Source document: https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1698931135715.pdf (Uganda)
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't ALTERNATIVE POLICY STATEMENT TRADE, INDUSTRIES AND COOPERATIVES FOR THE tY 2022/2023 PRESENTED BY HON MWIJUKYE FRANCI SHADOW MINISTER FOR TRADE AND INDUSTRIES AND HON ADEKE ANNA EBAJU SHADOW MINISTER FOR COOPERATIVES AND MICROFINANCE MARCH, 2022 0 Toble of Contents I.O BACKGROUND TO ALTERNATIVE POLICY STATEAAENT 1.1 Legol Provisions 1.2 Sector Cverview 2.0 BUDGETANALYSIS .... .... .
2.1 Budget A11ocotion...........,.... 3.0 EAAERGING ISSUES AND ALTERNATIVES 3.1 Trode ond lndustry.

....,....... 3.2 Cooperotives 4.0 CONCIUSION.

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LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS FY GOU LOP Finonciol Yeor Government of Ugondo The Leoder of the Opposition MFPED Ministry of Finonce.
Plonning ond Economic Development MTEF MTIC N BFP Medium Term Expenditure Fromework Ministry of Trode, Industry ond Cooperotives Notionol Budget Frornework Poper NDP-III Notionol Development Plon Ill NTBs PSFU Notionol Toriff Borriers Privote Sector Foundotion Ugondo SACCOS Sovings ond Credlt Cooperotives UCA UDC UEPB Ugondo Cooperotive Allicrnce Ugondo Development Cooperotion Ugondo Export Promotion Boord ,.,4 ,..4 ...5 ...5 ...8 ...8 .13 .17 L UGX UIA UNBS USD Ugondo shillings Ugondo lnvestmenl Authority Ugondo Notionol Bureou of Siondords United Slotes Dollor EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Under Rule I 47 in the Rules of Procedure, the Shodow AAinister sholl submit their Alternotive Policy Stotements to Porlioment by the 29tt of Morch every yeor.
In Iight of the obove legol fromeworks, os Shodow Minister for Trode ond Industry, ond Shodow A/inister for Cooperotives ond A/icrofinonce, we hereby present the Alternoiive Policy Stotement for Trode, Indusiry ond Cooperotives for FY 2022123.

The Trode, Industry ond Cooperotives sector is ollocoted UGX 78.274 billions os proposed budget for FY2022123, which is o reduction of UGX 22.554 Billion in comporison to the budget ollocotion for FY 2021l22which wos UGXl00.B2B billion.
Despite the overoll theme NDP lll being sustoinoble lndusiriolizolion, government hos been ollocoting less thon 0.4%of the notionol budget to monufocturing since the stori of the NDP Ill yet the progromme is copitol intensive.

Under funding is o mojor chollenge focing the progromme, in oddition below ore other emerging issues ond the proposed olternotives.
The norr- olignment of some Trode ond lnvestment ogencies to MTIC must be corrected, UIA ond FTZA be moved under MTIC to eose the formulotion ond implementotion of trode reloted policies ond regulotions, coordinolion ond supervision.
Limited copocities of Smoll ond AAedium Enterprises oltributed to chollenges foced by SMEs thot include inodequote colloterol to secure loons; informotion opoqueness; low level technicol ond monogement skills; lock of professionolism; competitron;inobility io offord long term finoncing ond unrelioble morkeis omong 2 others.
We propose revision ond implementotion of on SME friendly policy to inciude reduced colloierol requirements ond cost of doing business, ensure proper informotion flow ond protection of SArlEs.
Due io Inodequote lows ond policies to suppori ond protect locol troders ond monufocturers, c competition low should be enocted to oddress unfoir competition between troders ond ring fence smoll scole buslnesses for locol troders Enoct o comprehensive consumer protection low ond empower UNBS to oddress counterfeit products ond siondordizotion to reduce the number of foke ond hormful products on the morket.
Limited development ond mismonogement of lndustriol porks, they don't hove the necessory infrostructure to ottroct investors ond ollow production.
UIA must be tronsferred to the Ministry in chorge of trode ond industries ond investment in development of services ond infrostructure to focilitote industrlolizotion Cross border trode conflicts such os export bons ond insecurities, we propose A/TlC should formuloie o trode insuronce policy for troders ond empower formers to odd volue to thelr produce UDC governonce ond monogement issues, we propose formulotion ond implementotion of o government investment policy.

Wor cooperotives victim's cloims.


these cooperotive unions lodged in cloims to government for compensotion, however there is no publicolly opproved criterio followed to verify cloims yet some Cooperotives hove been verified ond poid.

We propose the MTIC must publish the criterio for opproving cooperotives wor victim cloims for tronsporency.
lnodequote cooperotive officers ond focilitotion due to restruciuring of government deportments which left co-operotives with very few stoff especiolly of locol government level, there is need for recruitment of distrlct 3 cooperotive officers ond troining commerciol officers in cooperotive mo nogement.
Inodequote knowledge ond informotion obout cooperotives on how to stort ond monoge cooperotives in the public hence the need to strengthen cooperotive institutions to offer speciolized cooperotive skills ond troinings to cooperotive leoders ond members.
Inodequote legol ond regulotory fromework of cooperotives, the Cooperotive Socieiies Act is inodequoie on issues of governonce, dispute setilemeni, offences ond penolties, we therefore propose to omend the Cooperotive Societies oct to include provisions thot oddress governonce ond dispute resolution.
I.O BACKGROUND TO ALTERNATIVE POLICY STATEMENT 1.1 Legol Provisions ln line with section 6E (a) of the Administrotion of Porlioment Act (2006 ,"The Leoder of the Opposition sholl study oll policy stotements of government with his or her shodow minisiers ond ottend committee deliberotions on policy issues ond give their porty's views ond opinions ond propose possible olternotives."
Under Rule I 47 in the Rules of Procedure, the Shodow AAinister sholl submii their Alternotive Policy Stotements to Porlioment by the 29th of Azlorch every yeor.
ln light of the obove legol fromeworks, os Shodow Minister for Trode ond lndustry, ond Shcrdow Minister for Cooperotives ond Microfinonce, we hereby present the Alternotive Policy Stotemeni for Trode, Industry ond Cooperotives for FY 2022123. ,l.2 Sector Overview The gool of the monufocturing progromme is to increose the ronge ond scole of locolly monufoctured products for import substituiion ond Increosed exports.
This contributes to NDP lll objective one which is to enhonce volue oddition in key 4 growth opportunities ond the NDP lll overoll theme of Sustolnoble Industriollzotion for inclusive growth, employment ond sustoinoble weolth creotion.

However, despite the overoll theme NDP lll being sustoinoble induslriolizotion, government hos been ollocoting less thon 0.4% of the notionol budget to monufocturing since the slort of ihe NDP lll yet the progromme ls copitol iniensive.
Government hos on top of less funding, frustroted the sector by fcriling to olign oll MDAs thot contribute to trode ond industries under one ministry for proper service delivery, supervision ond occountobility.

The progrcmme is further frustroted by trcde conflicts of key border points such os Rwondcr, Kenyo ond South Sudon which is negotively offecting the Ugondo's bolonce of trode.
There is olso o greot chollenge with certificotion ond stondordizotion of products by UNBS which hos led to rise in the number of substondord, counterfeit ond foke products on the morket.

These ond mony more chollenges expounded in this olternotive ministeriol policy stoiement should be oddressed os proposed in the olternotives to ochieve the full potentiol of the progrcmme.

2.0 BUDGET ANALYSIS 2.1 Budget Allocotion Toble of showing budget ollocotions for FY 2018/19- FY 2022/23.
Ministry of Trode, lndustry ond Cooperotives FY 2021/22 2022/23 wqge Non-woge Devt.

GoU Devt.

Ext.
Fin GoU Totol Grond Totol 2.558 67.725 14.784 10.397 10.397 r00.B2B 2.5s8 72.839 2.05s 0 77 .452 78.27 4 Vorionce 0 -5. i l4 12.729 10.397 -67.055 22.554 5 Source: Data from MoFPED and MPS for Minisfry of Trode, lndusfry ond Cooperotion FY 2022123 ln the FY 2019120, budget opproved for the Ministry of Trode, lndustry ond Cooperotives increosed from Ushs 112.366 billion in FY 2018119 by 17.7% to Ushs l36.54lbillion ond since then, ii hos been followrng o negotive trend (see figure below) ond it hos come to the leost volue observed in the lost 4 FYs of lshs 78.27 4 billion proposed in the FY 2022123.
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., ; I Considering the finonciol yeor 202) 122 budget execution for the vole performonce report of the Ministry of Trode, lndustry ond Cooperatives, out of the opproved Ushs l00.B2B billion, Ushs 62.483 billion hod been releosed by tlre end of the 2nd Quorter ond Ushs 58.806 billion hod been spent.

This meons thot 62.0% hod been releosed,58.3% spent ond 94.1% releoses spent by the end of the second quorter.
Bosing on the obove budget execuiion, of the end of the 41n Quorter (ot the end of the Finonciol Yeor), estimotes of Ushs 117.612 billion will be spent creoting o deficit of 16.784 billlon someihing thot will outomoticolly leod to o Ministry to seek for supplementory budget to cover up the observed deficit.

This mode of 6 budgeting will then leod to bod proctices in Budget execution os for os budget discipline is concerned.
So, due to such on observed budgei cut in the proposed FY 2022123, ihe AAinistry must prepore for the worst in executing its mondote of formuloting, reviewing ond supporting policies, strotegies, plons ond progroms thot promote ond ensure expcnsion ond diversifrcotion of trode, cooperolives, environmentolly sustoinoble industriolizotion, oppropriote technology development ond tronsfer to generote weolth for poverty erodicotion.
Medium-Term Expenditure Fromework Budget Projections As indicoted in the chollenges foced by the Ministry, inodequote Budgetory Provisions (MTEF), Budget cuts ond shortfolls for the monufocturing programme hinders Progromme lmplementotion Action Plons.

ln oddition, this flot esiimotes for the next four finonciol yeors shows stronded growth of the sector ond this gives no hope of getting owoy with the problem thot the ministry of Trode, Industry ond Cooperotives hos been groppling with for some time.
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:l 7 Such chollenges ore therefore crosscutting ocross oll other votes i.e., Ugondo Export Promotion Boord, Ugondo Notionol Bureou of Stotistics ond Locol government with such high cost of funding for business growth.
Government should therefore toke priority in funding developments of its own Ministry for the good of its people ond lobby for externol portners 1o extend development since zero finoncing from externol portners hove been noticed with .12.729 Ushs billion cut off from government side of finoncing developments to Ushs 2.055 billion in FY 2022123.

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*: fn;1 iifii"lltiliS i-,rl',,1 liri;.1 t tt r:'r1,' 1 \.1 3.0 EMERGING ISSUES AND ALTERNATIVES 3..l Trode ond lndustry.

l. Foilure to olign oll Trode ond lnvestment ogencies under one Ministry.

Vorious ogencies ond institutions thot regulote trode ond investment ore not oligned properly in the right Ministry.

For excrmple, the Free Trode Zones outhorityr ond the Ugondo investment outhority2 ore supervised by the ministry of Finonce.
All these institutions would join synergies if they were under the some roof . '

Free Zones Act,2014 2 Uganda lnvestment Code Act, 2019 8 Alternotive Alignment of oll trode ond investment reloted ogencies under one ministry.
There is o need to olign vorious trode ond investment regulotory ogencies such os free trode zone outhority, the Ugondo chomber of commerce, the Ugondo investment outhority, ond Ugondo Development cooperotion under the ministry of trode, industry ond cooperotives to eose the formulotion ond implementotion of trode reloted policies ond regulotions.

This will enoble these ogencies to combine synergies for beiter policy coordinotion ond governonce.

2.
2.

Limited copocities of Smoll ond Medium Enterprises (SMEs).

SMEs ore the engine behind proliferotion of economic growth in Ugondo3.

Scholors like Tusubiro, & Nobeio (2013) exploin thot Sr\AEs contribule 75% of GDP ond constitute 90% of the privole sector, improving stondords of living ond ensuring sociol ond politicol slobility4.
SA/Es ore therefore responsibie for entrepreneuriol development, poverty olleviotion ond improved quolity of life, resource mobilizotion, business odoptobility ond sustoinobilitys.

SMEs count for obout 95% of the business estoblishment in Ugondo, generote over B0% of the country's monufoctured products ond occount for 42% of the totol employment in the countryo.

However, over 50% of SMEs in Ugondo close before they celebrote their first birth doy.
lt is ottributed to chollenges foced by SMEs thot include incldequote colloterol to secure loons; informotion opoqueness; low level technicol ond mcncgement skills; lock of professionolism; competition; inobility to offord long term finoncing ond unrelioble morkets omong othersT. '
Kisaame, J., Financing of SMEs, 2003 a Tusubira, N., F., & Nabeta, 1., N,lncome Tax Compliance among SMEs in Uganda:Taxpayers' Proficiencies Perspective, 2013. :'Tushabomwe, C.K, Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in East Af rica,2010 i challenges faced by small and medium enterprises in raising finance in Uganda, Everest Turyahikayo, 2015 9 Alternotive Revision ond implementotion of on SME friendly policy to include reduced colloterol requirements ond cost of doing business, ensure proper informotion flow ond protection of SMEs.
SMEs ore olso encouroged to develop sociol copitol through networks, improvement of monogement skills ond utilize olternotive sources of finonce ovoiloble to SA/Es thot include; investment into copitol morkets, long term finoncing, leosing ond fronchising.

3. lnodequote lows ond policies to support ond protect locql troders ond monufocturers.
There is on increose of retoil foreign troders ond smoll scole monufocturers oround the country thot hove exposed Ugondon locol troders' ond monufocturers' to vulnerobility ond unfoir competition due to weok regulotions ond liberolizotion policy.
Furthermore, Governmeni lows ond policies empower foreign investors of ihe cost of Iocol investors, for exomple the quolificotions of incentives occording io clouse 12 of the investment Code Act dlsquolifies mosl locol troders ond monufociures to occess government incentives.
ln 2017 the Azlinistry of Trode in o bid to promote locol monufocturing ond iroding Iounched Buy Ugondo Build Ugondo (BUBU) policy to ensure utilizotion of locol row moteriols in monufocturing process ond consumption of locol produced productsa.

However, since BUBU is not bocked by o serious regulotion ond low, the populotion in Ugondo hos continued 1o import goods even when locol goods ore of high quoliiy thon whot they ore importlng.

8 MTIC, BUy UGANDA BUILD UGANDA pollcy, 2014.


10 Alternotives Creote o compeiition low 1o oddress unfoir competition between troders ond ring fence smoll scole businesses for locol troders.

Amend clouse 12 of the investment code oct to moke ond include provisions thot enoble locol investors or troders quolify to get incentives.

4.

Counterfeit products ond stondordizotion.


The certificotion of oll products produced in the country wos mode mondoiory effeciive July 2018, ond o stotutory instrument to effect it wos issued.

However, UNBS hos foiled of its rnondote of protecting consumers from substondord ond counterfeit products given the high quontity of counterfeit products on the morket.

We olso note with concern thot UNBS is understoffed to be oble to exercise its mondote.
Alternotive Formulote ond poss o comprehensive consumer protection low.

Presently there ore c number of legislotions thot hove provisions for consumer protection however, they don't oddress oll consumer rights obuses hence the need of o consumer protection bill thot comprehensively covers consumer protection.

The low must be cleor on how to oddress the .

Protection of consumers from unfoir ond deceptive trode proctices by producers ond suppllers.

.

Promotion ond enforcement of consumer rights .


Prevention unfoir controcts .

Compensotion of consumers 5.

Limifed development ond mismonogement of lndustriol porks.

The UIA which is mondoied to oversee industriol porks is supervised by the MFPED insleod of MTIC which is in chorge of industries, this hos brought obout monogement, supervision L1 ond coordinotion chollenges which hove stilled development ond completion of the porks.
Furthermore, the porks don't hove the necessory infrostructure such roods, relioble electricity ond woter io ottroct investors ond ollow produciion.

This hos turned the porks into ossembling insteod of monufocturing plonts, folling short of their intended purpose, Alternqtive UIA must be ironsferred to ihe AAinistry in chorge of trode ond industries for proper plonning, coordinotion, supervision ond monogement.
Development of industriol porks wos identified os o key priority of the Budget for FY 2022123 but hos remoined unfunded under priority oreos.

lnvestment in development of services ond lnfrostructure to focilitote industriolizotion will ottroct investors ond enoble production.

6.

Cross border trode conflicts.

Currently there ore trode conflicts between Ugondo ond some of her neighbors such os Rwondo, Kenyo ond South Sudon.

This is one of the reoson behind poor bolonce of trode of the country.
There wos o moize ond sugorccne bon on 1op of doiry products imports from Ugondo which led to loss of morket for the commodiiiesp.

The borders of Rwondo were closed to Ugondo hence no trode going between Ugondo ond Rwondo, however even with the reopened borders, trode is siill restricted.

ln oddition, the insecurity in DRC ond South Sudon is unfovoroble for trode.

Alternqtive MTIC should formulote o trode insuronce policy for troders especiolly ihose involved in cross border trode.
This will protect the troders from huge losses ond encouroge more investment.

e PSFU, Trade and commerce sector proposals,2022 1.2 Empower formers to odd volue 1o their produce to ottroct better morkets ond higher prices.

7.

UDC governonce ond monogement issues.

The government investment ond business orm which is mondoted to focilitote the industriol ond economic development of the Country is crippled with governonce ond monogement chollenges thot hove coused the country enormous losses.
For more thon o Yeor UDC didn't hove o functionol boord ond oll decisions were mode by the Executive Director without supervision ond occountobility.

ln oddition there is no government investment policy upon which UDC premlses its decisions io invest, o reoson most of the investments connot be justified ond operoting below breokeven point despiie huge government investmenis.

AAost of the joint ventures were obondoned by other portners for only government to do more investments.
Alternotive Formulotion ond implementotion of o government investment policy to guide the operotions of UDC, this will reduces on losses government mokes in investing in uncleor venlures.

3.2 Cooperotives l. Wor cooperofives victim's clqims.

During the 1978-79 and l9Bl-86 wors, o number of cooperotive unions lost iheir productive ossets in form of stocks, vehicles, foctories ond buildings vondolized or destroyed or livestock ioken.
The properlies were looted ond of times the soldiers demonded for them promising to bring them bock but to no ovoil.

These cooperotive unions lodged in cloims to government for compensoiion, however there is no publicolly opproved crlierio followed to verify cloims yet some Cooperotives hove been verified ond poid.

This hos dented the imcrge of cooperotive movemeni creoting difficulty to ottroct new ond energetic members to the co-operctive movementl0.
10 M'tlC, National cooperatives' policy, 2011 13 Alternotive The MTIC must publish the criterio for opproving cooperotives wor victim cloims for tronsporency ond MFPED must budget for poyments insteod of olwoys seeking for supplementory budgets for o foreseen issue.

This will revive the offected cooperotives ond give hope to the new ones.

2. lnodequote cooperotive officers ond focilitotion.
Due to restructuring of government deportments which left co-operotlves with very few stoff especiolly of locol government level, there is inodequote humon resources, in terms of numericol strength, skills ond experience.

this is one of the mojor weoknesses focing ihe cooperotive movementlr.
There ore few cooperotive officers to support ond guide upcoming cooperotives, most disirict locol governments use commerciol officers thot not troined in cooperotive monogement ond not well focilitoted to support cooperotives in the district.

This wos witnessed during the Emyoogo progromme where we sow even RDCs mobilizlng ond orgonizing cooperotlves with no or very liitle knowledge of cooperotive monogement, no wonder the foilure of the programme.
Alternotive Recruitment of district cooperotive officers crnd troining commerciol officers in cooperotive monogement.

There is need of officers with experiise in cooperotive monogement to mobilize ond orgonize mosses into cooperotives ond revive the follen cooperotive movement.

ln the meontime oll commerciol officers must be troined in cooperolive monogement ond focilltotecj to do their work.

3. lnodequote knowledge ond informotion obout cooperotives.
There is o wicle deficiency of knowledge ond informotion on how to stort ond mcnoge cooperotives in the public, this is oitributed to the low numbers of cooperotive professionols.

Limited knowledge ond informotion on the formotion of co- 1r ibid 0 1.4 operotives, leodership ond governonce, morkets, suppJy sources ond cost onolysis, copitolizing the co-operotive, member ,rnvestmeni, sources of debt copitol ond conduct of member meetings leods to member exploitotion, low potronoge ond poor occountobilitytz.
Most cooperotive leoders run them os ossociotiorrs ond don't fully proctice ond potentiol of cooperotives.

Alternotive Strengthen cooperotive lnstitutions.

The Ugondo Co-operotive Colleges of Kigumbo ond Tororo must be empowered to offer speciolized cooperotive skills ond troinings to cooperotive leoders ond members.
They must odd degree courses to motch the ever chonging globol cooperotive business on top of the certificotes ond diplomos being offered so thot cooperotives con hire quolified persons to monoge the cooperotives.

Cooperotive educotion, in porticulor, is vitol for cultivoting o cooperotive spirit, building internol orgonizotionol volues, entrepreneurship, strong corporoie governonce (leodership ond monogement) thot ore criticol for survivol of cooperotive enterprisesr3.
4. lnodequote legol ond regulotory fromework of cooperotives.

The Cooperotive Societies Act is inodequote on issues of governonce, dispute settlement, offences ond penoltiesra yet most of the problems foced by cooperotives orise due to bod governonce ond poor leodershier5, This mokes it difficult to rely on cooperotives os sofe vehicles for Sociol Economic Tronsformoiion in Ugondo.
Furthermore the Notionol Cooperotives policy 2011, hos tended to fovor promotion of finonciol services over producer ond morketing cooperotives, more thon three quorters of the strotegy is obout SACCOs ond the others ore more or less odded os on ofterthoughtr0.

This moy be the reoson why registrotion of 12 ibid.

t3 NPA, Strengthening of Cooperatives for Social Economic Transformation in Ugand a,201,8 1t Action Aid, The cooperative movement and the challenge of development,2ol3.
1s MTIC, National cooperatives' policy, 2011 r" Action Aid, The cooperative movement and the challenge of development, 2013.

15 cooperCItives wos tronsferred to Ugondo microfinonce regulotory outhority which reduces the imoge ond role of cooperotives to mere microfinonce esloblishments Alternotive Amend the Cooperotive Societies oct to include provisions thot oddress governonce ond dispute resolution.

This will increose the public's trust ond hope to form ond join cooperotives.
Amend the lier Four Microfinonce ond A/oney Lenders Act 2016 to remove ony kind of cooperotives from the monogement ond regulotion of Ugondo microfinonce regulotory outhority to the registror of cooperotives.

This will improve on supervision ond monogement of cooperotives moking them more efficient.
The policy should promote producer, lobor, morket ond service cooperotives by providing o strotegy on how to revive ond form them since they speok directly to the public demonds especiolly ogriculturol production, storqge ond morketing, heolth ond educoiion services ond lobor issues.

5.

Stote initiotion ond dominotion of cooperotives.

The Notionol Cooperotives policy of 201 I violotes the principle thot cooperotives ore voluntory ossociotions thot crre member initioted.
lts longuoge reveols stote doing it for co-operotors, ot best omounts 1o control ond of worst ownership thot would moke cooperotives stote institutions, with the ottendont problemsr/ ond not oddress criticol problems focing cooperotives such os embezzlement of funds of the cooperoiives by iechnocrots ond ony oiher monipulotors, politicol interference ond stote "porostotolizotion".

This hos been witnessed in vorious cooperotives such os the Womolo union cooperoiive.
Furthermore, mojority of the cooperotives whose formotion is motivoted by hondouts from Government ond Development portners succeed only to the f ibid 16 extent when these hondouts ore in ploce ond thereof ler collopserB becouse they ore not initioted by the members.

Alternotive The Cooperotive Societies oct should be omended to provide for protection of cooperotives from stote interference.
This will limit politicol interference, encouroge porticipotion from oll groups of people ond enoble beneficiory cooperotives retoin iheir outonomy.

The policy should ensure orgonic bottom up formoiion of cooperotives thot ore voluntory, democroiic with o shored purpose.

creoies sociol cohesion ond mutuol trust thot cre necessory for the sustoinobility of cooperotives.

Formotion of cooperotives should not be incentivized by hondouis from ihe governmeni or development portners.

4.0 coNcLUSroN.
4.0 coNcLUSroN.

The Trode, lndustry ond Cooperotives sector is one with high poientiol of delivering Ugondo to the middle income stotus if it's AADAs, policies ond budgets ore oligned to NDPlll.

ln line with ochieving middle income stotus, we propose the implementotion of the olternotives in here.

We beg to submit t' NPA, Strengthening of Cooperatives for Social Economic Transformation in Uganda, 2018 1.7