Source document: https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1698849182536.pdf (Singapore)
Carriage by Air (Montreal Convention, 1999) Bill Bill No.

29/2007.

Read the first time on 16th July 2007.

CARRIAGE BY AIR (MONTREAL CONVENTION, 1999) ACT 2007 (No.

of 2007) ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS Section 1.

Short title and commencement 2.

Interpretation 3.

Convention to have force of law 4.

State Parties to Convention 5.

Liability for fatal accidents under Article 17 of Convention 6.

Limitations of liability under Article 22 of Convention 7.
Power to amend Schedule arising from review of limits of liability under Article 24 of Convention 8.

Notice of partial loss under Article 31 of Convention 9.

Time for bringing proceedings 10.

Insurance coverage under Article 50 of Convention 11.

Power to exclude aircraft in use for military purposes 12.

Application to carriage by air not governed by Convention 13.

Regulations 14.

Application to Government 15.


Related amendments to Carriage by Air Act The Schedule — Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules for International Carriage by Air (Montreal, 28th May 1999) A BILL i n t i t u l e d An Act to give effect to the provisions of the Montreal Convention, 1999 concerning international carriage by air and for purposes connected therewith, and to make related amendments to the Carriage by Air Act (Chapter 32A of the 2001 Revised Edition).
Be it enacted by the President with the advice and consent of the Parliament of Singapore, as follows: Short title and commencement 2 1.

This Act may be cited as the Carriage by Air (Montreal Convention, 1999) Act 2007 and shall come into operation on such date as the Minister may, by notification in the Gazette, appoint.

5 Interpretation 2.
5 Interpretation 2.

In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires — “Convention” means the Convention for the unification of certain rules relating to international carriage by air opened for signature at Montreal on 28th May 1999, the text of which is set out in the Schedule; 10 “court”, in relation to any arbitration proceedings allowed by Article 34 of the Convention, means the arbitrator or arbitration tribunal hearing the arbitration; “regulations” means regulations made under section 13.
15 Convention to have force of law 3.⎯(1) Notwithstanding any other written law or rule of law but subject to this Act, the provisions of the Convention shall, so far as they relate to the rights and liabilities of carriers, carriers’ servants and agents, passengers, consignors, consignees and other persons, have the force of law in Singapore in relation to any carriage by air to which the Convention applies the nationality of the aircraft performing that carriage.
irrespective of 20 (2) Subsection (1) shall not apply so as to affect rights or liabilities arising out of an occurrence before the commencement of this Act.

25 State Parties to Convention 4.


For the purposes of this Act, a State Party to the Convention refers to any country that has ratified, accepted, approved or acceded to the Convention in accordance with Article 53 thereof, except that this Act shall apply to any such State Party to the Convention only in respect of such of its territorial units as it has, by a declaration made under Article 56 of the Convention, declared to be a territorial unit to which the Convention is to apply.
30 3 Liability for fatal accidents under Article 17 of Convention 5.

References in section 20 of the Civil Law Act (Cap.

43) to a wrongful act, neglect or default shall include references to any occurrence which gives rise to liability under Article 17 of the Convention.

5 Limitations of liability under Article 22 of Convention 10 15 20 25 6.⎯(1) The limitations on liability under Article 22 of the Convention shall apply whatever the nature of the proceedings by which liability may be enforced.
(2) The limitation for each passenger under paragraph 1 of Article 22 of the Convention shall apply to the aggregate liability of the carrier in all proceedings which may be brought against the carrier under the law of Singapore, together with any proceedings brought against the carrier outside Singapore.
(3) A court before which proceedings are brought to enforce a liability which is limited by Article 22 of the Convention may at any stage of the proceedings make any such order as appears to the court to be just and equitable in view of ⎯ (a) the provisions of that Article; and (b) any other proceedings which have been, or are likely to be, commenced in Singapore or elsewhere to enforce the liability in whole or in part.
(4) Without prejudice to subsection (3), a court before which proceedings are brought to enforce a liability which is limited by Article 22 of the Convention shall, where the liability is, or may be, partly enforceable in other proceedings in Singapore or elsewhere, have jurisdiction ⎯ (a) to award an amount less than the court would have awarded if the limitation applied solely to the proceedings before the court; or 30 (b) to make any part of its award conditional on the result of any other proceedings.
4 Power to amend Schedule arising from review of limits of liability under Article 24 of Convention 7.

Where any limit of liability prescribed by Article 21, 22 or 23 of the Convention has been revised under Article 24 of the Convention, the Minister may, by order published in the Gazette, amend the Schedule to append thereto, immediately after the text of the Convention, an addendum specifying how the limit of liability has been revised and the date on which such revision is to take effect.
Notice of partial loss under Article 31 of Convention 8.

In paragraph 2 of Article 31 of the Convention, the references to damage shall be construed as including loss of part of the baggage or cargo in question and the references to the receipt of baggage or cargo shall, in relation to loss of part of it, be construed as receipt of the remainder of it.
5 10 15 Time for bringing proceedings 9.⎯(1) No action against a carrier’s servant or agent which arises out of damage to which the Convention relates shall, if he was acting within the scope of his employment, be brought after more than 2 years, reckoned from the date of arrival at the destination or from the date on which the aircraft ought to have arrived, or from the date on which the carriage stopped.
(2) Article 35 of the Convention shall not be read as applying to any proceedings for contribution between persons liable for any damage to which the Convention relates.

(3) Subject to sections 4 and 29 of the Limitation Act (Cap.
163), no action shall be brought by a person, liable for any damage to which the Convention relates, to recover contribution from any other person in respect of the damage after the expiration of 2 years from the time when a court gives judgment or makes an award against the person seeking to recover the contribution.

(4) Subsections (1), (2) and (3) and Article 35 of the Convention shall have effect as if references in those provisions to an action included references to an arbitration.
20 25 30 5 Insurance coverage under Article 50 of Convention 10.—(1) The Minister may by regulations make such provisions as may be necessary to give effect to Article 50 of the Convention in relation to the insurance that a carrier must maintain to cover its liability under the Convention.
(2) Regulations made for the purposes of subsection (1) may — (a) prescribe the minimum limits of insurance coverage that a carrier must have in respect of any liability that may be incurred by it under the Convention; (b) require any carrier to furnish evidence and other particulars relating to the policy of insurance held by the carrier for the purposes of Article 50 of the Convention and provide for the method and procedure by which such evidence and other particulars are to be furnished; and (c) provide for the prohibition of any aircraft from landing in, or taking off from, Singapore if the carrier operating that aircraft is not adequately or sufficiently insured.
5 10 15 Power to exclude aircraft in use for military purposes 11.⎯(1) The Minister may, by order published in the Gazette, direct 20 that the provisions of the Convention shall not apply to either or both ⎯ 25 30 (a) international carriage by air performed and operated directly by any State Party to the Convention for non-commercial purposes in respect to its functions and duties as a sovereign state; (b) the carriage of persons, cargo and baggage for the military authorities of any State Party to the Convention on aircraft registered in or leased by that State Party to the Convention, the whole capacity of which has been reserved by or on behalf of such authorities.
(2) No order under subsection (1) shall be made in respect of any State Party to the Convention unless that State Party to the Convention has made a declaration under Article 57 of the Convention.

Application to carriage by air not governed by Convention 12.
The Minister may by regulations apply the provisions of the Convention and any provision of this Act to such carriage by air, not 6 being international carriage as defined in the Convention, as may be specified in the regulations, subject to such exceptions, adaptations and modifications, if any, as may be so specified.

Regulations 5 10 13.—(1) The Minister may make such regulations as appear to him to be necessary for carrying out or giving effect to the provisions of the Convention.
(2) Regulations made under subsection (1) may provide for the imposition of penalties not exceeding a fine of $100,000 or imprisonment for a term of 5 years or both for any offence thereunder.

Application to Government 14.

This Act shall bind the Government.

Related amendments to Carriage by Air Act 15.

The Carriage by Air Act (Cap.
32A) is amended ⎯ 15 (a) by repealing section 4 and substituting the following section: “High Contracting Parties 4.—(1) For the purposes of this Act — (a) a High Contracting Party to the Warsaw Convention is a country that has ratified or acceded to that Convention; (b) a High Contracting Party to the Warsaw (Hague) Convention is a country that has ratified or acceded to that Convention; and (c) a High Contracting Party to the Warsaw (Hague) (Montreal) Convention is a country that has ratified or acceded to that Convention, except that this Act shall apply to any such High Contracting Party — (i) only in relation to the territories in respect of which it is a party to the Warsaw Convention, the Warsaw (Hague) Convention or (Hague) (Montreal) Convention, as the case may be; and the Warsaw 20 25 30 7 (ii) to the extent that it has availed itself of the provisions of the Additional Protocol at the end of the Warsaw Convention, the Warsaw (Hague) Convention and the Warsaw (Hague) (Montreal) Convention, as the case may be.
(2) Article 40A(2) in the First and Third Schedules shall not be read as extending references in those Schedules to the territory of a High Contracting Party (except such as are references to the territory of any State, whether a High Contracting Party or not) to include any territory in respect of which that High Contracting Party is not a party.”; and (b) by deleting subsection (5) of section 8.
THE SCHEDULE Sections 2 and 7 CONVENTION FOR THE UNIFICATION OF CERTAIN RULES FOR INTERNATIONAL CARRIAGE BY AIR (MONTREAL, 28TH MAY 1999) THE STATES PARTIES TO THIS CONVENTION RECOGNIZING the significant contribution of the Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules relating to International Carriage by Air signed in Warsaw on 12th October 1929, hereinafter referred to as the “Warsaw Convention”, and other related instruments to the harmonization of private international air law; RECOGNIZING the need to modernize and consolidate the Warsaw Convention and related instruments; RECOGNIZING the importance of ensuring protection of the interests of consumers in international carriage by air and the need for equitable compensation based on the principle of restitution; REAFFIRMING the desirability of an orderly development of international air transport operations and the smooth flow of passengers, baggage and cargo in accordance with the principles and objectives of the Convention on International Civil Aviation, done at Chicago on 7th December 1944; CONVINCED that collective State action for further harmonization and codification of certain rules governing international carriage by air through a new Convention is the most adequate means of achieving an equitable balance of interests; HAVE AGREED AS FOLLOWS: 8 CHAPTER I GENERAL PROVISIONS Article 1 Scope of application 1.
This Convention applies to all international carriage of persons, baggage or cargo performed by aircraft for reward.

It applies equally to gratuitous carriage by aircraft performed by an air transport undertaking.

2.
2.

For the purposes of this Convention, the expression international carriage means any carriage in which, according to the agreement between the parties, the place of departure and the place of destination, whether or not there be a break in the carriage or a transhipment, are situated either within the territories of two States Parties, or within the territory of a single State Party if there is an agreed stopping place within the territory of another State, even if that State is not a State Party.
Carriage between two points within the territory of a single State Party without an agreed stopping place within the territory of another State is not international carriage for the purposes of this Convention.

3.
3.

Carriage to be performed by several successive carriers is deemed, for the purposes of this Convention, to be one undivided carriage if it has been regarded by the parties as a single operation, whether it had been agreed upon under the form of a single contract or of a series of contracts, and it does not lose its international character merely because one contract or a series of contracts is to be performed entirely within the territory of the same State.

4.
4.

This Convention applies also to carriage as set out in Chapter V, subject to the terms contained therein.

Article 2 Carriage performed by State and carriage of postal items 1.

This Convention applies to carriage performed by the State or by legally constituted public bodies provided it falls within the conditions laid down in Article 1.

30 2.
30 2.

In the carriage of postal items, the carrier shall be liable only to the relevant postal administration in accordance with the rules applicable to the relationship between the carriers and the postal administrations.

3.

Except as provided in paragraph 2 of this Article, the provisions of this Convention shall not apply to the carriage of postal items.

9 CHAPTER II DOCUMENTATION AND DUTIES OF THE PARTIES RELATING TO THE CARRIAGE OF PASSENGERS, BAGGAGE AND CARGO Article 3 Passengers and baggage 1.
In respect of carriage of passengers, an individual or collective document of carriage shall be delivered containing: (a) an indication of the places of departure and destination; (b) if the places of departure and destination are within the territory of a single State Party, one or more agreed stopping places being within the territory of another State, an indication of at least one such stopping place.

2.
2.

Any other means which preserves the information indicated in paragraph 1 may be substituted for the delivery of the document referred to in that paragraph.

If any such other means is used, the carrier shall offer to deliver to the passenger a written statement of the information so preserved.

3.

The carrier shall deliver to the passenger a baggage identification tag for each piece of checked baggage.

4.
4.

The passenger shall be given written notice to the effect that where this Convention is applicable it governs and may limit the liability of carriers in respect of death or injury and for destruction or loss of, or damage to, baggage, and for delay.

5.
5.

Non-compliance with the provisions of the foregoing paragraphs shall not affect the existence or the validity of the contract of carriage, which shall, nonetheless, be subject to the rules of this Convention including those relating to limitation of liability.

Article 4 Cargo 1.

In respect of the carriage of cargo, an air waybill shall be delivered.

2.

Any other means which preserves a record of the carriage to be performed may be substituted for the delivery of an air waybill.
If such other means are used, the carrier shall, if so requested by the consignor, deliver to the consignor a cargo receipt permitting identification of the consignment and access to the information contained in the record preserved by such other means.
10 Article 5 Contents of air waybill or cargo receipt The air waybill or the cargo receipt shall include: (a) an indication of the places of departure and destination; 5 (b) if the places of departure and destination are within the territory of a single State Party, one or more agreed stopping places being within the territory of another State, an indication of at least one such stopping place; and (c) an indication of the weight of the consignment.
Article 6 Document relating to the nature of the cargo The consignor may be required, if necessary, to meet the formalities of customs, police and similar public authorities to deliver a document indicating the nature of the cargo.

This provision creates for the carrier no duty, obligation or liability resulting therefrom.

Article 7 Description of air waybill 1.

The air waybill shall be made out by the consignor in three original parts.

2.
2.

The first part shall be marked “for the carrier”; it shall be signed by the consignor.

The second part shall be marked “for the consignee”; it shall be signed by the consignor and by the carrier.

The third part shall be signed by the carrier who shall hand it to the consignor after the cargo has been accepted.

3.

The signature of the carrier and that of the consignor may be printed or stamped.

4.
4.

If, at the request of the consignor, the carrier makes out the air waybill, the carrier shall be deemed, subject to proof to the contrary, to have done so on behalf of the consignor.
Article 8 Documentation for multiple packages When there is more than one package: (a) the carrier of cargo has the right to require the consignor to make out separate air waybills; 10 15 20 25 30 11 (b) the consignor has the right to require the carrier to deliver separate cargo receipts when the other means referred to in paragraph 2 of Article 4 are used.
Article 9 Non-compliance with documentary requirements Non-compliance with the provisions of Articles 4 to 8 shall not affect the existence or the validity of the contract of carriage, which shall, nonetheless, be subject to the rules of this Convention including those relating to limitation of liability.

Article 10 Responsibility for particulars of documentation 1.
The consignor is responsible for the correctness of the particulars and statements relating to the cargo inserted by it or on its behalf in the air waybill or furnished by it or on its behalf to the carrier for insertion in the cargo receipt or for insertion in the record preserved by the other means referred to in paragraph 2 of Article 4.

The foregoing shall also apply where the person acting on behalf of the consignor is also the agent of the carrier.

2.
2.

The consignor shall indemnify the carrier against all damage suffered by it, or by any other person to whom the carrier is liable, by reason of the irregularity, incorrectness or incompleteness of the particulars and statements furnished by the consignor or on its behalf.

3.
3.

Subject to the provisions of paragraphs 1 and 2 of this Article, the carrier shall indemnify the consignor against all damage suffered by it, or by any other person to whom the consignor is liable, by reason of the irregularity, incorrectness or incompleteness of the particulars and statements inserted by the carrier or on its behalf in the cargo receipt or in the record preserved by the other means referred to in paragraph 2 of Article 4.

Article 11 Evidentiary value of documentation 1.


The air waybill or the cargo receipt is prima facie evidence of the conclusion of the contract, of the acceptance of the cargo and of the conditions of carriage mentioned therein.

2.
Any statements in the air waybill or the cargo receipt relating to the weight, dimensions and packing of the cargo, as well as those relating to the number of packages, are prima facie evidence of the facts stated; those relating to the quantity, volume and condition of the cargo do not constitute evidence against the carrier except so far as they both have been, and are stated in the air waybill or the cargo receipt to have been, checked by it in the presence of the consignor, or relate to the apparent condition of the cargo.
12 Article 12 Right of disposition of cargo 1.
Subject to its liability to carry out all its obligations under the contract of carriage, the consignor has the right to dispose of the cargo by withdrawing it at the airport of departure or destination, or by stopping it in the course of the journey on any landing, or by calling for it to be delivered at the place of destination or in the course of the journey to a person other than the consignee originally designated, or by requiring it to be returned to the airport of departure.
The consignor must not exercise this right of disposition in such a way as to prejudice the carrier or other consignors and must reimburse any expenses occasioned by the exercise of this right.

2.

If it is impossible to carry out the instructions of the consignor, the carrier must so inform the consignor forthwith.

3.
3.

If the carrier carries out the instructions of the consignor for the disposition of the cargo without requiring the production of the part of the air waybill or the cargo receipt delivered to the latter, the carrier will be liable, without prejudice to its right of recovery from the consignor, for any damage which may be caused thereby to any person who is lawfully in possession of that part of the air waybill or the cargo receipt.

4.
4.

The right conferred on the consignor ceases at the moment when that of the consignee begins in accordance with Article 13.

Nevertheless, if the consignee declines to accept the cargo, or cannot be communicated with, the consignor resumes its right of disposition.

Article 13 Delivery of the cargo 1.


Except when the consignor has exercised its right under Article 12, the consignee is entitled, on arrival of the cargo at the place of destination, to require the carrier to deliver the cargo to it, on payment of the charges due and on complying with the conditions of carriage.

30 2.

Unless it is otherwise agreed, it is the duty of the carrier to give notice to the consignee as soon as the cargo arrives.

3.
3.

If the carrier admits the loss of the cargo, or if the cargo has not arrived at the expiration of seven days after the date on which it ought to have arrived, the consignee is entitled to enforce against the carrier the rights which flow from the contract of carriage.
35 13 Article 14 Enforcement of the rights of consignor and consignee The consignor and the consignee can respectively enforce all the rights given to them by Articles 12 and 13, each in its own name, whether it is acting in its own interest or in the interest of another, provided that it carries out the obligations imposed by the contract of carriage.

5 Article 15 Relations of consignor and consignee or mutual relations of third parties 10 1.
Articles 12, 13 and 14 do not affect either the relations of the consignor and the consignee with each other or the mutual relations of third parties whose rights are derived either from the consignor or from the consignee.

2.

The provisions of Articles 12, 13 and 14 can only be varied by express provision in the air waybill or the cargo receipt.

Article 16 15 20 25 Formalities of customs, police or other public authorities 1.
The consignor must furnish such information and such documents as are necessary to meet the formalities of customs, police and any other public authorities before the cargo can be delivered to the consignee.

The consignor is liable to the carrier for any damage occasioned by the absence, insufficiency or irregularity of any such information or documents, unless the damage is due to the fault of the carrier, its servants or agents.

2.
2.

The carrier is under no obligation to enquire into the correctness or sufficiency of such information or documents.

CHAPTER III LIABILITY OF THE CARRIER AND EXTENT OF COMPENSATION FOR DAMAGE Article 17 Death and injury of passengers ⎯ damage to baggage 1.
The carrier is liable for damage sustained in case of death or bodily injury of a passenger upon condition only that the accident which caused the death or injury took 30 14 place on board the aircraft or in the course of any of the operations of embarking or disembarking.

5 10 2.
5 10 2.

The carrier is liable for damage sustained in case of destruction or loss of, or of damage to, checked baggage upon condition only that the event which caused the destruction, loss or damage took place on board the aircraft or during any period within which the checked baggage was in the charge of the carrier.

However, the carrier is not liable if and to the extent that the damage resulted from the inherent defect, quality or vice of the baggage.
In the case of unchecked baggage, including personal items, the carrier is liable if the damage resulted from its fault or that of its servants or agents.

3.

If the carrier admits the loss of the checked baggage, or if the checked baggage has not arrived at the expiration of twenty-one days after the date on which it ought to have arrived, the passenger is entitled to enforce against the carrier the rights which flow from the contract of carriage.

4.
4.

Unless otherwise specified, in this Convention the term “baggage” means both 15 checked baggage and unchecked baggage.

Article 18 Damage to cargo 1.

The carrier is liable for damage sustained in the event of the destruction or loss of or damage to, cargo upon condition only that the event which caused the damage so sustained took place during the carriage by air.

20 2.
20 2.

However, the carrier is not liable if and to the extent it proves that the destruction, or loss of, or damage to, the cargo resulted from one or more of the following: (a) inherent defect, quality or vice of that cargo; (b) defective packing of that cargo performed by a person other than the carrier 25 or its servants or agents; (c) an act of war or an armed conflict; (d) an act of public authority carried out in connection with the entry, exit or transit of the cargo.

3.
3.

The carriage by air within the meaning of paragraph 1 of this Article comprises the 30 period during which the cargo is in the charge of the carrier.

35 4.

The period of the carriage by air does not extend to any carriage by land, by sea or by inland waterway performed outside an airport.
If, however, such carriage takes place in the performance of a contract for carriage by air, for the purpose of loading, delivery or transhipment, any damage is presumed, subject to proof to the contrary, to have been the result of an event which took place during the carriage by air.
If a carrier, without the consent of the consignor, substitutes carriage by another mode of transport for the whole or part of a carriage intended by the agreement between the parties to be carriage by air, such carriage by another mode of transport is deemed to be within the period of carriage by air.

15 Article 19 Delay 5 10 15 20 The carrier is liable for damage occasioned by delay in the carriage by air of passengers, baggage or cargo.
Nevertheless, the carrier shall not be liable for damage occasioned by delay if it proves that it and its servants and agents took all measures that could reasonably be required to avoid the damage or that it was impossible for it or them to take such measures.
Article 20 Exoneration If the carrier proves that the damage was caused or contributed to by the negligence or other wrongful act or omission of the person claiming compensation, or the person from whom he or she derives his or her rights, the carrier shall be wholly or partly exonerated from its liability to the claimant to the extent that such negligence or wrongful act or omission caused or contributed to the damage.
When by reason of death or injury of a passenger compensation is claimed by a person other than the passenger, the carrier shall likewise be wholly or partly exonerated from its liability to the extent that it proves that the damage was caused or contributed to by the negligence or other wrongful act or omission of that passenger.

This Article applies to all the liability provisions in this Convention, including paragraph 1 of Article 21.

Article 21 Compensation in case of death or injury of passengers 1.
For damages arising under paragraph 1 of Article 17 not exceeding 100,000 Special Drawing Rights for each passenger, the carrier shall not be able to exclude or limit its liability.

25 2.
25 2.

The carrier shall not be liable for damages arising under paragraph 1 of Article 17 to the extent that they exceed for each passenger 100,000 Special Drawing Rights if the carrier proves that: (a) such damage was not due to the negligence or other wrongful act or omission of the carrier or its servants or agents; or 30 (b) such damage was solely due to the negligence or other wrongful act or omission of a third party.

16 Article 22 Limits of liability in relation to delay, baggage and cargo 1.
In the case of damage caused by delay as specified in Article 19 in the carriage of persons, the liability of the carrier for each passenger is limited to 4,150 Special Drawing Rights.

2.
2.

In the carriage of baggage, the liability of the carrier in the case of destruction, loss, damage or delay is limited to 1,000 Special Drawing Rights for each passenger unless the passenger has made, at the time when the checked baggage was handed over to the carrier, a special declaration of interest in delivery at destination and has paid a supplementary sum if the case so requires.
In that case the carrier will be liable to pay a sum not exceeding the declared sum, unless it proves that the sum is greater than the passenger’s actual interest in delivery at destination.

3.
3.

In the carriage of cargo, the liability of the carrier in the case of destruction, loss, damage or delay is limited to a sum of 17 Special Drawing Rights per kilogram, unless the consignor has made, at the time when the package was handed over to the carrier, a special declaration of interest in delivery at destination and has paid a supplementary sum if the case so requires.
In that case the carrier will be liable to pay a sum not exceeding the declared sum, unless it proves that the sum is greater than the consignor’s actual interest in delivery at destination.

4.

In the case of destruction, loss, damage or delay of part of the cargo, or of any object contained therein, the weight to be taken into consideration in determining the amount to which the carrier’s liability is limited shall be only the total weight of the package or packages concerned.
Nevertheless, when the destruction, loss, damage or delay of a part of the cargo, or of an object contained therein, affects the value of other packages covered by the same air waybill, or the same receipt or, if they were not issued, by the same record preserved by the other means referred to in paragraph 2 of Article 4, the total weight of such package or packages shall also be taken into consideration in determining the limit of liability.

5.
5.

The foregoing provisions of paragraphs 1 and 2 of this Article shall not apply if it is proved that the damage resulted from an act or omission of the carrier, its servants or agents, done with intent to cause damage or recklessly and with knowledge that damage would probably result; provided that, in the case of such act or omission of a servant or agent, it is also proved that such servant or agent was acting within the scope of its employment.

6.
6.

The limits prescribed in Article 21 and in this Article shall not prevent the court from awarding, in accordance with its own law, in addition, the whole or part of the court costs and of the other expenses of the litigation incurred by the plaintiff, including interest.
The foregoing provision shall not apply if the amount of the damages awarded, excluding court costs and other expenses of the litigation, does not exceed the sum which the carrier has offered in writing to the plaintiff within a period of six months from the date of the occurrence causing the damage, or before the commencement of the action, if that is later.

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 17 Article 23 Conversion of monetary units 1.
The sums mentioned in terms of Special Drawing Right in this Convention shall be deemed to refer to the Special Drawing Right as defined by the International Monetary Fund.

Conversion of the sums into national currencies shall, in case of judicial proceedings, be made according to the value of such currencies in terms of the Special Drawing Right at the date of the judgement.
The value of a national currency, in terms of the Special Drawing Right, of a State Party which is a Member of the International Monetary Fund, shall be calculated in accordance with the method of valuation applied by the International Monetary Fund, in effect at the date of the judgement, for its operations and transactions.
The value of a national currency, in terms of the Special Drawing Right, of a State Party which is not a Member of the International Monetary Fund, shall be calculated in a manner determined by that State.

2.
Nevertheless, those States which are not Members of the International Monetary Fund and whose law does not permit the application of the provisions of paragraph 1 of this Article may, at the time of ratification or accession or at any time thereafter, declare that the limit of liability of the carrier prescribed in Article 21 is fixed at a sum of 1,500,000 monetary units per passenger in judicial proceedings in their territories; 62,500 monetary units per passenger with respect to paragraph 1 of Article 22; 15,000 monetary units per passenger with respect to paragraph 2 of Article 22; and 250 monetary units per kilogram with respect to paragraph 3 of Article 22.
This monetary unit corresponds to sixty-five and a half milligrams of gold of millesimal fineness nine hundred.

These sums may be converted into the national currency concerned in round figures.

The conversion of these sums into national currency shall be made according to the law of the State concerned.

3.
3.

The calculation mentioned in the last sentence of paragraph 1 of this Article and the conversion method mentioned in paragraph 2 of this Article shall be made in such manner as to express in the national currency of the State Party as far as possible the same real value for the amounts in Articles 21 and 22 as would result from the application of the first three sentences of paragraph 1 of this Article.
States Parties shall communicate to the depositary the manner of calculation pursuant to paragraph 1 of this Article, or the result of the conversion in paragraph 2 of this Article, as the case may be, when depositing an instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval of or accession to this Convention and whenever there is a change in either.

Article 24 Review of limits 1.
Without prejudice to the provisions of Article 25 of this Convention and subject to paragraph 2 below, the limits of liability prescribed in Articles 21, 22 and 23 shall be reviewed by the Depositary at five-year intervals, the first such review to take place at the end of the fifth year following the date of entry into force of this Convention, or if 18 the Convention does not enter into force within five years of the date it is first open for signature, within the first year of its entry into force, by reference to an inflation factor which corresponds to the accumulated rate of inflation since the previous revision or in the first instance since the date of entry into force of the Convention.
The measure of the rate of inflation to be used in determining the inflation factor shall be the weighted average of the annual rates of increase or decrease in the Consumer Price Indices of the States whose currencies comprise the Special Drawing Right mentioned in paragraph 1 of Article 23.

2.

If the review referred to in the preceding paragraph concludes that the inflation factor has exceeded 10 percent, the Depositary shall notify States Parties of a revision of the limits of liability.
Any such revision shall become effective six months after its notification to the States Parties.

If within three months after its notification to the States Parties a majority of the States Parties register their disapproval, the revision shall not become effective and the Depositary shall refer the matter to a meeting of the States Parties.

The Depositary shall immediately notify all States Parties of the coming into force of any revision.

3.
3.

Notwithstanding paragraph 1 of this Article, the procedure referred to in paragraph 2 of this Article shall be applied at any time provided that one-third of the States Parties express a desire to that effect and upon condition that the inflation factor referred to in paragraph 1 has exceeded 30 percent since the previous revision or since the date of entry into force of this Convention if there has been no previous revision.
Subsequent reviews using the procedure described in paragraph 1 of this Article will take place at five-year intervals starting at the end of the fifth year following the date of the reviews under the present paragraph.

Article 25 Stipulation on limits A carrier may stipulate that the contract of carriage shall be subject to higher limits of liability than those provided for in this Convention or to no limits of liability whatsoever.
Article 26 Invalidity of contractual provisions Any provision tending to relieve the carrier of liability or to fix a lower limit than that which is laid down in this Convention shall be null and void, but the nullity of any such provision does not involve the nullity of the whole contract, which shall remain subject to the provisions of this Convention.
19 Article 27 Freedom to contract Nothing contained in this Convention shall prevent the carrier from refusing to enter into any contract of carriage, from waiving any defences available under the Convention, or from laying down conditions which do not conflict with the provisions of this Convention.
Article 28 Advance payments In the case of aircraft accidents resulting in death or injury of passengers, the carrier shall, if required by its national law, make advance payments without delay to a natural person or persons who are entitled to claim compensation in order to meet the immediate economic needs of such persons.

Such advance payments shall not constitute a recognition of liability and may be offset against any amounts subsequently paid as damages by the carrier.
Article 29 Basis of claims In the carriage of passengers, baggage and cargo, any action for damages, however founded, whether under this Convention or in contract or in tort or otherwise, can only be brought subject to the conditions and such limits of liability as are set out in this Convention without prejudice to the question as to who are the persons who have the right to bring suit and what are their respective rights.
In any such action, punitive, exemplary or any other non-compensatory damages shall not be recoverable.

Article 30 Servants, agents ⎯ aggregation of claims 1.
If an action is brought against a servant or agent of the carrier arising out of damage to which the Convention relates, such servant or agent, if they prove that they acted within the scope of their employment, shall be entitled to avail themselves of the conditions and limits of liability which the carrier itself is entitled to invoke under this Convention.

30 2.

The aggregate of the amounts recoverable from the carrier, its servants and agents, in that case, shall not exceed the said limits.

3.
3.

Save in respect of the carriage of cargo, the provisions of paragraphs 1 and 2 of this Article shall not apply if it is proved that the damage resulted from an act or omission of the servant or agent done with intent to cause damage or recklessly and with knowledge that damage would probably result.

20 Article 31 Timely notice of complaints 5 10 1.


Receipt by the person entitled to delivery of checked baggage or cargo without complaint is prima facie evidence that the same has been delivered in good condition and in accordance with the document of carriage or with the record preserved by the other means referred to in paragraph 2 of Article 3 and paragraph 2 of Article 4.

2.
2.

In the case of damage, the person entitled to delivery must complain to the carrier forthwith after the discovery of the damage, and, at the latest, within seven days from the date of receipt in the case of checked baggage and fourteen days from the date of receipt in the case of cargo.

In the case of delay, the complaint must be made at the latest within twenty-one days from the date on which the baggage or cargo have been placed at his or her disposal.

15 3.
15 3.

Every complaint must be made in writing and given or dispatched within the times aforesaid.

4.

If no complaint is made within the times aforesaid, no action shall lie against the carrier, save in the case of fraud on its part.

20 25 30 Article 32 Death of person liable In the case of the death of the person liable, an action for damages lies in accordance with the terms of this Convention against those legally representing his or her estate.

Article 33 Jurisdiction 1.


An action for damages must be brought, at the option of the plaintiff, in the territory of one of the States Parties, either before the court of the domicile of the carrier or of its principal place of business, or where it has a place of business through which the contract has been made or before the court at the place of destination.

2.
In respect of damage resulting from the death or injury of a passenger, an action may be brought before one of the courts mentioned in paragraph 1 of this Article, or in the territory of a State Party in which at the time of the accident the passenger has his or her principal and permanent residence and to or from which the carrier operates services for the carriage of passengers by air, either on its own aircraft, or on another carrier’s aircraft pursuant to a commercial agreement, and in which that carrier 21 conducts its business of carriage of passengers by air from premises leased or owned by the carrier itself or by another carrier with which it has a commercial agreement.
3.

For the purposes of paragraph 2, 5 (a) “commercial agreement” means an agreement, other than an agency agreement, made between carriers and relating to the provision of their joint services for carriage of passengers by air; (b) “principal and permanent residence” means the one fixed and permanent abode of the passenger at the time of the accident.

The nationality of the passenger shall not be the determining factor in this regard.

10 4.
10 4.

Questions of procedure shall be governed by the law of the court seised of the case.

Article 34 Arbitration 15 20 25 30 1.

Subject to the provisions of this Article, the parties to the contract of carriage for cargo may stipulate that any dispute relating to the liability of the carrier under this Convention shall be settled by arbitration.

Such agreement shall be in writing.

2.


The arbitration proceedings shall, at the option of the claimant, take place within one of the jurisdictions referred to in Article 33.

3.

The arbitrator or arbitration tribunal shall apply the provisions of this Convention.

4.

The provisions of paragraphs 2 and 3 of this Article shall be deemed to be part of every arbitration clause or agreement, and any term of such clause or agreement which is inconsistent therewith shall be null and void.
Article 35 Limitation of actions 1.

The right to damages shall be extinguished if an action is not brought within a period of two years, reckoned from the date of arrival at the destination, or from the date on which the aircraft ought to have arrived, or from the date on which the carriage stopped.

2.

The method of calculating that period shall be determined by the law of the court seised of the case.

Article 36 Successive carriage 1.


In the case of carriage to be performed by various successive carriers and falling within the definition set out in paragraph 3 of Article 1, each carrier which accepts 22 passengers, baggage or cargo is subject to the rules set out in this Convention and is deemed to be one of the parties to the contract of carriage in so far as the contract deals with that part of the carriage which is performed under its supervision.

2.
2.

In the case of carriage of this nature, the passenger or any person entitled to compensation in respect of him or her can take action only against the carrier which performed the carriage during which the accident or the delay occurred, save in the case where, by express agreement, the first carrier has assumed liability for the whole journey.

3.
3.

As regards baggage or cargo, the passenger or consignor will have a right of action against the first carrier, and the passenger or consignee who is entitled to delivery will have a right of action against the last carrier, and further, each may take action against the carrier which performed the carriage during which the destruction, loss, damage or delay took place.

These carriers will be jointly and severally liable to the passenger or to the consignor or consignee.
Article 37 Right of recourse against third parties Nothing in this Convention shall prejudice the question whether a person liable for damage in accordance with its provisions has a right of recourse against any other person.

CHAPTER IV COMBINED CARRIAGE Article 38 Combined carriage 1.
In the case of combined carriage performed partly by air and partly by any other mode of carriage, the provisions of this Convention shall, subject to paragraph 4 of Article 18, apply only to the carriage by air, provided that the carriage by air falls within the terms of Article 1.

2.
2.

Nothing in this Convention shall prevent the parties in the case of combined carriage from inserting in the document of air carriage conditions relating to other modes of carriage, provided that the provisions of this Convention are observed as regards the carriage by air.
23 CHAPTER V CARRIAGE BY AIR PERFORMED BY A PERSON OTHER THAN THE CONTRACTING CARRIER Article 39 Contracting carrier ⎯ actual carrier The provisions of this Chapter apply when a person (hereinafter referred to as “the contracting carrier”) as a principal makes a contract of carriage governed by this Convention with a passenger or consignor or with a person acting on behalf of the passenger or consignor, and another person (hereinafter referred to as “the actual carrier”) performs, by virtue of authority from the contracting carrier, the whole or part of the carriage, but is not with respect to such part a successive carrier within the meaning of this Convention.
Such authority shall be presumed in the absence of proof to the contrary.
Article 40 Respective liability of contracting and actual carriers If an actual carrier performs the whole or part of carriage which, according to the contract referred to in Article 39, is governed by this Convention, both the contracting carrier and the actual carrier shall, except as otherwise provided in this Chapter, be subject to the rules of this Convention, the former for the whole of the carriage contemplated in the contract, the latter solely for the carriage which it performs.
Article 41 Mutual liability 1.

The acts and omissions of the actual carrier and of its servants and agents acting within the scope of their employment shall, in relation to the carriage performed by the actual carrier, be deemed to be also those of the contracting carrier.

2.
2.

The acts and omissions of the contracting carrier and of its servants and agents acting within the scope of their employment shall, in relation to the carriage performed by the actual carrier, be deemed to be also those of the actual carrier.

Nevertheless, no such act or omission shall subject the actual carrier to liability exceeding the amounts referred to in Articles 21, 22, 23 and 24.
Any special agreement under which the contracting carrier assumes obligations not imposed by this Convention or any waiver of rights or defences conferred by this Convention or any special declaration of interest in delivery at destination contemplated in Article 22 shall not affect the actual carrier unless agreed to by it.
24 Article 42 Addressee of complaints and instructions Any complaint to be made or instruction to be given under this Convention to the carrier shall have the same effect whether addressed to the contracting carrier or to the actual carrier.

Nevertheless, instructions referred to in Article 12 shall only be effective if addressed to the contracting carrier.
Article 43 Servants and agents In relation to the carriage performed by the actual carrier, any servant or agent of that carrier or of the contracting carrier shall, if they prove that they acted within the scope of their employment, be entitled to avail themselves of the conditions and limits of liability which are applicable under this Convention to the carrier whose servant or agent they are, unless it is proved that they acted in a manner that prevents the limits of liability from being invoked in accordance with this Convention.
Article 44 Aggregation of damages In relation to the carriage performed by the actual carrier, the aggregate of the amounts recoverable from that carrier and the contracting carrier, and from their servants and agents acting within the scope of their employment, shall not exceed the highest amount which could be awarded against either the contracting carrier or the actual carrier under this Convention, but none of the persons mentioned shall be liable for a sum in excess of the limit applicable to that person.
Article 45 Addressee of claims In relation to the carriage performed by the actual carrier, an action for damages may be brought, at the option of the plaintiff, against that carrier or the contracting carrier, or against both together or separately.

If the action is brought against only one of those carriers, that carrier shall have the right to require the other carrier to be joined in the proceedings, the procedure and effects being governed by the law of the court seised of the case.
Article 46 Additional jurisdiction Any action for damages contemplated in Article 45 must be brought, at the option of the plaintiff, in the territory of one of the States Parties, either before a court in which an action may be brought against the contracting carrier, as provided in Article 33, or before the court having jurisdiction at the place where the actual carrier has its domicile or its principal place of business.
Article 47 Invalidity of contractual provisions Any contractual provision tending to relieve the contracting carrier or the actual carrier of liability under this Chapter or to fix a lower limit than that which is applicable according to this Chapter shall be null and void, but the nullity of any such provision does not involve the nullity of the whole contract, which shall remain subject to the provisions of this Chapter.
Article 48 Mutual relations of contracting and actual carriers Except as provided in Article 45, nothing in this Chapter shall affect the rights and obligations of the carriers between themselves, including any right of recourse or indemnification.
CHAPTER VI OTHER PROVISIONS Article 49 Mandatory application 25 Any clause contained in the contract of carriage and all special agreements entered into before the damage occurred by which the parties purport to infringe the rules laid down by this Convention, whether by deciding the law to be applied, or by altering the rules as to jurisdiction, shall be null and void.
26 Article 50 Insurance States Parties shall require their carriers to maintain adequate insurance covering their liability under this Convention.

A carrier may be required by the State Party into which it operates to furnish evidence that it maintains adequate insurance covering its liability under this Convention.
5 Article 51 Carriage performed in extraordinary circumstances 10 The provisions of Articles 3 to 5, 7 and 8 relating to the documentation of carriage shall not apply in the case of carriage performed in extraordinary circumstances outside the normal scope of a carrier’s business.

Article 52 Definition of days The expression “days” when used in this Convention means calendar days, not 15 working days.

CHAPTER VII FINAL CLAUSES Article 53 Signature, ratification and entry into force 20 25 30 1.
This Convention shall be open for signature in Montreal on 28th May 1999 by States participating in the International Conference on Air Law held at Montreal from 10th to 28th May 1999.

After 28th May 1999, the Convention shall be open to all States for signature at the headquarters of the International Civil Aviation Organization in Montreal until it enters into force in accordance with paragraph 6 of this Article.

2.
2.

This Convention shall similarly be open for signature by Regional Economic Integration Organisations.

For the purpose of this Convention, a “Regional Economic Integration Organisation” means any organisation which is constituted by sovereign States of a given region which has competence in respect of certain matters governed by this Convention and has been duly authorized to sign and to ratify, accept, approve or accede to this Convention.
A reference to a “State Party” or “States Parties” in this Convention, otherwise than in paragraph 2 of Article 1, paragraph 1(b) of Article 3, 27 paragraph (b) of Article 5, Articles 23, 33, 46 and paragraph (b) of Article 57, applies equally to a Regional Economic Integration Organisation.

For the purpose of Article 24, the references to “a majority of the States Parties” and “one-third of the States Parties” shall not apply to a Regional Economic Integration Organisation.

5 3.
5 3.

This Convention shall be subject to ratification by States and by Regional Economic Integration Organisations which have signed it.

10 15 4.

Any State or Regional Economic Integration Organisation which does not sign this Convention may accept, approve or accede to it at any time.

5.

Instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession shall be deposited with the International Civil Aviation Organization, which is hereby designated the Depositary.

6.
6.

This Convention shall enter into force on the sixtieth day following the date of deposit of the thirtieth instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession with the Depositary between the States which have deposited such instrument.

An instrument deposited by a Regional Economic Integration Organisation shall not be counted for the purpose of this paragraph.

7.
7.

For other States and for other Regional Economic Integration Organisations, this Convention shall take effect sixty days following the date of deposit of the instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession.

20 8.
20 8.

The Depositary shall promptly notify all signatories and States Parties of: (a) each signature of this Convention and date thereof; (b) each deposit of an instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession and date thereof; (c) the date of entry into force of this Convention; 25 (d) the date of the coming into force of any revision of the limits of liability established under this Convention; (e) any denunciation under Article 54.

Article 54 Denunciation 30 1.


Any State Party may denounce this Convention by written notification to the Depositary.

2.

Denunciation shall take effect one hundred and eighty days following the date on which notification is received by the Depositary.
28 Article 55 Relationship with other Warsaw Convention instruments This Convention shall prevail over any rules which apply to international carriage by air: 5 1. between States Parties to this Convention by virtue of those States commonly being Party to ⎯ (a) the Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules relating to International Carriage by Air signed at Warsaw on 12th October 1929 (hereinafter called the Warsaw Convention); 10 (b) the Protocol to amend the Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules relating to International Carriage by Air signed at Warsaw on 12th October 1929, done at The Hague on 28th September 1955 (hereinafter called The Hague Protocol); 15 20 25 30 35 (c) (d) the Convention, Supplementary to the Warsaw Convention, for the Unification of Certain Rules relating to International Carriage by Air Performed by a Person other than the Contracting Carrier, signed at Guadalajara on 18th September 1961 (hereinafter called the Guadalajara Convention); the Protocol to amend the Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules relating to International Carriage by Air signed at Warsaw on 12th October 1929 as amended by the Protocol done at The Hague on 28th September 1955, signed at Guatemala City on 8th March 1971 (hereinafter called the Guatemala City Protocol); (e) Additional Protocol Nos.
1 to 3 and Montreal Protocol No.

4 to amend the Warsaw Convention as amended by The Hague Protocol or the Warsaw Convention as amended by both The Hague Protocol and the Guatemala City Protocol, signed at Montreal on 25th September 1975 (hereinafter called the Montreal Protocols); or 2. within the territory of any single State Party to this Convention by virtue of that State being Party to one or more of the instruments referred to in sub-paragraphs (a) to (e) above.
Article 56 States with more than one system of law 1.

If a State has two or more territorial units in which different systems of law are applicable in relation to matters dealt with in this Convention, it may at the time of signature, ratification, acceptance, approval or accession declare that this Convention shall extend to all its territorial units or only to one or more of them and may modify this declaration by submitting another declaration at any time.

29 2.
29 2.

Any such declaration shall be notified to the Depositary and shall state expressly the territorial units to which the Convention applies.

3.

In relation to a State Party which has made such a declaration: (a) (b) references in Article 23 to “national currency” shall be construed as referring to the currency of the relevant territorial unit of that State; and the reference in Article 28 to “national law” shall be construed as referring to the law of the relevant territorial unit of that State.
Article 57 Reservations No reservation may be made to this Convention except that a State Party may at any time declare by a notification addressed to the Depositary that this Convention shall not apply to: (a) (b) international carriage by air performed and operated directly by that State Party for non-commercial purposes in respect to its functions and duties as a sovereign State; and/or the carriage of persons, cargo and baggage for its military authorities on aircraft registered in or leased by that State Party, the whole capacity of which has been reserved by or on behalf of such authorities.
5 10 15 IN WITNESS WHEREOF the undersigned Plenipotentiaries, having been duly 20 authorized, have signed this Convention.

DONE at Montreal on the 28th day of May of the year one thousand nine hundred and ninety-nine in the English, Arabic, Chinese, French, Russian and Spanish languages, all texts being equally authentic.
This Convention shall remain deposited in the archives of the International Civil Aviation Organization, and certified copies thereof shall be transmitted by the Depositary to all States Parties to this Convention, as well as to all States Parties to the Warsaw Convention, The Hague Protocol, the Guadalajara Convention, the Guatemala City Protocol and the Montreal Protocols.
25 EXPLANATORY STATEMENT This Bill seeks to give effect in Singapore to the 1999 Montreal Convention for the unification of certain rules for international carriage by air (the Convention), which is intended to replace the 1929 Warsaw Convention, the 1955 Hague Protocol and the 1975 Montreal Protocol No.

4 (to all of which Singapore is a party), and to make related amendments to the Carriage by Air Act (Cap.

32A).
32A).

The provisions of the Bill and the Convention will apply in relation to any international carriage (as defined in Article 1 of the Convention) by air between Singapore and any other country that is a party to the Convention.

(The phrase 30 “international carriage” is defined in Article 1 of the 1999 Montreal Convention.
The phrase does not include carriage between 2 points within the territory of a single country that is a party to the Convention without agreed stopping place within the territory of another country which is also a party to that Convention.).

The Carriage by Air Act (Cap.

32A), which gives effect in Singapore to the 1929 Warsaw Convention, the 1955 Hague Protocol and the 1975 Montreal Protocol No.
4, will continue to apply in relation to any international carriage by air between Singapore and any other country which is a party thereto but which has not yet ratified the 1999 Montreal Convention.

Clause 1 relates to the short title and commencement.

Clause 2 defines certain terms used in the Bill.


Clause 3 provides that the Convention will have the force of law in Singapore in relation to any carriage by air to which the Convention applies, except in relation to any right or liability arising out of an occurrence before the commencement of the Bill.

Clause 4 defines what is meant by a State Party to the Convention and the extent to which the Bill is to apply to such a State Party.
The list of the countries that are State Parties to the Convention is published on the official Internet website of the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO), which is is: the Convention.

http://www.icao.int/icao/en/leb (under “Treaty Collection”).

The website address repository of the Clause 5 relates to the liability for fatal accidents under Article 17 of the Convention to section 20 of the Civil Law Act (Cap.

43).
43).

Clause 6 relates to the limitation of liability of any particular person under Article 22 of the Convention and to the aggregate amounts recoverable from all persons so liable.

Clause 7 empowers the Minister to amend the Schedule to update any limit of liability prescribed by Article 21, 22 or 23 of the Convention upon a revision thereof under Article 24 of the Convention.
Clause 8 makes it clear that references to damage to any baggage or cargo in Article 31 of the Convention include loss of part of such baggage or cargo.

Clause 9 limits the time within which an action may be brought against a carrier’s servant or agent in respect of any damage to which the Convention relates.

Clause 10 empowers the Minister (by regulations) to give effect to Article 50 of the Convention in relation to the insurance that a carrier must maintain to cover its liability under the Convention.
Clause 11 empowers the Minister to exclude from the application of the provisions of the Convention ⎯ (a) international carriage by air performed by any State Party to the Convention for non-commercial purposes in respect to its functions and duties as a sovereign state; and (b) any aircraft used for military purposes of any State Party to the Convention.

31 Clause 12 empowers the Minister (by regulations) to apply the provisions of the Convention to carriage by air which is not governed by the Convention.
Clause 13 empowers the Minister to make such regulations as appear to him to be necessary for carrying out or giving effect to the provisions of the Convention.

Clause 14 provides that the Bill will bind the Government.

Clause 15 makes 2 amendments to the Carriage by Air Act (Cap.

32A).

Firstly, section 4 is repealed and re-enacted to define what is meant by a High Contracting Party to the Warsaw Convention, the Warsaw (Hague) Convention and the Warsaw (Hague) (Montreal) Convention.
This will obviate the need for the Minister to make and from time to time amend an order (which requires publication in the Gazette) to list the countries that are the High Contracting Parties to those Conventions.

The list of such High Contracting Parties is now published on the official Internet website of the ICAO.

The website address is: http://www.icao.int/icao/en/leb (under “Treaty Collection”).

Secondly, section 8(5) is deleted.


This is an amendment arising from the amendments made by the Arbitration Act (Cap.

10) to the Limitation Act (Cap.

163).

The Schedule sets out the text of the Convention.

EXPENDITURE OF PUBLIC MONEY This Bill will not involve the Government in any extra financial expenditure.