 18 farms, there was increase in average yield per farm by 5.18 tons/ha whereas in pheromone traps that were placed in 4 farms, average yield increased was 12.27 tons/ha.

The increase in cane yield could also be 22 SUGAR RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF FIJI | ANNUAL REPORT 2012 CROP PROTECTION due to other factors such as rainfall and management practices.
An average of 3550 and 3879 borers per farm were collected from October 2010 to September 2012, by placing split cane and pheromone traps respectively.

By placing the CWB pheromone traps in a particular farm over a period of time, it will be possible to monitor whether there is decrease or increase in the borer population.

In addition it will be possible to monitor whether the number of male and female is decreasing or increasing in population.
Pheromone mass trapping of adult borers is an effective method of monitoring and may also impact on their population densities.

The most effective trap for capturing adult borers was pheromone trap.

Further trials will be conducted to confirm this.

Split cane traps are placed near the sugarcane roots to trap adult borer.

Pheromone traps placed on headland of sugarcane farm to trap adult female borer.
Nematology The two nematodes management trials were laid in Drasa on field 17 & 11, in ratoon and plant crop respectively.

The treatments applied in ratoon cane are cowpeas and distillery effluent at different rates where as in plant cane only distillery effluent was used at different rate.

The results showed that the population of plant parasitic nematodes fluctuated from time to time in both the trials.

In both the trials, species of Spiral and Reniform nematodes were observed in all the plots.
Cane yield for the 20 plots in plant trial was 72.2 ton/ha and for 16 plots of the ratoon trial was 64.7 ton/ha.

None of the treatments had significant impact on plant parasitic nematodes.

It was also observed that the population of free leaving nematodes (FLN) was higher than the plant parasitic nematodes (PPN).
Borer causes damage to the sweetest part of sugarcane SUGAR RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF FIJI | ANNUAL REPORT 2012 23 CROP PRODUCTION CROP PRODUCTION 24 SUGAR RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF FIJI | ANNUAL REPORT 2012 CROP PRODUCTION Seed Cane Nursery Program Heat treatment of seed cane before planting is used to eliminate bacterial disease such as RSD prior to the establishment of seed cane nurseries.

Hot-water treatment (50° C for 2-3 hours) is the method most commonly used to control ratoon stunting disease (RSD).
Heat treatment for seed cane production continued in the 2012 season.

The uptake of seed cane from the estates in 2012 has improved gradually as the Extension division has become active and farmers realizing the benefits of planting seed cane from approved plots.
Table 1: Uptake trend of seed cane from Approved seed plots Year seed cane taken (tons) seed cane available (tons) 4368 3776.2 2268 2010 2011 2012 176.45 237.46 177.31 % uptake to date 4.0 6.3 7.8 The amount of seed cane that was available for planting in 2012 was 2858 tons that if all was taken via Extension, would have covered an estimated area of 476 hectares.
The floods of 2012 hampered the plan of seed cane planting during the year and by the late planting season only 250 tons of good seed cane was available.

Tropical cyclone Evan occurred on the 16- 17th December 2012 and caused minimum damage to the young ratoons and new plant.

An inspection for pest and disease of the seed beds was done and found only minor leaf diseases present.

Sampling for ratoon stunting disease (Leifsonia xyli subsp.
xyli) was conducted with all the varieties in the mother plot showing negative readings.

This shows the positive effects of heat treatment as a curative of RSD.

HWT seed cane sold from the estates totaled 177.31 tons which was taken by farmers through the FSC Extension division.

Of the total of 2286 tons available, 7.8% was taken up.
Heat treated Naidiri seed cane variety at Drasa Station SUGAR RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF FIJI | ANNUAL REPORT 2012 25 CROP PRODUCTION Seed cane in farmers’ seed plot Agronomy Effect of potassium fertilizer on cane yield in plant cane A trial established at Drasa estate was evaluated for responses to the different potassium treatments in terms of %pocs, cane and sucrose yields.

The initial soil analysis results for the trials were pH 4.8, P 12 mg/kg, and K 83 mg/kg.
The trial had no significant responses in the plant crop in terms of %pocs, cane and sucrose yield.

The trial will be further evaluated for ratoon response to %pocs, cane and sucrose yields.

The effects of time of harvest on sugarcane yield in Fiji.

A trial established at Drasa estate with three commercial varieties; Kiuva, Naidiri and Mana, was evaluated for responses to harvesting time in terms of %pocs, cane and sucrose yields.
The data obtained from plant crop indicated that there was no significant difference between the variety and season in terms of %pocs, cane and sucrose yields in the next crop.

GIS The plot level mapping was completed for Lovu sector and verification and rectification of data with field exercise were completed in late May.

The merge between plot level and cadastral boundary was in line with a few overlaps.
Some of the inaccuracies of conflicts between polygons were assumed to be of projection error as different projection may have been used to create the cadastral boundaries.

Plot level mapping allowed information to be obtained in a more defined manner as it shows the plot level information of a grower.
The digital map of plots is in the SRIF GIS system and the result of survey is summarized as below and is shown at plot level: 26 SUGAR RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF FIJI | ANNUAL REPORT 2012 CROP PRODUCTION Drasa Sector: • 702 GROWERS • 2674 PLOTS • 2350 - MANA • 15 - KIUVA • 12 - KABA • 12 - LF91-1925 • 23 - NAIDIRI • 19 - RAGNAR 36 - SHORT FALLOW • 192 - LONG FALLOW • • 161 - NEW PLANT • 118 - RATOON > 20 YEARS Lovu Sector: • 392 GROWERS • 1431 PLOTS • 1105 - MANA • 8 - KIUVA • 33 - KABA • 5 - LF91-1925 • 41 - NAIDIRI • 27 - RAGNAR • 109 - LONG FALLOW • • • 26 - SHORT FALLOW 74 - NEW PLANT 48 - RATOON > 20 YEARS Drasa sector was also clipped with the soil layer which was earlier used for Nematology study.
This clip and isolation with the plot level could be used to identify production level with the soil.

Through the industry project many data were verified as to the spatial link to it.

The dominance of Mana was prevalent on a plot level and also the distribution on a geographical level was also identified as recommended to planting on land based on topography.

The acceptance of Kiuva by growers still has to be worked on as the number of plots having Kiuva was very less.
Distribution of varieties according to the recommended planting on different topography can be established when the class and slope of land will be updated later in the system.

Overall Drasa and Lovu sector had a decline in the number of active growers with a number of growers despite holding cane planting lease are having their land idle.
The option of rail or lorry transport can also be looked into as to when the system is verified as when overlaying with the concentration of growers in a particular cane gang it can be decided whether lorry or rail option is feasible.

Also updating and isolating new sectors will continue in 2013 to give in the best indication of cane distribution over the cane belt.
Lovu and Drasa Sector with soil series overlay of Drasa cane plots SUGAR RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF FIJI | ANNUAL REPORT 2012 27 CROP PRODUCTION Drasa Estate Drasa Estate has a total area of 122.1 hectares available for cane planting.

In 2012, 57.2 ha were under commercial cane, 2.2 ha were under research trials, 23.9 ha was under old other variety and 38.8 ha was short fallow.
The total cane production at Drasa Estate in 2012 season was 4155 tons from an area of 83.3 hectares that gave a yield of 50 tons per hectare.

There was a decrease in cane production from 82tch in 2011 to 50tch in 2012.

In addition there was an increase of 6% in burnt cane (1248 tons or 30% of 4155t in 2012) as compared to previous year (1918 tons or 22% of 8770t in 2011).

The table below summarizes the cane production in 2012.
Table 2: Drasa Estate Cane Production 2012 Crop Commercial tons ha 171 2.2 12.2 426 23.2 1183 931 19.6 57.2 2711 tch 78 35 51 48 47 Research tons 133 31 15 11 190 ha 1.4 0.3 0.3 0.2 2.2 tch 95 103 50 55 86 Old Other Variety tch tons 55 148 66 482 53 315 39 309 52 1254 ha 2.7 7.3 5.9 8.0 23.9 Total tons 452 939 1513 1251 4155 ha 6.3 19.8 29.4 27.8 83.3 tch 72 47 51 45 49.9 Plant 1R 2R OR Total During the year a total of 4083mm of rainfall was received and this was 907mm more compared to 2011 season (3176mm).
The first half of the year received above average rainfall and this caused drawback to the planting season.

Wide spread flooding was experienced in January (24-25th) and March (29-30th) due to heavy rains.

This resulted in heavy deposit of silt and debris in and around the estate fields.

The floods caused extensive damages to the cane crop, fields, roads, and drains.

The flooding was the worst ever experienced according to residents nearby.
The fields were completely under water and it took more than a week for the water to recede.

Due to water logged conditions after the flood, the growth of cane in most affected fields were stunted with thin stalks.

The cane production per hectare decreased by 32 tons compared to 2011 season.

It was most likely that some of the chemical fertilizer would have leached during the flooding.

All fertilization was done mechanically except the trials.
A total of 1048 bags of fertilizer was applied that included 48 bags blend B and 1000 bags blend C. In nutritional value the 2012 crop received 218kgN/ha, 17kgP/ha and 161kgK/ha.

The 2012 harvesting season commenced on 22/06/12 and ceased on 04/12/12 whereas estate harvesting commenced on 28/06/12 and ceased on 01/12/12.

Apart from research cane (190t) and commercial cane (2932t) which was harvested manually the remaining cane (1033t) was harvested mechanically.
All cultivation, fertilization and harvesting was given out on contract.

Total cane planted in 2012 was 10 hectares out of this 5.5ha was Naidiri, 0.5ha other variety, 4.0 ha seed cane nursery distribution plots were planted that consisted of 1.4ha Ragnar, 1.3 ha Aiwa and 1.3 ha Beqa.

Approximately 135 tons of cane from the estate was used as seed material, out of this 70 tons was used for estate planting, 33t was sold to FSC for establishment of seed cane nurseries and 32t was sold to farmers.
Table 3: Drasa Estate production for the last five years (2008-2012) Year Tons Area ha 114.8 94.2 108.0 107.6 83.3 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Burnt 2864 3262 1498 1918 1248 % 40 46 25 22 30 Green 4254 3082 4499 6782 2907 % 60 54 75 78 70 Total 7118 6344 5997 8700 4155 Yield tch 62.0 67.0 56.0 82.0 50.0 28 SUGAR RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF FIJI | ANNUAL REPORT 2012 CROP PRODUCTION Nadi Estate Nadi Estate has a total area of 64.9 hectares available for cane planting.
In 2012, 46.6 ha were under commercial cane and 18.3 ha was short fallow.

The total cane production at Nadi Estate in 2012 season was 2233 tons from an area of 46.6 hectares that gave a yield of 48 tons per hectare.

There was a decrease in cane production from 79tch in 2011 to 48tch in 2012.

There was a decrease of 37% in burnt cane (508 tons or 23% of 2233t in 2012) as compared to previous year (1938 tons or 60% of 3208t in 2011).

The table below summarizes the cane production in 2012.
Table 4: Nadi Estate Cane Production 2012 Crop Commercial Plant 1R 2R OR Total ha 13.9 - 9.5 23.2 46.6 tons 915 - 325 993 2233 tch 66 - 27 43 48 During the year a total of 3051mm of rainfall was received and this was 528mm more compared to 2011 season (2523mm).

Wide spread flooding was experienced in January (24- 25th) and March (29-30th) due to heavy rains.

This resulted in heavy deposit of silt and debris in and around the estate fields.
The floods caused extensive damages to the cane crop, fields, roads, and drains.

According to nearby residents, the flooding was the worst ever experienced and the fields were completely under water.

The cane production per hectare decreased by 31 tons compared to 2011 season and part of the decline in production is due to leaching of fertilizers due to the floods and above average rainfall in early part of the season.
All fertilization was done mechanically but the actual amount or number of bags applied was not available as there were no records kept.

The 2012 harvesting commenced on 20/08/12 and ceased on 09/10/12.

Apart from 75 tons which was harvested manually, the remaining cane (2158t) was harvested mechanically.

All cultivation, fertilization and harvesting was given out on contract.

Total cane planted in 2012 was 4.9 hectares out of this 3.9ha was LF91-1925 and 1ha was Beqa.
Approximately 25 tons of cane was used as seed material for estate planting.
Table 5: Nadi Estate production figures for the last five years (2008-2012) Year Tons Area (ha) 59.6 50.7 60.3 40.6 46.6 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Burnt 948 2344 2074 1938 508 % 23 55 61 60 23 Green 3202 1899 1349 1270 1725 % 77 45 39 40 77 Total 4150 4243 3423 3208 2233 Yield (tch) 69.6 83.6 56.7 79.0 47.9 Cane damaged by flood waters (water-logged field) SUGAR RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF FIJI | ANNUAL REPORT 2012 29 CROP PRODUCTION Rararwai Estate Rarawai Estate produced 3551 tonnes of cane in 2012 season from an area of 60.8 hectares with an average yield of 59 tonnes per hectare.
Approximately 200t of seed cane was used for planting at Estate and also sold to growers at mill sectors.

The cane production per hectare decreased by 6 tonnes compared to 2011 season.

The major reasons for low yield was most of the crops in low lying fields were badly damage by floods.
A total of 2761mm of rainfall was received compared to 3094 mm in 2011.The high rainfall in early months of 2012 caused extensive flooding that brought heavy deposits of silt and debris that damaged the crop in most of the fields.

Due to blocked drains there was water logging in the fields that affected the cane growth.

Also there was leaching in some of the fields which were fertilized late and this could also be a cause of low yields.

Fertilization was done both mechanically and manually.
A total of 1399 bags of fertilizer was applied that included 30 bags blend A, 225 bags blend B and 1100 bags blend C. The 2012 harvesting season commenced on 9th July and ended on 15th December.

The contractor harvested 1952t (58%) and the remaining crop including the trial cane was harvested by Estate casuals and outside assistance gangs.

Out of 3351t cane harvested and sent to mill, 2932t was green and 1319t.
Total of 18.8 hectares was planted which comprise of 8.0ha research and 10.8ha seed cane nursery.

Drainage needs to be upgraded in almost all the estate fields to solve problem of waterlogging which to some extent is one of the main reason for declining yield.
Table 6: Rarawai Estate production figures from 2008 -2012 Year 2008 2009 Production 4400 4750 2010 2011 2012 4265 3900 3551 Yield tch 59 62 60 65 59 Inundated field during the January 2012 flooding 30 SUGAR RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF FIJI | ANNUAL REPORT 2012 FACP APPENDICES FACP APPENDICES Appendix 1: Main features of 2012 season compared with 2011 Total registrations (Numbers) Total farm basic allotments (tonnes) Total registered area (hectares) Total area cultivated (hectares) Total area harvested (hectares) Total farm harvest quotas (tonnes) Sugar make actual (tonnes) Tonnes 94 N.T sugar Yield tonnes 94 N.T.sugar per hectare Tonnes cane per tonnes sugar 94 N.T.
%POCS Cane purity average for season Tonnes Cane harvested Tonnes Cane crushed Lautoka Rarawai Labasa Penang All mills Appendix 2: Monthly rainfall(mm) for 2012 compared with long term average Mills Lautoka Jan Feb Mar Apr May 78 894 854 98 322 311 579 321 406 185 Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 236 14 188 51 120 91 35 126 296 74 53 69 Jun 210 66 Total 4806 1844 No.
of years 2012 actual 104 yrs avg.

to 2012 2012 actual 127 yrs avg.

to 2012 2012 actual 124 yrs avg.

to 2012 2012 actual 115 yrs avg.

to 2012 Rarawai Labasa Penang 825 359 710 360 275 362 * *Raingauge replacement – mid April.
SUGAR RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF FIJI | ANNUAL REPORT 2012 31 FACP APPENDICES Appendix 3: Crop production details Lautoka 2011 2012 Rarawai 2011 2012 Labasa Penang 2011 2012 2011 2012 All mills Areas harvested (hectares) Plant First ratoon 2nd ratoon Other ratoons Total Cane Harvested (tonnes) Plant First ratoon 2nd ratoon Other ratoons Total Yield tonnes cane per hectare (tch) 53.1 Plant 47.8 First ratoon 43.8 2nd ratoon 37.1 Other ratoons Avg.
yield/ha 39.5 Varieties crushed (% of total cane harvested) 0.36 Ragnar 0.15 Aiwa Nil Beqa Nil Galoa 4.40 Kaba Nil Mali 93.1 Mana 1.26 Naidiri Nil Vatu 0.27 Waya 0.03 LF91-1925 0.16 Kiuva 0.22 Expt./Others 100 Total 0.37 0.36 0.02 0.04 2.18 Nil 94.5 1.07 Nil Nil 0.54 0.52 0.40 100 0.2 0.2 nil nil 4.0 nil 93.9 1.2 nil 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 100 0.4 0.4 nil 0.1 2.8 nil 93.9 1.0 nil nil nil 35.5 16.2 7.4 0.3 nil 0.9 100 43.9 42.1 36.5 27.4 30.9 23.87 0.22 0.05 4.31 0.21 11.13 nil 33.69 16.77 8.04 0.48 0.11 1.13 100 53.3 50.8 49.9 56.3 55.2 0.2 nil nil nil 0.2 0.2 98.7 0.6 nil nil nil nil 0.1 100 46.4 46.8 39.4 39.3 40.7 0.06 0.01 nil nil 0.23 0.27 98.3 0.86 0.05 0.10 nil nil 0.14 100 56.9 54.9 50.3 46.9 48.9 4.6 0.3 nil 2.5 2.2 3.8 68.8 10.4 4.4 2.1 0.3 0.1 0.5 100 49.5 44.9 40.3 34.7 36.9 6.6 0.2 nil 1.2 2.2 3.0 69.2 9.8 4.5 2.2 0.3 0.2 0.5 100 Appendix 4: Rainfall (mm) at mill centres Mill For 12 months ended 31st December 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 3563 1299 2502 2640 1655 3020 2679 2275 2448 3000 1643 3384 2875 2591 2479 3064 3115 2779 2814 3246 For 12 months ended 30th September 2008 2714 3115 2815 3673 2012 2011 3384 2422 3029 2351 3087 2322 2793 3335 2010 899 1101 1568 1342 2009 2983 2932 2709 3165 Lautoka Rarawai Labasa Penang 32 SUGAR RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF FIJI | ANNUAL REPORT 2012 Appendix 5: Rainfall distribution affecting 2012 crop(mm) Rarawai Month Lautoka Period FACP APPENDICES Labasa Penang July 2011 August 2011 Early Mid Late Early Mid Late September 2011 Early October 2011 Mid Late Early Mid Late November 2011 Early Mid Late December 2011 Early January 2012 Mid Late Early Mid Late February 2012 Early March 2012 April 2012 May 2012 June 2012 Mid Late Early Mid Late Early Mid Late Early Mid Late Early Mid - - - - - - 1.6 0.0 72.2 69.3 9.6 25.2 284.6 217.8 220.4 73.4 44.5 44.4 - - - - - - - - - - 14.7 6.0 37.7 65.6 0.0 76.7 44.7 0.0 0.0 64.9 49.4 0.0 5.4 3.8 41.5 147.3
 102.3 18.4 49.7 201.8 53.9 10.4 66.7 101.8 - - - Early - 1st to 10th of the month Mid - 11th to 20th of the month Late - 21st to end of the month Late 2.0 0.5 7.6 SUGAR RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF FIJI | ANNUAL REPORT 2012 33 FACP APPENDICES Appendix 6: Hectares harvested Mills Average for period of five seasons Lautoka Rarawai Labasa Penang All mills Crop P R Total P R Total P R Total P R Total P R Total 1986/ 1990 4007 19743 23750 3574 14805 18379 2512 17181 19693 1396 5029 6425 11489 56758 68247 1991/ 1995 3634 20580 24214 2899 17360 20259 3120 19604 22724 1386 4958 6344 11039 62502 73541 1996/ 2000 2944 19701 22645 3164 14613 17777 2597 18348 20945 1120 4674 5794 9825 57336 67161 2001/ 2005 1042 19730 20772 1055 17585 18640 1269 15911 17180 542 4568 5110 3908 57794 61702 Appendix 7: Tonnes of cane harvested Mills Average for period of five seasons Last four seasons individually 2009 2010 2011 2012 2006/ 1986/ 1990 1991/ 1995 1048942 1283569 1006366 1017374 1015166 1166055 291206 3403066 3758204 332592 1996/ 2000 1216597 957507 1017061 309205 3500370 Lautoka Rarawai Labasa Penang All mills Last four seasons individually 2009 2011 2010 2012 2001/
 2005 971454 878509 840388 239044 2006/ 2010 763321 738316 695728 213253 481483 508638 413285 143568 2929395 2410619 2246631 1780053 2095435 1546974 652333 663774 570468 208860 527663 522114 554575 175701 726046 659351 679584 181650 Appendix 8: Tonnes of cane per hectare harvested Mills Average for period of five seasons Last four seasons individually Lautoka Rarawai Labasa Penang All Mills Crop P R Total P R Total P R Total P R Total P R Total 1986/ 1990 65.4 54.2 55.5 64.3 52.0 54.2 58.9 51.5 51.5 63.1 48.6 51.1 62.6 55.8 53.3 1991/ 1995 64.7 51.2 52.4 61.2 48.1 50.1 59.3 50.4 51.3 57.2 43.1 46.0 61.2 48.1 50.2 1996/ 2000 64.2 51.4 53.7 62.1 52.9 53.9 56.5 47.4 48.6 62.6 51.2 53.3 61.8 50.0 52.1 2001/ 2005 63.9 45.9 46.8 59.6 46.4 47.1 59.7 47.6 48.9 54.2 46.4 46.8 58.3 46.0 47.5 2006/ SUGAR RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF FIJI | ANNUAL REPORT 2012 FACP APPENDICES Appendix 9: Hectares harvested in relation to registered area and cultivated area (ha) % of area harvested Mills Lautoka Rarawai Labasa Penang Total Registered 22272 21569 18385 7824 70049 Area (ha) Cultivated 14570 19829 15438 4054 53891 Harvested 12204 12871 13358 3525 41958 Registered 54.8 59.7 72.7 45.1 59.9 Cultivated 83.8 64.9 86.5 87.0 77.9 Appendix 10: Plant cane harvested as percentage of total cane harvested Mills Average for period of five seasons Last four seasons individually 2010 2009 2011 2012 1986/ 1990 17 19 13 22 17 1991/ 1995 15 14 14 23 16 1996/ 2000 13 18 12 19 15 2001/ 2005 5 6 7 11 7 2006/ 2010 5.5 8.2 8.2 8.2 7.4 Lautoka Rarawai Labasa Penang All mills 6 7 7 6 7 7.5 10.1 9.9 6.9 8.9 14 12.9 16.9
 13.3 14.4 3.1 6.9 5.9 5.1 5.3 Appendix 11: Plant, ratoon yields and percentage of total area harvested - 2012 Crop Mills Other ratoons First ratoon Plant tch Area ha 279 665 559 158 1661 53.9 53.1 43.9 46.4 49.5 % of Area 2.3 5.2 4.2 4.5 4.0 tch Area ha 1220 1339 1896 533 4988 45.3 47.8 42.1 46.8 44.9 % of Area 10.0 10.4 14.2 15.1 11.9 tch 38.4 37.7 28.3 39.3 35.1 Area ha 10704 10866 10904 2834 35308 % of Area 87.7 84.4 81.6 80.4 84.2 39.5 39.5 30.9 40.7 36.9 Area ha 12204 12871 13356 3525 41959 All cane tch Lautoka Rarawai Labasa Penang All Mills Appendix 12: Seasonal %POCS in cane Mills Rough average for period of five seasons 1996/ 1986/ 2000 1990 11.4 12.0 11.4 12.1 11.1 12.4 11.1 12.2 11.2 12.3 1991/ 1995 12.5 12.9 12.1 12.6 12.5 2001/ 2005 11.5 11.9 11.5 11.9 11.7 2006/ 2010 10.8 10.9 10.7 11.1 11.0 Last four seasons individually 2009 2011 2010 2012 10.2 NA 10.8 NA 10.9 9.6 10.0 10.6 10.9 9.6 9.8 10.0 9.6 9.8 10.66 10.65 11.64 11.53 11.12 Lautoka Rarawai Labasa Penang All Mill Avg.
Aftermath of the 2012 flood SUGAR RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF FIJI | ANNUAL REPORT 2012 35 FACP APPENDICES Appendix 13: Weekly POCS in cane 2012 season Lautoka Week no.
Season Average Week ending 2-Jul-12 9-Jul-12 16-Jul-12 23-Jul-12 30-Jul-12 6-Aug-12 13-Aug-12 20-Aug-12 27-Aug-12 3-Sep-12 10-Sep-12 17-Sep-12 24-Sep-12 1-Oct-12 8-Oct-12 15-Oct-12 22-Oct-12 29-Oct-12 5-Nov-12 12-Nov-12 19-Nov-12 26-Nov-12 3-Dec-12 Rarawai 9.94 10.29 10.52 10.75 11.15 11.46 11.61 11.44 11.63 11.48 11.45 11.06 10.74 10.96 10.89 10.66 10.57 10.54 10.03 9.79 7.89 8.69 9.16 10.65 Labasa 12.71 11.45 12.1 11.68 11.51 11.52 11.94 11.8 11.53 11.27 11.68 11.73 11.75 11.43 11.29 11.55 10.51 Penang 9.75 10.71 10.95 11.19 11.98 11.25 12.26 11.60 11.59 11.93 11.83 11.76 11.80 11.76 11.8 11.76 11.83 11.41 11.02 11.64 11.52 Appendix 14: Sugar produced (tonnes 94 N.T.
equivalent) Mills Lautoka Rarawai Labasa Penang All mills 2006 2005 97315 96875 84258 106781 83970 90347 30937 24733 296653 318563 2007 75656 78786 68255 21858 244555 Tonnes sugar 94 N.T equivalent Appendix 15: Sugar tonnes 94 N.T equivalent per hectare (tsh) Mills Lautoka Rarawai Labasa Penang Average Average for period of five seasons Last four seasons individually 1986/ 1990 6.55 6.36 6.20 5.70 6.28 1991/ 1995 6.15 6.29 6.00 5.47 6.05 1996/ 2000 5.61 5.61 4.95 5.42 5.39 2001/ 2005 4.92 5.38 4.97 4.65 5.06 2006/ SUGAR RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF FIJI | ANNUAL REPORT 2012 FACP APPENDICES Appendix 16: Length of season (weeks) - Start and finish of crushing (date) Mills Last four seasons individually Average length of season (5 yearly) 1996/ 2000 29.7 1991/ 1995 28.0 2001/ 2005 27.6 1986/ 1990 28.8 2006/ 2010 27.0 Lautoka Rarawai 26.2 25.3 26.5 24.2 28.0 Labasa 26.6 29.4 30.7 24.1 25.9 Penang 25.5 21.5 26.2 20.4 22.5 All mills 26.8 26.1 28.2 24.1 25.9 2009 2010 2011 2012 31.4 22 Jun to 25 Jan 2010 31.5 03 Jul to 03 Feb 2010 25.6 09 Jun to 18 Dec 2009 22.4 19 May to 22 Oct 2009 28.3 23.3 24 Jun to 04 Dec 2010 28.0 28 Jun to 11 Jan 2011 28.1 22 Jun to 29 Dec 2010 24.6 06 Jun to 20 Nov 2010 23.3 24.2 26 Jun to 04 Dec 2012 22.8 10 Jul to 17 Dec 2012 16.1 26 Jun to 16 Oct 2012 16.3 26 Jun to 18 Oct 2012 19.9 26.6 21 Jun to 24 Dec 2011 22.7 14 Jul to 20 Dec 2011 24.6 28 Jun to 28 Nov 2011 Appendix 17: Varieties Percent of hectares harvested Varieties Rarawai Lautoka Labasa Penang All Mills Ragnar Waya Mali Galoa Aiwa Kiuva Mana LF91-1925 Kaba Vatu Beqa Naidiri Exp.
Other var.
2011 0.40 nil nil 0.10 0.40 0.40 93.90 0.50 2.80 nil nil 1.00 nil 0.50 Area (ha) 2012 0.37 nil nil 0.04 0.36 0.52 94.50 0.54 2.18 nil 0.02 1.07 nil 0.40 2011 0.20 0.10 nil nil 0.20 0.10 93.90 0.10 4.00 nil nil 1.20 nil 0.20 2012 0.36 0.27 nil nil 0.15 0.16 93.14 0.03 4.40 nil nil 1.26 nil 0.22 2011 16.20 7.40 13.70 9.20 0.40 nil nil 0.30 0.30 16.20 0.10 35.5 nil 0.90 2012 23.87 8.04 11.13 4.31 0.22 0.11 nil 0.48 0.21 16.77 0.05 33.69 nil 1.13 2011 0.20 0.20 nil nil nil nil 98.80 nil 0.20 nil nil 0.60 0.10 nil 2012 0.06 0.10 0.27 nil nil 9.80 nil 0.50 Appendix 18: Area planted in hectares as % of registered and cultivated areas Mills Lautoka Rarawai Labasa Penang Total Hectares planted Hectares planted as % of registered area Hectares planted as % of cultivated area SUGAR RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF FIJI | ANNUAL REPORT 2012 37 FACP APPENDICES Appendix 19: Percentage of total area planted by different varieties over three years Rarawai Penang Lautoka Labasa % Area ha % Area ha % Area ha % Area ha % Area ha 6470 1623 16.60 792 3.40 All mills 1698 2357 0.30 0.10 0.40 Year Varieties 2010 Ragnar 2011 2012 2010 Waya 2011 2012 2010 Mana 2011 2012 2010 Galoa 2011 2012 2010 Vatu 2011 2012 2010 Mali 2011 2012 2010 Aiwa 2011 2012 2010 Beqa 2011 2012 2010 Kaba 2011 2012 2010 Naidiri 2011 2012 2010 Kiuva 2011 2012 0.50 1.20 - 85.30 79.00 76.00 0.06 0.10 0.20 - - 5.00 9.10 4.00 4.80 904 9.40 1845 39.10 344 8.30 1698 83.20 1623 - 61.80 792 60.20 297 86.30 625 79.20 746 904 1.60 772 98.70 208 54.20 51.00 344 36.80 1698 625 1698 297 - - 5.40 7.70 6.50 7.70 8.90 18.50 0.05
 1623 11.80 13.30 10.70 1698 0.10 1623 0.30 0.20 - - 0.20 0.30 0.30 0.20 - - 0.20 - 297 625 1698 625 1698 4.10 1623 0.20 297 6.90 625 10.50 746 904 0.30 0.40 1698 1.20 1623 27.00 297 625 1698 1.70 1.40 - 1.50 746 42.40 - 746 904 32.70 1845 7.30 344 18.00 0.30 0.50 1.60 3.40 2357 772 1845 2357 772 344 0.10 792 1.90 3.30 344 3.90 792 17.90 17.20 - - 0.40 0.70 0.50 1.50 2010 LF91-1925 0.27 1698 0.02 1623 1.30 2357 2011 2012 0.90 746 2010 Experiment Other Varieties 2011 2012 0.23 3.70 10.80 1698 0.20 1623 0.50 297 625 1.00 8.10 746 904 1.80 4.10 0.10 1.00 2357 772 1845 792 0.70 208 1.70 5.80 38 SUGAR RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF FIJI | ANNUAL REPORT FACP APPENDICES Appendix 20: Cane transport in Fiji (tonnes of cane harvested and actual method of delivery) Total Mills Year Delivered portable line Tonnes % of Total nil 840 1191 3681 3010 3026 11145 nil 87772 63657 52509 59013 47436 29070 33077 17677 nil 0.2 5.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 6.0 nil 3.0 2.0 2.0 3.0 2.0 1.6 1.6 1.1 Winch trailer or lorry to mainline Tonnes % of Total 26.5
16.0 2298115 26.0 1670704 26.0 1604141 26.5 1279293 33.2 1366717 24.3 1152842 Lorry direct to mill carrier Tonnes % of Total Tonnes % of Total Lautoka Rarawai Labasa Penang All mills SUGAR RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF FIJI | ANNUAL REPORT 2012 39 FACP APPENDICES Appendix 21: Percentage burnt cane of total tonnes crushed Year Lautoka Rarawai Labasa Penang Average % Total % Total % Total % Total % Total 13.2
17.9
25.0 1,780,053 2011 28.5 652333 28.2 663774 17.9 570468 26.6 208860 25.3 2,095,435 2012 43.8 481483 44.7 508638 18.7 413285 28.3 143568 35.9 1,546,974 40 SUGAR RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF FIJI | ANNUAL REPORT 2012 APPROVED VARIETIES The list of sugarcane varieties approved for planting during 2011 has been revised to include maturity trend.
Varieties that are no longer planted have been removed from the approved varieties list.

The varieties are recommended to growers on their soil type.

The growers have a choice of at least three varieties to plant on their farms as laid down in the Master Award.
APPROVED VARIETIES Mill/Sectors Soil types Lautoka/Olosara Lautoka/Cuvu Lautoka/Lomawai Lautoka/Yako Rich alluvial soils Medium soils Poor soils Flat Fertile soils Medium soils Poor soils Sandy soils Flat Fertile soils Medium soils Poor soils Sandy soils Flat Fertile soils Medium soils Poor soils Sandy soils Lautoka/Nawaicoba Flat Fertile soils Lautoka/Malolo Lautoka/Qeleloa Medium soils Poor soils Sandy soils Flat Fertile soil Medium soils Poor soils Rich alluvial soils Medium soils Poor soils Lautoka/Meigunyah Flat Fertile soils Lautoka/Legalega Lautoka/Natova Lautoka/Lautoka Medium soils Poor soils Flat Fertile soils Medium soils Poor soils Flat Fertile soils Medium soils Poor soils Sandy soils Flat Fertile soils Medium soils Poor soils Varieties recommended on maturity trends Mid – late maturing Ragnar, Kaba, Kiuva Ragnar, Kaba, Kiuva Kaba, Mana Ragnar, Kaba, Kiuva Ragnar, Kaba, Kiuva Kaba, Mana Kaba, Mana Ragnar, Kaba, Kiuva Ragnar, Kaba, Kiuva Kaba, Mana Kaba, Mana, Galoa Ragnar, Kaba, Kiuva Ragnar, Kaba, Kiuva Kaba, Mana Kaba, Mana, Galoa Ragnar, Kaba, Kiuva Ragnar, Kaba, Vatu, Kiuva Kaba, Mana Kaba, Mana, Galoa Ragnar, Kaba, Kiuva Ragnar, Kaba, Vatu, Kiuva Kaba, Mana Ragnar, Kaba, Kiuva Ragnar, Kaba, Vatu, Kiuva Kaba, Mana Ragnar, Kaba, Kiuva Ragnar, Kaba, Vatu, Kiuva Kaba, Mana Ragnar, Kaba, Kiuva Ragnar, Kaba, Vatu, Kiuva Kaba, Mana Ragnar, Kaba, Kiuva Ragnar, Kaba, Vatu, Kiuva Kaba, Mana Kaba, Mana, Galoa Ragnar, Kaba, Kiuva Ragnar, Kaba, Vatu, Kiuva Kaba, Mana Early – mid maturing Aiwa, Beqa,Naidiri, LF91-1925 Aiwa, Beqa,Naidiri, LF91-1925 LF91-1925 Aiwa, Beqa,Naidiri, LF91-1925 Aiwa, Beqa,Naidiri, LF91-1925 LF91-1925 LF91-1925 Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 LF91-1925 LF91-1925 Aiwa, Beqa,Naidiri, LF91-1925 Aiwa, Beqa,Naidiri, LF91-1925 LF91-1925 LF91-1925 Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 LF91-1925 LF91-1925 Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 LF91-1925 Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925
 LF91-1925 Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 LF91-1925 Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 LF91-1925 LF91-1925 Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 LF91-1925 SUGAR RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF FIJI | ANNUAL REPORT 2012 41 APPROVED VARIETIES Mill/Sectors Soil types Varieties recommended on maturity trends Lautoka/Saweni Lautoka/Lovu Lautoka/Drasa Rarawai/Varoko Rarawai/Mota Rarawai/Naloto Rarawai/Koronubu Rarawai/Veisaru Rarawai/Rarawai Rarawai/Varavu Rarawai/Tagitagi Rarawai/Yaladro Rarawai/Drumasi Flat Fertile soils Medium soils Poor soils Sandy soils Flat Fertile soils Medium soils Poor soils Flat Fertile soils Medium soils Poor soils Sandy soils Flat Fertile soils Medium soils Poor soils Flat Fertile soils Medium soils Poor soils Flat Fertile soils Medium soils Poor soils Flat Fertile soils Medium soils Poor soils Flat Fertile soils Medium soils Poor soils Flat Fertile soils Medium soils Poor soils Flat Fertile soils Medium soils Poor soils Flat Fertile soils Medium soils Poor soils Saline areas Flat Fertile soils Medium soils Poor soils Flat Fertile soils Medium soils Poor soils Saline areas Early – mid maturing Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 LF91-1925 LF91-1925 Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 LF91-1925 Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 LF91-1925 LF91-1925 Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 LF91-1925 Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 LF91-1925 Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 LF91-1925 Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 LF91-1925 Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 LF91-1925 Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 LF91-1925 Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri,
 LF91-1925 LF91-1925 Naidiri, LF91-1925 Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 LF91-1925 Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 LF91-1925 Naidiri, LF91-1925 Mid – late maturing Ragnar, Kaba, Kiuva Ragnar, Kaba, Vatu, Kiuva Kaba, Mana Kaba, Mana, Galoa Ragnar, Kaba, Kiuva Ragnar, Kaba, Vatu, Kiuva Kaba, Mana Ragnar, Kaba, Kiuva Ragnar, Kaba, Vatu, Kiuva Kaba, Mana Kaba, Mana, Galoa Ragnar, Kaba, Kiuva Ragnar, Kaba, Vatu, Kiuva Kaba, Mana Ragnar, Kaba, Kiuva Ragnar, Kaba, Vatu, Kiuva Kaba, Mana Ragnar, Kaba, Kiuva Ragnar, Kaba, Vatu, Kiuva Kaba, Mana Ragnar, Kaba, Kiuva Ragnar, Kaba, Vatu, Kiuva Kaba, Mana Ragnar, Kaba, Kiuva Ragnar, Kaba, Vatu, Kiuva Kaba, Mana Ragnar, Kaba, Kiuva Ragnar, Kaba, Vatu, Kiuva Kaba, Mana Ragnar, Kaba, Kiuva Ragnar, Kaba, Vatu, Kiuva Kaba, Mana Ragnar, Kaba, Kiuva Mana, Kaba, Vatu Kaba, Mana Kaba, Mana, Galoa Ragnar, Kaba, Kiuva Ragnar, Kaba, Vatu, Kiuva Kaba, Mana Ragnar, Kaba, Kiuva Mana, Kaba, Vatu Kaba, Mana Kaba, Mana, Galoa 42 SUGAR RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF FIJI | ANNUAL REPORT 2012 Mill/Sectors Soil types Labasa/Waiqele Labasa/Wailevu Labasa/Vunimoli Labasa/Labasa Labasa/Bucaisau Labasa/Wainikoro Labasa/Daku Labasa/Natua Labasa/Solove Labasa/Bulivou Penang/Nanuku Penang/Malau Penang/Ellington Flat Fertile soils Medium soils Poor soils Flat Fertile soils Medium soils Poor soils Saline soils Flat Fertile soils Medium soils Poor soils Flat Fertile soils Medium soils Poor soils Saline soils Flat Fertile soils Medium soils Poor soils Saline soils Flat Fertile soils Medium soils Poor soils Saline soils Flat Fertile soils Medium soils Poor soils Poor soils Poor soils Poor soils Flat Fertile soils Medium soils Poor soils Salt affected areas Viti Vanua area Rich alluvial soils Medium soils Poor soils Salt affected areas Flat Fertile soils Medium soils Poor soils Salt affected areas APPROVED VARIETIES Varieties recommended on
 maturity trends Mid – late maturing Ragnar, Kaba, Kiuva Ragnar, Kaba, Vatu, Kiuva Kaba, Mali Ragnar, Kaba, Kiuva Ragnar, Kaba, Vatu, Kiuva Kaba, Mali Galoa, Vatu Ragnar, Kaba, Kiuva Ragnar, Kaba, Vatu, Kiuva Kaba, Mali Ragnar, Kaba, Kiuva Ragnar, Kaba, Vatu, Kiuva Kaba, Mali Galoa, Vatu, Mali Ragnar, Kaba, Kiuva Ragnar, Kaba, Vatu, Kiuva, Waya Kaba, Waya, Mali Galoa, Vatu, Mali Ragnar, Kaba, Kiuva Ragnar, Kaba, Vatu, Kiuva, Waya Kaba, Waya, Mali Galoa, Vatu, Mali Ragnar, Kaba, Kiuva Ragnar, Kaba, Vatu, Kiuva, Waya Kaba, Waya, Mali Ragnar, Kaba, Mali Ragnar, Kaba, Mali Ragnar, Kaba, Mali Ragnar, Kaba, Kiuva Ragnar, Kaba, Vatu, Kiuva Kaba, Mana Galoa Mana, Kaba, Kiuva, Mali Ragnar, Kaba, Kiuva Ragnar, Kaba, Vatu, Kiuva, Mali Kaba, Mana Galoa Ragnar, Kaba, Kiuva Ragnar, Kaba, Vatu, Kiuva,Mali Kaba, Mana Galoa Early – mid maturing Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Naidiri, LF91-1925 Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Naidiri, LF91-1925 Naidiri, LF91-1925 Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Naidiri, LF91-1925 Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Naidiri, LF91-1925 Naidiri, LF91-1925 Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Naidiri, LF91-1925 Naidiri, LF91-1925 Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Naidiri, LF91-1925 Naidiri, LF91-1925 Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Naidiri, LF91-1925 Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 LF91-1925 Naidiri, LF91-1925 Naidiri, LF91-1925 Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 LF91-1925 Naidiri, LF91-1925 Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91-1925 LF91-1925 Naidiri, LF91-1925 SUGAR RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF FIJI | ANNUAL REPORT 2012 43 Sugar Reseacrh Institute of Fiji Financial Statements For the year ended
 31 December 2012 Sugar Reseacrh Institute of Fiji Contents Directors report Independent auditor's report Statements of profit or loss and other comprehensive income Statements of financial position Statements of cash flow Notes to the financial statements 1 - 2 3 - - 18 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Directors' report In accordance with a resolution of the Board of Directors, the Directors herewith submit the statement of financial position of Sugar Research Institute of Fiji (the “Institute”) as at 31 December 2012 and the related statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income and statement of cash flows for the year ended on that date and report as follows: Directors The Directors in office during the year and at the date of this report are: Dr John Morrison - Chairman Sundresh Chetty Viliame Gucake Dr. Krishnamurthi Suresh Patel Mangaiya Reddy Seru Vularika Professor Rajesh Chandra - Chairman Professor Paras Nath Mr Daniel Elisha Mr Abdul Khan Mr Sundresh Chetty Mr Manasa Tagicakibau Date of end term 30/09/2012 30/09/2012 30/09/2012 30/09/2012 30/09/2012 30/09/2012 30/09/2012 Date appointed 13/02/2015 13/02/2015 13/02/2015 13/02/2015 13/02/2015 13/02/2015 13/02/2015 The Institute did not have a Board present from the period 30/09/2012 to 04/05/2014.
The current Chairman and members of the Board were not responsible for the affairs of the Institute in 2012.

Only one member of the Board continued from the 2012 Board to the current Board.
The Board has taken all necessary steps to have the accounts prepared properly with external input and has ensured that the external auditors have had unfettered access to all documents and information sought by them with the shared aim to ensure that the final accounts represent the true state of affairs of the Institute in 2012, including any liabilities.
State of affairs In the opinion of the Board the accompanying statement of financial position gives a true and fair view of the state of affairs of the Institute as at 31 December 2012 and the accompanying statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income and statement of cash flows give a true and fair view of the results and cash flows of the Institute for the year then ended.
Principal activity The functions of the Institute are outlined under the Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Act No 14 of 2005, which the technical advancement, efficiency and includes promoting by means of research and investigation, productivity of the sugar industry, and to provide its functions, powers, administration and finance and for related matters.
Current assets The Directors took reasonable steps before the Institute’s financial statements were made out to ascertain that the current assets of the Institute were shown in the accounting records at a value equal to or below the value that would be expected to be realised in the ordinary course of business.

At the date of this report, the Directors are not aware of any circumstances which would render the values attributable to the current assets in the financial statements to be misleading.
1 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Directors' report (continued) Receivables The Directors took reasonable steps before the Institute’s financial statements were made out to ascertain that all known bad debts were written off and adequate allowance was made for impairment losses.

At the date of this report, the Directors are not aware of any circumstances which would render the above assessment inadequate to any substantial extent.
Related party transactions All related party transactions have been adequately recorded in the financial statements.

Receivables The Directors took reasonable steps before the Institute’s financial statements were made out to ascertain that all known bad debts were written off and adequate allowance was made for impairment losses.

At the date of this report, the Directors are not aware of any circumstances which would render the above assessment inadequate to any substantial extent.
Related party transactions All related party transactions have been adequately recorded in the financial statements.

Other circumstances At the date of this report, the Directors are not aware of any circumstances not otherwise dealt with in this report or financial statements which would render any amounts stated in the accounts to be misleading.
Unusual circumstances The results of the Institute’s operations during the financial year have not in the opinion of the Directors been substantially affected by any item, transaction or event of a material and unusual nature other than those disclosed in the financial statements.

Going concern The Directors believe that the basis of preparation of accounts is appropriate and the Institute will be able to continue in operation for at least 12 months from the date of this statement.
Events subsequent to balance date There has not arisen in the interval between the end of the year and the date of this report any item, transaction or event of a material and unusual nature likely, in the opinion of the Directors, to affect significantly the operations of the Institute, the results of those operations or the state of affairs of the Institute in subsequent financial years.

Dated at Lautoka this ___________ day of ______________________ 2017 .
Signed in accordance with a resolution of the Board.
Chairman Chairmrmrmrmrmrmrmrmrmrmrmrmrmrmrmanananananananananananan Boararararararararararararard d d d d d d d d d d dd dd MeMeMeMeMeMeMeMeMeMeMeMeMeMeMeMembmbmbmbmbmbmbmbmbmbmber Board Member 2 Sugar Research Insitute of Fiji Statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income For the year ended 31 December 2012 Contributions and grants 5 2,473,084 Note 2012 $ Estate income Other income Total income Cost of operations Administrative expenses Deficit from operations Finance income Deficit before tax Income tax benefit Deficit for the year 2011 $ 899,948 825,001 966,375 1,016,461 - 6 7 9 10 3,489,545 2,691,324 (1,552,346) (1,479,074) (1,945,588) (1,261,810) (8,389) 8,389 - - - (49,560) - (49,560) 49,560 - The notes on pages 8 to 14 are an integral part of these financial statements.
5 Sugar Research Insitute of Fiji Statement of financial position As at 31 December 2012 Assets Current assets Cash and cash equivalents Inventories Receivables and prepayments Receivable from related parties Total current assets Non-current assets Property, plant and equipment Total non-current assets Total assets Liabilities Current liabilities Deferred income Payable to related parties Employee benefits Trade and other payables Total current liabilities Total liabilities Note 12 13 17(b) 11 14 17(c) 15 16 2012 $ 2011 $ 3,209,184 1,311 19,991 4,813,861 8,044,347 3,751,725 3,751,725 1,691,827 1,311 13,292 5,495,366 7,201,796 3,270,397 3,270,397 11,796,072 10,472,193 7,708,571 3,595,739 43,023 448,739 6,435,861 3,595,739 36,831 403,762 11,796,072 10,472,193 11,796,072 10,472,193 Signed for and on behalf of the Board of Directors.
Chairmrmrmrmrmrmrmrmrmrmrmrmrmrmananananananananananananan Chairman BoBoBoBoBoBoararararararararararararard d d d d d d d dd d d MeMeMeMeMeMeMeMeMeMeMeMeMeMeMember Board Member The notes on pages 8 to 14 are an integral part of these financial statements.
6 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Statement of cash flows For the year ended 31 December 2012 Cash flows from operating activities Receipts from stakeholders and donors Payment to suppliers and employees Interest received Net cash from operating activities Cash flows from investing activities Acquisition of property, plant and equipment Net cash used in investing activities Note 2012 $ 2011 $ 5,437,067 (3,132,312) 8,389 4,226,087 (2,707,020) - 2,313,144 1,519,067 (795,787) (795,787) (554,869) (554,869) Net increase in cash and cash equivalents 1,517,357 964,198 Cash and cash equivalents at 1 January Cash and cash equivalents at 31 December 12 1,691,827 3,209,184 727,629 1,691,827 The notes on pages 8 to 14 are an integral part of these financial statements.
7 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Notes to the financial statements For the year ended 31 December 2012 1.

Reporting entity Sugar Research Institute of Fiji (the "Institute") is a body corporate domiciled in Fiji, established under the Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Act 2005.

The address of the Institute's registered office is Drasa, Lautoka, Fiji.
The functions of the Institute are outlined under Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Act No 14 of 2005, which includes promoting by means of the technical advancement, efficiency and productivity of the sugar industry, and to provide its functions, powers, administration and finance and for related matters.

research and investigation, 2.


Basis of preparation (a) Statement of compliance The financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) as adopted by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB).

financial The _______________________.

statements were authorised for issue by the Board of Directors on (b) Basis of measurement The financial statements have been prepared on a historical cost basis except where stated.
(c) Functional and presentation currency The financial statements are presented in Fijian dollars, which is the Institute's functional currency.

All amounts have been rounded to the nearest dollar, unless otherwise indicated.

(d) Use of estimates and judgments The preparation of financial statements in conformity with IFRS requires management to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the application of accounting policies and the reported amount of assets, liabilities, income and expenses.
Actual results may differ from these estimates.

Estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis.

Revisions to accounting estimates are recognised in the period in which the estimate is revised and in any future period affected.

3.

Significant accounting policies The principal accounting policies adopted in the preparation of these financial statements are set out below.
(a) Foreign currency transactions Transactions in foreign currencies are translated to Fiji dollars at exchange rates at the dates of the transactions.

Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies at the reporting date are retranslated to Fiji dollars at the exchange rate at that date.

The foreign currency gains or losses on translation are recognised in profit or loss.

8 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Notes to the financial statements For the year ended 31 December 2012 3.
Significant accounting policies (continued) (b) Property, plant and equipment Recognition and measurement Items of property, plant and equipment are measured at cost less accumulated depreciation and any accumulated impairment losses.

Cost includes expenditure that is directly attributable to the acquisition of the asset.
Any gain or loss on disposal of an item of property, plant and equipment are determined by comparing the proceeds from disposal with the carrying amount of property, plant and equipment, and is recognised in profit or loss.

Subsequent costs The cost of replacing part of an item of property, plant and equipment is recognised in the carrying amount of the item if it is probable that the future economic benefit embodied within the part will flow to the Institute and its cost can be measured reliably.
The cost of the day-to-day servicing of property, plant and equipment are recognised in profit or loss as incurred.

Depreciation Depreciation is calculated to write off the cost of items of property, plant and equipment less their estimated residual values using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives, and is recognised in profit or loss.
The estimated useful lives of property, plant and equipment for current and comparative periods are as follows: Buildings and land Computers Fixtures and fittings Motor vehicles Plant and Equipment 80 years 5 years 10 years 6.67 years 6.67 - 10 years Depreciation methods, useful lives and residual values are reassessed at reporting date and adjusted if appropriate.
(c) Financial instruments (i) Non-derivative financial assets The Institute initially recognises loans and receivables on the date that they are originated.

All other financial assets are recognised initially on the trade date at which the Institute becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument.
The Institute derecognises a financial asset when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the asset expire, or it transfers the rights to receive the contractual cash flows on the financial asset in a transaction in which substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of the financial asset are transferred.

Any interest in transferred financial assets that is created or retained by the Institute is recognised as a separate asset or liability.
9 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Notes to the financial statements For the year ended 31 December 2012 3.
Significant accounting policies (continued) (c) Financial instruments (continued) (i) Non-derivative financial assets (continued) Financial assets and liabilities are offset and the net amount presented in the statement of financial position when, and only when, the Institute has a legal right to offset the amounts and intends either to settle on a net basis or to realise the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.

The Institute classifies non-derivative financial assets into loans and receivables.
Loans and receivables Loans and receivables are non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments that are not quoted in an active market.

Such assets are initially measured at fair value plus any directly attributable transaction costs.

Subsequent to initial recognition loans and receivables are measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method.

Loans and receivables comprise receivables from related parties, other receivables and cash and cash equivalents.
Cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents comprises cash at bank and cash on hand.

(ii) Non-derivative financial liabilities Financial liabilities are initially recognised on the trade date when the Institute becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument.

The Institute derecognises a financial liability when its contractual obligations are discharged or cancelled or expire.
Financial liabilities are initially measured at fair value less any directly attributable transaction costs.

Subsequent to initial recognition these liabilities are measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method.

The Institute has the following non-derivative financial liabilities: trade and other payables and payable to related parties.

Trade and other payables and payable to related party are stated at amortised cost.
(d) Inventories Inventories are measured at the lower of cost and net realisable value.

The cost of inventories is based on the first-in first-out principle, and includes expenditure incurred in acquiring the inventories, production or conversion costs and other costs incurred in bringing them to their existing location and condition.

Net realisable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less the estimated selling expenses.
10 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Notes to the financial statements For the year ended 31 December 2012 3.

Significant accounting policies (continued) (e) Impairment (i) Non-derivative financial assets Financial assets not classified as at fair value through profit or loss are assessed at each reporting date to determine whether there is objective evidence that it is impaired.
A financial asset is impaired if objective evidence indicates that a loss event has occurred after the initial recognition of the asset, and that the loss event had a negative effect on the estimated future cash flows of that asset that can be estimated reliably.
Objective evidence that financial assets are impaired includes default or delinquency by a debtor, restructuring of an amount due to the Institute on terms that the Institute would not consider otherwise, indications that a debtor or issuer will enter bankruptcy or the disappearance of an active market for a security because of financial difficulties.

(ii) Non-financial assets At each reporting date non financial assets are reviewed to determine whether there is any indication of impairment.
If any such indication exists, then the asset's recoverable amount is is reduced to its estimated.

If estimated recoverable amount estimated recoverable amount, and an impairment loss is recognised immediately in profit or loss.
is lower, the carrying amount (f) Revenue Grant income Grants are recognised in the statement of financial position initially as deferred income when there is reasonable assurance that it will be received and that the Institute will comply with the conditions associated with the grant.

It is then recognised in the profit or loss as grant income on a systematic basis as related expenses are incurred.
(g) Employee benefits Superannuation Obligation for contributions to a defined contribution plan are recognised as an expense in profit or loss when they are due.

Employee entitlements Liability for annual leave is recognised and measured as the amount unpaid at the reporting date at current pay rates in respect of employee services up to that date.
Short term benefits Short -term employee benefits obligations are measured on an undiscounted basis and are expensed in profit or loss as the related service is provided.

A liability is recognised for the amount to be paid under short-term benefit if the Institute has a present or constructive obligation to pay this amount as a result of past service provided by the employee and the obligation can be measured reliably.
11 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Notes to the financial statements For the year ended 31 December 2012 3.

Significant accounting policies (continued) (h) Income tax The Institute is not subject to income tax.

(i) Receivable from related parties The amount receivable from related parties arerecognised when there is a contractual receivable or a right to receive.

4.
4.

Financial risk management The financial statements do not disclose information relating to the nature and extent of risks arising from financial instruments to which the Institute is exposed at year end, since credit risk, liquidity risk and market risk are not material to the Institute.

5.
Contributions and grants Contributions from stakeholders and grants that compensate the Institute for revenue and capital expenditure are recognised from deferred income as follows: 2012 $ 2011 $ African Caribbean and Pacific Group of States (ACP) Contribution from the Fiji Government European Union Fiji Sugar Corporation (FSC) Sugar Cane Growers Mauritius Sugar Research Instititue (MISRI) 92,072 520,972 219,085 1,130,104 507,204 3,647 12,942 258,812 71,435 249,318 247,801 59,640 2,473,084 899,948 12 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Notes to the financial statements For the year ended 31 December 2012 6.
Cost of operations Advertising Accounting Bank charges Depreciation Electricity EU cost General supplies Communciation expenses Material costs Motor vechicle running expenses Overhead expenses Postage RAF costs Rent Repairs and maintenances Subcontract expenses Travel Wages and salaries (refer to note 8) 7.
Administrative expenses Auditors remuneration - audit Auditors remuneration - other services Accommodation and meals ACP cost Board fees CEO donation CEO security Consultanties Electricity Fees- Science Audit Committee Fiji National Provident Fund contributions FSC costs General expenses Hire of services ICT consumables ICT license Communication expenses Balance carried forward 13 2012 $ 2011 $ 4,699 7,000 4,386 314,459 43,189 45,580 907 15,048 53,404 239,310 1,746 674 12,818 - 13,346 377,423 47,800 370,557 1,552,346 8,085 19,988 16,871 92,072 61,743 - 9,355 - 9,836 - 68,401 621,004 71,937 248,565 7,690 9,125 7,798 1,252,470 - - Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Notes to the financial statements For the year ended 31 December 2012 7.
Administrative expenses (continued) Balance brought forward Industrial relations expense Insurance Legal fees Medical expense Media and publication MISRI Cost Freight Rent Repairs and maintenance Stationery Subscriptions Training Training and Productivity Authority of Fiji Travel Tuition fees Visa permit Water Wages and salaries (refer to note 8) 8.
Personnel expenses Fiji National Provident Fund contributions Training and Productivity Authority of Fiji Key management compensation - short term benefits Wages and salaries 2012 $ 2011 $ 1,252,470 - 46,642 - The average number of staff during the year was 71 (2011: 70).
9.

Finance income Interest received 8,389 - 10.

In 2012 the Fiji Revenue and Customs Authority confirmed that the entity is not subject to income tax and the 2010 income tax expense was reversed in 2011.
14 $ l a t o T $ n i k r o W s s e r g o r p $ s r e t u p m o C $ r o t o M s e l c i h e v $ $ 9 6 8 , 4 5 5 1 2 0 7 1 4 , 3 7 5 , 5 9 6 3 , 8 9 3 7 4 6 , , 1 - - 7 8 7 5 9 7 , 2 4 4 , 0 5 2 4 , 5 7 1 5 1 6 , 7 1 9 , 9 3 1 ) 5 7 1 , 5 1 6 ( ) 4 4 2 , 9 4 4 1 ( , - - - - 7 5 1 3 4 2 , 5 3 7 , 1 5 0 , 1 - - - - 7 5 1 3 4 2 , 5 3 7 , 1 5 0 , 1 - - 1 5 3 , 9 0 7 8 4 8 , 7 3 1 9 9 1 , 7 4 8 9 3 8 , 7 1 4 2 3 9 , 3 4 - - - - 2 3 9 , 3 4 9 2 2 , 6 4 0 5 , 7 1 9 9 3 1 , 7 5 1 3 4 2 , 5 3 7 , 1 5 0 , 1 8 3 0 , 5 6 2 , 1 2 3 9 , 3 4 - - 5 0 9 , 1 9 6 0 4 1 , 8 8 2 5 4 0 , 0 8 9 9 5 4 , 4 1 3 4 0 5 , 4 9 2 1 , - - - - - 9 2 6 8 4 , 1 2 2 2 1 1 , 0 5 8 0 6 1 , 0 8 8 5 4 , 0 3 7 6 0 2 , 8 6 6 , 3 0 0 3 , 8 9 3 7 4 6 , , 1 6 3 9 0 3 1 , 7 9 3 , 0 7 2 3 , 5 7 1 5 1 6 , 5 2 7 , 1 5 7 3 , 7 1 9 9 3 1 , 7 0 3 2 8 , 7 2 4 6 3 , 5 9 4 3 4 4 , 2 2 4 2 4 1 , 7 1 9 5 8 5 , 9 1 4 2 4 1 , 6 3 3 8 2 7 , 0 4 2 8 0 6 , 8 1 8 5 6 4 , 9 9 3 3 2 3 , 4 9 9 , 9 2 1 9 7 7 , 0 7 0 6 9 , 7 9 3 7 7 , 0 0 2 3 3 7 , 8 9 2 7 5 3 , 9 7 5 6 2 4 , 6 4 6 5 0 3 , 6 6 9 5 1 5 9 1 , 6 4 9 3 , 4 3 9 3 , 4 9 8 5 , 0 1 2 8 9 , 4 1 7 3 7 , 7 3 3 4 3 , 3 3 0 5 9 , 8 2 $ - - 4 4 2 , 9 4 4 , 1 4 4 2 , 9 4 4 , 1 1 3 0 , 8 3 2 5 7 1 , 5 1 6 0 5 4 , 2 0 3 , 2 - 6 1 9 , 1 2 6 1 9 , 1 2 7 0 8 , 3 2 3 2 7 , 5 4 - 8 2 3 , 7 2 4 , 1 7 2 7 , 6 5 2 , & t n a l P & s e r u t x i F & d n a L g n i d l i u
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1 1 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Notes to the financial statements For the year ended 31 December 2012 12.

Cash and cash equivalents Cash at bank Cash on hand Cash and cash equivalents in the statement of cash flows 13.

Receivables and prepayments Other receivables Prepayments 14.
Deferred income Balance at the beginning of the year Funds received or receivable during the period Utilised during the period Balance at 31 December This is comprised as follows: Contribution from stakeholders European Union grant African Caribbean and Pacific Group of States (ACP) Mauritius Sugar Research Instititue (MISRI) 15.

Employee benefits Balance at 1 January Provision during the year Provision utilised during the year Balance at 31 December 16.
Trade and other payables Trade payables Other payables VAT payable 16 2012 $ 3,209,145 39 3,209,184 2011 $ 1,691,504 323 1,691,827 12,992 6,999 19,991 12,992 300 13,292 6,435,861 3,745,795 (2,473,085) 7,708,571 4,301,027 2,505,127 780,934 121,483 7,708,571 36,831 23,424 (17,232) 43,023 47,103 60,078 341,558 448,739 3,736,273 3,599,536 (899,948) 6,435,861 4,218,463 1,219,262 873,006 125,130 6,435,861 33,060 22,738 (18,967) 36,831 67,334 48,529 287,899 403,762 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Notes to the financial statements For the year ended 31 December 2012 17.
Related parties Related parties of the Institute include key stakeholders in the Fiji Sugar Industry, namely, the Government of Fiji, Fiji Sugar Corporation, South Pacific Fertilizers Limited, Sugar Cane Growers Fund and Sugar Cane Growers Council.

Transactions with these parties and outstanding balances at year end are disclosed below.
(a) Board members The following are the Board members of the Institute during the financial year: Date of end term Date appointed Dr John Morrison - Chairman Sundresh Chetty Viliame Gucake Dr. Krishnamurthi Suresh Patel Mangaiya Reddy Seru Vularika Professor Rajesh Chandra - Chairman Professor Paras Nath Mr Daniel Elisha Mr Abdul Khan Mr Sundresh Chetty Mr Manasa Tagicakibau 30/09/2012 30/09/2012 30/09/2012 30/09/2012 30/09/2012 30/09/2012 30/09/2012 13/02/2015 13/02/2015 13/02/2015 13/02/2015 13/02/2015 13/02/2015 13/02/2015 The Institute did not have a Board present from the period 30/09/2012 to 04/05/2014.
Board members emoluments and board expenses are disclosed under Note 7.

(b) Receivable from related parties Fiji Sugar Corporation Sugar Cane Growers 2012 $ 3,913,861 900,000 4,813,861 2011 $ 4,145,366 1,350,000 5,495,366 Receivable from related parties are interest free and receivable as and when required.

(c) Payable to related parties Fiji Sugar Corporation 3,595,739 3,595,739 3,595,739 3,595,739 Payable to related parties are interest free and payable on demand.
17 Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Notes to the financial statements For the year ended 31 December 2012 17.
Related parties (continued) (d) Transactions with related parties Revenue Grant income - Fiji Sugar Corporation Grant income - Fiji Government Grant income - Sugar Cane Growers Estate income - Fiji Sugar Corporation Expenses Fiji Sugar Corporation costs - expense paid on behalf of SRIF 2012 $ 2011 $ 1,130,104 520,972 507,204 1,016,461 3,174,741 249,318 258,812 247,801 825,001 1,580,932 621,004 562,102 (e) Key management personnel Key management personnel manager of the Institute.
include the chief executive officer and finance and administration Transactions with key management personnel are no favourable than those available, or which might be reasonably be expected to be available, on similar transactions to third parties on an arm's length.

Key management compensation is disclosed under Note 8.

18.

Capital commitments and contingencies Capital commitments and contingent liabilities as at 31 December 2012 amounted to $Nil (2011: $Nil).

19.
19.

Events subsequent to balance date There has not arisen in the interval between the end of the year and the date of this report any item, transaction or event of a material and unusual nature likely, in the opinion of the Directors, to affect significantly the operations of the Institute, the results of those operations or the state of affairs of the Institute in subsequent financial years.

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 44 SUGAR RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF FIJI | ANNUAL REPORT 2012