Source document: https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1698843055238.pdf (Sierra Leone)
APPENDICES Click on the Appendix title to link to the desired page or use the bookmarks on the left to navigate Appendix One Statistical Report Appendix Two Submissions to the TRC Appendix Three Transcripts of TRC Hearings Appendix Four Appendix Five Memorials, Mass Graves and Other sites Amputations in the Sierra Leone Conflict Copyright © 2004 – Truth & Reconciliation Commission, Sierra Leone All rights reserved.
No part of this Publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior consent of the copyright owners.

ISBN 9988 -8097-6-X Published by Graphic Packaging Ltd. GCGL Printed and Bound at GPL Press, Accra, Ghana.
The Truth and Reconciliation Comision Report was presented to President Ahmed Tijan Kabbah, President of sierra Leone on 5th October 2004 Contents Click on the chapter title to link to the desired page or use the bookmarks on the left to navigate List of Abbreviation Foreword by the Chairman Introduction Chapter 1:Mandate Chapter 2:Setting up the Commission Chapter 3:Concepts i 1 7 21 47 75 Chapter 4:Management and Operational Report 89 Chapter 5:Methodology and Process 139 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AAAS/SHR – ABA/CEELI – Association American Science/Human Rights Programme American Bar Association/Central and East European Law Advancement the for of Initiative ACC ACHPR ACRWC ADMS AFL AFRC APC AZAPO BBC CBR CCM CCP CDF CEDAW CEIP CFN CGG CMC CMO CMRRD – – – – – – – – – – – – – – against Women – – – – – – Anti Corruption Commission African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights African Covenant on the Rights and Welfare of the Child Alluvial Diamond Mining Scheme Armed Forces of Liberia Armed Forces Revolutionary Council All Peoples Congress Azanian Peoples Organisation British Broadcasting Corporation Community Based Rehabilitation Country Coordinating Mechanism Commission for the Consolidation of Peace Civil Defence Forces Convention on the Elimination of All forms of Discrimination Community Education Investment Programme Children’s Forum Network Campaign for Good Governance Ceasefire Monitoring Committee Chief Military Observer Commission for the Management of Strategic Resources, National Reconstruction and
 Development COMAHS CPA CRC CREPS CSM CWC DDR DFID EBIM ECOMOG ECOWAS EO FAWE FBC FGM GDO GGDO GoSL GSG GTZ HIPC HRC College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences Child Protection Agency Convention on the Rights of the Child Complementary Rapid Education for Primary Schools Civil Society Movement Child Welfare Committee Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration Department for International Development Elections Before Independence Movement ECOWAS Ceasefire Monitoring Group Economic Community of West African
 States Executive Outcomes Federation of African Women Educationalists Fourah Bay College Female Genital Mutilation Gold and Diamond Office Government Gold and Diamond Office Government of Sierra Leone Gurkhas Security Group Gemeinschaft Technischer Zusammenarbeit – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Institute for Technical Cooperation) – – Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative Human Rights Commission (German Vol One List of Abbreviations Page i HRD HRDAG HRIMS ICC ICCPR ICECSR – – – – – – Belgium High Diamond Council Human Rights Data Analysis Group Human Rights Information Management System International Criminal Court International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights – ICRC – ICS – ICTJ – ICTR – ICTY IDP – IHRLG/Law Group – – ILO – IMC – IMU – INEC – IPAM – IRC – ISPO – ISU – JLSC – JMC – KCP – KPU – LAWCLA – LUDF – MADA – MEST – MOCKY – MOLHCPE Environment – – – – – – – – – – – – MoU MILOBS MRD MSF MSWGCA NAC NaCSA NACWAC NAS NATAG NCCSL NCDDR International Committee of the Red Cross Institute of Commonwealth Studies International Centre for Transitional Justice International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia Internally Displaced Person International Human Rights Law Group International Labour Organisation International Medical Corps Information Management Unit Independent National Electoral Commission Institute of Public Administration and Management Inter Religious Council International Society for Prosthetics and Orthotics Internal Security Unit Judicial Legal Service Commission Joint Monitoring Committee Kimberly Certification Process Kono Progressive Union Lawyers Centre for Legal Assistance Liberian United Defence Force Ministry of Agriculture and Development Assistance Ministry of Education, Science and Technology Movement of Kono Youths Ministry of Lands, Housing, Country Planning and Memorandum of Understanding Military Observers
 Movement for the Restoration of Democracy Médecins sans Frontières Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender and Children’s Affairs National Aids Council National Commission for Social Action National Commission for War Affected Children National Aids Secretariat Nigerian Armed Forces Training Group National Council of the Colony of Sierra Leone National Commission for Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration National Commission for Democracy and Human Rights National Commission for Reconstruction, Resettlement and Rehabilitation National Council of Sierra Leone National Council of Sierra Leone Women NCDHR NCRRR NCSL NCSLW – – – – Vol One List of Abbreviations Page ii NDP NDMC NEC NFHR NGO NIBATT NIGCON NPFL NPRC NRC NRC NRS OAU OHCHR OSD PAE PANA PANAFU PCMH PEPU PETS PHR PMMC PNP PP PRIDE PRSP RREP RUF RUFP RSLAF RSLMF RVF SAPA SBU SGU SHARP SLA SLAMM-CDF SLBS SLENA SLPIM SLPMB SLPP SLRRP SLST SLTU SOFA – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – National Democratic Party National Diamond Mining Company National Electoral Commission National Forum for Human Rights Non Governmental Organisation Nigerian Battalion Nigerian Contingent National Patriotic Front of Liberia National Provisional Ruling Council National Reformation Council Norwegian Refugee Council National Recovery Strategy Organisation of African Unity Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights Operational Support Division (Agency for) Plants,
 Animals and the Environment Pan African News Agency Pan African Union Organisation Princess Christian Maternity Hospital Protectorate Education Progressive Union Public Expenditure Tracking Survey Physicians for Human Rights Precious Metals Mining Company Peoples National Party Peoples Party Post Conflict Reintegration Initiative for Development and Empowerment Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper Rapid Response Education Project Revolutionary United Front Revolutionary United Front Party Republic of Sierra Leone
 Armed Forces Republic of Sierra Leone Military Forces Rectal Vaginal Fistula Social Action for Poverty Alleviation Small Boys Unit Small Girls Unit Sierra Leone Aids Response Project Sierra Leone Army Sierra Leone Action Movement for the CDF Sierra Leone Broadcasting Service Sierra Leone News Agency Sierra Leone Peoples Independence Movement Sierra Leone Produce Marketing Board Sierra Leone Peoples Party Sierra Leone Rural Reintegration Project Sierra Leone Selection Trust Sierra Leone Teachers Union Status of Forces Agreement Vol One List of Abbreviations Page iii Sierra Leone Organisation Society Special Representative of the Secretary General Special Security Division Sexually Transmitted Infection Truth and Reconciliation Commission United Democratic Party United Liberation Movement United Nations United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone United Nations Development Programme United Nations Department for Peace keeping Operations United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees United Nations Children’s Fund United Nations Fund for Women United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian SOS SRSG SSD STI TRC UDP ULIMO UN UNAMSIL UNDP UNDPKO UNESCO – – – – – – – – – – – – Organisation – UNHCR – UNICEF – UNIFEM – UNOCHA Activities – UNOMSIL – UNSC – UPP – USAID – VVF – WHO United Nations Observer Mission in Sierra Leone United Nations Security Council United Progressive Party United States Agency for International Development Vesico Vaginal Fistula World Health Organisation Vol One List of Abbreviations Page iv Foreword by Bishop J. C. Humper — Chairman of the Commission Vol One Foreword by C hairperson Page 1 Foreword The establishment of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (the Commission) in Sierra Leone after eleven years of bitter civil conflict was appropriate, necessary and indeed, highly significant for the healing of a traumatised nation.
The Report is all- inclusive in that it does not only expose perpetrators and identify victims but also serves as a mirror through which all Sierra Leoneans can and, indeed, are encouraged to examine their own roles in the conflict.

The Commission was a product of the Lomé Peace Agreement between the Government of Sierra Leone and the Revolutionary United Front (RUF).

The work of the Commission has laid the foundation for reconciliation and healing for all of those affected by the civil war.
Victims and perpetrators are beginning to find a common ground on which to stand, live and develop the country together in peace and harmony.

The Report of the Commission (the Report) calls for introspection and a retrospective examination of the political, historical, economical, social and moral activities of both the state and the nation.

While particular attention has been paid to the plight of victims, the motives and perspectives of those who committed terrible atrocities were intensively explored.
The Commission endeavoured in its report to address the questions: “Why Sierra Leone?” “What went wrong?” “What needs to change?” “How will we effect the change?” The Report is intended to enable Sierra Leoneans to understand the conflict and to come to grips with the problems which gave rise to it, many of which continue to plague Sierra Leone today.
In this way, the Commission hopes the Report will serve as a roadmap towards the building of a new society in which all Sierra Leoneans can walk unafraid with pride and dignity.

The Commission’s findings force us as a nation to confront the past.

They reinforce the belief that the past cannot, indeed must not, be forgotten.

Forgetting or ignoring the past means we cannot learn its lessons and are at greater risk of repeating it.
Through attributing responsibility for the different causes of the conflict, and the many violations of human rights committed it, we create accountability and state unequivocally that we reject impunity.

With this knowledge and understanding we vow to build a society that will be able to prevent such causes and violations from recurring.

throughout The Commission’s recommendations touch on every aspect of the life of our nation.
They will go a long way towards promoting restorative justice in Sierra Leone.

The recommendations do not only deal with the technical and policy measures required to build a peaceful and stable future, they also call for a fundamental change in the attitudes of Sierra Leoneans.

With common resolve and commitment on the part of every citizen and the ongoing support of the international community, we can say that the prospects for sustained peace and the development of Sierra Leone are indeed bright.
Our ultimate goal of peace and reconciliation will be reached if all living within its borders sincerely respect the human rights of all, without exception.

We must reaffirm our resolve to live in a nation where justice reigns, where nobody is above the law, where unity and tolerance is the order of the day, where genuine democracy thrives, and where love and concern for each other and our country is paramount.
True reconciliation requires real consideration for the total well being of all our citizens – including children, Vol One Foreword by Chairperson Page 2 youth and women.

All citizens must have a genuine stake in society in order for there to be a lasting peace in Sierra Leone.

Reconciliation is strengthened through acknowledgment and forgiveness.

Those who have confronted the past will have no problem in acknowledging their roles in the conflict and expressing remorse for such roles.
True statesmen and leaders will also act accordingly for they will recognise the powerful healing and unifying force such acts will have on the nation.

Those who have confronted the past will be able to forgive others for the wrongs committed against them.

Where the act of forgiveness is genuine it does not matter whether the perpetrator declines to express remorse.

Learning to forgive those who have wronged us is the first step we can take towards healing our traumatised nation.
These are my hopes for our people in Sierra Leone.

As we read the pages of this Report let us do so with an open mind for the voices of thousands of Sierra Leoneans are contained in its volumes.

These voices call upon all of us never to permit intolerance and brutality to afflict our Sierra Leone again.

We are called upon to live in such a way that we can truly say “never again”.

The future prosperity of our children and indeed future generations depend on how we conduct ourselves.
We must meet this challenge.

I wish to acknowledge and pay tribute to the many organisations and individuals that made possible the fulfilment of the Commission’s mandate.

Firstly, I wish to express my deep appreciation to several donor countries that supplied financial support: the European Commission, the United States of America, the United Kingdom, Norway, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Germany, Canada, Ireland, Sweden, France and Luxembourg.
I wish to pay tribute to Mrs. Mary Robinson, the former United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, whose vision ensured the realisation of this Commission.

Several persons in the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights played key roles in establishing and supporting the Commission, including Mr. Jan Cedergren, former Chief of Activities and Programmes Branch, Ms. Tokunbo Ige, African Team Coordinator, and Mr. Martin Ejidike, the Desk Officer for Sierra Leone.
The Commission received valuable administrative and logistical support from United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL).

In particular, I would like to thank the members of the Human Rights Section and of the Media and Public Education Department of UNAMSIL for their unwavering support for the Commission’s work.
I extend my appreciation to the President of Sierra Leone, Dr. Ahmad Tejan Kabbah and the Government of Sierra Leone for their committed support to the on-gong and long-term truth and reconciliation process.

Several organisations, both within and outside Sierra Leone, played significant roles in promoting the work of the Commission.
Within Sierra Leone such organisations included the Campaign for Good Governance, the National Forum for Human Rights, the print and broadcast media and the Inter Religious Council.

The Truth and Reconciliation Working Group served as a useful liaison between the Commission and the NGO community.

UNICEF provided support to the Commission and enabled it to publish the Children’s Version of the Report.

The Commission wishes to thank Saudamini Siegrist for her dedication in compiling the Children’s Version.
UNIFEM supplied advice and resources to assist the Commission to address the role of women in the conflict.

WITNESS produced a video version of the Report and the Commission wishes to express its gratitude to Gillian Caldwell, Louis Spitzer and Tijanie Bah.

The International Centre for Transitional Justice (ICTJ) supplied valuable support and input, and the Commission wishes to thank in particular Marieke Wierda who was always available for advice and counsel.
The ICTJ provided consultants to the Commission and also supplied financial support for and the National Vision for Sierra Leone.

Vol One Foreword by Chairperson Page 3 Finally I would like to pay tribute to the Commissioners and staff of the TRC.

The Commissioners, Hon.

Justice Laura Marcus-Jones, Mr. Sylvanus Torto, Professor John Kamara, Ms. Yasmin Louise Sooka, Professor William Schabas and Madam Ajaratou Satang Jow who took time out of their busy schedules to ensure the success of the Commission.
In particular I would like to pay tribute to Mr Ozonnia Ojielo, the Head of Information Management Unit, who played an instrumental role in the establishment and management of the Commission, and in the production of this report.

As I commend this Report to my fellow Sierra Leoneans, I solicit the cooperation of the national government and the international community to do everything humanly possible to implement the Commission’s recommendations.
The recommendations represent the hopes of our children and youth as well as the yet unspoken hopes of future generations.

We have a real opportunity to unlock the potential and talents of all Sierra Leoneans.

We must seize this opportunity.

Thus, to all peace loving people, I commend to you this Report of the Commission.

Bishop Joseph Humper (CR) Chairman, TRC Vol One Foreword by Chairperson Page 4 Commissioners 1.

Bishop Joseph 5 Christian Humper - Chairman 2.


Hon Justice Laura Marcus-Jones - Deputy Chairperson 6 3.

Professor William Schabas 4.

Ms Yasmin Louise Sooka 5.

Mr Sylvanus Torto 6.

Madam Ajaratu Satang Jow 7 7.

Professor John Kamara 1 2 3 4 Vol One List of Commissioners Page 5 TRC Commissioners at a public hearing Vol One Introduction Page 6 Introduction 1.

2.

3.

4.

After years of brutal conflict in Sierra Leone, there existed a need to confront the past.
The nation wanted to know what precipitated the wave of vengeance and mayhem that swept across the country.

How was it that the people of Sierra Leone came to turn on each other with such ferocity?

Why did so many abandon traditions of community and peaceful co-existence?

Why were long held and cherished customs and taboos so wantonly discarded?

It is only through generating such understanding that the horrors of the past can effectively be prevented from occurring again.
Knowledge and understanding are the most powerful deterrents against conflict and war.

The Commission accordingly recommends the widest possible dissemination of its Report and its different versions, including the Children’s1 Video2 and Pictorial3 versions.

The Commission encourages the production of popular versions and summaries languages.

Dissemination committees should be organized to distribute the Report at the national and local levels.
In particular, the Commission encourages the use of the Report and its different versions to promote dialogue and debate in workshops and other events around the country.

The contents of the Report should be incorporated into education programmes from primary to tertiary level.

The full Report and its appendixes will be made available on the internet.
in different local Those who negotiated the Lomé Peace Agreement recognized that Sierra Leoneans as a nation had a need to express and acknowledge the suffering which took place, a need to relate their stories and experiences, a need to know who was behind the atrocities, a need to explain and contextualize decisions and conduct, a need to reconcile with former enemies, a need to begin personal and national healing and a need to build accountability in order to deal with impunity.
The Lomé Peace Agreement required Sierra Leone to establish a Truth and Reconciliation Commission to meet these different needs.

The Sierra Leone Parliament made provision for such a commission in early 2000 by virtue of the Truth and Reconciliation Act, 2000 (the Act).
The chapter of this Report entitled “Mandate” sets out in detail the mandate of the Commission as provided for by the Act, including the context of the establishment of the Commission.4 Various principles and concepts that underpinned and guided the work of the Commission.

These included the concepts of truth and truth telling.

The Commission also addressed the concepts of a ‘just war’, ‘just means’ as well as who constituted a ‘victim’ and ‘perpetrator.
The views of the Commission on these core concepts are set out in the chapter entitled “Concepts”.5 1 Produced in collaboration with UNICEF.

The Children’s Version was written with the assistance of children.

2 Produced by WITNESS, in collaboration with the Commission.

The Video Version has been produced in English and Krio.

It provides a visual account of the Commission’s Report.

3 Produced with the support of the International Center for Transitional Justice.

4 Chapter 1, Volume 1.


5 Chapter 3, Volume 1.

For the Commission’s views on the concepts of reconciliation and reparations see the chapters entitled ‘Reconciliation’ at Chapter 7, Volume 3B, and ‘Reparations Programme’ at Chapter 3, Volume 2.

Vol One Introduction Page 7 TRC Mr Oluyemi Adeniji, SRSG (left) and Mr Bacre Ndiaye, Special Representative of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights at the inauguration of the Commission on July 5, 2002 Vol One Introduction Page 8 5.

6.

7.

8.
6.

7.

8.

Getting Started Establishing the truth and achieving reconciliation is an ambitious project for any country struggling to overcome the bitterness of strife and war.

This was particularly the case for Sierra Leone.

The country was devastated by nearly a decade of civil war.

Sierra Leone had become one of the poorest countries in the world.

It took several years to establish the Commission.


During this period, further disturbances broke out in parts of the country, which prompted the Government of Sierra Leone and the international community to take the initiative of establishing a Special Court for Sierra Leone.

The Special Court was tasked with prosecuting those who bore the greatest responsibility for serious violations of human rights.

All these factors impacted on the work of the Commission.
The Commission was supported in its efforts to raise funds through the United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR).

In view of the Commission’s short timeframe, donors were skeptical about its capacity to realize its mandate.

The Commission encountered difficulties in reaching its original funding target of $9.9 million.

The Commission’s requirements were later realigned to meet the funding prospects while maintaining a credible institution.
It became clear from the outset that the establishment of the the Commission was beset with problems.

This Commission’s ability to raise sufficient funding.

Less than half the funds pledged eventually found their way to the Commission.

further complicated Internal difficulties saw the Commission effectively losing the first 6 months of its existence.

These early difficulties led to a crisis of credibility that in turn exacerbated the Commission’s funding crisis.
The Commission acknowledges the fact that a measure of internal mismanagement contributed to the many problems experienced by the Commission, not only during the start-up phase but also throughout the life of the Commission.

The background to the setting up of the Commission is contained in the chapter entitled “Setting up the Commission”.

6 A full account of the management and operations of the Commission is set out in the chapter entitled “Management and Operational Report”.
7 The Commission had to tailor its approach and processes to the constraints it faced.

The Commission established two units, namely the Information Management Unit, which included the functions of investigation and research, and the Legal and Reconciliation Unit, which was largely responsible for spearheading the Commission’s reconciliation activities.

The Commission’s activities were divided into three main phases: statement taking, hearings and report writing.
The approach adopted by the Commission to advance its mandate is set out in the chapter, “Methodology and Process”.8 Themes and Historical Record 9.

Early in its life, the Commission identified certain key themes upon which it would focus its energies during its research and investigation.

These themes were: 6 Chapter 2, Volume 1.

7 Chapter 4, Volume 1.

8 Chapter 5, Volume 1.


Vol One Introduction Page 9 • Historical Antecedents to the Conflict • Governance • Military and Political History of the Conflict • Nature of the Conflict • Mineral Resources in the Conflict • External Actors in the Conflict • Women and the Armed Conflict • Children and the Armed Conflict • Youths and the Armed Conflict • • National Vision for Sierra Leone The TRC and the Special Court for Sierra Leone Each theme is reflected as a chapter in this report.

10.
10.

11.

The first objective of the Commission, as established by the Act, was to create an impartial historical record of violations and abuses of human rights and international humanitarian law related to the armed conflict in Sierra Leone.

The Parliament of Sierra Leone recognized that such a record would form the basis for the task of preventing the recurrence of violence.9 Several of the themes focused on by the Commission comprise the historical record of the conflict.
The Commission does not claim to have produced the complete or exhaustive historical record of the conflict.

The Commission is however satisfied that it has provided an essential version of the armed conflict, which includes an account of its main events and how it started.

At times, this story accords with popular views of the conflict.

At other times, the Commission’s record of the conflict departs from popular history and debunks certain myths and untruths about the conflict.
Causes of the Conflict While there were many factors, both internal and external, that explain the cause of the civil war, the Commission came to the conclusion that it was years of bad governance, endemic corruption and the denial of basic human rights that created the deplorable conditions that made conflict inevitable.

Successive regimes became increasingly impervious to the wishes and needs of the majority.
Instead of implementing positive and progressive policies, each regime perpetuated the ills and self-serving machinations left behind by its predecessor.

By the start of the conflict, the nation had been stripped of its dignity.

Institutional collapse reduced the vast majority of people into a state of deprivation.

Government accountability was non-existent.

Political expression and dissent had been crushed.

Democracy and the rule of law were dead.


By 1991, Sierra Leone was a deeply divided society and full of the potential for violence.

It required only the slightest spark for this violence to be ignited.

The Commission traced the roots of these lapses through the post-independence period and into the colonial period in the chapters entitled “Historical Antecedents to the Conflict”10 and “Governance”.11 12.
The Commission highlights its finding that many of the causes of conflict that prompted thousands of young people to join the war have still not been 9 Statement of Objects and Reasons, which was attached to the Bill when it was enacted by Parliament.

10 Chapter 1, Volume 3A.

11 Chapter 2, Volume 3A.

See also ‘Causes of the Conflict’ in Chapter 2, Volume 2.
Vol One Introduction Page 10 adequately addressed.12 The Commission makes recommendations to strengthen the judiciary and the rule of law, as well as Parliament and the electoral system.
The Commission proposes the introduction of a new transparent regime to government information, where senior public officials disclose their financial interests and where government informs people down to the community level of what amounts are being spent on services and amenities.13 in which citizens will have reasonable access The Story of the Conflict The core of the historical record is to be found in the chapter titled “Military and Political History of the Conflict”.
14 This chapter endeavours to tell the story of the conflict by charting its key events and dynamics in the military and political spheres.

It begins by tracing the immediate causes of the conflict and the convergence of factors that led to the outbreak of hostilities.
Thereafter, for the purposes of analysis, the chapter is divided into three distinct components, which are referred to by the Commission as “Phases I, II and III.” Each ‘phase’ assumed a slightly different character, although the common underpinning was the ongoing commission of violations by all warring factions.

Phase One is titled “Conventional ‘Target’ Warfare” and covers the period from the outbreak of the conflict until 13th November 1993.
Phase Two is titled “Guerrilla Warfare” and covers the period from 13 November 1993 until 2 March 1997.

Phase Three is titled “Power Struggles and Peace Efforts” and covers the period from 2 March 1997 until the end of the conflict on 18 January 2002.

The story of the war reveals how Sierra Leoneans were denied their humanity and underscores the need for the creation of a human rights culture in Sierra Leone.
A rights culture is one in which there is knowledge and recognition of the basic rights to which all human beings are entitled as well as a sense of responsibility to build it.

A rights culture demands that we respect each other’s human rights, without exception.

Among its recommendations to protect human rights the Commission recommends the immediate release of all those held in safe custody detention and that such detention never be resorted to again.
The Commission also recommends significant changes to the legal regime governing public emergencies.15 13.

14.

Nature of the Conflict 15.

The Sierra Leonean poet, Mahomed Sekoya, wrote: “I saw abomination between man and woman, man and man, woman and woman, adults and children.

Yes I saw.”16 Sierra Leone saw some of the most horrific and cruel atrocities committed by people against each other.
In the chapter, “Nature of the Conflict”, the Commission endeavoured to provide the context in which abuses such as amputations, sexual abuse and slavery and forced cannibalism took place.17 12 Chapter 2, Volume 2.

13 Chapter 3, Volume 2.

14 Chapter 3, Volume 3A.

15 Chapter 3, Volume 2.

16 Extract from the poem “I Saw”.

Mahomed Sekoya is a contributor to the National Vision for Sierra Leone, a project of the Sierra Leone Truth and Reconciliation Commission.

17 Chapter 4, Volume 3A.


Vol One Introduction Page 11 16.

17.

18.

19.

This chapter explores the nature of the violations committed and the essentially self-destructive character of the conflict.

The overwhelming majority of atrocities were committed by Sierra Leoneans against Sierra Leoneans.

All the fighting factions targeted civilians.


The Commission found the leadership of the Revolutionary United Front (RUF), the Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC), the Sierra Leone Army (SLA) and the Civil Defense Forces (CDF) to be responsible for either authorising or instigating human rights violations against civilians; alternatively for failing to stop such practices or to speak out against them.

Sierra Leone was systematically plundered and looted by all factions in the conflict.
The Commission found the RUF to have been responsible for the largest number of human rights violations in the conflict.

The reader is referred to Chapter One in Volume 4 (the Appendix) of this report for a detailed explanation of how the Commission’s database represents the abuses experienced during the war in Sierra Leone.

Mineral Resources and the Armed Conflict There is a view commonly held, both within and outside Sierra Leone, that the Sierra Leone conflict was a war fought over diamonds.
This is only partly true.

The Commission found that the civil war in Sierra Leone was not simply a struggle for mineral resources.

There were other factors that laid the grounds for the war which would have taken place even without the existence of diamonds in the country.

The Commission concluded that the exploitation of diamonds was not the cause of the conflict in Sierra Leone; rather it was an element that fuelled the conflict.
The Commission explains in its chapter, “Mineral Resources in the Conflict”, how diamonds were used by most of the armed factions to finance and support their war efforts.18 External Actors and the Armed Conflict Although the Sierra Leone war was one primarily fought by Sierra Leoneans, external parties played influential roles in intensifying the conflict.
In the chapter, “External Actors in the Armed Conflict”19 the Commission explores the roles of the National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL), Charles Taylor and Libya in bringing bloody conflict to Sierra Leone.

The Commission calls on Liberia to make symbolic reparations to Sierra Leone and calls on Libya to make financial contributions to the War Victims Fund.
the United Liberation Movement The Commission also considers the different roles of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), the ECOWAS Ceasefire Monitoring Group (ECOMOG), for Democracy (ULIMO), mercenary groups such as Executive Outcomes and Sandline, the United Kingdom, the United Nations and the rest of the international community.
The Commission laments the fact that the international community, apart from the ECOWAS states, declined to intervene in the unfolding human catastrophe in Sierra Leone until at a very late stage.

The Commission calls on the international community to stay the course in helping to rebuild Sierra Leone.

18 Chapter 1, Volume 3B.

19 Chapter 2, Volume 3B.


Vol One Introduction Page 12 TRC His Excellency Ahmad Tejan Kabbah; President of Sierra Leone at the inauguration of the Commission on 5 July 2002 Vol One Introduction Page 13 20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

Women and the Armed Conflict Women and girls became targets for abuse in the brutal conflict in Sierra Leone.

They suffered abductions and exploitation at the hands of their abductions.

Their vulnerability was exploited in order to dehumanize them.
Women and girls were raped, forced into sexual slavery and endured acts of sexual violence.

Many suffered mutilations, torture and a host of other cruel and inhumane acts.
The chapter titled, “Women and the Armed Conflict”, sets out the violations suffered by women and considers the current position of women in Sierra Leone.20 The Commission makes specific recommendations to redress the marginalization of women in the political and social life of Sierra Leone, including a minimum percentage of women to be represented in public office and as candidates in national and local government elections.
21 Children and the Armed Conflict The Commission’s enabling Act required it to give special attention to the experiences of children in the armed conflict.22 Children were singled out for some of the most brutal violations of human rights recorded in any conflict.

The Sierra Leonean conflict was characterised by the pernicious strategy employed by most of the factions in forcing children into combat.
The Commission found it most disturbing that children were the main victims in the following violations: drugging23, forced recruitment, rape, and sexual assault.

The Commission found that children between the ages of 10 to 14 were specifically targeted for forced recruitment, rape, and sexual slavery.24 Children were also forced, often under the threat of death, to commit a range of atrocities.
The Commission paid particular attention identifying and exposing individuals and factions responsible for the violation and abuse of the rights of children.25 The story of children in the Sierra Leone conflict is told in the chapter entitled “Children and the Armed Conflict”.26 Never again should the children of Sierra Leone be subjected to brutality.

to Youths and the Armed Conflict The last twenty years of Sierra Leone’s history is, in large part, the story of Sierra Leone’s youths.
Youths were the driving force behind the resistance to one party state rule in the 1980s.

As students, journalists, workers and activists, they exposed injustices and the bankruptcy of the ruling elite’s ideology.

They also bore the brunt of the state’s repressive backlash.

During the conflict, youths formed the bulk of the fighting forces in all the factions.

20 Chapter 3, Volume 3B.

21 See Recommendations, Chapter 3 , Volume 2.

22 Section 6(2)(b), Truth and Reconciliation Act, 2000.
23 The forced consumption of drugs.

24 For more detail, see the chapter entitled “Children and the Armed Conflict”, Chapter 4 Volume 3B.

25 See the following chapters: Children and the Armed Conflict, Military and Political History of the Conflict, Nature of the Conflict, and Findings.

26 Chapter 4, Volume 3B.

Vol One Introduction Page 14 25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

Many of the dire conditions that gave rise to the conflict in 1991 remain in 2004.
As in the late 1980s, many young adults continue to occupy urban ghettoes where they languish in a twilight zone of unemployment and despair.
The Commission found that the youth in Sierra Leone were and continue to be excluded The Commission recommends the creation of a Youth Commission and a minimum percentage of youth to be represented as candidates in national and local government elections.27 The role of the youth in Sierra Leone’s civil war is set out in the chapter entitled “Youths and the Armed Conflict”.28 from meaningful participation the political process.
in Transitional Justice in Sierra Leone The Commission worked alongside an international criminal tribunal, the Special Court for Sierra Leone.

Most truth commissions have operated as an alternative to criminal prosecution.

Given the pardon and amnesty provisions of the Lomé Peace Agreement, the Commission was proposed as an alternative to criminal justice in order to establish accountability for the atrocities that had been committed during the conflict.
The Special Court was created after the abandonment of the amnesty provisions (or certain of them) following breaches of the Lomé Peace Agreement by elements within the RUF.

The Sierra Leonean case has brought into focus the different roles of truth and reconciliation commissions and international tribunals and the potential pitfalls that may arise when they operate simultaneously.
While the relationship between the Commission and the Special Court was mostly cordial, it did falter following the refusal of the Special Court to permit the Commission to hold public hearings with the detainees held in its custody.

In the view of the Commission, this decision of the Special Court did not sufficiently take into account the respective roles of the two bodies.
The relationship between the two bodies is described in detail in the chapter, “The TRC and the Special Court”.29 The Commission makes specific recommendations aimed at addressing some of the difficulties that it encountered in this context.

These may be of value to future transitional justice initiatives.

The Commission holds that the right to the truth is inalienable.

This right should be upheld both in national and international law.
It is the exploration of the wider truth through broad-based participation that permits a nation to examine itself honestly and to take effective measures to prevent a repetition of the past.

Reconciliation The Commission recognizes that reconciliation is a long-term process that must occur at national, community, and individual levels.

Being a process, it will take time and will need to continue even beyond the present generation.
The Commission places no preconditions on the realisation of reconciliation.

Reconciliation is an ongoing process that must be nurtured and promoted.

30.

Reconciliation is about relationships and how to change them.

Relationships of hatred, anger, frustration, alienation or indifference need to be changed into 27 See Recommendations, Chapter 3 , Volume 2.

28 Chapter 5, Volume 3B.

29 Chapter 6, Volume 3B.

Vol One Introduction Page 15 31.

32.

33.

34. relationships of respect, co-operation and trust.
Reconciliation aims at restoring the social fabric within families, communities and the nation.

The reconciliation process is not finished when people peacefully co-exist.

Reconciliation needs to go further: people need to understand that the only future they have is a common one and that the only way forward towards development is by working together.

Working together requires more than tolerance and respect.
It requires consultation, debate and agreement, an understanding of the fact that common interests can be in conflict with personal interests and that co-operation requires compromise.
The Commission’s report on its own reconciliation activities and its guidelines for future action is set out in the chapter “Reconciliation”.30 Among the recommendations the Commission proposes to advance reconciliation is the establishment of a national reconciliation day to be held every year on 18th January, which is the day that the war was officially declared to be over in 2002 with the symbolic destruction of 3000 weapons at Lungi.

The Commission offers guidelines that will facilitate reconciliation.
However, it is ultimately up to all Sierra Leoneans to engage in imaginative acts that will serve the cause of reconciliation and healing at all levels.
Findings The Truth and Reconciliation Commission Act enjoined the Commission to make findings in relation to the causes, nature and extent of violations and abuses in respect of the armed conflict in Sierra Leone.31 In particular, the Commission was mandated to deliberate on the question of whether such violations and abuses were the result of deliberate planning, policy or authorisation by any government, group or individual.
The “Findings” chapter32 summarises the main findings of the Commission.33 The detailed conclusions are to be found in the different chapters of the report.

The main findings are preceded by primary findings.

The primary findings are the central or most important findings made by the Commission.

At the end of each section addressing the role played by a particular government, faction or group, the names and positions of persons found to have been its key office-holders are listed.
In circumstances where a finding pertained to the actions of the government, faction or group in question, those office-holders were by implication held responsible.

35.

The Commission by necessity devoted its energies to building the totality of the story of the conflict.

Although specific cases were investigated, these were events that either served to illustrate the greater story or incidents that in themselves defined the nature and course of the conflict.

36.
36.

The “Findings” chapter sets out Commission in relation to the following topics and themes: the conclusions and findings of the • Causes of the Conflict • Nature and Characteristics of the Conflict 30 Chapter 7, Volume 3B.

31 Section 6(1) read with s6(2)(a).

32 Chapter 2, Volume 2.

33 As required by Section 15(2).


Vol One Introduction Page 16 • Perpetrator Responsibility • Military and Political History (includes individual and faction specific- The Judiciary, the Rule of Law and the Promotion of Human Rights findings) • External Actors • • Youth • Children • Women • Mineral Resources • TRC and the Special Court for Sierra Leone 37.

38.

39.

40.

41.
38.

39.

40.

41.

The Commission commenced its primary findings with the conclusion that the conflict and the independence period preceding it represented the most shameful years of Sierra Leone’s history.

These periods reflected an extraordinary failure of leadership on the part of many of those involved in government, public life and civil society.

No enlightened and visionary leaders emerged to steer the country away from the slide into chaos and bloody civil war.
Recommendations The Commission is required to make recommendations concerning reforms and measures, whether legal, political, administrative or otherwise, needed to achieve the object of the Commission; namely preventing the repetition of violations or abuses suffered, addressing impunity, responding to the needs of victims and promoting healing and reconciliation.34 The proposed measures contained in the Recommendations chapter are designed to facilitate the building of a new Sierra Leone based on the values of human dignity, tolerance and respect for the rights of all persons.
In particular, the recommendations are intended to help create an open and vibrant democracy in which all are treated as equal before the law.

that there The legacies of dehumanization, hatred and fear must be confronted on the basis for acknowledgment, not recrimination; a need for reparation, not retribution; a need for community, not victimisation; a need for understanding, not suspicion; and a need for reconstruction, not greed.
tolerance, not prejudice; a need is a need for The Act requires that the Government shall faithfully and timeously implement the recommendations of the report that are directed to state bodies and encourage or facilitate the implementation of any recommendations that may be directed to others.35 The Government of Sierra Leone is therefore required to the taken promptly and without recommendations.

Such steps should be unreasonable delay.

reasonable steps within its means implement take all to 42.
The Act further requires that the Government shall, upon the publication of the report of the Commission, establish a Follow-up Committee to monitor the implementation of the recommendations of the Commission and to facilitate 34 Section 15(2).

35 Section 17.

Vol One Introduction Page 17 43.

44.

45.


46. their implementation.36 The effect of the law is to invite the closest scrutiny of the Government’s response to the recommendations made by the Commission, not only by the Follow-up Committee, but also by civil society.

In the light of the mandatory obligation imposed on the Government, the Commission has been mindful of to make recommendations that are indeed capable of being implemented.
In making its recommendations the Commission has been slow to enter the arena of governmental discretion with regard to what government programmes should be initiated and how they should be implemented.

The Commission opted to focus on recommendations that serve to establish and safeguard rights, principles and values consistent with its mandate.
responsibility its heavy In order to give practical effect to its approach, the Commission divided its recommendations into three categories, namely “Imperative”, “Work Towards” and “Seriously Consider”.

“Imperative” recommendations are those which fall strictly within the faithful and timeous obligations as required by the Act.

Such recommendations tend to be those that establish and uphold rights and values and ought to be implemented immediately or as soon as possible.
The “Work Towards” recommendations tend to be those that require in-depth planning and the marshalling of resources in order to ensure their fulfillment.

Government is expected to put in place the building blocks to make the ultimate fulfillment of the recommendation possible and to do so within a reasonable time period.

In the “Seriously Consider” category, while the Government is expected to thoroughly evaluate the recommendation, it is under no obligation to implement the recommendation.
The Commission provides specific guidelines to the Follow-up Committee with respect to the monitoring required in the three categories of recommendations.

The Commission, at times, calls on institutions that do not form part of the Executive or Legislative arm of government, non-governmental bodies, and certain members recommendations.

In these circumstances, the Commission “calls on” the body in question to implement the recommendation.
For ease of reference, the Recommendations chapter ends with tables in which every recommendation made by the Commission is reflected under columns representing the different categories of recommendations.
international community implement the of to The recommendations cover the following areas and themes: the Protection of Human Rights, Establishing the Rule of Law, the Security Services, Promoting Good Governance, Fighting Corruption, Youth, Women, Children, External Actors, Mineral Resources, The Commission and the Special Court, Reparations, Reconciliation, National Vision for Sierra Leone, Archiving, Dissemination of The Commission’s Report, and the Follow-Up Committee.

47.
47.

The Commission’s recommendations are based on the findings it reached.

The introduction to the Recommendations chapter highlights the Commission’s central or core recommendations.

These include: • The call upon leaders at all levels to commit themselves to new principles of committed leadership; • A call on all those in the public sector to usher in a new culture of ethics and service to fight the scourge of corruption which saps the life-force of 36 Section 18(1).
Vol One Introduction Page 18 • • • Sierra Leone; The enshrining of the right to human dignity and the abolition of the death penalty; The upholding of the freedom of expression which is the lifeblood of a vibrant democracy; The introduction of a common and equitable citizenship which will promote a new patriotism and devotion to Sierra Leone; • Recommendations to strengthen democracy, the rule of law and institutions of accountability; • New principles of National Security, which reflect the will of Sierra Leoneans to live in peace and harmony; • Recommendations to bring government and service delivery to people throughout Sierra Leone.
Reparations Programme The Commission’s enabling Act required it to make recommendations concerning the measures needed to respond to the needs of victims.37 The proposed measures are contained in the Reparations Chapter.38 The Commission proposes that the Reparations programme be co-ordinated by the National Commission for Social Action (NaCSA).
It is envisaged that NaCSA as the “Implementing Body” entrusted with governing the Special Fund for War Victims, will ensure the decentralisation of programmes in conjunction with different Ministries.

It is proposed further that NaCSA be assisted by an Advisory Committee.

The Commission recommends that the proposed National Human Rights Commission perform the role of the Advisory Committee.
The Commission’s recommended measures deal with the needs of victims in the following areas: health, pensions, education, skills training and micro credit, community reparations and symbolic reparations.

The Commission also makes recommendations to redress the wrongs suffered by those who were politically persecuted while they held public office.

The Commission decided to propose a programme to address and respond to the specific needs of victims, rather than recommending cash handouts.
With regard to certain categories of victims, such as amputees, war wounded and victims of sexual violence, the Commission recommends that they be given free physical (and where necessary, mental) healthcare for the rest of their lives or to the extent that their injury or disability demands.
The Commission recommends that a monthly pension be paid to all adult amputees, other war wounded who experienced a 50% or more reduction in earning capacity as a result of their injury, and victims of sexual violence.

The amounts of such pensions should be determined by NaCSA.

The Commission recommends that there should be free education until senior secondary level for specific groups affected by the conflict.
Those eligible should include children who are amputees, other war wounded, and victims of sexual violence; children who were abducted or conscripted; orphans of the war; and children of amputees, other war wounded who experienced a 50% 48.

49.

50.

51.

52.

37 Section 15(2).

38 Chapter 4, Volume 2.


Vol One Introduction Page 19 reduction in earning capacity as a result of their injuries, and victims of sexual violence.39 National Vision for Sierra Leone We will drag ourselves out of this poverty zone And we’ll care for our own, our Sierra Leone We will raise up our hearts and our voices as one40 53.

54.

55.

56.
54.

55.

56.

The Commission looked to the past in order to tell the story of the civil war and to make recommendations to prevent a repetition of conflict.

The Commission also looked to the future for the purpose of describing the kind of future post- conflict society that the recommendations were designed to achieve.

The Commission called on Sierra Leoneans to tell the Commission what future society they envisaged for their country.
The Commission was overwhelmed by the effort, time and resources that so many Sierra Leoneans devoted to preparing their contributions.

Among the contributors were adults and children of different backgrounds, religions and regions, artists and laymen, amputees, ex-combatants and prisoners.

The contributions include written and recorded essays, slogans, plays and poems; paintings, etchings and drawings; sculptures, wood carvings, installations and even a sea-worthy boat.
The contributions form part of the national heritage of Sierra Leone.

While most contributors worked separately, a number of common themes and forms emerged.

Although the Commission asked Sierra Leoneans to speak about the future; the majority of contributions received addressed the future by making reference to the past.

The contributions speak of struggle and hope.

They point to the need for basic respect and tolerance among all human beings.
Some of the contributions set out prerequisites for a future peaceful and prosperous Sierra Leone, while others point to the severe problems facing Sierra Leone.

They serve as signposts for the future; signposts that we ignore at our peril.

The National Vision41 has provided an exciting opportunity for individual Sierra Leoneans to contribute their ideas and talents to the process of peace and reconciliation.
Through the National Vision, Sierra Leoneans of all ages and backgrounds may claim their own citizenship space in the new Sierra Leone and make their contributions to the country’s cultural and national heritage.

Most of all, the contributions show what Sierra Leone can be.

They show the enormous potential that exists – potential that must be harnessed positively and productively.
In the words of one contributor, Wurie Mamadu Tamba Barrie: “The inspiration is let’s sprint, if we can’t sprint, let’s run, if we can’t run, let’s walk, if we also can’t walk, then let’s crawl, but in any way possible, let’s keep on moving”.

39 Only certain aspects of the reparations programme are highlighted here.

For the full programme, including qualifications, see the Reparations Programme chapter.

40 Extract from “My Vision, My Home, My Sierra Leone” by Ustina More 41 Chapter 8, Volume 3B.
Vol One Introduction Page 20 CHAPTER ONE The mandate of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission TRC Tru at fo tok but na im nomo go bring pis Produced by the TRC Steering Committee with support from the International Human Rights Law Group CHAPTER ONE The Mandate of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission The Legislative Framework 1.

2.
2.

Truth and Reconciliation Commissions had been established in many countries following periods of protracted internal conflict, and were widely believed to provide an important mechanism for transitional justice.

Generally, they have been presented as an alternative to judicial prosecution for atrocities, especially in cases where political exigencies made this unlikely or impossible.

In the case of Sierra Leone, this was quite explicit.
The creation of the Commission was provided for in the Lomé Peace Agreement of 7 July 1999.

Article IX of the Lomé Peace Agreement provided a pardon and amnesty for participants in the conflict.

The Commission was therefore viewed as the principal means of providing a degree of accountability for human rights abuses committed during the conflict.
It is worthy of note that the Abidjan Peace Agreement of 30 November 1996, which initially offered the hope of an end to the conflict but which did not succeed, for reasons detailed elsewhere in this Report, made no provision for a Truth and Reconciliation Commission or for any similar process.

Yet article 14 of the Abidjan Agreement granted an amnesty to members of the Revolutionary United Front, allegedly so as ‘[t]o consolidate the peace and promote the cause of national reconciliation’.
Legal Framework for Mandate 3.

Article VI(2) of the Lomé Peace Agreement described the Truth and for national Reconciliation Commission as one of several reconciliation and the consolidation of peace’.

Article XXVI of the Lomé Peace Agreement reads as follows: ‘structures Vol One Chapter One The Mandate of the Commission Page 23 ARTICLE XXVI HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS 1.
A Truth and Reconciliation Commission shall be established to address impunity, break the cycle of violence, provide a forum for both the victims and perpetrators of human rights violations to tell their story, get a clear picture of the past in order to facilitate genuine healing and reconciliation.

2.

In the spirit of national reconciliation, the Commission shall deal with the question of human rights violations since the beginning of the Sierra Leonean conflict in 1991.
This Commission shall, among other things, recommend measures to be taken for the rehabilitation of victims of human rights violations.

3.

Membership of the Commission shall be drawn from a cross-section of Sierra Leonean society with the participation and some technical support of the International Community.
This Commission shall be established within 90 days after the signing of the present Agreement and shall, not later than 12 months after the commencement of its work, submit immediate implementation of its recommendations.

the Government report for its to 4.

5.

6.

The Truth and Reconciliation, 2000 (‘the Act’) was adopted on 22 February 2000.
However, it was, strictly speaking, only ‘established’ on 5 July 2002, when the seven Commissioners appointed by the President were formally sworn in during a public ceremony.

The word ‘mandate’ is used three times in the Act, in the context of references to ‘fulfilment of the Commission’s mandate’ (sections 8(1)(b) and c), 9(1)), but nowhere is there any attempt to explain or define what the mandate actually consists of.
Section 6(1) refers to the ‘object for which the Commission is established’ and section 6(2)c) speaks of ‘fulfilment of the object of the Commission’, suggesting that the expression ‘object’ may be synonymous with ‘mandate’.

The Act is associated with an explanatory ‘Memorandum of Object and Reasons’, which was attached to the Bill presented to Parliament.

Section 15(2) refers to the need ‘to achieve the object of the Commission’.

The Act also contains references to the ‘functions of the Commission’.
Part III of the Act, which includes the sections within which the ‘mandate’ and ‘object’ of the Commission are referred to, is entitled ‘Functions of the Commission’.

For the purposes of this discussion, there does not seem to be any useful or meaningful distinction between ‘mandate’, ‘object’ and ‘functions’ of the Commission.

It is not possible to glean any significant nuance in Parliamentary intent from the use of these three terms.

They are all components of the ‘mandate’ of the Commission.
Section 6 of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission Act 2000 sets out the ‘object’ of the Commission: 6.
(1) The object for which the Commission is established is to create an impartial historical record of violations and abuses of human rights and international humanitarian law related to the armed conflict in Sierra Leone, from the beginning of the Conflict in 1991 to the signing Vol One Chapter One The Mandate of the Commission Page 24 of the Lome Peace Agreement; to address impunity, to respond to the needs of the victims, to promote healing and reconciliation and to prevent a repetition of the violations and abuses suffered.
(2) Without prejudice to the generality of subsection (1), it shall be the function of the Commission - (a) to investigate and report on the causes, nature and extent of the violations and abuses referred to in subsection (1) to the fullest degree possible, including their antecedents, the context in which the violations and abuses occurred, the question of, whether those violations and abuses were the result of deliberate planning, policy or authorisation by any government, group or individual, and the role of both internal and external factors in the conflict; (b) to work to help restore the human dignity of victims and promote reconciliation by providing an opportunity for victims to give an account of the violations and abuses suffered and for perpetrators to relate their experiences, and by creating a climate which fosters constructive interchange between victims and perpetrators, giving special attention to the subject of sexual abuses and to the experiences of children within the armed conflict; and (c) to do all such things as may contribute to the fulfilment of the object of the Commission.
7.

Section 7(1) of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission Act 2000 discusses the ‘functions’ of the Commission, which it says ‘shall include the following three components’: undertaking investigation and research into key events, causes, patterns of abuse or violation and the parties responsible; holding sessions, some of which may be public, to hear from the victims and perpetrators of any abuses or violations of from other interested parties; and taking information with regard paragraphs (a) or (b).
individual statements and gathering additional in the matters referred to to 8.

Section 7(2) of the Act lists several features of the Commission’s operations: seeking assistance from traditional and religious leaders to facilitate its public sessions and in resolving local conflicts arising from past violations or abuses or in support of healing and reconciliation; provision of information to the Commission on a confidential basis; Vol One Chapter One The Mandate of the Commission Page 25 9.

10.
11. taking into account the interests of victims and witnesses when inviting them to give statements, including the security and other concerns of those who may wish to recount their stories in public; implementation of special procedures to address the needs of such particular victims as children or those who have suffered sexual abuses as well as in working with child perpetrators of abuses or violations; decision-making by consensus, to the extent possible; provision of information or recommendations to or regarding the Special Fund for War Victims provided for in Article XXIV of the Lome Peace Agreement, or other assistance.
Section 8 of the Act sets out the powers of the Commission.

Indications as to the ‘mandate’ of the Commission are also provided for in Part V of the Act, which deals with the ‘Report and Recommendations’.
The Report is to summarise the findings of the Commission and to ‘make recommendations concerning legal, political, administrative or otherwise, needed to achieve the object of the Commission, namely the object of providing impartial historical record, preventing the repetition of the violations or abuses suffered, addressing impunity, responding to the needs of victims and promoting healing and reconciliation’.
the reforms and other measures, whether The Memorandum of Objects and Reasons is not, strictly speaking, part of the enacted legislation creating the Commission.

Nevertheless, as an attachment to the Bill presented to Parliament, it is of considerable significance for the interpretation of provisions of the Act that was eventually adopted.

It provides useful guidance as to Parliamentary intent at the time the legislation was enacted.
Several phrases in the Memorandum of Objects and Reasons are of particular relevance, notably the the reference Commission ‘as a catharsis for constructive interchange between the victims and perpetrators of human rights violations and abuses’, and the intent that the Commission ‘compile ‘a clear picture of the past’’.
Also of interest is the suggestion that clause 6 of the Act refers to ‘the principal function of the Commission’ as being ‘to create an impartial historical record of events in question as the basis for the task of preventing their recurrence’.

In fact, section 6 of the Act lists five distinct ‘objects’ of the Commission, and suggests no hierarchy between them.

The Memorandum of Objects and Reasons provides a helpful perspective for the interpretation of the various components of section 6 of the Act.
Here is the text in full: the proceedings of to MEMORANDUM OF OBJECTS AND REASONS The object of this Bill is to establish the Truth and Reconciliation Commission proposed by Article XXVI of the Lome Peace Agreement as part of the process of healing the wounds of the armed conflict which began in 1991.

By clause 2 of the Bill, the Commission is being established as a body corporate.
Vol One Chapter One The Mandate of the Commission Page 26 Section 1 of Article XXVI of the Peace Agreement envisaged the proceedings of the Commission as a catharsis for constructive interchange between the victims and perpetrators of human rights violations and abuses and from this catharsis the Commission is to compile ‘a clear picture of the past’.
Accordingly, by clause 6, the principal function of the Commission is to create an impartial historical record of events in question as the basis for the task of preventing their recurrence.
involving both national and To best ensure the Commission’s independence and impartiality, the members of the Commission are to be appointed after a selection international expertise as process stipulated in the Schedule to the Bill and involving a Selection Panel on which all the protagonists to the conflict and other interested parties are represented; (clause 3).
By clause 5, the Commission shall operate for one year preceded by a period of three months during which the Commission is to carry out all the ground work necessary for its effectiveness when operations begin.

For good cause shown, the term of the Commission may be extended by the President by statutory instrument for a period of six months.
Under clause 12, the Commission is required to raise the funds to finance its operations from both governmental and international non- governmental sources to which it is required to submit quarterly reports to account for the moneys donated (clause 13).

Under clause 15, the Commission reports to the President who will then arrange to send copies of the report to the U.N. and Parliament.
By clause 18, the Government is required to set up a follow-up Committee to monitor and stimulate the progress of the implementation of the Commission’s findings.

Under clause 19, the President is required to dissolve the Commission by notice in a statutory instrument not later than three months after the submission of the Commission’s report.

12.
12.

In the words of the President, at the swearing in ceremony of the Commissioners held on 5 July 2002, in Freetown, ‘the Commission will investigate and report on the causes, nature and extent of the violations and abuses of human rights and international humanitarian law during the conflict.

Of course it will create an impartial historical record of the atrocities perpetrated against innocent civilians during a ten-year period of the war.
However, it is absolutely necessary that we look beyond those functions, and see the work of the TRC as a therapeutic process.

It was a brutal war.

It caused grievous physical and emotional damage for thousands of our compatriots.

It also created divisions between families, and among neighbours and friends.

To a large extent the conflict also fractured the body politic of the nation.

Well, the guns may be silent, but the trauma of the war lingers on.

We have a great deal of healing to do.


This is why the TRC is, and should also be seen, as an instrument of national reconciliation, and another means of strengthening the peace.’ Vol One Chapter One The Mandate of the Commission Page 27 The Context of Establishment of the Commission 13.

14.

15.

1 The Commission is one of the accountability mechanisms established to deal with the human rights abuses that occurred during the armed conflict.
Sierra Leone’s transition from armed conflict to peace came about as a result of a peaceful negotiated settlement of the conflict between the government of Sierra Leone and the Revolutionary United Front, with the signing of the Lome Peace Accord on 7 July 1999.

The process began in the aftermath of the January 1999 invasion of Freetown.

The Government of Sierra Leone proposed that the Abidjan Peace Accord should serve as a basis for negotiations.
In his address to the nation, on 7 February 1999, President Kabbah called upon the nation and civil society groups to consult and build consensus around the Abidjan Peace Accord in that regard.

Civil society groups supported the Government’s proposals for peace talks.
However, while endorsing in general terms the government’s decision to use the Abidjan Peace Accord as the basis for future dialogue with the rebels, the Human Rights Committee expressed reservation with regard to certain articles in the Abidjan Peace Accord, particularly Article 14, which appears to confer blanket immunity on all perpetrators of human rights violations in Sierra Leone.
The Committee was of the view that while it was important to look forward rather than to the past during this critical peace process, the disturbing cycle of impunity in Sierra Leone could not be broken unless there was some form of censure or punishment to some perpetrators of gross abuses of human rights in the country.
‘Accordingly therefore, the Committee proposed the creation of a Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission in Sierra Leone which will, inter alia, enable the country to cope with the aftermath of the crisis by hearing the truth directly from perpetrators of gross human rights violations, help survivors of violations cope with their trauma, and recommend the worst perpetrators of This Commission will be an independent structure comprising personalities of unimpeachable moral probity.’1 judicial prosecutions the violations.
for some of In preparations for the meeting in Lomé, the Sierra Leonean government also held a consultative conference on peace building on 12 April 1999.

Members of civil society, students, various professional bodies as well as politicians were present at this attempt to build consensus around the content of a future peace agreement.

The conference adopted a number of positions including a blanket amnesty clause.
The consultative conference did not include an accountability mechanism as a component of the proposed negotiations.

Nevertheless, the conference was also clearly opposed the democratically elected government and the RUF-AFRC.

A communiqué to that effect and the summary consensus was given to the team that went to Lomé for the negotiations.
Commenting on the Government’s position in Lomé, Hon to power sharing between Paragraph 3 of Recommendations adopted by the Human Rights Committee on February 19, 1999 regarding the Sierra Leonean Peace Process.

Human Rights Committee is a coalition of international and local human rights NGOs.

Interview with Joseph Rahall, Chairman, National Forum for Human Rights, a coalition of Local Human Rights and Development Organisations.
See also Interview with John Caulker, Executive Director, Forum of Conscience and Chairman of Truth and Reconciliation Commission Working Group, Freetown 16 December 2003.

Vol One Chapter One The Mandate of the Commission Page 28 16.
Solomon Berewa, leader of the government delegation, has pointed out that the Government went to Lomé with two positions on which to negotiate: A} that there should be peace at all costs and B} the Constitution of the Republic of Sierra Leone should remain intact.2 In its desire to have human rights issues addressed as part of the peace process, civil society through the United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL) facilitated the visit of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Mary Robinson, to Sierra Leone in June 1999.
The essence of the visit was to lend the support of her office to the dialogue of peaceful negotiation, and also to add to the momentum gathered for the need to address human rights violations as well as the building of a culture of respect for human rights.
During her visit, the Government, human rights, NGOs represented by the National Forum for Human Rights and the National Commission for Democracy and Human Rights,3 signed a human rights manifesto in which the parties agreed, among other things, that a truth and reconciliation commission should be established as an accountability mechanism to deal with the abuses which had occurred during the conflict.4 17.
It was evident that the RUF would not agree to peace if there was no amnesty.5 In the words of Solomon Berewa: ‘We needed to have an agreement with the RUF on having permanent cessation of hostilities.

The need for a Peace Agreement at the time became obvious from the panicky reaction of Sierra Leoneans to a threat issued in Lome by Corporal Foday Sankoh that he would call off the talks.
I had to make a radio broadcast from Lomé to assure the Sierra Leone public that there was every probability that the Peace Agreement would be concluded.

This assurance was necessary to put the population somehow at ease.
Most importantly, the RUF would have refused to sign the Agreement if the Government of Sierra Leone had insisted on including in it a provision for judicial action against the RUF and had excluded the amnesty provision from the Agreement.’6 He described the TRC as a ‘balm’ to heal the deep wounds of the Sierra Leonean society that have been occasioned by the conflict.7 It Interview with H E Solomon Berewa, Vice President of Sierra Leone.

Freetown, 11th October 2003.


The National Forum is a Federation of Local Human Rights NGOs and Development Organisations.

See Article 4 of the Human Rights Manifesto.


Berewa, Solomon: ‘Addressing Impunity using divergent Approaches: The Truth and Reconciliation Commission and the Special Court’ Truth and Reconciliation in Sierra Leone a Compilation of Articles on the Sierra Leone Truth and Reconciliation Commission, UNAMSIL, Freetown 2001; Interview with H E Solomon Berewa, Vice President of Sierra Leone.

Freetown, 11th October 2003; see also testimony of H.E.
Alhaji Ahmad Tejan Kabbah, TRC Public Hearing, 5th August 2003 where he explained why his government granted amnesty to the RUF.

Interview with H E Solomon Berewa, Vice President of Sierra Leone.
Freetown, 11th October 2003; see also Berewa Solomon: ‘Addressing Impunity using divergent Approaches: The Truth and Reconciliation Commission and the Special Court’ Truth and Reconciliation in Sierra Leone a Compilation of Articles on the Sierra Leone Truth and Reconciliation Commission, UNAMSIL, Freetown 2001 Berewa Solomon, ‘Addressing Impunity using Divergent Approaches: The truth and Reconciliation Commission and the special Court’, in Truth and Reconciliation in Sierra Vol One Chapter One The Mandate of the Commission Page 29 18.
19.

20.

21. should be noted that the Lomé Peace Agreement granted amnesty or pardon not only to the RUF combatants, but to all ‘combatants and collaborators’, with specific reference to those of the RUF, ex-AFRC, ex-SLA or CDF.

Thus – and in contrast with the Abidjan Agreement, which granted amnesty only to the RUF – the political leaders at Lomé appear to have amnestied themselves as well as their adversaries.
It can be said that the philosophy of the Lomé Peace Agreement is to hold perpetrators accountable to the truth and restore the dignity of victims by way of truth telling as opposed to trials and prosecutions.

Although there might be technical arguments about the scope of the amnesty in the Lomé Peace Agreement, the Commission could realistically expect that its constituency – victims and perpetrators alike – would be immune from criminal prosecution for all practical purposes.
In this respect, its mandate was therefore significantly different from that of other similar commissions, such as the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission, where the threat of prosecution hovered over the TRC proceedings, and where amnesty was used to induce cooperation with the TRC process.

The philosophy of the Lomé Agreement was modified somewhat in 2000, when the Government of Sierra Leone called upon the United Nations to establish a tribunal.
In a letter dated 12 June 2000, President Kabbah asked the United Nations Security Council ‘to initiate a process whereby the United Nations would resolve on the setting up of a special court for Sierra Leone.
The purpose of such a court is to try and bring to credible justice those members of the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) and their accomplices responsible for committing crimes against the people of Sierra Leone and for the taking of United Nations peacekeepers as hostages.’ The letter noted that, in the Lomé Peace Agreement, the Government of Sierra Leone had agreed to a total amnesty as ‘a price’ for peace, adding that the RUF had subsequently ‘reneged’ on the Lomé Peace Agreement.
Although President Kabbah’s letter did not make clear whether the Government of Sierra Leone contemplated prosecutions for pre-Lomé offences, thereby repudiating the amnesty provision in that agreement, this subsequently became clear.

On 16 January 2002, the Government of Sierra Leone reached agreement with the United Nations for the establishment of a Special Court with jurisdiction over pre-Lomé offences, irrespective of amnesty or pardon.
The agreement was subsequently endorsed by Parliament in March 2002, when it adopted The Special Court Agreement, 2002, Ratification Act, 2002. the Government of Sierra Leone proceeded with In May 2002, the establishment of the Commission.

The seven commissioners were named by President Kabbah and duly sworn into office in July 2002.

The Government subsequently provided financial assistance to the Commission.
Accordingly, the Commission was born under a bit of a cloud, generated by the ambiguity surrounding the attitude to be taken to the Lomé Peace Agreement and its underlying philosophy.

Clearly, both the Government of Sierra Leone and Parliament had repudiated at least one element of the Lomé Peace Agreement, in the recognition of the legitimacy of prosecution for at least part of the period Leone, A compilation of Articles on the Sierra Leone Truth and Reconciliation Commission, UNAMSIL, Freetown, 2001.
Pg.

55.

Also available at www.sierra- leone.org/trc.html (last visited 01/12/03) Vol One Chapter One The Mandate of the Commission Page 30 22.

23. of the conflict (the temporary jurisdiction of the Special Court begins with the adoption of the Abidjan Agreement, on 30 November 1996).

It is important to consider to what extent these subsequent developments influenced the mandate of the Commission, if at all.
The Commission might have viewed the creation of the Special Court as a factor that transformed its own raison d’être.

Faced with prosecution of some perpetrators, the Commission might then have seen fit to recommend that immunity from prosecution be granted in exchange for cooperation with the truth and reconciliation process, as was the case in South Africa.
Alternatively, it might have sought a close and synergistic relationship with the Court, operating to some extent as a pre-trial investigative body, somewhat along the lines of commissions in Timor Leste and Peru.

In fact, the Commission, although it recognized and was forced to contend with the practical consequences of parallel prosecutions, did not view these subsequent developments as having any effect whatsoever upon its mandate.
The Commission’s attitude towards and its relationship with the Special Court for Sierra Leone are fully discussed elsewhere in this report.

For the purposes of the discussion here, it should be sufficient to note that the Commission has viewed its mandate as being derived from the Lomé Peace Agreement and the legislation adopted in February 2000, irrespective of the subsequent change in philosophy of the Government of Sierra Leone and of Parliament.
Parliament was, of course, always free to do so, if it had believed that adjustments to the Commission’s mandate were required, in the light of the establishment of the Special Court for Sierra Leone and the, at least, partial repudiation of the covenants reached in Lomé.

Creation of an Impartial Historical Record 24.

The statutory definition of the ‘object’ of the Commission, in section 6(1), consists of an enumeration of five distinct elements.

But these are separated by a semi-colon into two groups.
The first comprises only one element, ‘to create an impartial historical record of violations and abuses of human rights and international humanitarian law related to the armed conflict in Sierra Leone, from the beginning of the Conflict in 1991 to the signing of the Lome Peace Agreement’.

The second comprises the other four: to address impunity, to respond to the needs of the victims, to promote healing and reconciliation and to prevent a repetition of the violations and abuses suffered.
No ranking or hierarchy is established in the legislation among the five elements or the two groups.

But the Statement of Objects and Reasons, which was attached to the Bill when it was enacted by Parliament, says that ‘the principal function of the Commission is to create an impartial historical record of events in question as the basis for the task of preventing their recurrence’.
There can therefore be no doubt that the creation of an impartial historical record lies at the core of the Commission’s mandate.

25.
On the other hand, the Lomé Peace Agreement implies somewhat different priorities: ‘A Truth and Reconciliation Commission shall be established to address impunity, break the cycle of violence, provide a forum for both the victims and perpetrators of human rights violations to tell their story, get a clear picture of the past in order to facilitate genuine healing and reconciliation.’ Here, the only implication of the mission of the Commission as historian is the Vol One Chapter One The Mandate of the Commission Page 31 26.
27. rather colloquial suggestion that it ‘get a clear picture of the past’.

The incontestable conclusion is that the historical component of the Commission’s mandate was strengthened by Parliament, and that it is of central importance to the fulfilment of its solemn mission.
Given the resources available to the Commission, in terms of professional researchers and investigators, not to mention its very short lifespan, Parliament was surely ambitious in thinking that the Commission could create anything resembling a comprehensive historical record of the conflict in Sierra Leone.

In any event, the proximity of the events to the writing of the historical record makes any aspiration to a thorough study troublesome and possibly unrealistic.
While it may be illusory to think that bodies like truth commissions can establish a complete historical record, they can nevertheless discredit and debunk certain lies about conflicts.

If they can accomplish only this, their work may contribute validly to the rebuilding of a stable social environment on the ruins of conflict and war.

There is no shortage of examples of this historical mission being fulfilled by quasi-judicial bodies, like truth commissions, and judicial ones, like courts.
The Nuremberg tribunal, for example, which was convened within months of the end of the Second World War and which rendered its judgment less than a year later, clarified much of the historical truth about Nazi atrocities.
To take a more contemporary example, a recent judgment of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia notes that the institution was established by the United Nations Security Council so that ‘the truth about the possible commission of war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide [would] be determined, thereby establishing an accurate, accessible historical record.
The Security Council hoped such a historical record would prevent a cycle of revenge killings and future acts of aggression.’8 28.

It is to be hoped that this report will clarify and resolve debates about the conflict.

Possibly the Special Court for Sierra Leone will find that the impartial historical record established by the Commission is of value in its own proceedings.9 29.
8 9 The historical record is based upon a variety of sources, including testimony in public hearings, private interviews and the examination of documents and other sources.

Where available and relevant, existing historical accounts of the conflict and the period that preceded it have been consulted.

Although this surely goes without saying, the Act specifies that the historical record is to be ‘impartial’.

In any case, ‘truth’, including ‘historical truth’, must by definition be impartial.
A ‘partial’ truth is no truth at all, merely the distorted version of events tailored to suit one of the parties.

In this regard, the selection of Commissioners and the process of arriving at decisions and determinations Prosecutor v. Momir Nikolic (Case no.

.

IT-02-60/1-S), Sentencing Judgment, 2 December 2003, para.

60 (references omitted).

In this respect, see the remarks of President Goeffrey Robertson in Prosecutor v. Norman (Case no.
SCSL-2003-08-PT), Decision on Appeal by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Sierra Leone (‘TRC’ or ‘The Commission’) and Chief Samuel Hinga Norman JP Against the Decision of His Lordship, Mr Justice Bankole Thompson Delivered on 30 October 2003 to Deny the TRC’s Request to Hold a Public Hearing with Chief Samuel Hinga Norman JP, 28 November 2003, para.

7.
7.

According to Judge Robertson, the TRC Report ‘might provide considerable assistance to the Court and to all parties as an authoritative account of the background to the war’.

Vol One Chapter One The Mandate of the Commission Page 32 three non-nationals were selected by were crucial to its work.

The Act envisioned a Commission composed of four nationals and three non-nationals to enhance the credibility of this process.
the United Nations High The Commissioner for Human Rights, whose integrity is beyond question.

The nationals were chosen as part of a transparent selection process overseen by the Special Representative of the Secretary-General of the United Nations to Sierra Leone.

Commissioners were provided with terms and conditions of employment, as well as various legal immunities and protections, to further assure their independence and impartiality.

‘Violations and Abuses’ 30.

31.

32.

33.

34.


The concept of ‘violations and abuses’ (or ‘abuses and violations’) lies at the core of the TRC’s mandate.

Section 6(1) of the Act focuses the content of the historical record on ‘violations and abuses’.

The concept of ‘violations and abuses’ re-appears in other subsections of section 6.
Thus, subsection 6(2)(a) says that without prejudice to the generality of subsection (1), ‘the function of the Commission’ shall be ‘to investigate and report on the causes, nature and extent of the violations and abuses referred to in subsection (1) to the fullest degree possible, including their antecedents, the context in which the violations and abuses occurred, the question of whether those violations and abuses were the result of deliberate planning, policy or authorisation by any government, group or individual, and the role of both internal and external factors in the conflict’ .
Furthermore, it is also among ‘the functions’ of the Commission, according to subsection 6(2)(b), ‘to work to help restore the human dignity of victims and promote reconciliation by providing an opportunity for victims to give an account of the violations and abuses suffered and for perpetrators to relate their experiences, and by creating a climate which fosters constructive interchange between victims and perpetrators, giving special attention to the subject of sexual abuses and to the experiences of children within the armed conflict’ .
Section 7 also refers to this concept of ‘violations or abuse’.
Accordingly, in subsection 1, the ‘operating procedures and mode of work’ of the TRC are to include ‘investigation and research into key events, causes, patterns of abuses or violation and the parties responsible’, holding public and non-public sessions ‘to hear from the victims and perpetrators of any abuses or violations or from other interested parties’, and taking of individual statements and gathering of additional information with regard to these matters’ .
Section 7 also refers to the concept of ‘past violations or abuse’ and to ‘child perpetrators of abuses or violations’.

The Report of the Commission, in accordance with section 15, is to include recommendations directed to ‘preventing the repetition of the violations or abuses suffered’.

that The ‘Memorandum of Objects and Reasons’, which is attached to the TRC Act, notes the Commission as a catharsis for constructive interchange between the victims and perpetrators of human rights violations and abuses’.
the Peace Agreement the proceedings of ‘envisaged 35.

It should be noted that, in the Lomé Agreement, the references (art.

XXVI) are to ‘human rights violations’, and not to ‘violations and abuses’.

The word Vol One Chapter One The Mandate of the Commission Page 33 ‘abuse’ appears nowhere in the Lomé agreement.

Thus, Parliament somewhat enlarged the scope of the TRC from what had been originally contemplated in the Lomé Peace Agreement.
The mandate of the South African TRC – a model familiar to the Parliament of Sierra Leone when it created the Commission - spoke only of ‘gross violations’.10 This is clearly a much narrower concept than ‘violations and abuses’.
According to Priscilla Hayner, the South African TRC was criticised for this narrow perspective, in that this presented a ‘compromised truth’ that excluded a large number of victims from the Commission’s scope.11 The TRC Act does not define what constitute violations and abuses with regard to international human rights law and international humanitarian law.
The term ‘violations and abuses’ does not appear to have any recognised technical meaning within either human rights law or international humanitarian law.

Obviously, there is a literal meaning of the two terms which should require no further explanation.
Of some interest within the field of international human rights law is the frequent use of the term ‘abuse’ in a very recent instrument, the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa, adopted in July 2003.

It uses the term ‘abuse’ in several provisions (articles 5(d), 12(1)(c), 12(1)(d), 13(m), 22(b), 23(b)).
The context suggests that the term is used particularly with reference to acts committed by individuals against other individuals, rather than by States.12 There does exist within human rights and international humanitarian law a number of more specific terms to describe certain types of violation or abuse.

These include: breaches, grave breaches, serious violations, gross and systematic violations, and so on.
For example, in 2000, when the United Nations Human Rights Committee found that Sierra Leone had violated the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights for proceeding with twelve executions on 19 October 1998 despite an interim measures request from the Committee that it stay the executions pending consideration of a petition, the Committee described this as a ‘grave breach’ of the Optional Protocol.13 In fact, nowhere does the Optional Protocol speak of ‘grave breaches’, referring instead to ‘violation’; the Covenant itself refers cautiously to ‘not fulfilling’ and ‘not giving effect to’ obligations.
3(1) a. of the South African TRC Act provides: ‘Establish as complete a picture as possible of the causes, nature, and extent of the gross violations of human rights which were committed during the period from 1 March 1960 to the cut-off date, including the antecedents circumstances, factors and context of such violations, as well as the perspectives of the victims and motives and perspectives of the conducting investigations and holding hearings.’ Priscilla B. Hayner, Unspeaking Truths, Facing the Challenge of Truth Commissions, (Routledge: New York & London, 2002), pp.
74-75.

The same expression appears in an earlier instrument, the Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women, GA Res.

48/104, art.

2(a) and (b).

The Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action of 1993 also refers to ‘gender-specific abuses’ and ‘human rights abuses particular to women’ (para.

42), ‘abuse of children’ (para.

48).

Mansaraj et al., Tamba et al., Sesay et al.

v. Sierra Leone (Nos.

839/1998; 840/1998 and 841/1998), 16 July 2001, UN Doc.

CCPR/C/72/D/840/1998, para.

6.2.


36.

37.

38.

39.

10 11 12 13 Vol One Chapter One The Mandate of the Commission Page 34 40.

41.

42.

43.

44.

45.

14 15 16 17 Within international humanitarian law, reference is made to ‘violation’ of the Geneva Conventions14 as well as to the more serious concept of ‘grave breach’ of the Conventions.15 The Hague Convention of 1907 refers both to ‘abuse’16 and to ‘violation’17 in its provisions.
It is of some interest to note that the mandate of the Special Court for Sierra Leone is limited to ‘serious violations of international humanitarian law’.

Human rights and international humanitarian law treaties are meant to bind sovereign states to various obligations.

In principle, an individual cannot ‘violate’ a human rights treaty, as this is a form of contract or undertaking between sovereign states.
Nevertheless, the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, for example, establishes a list of ‘duties’ that apply to ‘every individual’.

law, known colloquially as ‘war crimes’, are in effect – but by exception – applicable directly to individuals.
international humanitarian Some violations of Under certain circumstances, a State may be held responsible for acts or omissions that constitute violations or abuses of human rights when committed by an individual or group under its control, or over which it has some responsibility.

A State is expected to exercise due diligence in preventing individuals from violating the human rights of other individuals.

The term ‘horizontal violations of human rights’ is used in this context.
An example would be the duty upon State authorities to ensure that a prisoner under their care is not victim of abuse by other prisoners.

There is a growing body of law to support the idea of the involvement of ‘non- state actors’ in violations or abuses of human rights.

‘Non-state actors’, be they individuals, groups or organisations, are neither parties to international human rights or international humanitarian law treaties nor are they, as a general rule, bound by national constitutions.
Nevertheless, it may be possible to impute certain violations and abuses of human rights and international humanitarian law to them.

This would indeed seem to be the implication of the Act, with the reference to ‘perpetrators of human rights violations and abuses’ in the Memorandum of Objects and Reasons.

That individuals and not only states or state-like bodies are contemplated is confirmed by the reference to ‘child perpetrators of abuses or violations’.
This is also suggested by section 6(2)(a), which asks ‘whether those violations and abuses were the result of deliberate planning, policy or authorisation by any government, group or individual’.

Individual perpetrators may be both natural persons and corporate bodies, such as transnational companies or corporations.

But this leads to other difficulties.


For example, let us consider the case of a transnational mining company operating in Sierra Leone but whose head office is in another country, say, South Africa.

Although described colloquially as ‘transnational’, the company will in fact have the nationality of the State where it has its head office.

Can South Africa be blamed for human rights violations committed by the company e.g., Geneva Convention (IV) Relative to the Protection of Civilians, (1950) 75 U.N.T.S.
287, art.

149.

Ibid., art.

146.

Convention Concerning the Laws and Customs of War on Land (Hague IV), 3 Martens Nouveau Recueil (3d) 461, art.

33.

Ibid., arts.

40, 41.

Vol One Chapter One The Mandate of the Commission Page 35 in Sierra Leone, for failing to regulate the activities of its company, in the same way that it might be blamed for human rights violations committed by the company in South African itself?
Objections to the imputation of such liability may come not only from South Africa, but from Sierra Leone itself.

Sierra Leone might consider attempts by South Africa to regulate the behaviour of South Africans within Sierra Leone as an infringement on the latter’s sovereignty.
Yet the TRC might well conclude that violations and abuses of human rights were committed in Sierra Leone not only by the hypothetical South African mining company, but also by both Sierra Leone and South Africa for failing to regulate it.

46.

In the light of the reference to ‘violations and abuses’, the Commission has decided that its mandate is a very broad one.

It is not limited by use of adjectives such as ‘gross’ or ‘serious’.
The addition of the term ‘abuses’, which may be taken to encompass human rights violations committed by individuals rather than States or governments, enlarges rather than restricts the mandate.

Accordingly, the Commission’s mandate is not confined to violations of human rights that might constitute crimes, under either national or international law, nor is it limited to violations committed by States or governments.

‘Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law’ 47.

48.

49.
48.

49.

According to section 6(1) of the Act, the ‘violations and abuses’ must be of ‘human rights and international humanitarian law’.

This is a reference to two distinct, although related, bodies of international law.

The distinct scope of each body of law, as well as the relationship between the two, shall be considered in turn.

‘Human rights’ is a term used to describe a broad spectrum of rights that may belong to individuals, groups (such as ethnic and religious minorities) and ‘peoples’.
Human rights are those basic standards inherent to the human being without which a person cannot live in dignity.

Human rights are entitlements, which every human being possesses by virtue of his or her humanity.

Guarantees of human rights are expressed in both international and national law.

The 1991 Constitution of Sierra Leone devotes a lengthy section, Chapter III, to ‘human rights and fundamental freedoms’.
The formulation is awkward and unduly complex, making it inaccessible to the average citizen.

Many of the provisions are devoted more to exceptions to human rights than to their affirmation.

There is an exhaustive provision dealing with the use of emergency powers and the suspension of constitutional protections.
The language is consistent with that in the constitutions of many other former British colonies, and reflects an historic unease of English lawmakers with the constitutional entrenchment of fundamental rights.

For the purposes of the TRC’s work, there is no significance in the distinction between ‘human rights’ and ‘fundamental freedoms’; both terms can be subsumed within the expression ‘human rights’.

50.
50.

The Lomé Peace Agreement attempts a definition of the term ‘human rights’ that is probably more helpful than that of the 1991 Constitution in this respect.

It makes a useful reference to international legal sources, such as the Universal Declaration of Human rights and the African Charter of Human and Peoples’ Vol One Chapter One The Mandate of the Commission Page 36 51.

52.

Rights.

The list of fundamental rights is not an exhaustive one, and serves merely to provide examples.
ARTICLE XXIV GUARANTEE AND PROMOTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS 1.

The basic civil and political liberties recognized by the Sierra Leone legal system and contained in the declarations and principles of Human Rights adopted by the UN and OAU, especially the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights, shall be fully protected and promoted within Sierra Leonean society.

2.
2.

These include the right to life and liberty, freedom from torture, the right to a fair trial, freedom of conscience, expression and association, and the right to take part in the governance of ones country.

The sources of international human rights law are in treaties, bodies of principles and customary international law.

The Government of Sierra Leone is legally bound by many of the most important international human rights law treaties, by virtue of its ratification or accession.
This is the case with such instruments as the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the African Charter of Human and Peoples’ Rights.
But Sierra Leone is also subject to various other standard- setting instruments of which the most important is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 10 December 1948. to Human rights are sometimes classified into civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights.

They range from rights which contemplate the core values of human dignity, like the right to life and the prohibition of torture, to the right to housing and medical care.
Efforts to separate human rights into categories of ‘economic and social’, which have ‘civil and political’ as opposed characterised human rights law in the past and which reflected geo-political conflicts, have been rejected in favour of a more holistic approach sometimes described as ‘indivisibility’ of human rights.

Thus, human rights are acknowledged as being universal, interrelated, indivisible and interdependent.
The preamble to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights states ‘that it is henceforth essential to pay a particular attention to the right to development and that civil and political rights cannot be dissociated from economic, social and cultural rights in their conception as well as the universality and that the satisfaction of economic, social and cultural rights is a guarantee for the enjoyment of civil and political rights’.
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights contains civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights, and makes no distinction between them.

In any event, human rights violations and abuses will often have both civil or political and economic, social and cultural dimensions.

Moreover, certain specific rights, such as the right to a fair trial, which are usually categorised as ‘civil’, have an economic dimension too.
Indeed, although wartime atrocities usually involve the ‘core’ human rights, like the right to life and the protection against cruel and inhuman treatment, the conflict in Sierra Leone may also have involved, and have been caused by, Vol One Chapter One The Mandate of the Commission Page 37 53.

54.

55.

56. violations of such economic and social rights as the right to food, to housing and to medical care.
It might be argued that the human rights dimension of the Commission’s mandate is narrower than has been proposed above, and that it should be defined essentially with respect to the Constitution of Sierra Leone and the human rights treaties ratified by Sierra Leone.

This might suggest a somewhat narrower approach.

However, the Commission’s mandate extends well beyond an examination of the compliance of the Government of Sierra Leone with its legal obligations.
The Act requires the Commission to consider a range of non- state actors, including armed groups, as well as ‘external factors’, which may even involve consideration of the role of foreign governments and international organisations.

Thus section 6(2) of the Act refers to ‘the question of whether those violations and abuses were the result of deliberate planning, policy authorisation by any government’ .
For these reasons, it would be incorrect for the Commission to confine its examination of human rights to those that find expression in the Constitution of Sierra Leone and those international instruments to which Sierra Leone is a party.

For the purposes of its work, the Commission decided to adopt a broad view of the concept of human rights, using as its touchstones the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights.
It does not confine its approach to the legal obligations imposed upon the government of Sierra Leone by international or national law.

Violations of economic, social and cultural rights as well as of civil and political rights have been examined, as well as other categories of rights such as the right to development and the right to peace.
The conclusion that a broad approach to human rights is required, also finds support in the reference in the TRC Act which mandates the Commission to pay ‘special attention to the subject of sexual abuses and to the experiences of children within the armed conflict’.

Such issues might not be subsumed within a mandate focussed only on the ‘core’ civil and political rights listed in article XXIV of the Lomé Peace Agreement or the Constitution.
To supplement the basic international human rights instruments referred to in the preceding paragraph, the Commission has sought guidance from specialised instruments in the area of the rights of women and children, such as the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the African Convention on the Rights and Welfare of the Child, the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women, the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa and various United Nations and African Union declarations concerning sexual abuse of children and violence against women.
Section 6(1) of the Act also instructs the Commission to prepare an impartial historical record of violations and abuses of ‘international humanitarian law’.

The term ‘international humanitarian law’ has been described as a ‘more recent and comprehensive’ term for what in the past was referred to as the ‘international law of armed conflict’, or even earlier, the ‘law of war’.
According to the Appeals Chamber of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, in the authoritative statement on the subject, the term ‘international humanitarian law’ emerged ‘as a result of the influence of human rights doctrines on the law of armed conflict’.18 18 Prosecutor v. Tadic (Case no.

IT-94-1-AR72), Decision on the Defence Motion for Interlocutory Appeal on Jurisdiction, 2 October 1995, para.

87.

Vol One Chapter One The Mandate of the Commission Page 38 57.

58.

59.
58.

59.

In principle, ‘international humanitarian law’ applies only during armed conflict, as opposed to human rights law, which applies during peacetime as well as wartime.

According to the Appeals Chamber of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, ‘an armed conflict exists whenever there is a resort to armed force between States or protracted armed violence between governmental authorities and organised armed groups or between such groups within a State.
International humanitarian law applies from the initiation of such armed conflicts and extends beyond the cessation of hostilities until a general conclusion of peace is reached; or, in the case of internal conflicts, a peaceful settlement is achieved.
Until that moment, international humanitarian law continues to apply in the whole territory of the warring States or, in the case of internal conflicts, the whole territory under the control of a party, whether or not actual combat takes place there.19 With regard to its work the Commission has assumed the existence of armed conflict throughout the time frame defined in section 6(1) of the Act.
It seems appropriate to consider that international humanitarian law continued to apply within Sierra Leone subsequent to the Lomé Peace Agreement and probably until 18 January 2002, when the conflict was officially declared to have come to an end.

The norms and principles of international humanitarian law have been codified in several quite complex international treaties, of which the 1949 Geneva Conventions and their two Additional Protocols stand at the centre.
To a large extent, these principles are similar to those contained in the main human rights treaties, with the important distinction that the international humanitarian law instruments apply only during armed conflict.

Given that the mandate of the Commission is concerned essentially with violations and abuses related to the conflict, the relevance and application of international humanitarian law can be taken as a given.

Sierra Leone is a party to the main international humanitarian law treaties.
But for the same reasons discussed above with respect to international human rights instruments, whether or not Sierra Leone is legally bound by a particular treaty or body of norms does not define the mandate of the Commission, given that it is to report on violations and abuses committed by non-State actors as well as by the Government of Sierra Leone and other governments.
‘International humanitarian law’ makes an important distinction between international armed conflict and non-international armed conflict.

This is explained by the historic reluctance of States to assume the same obligations with respect to civil wars, and their treatment of rebel armed groups, as they would undertake in the case of war with another State.

For example, under the applicable treaties there is no concept of ‘prisoner of war’ in an internal armed conflict.
Clearly, most of the conflict in Sierra Leone was of an internal nature.

As a result, a somewhat more limited set of international humanitarian legal norms and standards applies than would have been the case had the conflict been international in nature.

In practice, however, the distinction may not be all that important.

The fundamental principles of international humanitarian law are much the same, whether the conflict is international or non-international.
The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) has attempted to summarise these principles as follows: a.

Persons hors de combat and those who do not take a direct part in hostilities are entitled to respect for their lives and their moral and 19 Ibid., para.

70.

Vol One Chapter One The Mandate of the Commission Page 39 physical integrity.

They shall in all circumstances be protected and treated humanely without any adverse distinction.
It is forbidden to kill or injure an enemy who surrenders or who is hors de combat.

b. c. The wounded and sick shall be collected and cared for by the party to the conflict which has them in its power.

Protection also covers medical personnel, establishments, transports, and equipment.

The emblem of the red cross or the red crescent is the sign of such protection and must be respected.
d. Captured combatants and civilians under the authority of an adverse party are entitled to respect for their lives, dignity, personal rights, and convictions.

They shall be protected against all acts of violence and reprisals.

They shall have the right to correspond with their families and to receive relief.

e. Everyone shall be entitled to benefit from fundamental judicial guarantees.

No one shall be held responsible for an act he has not committed.
No one shall be subjected to physical or mental torture, corporal punishment, or cruel or degrading treatment.

f. Parties to a conflict and members of their armed forces do not have an unlimited choice of methods of warfare of a nature to cause unnecessary losses or excessive suffering.

g. Parties to a conflict shall at all times distinguish between the civilian population and combatants in order to spare the civilian population and property.
Neither the civilian population as such nor civilian persons shall be the object of attack.

Attacks shall be directed solely against military objectives.20 60.

The mandates of the Commission and the Special Court for Sierra Leone overlap somewhat, as they are both to address issues of ‘international humanitarian law’.
In the case of the Commission, its attention is directed to ‘violations and abuses’, whereas the Special Court’s jurisdiction is confined to ‘serious violations’ of ‘international humanitarian law’.21 The concept of ‘serious violations of international humanitarian law’ is a technical one whose definition has been developed in judgments and decisions of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia.
It should be pointed out that the Special Court does not have jurisdiction over all ‘serious violations of international humanitarian law’, but only those listed in articles 4 and 5 of the Statute.

The jurisdiction is limited principally to crimes committed within internal armed conflict.
In addition, the Court has jurisdiction over three crimes that may be committed in international armed conflict, namely indiscriminate attacks on civilians, attacks on United Nations personnel and installations, and recruitment and use of child soldiers.

Consequently, a broad range of serious violations of international humanitarian in international armed conflict, do not fall within the jurisdiction of the Special Court.
For example, while the Special Court has jurisdiction over the ‘serious violation’ of ‘intentionally directing attacks against the civilian population’, it does not have jurisdiction over the ‘serious violation’ of ‘intentionally directing attacks against civilian objects’.

Such serious violations of international humanitarian law when committed in international armed conflict are not, in contrast, excluded from the work of the Commission.
these are committed the extent law, to 20 21 Basic Rules of the Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols (ICRC, 1987) (hereinafter, ICRC Basic Rules’ as cited in Kittichaisaree Kriangsak: International Criminal Law, Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press, 2001, pp.

129-130.

Statute of the Special Court for Sierra Leone, art.

1(1).

Vol One Chapter One The Mandate of the Commission Page 40 61.

62.
62.

The concept of ‘violations and abuses’ of ‘international humanitarian law’ is also considerably broader than that of ‘serious violations’ (the term used in the Statute of the Special Court for Sierra Leone), or, more colloquially, ‘war crimes’.
Criminality attaches to certain serious violations of international humanitarian law (of which the authoritative list appears in article 8 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court; there are a few war crimes that are not listed in the Rome Statute, so the enumeration should not be taken as an exhaustive one).

Nevertheless, many violations and abuses of international humanitarian law do not incur individual criminal liability.
In this regard, the Commission’s mandate is very significantly broader than that of the Special Court.

An illustration may be helpful to show how these distinctions were of relevance to the work of the Commission.

The participation of mercenaries in the conflict (Gurkhas, Sandline, Executive Outcomes) has been widely documented.

The use of mercenaries is not a ‘war crime’, and as such it is clearly outside the jurisdictional purview of the Special Court.
But the use of mercenaries is condemned by is clearly discouraged by the relevant international humanitarian law instruments.22 It may arguably be described as an ‘abuse’ of ‘international humanitarian law’, but perhaps one that is confined to international armed conflict.
The use of mercenaries would not therefore seem to fall within the remit of the Special Court, but it is a matter that can be fully examined by the Commission (at the very least, to the extent that it is determined that an international armed conflict exists).

international declarations and treaties, and ‘Related to the Armed Conflict in Sierra Leone’ 63.

64.
64.

Section 6(1) of the Act limits the scope of the impartial historical record to be prepared by the Commission to those violations and abuses of human rights and international humanitarian law that are ‘related to the armed conflict in Sierra Leone’.

In other words, not all violations and abuses of human rights and international humanitarian law fall within the ambit of the work of the Commission.
This reference has consequences in terms of the time frame and territory addressed by the Commission, as well as the actual substance of the violations and abuses.

With respect to the time frame considered by the Commission, more specific language addresses this aspect of the mandate and will be dealt with later in this chapter.

With respect to the territory to be considered, it is significant that section 6(1) does not confine the work of the Commission to the geographic boundaries of Sierra Leone.
Moreover, section 6(2)(a) of the Act requires the Commission to consider ‘the role of both internal and external factors in the conflict’.

In this respect, a useful comparison can be made with the jurisdiction of the Special Court for Sierra Leone, which is confined to the ‘territory of Sierra Leone’.23 Violations or abuses committed outside the territory of Sierra Leone are relevant to the work of the Commission, to the extent that they are ‘related to the armed conflict in Sierra Leone’.
The report, and particularly the historical narrative, refers to many violations and abuses committed elsewhere in Africa, 22 23 Protocol Additional I to the 1949 Geneva Conventions and Relating to The Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts, (1979) 1125 U.N.T.S.

3, art.

47.

Statute of the Special Court for Sierra Leone, art.

1.

Vol One Chapter One The Mandate of the Commission Page 41 65.

66.

67.

68. and even on other continents.


Those countries that border upon Sierra Leone are especially relevant to the impartial historical record.

Some of them contributed to the violations and abuses.

Other countries and international organizations also bear some responsibility.

All of this is germane to the work of the Commission.

The reference to a relationship to the armed conflict also has a substantive limitation on the mandate of the Commission.
Obviously, not all violations of human rights committed within Sierra Leone during the 1990s can be considered to be ‘related to the armed conflict’.

For example, the practice of female genital mutilation is and has for many years been widespread within Sierra Leone.

It continued to be practiced during the period of the conflict.
The Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa refers to female genital mutilation as a harmful practice which violates the rights of women and which must be prohibited (art.

5(b)).

It is probably unreasonable, however, to refer to female genital mutilation as a human rights violation or abuse that was ‘related to the armed conflict’.
Nevertheless, it might well be argued that the practice of female genital mutilation contributed to a context of oppression and marginalisation of women that was manifested in violations and abuses that were unquestionably related to the armed conflict, such as gang rapes and sexual slavery.

In other words, the line between violations and abuses in general and those related to the armed conflict is not always an easy one to trace.
It therefore seemed safe for the Commission to presume that violations and abuses committed in this period within Sierra Leone probably have some sort of relationship with the armed conflict.

At the onset of the Commission’s work, statement takers were instructed to record information of violations and abuses that might not initially appear to be related to the armed conflict.
Subsequently, any doubtful allegations have been considered by the Commission, and either included or excluded on a case by case basis.

Human rights law applies in both peacetime and wartime, whereas international humanitarian law’s application is confined to wartime alone, as a general rule.

The two bodies of law are largely complementary.


There is some authority for the proposition that international humanitarian law represents a kind of special law (or lex specialis) that in effect takes the place of human rights law during armed conflict.

However, the international human rights conventions clearly contemplate their application during wartime, subject to the possibility that certain rights are limited or suspended because of the emergency situation.
International humanitarian law has always represented a compromise between the protection if the rights of non-combatant civilians and the requirements of military necessity.

It recognizes that, under some circumstances, civilian lives may be taken where this is necessary for the attainment of military objectives, subject to the criterion of proportionality.

But, under human rights law, there is virtually no situation where the killing of an innocent civilian can be tolerated.
If the view were to be adopted that human rights law is, in a sense, superseded by the special rules of international humanitarian law, the Commission would be required to be considerably more tolerant of the killing and injury of innocent civilians than were in the case where the two bodies of law are viewed as providing two complementary but distinct levels of protection.
In practice, given the nature of the conflict in Sierra Leone and the low level of humanitarian principles followed by the combatants, there were no situations where the Commission might be required to address a potential conflict between conduct Vol One Chapter One The Mandate of the Commission Page 42 authorized by international humanitarian law yet prohibited by international human rights law.

The Time Frame 69.

70.

71.


According to section 6(1) of the Act, the Commission is to provide an historical record ‘from the beginning of the Conflict in 1991 to the signing of the Lome Peace Agreement’.

With specific reference to the historical record, the Commission is instructed to examine the antecedents of the conflict (s. 6(2)(a)).

This reference to the time frame of the conflict applies to the first element of the ‘object’ in section 6(1), and not to the second.
In other words, although the ‘historical record’ of the Commission is time-limited, there is nothing in section 6(1) to prevent the Commission from looking back prior to 1991 and forward beyond the Lomé Agreement in terms of the responsibility to address impunity, to respond to the needs of the victims, to promote healing and reconciliation and to prevent a repetition of the violations and abuses suffered.
Aside from being justifiable on a literal reading of section 6(1), this interpretation is reasonable and helpful.

Indeed, it would be futile for the Commission to attempt “to address impunity, to respond to the needs of the victims, to promote healing and reconciliation and to prevent a repetition of the violations and abuses suffered” while remaining blind or indifferent to events since the Lome Peace Agreement.
In this sense, the Commission does not have any temporal jurisdiction, in contrast, for example, with the Special Court for Sierra Leone.

For all of these reasons, the Commission has not felt itself to be particularly constrained by the time frame set out in section 6(1).

The reference to the outbreak of the conflict in 1991 and to the Lomé Agreement serves to define ‘the conflict’, and the Commission’s mandate is to consider the ‘conflict’.
It could not do this in an accurate and faithful manner if it were to begin mechanically with 23 March 1991 and to conclude in an equally mechanical manner with 7 July 1999.

To Address Impunity 72.

73.

The second limb of the ‘object’ of the Commission consists of four elements, the first being ‘to address impunity’.

Article XXVI of the Lomé Agreement listed this as the first of the functions of the proposed the TRC.
The reference to impunity is somewhat enigmatic, given that the Lomé Agreement, in granting pardon and amnesty to the perpetrators of human rights and international humanitarian law violations and abuses, constitutes one of the more striking grants of impunity in recent history.

The paradox of the Lomé Agreement, and of the Truth and Reconciliation Act 2000 that was adopted to give effect to certain of its provisions, is that it both enshrines impunity and seeks to address it.
According to one of the world’s experts on the subject, Louis Joinet, who was the Special Rapporteur of the United Sub-Commission for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, “’Impunity" means the impossibility, de jure or de facto, of bringing the perpetrators of human rights violations to account - whether in criminal, civil, administrative or disciplinary proceedings - since they are not subject to any inquiry that might lead to their being accused, arrested, tried and, if found guilty, convicted, and to reparations being made to their Vol One Chapter One The Mandate of the Commission Page 43 74.
75.

76.

77. victims’.24 Louis Joinet devised a ‘Set of Principles for the Protection and Promotion of Human Rights Through Action to Combat Impunity’.25 These served as an extremely useful set of guidelines for the Commission in the interpretation of its mandate to address impunity.

The principles developed by Louis Joinet are grouped into three categories: the victims' right to know; the victims' right to justice; and the victims' right to reparations.
The Commission can make significant contributions in all three of these areas.

According to Joinet, the right to know comprises what he calls ‘the inalienable right to the truth’.

He says: ‘Every people has the inalienable right to know the truth about past events and about the circumstances and reasons which led, through the consistent pattern of gross violations of human rights, to the perpetration of aberrant crimes.
Full and effective exercise of the right to the truth is essential to avoid any recurrence of such acts in the future.’ This ‘right to the truth’ includes a duty to remember: “A people's knowledge of the history of their oppression is part of their heritage and, as such, shall be preserved by appropriate measures in fulfilment of the State's duty to remember.
Such measures shall be aimed at preserving the collective memory from extinction and, in particular, at guarding against the development of revisionist and negationist arguments.’ Joinet also specifically recognises the right of victims to know, their families and dear ones to know the circumstances of violations and, if death or disappearance is the result, the fate of the victim.
inquiry’, of which In the context of the right to the truth, Joinet recognises the special role of ‘extrajudicial commissions of truth and reconciliation commissions are certainly the most significant manifestations.

Here, then, the mandate and functions of the Commission fits squarely within the perspective outlined by Louis Joinet for combating impunity.

It is with this component of the struggle against impunity that truth and reconciliation commissions excel.
Indeed, they can generally respond to the needs of truth-seeking better than the alternatives, such as criminal prosecutions.

78.

With respect to the second category, ‘the victims’ right to justice’, the Commission cannot make as significant a contribution.

According to Joinet, the right to justice ‘implies that any victim can assert his rights and receive a fair and effective remedy, including seeing that his oppressor stands trial and obtaining reparations.
There can be no just and lasting reconciliation without an effective response to the need for justice; as a factor in reconciliation, forgiveness, a private act, implies that the victim must know the perpetrator of the violations and that the latter has been able to show repentance.

If forgiveness is to be granted, it must first have been sought.’ This may be overstating the point.
There are valid examples of post-conflict societies where victims were denied access to traditional justice mechanisms, and yet where reconciliation is indeed possible, such as Mozambique and 24 25 ‘Question of the impunity of perpetrators of human rights violations (civil and political), Final report prepared by Mr. Joinet pursuant to Sub-Commission decision 1996/119, UN Doc.

E/CN.4/Sub.2/1997/20.

Ibid.

Vol One Chapter One The Mandate of the Commission Page 44 79.

80.

81.

South Africa.


Justice is not always a reliable option, if only because the perpetrators are dead or cannot be identified, and those responsible may be indigent and unable to provide compensation.

If criminal or civil justice is seen as a sine qua non, inevitably many will be frustrated and disappointed.
With respect to amnesty, Joinet declares bluntly: ‘Amnesty cannot be accorded to perpetrators before the victims have obtained justice by means of an effective remedy.’ This view is widespread in international justice circles.

But amnesty cannot always be excluded.

Sometimes it may simply be an unavoidable political reality, dictated by the need to bring an end to conflict.

To be sure, many amnesties given to tyrants in recent decades are vulnerable to severe criticism.
But it is too absolute to rule them out altogether.

In terms of addressing impunity in the context of this ‘right to justice’, the Lomé Agreement is unquestionably deficient.

The amnesty was criticised by the United Nations, and left bitterness among many Sierra Leoneans who believed that terrible crimes were to go unpunished.

The Commission is without power to change this situation.
It can, however, within its mandate, make observations and recommendations about the wisdom of the amnesty provision in the Lomé Agreement, of the objection formulated at the time by the United Nations Special Representative of the Secretary-General to Sierra Leone, and of the subsequent initiatives that rescinded the legal effect of the amnesty and established the Special Court for Sierra Leone.
Just as the Commission may address the ‘right to truth’ component of the struggle against impunity better than the Special Court for Sierra Leone, the contrary may be the case with respect to the ‘right to justice’ component.

The Special Court responds, but only to a limited extent, given the limitations on its own mandate and its resources.

The findings of the TRC in this respect are discussed in the Findings Chapter.

The third category is the ‘right to reparation’.


Louis Joinet sees this as being composed of a number of elements, namely restitution (seeking to restore the victim to his or her previous situation), compensation (for physical or mental injury, including lost opportunities, physical damage, defamation and legal aid costs), and rehabilitation (medical care, including psychological and psychiatric treatment).
In this area, too, the Commission has much to contribute, although it is not authorised to actually adjudicate or award reparations in any specific form.
According to section 7(6) of the Act, the Commission is empowered to ‘provide information or recommendations to or regarding the Special Fund for War Victims provided for in Article XXIV of the Lome Peace Agreement, or the Commission considers in any manner otherwise assist appropriate but the Commission shall not exercise any control over the operations or disbursements of that Fund’.
The Commission is also instructed to make recommendations ‘concerning the reforms and other measures, whether legal, political, administrative or otherwise, needed to achieve the object of the Commission, namely the object of providing impartial historical record, preventing the repetition of the violations or abuses suffered, addressing impunity, responding to the needs of victims and promoting healing and reconciliation’ (s. 15(2)).
The Government is required by the Act to implement the Commission’s recommendations are intended to give effect to the ‘right to reparation’.

This matter is addressed in detail in the Recommendations Chapter.

recommendations.

Many of the Fund these Vol One Chapter One The Mandate of the Commission Page 45 Promoting Healing and Reconciliation 82.

83.

84.
83.

84.

In addition to enabling the Commission to prepare an impartial historical record of the conflict, its principal activities – statement-taking and hearings – provided the people of Sierra Leone with a forum for private and public acts of reconciliation.

These included public confrontations between victim and perpetrator that led to various expressions of contrition and a desire on both sides to put the past behind them.
These concretely vindicated the interpretation given to section 6 and to its mandate in general by the Commission.

The setting up of district support committees and the partnership of the to continue working on Commission with reconciliation up the Commission’s interpretation of this component of the mandate.
late 2004 are expressions of Inter-Religious Council the to Article XXVI of the Lomé Peace Agreement of 7 July 1999 obliges the Commission to, ‘among other things, recommend measures to be taken for the rehabilitation of victims of human rights violations’.

While the Commission’s enabling legislation did not explicitly mention the term ‘reparations’, the Commission has considered the matter within the context of the portion of its mandate instructing it to ‘promote healing and reconciliation’.
Preventing a Repetition of Violations and Abuses Suffered 85.

86.

87.

The mandate of the Commission is focussed on both the past and on the future.

Obviously, the historical dimension of its work looks to the past.

But, in instructing the Commission to consider the question of prevention of a repetition of violations and abuses, Parliament has given it an authorisation to peer into the future.
this that target reason, institutional and other the Commission has made a large number of For recommendations Many recommendations are directed to the government for administrative action, and to Parliament which must repeal certain legislation and introduce new measures.

In many cases, these recommendations are deemed mandatory by the Commission.

The TRC Act 2000 directs that the Commission’s recommendations be implemented.
In order to ensure this implementation, the Act provides for the establishment of a follow-up committee, which is to report on government compliance with the recommendations of the Commission.

reforms.

Prevention of a repetition also involves a change in the way the people of Sierra Leone behave with each other, on individual and collective levels.

It also concerns their attitude towards themselves, to their own country and to their public institutions.
The Commission has taken up this aspect of its mandate through a project called the National Vision for Sierra Leone.

The National Vision attempted to provide Sierra Leoneans with a platform to reflect on the conflict and to describe the future society they wish to see in Sierra Leone.
Vol One Chapter One The Mandate of the Commission Page 46 CHAPTER TWO Setting up the Commission TRC Learn from Yesterday for a better Tomorrow Produced by the TRC Steering Committee with support from the International Human Rights Law Group CHAPTER TWO Setting up the Commission Introduction 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.
2.

3.

4.

5.

During the discussions on the Sierra Leone Human Rights Manifesto adopted by civil society in June 1999, the then UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, Mrs Mary Robinson, undertook to provide appropriate technical assistance for the establishment of the Commission.

In a letter of 15 July, 1999 accepting the offer of assistance by the High Commissioner, President Kabbah pledged the unqualified support of his Government to the process of reconciliation.
Since the Lomé Peace Agreement1 granted a blanket amnesty, under Sierra Leonean law, for violations committed by the armed factions, civil society at various conferences within and outside Sierra Leone insisted that the enabling law of the truth commission should contain provisions for the grant of reparations for victims of the conflict and a mechanism to deal with their anguish.
Following a conference in September 1999, civil society set up a Truth and Reconciliation Commission Working Group under the auspices of the National Forum for Human Rights.

Prominent amongst the recommendations at the conference was that the Commission should consist of both national and international commissioners.

It was believed that international commissioners, free of parochial interests, would bring a fresh perspective to the Commission.
Pursuant to the commitment made at the declaration of the Human Rights Manifesto, the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) developed a project to support the establishment of the Commission.

This could not be immediately implemented due to the resumption of armed conflict in Sierra Leone in May 2000.

Following a reassessment of the operational environment in September 2000, a revised project was developed in March 2001.
The observance of the Ceasefire Agreement signed in Abuja, Nigeria in November 2000 and the commencement of disarmament in May 2001 among the armed factions increased the momentum for the establishment of the Commission.
Furthermore, the Security Council in resolution 1346 adopted on 30 March 2001, encouraged the Government of Sierra Leone, together with the Secretary General of the United Nations, the High Commissioner for Human Rights and other relevant international actors, to expedite the establishment of the Commission.
Between July and December 1999, OHCHR organised a number of consultations with civil society and representatives of Government and the RUF where the preliminary issues related to the establishment of the Commission were canvassed.

In December 1999 OHCHR submitted for the consideration of the Government and civil society the draft terms of reference for the Commission.

1 For the full text of the Lomé Peace Agreement, see the Appendix section of this report.
4 Vol One Chapter Two Setting up the Commission Page 49 TRC Mr Oluyemi Adeniji, former Special Representative of the UN Secretary General was the Selection Coordinator for the nomination of Commissioners.

Vol One Chapter One Setting up the Commission Page 50 6.

7.

8.
7.

8.

On 29 December 1999, OHCHR through UNAMSIL forwarded a draft statute on the Commission to the Government with the understanding that it represented technical assistance and did not impede the sovereign right of Sierra Leone to determine the exact nature of the law to be adopted.
The Government prepared a bill which substantially the recommendations contained in the draft statute.2 On 22nd November 2000, the Parliament of Sierra Leone unanimously passed into law the Truth and Reconciliation Commission Act.3 reflected At the time of adoption of the Bill, OHCHR representatives were in the country consulting with Government and civil society on the preparation of a detailed plan of activities for supporting the Commission.
The plan included support for the selection process of commissioners, a strategic framework for a public awareness programme, research on traditional methods of conflict resolution and conflict management, a project to identify violations and abuses committed during the conflict and to ‘map’ the key incidents; and a project to establish an interim secretariat for the commission.

Preparatory Activities before the Establishment of the Commission 9.
Following the enactment of the TRC Act, OHCHR began the implementation of a technical co-operation project entitled, “Support to the Preparatory Phase of the Sierra Leone TRC” to assist the establishment of the Commission.

The project covered the following areas: a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. identification of facility requirements of Public information/education campaign; Mapping of the conflict i.e.
compilation of information regarding key defining events within the period of jurisdiction of the Commission; Research on the traditional methods of conflict resolution and reconciliation among the different cultural groups in Sierra Leone; Selection of Commissioners, and; Preliminary the the Commission, for instance, the form of the secretariat required including staffing and logistic requirements; Provision of a forum for the clarification of the relationship between the TRC and the Special Court authorised to be established by Resolution 1315(2000) of the United Nations Security Council; Provision of technical support in developing mechanisms for the commission to fulfil its additional mandate regarding juvenile offenders; Provision of assistance to the commission during the three months preparatory period inauguration as provided for in Article 5(2) of the TRC Act which states that during this preparatory period, the Commission “will undertake all tasks necessary to ensure that it is able to work effectively from the commencement of its operations.” immediately following its 2 Richard Bennett, Op.
Cit.

3For the full text of the TRC Act, see the Appendix Section of this Report.

4 Vol One Chapter Two Setting up the Commission Page 51 10.

11.

12.

13.

14. a.

Projects on Public Education and Sensitisation.

The Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights provided a grant to the International Human Rights Law Group (“the Law Group”) to start a campaign of public education and awareness about the Commission.
The campaign used several media including radio, television, songs, drama and posters, among others, to create awareness and momentum for the establishment of the Commission.

The Law Group partnered with Sierra Leonean civil society groups in implementing the campaign.4 OHCHR also provided financial support to a number of Sierra Leonean civil society organisations to conduct sensitization programmes on the Commission.
These included the National Forum for Human Rights and the National Commission for Democracy and Human Rights.

Other NGOs including the Forum of Conscience sought and obtained independent funding with which they engaged in substantial public education programmes on the Commission.

b.

The Mapping Project The final project sponsored by OHCHR, provided for a preliminary investigation into the human rights violation and abuses that occurred during the conflict.
This was to enable the Commission to understand the trends and patterns in the conflict and in the violations and abuses that occurred.

With this information, the Commission was expected to have a structured way of carrying out its statement taking exercise, as well as identify window cases for investigations and map the key issues on which to conduct research.

A Sierra Leonean NGO, Campaign for Good Governance, executed the project, under the technical supervision of an OHCHR consultant.
c. Project on Traditional Methods of Conflict Resolution and Reconciliation The OHCHR, approved a third project on traditional methods of conflict resolution and reconciliation.

A Sierra Leonean NGO, Manifesto 99, implemented the project.

The aim of the project was to provide guidelines to the Commission on how to integrate the traditional institutions and processes into its work.
It was necessary for the Commission to understand how the different ethnic groups in Sierra Leone dealt with crime, punishment and reconciliation and how these attitudes could be utilised by the Commission to promote accountability and reconciliation in the country.

While Christianity and Islam are the main religions in Sierra Leone, a large number of people are traditionalists, with differing secret societies.
Major decisions affecting local communities are sometimes taken in the sacred secret society bushes (groves/shrines).

Many crimes and transgressions such as rape are culturally addressed.

Sierra Leone is 70% illiterate5.

The research argued that the bulk of the population, being illiterate, can relate to the Commission much more easily from a cultural context.
Since traditional beliefs play a major role in the lives of Sierra Leoneans, it the Commission should be involved suggested the processes that in 4 A full report on the public education programme managed by the Law Group is contained in the Methodology Chapter of this Report.

5 UNDP Human Development Report, 2002 4 Vol One Chapter Two Setting up the Commission Page 52 15.

16.

17.
16.

17.

18. responsive to the diverse traditional beliefs and customs of the fourteen tribal groups in the country.6 d. Selection of Commissioners for seven commissioners, The Commission’s Act provided four Sierra Leoneans representing the diversity of the country and three international the commissioners.
An elaborate process Commissioners was approved by four Sierra Leonean Commissioners were selected through a process managed by the Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General, United Nations Assistance Mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL) who was the Selection Coordinator.

for the Act.

The the appointment of Sierra Leoneans from all over the world put forward nominations of suitable persons.
The Selection Coordinator, with the assistance of an Advisory Board and after broad consultation with a cross section of Sierra Leonean society and with the High Commissioner for Human Rights, drew up a shortlist of finalists from 65 nominees.
Each of the finalists was interviewed by a Selection Panel of six persons representing the President, the Armed Forces Revolutionary Council, the Inter Religious Council, the National Forum for Human Rights and the National Commission for Democracy and Human Rights as set out in the Lome Peace Agreement.

The Selection Panel then ranked and provided comments on each of the finalists to the Selection Coordinator who recommended four of them for appointment to the Commission by the President.
Suggestions for the international members of the Commission were submitted directly to the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, or to the Selection Coordinator, who forwarded them to the High Commissioner.

The High Commissioner for Human Rights recommended three persons as international commissioners for appointment to the Commission.

Their names were first submitted to the Selection Panel for comments and finally submitted to the President for appointment.
The selection process was concluded in March 2002. e. Preliminary Identification of the Facility Requirements of the Commission The OHCHR had received assurances from UNAMSIL that it would provide all necessary technical and logistical support to the Commission.

Upon the establishment of the Interim Secretariat, UNAMSIL provided two offices and one desktop computer and printer to the Interim Secretariat.
The Interim Secretariat operated out of the UNAMSIL facilities until late in April 2002, when it moved to rented temporary premises in Freetown.

While the Secretariat was located at UNAMSIL, the Interim Secretariat had access to all UNAMSIL facilities including telephones, the internet, workstations and use of the mail room.

6 See Manifesto 99, “Traditional Methods of Conflict Resolution and Reconciliation of Possible Complementary Value to the Proposed Truth and Reconciliation Commission”.

July 2002.
July 2002.

4 Vol One Chapter Two Setting up the Commission Page 53 19.

20.

21.

22. f. Provide a Forum for the Clarification of the Relationship Between the Commission and the Special Court.

An agreement between the Government of Sierra Leone and the United Nations saw the creation of a Special Court to try those who had committed breaches of the Lomé Peace Agreement and international humanitarian law.
The UN Secretary General’s Report to the UN Security Council7 suggested a relationship and cooperation agreement between the Commission.

In a second report to the UN Security Council, the UN Secretary- General urged that the Special Court and the Commission should operate in a complementary and mutually supportive manner, fully respectful of their distinct but related functions.
the proposed Special Court and OHCHR felt it was part of its responsibility to assist in clarifying the relationship between the two bodies.

In November 2000, it organised an international workshop in Freetown in collaboration with UNAMSIL on the issue.
The workshop recommended the establishment of a consultative process to work out the relationship between the Commission and the Special Court.8 In 2001, the Secretary-General reported that UNAMSIL and OHCHR would be preparing ‘general guidelines’ for the relationship between the two bodies.9 In December 2001, OHCHR and the Office of Legal Affairs of the United Nations Headquarters, New York, organised an experts meeting on the Commission and the Special Court in New York.
The meeting agreed on a number of basic principles without suggesting any guidelines for a relationship.
It also did not suggest any modality for cooperation but called for an agreement institutionalizing cooperation between the Commission and the Special Court, and, where appropriate, in their respective rules of procedure.10 g. Provide technical support in developing mechanisms for the Commission to fulfil its additional mandate regarding juvenile offenders The OHCHR initiative in this area focused on the research study on traditional methods of conflict resolution and reconciliation, which was expected to provide the Commission with input on how various groups in Sierra Leone approached juvenile crime.
Additionally, UNICEF, in 2001, organised a consultation on the participation of children in the Commission.

The report of that consultation was a comprehensive study on how the Commission could partner with UNICEF and the child protection agencies in facilitating the participation of children in the Commission and ensuring that their rights were protected in the process.

7 UN Doc.

S/2000/915 issued on 4 October 2000 8 UN Doc.


E/CN.4/2001/35, p.13, paragraph 41 9 ‘Eleventh Report of the Secretary General on the United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone’; UN Doc.

S/2001/857; at paragraph 47.

10 S/2001/40, paragraph 9.

See also S/2000/1234.

4 Vol One Chapter Two Setting up the Commission Page 54 TRC Some members of civil society organisations in Sierra Leone.

Front row left, Joe Pemagbi Jr of the International Human Rights Law Group; Rev.
Bob Kande of the Special Court Working Group (middle) and Mr. John Caulker of the Truth and Reconciliation Working Group.

Vol One Chapter One Setting up the Commission Page 55 23. h. Provide assistance to the Commission during the preparatory period.

The TRC Act provided that the Commission was to have a preparatory period of three months and an operational period of 12 months subject to extension for another six months.
It was widely accepted that the three months preparatory period would be insufficient for the Commission to deal with all the issues prior to opening its doors.

OHCHR therefore supported the establishment of an Interim Secretariat, which was to prepare the ground for the launch of the Commission and allow it time during the preparatory period to focus on the substantive aspects of its work.
The Interim Secretariat was established in the period immediately preceding the conclusion of the selection process in March 2002.

To ensure the full support of government institutions its head was recommended by the Government of Sierra Leone and remunerated by OHCHR.

THE INTERIM SECRETARIAT 24.

The terms of reference of the Interim Secretariat included: a.

Assisting in the determination, location and establishment of office premises for the Commission in Freetown.

b.
b.

Establishing a data base for the Commission.

c. Establishing logistical needs such as communications, transport, computers, power supply and security.

d. Establishing a financial management system, including a Trust fund for the Commission.

e. Negotiating support and assistance that may be provided to the f. Commission by UNAMSIL, the GOSL, and other bodies.

Identifying suitable regional offices for the Commission subject to the approval of the Commissioners and other decentralisation issues.
g. Organising, designing and developing skills transfer for national staff of the Interim secretariat.

h. Conducting a national public awareness campaign with the support of contracted parties.

i.

Developing policy and preparing briefing materials issues such as the relationship with the Special Court, women’s issues, children’s issues, traditional methods of reconciliation and witness protection.

25.

26.
25.

26.

The Interim Secretariat was established on 25th March 2002 with the appointment of an Interim Executive Secretary.

Three international consultants were recruited as technical advisers for the three departments in the Interim Secretariat: administration and programming, policy and operations respectively.
They supported the work of six Sierra Leonean consultants who were responsible for the six operational units namely: Media and Public Education; Reconciliation and Witness Protection; Research, Investigation; Legal Affairs and Finance.

Problems arose almost immediately in the Interim Secretariat with the recruitment of the six national consultants.
No clear guidelines or minimum standards of qualification for recruitment were published by the Interim Executive Secretary, neither were the positions advertised.

No interview board was set up to interview prospective candidates.

The only candidate who appeared for an interview was found unsuitable by the advisers, but was nevertheless employed as a consultant.
The rest of the consultants were simply 4 Vol One Chapter Two Setting up the Commission Page 56 appointed by the Interim Executive Secretary to their positions.

The process of recruiting the consultants created dissension within the Interim Secretariat.

EVALUATING THE INTERIM SECRETARIAT 27.

28.

29. a.

Location and establishment of office premises.

The Interim Secretariat was housed in a rented building in the city centre with inadequate office space and parking.
The Interim Secretariat was unable to finalise agreement with the Government on the provision of an appropriate office accommodation for the Commission.

The Commission eventually settled on the old Brookfields Hotel and persuaded the Government to make the building available.

The Government also agreed to renovate the complex.

The Commission was only able to move into its permanent home long after the commencement of its operational activities.

b.

Establishing a database for the Commission.


Preliminary contacts had been made with the American Association for the Advancement of Science to assist the Commission in the design and construction of its database.

However by the time the Commission began its operations; it did not have an operational database.

The database was established in January 2003. c. Establishing other logistical needs such as communications, transport, computers, power supply and security.
The strategic action plan identified all the logistic needs of the Commission and charged the management of the Interim Secretariat with responsibility for facilitating their procurement.

The Interim Secretariat received technical support from UNAMSIL with computers, a telephone network linked to the UNAMSIL exchange and hand-held radios.

The Interim Secretariat, through UNDP, placed orders for the supply of three four wheel jeeps and one saloon car.
These vehicles were not delivered until September 2002.

The Interim Secretariat also contracted a security company to provide services to the Commission.

d. Establishing a financial management system, including a Trust Fund for the Commission.

30.

The Administration and Logistics Consultant created an adequate financial management system for the Interim Secretariat.

This dealt with procurement processes, inventory procedures and financial controls.
UNDP provided financial management and oversight services for the Commission.

e. Identifying suitable regional offices for the Commission, subject to the approval of the Commissioners and other decentralisation issues.

31.

The Interim Secretariat did not receive any offers of office space in the regions from the Government.

Much of the public infrastructure in the regions was destroyed and even Government institutions experienced difficulties finding office space.
Efforts were made to identify suitable office accommodation in the three regional capitals.

4 Vol One Chapter Two Setting up the Commission Page 57 f. Organising, designing and developing skills transfer for national staff of the Interim Secretariat 32.

The Interim Secretariat organised two workshops before the launch of the Commission.

The first was the strategic planning workshop while the second was a training programme in conflict resolution and reconciliation.

33.

34.

35.

36.
33.

34.

35.

36.

37. g. Conducting a national public awareness campaign with the eventual support from contracted parties.

A sensitisation programme was launched throughout the country which included a range of training programmes and media activities.

The Interim Secretariat was not able to fund the sensitisation campaign.

It had to rely on the efforts of the civil society groups who had obtained funding from sources such as the OHCHR, to carry out sensitisation and public education.
Regrettably, these were one-off grants and were not renewed once they expired and the programme could not be sustained.
h. Compiling Commission (the beginning of a resource centre) international and national documents for the The Interim Secretariat hired a research consultant from the Fourah Bay College of the University of Sierra Leone whose responsibilities included establishing a research agenda for the Commission as well as establishing a resource centre on transitional justice and on the Sierra Leone conflict.
By the launch of the Commission little progress had been made which placed the research staff at considerable disadvantage.

The staff had to rely on electronic resources or materials that were brought in from outside the country.

i.

Implementing preparatory activities including preliminary investigations OHCHR had provided funding to a Sierra Leonean NGO, Campaign for Good Governance, to carry out a preliminary investigation to establish initial evidence from key events.
This activity commenced in March, 2002 and concluded by July, 2002.

The Interim Secretariat worked closely with the NGO in monitoring the progress of the investigation and providing direction on the areas in focus.

Regular presentations on progress were organised by the Interim Secretariat and, by the time the project was concluded more than 1,300 testimonies had been collected from victims.
OHCHR also commissioned another research project on traditional methods of conflict resolution and reconciliation.11 The Interim Secretariat provided monitoring and oversight of this project.

However the project was not concluded as some of its key personnel prematurely left the project before completion.

The research report presented to the Interim Secretariat was poor and of little use to the Commission.
11 See research report by Manifesto 99 on “Traditional Methods of Conflict Resolution and Reconciliation of Complementary value to the proposed Truth and Reconciliation Commission”, July 2002.

4 Vol One Chapter Two Setting up the Commission Page 58 TRC Leaders of Civil Society Organisations in Sierra Leone Vol One Chapter One Setting up the Commission Page 59 j.

Developing policy and preparing briefing materials for the Commissioners 38.

These functions were poorly handled by the Interim Secretariat.
Few briefing documents were made available to the Commissioners prior to the launch of the TRC.

The Operations Department managed to prepare some briefing and policy materials including an operational plan for the substantive phases of the Commission’s activities.

Managing the Administrative Crisis 39.

The launch of the Commission was supposed to herald the commencement of its three months Preparatory Phase.
During the Preparatory Phase, the Commission was to engage in the following activities: a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j.
Procurement of office space, Preparing a budget and securing funds, Hiring of staff both national and international, Adopting procedures on methodology, Designing and undertaking a public education campaign, Undertaking preliminary background research, Designing and putting in place a database, Collecting supporting materials for its investigation, Holding training workshops for Commissioners and staff, Review of materials prepared during the Interim Secretariat phase, including the reports of the commissioned research projects.12 40.
41.

42.

The operations of the Interim Secretariat suffered due to the poor management skills which impacted negatively on the first six months of the Commission’s operations.

The Commission found itself in the midst of an unfolding administrative crisis.

The first issue that the Commission had to deal with was a budget.

The Commissioners were shocked to discover that it had no funds to operate with.

An indicative budget of $9.9 million was prepared by OHCHR and UNAMSIL.
In February, 2002, an appeal for funding was launched on the basis of this budget.

OHCHR which was coordinating the fundraising for the Commission was experiencing donor resistance due to the size of the budget and advised the Interim Secretariat to review it.

Subsequently, the indicative budget was considered by the commissioners and revised downwards to $6.5 million in July, 2002.

The Commission requested OHCHR to continue to fundraise for its operations.
Faced with continued scepticism by donors and a considerable shortfall in funding relating in part to earlier difficulties in the Commission, the budget was further revised downwards in March2003 to $4.7 million.

Delays in the finalisation of the budget slowed down the release funds made available through OHCHR due to its internal project approval processes.

The Commission now had an agreed budget but no monies could be released until the Project Review Committee of OHCHR had approved the budget.
OHCHR facilitated the early consideration of the budget by its PRC and the budget was approved within six weeks.

However, it meant that six weeks into its life the Commission was unable to spend any money.

12 See S.5(3) of the TRC Act, 2000.

4 Vol One Chapter Two Setting up the Commission Page 60 43.

44.

45.

46.

47.

Staff members became polarised between those who supported the Interim Secretariat and those who did not.

The Commissioners were not being supported in a systematic manner.
There were no minutes of Commission meetings prepared even months after the meetings had taken place.

Activities in which Commissioners were to participate were ad-hoc and not planned ahead of time.

As the Interim Secretariat was to be subsumed into the Commission, the Commissioners sought to deal with the crisis by requesting a personnel audit by UNDP to determine the suitability of staff prior to their absorption.
The result of the audit indicated that most of the staff members were unqualified and not suitable for the positions they were occupying.

It recommended the immediate disengagement of the unqualified staff and a re- designation of the surplus staff or their disengagement as well.

Their positions were to be advertised and a transparent recruitment process was embarked upon.

Regrettably, the Commission was unable to implement the report of the staff audit.
All the unqualified staff stayed on in their positions, while UNDP stopped the payment of their salaries until the conclusion of the Preparatory Phase.

Following the inability of the Commission to deal with the managerial crisis, the international staff left.

It took the direct intervention of OHCHR in consultation with the Government of Sierra Leone to restore the Commission’s operations in October 2002.
In a very scathing analysis of the Commission’s first six months of operations, the International Crisis Group concluded that the Commission had permitted an impression to develop in the public eye that it lacked leadership and was unprepared for the challenges that lay before it.

It hoped that the Commission would take measures to restore public confidence and speedily begin to implement its activities, which were already running behind schedule.

THE PREPARATORY PHASE OF ACTIVITIES a.


Procurement of office space The Government made available to the Commission, the sum of $90,000 for the renovation of the Brookfield Hotel premises which had been thoroughly vandalized by members of the Civil Defence Forces (CDF) who had occupied it since 1999.

On 9 March, 2003, the Vice President, Hon.

Solomon Berewa, formally opened the new premises at a colourful ceremony.

b.
b.

Hiring of staff With the departure of the international staff and the termination of the contract of the Interim Executive Secretary, the Commission had no remaining staff.

An emergency measure was quickly agreed to between the Commission, OHCHR, UNDP and the Human Rights Section of UNAMSIL.

This was to establish a Caretaker Committee, which was to provide secretarial services to the Commission pending the recruitment of permanent staff.
Recruitment of staff commenced during the operational phase of the Commission’s work and is dealt with elsewhere in this report.

4 Vol One Chapter Two Setting up the Commission Page 61 48.

49.

50.

51.

52.

53. c. Designing and undertaking a public education campaign By the end of July 2002, the Commission had commenced a weekly briefing session for the media and members of the public.

These sessions were to continue throughout the Commission’s lifespan.
People outside Freetown, particularly in the provinces, wanted to feel part of the process and engage directly with the Commissioners.

In September, 2002, the Commission started its ‘Barray (Town Hall) Phase” of activities.

During that period which lasted until November 2002, the Commission visited each of the twelve districts and the Western Area.
A Commissioner, accompanied by volunteer staff, spent an average of one week in each district, holding meetings and interacting with civil, community, chieftaincy and faith organisations.

During these visits, the Commission discussed the setting up of support structures for the Commission.

These structures were to support all aspects of the work of the Commission, including statement-taking, hearings, providing psycho-social and mental health counsellors, healers and interpreters.
They were also to identify focal points for the Commission in each district.

Finally, the Commissioners explained the operations, methods and procedures of the Commission including the relationship with the Special Court, and issues such as reparations and confidentiality.

the district officers did not bother The Barray Phase had mixed success.
In some districts, active district officers had taken the time to sensitise their communities for the arrival of the Commissioners and succeeded in organizing well attended meetings.

In other districts, some of the Commissioners or to notify chiefs and the people about their arrival.

In such cases, the Commissioners from house to house in different villages summoning people to assemble at the town barray.
Following these experiences, the Commission paid district officers to send runners to communities that were to be visited during the to prepare Commissioners.

the arrival of to receive the week, them for The trips were poorly planned.

They occurred when the Commission did not have any staff members and had to rely on volunteers.

The Commission put too much faith in the ability of the Ministry of Local Government to mobilize the district officers and the chiefs.
None of the district administrations had any transport to send people ahead to notify the communities.

Some of the district officers were still operating out of Freetown or the regional capitals and in a number of cases actually arrived at the same time as the Commissioners at the district headquarters.

The visits brought home to the Commissioners the magnitude of the problems the Commission would be dealing with.
For many people, this was the first time that an institution associated with the Government had visited them and their communities.

It conveyed a message that the Commission cared and was willing to come to them as it implemented its processes.

The visits also consolidated the sensitisation campaigns being carried out by NGOs on the work of the Commission.

54.
54.

The Commission also established a collaborative partnership with the Women’s Task Force on the Commission, a network of women’s NGOs that included FAWE and the Women’s Forum.

It sought to create partnerships with other 4 Vol One Chapter Two Setting up the Commission Page 62 relevant stakeholders such as UNICEF, Centre for the Victims of Torture, The Amputees Association, and NGOs working with combatants.
A number of meetings were held with the Inter-Religious Council to solicit the partnership of the faith community and with a view to organizing an international workshop on the role of religion in reconciliation.

The workshop was held in January 2003. d. Designing and putting in place a database 55.

In January 2003, the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) dispatched two consultants in order to set up the database.
One of the consultants was then recruited to manage the database on a full time basis.

56.

57. e. Collecting supporting materials prioritising its work for its investigations and The OHCHR “Mapping project” carried out by the Campaign for Good Governance had commenced in March 2002.

The mapping report revealed patterns and trends in the violations that occurred as well as the geographical spread of the violations.
The project implementers organised several briefings for Commissioners and staff, where they received substantive input on how they should proceed with their investigations and research.

The Commission identified 40 window cases for investigation pending the completion of the Commission’s statement-taking exercise.

f. Training for Commissioners and staff training plans the The administrative crisis adversely affected Commissioners and staff.
During the briefings after their inauguration, the Commissioners had participated in a one-day programme on strategic planning and team building organised by the operations department.

Regrettably, there was no follow up to this programme.

The International Centre for Transitional the Justice organised a one-day Commissioners, to compare how the Sierra Leone experience differed from other truth commissions.

‘experience-sharing’ session for for g. Conclusion 58.
The administrative crisis cost the Commission six months of operational time and it struggled to make up for this lost time.

It abridged programmes and sought creative short-cuts to mainstream its activities and restore confidence in the Commission.

The crisis created a perception problem that plagued subsequent fund-raising efforts.

MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE OF THE COMMISSION 59.


The the initial operational plan developed by OHCHR recommended establishment of six departments namely: reconciliation and protection; administration and programming; research; public information and education; legal; and investigations.

It also proposed the establishment of regional offices in each of the three regions.
The commissioners would be responsible for providing policy guidance while implantation rested with a management committee headed by an Executive Secretary and the departmental heads.

The proposed departments were subsequently revised following discussions with 4 Vol One Chapter Two Setting up the Commission Page 63 the commissioners.

The departments were reduced to four namely: legal and reconciliation; administration and programming; information management; public information and education.
a. b. c. d. Legal and Reconciliation: Responsible for providing the Commission with legal opinion and advice on its operations as well as on issues of international human rights law.

Responsible for the reconciliation mandate by developing strategies for reconciliation and healing while taking into consideration existing traditional methods of conflict resolution and reconciliation.

It would also be responsible for the design and the protection of witnesses and victims where necessary.
implementation of strategies for Administration and Programming: This unit would be responsible for administrative functions as they related to personnel, finance, information technology, donor reporting and funding.

Information Management: With two sub-units namely: Research and Investigations: The Commission decided on the merger of research, investigations and data process departments into an information management unit.

The Research unit would be responsible for research and data collection.
It would supervise the conduct of extensive research into the background and causes of the conflict as well as the collation of statements from victims and witnesses.

The Investigation unit was charged with following up all relevant information that come into the possession of the Commission as well as investigating trends and patterns in the violations and abuses.
Public Information and Education: The unit would be responsible for coordinating all public information activities of the Commission and work closely with the Ministry of Information, UNAMSIL Public Information Section and UN agencies the in disseminating Commission’s activities and ensuring public involvement in them.

The revision of the organizational structure of the Commission also translated into a downward revision of its personnel requirements.
The Commission was to have full-fledged offices in the three regional capitals, each headed by a regional administrative officer.

There was to be a full complement of staff.

The regional offices were to supervise statement-takers and coders and entry clerks who were to enter the statements on mini databases in the regions.

The mini databases would have a remote link to the main office in Freetown where the central database would be situated.
The Head Office would access all the statements in the regional offices and build a comprehensive database of violations and abuses.

However, due to a shortage of funds, this plan was amended by the Commission to provide for only a regional coordinator in the respective regions.

The regional coordinator would be responsible for supervising the statement taking teams in the various districts.

the Commissioners While the establishment of district support committees.
The Commission had hoped that these committees would act as the catalysts in leading civil society organisation involvement in the districts.

the districts facilitated travelled they in 60.

61.

62.

4 Vol One Chapter Two Setting up the Commission Page 64 THE CARETAKER COMMITTEE OF THE COMMISSION 63.

64.

65.

Between September and November 2002, the Commission did not have any staff members.
In consultation with the Government, the Commission, UNDP and UNAMSIL, the OHCHR established a Caretaker Committee to manage the Secretariat of the Commission pending the recruitment of substantive personnel.

The mandate of the Committee was to support the commencement of statement- taking and supervise the recruitment of personnel for the Commission.
The Caretaker Committee was composed of the chairman of the Commission, one Commissioner, and representatives of the Human Rights Section of UNAMSIL and of UNDP.

A skeletal staff composed of an office manager, and two of the departed international staff members, the operations adviser and the administration and logistics adviser, supported the committee.

The Caretaker Committee issued advertisements both locally and internationally, for positions in the Commission.
Interviews were conducted either directly with candidates present or remotely by telephone.

Reports of interviews were discussed by the Caretaker Committee which forwarded its recommendations to the Commission.

The full Commission considered the recommendations and approved the recruitment of staff.

Between November 2002 and February 2003, the Caretaker Committee conducted interviews for most of the positions in the Commission.
Recruits began to assume their positions from the end of January 2003 until late in March, 2004 when the majority of the newly recruited staff members finally assumed duty.

66.

The Caretaker Committee was largely successful in steering the Commission through a very difficult time in its operations.

The mandate of the Caretaker Committee and the role of the Office Manager lapsed with the appointment of a substantive Executive Secretary by the Secretariat of the Commission.

Conclusion 67.

68.
Conclusion 67.

68.

Most of the Commission’s staff arrived in March 2003, just as the Commission was completing its statement-taking programme and getting ready for hearings which were to commence on 14th April 2003.

The Commission had managed to weather the storm that threatened to tear it apart and moved quickly to consolidate its activities, with a view to restoring donor and stakeholder confidence in its activities.
Much credit is due to the staff members of the Commission who managed to complete the main objectives of the truth and reconciliation process through adversity and against the backdrop of many setbacks.

4 Vol One Chapter Two Setting up the Commission Page 65 APPENDIX ONE STAFF OF THE COMMISSION Executive Secretary: 1.

2.

3.

4.
2.

3.

4.

Yasmin Jusu Sheriff - Interim Executive Secretary (25th March 2002 to 19th October 2002) Malika Akrouf – Office Manager, Caretaker Committee (9th November 2002 to 17th February 2003) Frank Kargbo – Executive Secretary (17th February 2003 to 31st December 2003).

M. Ozonnia Ojielo – Officer in Charge (1st January 2004 to 31st August 2004).

Staff Members 31.
22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

32.

33.

34.

35.

36.

37.

38.
Abu Joseph Adekara Daniel Ahmid Noella Alghali Olu Alie Joe Alie, Lakoh Allen Paul James Amadu Jenneh Amara Emmanuel Anthony, Fanta Naomi Apori-Nkansah Lydia Bah Isatu Bah Mariama Bah Tijanie Bangura, Abdul Karim Bangura O. Ahmed Bangura, Amy Bangura, Anita Bangura, Fatmata G. Bangura Henry Bangura Inggrid Bangura Mabinty Bangura Mohammed Bangura, Mohammed Saalam Bangura, Rosemary Bangura Yabu Barrie, Jogo Bassie Massah Benya Desmond Bockarie, Sannoh Bocharie, Daisy Brown Charlris Bockarie Buanie, Konyon Bundu L T Augustine Bureh, Catherine Carew, Alfred Carew Mohammed Casey Greg 4 Vol One Chapter Two Setting up the Commission Page 66 Cauda Christian Cole Cordelia Cole Cordelia Davies Cole Hashim Tejane Conibere Richard Conte, Thomas Conteh Kadie Conteh Wusha 39.
Ceasear Chinsia Ethleen 40.

Charm Abdulai Charm Isatu 41.

42.

Dr. Coker Eugenia 43.

44.

45.

46.

47.

48.

49.

50.

Dabo, Sarah 51.

52.

Ms. Davies Ursula 53.

Dixon Robert Finoh Tamba 54.

Fitzmahan Maureen 55.

Fofana, Mohammed 56.

Fofana Osman 57.

Rev.

Forna Usman 58.

Fornie Maada 59.

60.

Fullah Abdul 61.

Ganda Mary Rose 62.

Gandi, Joseph Tamba 63.

Gbla Abubakar 64.

Gborie Kasay Sahr 65.

Ms. George, Augusta Jamiatu 66.

Masie Bah Gibril 67.

Goba Sylvia 68.

Hanciles Osmond 69.


Humper Thomas 70.

Hussan Javed 71.

72.

73.

74.

75.

76.

77.

78.

79.

80.

81.

82.

83.

84.

85.

86.

87.

88.

89.

90.

91.


Jalloh Foday Jalloh, Alimamy Foday Jalloh Kaday Jalloh Mariama Jimmy Martin John Princetta Johnson Charles Jusu Marian Kabba Alie Madi Kai Aminata Foday KaiCombey, Victor Kailie, Thomas Kaima, Arnold Kain Gladys Kaindaneh Florence Kakay Ibrahim Kallon Mohammed Kamanda, Mohammed Kamara, Abdul Kamara, Adbulai Kamara Abu Baker 4 Vol One Chapter Two Setting up the Commission Page 67 Kamara Hassan Kamara Ibrahim Sorie Kamara Allie Kamara Augustine Kamara, Catherine J Kamara Foday 92.
93.

94.

95.

96.

Ms. Kamara, Hajia Mariama 97.

98.

99.

Ms. Kamara, Isatu 100.

Kamara, Michael S. 101.

Kamara Mustapha 102.

Kamara Abdul Rowland 103.

Kanu, Mabinty Lucy 104.

Kargbo, Alie 105.

Kargbo, John 106.

Kargbo, Peacemaker 107.

Karimu Emmanuel 108.

Kebbi Florence 109.

Kellie, Kumba Judith 110.

King Franklin 111.

Koi Edwin 112.

Ms. Koroma Ada Ann 113.

Koroma Allieu V 114.

Koroma Amidu 115.

Koroma Daniel B.

116.

Koroma Dauda 117.

Koroma, John B.

118.

Koroma Kussan 119.


Mr. Koroma Momoh 120.

Koroma, Moses 121.

Koroma Osman 122.

Koroma Philip 123.

Koroma, Syl 124.

Koroma Umaru 125.

Kowa Johannes R 126.

Kposowa Abdul 127.

Lake Ralph 128.

Lax Ilan 129.

Ms. Lewis, Elisabeth 130.

Ms. Maddy Elfrida 131.

Mahoi, Ajaratu 132.

Mansaray, James 133.

Mansaray, Prince Philip 134.

Mansaray Salif 135.

Manye Bondu 136.

Marah, Nene 137.

Marah Samba 138.

Mbawa Henry 139.

Moiwa Safea 140.

Mariatu Mustafa 156.

Nallo Alex 157.


Ngevubar, Aisatu 158.

Ngombu Augusutine 159.

Nicol Valerie 4 Vol One Chapter Two Setting up the Commission Page 68 160.

M. Ojielo Ozonnia 161.

Olivant Justina 162.

Owusu Edwina 163.

Peacock Maude 164.

Pessima Michael 165.

Rogers, Sarah 166.

Sah, Konde A.

167.

Sah, Martin R. 168.

Saidu Cecilia 169.

Samba, Alice 170.

Samura Kadie 171.

Samura Margret 172.

Samurah Alhaji 173.

Sandi, Alice 174.

Sandi, Hawa 175.

Sandi Philip 176.

Sankoh, Abdulai 177.


Sankoh Kadiatu 178.

Schotsmans Martien 179.

Sei Mohammed 180.

Sesay, Abdul Rhaman 181.

Sesay, Daniel B. K.C.

182.

Sesay Denis 183.

Sesay, Foday D.

.M., 184.

Sesay Adbul Hakim 185.

Sesay, Isata 186.

Sesay, Kanku.

187.

Sesay Kiphu B 188.

Sesay Mohammed 189.

Shyllon Reuben 190.

Silah Abdul Karim 191.

Simpson James Gavin 192.

Smith Eddy 193.

Smith Eva 194.

Smith, Rose-Marie 195.

Songo, Muniru 196.

Swaray, Hawa 197.

Taylor Sophie Amadu 198.


Thomas Christine 199.

Thompson Jesse Thompson 200.

Thompson-Shaw Josephine 201.

Turay Francis 202.

Turay Unisa 203.

Wright Rita 204.

Valcarcel Princess 205.

Varney Howard 206.

Wihelm Alberta 210.

Williams Donella 211.

Wright Aisha Nancy 212.

Wvede-Obahor Nwanne 213.

214.

215.

Yilla Alhassan Yillah, Nabieu Yayah Yopoi, Juma 4 Vol One Chapter Two Setting up the Commission Page 69 216.
Zoe Dugal Consultants Annor Nimako Allotey Ohui Aragones Patricia Asher Jana Dr. Ball Patrick Betts Wendy Cibelli Kristen Gaima Emmanuel Handicap International 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

Hughes Charlie King Jamesina 11.

Professor Kofi Kumado 12.

Luseni Dennis 13.

14.

Murungi Betty Seigrist Saudamini 15.

Sesay Mohammed Gibril 16.

Triolo Anthony 17.

Theuermann Bert 18.

19.

Udenta Jude 20.

Williams Yada 21.


Dr. Abdullah Ibrahim Interns Abulaye Joseph Barnicle Jeremy Barrow Marrie Conteh Kadie Christodulou Artemis 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Artemis Christodulou, a PhD student from Yale University, was an intern at the Commission during 2003.

In May 2004, she returned to Sierra Leone to promote the National Vision for Sierra Leone.

While returning to Freetown from Makeni, she was seriously hurt in a car accident.
At the time of writing, Ms Christodulou remains in a coma with severe brain damage.

The Commission pays tribute to the selfless dedication that Ms Christodulou gave to the people of Sierra Leone.

Her work on amputations, memorials and the National Vision for Sierra Leone has advanced the cause of peace and reconciliation in Sierra Leone.

Darkwa Linda 6.

Flattau Isaac 7.

Hewett Dawn Yamane 8.

9.

Kamara Joseph 10.

Mahoney Christopher 11.

12.

13.

14.
Zervos Anthea Verelst Sabastian Sandon Shogilev Vibeke Norgaard 4 Vol One Chapter Two Setting up the Commission Page 70 APPENDIX TWO ORGANOGRAM OF THE COMMISSION THE COMMISSION COMMISSIONERS EXECUTIVE SECRETARY Franklyn Bai Kargbo ADMIN AND PROGRAMMING UNIT Greg Casey Finance Officer Admin and Logistics Officer Procurement Officer Secretaries Office Assistant Drivers Casual staff MEDIA AND PUBLIC EDUCATION UNIT Daniel Adekara LEGAL AND RECONCILIATION UNIT Ms. Martien Schotsmans INFORMATION MANAGEMENT UNIT M. Ozonnia Ojielo NGO Liaison Interpreters Legal Officer Reconciliation Officer Transcribers Videographer Counsellors/ Briefers Head, IT and Database Javed Hussan Database Manager Richard Conibere Head, Research Lydia Apori-Nkansah Head, Investigations Howard Varney Researchers Investigators Regional Coordinators Data Processing Officers Statement Takers Secretary Consultants Documentarist Coders Data Entry Clerks Consultants Transcribers Interns 4 Vol One Chapter Two Setting up the Commission Page 71 APPENDIX THREE COMPONENTS OF THE STRATEGIC PLAN The following were some of the components of the strategic action plan: Mission Statement: To develop a menu of operational strategies, create an enabling environment and lay the foundation for the successful implementation of the TRC as a unique Sierra Leonean experience Vision: To create a flexible, pro-active, accessible team committed to the establishment of a functional and successful TRC by the 5th July 2002 when the Commission was to be inaugurated.
Values: The values, which were set out as underpinning the work of the Interim Secretariat, included the following: a.

Training for all staff b.

To be gender and child sensitive c. Encourage life long learning d. To be ambassadors of reconciliation e. Show respect and dignity to and be aware of the ‘victims’ f. Respect for each other and demonstrate team spirit g. Human Rights knowledge and the basis for such rights h. To be hands-on and pro-active managers I.
Be rooted and integrated in the community j. Transparency, honesty and accountability The strategic action plan also focussed on how to transform the terms of reference of the Interim Secretariat into achievable targets.

Some of the most important goals identified include the following: a.

Partnership with in securing an appropriate office the Government b. accommodation.

Appropriate human through screening, recruitment, training, supervision, assessment, job descriptions and terms of reference.
the Commission resources in c. Financial management through review of the TRC budget, effective financial system, engaging in fund raising for the Commission, private sector supplies, donations and fund raising services.

d. An administrative framework including recruitment procedures, resource material inventory procedures and control, administrative regulations, reporting requirements 9internal and external), leases and contracts and evaluation and assessment.
e. Partnership with members of the international community through exchange of letters, a work plan for assistance from UNAMSIL, finalise a memorandum of understanding, create framework for receiving logistics assistance.

f. Training for Interim Secretariat and Commission staff.

g. Design security plan (information and materials, physical security, witness security, protection of evidence).
h. Design and implement a national public awareness campaign at zero cost, since OHCHR funding for public education has been given to NGO partners: 4 Vol One Chapter Two Setting up the Commission Page 72 identify partners and what they can offer/contribute, press conferences and briefings, visits to schools and institutions, radio/TV magazine programmes, other activities including songs, drama, poetry, logo, stories, jingles, sponsored walks, flags and booklets.
It also included the preparation of a media and NGO strategy for the Commission.

i.

Development of a resource centre and collection of documents from different sources including UNAMSIL, embassies, NGOs, ECOMOG, Sierra Leone Police, Sierra Leone Army, Media (local and international), etc.
4 Vol One Chapter Two Setting up the Commission Page 73 CHAPTER THREE Concepts TRC Truth hurts but war hurts more Produced by the TRC Steering Committee with support from the International Human Rights Law Group CHAPTER THREE Concepts Introduction 1.

2.

3.

Truth and reconciliation commissions have, in recent years, become well- recognised as valuable and effective mechanisms in societies emerging from conflict.
They help to ensure accountability for human rights violations, they clarify the historical record and put myths and lies about the past to rest, and they assist in giving a vision for the future.

They are not a cure-all, but they can make a positive contribution when their work and activities are married with the dynamism of a civil society anxious for social transformation.
This chapter addresses the principal concepts that underpinned and guided the work of the Sierra Leone Truth and Reconciliation Commission, and which are not specifically dealt with elsewhere in the Report.

Concepts dealt with in the chapter include truth and truth telling, just war and just means, victims and perpetrators.

The Commission operated in a public and transparent fashion.
Commissioners were appointed following a process of public consultation, in which all concerned citizens were invited to submit their names or the names of others as potential candidates.

All major protagonists in the conflict were represented in the selection process and gave their consent to the eventual composition of the Commission.

The staff members of the Commission were employed following public advertisement and interviews.
The funds of the Commission were administered by the United Nations Development Programme office in Freetown, and audited by The Commission has regularly reported on its activities, and has constantly called upon the people of Sierra Leone to participate to the fullest extent possible.

The work of the Commission has been bolstered in a multitude of respects by civil society, and more specifically by non-governmental organisations (NGOs), both national and international.
Funding for the Commission came from several donor countries, the Government of Sierra Leone and from individuals.

independent accountants.

thoroughly The underlying principles of the Commission were set out in the ‘Memorandum of Objects and Reasons’, which was attached to the Truth and Reconciliation Act 2000, the legal instrument responsible for the creation of the Commission.
The Memorandum explains that the Commission was ‘proposed by Article XXVI of the Lomé Peace Agreement as part of the process of healing the wounds of the armed conflict which began in 1991’.

Furthermore, ‘[s]ection 1 of Article XXVI of the Peace Agreement envisaged the proceedings of the Commission as a catharsis the victims and perpetrators of human rights violations and abuses and from this catharsis the Commission is to compile ‘a clear picture of the past’.
Accordingly, by clause 6, the principal function of the Commission is to create an impartial historical record of events in question as the basis for the task of preventing their recurrence.’1 interchange between for constructive 1 Truth and Reconciliation Commission Act 2000, Memorandum of Objects and Reasons.

Vol One Chapter Three Concepts Page 77 4.


The Lomé Peace Agreement itself declared that one of the purposes of the Commission was exactly to ‘get a clear picture of the past in order to facilitate genuine healing and reconciliation’.2 Truth and truth-telling 5.

6.

7.

8.
6.

7.

8.

What the ‘Memorandum of Objects and Reasons’ does not highlight is the fact that the Commission was created out of a tension between two contradictory intentions, on the one hand an impetus to forget the past and to forgive past violations of human rights, and another calling for the truth of the past to be determined and acknowledged.

The controversial premise upon which the Lomé Peace Agreement was predicated is the pardon and amnesty set out in Article IX.
The justification appears in the provision itself: ‘In order to bring lasting peace to Sierra Leone…’ and ‘To consolidate the peace and promote the cause of national reconciliation’.

International law has acknowledged the validity of granting amnesty to combatants when a conflict comes to an end.
In the case of Sierra Leone, as the Commission was told on more than one occasion by participants in the Lomé negotiations, amnesty presented itself as an essential condition if fighting was to stop and peace allowed to break out.

The Commission has determined that serious violations of human rights and international humanitarian law took place on all sides in the conflict, so there can be no doubt that all of the participants in the Lomé negotiations in fact benefited from the amnesty.
It cannot, in other words, be reduced to a one-sided concession.

However, in recent decades, the dangers of granting full amnesty for human rights violations have been increasingly appreciated.

Amnesty overrides the interests of individual victims, who are also entitled to see their personal concerns addressed and balanced against those of society as a whole.
International law refuses to accept the validity of amnesty for the most serious crimes of international concern, namely genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes.

These categories correspond in an approximate sense with the concept of gross and systematic violations of human rights.

Even the practical justification for amnesty is called into question: it may not deliver the long-term peace that it promises.
If the amnesty is granted in a way that ignores the past, it may sow the seeds for future conflict, and serve as a justification for future generations to settle scores that were left unresolved when the conflict came to an end.

All of these concerns meant that the grant of pardon and amnesty in article IX of the Lomé Peace Agreement had to be accompanied with other mechanisms and values that seek to remember and account for the past, and to respond to the needs of victims.
It is out of this dialectic that the Truth and Reconciliation Commission was conceived.

Truth and truth-telling, and the need to recognise and acknowledge the past, lie at the heart of this.

2 Lomé Peace Agreement, art.

XXVI(1).

Vol One Chapter Three Concepts Page 78 9.

10.

11.

12.
10.

11.

12.

An ‘inalienable right to truth’ In one of the seminal documents of the United Nations on the issue of impunity for human rights violations, Special Rapporteur Louis Joinet has spoken of the inalienable right to truth: ‘Every people has the inalienable right to know the truth about past events and about the circumstances and reasons which led, through the consistent pattern of gross violations of human rights, to the perpetration of aberrant crimes.
Full and effective exercise of the right to the truth is essential to avoid any recurrence of such acts in the future.’ Further, he explains: ‘This is not simply the right of any individual victim or his nearest and dearest to know what happened, a right to the truth.

The right to know is also a collective right, drawing upon history to prevent violations from recurring in the future.
Its corollary is a "duty to remember" on the part of the State: to be forearmed against the perversions of history that go under the names of revisionism or negationism, for the history of its oppression is part of a people's national heritage and as such must be preserved.

These, then, are the main objectives of the right to know as a collective right.’3 Truth commissions have largely come about in recent years to give effect to what Joinet called ‘the inalienable right to truth’.
There is a belief that truth can be established through mechanisms other than criminal trials which may, in the past, have been considered to be the ideal way to get at the truth.

Where amnesty has been granted – this is the case of Sierra Leone, or where effective prosecution is difficult or impossible because of resource issues, or because perpetrators cannot be brought to trial, truth commissions offer a valuable alternative.
But trials have their own shortcomings in establishing the truth, and the flexibility of truth commissions may in fact better suit them to this task of establishing and enforcing the ‘inalienable right to truth’.4 The Special Court is also in search of the truth, but the Court’s truth will necessarily be limited to the criminal responsibility of the accused.

Moreover, the Court will only draw a picture of the criminal responsibility of those that ‘bear the greatest responsibility’.
The Special Court and the TRC have essentially different, although complementary, roles to play.

Whereas the TRC cannot replace judicial investigations into the criminal responsibility of those that bear the greatest responsibility, the Special Court is not as well-suited for a broader inquiry into the causes, nature and circumstances of the conflict.
As Pedro Nikken, former president of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, has written: ‘There is no doubt that the discovery of the Truth, which is the responsibility of independent persons, destroys that element which, while not useful in itself for eradicating impunity, fulfils at least a dual function.

First, it is useful for society to learn, objectively, what happened in its midst, which translates into a sort of collective catharsis.
And second, it contributes to creating a collective conscience as to the need to impede the repetition of similar acts and shows those who are capable of doing so that even if they may escape the action of justice, they are not immune from being publicly recognized as the persons responsible for very grave attacks against other human rights.
In this regard, even though [truth commissions] do not constitute 3 Question of the impunity of perpetrators of human rights violations (civil and political), Final report prepared by Mr. Joinet pursuant to Sub-Commission decision 1996/119, UN Doc.

E/CN.4/Sub.2/1997/20, para.

17.

4 See the chapter TRC and the Special Court.

Vol One Chapter Three Concepts Page 79 13.

14.


15. punitive mechanisms, they may perform a preventive function that is highly useful in a process of building peace and the transition to democracy.’ 5 A major challenge is ensuring that the search for the ‘truth’ or the ‘truth’ itself does not obscure this ‘preventative function’.

There are a few important cautions: 1.

2.

3.

The truth must be known; The truth must be complete; The truth must be officially proclaimed and publicly exposed.
The ‘inalienable right to truth’ is closely related to the ‘right to an effective remedy’ for violations of human rights.

The right to an effective remedy is firmly entrenched in all major international law instruments.6 ‘Establishing the truth’ has been recognised as an essential part of the right to an effective remedy, as it is a crucial aspect of the guarantee of non-repetition of the original violation or abuse.
This link between ‘knowing what has happened’ and ‘avoiding the recurrence of violations in the future’ has been repeatedly confirmed.7 Very illustrative in this respect is the innovative case law of the Inter-American human rights institutions, borne in the long and painful history of conflict in South and Central America.
In the case of Ellacuria v. El Salvador, the Inter-American Commission for Human Rights presented the right to know the truth as a direct remedy in itself, based on Article 1.1 of the Inter-American Convention providing that ‘a State party is obligated to guarantee the full and free exercise of the rights recognized by the Convention’.

In the opinion of the Inter-American Commission, ensuring rights for the future requires a society to learn from the abuses of the past.
States must inform their citizens about the truth.

This right to know the truth has two components: an individual right applying to the victim and family members and a general societal right.

With respect to the public right, the Inter-American Commission said: ‘Every society has the inalienable right to know the truth about what has occurred, as well as the reasons and 5 Paragraph 149.
6 Examples are Article 8 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) and Article 2 of the International Covenant of Civil and Political Rights (1966).
All the major human rights instruments including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (article 2.3), the American Convention on Human Rights (article 29) and the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (article 13) all guarantee the right to an “effective” remedy or recourse after a violation has occurred.
7 See for instance the “Proposed Basic Principles and Guidelines” attached to the Final Report submitted by Mr. Theo van Boven, Special Rapporteur, to the UN Commission on Human Rights, Study concerning the right to restitution, compensation and rehabilitation for victims of gross violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms, dated 2 July 1993 (E/CN.4/Sub.2/1993/8) and more recently the “Basic Principles and Guidelines on the right to a remedy and reparation for victims of violations of international human rights and humanitarian law”, annex to the Final Report of the Special Rapporteur, Mr. Cherif Bassiouni, to the UN Commission on Human Rights, The right to restitution, compensation and rehabilitation for victims of gross violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms, dated 18 January 2000 (E/CN.4/2000/62).
Also very relevant in this respect is the Revised final report prepared by Mr. Joinet on the Question of the impunity of perpetrators of human rights violations (civil and political), presented to the UN Commission on Human Rights on 2 October 1997 (E/CN.4/Sub.2/1997/20/Rev.1).

Both the UN Human Rights Committee and the European Court of Human Rights also recognize a positive duty of States to investigate human rights violations.

Vol One Chapter Three Concepts Page 80 16.


17. circumstances in which those crimes came to be committed, so as to avoid repetition of such events in the future.’ 8 These principles were developed further by the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights in the case of Romero v. El Salvador9.

The Commission referred again to the dual character of the right: ‘The right to the truth is a collective right that enables society to have access to information essential to the development of democracies.
At the same time, it is a private right of the next-of-kin of victims that makes possible one form of reparation, especially where amnesty laws are applied.’ Elaborating on society’s right to be duly informed, the Commission stated that it had held before that: Independently of the problem of proving guilt, which in every case must be determined individually and with due process guarantees, by a pre existing court which applies the law in force at the time the crime was committed, one of the first matters that the Commission feels obliged to give its opinion on in this regard is the need to investigate the human rights violations committed prior to the establishment of the democratic government.... Every society has the inalienable right to know the truth about past events, as well as the motives and circumstances in which aberrant crimes came to be committed, in order to prevent repetition of such acts in the future.
Moreover, the family members of the victims are entitled to information as to what happened to their relatives....
Such access to the truth presupposes freedom of speech....10 The Inter-American Commission concluded that the ‘right that all persons and society have to know the full, complete, and public truth as to the events transpired, their specific circumstances, and who participated in them is part of the right to reparation for human rights violations, with respect to satisfaction and guarantees of non-repetition.
The right of a society to have full knowledge of its past is not only a mode of reparation and clarification of what has happened, but is also aimed at preventing future violations.’11 An important aspect of the right to an effective remedy is the duty that international human rights law imposes upon States to investigate human rights violations and abuses.
For example, the European Court of Human Rights has held that the right to an effective remedy (article 13 of the European Convention on Human Rights) guarantees both the availability of an effective domestic remedy to be exercised at the initiative of complainants and, in the event of very serious allegations, the carrying out of a full investigation by public authorities.12 In McCann v. United Kingdom,13 the Court said that ‘[t]he obligation to protect the right to life under [article 2], read in conjunction with the State’s general duty under [a]rticle 1 of the Convention to “secure to everyone within their jurisdiction the rights and freedoms defined in [the] Convention”, requires by implication that there should be some form of effective official investigation when individuals have been killed as a result of the use of force by, inter alias, agents of the State’.14 In Tanrikulu v. Turkey, despite insufficient evidence to implicate the Turkish government in a victim’s death, the European 8 Ellacuria v. El Salvador, Case No.
10 488, Inter-Am.

C.H.R., OEA/ser.L/V/II.106, do.

3 rev.

(1999).

9 Romero y Galdamez v. El Salvador, Inter-Am.

C.H.R., OEA/ser.L/V/II.106.

10 Ibid., paragraph 146.

11 Ibid., paragraph 148.

12 Aksoy v. Turkey, 26 Eur.

Ct. H.R.

2260 (1996); Mentes v. Turkey, 59 Eur.

Ct. H.R.

2689 (1997).

13 McCann v. United Kingdom, 324 Eur.

Cr.

H.R.

(1995) 14 Ibid.

p. 161 Vol One Chapter Three Concepts Page 81 18.

19.

20.
19.

20.

Court said that the duty to investigate was not confined to cases where it had been established that the killing was caused by an agent of the State.

The fact that the authorities were informed of the murder established a right to an effective investigation.15 The same interpretation, by which the fundamental right to a remedy includes an entitlement to know the truth, through investigation, appears in the case law of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights.
In Velásquez Rodríguez v. Honduras, the Inter-American Court held that the State is required to investigate every context involving a violation of the rights enshrined in the American Convention on Human Rights, even if the perpetrator is a private person.

The ‘effective search for the truth’ must be assumed by the State itself and is not dependent on victims’ initiatives.
The Court also demanded an effective investigation despite the existence of difficult conditions within the country.16 Even where there are amnesty laws, the Inter-American Court has declared that the State is still obliged to use the means at its disposal to inform the relatives of the fate of the victims, and the location of their remains, if they have been killed.17 The United Nations Human Rights Commission has spoken of this right to an investigation to establish the truth in cases of forced disappearance.
According to the Committee, ‘state parties should also take specific and effective measures to prevent the disappearance of individuals and establish effective facilities and procedures to investigate thoroughly, by an appropriate and impartial body, cases of missing and disappeared persons in circumstances which may involve a violation of the right to life’.18 It has also said that complaints of torture and inhuman treatment ‘must be investigated promptly and impartially by competent authorities so as to make the remedy effective’.19 Categories of truth The Commission has had to address different types of truth.
The Canadian writer Michael Ignatief, has stated that ‘all a Truth Commission can achieve is to reduce the number of lies that can be circulated unchallenged in public discourse.

In Argentina, its work has made it impossible to claim, for example that the military did not throw half-dead victims in the sea from helicopters.
In Chile, it is no longer permissible to assert in public that the Pinochet regime did not dispatch thousand of entirely innocent people’.20 In South Africa, no one can now claim that the apartheid state was not a criminal state who unleashed violence and death squads on its own citizens who opposed the state and dissented from it.

21.
21.

The South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission, which is in many respects the model for so many other similar institutions, including the Commission, dealt in its report with four different kinds of truth: factual or 15 Tanrikulu v. Turkey, 1999-IV Eur.

Ct. H.R.

459 (1999) 16 Velasquez Rodriguez Case, Inter-Am.

Ct.

H.R., ser.

C, no 4, P91 (July 19 1988), available at http://www/corteidh.or.cr.

17 Barrios Altos Case, Inter-Am.

Ct. H.R.

Ser.


C. no 75P41 (March 14 2001) 18 Laureano v. Peru, U.N. GAOR, Hum.

Rts.

Comm.

56th Sess.

P8.3, U.N. Doc.

CCPR/C/56/D/540/1993 (1996) 19 Rodriquez v. Uruguay, UN.

GAOR, Hum.

Rts Committee, 51th sess.

P12.3, UN Doc.

CCPR/C/51/D/322/1988 (1994).

20 ‘Articles of Faith’, Index on Censorship (5) 1996, p. 113.

Vol One Chapter Three Concepts Page 82 22.

23.

24.

25.
23.

24.

25.

26. forensic truth; personal and narrative truth; social truth; healing and restorative truth.

The list is probably not exhaustive.

Factual or forensic truth.

One of South Africa’s great human rights jurists, Albie Sachs, has called this ‘microscopic truth’.

It is akin to a version of events that is accepted after all the facts have been examined and can be supported by evidence.

It involves bringing the facts to light.


In this respect, the Commission was mandated by legislation to provide an impartial record into the violations and abuses of human rights and humanitarian law that were committed during the conflict.

It was provided with robust powers of investigation, including the authority to summon witnesses and compel testimony, and to conduct searches and to take custody of documents and other material evidence.
Though not a court in the traditional strict sense, these powers of the Commission are akin to those available to traditional methods of justice, including criminal justice.

The Commission used them, although sparingly, because as a general rule Sierra Leoneans were committed to the truth- seeking process and as a result they cooperated fully.
But on occasion it was as a result of the threat to use these powers that witnesses appeared before the Commission, that official documents were provided, and that access was gained to premises normally closed to the public and to human rights investigators from NGOs and the United Nations.
In this area, the factual findings by the Commission complete a partial portrait of the conflict that has been provided in the past by journalists, by United Nations reports, and by the studies of various individual researchers and NGOs.

This is, without doubt, the most thorough account of the conflict that has been produced.

It is based on thousands of interviews, independent research, study of documents, and statistical analysis of a comprehensive database.
And it is, as the Truth and Reconciliation Act 2000 requires, a truly independent account.

Fact-finding has been approached empirically, without any preconceived notions about the ‘truth’ being sought.

The approach of the Commission has been to investigate the truth according to an accepted methodology, and then to ‘let the chips fall where they may’.

Personal and narrative truth.

This is a witness’s personal truth which he or she tells either in a statement or at a hearing.
This is what he or she believes and should be respected.

Often, the individual accounts did not initially appear to contribute significantly to the more general ‘impartial historical record’ that the Truth and Reconciliation Commission Act 2000 requires of the Commission.

But over time, the sheer volume of these accounts provided a complex, multi- layered vision of the conflict.
This truth is not the history of battles, military leaders and political parties, but rather a series of personal stories and accounts, telling a tale of the suffering, the pain and of the immense dignity of the common people of Sierra Leone.

It is, perhaps more than anything else, a vision of the truth that describes the fundamental humanity of the people of this country.
The personal and narrative truth which the Commission has endeavoured to capture faithfully is inadequately presented in the present report of the Commission.

It is simply impossible, in a document the length of the Commission’s report, to provide a fair account of the complexity of the personal truths that make up the story of the conflict.

But the materials remain largely available, in the archives of the Commission.

Many of them have been transcribed.


A full videographic record of the public hearings of the Vol One Chapter Three Concepts Page 83 27.

28.

29.

30.

Commission was taken and can be accessed by the public and researchers.

The individual statements that were taken by the Commission have been coded and analysed in a data base to facilitate their consultation.

We are confident that these resources will be drawn upon for years, possibly decades and even generations to come.

Social truth.
Social truth.

This may come the closest to what the Truth and Reconciliation Commission is expected to establish.

It is the truth established after interaction and dialogue that will be accepted by all after the myths and the lies have been discredited and disproven.
In order to determine this ‘social truth’, the Commission endeavoured to provide a forum where the parties to the conflict, and the various components of civil society, including faith communities, political parties, the country’s principal institutions, and various constituencies such as women, youth and children, could come together for debate and exchange.

Even informally, out of this process a form of consensus has emerged about the nature of the conflict.
The dynamics that were established between the participants in this process may provide a basis for future understanding and relationships.

Healing and restorative truth.

This truth is necessary for the nation to cope with its pain.

It is the truth of what happened.

It involves an acknowledgement of people’s pain and suffering by the nation.
There were many opportunities for participants in the conflict to acknowledge the truth of what had happened and, in many cases, what they had themselves done to others.

A significant number took Their admissions and this opportunity.

acknowledgement contribute without doubt to this ‘healing and restorative truth’.
full advantage of On occasion after occasion, and often during the public hearings, victims and perpetrators confronted each other, sometimes agreeing and sometimes disagreeing about the ‘facts’ of their encounters during the conflict.

Out of this process a vision of the truth emerged that enables these members of Sierra Leonean society to deal with the past and, in a sense, put it behind them.
The ‘healing and restorative truth’ in many respects, provides the foundation upon which the other wing of the mandate of the Commission, namely the quest for reconciliation can be built.

The relationship between reparation, truth and reconciliation As a consequence of their victimisation, people often find themselves in a condition which is not conducive to forgiveness and reconciliation.
The vast majority of them live in abject poverty, some having to endure the loss of limbs and others shunned because of their personal experiences such as rape and sexual slavery.

Their dependency and social exclusion are constant reminders of the suffering they have endured.

Faced almost on a daily basis by those who have harmed them, it is difficult to find within themselves the capacity to forgive.
The humiliation of being dependent on the charity of others and often having to beg in order to live re-victimizes the victims, leaving conditions under which thoughts of revenge fester and grow.

A reparations programme will assist those whose lives have been most devastated to move beyond the position they are in currently as a consequence of the war.

The cycle of suffering must be broken.

Vol One Chapter Three Concepts Page 84 31.


One of the objectives of the Commission is to foster reconciliation in the country.

A reconciliation which is based on a common understanding of the past and which allows both victims and perpetrators to find the space to live side by side in a spirit of tolerance and respect.

Truth and reparation are key components of reconciliation.
In most transitional societies, the political realities of the day force compromises on new governments which result in the rights of victims being compromised.

Victims are required to forgive and to forgo opportunities to seek redress and punishment for wrongs done to them.

They bear the brunt of these political compromises.

In such societies truth telling and reparations become even more important.

32.
32.

Jose Zalaquett, a member of the Chilean Truth and Reconciliation Commission, has explained this in the following way: 33.

34.

To provide for measures of reparation and prevention, it must be clearly known what should be repaired and prevented.

Further, society cannot simply block out a chapter of its history; it cannot deny the facts of its past, however differently these may be interpreted.

Inevitably the void would be filled with lies or with conflicting, confusing versions of the past.
A nation’s unity depends on a shared identity, which in turn depends largely on a shared memory.
The truth also brings a measure of healthy social catharsis and helps to prevent the past from reoccurring.21 If the Commission had not intended to pursue a reparation policy for victims, truth-telling without reparation could conceivably be perceived by the victims to be an incomplete process in which they have revealed their pain and suffering without any mechanism being put in place to deal with the consequences of that pain.
Similarly, reparations without truth-telling could be perceived by the beneficiaries as an attempt to buy their silence.

Restorative justice requires not only truth telling but reparations which will strengthen the reconciliation process.

to from the Government the execution of Reparations are an important instrument to achieving this goal.
A sincere commitment the proposed Reparations Programme would give a clear sign to the victims that the State and their fellow citizens are serious in their efforts to re-establish relations of equality and respect.22 Acknowledging the wrongdoing done to victims, engaging with those victimized and disempowered will lead to members of society having a renewed faith in the democratic process.
This leads to the restoration of civic trust and a sense of ownership for the nation, attributes necessary if Sierra Leone is to take its rightful place in the community of nations.

21 J. Zalaquett,”extract from the Matthew O. Tobriner Lecture.Balancing Ethical Imperatives and Political constraints: The Dilemma of New Democracies Confronting Past Human Rights Violations” 1992, 43 Hastings L.J.

1425, 1433.
1425, 1433.

22 Pablo De Greiff, “The Role of Reparations in Transition to Democracy”, paper written for the International Center for Transitional Justice, New York, pp.

18-21 (forthcoming in “Repairing the Past”).

Vol One Chapter Three Concepts Page 85 Just war and just means 35.

36.

37.

38.
36.

37.

38.

In the course of its work, the Commission frequently encountered those who consider that the justification for the conflict – on all sides - needed to be taken into account in assessing the existence and seriousness of alleged violations of human rights and international humanitarian law principles.
For example, the Commission has often been told that the violations and abuses of human rights and humanitarian law for which the Civil Defense Forces (CDF) bears responsibility are in some sense less important than the violations attributable to the Revolutionary United Front (RUF), because the CDF was endeavouring to resist the rebels, a cause perceived by most to be just.

This argument is tantamount to saying that because a cause might have been just, the means used to pursue it are irrelevant.
In other words, the ends justify the means.

But this reasoning is not compatible with the normative framework of the Commission, which is to examine violations and abuses of human rights and international humanitarian law.

Violations and abuses of human rights and international humanitarian law can be neither justified nor excused on the grounds that they are in some way responding to violations and abuses by the other side in a conflict.
At the outset, it seems important to state that the Commission is not called upon to assess the justness of the conflict itself.

It may be argued by some that those who initiated the attempts to overthrow the Momoh regime were justified in taking up arms.
The preamble of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states: ‘Whereas it is essential, if man is not to be compelled to have recourse, as a last resort, to rebellion against tyranny and oppression, that human rights should be protected by the Rule of Law.’ Accordingly, human rights law seems to acknowledge that in extreme conditions, there is a ‘right of rebellion’.

It does not encourage rebellion, nor does it sanction coups d’état.
Human rights law assumes that rights will be pursued using legal means and in a rule of law framework.

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights declares that the will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of government, and that it shall be expressed in periodic and genuine elections.

Governmental change, in principle, is to be effected at the ballot box.

Sometimes, however, after long years of dictatorship, this aspiration may seem unlikely or even impossible.
The Commission need not determine whether the conditions mentioned in the preamble of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights for the right of rebellion were indeed fulfilled.

But, as this Report explains elsewhere, there is little doubt that the words ‘tyranny’ and ‘oppression’, and the failure to protect human rights by the Rule of Law, were appropriate descriptions of Sierra Leone in March 1991.
On the other hand, international human rights law also acknowledges the right of States to restrict and even suspend certain fundamental rights under certain circumstances.

The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, in article 4, allows such suspension ‘[i]n time of public emergency which threatens the life of the nation…’ Few would quarrel with the applicability of this provision to the situation in Sierra Leone during the decade-long war.
Nevertheless, certain fundamental rights and freedoms cannot be suspended even in time of war.

These core rights, which are sacrosanct, include the right to life, the prohibition of torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment, and the right to protection against discrimination.

Many acts committed by the Vol One Chapter Three Concepts Page 86 39.

40.

41.

Government and by forces loyal to it cannot be excused on the grounds that the State was dealing with a public emergency.
law is essentially If human rights law seems to leave a small amount of room for taking into account the justice of the cause being defended by the alleged perpetrator, international humanitarian indifferent to the question altogether.

International humanitarian law looks at the participants in an armed conflict without regard to whether or not the cause is legitimate.
Its only concern is with the legality of the means and methods of warfare, and with the protection of vulnerable groups, especially civilians.

Whether we are speaking of rebels or pro-Government forces, neither side can invoke the alleged justice of its cause as a defence to inhuman acts perpetrated by its combatants and collaborators.
The Commission need not examine the justness of the rebellion to overthrow the government in 1991, in order to fulfil its mandate, which is to address violations and abuses of human rights and international humanitarian law.

Nor does it consider that those who fought to defend a democratically elected regime, from 1996 onwards were justified in using any means necessary to ensure that those chosen by the people actually governed the country.
Finally, a word should be said about the impermissibility of reprisals.

Reprisals are undertaken in order to punish those who breach the rules of humanitarian law during armed conflict.

In the past, international humanitarian law may have tolerated reprisals, but the permissibility has been constantly restricted over the years.

It is now well established that under no circumstances may reprisals be committed against civilians, or against combatants who have laid down their arms and been taken prisoner.
Even if they may be allowed among genuine combatants, they can only be used to the strict extent necessary, in order to compel the other side to stop its violations of the laws of armed conflict.

Victims 42.
Victims 42.

The Commission adopts the definition of a victim that is now generally accepted in international law, A person is a ‘victim’ where as a result of acts or omissions that constitute a violation of international human rights and humanitarian law norms, that person, individually or collectively, suffered harm, including physical or mental injury, emotional suffering, economic loss, or impairment of that person’s fundamental legal rights.
A ‘victim’ may also be a dependant or a member of the immediate family or household of the direct victim as well as a person who, in intervening to assist a victim or prevent the occurrence of further violations, has suffered physical, mental or economic harm.23 23 The right to restitution, compensation and rehabilitation for victims of gross violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms, Final report of the Special Rapporteur, Mr. M. Cherif Bassiouni, submitted in accordance with Commission resolution 1999/33, UN Doc.
E/CN.4/2000/62, para.

8.

Vol One Chapter Three Concepts Page 87 Perpetrators 43.

44.

45.
The term ‘perpetrator’ is widely used in international human rights law to describe individuals who are responsible for violations of human rights and international humanitarian the United Nation’s Sub- Commission on the Protection and Promotion of Human Rights, in mandating Louis Joinet to examine the question of impunity, spoke of the ‘Question of the impunity of perpetrators of human rights violations’.24 A distinction is made here with the State itself, which is also responsible for human rights violations under international law.
Accordingly, law.

law addressed itself essentially to violations Historically, human rights committed by the State.

The rights of the individual were viewed in this context.

The development of the concept of ‘perpetrators’ indicates a desire to focus on individuals who bear personal responsibility for human rights violations and abuses.
Perpetrators may be public officials or members of quasi-governmental or private armed groups with any kind of link to the State, or of non-governmental armed movements having the status of belligerents.

Perpetrators may be the direct offenders, or they may be accomplices.
Often, the accomplice is actually the person with greater responsibility for violations, because it is the accomplice who, from a leadership position, directs and encourages the violations, even if he or she does not personally commit the atrocity.

At the same time, the fact that the perpetrator of violations acted on the orders of his Government or of a superior does not exempt him or her from criminal or other responsibility.

24 UN Doc.

E/CN.4/Sub.2/1997/20/Rev.1.


Vol One Chapter Three Concepts Page 88 CHAPTER FOUR Management and Operational Report TRC Save Sierra Leone From another war.

Reconcile now, the TRC Can help Produced by the TRC Steering Committee with support from the International Human Rights Law Group CHAPTER FOUR Management and Operational Report 1.

Section 7 of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission Act 2000 outlined the methods the Commission should use to realise its objectives.
They include the following: 2.

3.

4.

5.

Undertaking investigations and research into key events, causes, patterns of abuse or violation and the parties responsible; Holding sessions, some of which may be public, to hear from the victims and perpetrators of any abuses or violations or from other interested parties; and Taking individual statements and gathering additional information with regard to the matters being investigated or researched.
The Act provided for an operational period of twelve months within which the Commission was to achieve its objectives, with the possibility of a six months extension.
This chapter will review the management of these operations by the Commission, after the dissolution of the Interim Secretariat, from the statement taking (December 2002 to March 2003), investigations and hearings (April to August 2003) to the report writing (August 2003 to March 2004) and will outline the challenges faced by the Commission and the lessons learned.
The Operational Plan The Project Document on the Commission, prepared by the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Geneva, envisaged an operational period of three major phases, namely: deployment, investigation and reporting, each lasting for four months.

The staff requirements of the Commission were to be calibrated with the specific requirements of each operational period.
The Commission was to retain a core staff of 28 while another 70 were to be recruited on short-term basis, not exceeding 6 months, depending on need.

According to the project document, during the deployment stage, the Commission would send staff to various localities to collect information and to review already existing testimonies.
The Commission deployed 14 teams of 5 persons each to the 12 districts and 2 teams to the Western Area (which was split into Freetown East and West respectively) to collect information.

The work of the teams were coordinated by regional coordinators based in each of the regional headquarter towns.
Activities during this phase included the public dissemination of information on the mandate, organisation and basic structure of the Commission, from the village through to the chiefdom, district and national levels, collection and revisiting of testimonies from field investigation, collecting and collating information.

Vol One Chapter Four Management & Operational Report Page 91 6.

7.

8.

9.
7.

8.

9.

During the investigation stage, the project document envisaged the conduct of in-depth investigations, analysis and systematisation of the information with a view to verifying their authenticity.

This would include detailed investigations of testimonies and cross checking information on human rights abuse and violations.

Once the district teams had received voluntary statements, reviewed testimonies, investigations would be carried out to authenticate the violations and abuses.
The Commission was also to identify and investigate the “window” or representative cases that would form the bedrock of the report.

Other activities envisaged during include public hearings, reconciliation procedures and identification of the main elements of the final report.
this phase would recommendations, organizing The project document proposed that during the reporting stage (divided into systematisation and analysis; and final report stages), the Commission would start finalizing the content of the report, reviewing its consistency, drafting its its archives, classifying conclusions and documentation in accordance with the mandate and preparing for the presentation of the Report to the President of Sierra Leone.
The systemisation and analysis stages were to require substantial interpretative and advocacy work, necessitating the creation of thematic teams to prepare the final report.

Reconciliation activities were to take place at all stages of the work of the Commission, and range from local ward, village and town activities to national programmes.
At the final Report writing stage, a much smaller team would be required to assist the Commissioners in reviewing the consistency of the Report, drafting its conclusions, classifying documentation in accordance with the mandate etc.

The Secretariat of the Commission was to function in a decentralized manner, with a network of offices at the 13 operational districts, coordinated and linked to the headquarters in Freetown through the regional offices in the Northern, Eastern and Southern provinces.
The district offices were to be based in already existing offices of NGOs, consistent with the policy thrust of the Commission to support and link up with existing local structures.

An operational plan was developed providing for the commencement of statement taking on 4 December 2002 to 31 March 2003, while investigations and hearings would commence on 7 April 2003.

The report writing would start on 1 August and would be completed before the end of the twelve months life span on 3 October 2003.
The Report would then be submitted to the President of Sierra Leone later in October 2003.

Statement Taking 10.

The Commission had to recruit, train and deploy 73 statement takers within a three-week deadline so that statement taking could start on 4 December 2002.

The process for recruiting and training the statement takers has already been discussed elsewhere in this Report.1 1 See Chapter 5 of this Report: Methodology and Process Vol One Chapter Four Management & Operational Report Page 92 11.

12.
12.

13.

14.

15.

The training programmes were conducted in Kenema and Freetown.

A major constraint was time.

The Commission approved the revised operational plan on 12 November 2002.

The statement taking positions had to be advertised, applicants interviewed and recruited.

There was therefore only a three-week period between recruitment, training of the statement takers and their deployment.

The Commission faced four key challenges during the pilot phase of the statement taking.
The first was the lack of staff.

The two international staff members were supported by an administration and logistics officer, an accounts officer and an office assistant to supervise the 73 statement takers.

The staff had to assume multiple roles to get the statement taking off the ground.

The second challenge facing the statement taking process was funding.
UNDP was the clearinghouse for disbursing funds to the Commission and it was charged with ensuring that disbursements were in accordance with UN procurement procedures.

While this process is suitable for ongoing UN programmes, it was problematic for a short-term intervention such as a truth commission, where funding needs could not be predicted with certainty.

Matters were complicated by the fact that until April 2003 minor purchases had to be approved by UNDP.
Delays occurred frequently in the release of funds and affected many of the activities that were scheduled to take place.

The third challenge was the recruitment of statement takers.

Guidelines had been established for their recruitment.

The Commission did not have the luxury of time to engage in an elaborate recruitment process.
During the consultations the Commissioners had in all the districts between September and November 2002, the people had wanted assurances that the Commission would emphasise local ownership and participation through recruiting people to work in their respective communities.

They believed that this would give confidence to prospective statement givers that those who would take their statements had the requisite sensitivity to customs and local mores.
The project document on the Commission had stipulated that statement takers be recruited from NGOs and civil society organisations in the respective districts.

As provided for in the project proposal, the Commission relied largely on NGOs which were members of the Human Rights Committee established by UNAMSIL.

It also relied on the UNAMSIL Human Rights Officers in the districts to make recommendations of potential candidates.
The Commission recruited most of the statement takers who had worked for the Campaign for Good Governance in the “Mapping Project”2 and some of those who participated in the research project on the conflict.3 Because of the limited time for training, the Commission conducted follow up training programmes to deal with lapses in performance.
2 The preliminary investigation into the human rights abuses and violations that occurred in the conflict commissioned by OHCHR 3 Research project into the “Antecedents of the Rebel War in Sierra Leone”, University Research Bureau, University of Sierra Leone” July 2002.

Vol One Chapter Four Management & Operational Report Page 93 16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

Finally, the Commission encountered tremendous logistical constraints.
The Commission had contracted a car rental company to provide four wheel drive vehicles for the statement takers in the districts.

Each district team reported problems with the vehicles or the drivers assigned to them.

Due to the frequency of breakdowns, the Commission terminated the vehicle hire contract and diversified the range of suppliers.

Items such as audio recorders and tapes were difficult to come by.
The Commission was unable to procure digital video cameras for the use of the statement takers until the last month of statement taking.

These challenges persisted to certain degrees throughout the statement taking phase of activities.

New and permanent staff began to arrive from early February, well into the statement taking exercise.

The Commission could not ignore the thousands of Sierra Leoneans outside the country in the statement taking exercise.
It partnered with the UNHCHR in arranging for visits to refugees camps and other locations within the sub region by Commissioners and staff.

UNHCR facilitated a visit to the refugee camps in Guinea by a commissioner and one staff member.

This sensitisation visit was followed by the deployment of a statement taker in Guinea.

The statement taker trained some of the refugees in statement taking, and together with them, the the took statements accommodation and local travel costs of the statement taker.
refugees.

UNHCR paid all from many of The Commission attempted to partner with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Freetown in reaching out to Sierra Leoneans in different parts of the world, especially those in Europe and North America.

The Commission had placed the statement taking protocol in a private website popular to Sierra Leoneans – www.sierra-leone.org.

Sierra Leoneans could visit the site, and download the statement.
After filling the form he/she was then required to send it to the nearest Sierra Leonean high commission or embassy, which would then send it to the commission under diplomatic cover, to ensure that the confidentiality requirements were complied with.

Regrettably, the Commission did not receive a single statement through this process.

The Commission sent missions to countries in West Africa to interact with Sierra Leoneans and encourage them to make statements.
It relied on the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to liaise with the respective host ministries and make facilities available to the Commission upon arrival.

Regrettably the Ministry failed to notify the Sierra Leonean missions in these countries about the arrival of the Commissioners.

The teams were forced to make their own local travel and other arrangements upon arrival.
The Commission had made adequate preparations for the security of the statement takers, including having the police service designate a liaison officer who could be contacted at any time of the day.

Statement takers liaised with the police divisions in all the communities they visited.

Apart from isolated cases of threats made by a few uniformed soldiers in the Eastern part of Freetown, the statement taking was conducted without incident.
The chiefs and community elders were very cooperative and some of them mobilised their community members to make statements to the Commission.

Vol One Chapter Four Management & Operational Report Page 94 22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

There was limited storage space within the Commission’s offices.

Statements were locked up in safes and drawers pending the establishment of a database for the Commission.

The coding and entry of the statements into the database continued well into the report writing phase.
The Commission had to rely on the entries in the statement taking forms as most statement takers were unable to transcribe the audiotapes of their statements.

Hundreds of hours of audiotapes remain waiting to be transcribed.

This shortcoming seriously impacted on the ability of the researchers, investigators and report drafters to complete their tasks.

The database was not established until well into the statement taking exercise.
This late start meant that much of the statement taking process was denied the benefits of informed feedback from the ongoing analysis of the information.

Recruitment of Staff This was a problematic process for the Commission.

The process of recruitment which began in November 2002 was concluded in February 2003.

The recruitment was concluded with the hiring of a new executive secretary in mid February 2003.

A lesson learnt from the recruitment exercise was the importance of personal interviews.
Some people spoke quite well at their telephone interviews but turned out to be unsuitable for the position.

A key lesson is the need to conclude the hiring of the key staff before operational activities begin.

The Commission did not move into its permanent offices until February 2003, one month before the end of statement taking.

Most of the staff that had been recruited had no offices or equipment.

They had to share computers and other office facilities.
Investigations The “Mapping Report” was to serve as preliminary identification of key investigation activities for the Commission.

The report was concluded in July 2002.

There was not a single investigator in the employment of the Commission at that time, and up till February 2003.

With the revision of the operational plan in November 2002, the investigation objectives also had to be revised.

It was no longer feasible to investigate as many of the individual cases for corroboration.
Furthermore, not all of the window cases would be investigated.

Ordinarily, investigations would be a prelude to the hearings, enabling the Commission to unearth all necessary information and materials as would make the hearings meaningful.

With a revised operational plan that had specific time frames for all activities, this was no longer feasible.

The investigators were only recruited in March 2003.

It was not possible to tie investigations to the hearings.
The investigations would simply feed into the research and under pin the report writing, especially in relation to accountability and responsibility for the violations.

Vol One Chapter Four Management & Operational Report Page 95 28.

29.

30.

31.

32.

33.

There were to have been two international investigators.

Only one had been recruited by February 2003.

The post of second investigator was scrapped due to funding constraints.

The investigators encountered logistical constraints.
They had no computers until late in April 2003.

It was difficult to find vehicles that could endure the road conditions for a sustained period of time.

A vehicle breakdown would mean sending a repair team from Freetown or a second vehicle while another team would leave for the provinces to retrieve the first one.

This impacted on the time for the completion of scheduled investigations.
Some of the investigations required travel outside Sierra Leone, to Liberia, Nigeria and Guinea to investigate the roles of the NPFL and the Nigerian armed forces, and the Guinean connection to illegal arms trade with the RUF during the conflict.

However there were no resources to send investigators outside the country and the plans were shelved.

There was some reluctance on the part of some witnesses in cooperating with the Commission’s investigators.
This was most notable in the Southern and Eastern provinces, the heartland of the Kamajor militia.

Many people took offence that the Commission was asking questions about the movement, when they claimed they had defended democracy.

Many refused to cooperate with the investigators and during the hearings would not answer questions about the internal management and operations of the Kamajors.

There were seven investigators in all including the head of the sub-unit.
While the TRC Act did not require the Commission to investigate each statement made by a statement giver for purposes of determining their qualification for compensation or for any other remedy, the Commission would have benefited with more investigators.

One option not explored by the Commission was to supporting governments, who could have seconded reaching out investigators to the Commission at the cost of the home governments.
This would have allowed the commission to conclude its work within the time available while developing the skills base of the Sierra Leonean colleagues.

Research Research was conducted simultaneously with investigations.

Researchers were recruited in February 2003 while the head of the sub-unit arrived the following month.

The first task the team faced was to prepare for the hearings.
This included selection of witnesses for hearings, locating of witnesses, arranging to have them present during the hearings, and having counsellors brief them about what to expect.

These activities took the whole of March and April 2003.

The team also had to prepare briefing notes for the Commissioners and staff participating in the hearings.

34.

The database developed by the Commission to capture statements about violations and abuses proved inadequate for purposes of hearings.
Using the selection criteria for hearings already discussed in this report,4 the team had to 4 See the chapter on Methodology and Process in this Volume Vol One Chapter Four Management & Operational Report Page 96 35.

36.

37.

38. develop summaries of the testimonies provided by the statement givers.
It was also necessary to provide the alleged perpetrators with an opportunity to tell their own stories, and where they wished and the victims were willing, to meet with the victims and pursue options for reconciliation.

The hearings team developed a mini database to capture the selected statements for hearings.

This meant that the team had to manually trawl through the thousands of statements using the selection criteria to identify statements suitable for hearings.
These were then entered into the mini database, and efforts made to contact the statement givers.

While databases are established to capture “who did what to whom, when, where, why and how,” they could certainly do more.
If the database used by the Commission had a bigger section for narratives and captured those well, and the design of the forms for capturing the statistics had allowed for the inclusion of human interest angles and not just numbers and statistics, the Commission would have been able to quickly identify and select cases for hearings and saved a lot of time in addition.
In May 2003, the Commission organised the first research conference where the thematic themes were created and researchers assigned specific research topics.

Further research conferences took place after the hearings in August and September 2003 with the participation of the Commissioners.

The amount of information collected during the statement taking and from other sources was enormous.
With only eight researchers, it became obvious that the October deadline for the submission of the report to the president of Sierra Leone was overly ambitious.

Hearings The commencement of hearings had to be postponed by one week to 14 April 2003 to allow the Commission to make adequate logistical arrangements.

The first challenge the Commission faced was to receive submissions from institutions, organisations and members of the public.
As early as December 2002, the Commission had written to a select group of people from diverse institutions and backgrounds seeking submissions.

From March 2003 that the first submissions began trickling in.

Many role-players invited to hearings did not appear or request a re-scheduling of their appearances, despite being notified well in advance of the dates and times for the hearings.
The Commission had to issue subpoenas against five serving ministers and leaders of government institutions, including the Attorney General, and the chairman and secretary of the ruling political party.

All this happened despite the president’s public admonition to all public officials at the commencement of hearings to cooperate with the Commission, and in spite of the fact that the TRC Act made it mandatory for all public institutions to respond to the Commission’s summons.
The former head of state, Capt.

Valentine Strasser who had ignored the Commission’s invitation on several occasions was also subpoenaed and compelled to testify.

39. the broadest possible The Commission made every effort representation at the hearings, in particular at the thematic, event specific and institutional hearings.

Only the SLPP and the APC participated in all the to have Vol One Chapter Four Management & Operational Report Page 97 40.

41.

42.

43.
41.

42.

43.

44. hearings to which political parties were invited.

Although the RUFP had suffered institutional collapse, Secretary General, Mr. Jonathan Kposowa did attend and make submissions at some of the hearings.

Up until the hearings, the Commission did not have any equipment in its Media and Public Education Unit.

The Commission had been hiring media equipment for all its public activities.
For the hearings, the Commission had to procure its own equipment to minimise the cost and ensure that the right type of equipment were always available.

The equipment enabled the Commission to partner with the state and private media to broadcast its hearings live, both in Freetown and in the districts via radio stations.

The State television service, SLBS broadcasted a forty five minute summary of the day’s proceedings each evening.
In the Commission’s view, most of its activities were not sufficiently covered by the state media, particularly during the preparatory phase and early in the operational phase of activities.

Scores of video tapes lie at the Commission’s offices unaired by the state television service, which is the only TV station in the country.
The operational plan provided for daily hearings in Freetown for the first two weeks and then alternate weekly hearings in Freetown on thematic issues with weekly hearings in the districts.

The Commissioners split up into two groups for purposes of hearings in the districts so that two district hearings could took place simultaneously.

Each team departed Freetown on a Sunday for a district and spent the next five days conducting hearings in the district.
The team would return to Freetown the following Saturday for another week of hearings in the city starting on the Monday.

take place at district headquarters despite There were a number of constraints to organising hearings in the districts.

the Hearings could only commission’s desire to conduct hearings in as many communities as possible, in particular, in those communities that suffered greatly during the conflict.
In many of the communities, the infrastructure that could support the hearings such as community halls or school buildings had been destroyed.

Accommodation facilities for the Commissioners and staff were also not available and opportunities for catering and other services such as water supply were minimal.

In the districts, the Commission used school halls, community and faith based facilities for the public hearings.
Apart from the provincial capitals, there were limited hotel facilities in the districts.

The paramount chiefs, traditional leaders, officers of government including the provincial ministers and UNAMSIL assisted the Commission in providing accommodation facilities.

Many of them made their homes available to the Commissioners and staff at no cost.
The military contingents, in particular, the Pakistani and the Nigerian contingents in many of the districts were generous in providing sleeping tents and catering facilities within their camps for the Commissioners and staff.

45.

There was a staff support complement of 25 people for each hearings team.

The Commissioners had to travel with all the facilities they would need as these Vol One Chapter Four Management & Operational Report Page 98 46.

47.

48.

49.

50.
47.

48.

49.

50.

51. could not be obtained in the districts.

They included bottled water, tables, chairs, lights, batteries, printers and generators.

Accessing witnesses proved problematic both in Freetown and in the provinces.

Many of the witnesses had changed addresses.

Some of them gave their statements when they were still displaced from their homes.

Some had returned to their home communities or moved on.

Others no longer wished to testify.


Some were afraid that there could be repercussions to their testimony such as retaliation.

The Commission was engaged in a daily process of seeking and replacing witnesses and looking for new ones.

Even where the witnesses were willing, bringing them to the hearings venue was another challenge.

In Freetown, this was relatively easy.

In the provinces, some of the witnesses lived eighty or more miles away from the district headquarters.
Because the Commission arrived at the district usually a day before the commencement of hearings, it was not possible to bring the witnesses there earlier.

The terrain in most of the districts is rugged, made worse by the impassability of the roads due to several years of neglect occasioned by the war.

On many occasions, vehicles sent out to bring witnesses broke down on the way.
On occasion, the Commission had to abandon broken down vehicles in the districts because repair facilities could only be obtained in Freetown or at the provincial headquarter towns.

Communication with the Commission headquarters in Freetown was impossible because most of the districts did not have telephone services.

Public attendance at the hearings in Freetown was poor.

Apart from the opening ceremony and the hearings of high profile persons, attendance was low.
It is possible that the live broadcast of the hearings on radio made attendance unnecessary for a majority of the people.

The hearings recorded full houses when the Commission conducted public hearings on women and children.

The Commission’s appreciation goes to the members of its research staff on women and children, and to UNICEF, UNIFEM, the CFN, Voice of Children’s Radio, the CPAs and other agencies which came together to make those hearings memorable.
Public attendance at the district hearings was significantly higher.

In most of the districts, hundreds of people attended the hearings.

The average daily attendance was more than 100 people.

In districts with broadcast facilities, people showed up at the hearing venues clutching their radio sets to their ears, listening to the live broadcast and at the same time, being direct participants in the proceedings unfolding before them.
The hearings programme was a very punishing schedule that allowed the Commissioners very little time to review their notes and make full preparations for the hearings.

It was embarked upon because the Commission was still uncertain that it would find the funding for an extension of its time frame.

It therefore raced to complete everything before October 2003.

Vol One Chapter Four Management & Operational Report Page 99 52.

53.

54.

55.

56.

57.

58.


The Memorandum of Understanding and the Joint Implementation Committee To formalise the support of the international community to the Commission, especially in relation to the management of the funds and for the provision of in Sierra Leone, a Memorandum of other support by UN agencies the Understanding (MoU) was entered Government of Sierra Leone, OHCHR, UNDP and UNAMSIL.

The MoU outlined responsibilities of the each of the signatories.
the Commission, into between The Government of Sierra Leone would assist the Commission in acquiring offices as appropriate in Freetown and in the three regional headquarters.

The Government was required to do all within its powers to facilitate the operations and functioning of the Commission and to allocate funds for its operations.

The government provided office accommodation for the Commission in Freetown and the funds for the renovation of the premises.
After the grant of a six month extension to the Commission, the government provided funding to pay the salaries of Sierra Leonean Commissioners and national staff members to enable them to archive the Commission’s materials.

UNAMSIL was required to facilitate the movement and transportation of Commissioners and staff on scheduled helicopter flights on space availability basis.

the Commission and assist it in the raising of funds to support its activities and operations.
OHCHR was required technical assistance to provide to The MoU provided that the funds raised by OHCHR shall be transferred to UNDP Freetown to be utilised for the sole purpose of meeting the costs of the Commission as set out in the project document and the costs of support services.

UNDP Freetown would in accordance with the United Nations Financial Regulations and Rules administer the funds.
All procurement arrangements were to be entered into in accordance with the provisions of such regulations and rules.

OHCHR’s monitoring of its funding under the MoU would be effected through a local Joint Implementation Committee comprising of three representatives from the local donor community of UN Members States, one representative each from UNAMSIL, UNDP and OHCHR.

The Committee was to be established in Freetown to ensure that the funds were utilised exclusively for the purposes of the Commission.
The Joint Implementation Committee was to meet once every three months to assess the status of implementation of the activities and to review the narrative and financial report for submission to OHCHR.

The Joint Implementation Committee could not be constituted until July 2003 when it held its first meeting.
After the Commission completed its work further meetings were held until that meeting, no Finally, UNDP in addition to its assistance in the financial management was to provide technical support to the Commission in staff recruitment, placement and grading.

Following this provision, all Commissioners and staff were issues with Special Service Agreement contracts by UNDP.

Vol One Chapter Four Management & Operational Report Page 100 59.

60.

61.

62.

63.

64.


Report Writing One of the challenges the Commission grappled with was whether it should publish a brief report of about 200 pages so as to meet the timeframe for the completion of its work.

The Commission concluded that it would be doing injustice to its mandate and the people of Sierra Leone if it published a brief report.
In the first place, most of the issues at the root of Sierra Leone’s decline and which led to the conflict could not be thoroughly examined in a report of such length.

Furthermore, Sierra Leone was still a divided country which required a thorough examination of the issues.

The Commission acknowledged that a commitment to canvassing all the issues in the report would require time.

This would necessitate an extension of the time frame for the Commission.
The Commission also needed to make up for the six months it lost during its start up phase.

The government granted the Commission a six months extension commencing from October 2003.

While drafts of the various themes constituting the report had been produced by the end of December 2003, they were not in a publishable state.

The Commission and OHCHR agreed on a remedial measure which would spill over into the New Year.
A Report Rewriting Committee was established in January 2004 composed of the Head of the Information Management Unit and four other consultants, to rewrite the entire report.

It was further agreed that the Commission as a formal body would be wound up on 31st December 2003.

All the remaining staff members of the Commission would be disengaged except essential staff to assist the consultants in rewriting the report.
The Rewriting Committee would work on the drafts of the report and present a re-written report for the consideration and approval of the Commissioners in the New Year.

The consideration and approval of the report began on 1st March 2004 and was concluded on the 17th of the month.

Early on, the Commissioners strove for consensus on the report.

While there were sharp disagreements on a number of issues, the final report is the product of consensus building among commissioners.
Concluding Activities of the Commission The concluding activities of the Commission included work on archiving its materials, conducting an audit of its financial management and the printing and dissemination of the report.

The Commission had hired the services of a team of consultants from the University of Sierra Leone to archive the materials it had acquired.

OHCHR had pledged to support the process by recruiting a consultant to assist in digitising the materials.
While the materials have been archived, and are presently housed at the University of Sierra Leone on an interim basis pending the establishment of the Human Rights Commission, the final custodian of all the materials, the digitising is yet to take place.

Digitising will help to protect the materials and prevent wear and tear.

The Commission hopes that the materials will be digitised within the shortest possible time.

Vol One Chapter Four Management & Operational Report Page 101 65.

66.

67.

68.

69.
66.

67.

68.

69.

70.

In accordance with the MoU, that an audit of the Commission’s financial management be conducted before the conclusion of its activities, the Commission hired the firm of KPMG to conduct an audit inquiry from the establishment of the Interim Secretariat on 1st April 2002 to the winding up of its administrative structure on 31s December 2003.
The auditors raised a number of queries the Commissioners.5 It found the management of the Commission lax in complying with the procedures on a range of issues including procurement, recruitment and financial reporting.

Its conclusions were that there was poor supervision of the financial management by the Commissioners.

the response of for The printing of the report was the final activity that engaged the Commission before it concluded its work.
A number of options had been explored including printing the report in Europe, South Africa and Nigeria.

The Commission settled for Ghana.

The Commission was remiss in not establishing a website.

While the Commission had hired an IT manager who had designed a website for the Commission, the establishment of the website was not concluded before his services were terminated.
Negotiations were subsequently begun with the Open Society Institute for West Africa (OSIWA) towards establishing a website for the Commission.

OSIWA would recruit a consultant who would maintain the site pending final handover of the site to the Human Rights Commission.

The Commission was further remiss in not concluding arrangements for the dissemination for its report.

Civil society partners of the Commission had been engaged in long term planning on disseminating the report.
In partnership with the Human Rights Section of UNAMSIL a number of preliminary meetings had taken place to outline a dissemination strategy and plan.

UNICEF also wished to use the report as an advocacy tool for its programmes and had engaged in meetings with staff of the Commission on the plans for the dissemination of the report.
The Commission however failed to accept or support the offers of dissemination made by such groups and as a result no arrangements for dissemination were in place at the time of the report’s publication.

The NGO WITNESS which received independent funding to produce the video version of the report, created a dissemination fund to assist civil society in Sierra Leone disseminate the video report.
The fund includes support for TV and VCR sets and broadcast equipment so that the NGOs can engage in public education activities throughout the country.

The Commission accepted an offer by WITNESS to piggyback the report dissemination on the back of the video distribution.

5 The audit report is attached as an appendix to this chapter of the report.

Vol One Chapter Four Management & Operational Report Page 102 FINANCIAL REPORT 71.

72.

73.

74.

75.

76.


The preliminary budget on the Commission was $9,998,091 million.

It was produced in February 2002 by OHCHR with input from the Budget and Human Rights sections of UNAMSIL.

The budget was a provisional one that was to be considered and modified where necessary by the Commissioners.

An appeal was launched by the High Commissioner for Human Rights on the 21st February 2002.
The possible six month extension of the Commission was not considered in the preparation of the budgetary estimates.

In its resolution 1370 (2001) of 18 September 2001 and 1400 (2002) of 28 March 2002, the Security Council had urged donors to commit funds to the Commission.

The Commission on Human Rights had also requested assistance to the truth and reconciliation process in Sierra Leone in its resolution 2002/20 adopted at its 58th session.
These calls were reiterated by a Presidential Statement issued by the Security Council after its informal consultations on Sierra Leone on 22 May 2002 in which the Council urged donors to contribute generously and provide urgently needed funds to the Commission.

Following the appeal, an informal donors briefing was organised by OHCHR on the 25th February 2002.
The majority of the donors in attendance displayed a keen interest in the activities of the Commission despite concerns about the limited time available to implement a large number of activities.

However no firm commitments were received from the donors.

Another donors briefing was organised by OHCHR on 5th June 2002.

The donors strongly urged a reconfiguration of the budget with indications of what could be done with minimal funds.
The general consensus among the donors was that the budget was over ambitious.

They recommended a revision of the budget since it was unlikely that OHCHR would raise the US$ 9.9 million required under the budget.

As at that date, only the United Kingdom had made available some funds for activities related to the Commission, amounting to US$ 502,873.

Other donors indicated their interest in contributing, but had not made pledges in writing.

This was one month prior to the launch of the Commission.
The Commission revised the budget to $6,587,668.00.

The budget was realigned to meet the operational exigencies at that time.

Despite the revision of the budget in 2003, pledges received amounted to only US$ 3.7 million by the middle of the year.

In his appeal, the High Commissioner lamented that the continued operations of the Commission required that donors respond to its funding requirements.
Highlights of the revised budget Considerable efforts were made to reduce the budgetary requirements of the Commission whilst at the same time maintaining a credible proposal which reflected the minimum requirements for an optimal and effective Commission.

Changes were made in a number of areas.

Vol One Chapter Four Management & Operational Report Page 103 77.

78.

79.

80.

81.

82.


Composition of staff Reductions were made in the total number of staff from 135 to 98 (that is, 18 international and 80 national staff) and in the number of full-time staff.

This brought down the total staff costs to US$ 3,131,766 from US$ 5,958,183.

These reductions impacted on travel, recruitment, health insurance, office space and communication equipment.
The initial requirements for 188 field staff for four months was substituted with a proposal for 74 field staff to be sub-contracted through local NGOs to assist with data collection and collation.

The remuneration for the staff during the period of their work was provided by the Commission and the concerned NGOs on a cost-sharing basis.

The cost-sharing arrangement not only reduced costs but also provided for the training and skill development of staff affiliated to local groups.
The initial provision of consultants to allow the Commission to recruit expertise in specialized areas where it may be deficient was eliminated.

The proposed cumulative remuneration for local staff was reduced to 38% (US$ 1,160,798) of the original estimate (US$ 3,084,050) through a reduction in salaries.

The initial salary estimate based on the local consultancy scale was substituted with the common salary scale for local staff developed by UNDP Freetown.
Operational structure of the Commission The operational units of the Commission were reduced by merging the legal and reconciliation units and submerging the research and investigation units as sub-units under a new information management unit (IMU).

The IMU would be responsible for organising and implementing the process of collecting, collating and analysing information.

In the revised format, instead of six operational units there would be four such units (i.e.
administration and programming; public information and education; information management).

reconciliation; and legal and Subcontract services The cost of rental, maintenance and utilities for premises was reduced by eliminating the provision for rental of a villa for Commissioners and three provincial offices since the Government was expected to provide these facilities.
The cost of rental of vehicles increased to cover the expenses incurred during the deployment phase and due to the reduction in the number of vehicles to be purchased.

The cost of contractual services increased because an additional provision was made for forensic investigation (US$ 30,000), security of documents and protection including communication software with encryption capabilities, information backup devices and information technology security expertise.
The provision for forensic expertise will provide the Commission with the required team expertise commissioned by OHCHR to conduct a preliminary assessment of mass graves and execution sites in Sierra Leone.

recommendations of a follow-up on forensic the to Vol One Chapter Four Management & Operational Report Page 104 83.

84.

85.

86.

87.

88.


Public information production costs increased due to the inclusion of expenses relating to the maintenance of portable recorders and satellite receivers to be used during the public sittings of the Commission.
Seminars An additional provision of US$ 14,000 was made for seminars during the preparatory period to support strategic planning, policy development and capacity building workshops for staff of the Commission and their implementing partners in crucial areas such as research methods, data analysis, investigation methods, information verification, gender sensitivity and psycho-social and other support structures.

These activities were not carried out because of the administrative crisis in the Commission.
Procurement With a reduction in the number of staff, the procurement requirements were cut in terms of the number of vehicles, office equipment, data processing and communications equipment and miscellaneous equipment and generators.

The number of vehicles was reduced by two thirds bringing the total cost to US$ 178,825 from US$ 428,950.

UNAMSIL made available to the Commission the use of its shuttle, taxi-despatch and scheduled helicopter services to the Commission at no additional costs.
Equipment maintenance, spare parts, supplies and communications increased because of the inclusion of the costs for mobile telephone services to augment the existing and largely inefficient fixed-net telephone services.
Miscellaneous The provision for miscellaneous services increased because the budgeted adopted a 5 per cent flat rate of total expenses in addition to staff medical costs and bank charges as opposed to the previous fixed miscellaneous rate of US$ 100,000 in addition to other costs including bank charges, medical costs and official hospitality.
The statutory preparatory period An additional provision was made for the sum of US$ 297,654 to support the operational requirements of the Commission during the statutory preparatory period.

This provision deviated from the earlier proposal which provided for personnel only on the assumption that most of the work of the Commission during this period would be in its Freetown office.
The additional provision responded to the objectives of the Commission to immediately commence implementation of its policies and anticipate some of its future activities.

89.

The budget suffered one more revision in 2003 to $4,167,033 for its operational activities.

Many of the activities proposed in the amended budget could not be implemented.

The activities had to be redesigned to meet the funding available.

Vol One Chapter Four Management & Operational Report Page 105 Conclusion 90.
The planning of the budget of the Commission was on the optimistic expectation that the international community would provide the funding required for all activities.

This proved to be an unrealistic expectation.

The final budget was a bare bones budget.

The Commission struggled to implement its activities as a result of inadequacy of funding and because of delays experienced in the releasing of funds.
Nonetheless the Commission is satisfied that it was able to carry out important activities such as statement taking, public hearings, research and investigations which enabled it to deliver a credible final report to the people of Sierra Leone.

This was accomplished the staff and largely due Commissioners.

the dedication and tireless efforts of to Vol One Chapter Four Management & Operational Report Page 106 APPENDEXES APPENDIX ONE: DONORS TO THE COMMISSION 1.

Canada 2.

European Commission 3.

France 4.


Germany 5.

Ireland 6.

Luxembourg 7.

Netherlands 8.

Norway 9.

Sweden 10.

Switzerland 11.

United kingdom 12.
United States of America Vol One Chapter Four Management & Operational Report Page 107 APPENDIX TWO: THE AUDIT REPORT Vol One Chapter Four Management & Operational Report Page 108 Vol One Chapter Four Management & Operational Report Page 109 Vol One Chapter Four Management & Operational Report Page 110 Vol One Chapter Four Management & Operational Report Page 111 Vol One Chapter Four Management & Operational Report Page 112 Vol One Chapter Four Management & Operational Report Page 113 Vol One Chapter Four Management & Operational Report Page 114 Vol One Chapter Four Management & Operational Report Page 115 Vol One Chapter Four Management & Operational Report Page 116 Vol One Chapter Four Management & Operational Report Page 117 Vol One Chapter Four Management & Operational Report Page 118 Vol One Chapter Four Management & Operational Report Page 119 Vol One Chapter Four Management & Operational Report Page 119 Vol One Chapter Four Management & Operational Report Page 120 Vol One Chapter Four Management & Operational Report Page 120 Vol One Chapter Four Management & Operational Report Page 121 Vol One Chapter Four Management & Operational Report Page 122 Vol One Chapter Four Management & Operational Report Page 122 Vol One Chapter Four Management & Operational Report Page 123 Vol One Chapter Four Management & Operational Report Page 123 Vol One Chapter Four Management & Operational Report Page 124 Vol One Chapter Four Management & Operational Report Page 124 Vol One Chapter Four Management & Operational Report
 Page 125 Vol One Chapter Four Management & Operational Report Page 126 Vol One Chapter Four Management & Operational Report Page 127 Vol One Chapter Four Management & Operational Report Page 128 Vol One Chapter Four Management & Operational Report Page 129 Vol One Chapter Four Management & Operational Report Page 129 Vol One Chapter Four Management & Operational Report Page 130 Vol One Chapter Four Management & Operational Report Page 130 Vol One Chapter Four Management & Operational Report Page 131 Vol One Chapter Four Management & Operational Report Page 131 Vol One Chapter Four Management & Operational Report Page 132 Vol One Chapter Four Management & Operational Report Page 133 Vol One Chapter Four Management & Operational Report Page 134 Vol One Chapter Four Management & Operational Report Page 135 Vol One Chapter Four Management & Operational Report Page 136 Vol One Chapter Four Management & Operational Report Page 137 Vol One Chapter Four Management & Operational Report Page 137 Vol One Chapter Four Management & Operational Report Page 138 Vol One Chapter Four Management & Operational Report Page 139 Vol One Chapter Four Management & Operational Report Page 140 CHAPTER FIVE Methodology and Processes TRC Disarm your Mind!
Tell the Truth to the TRC Produced by the TRC Steering Committee with support from the International Human Rights Law Group CHAPTER FIVE Methodology and Processes Introduction 1.

The Truth and Reconciliation Commission Act of 2000 (the Act or the TRC Act) charged the Commission with the sole authority to determine its operating procedures and mode of work, especially with regard to conducting investigations, research, statement taking and hearings.
To engage in these activities as well as to produce an impartial Final Report, the Commission developed a philosophical and procedural framework, which ensured that the appropriate rigour and fairness standards were complied with in all aspects of its work.

The policies and procedures that guided the Commission’s work are discussed below in detail.

Policies Women and Children 2.

3.

4.


Section 6(2) of the TRC Act stipulates that the Commission should give special attention to the subject of sexual abuse and to the experiences of children in the armed conflict.

Section 7(4) of the Act enjoins the Commission to implement special procedures to address the needs of victims such as children, those who have suffered sexual abuse and child perpetrators of abuses or violations.
During the conflict, women and children were the victims of the most brutal violations and abuses.

It was necessary that they participated in all the activities of the Commission to ensure that their voices were heard.

There was no single body or group representing victims’ interests in Sierra Leone.

There are instead various institutions and agencies, both local and international, providing services to women and children victims of the war.
Many of these agencies existed long before the TRC was established and have been documenting violations and abuses, providing psychosocial support services and carrying out school enrolment and training programmes for women and children.

The Commission worked closely with many such organisations.

Furthermore, in 2001, UNICEF organised a consultation on the participation of children in the work of the Commission.
That consultation supported the participation of children in the work of the Commission and outlined a number of measures to ensure the protection of participating children.

The Commission entered into agreements with key partner organisations for the provision of technical support.

A Project Co-ordination Agreement was signed in November 2002 between the Commission and United Nations Fund for Women (UNIFEM).
This partnership with UNIFEM was intended to ensure that gender-based violence was properly accounted the Commission’s work.

It also served to encourage the fullest possible participation from women’s groups in Sierra Leone in the work of the Commission.

for during Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 141 5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.
6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

A second framework agreement was signed between the Commission, UNICEF and some Child Protection Agencies to provide the Commission with technical assistance to during statement taking and hearings in which children were participating.

The framework agreements entered into by the Commission with UNIFEM and UNICEF respectively are discussed in detail in the relevant sections of this report.
As a public institution, the Commission felt that it was necessary to develop further policies to underpin its work with women and children, often after consultations with civil society and other stakeholders.

Some of these policies are outlined below.

General policy The Commission paid specific attention to the security and well-being of the children who appeared before it.
Furthermore the Commission acted in a gender-sensitive manner by ensuring that women were well represented on its staff and by reaching out to women so that they could participate fully in all of its phases and processes.

Policies relating to statement taking and hearings The Commission took testimonies from women and girls with an emphasis on the gender-specific nature of the violations and abuses they suffered.
The Commission ensured that all its staff members were sensitive in their dealings with gender-based violence and that its statement takers, in particular, were properly briefed and trained.

In conjunction with experts in gender-based violence, the Commission drew up a set of guidelines for dealing with victims of sexual violence in the statement-taking programme.1 All the children who appeared in hearings did so in closed or confidential sessions.
The Commission organised special public hearings on children and sexual violence to bring the issues around their experiences to the centre of public discourse.

The physical and psychological security of children participating in the Commission’s activities was paramount.2 Policies relating to report writing The Commission ensured that gender-based violations and abuses were properly investigated and given extensive attention in its final report.
The partnership with UNIFEM was to result in a dedicated chapter on the experiences of women.

The Commission kept disaggregated data in respect of gender-based violence.

The Commission also requested submissions and recommendations from institutions working with women and girls and those focussed on sexual violence issues.

These materials would enable the Commission to formulate recommendations on the issues most pertinent to women and girls.
1 More detail on the training of statement takers can be found in the Processes section later in this chapter.

2 Special measures to protect children were implemented in collaboration with UNICEF and the Child Protection Agency Network.

More detail on such measures can be found in the sections on statement taking and hearings in this chapter.

Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 142 11.

12.

13.

14.
12.

13.

14.

The Commission included in its Final Report a special section on children, along with a range of recommendations specifically designed to address the needs of children.

The Commission also produced a child-friendly report with the support of UNICEF.3 Statement Taking4 In Sierra Leone, violations and abuses were committed on a wide scale and by all the factions in the conflict.
It was not possible for the Commission to investigate all the violations and abuses that where committed during the civil war.

Consequently the statement taking exercise aimed at representing the general spread of human rights violation and abuses.
This enabled the Commission to obtain a sample of violations and abuses that occurred, such that “many people could relate to the narratives and the experiences told by those who testified before the Commission”.5 Media and Civil Society Participation A TRC process is by nature a public process.

Its success depends on public participation.

The Commission organised its public interactions according to several principles.
The most important of which was the need for public ownership and participation in the Commission’s activities and processes, as emphasised in both the Lome Peace Accord and the TRC Act.

The media was an important tool in that respect.

this philosophy of public ownership and participation, the Based on Commission relied extensively on civil society to carry out the public education and sensitisation of its activities.
The Commission developed partnerships with Sierra Leonean civil society organisations for public education on the different phases of its work.

The implementation of the recommendations and in particular the reparations programme will depend in large measure on how civil society engages the government and other state institutions.

15.

The media policy of the Commission was designed to ensure that: a.

The Commission was accessible to the public at all times.
It also conducted many open processes that allowed the public to be aware of the activities.

b.

Public education about the TRC process was a joint responsibility that the Commission shared with its civil society partners.

c. The radio, being the most popular means of communication in Sierra Leone, was utilised as much as possible for sensitisation and public education.

Radio is often the only way in which remote communities are connected to the rest of the country.
The level of illiteracy prevented the print media from reaching out to the general population.

3 More detail on the children’s version of the report can be found later in this chapter and in the chapter on Children in Volume Three B of this report.

4 Throughout this chapter, the term Statement Taker refers to a TRC employee who recorded statements on behalf of the Commission.

The term Statement Giver refers to a victim, perpetrator or witness who made a statement to the Commission.
5 See Lax, Ilan; “Strategies and Methodologies for Finding the Truth”, A compilation of Articles on the Sierra Leone Truth and Reconciliation Commission; Human Rights Section, UNAMSIL, Freetown; December 2001; at page 75.

Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 143 16.

17.

18.

19.
17.

18.

19.

Following the principle of popular ownership of the TRC process, a National Vision campaign was organised to invite Sierra Leoneans to construct their images of a future Sierra Leone in the form of scholarly and artistic submissions.

The National Vision for Sierra Leone will give impetus to the Commission’s recommendations.

Reconciliation Civil society had been doing much work on reconciliation prior to the start of the Commission.
Through the efforts of UNICEF and the Child protection Agencies a number of child combatants were settled back into their communities after the performance of traditional ceremonies.

Communities performed traditional cleansing ceremonies and other rituals.

The faith community was also very strong the communities.

The Commission wished to build on these efforts and encourage them.
Within the time frame available to the Commission, it would not be able to actively engage in reconciliation activities all over the country.

in promoting reconciliation in The Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, (OHCHR) in Geneva, had commissioned a preliminary study on traditional methods of reconciliation and conflict resolution in Sierra Leone by a local NGO, Manifesto 99.
The report of that study indicated the tremendous roles chiefs, elders and religious institutions could play in facilitating and promoting reconciliation in the communities.

The challenge before the Commission was how to mobilise these institutions and bring them together under one umbrella to strengthen the potential for reconciliation in the communities.

The Truth and Reconciliation Act also enjoined the Commission to seek assistance from chiefs and religious leaders in promoting reconciliation.
After a number of visits to all the districts in the country and widespread consultations with chiefs, civil society representatives, religious leaders and members of community organisations, between August and November 2002, the Commission decided to establish district support committees.

These committees would be composed of members of civil society in the district, including chiefs, religious leaders and members of the armed factions.

The aim was to replicate these committees in the chiefdoms.
The work of the district support committees was to facilitate the Commission’s engagement with people in the districts during statement taking, hearings and reconciliation activities.

The Commission would refer any conflicts or potential conflicts to a district support committee.

It was recognised by all relevant stakeholders that the Commission could not visit every community to organise hearings or facilitate the resolution of any existing disputes.
These committees would have the responsibility for further engaging in “community palava management sessions” at their respective “barrays”.

At these sessions, each community would decide what it considered most important to engage in to promote reconciliation and it would be the work of these committees to support that effort.

Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 144 20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.


Issues of Confidentiality According to the TRC Act, “at the discretion of the Commission, any person shall be permitted to provide information to the Commission on a confidential basis and the Commission shall not be compelled to disclose any information given to it in confidence.”6 This provision allowed witnesses to testify confidentially, at the discretion of the Commission.

Also, it protected the Commission from having to reveal the information it collected to third parties.
In relation to confidential testimony, the Act further states that the Commission was to “take into account the interests of victims and witnesses when inviting them to give statements, including the security and other concerns of those who may wish to recount their stories in public.”7 The Commission could conduct interviews and hearings in private, when it considered it necessary.
In designing its policy on confidentiality, the Commission had three major concerns: fulfilling its truth seeking purpose, ensuring the security of witnesses, and addressing its healing mandate.

Truth seeking entails that the information collected from witnesses is used for investigation and will appear in the Final Report.

Security and healing considerations require the Commission to take into account the personal history of each witness.
For instance, some witnesses may wish their information to remain confidential in order to avoid persecution by perpetrators.

Some witnesses might require confidentiality because of fear of rejection by their communities.

The Commission had to consider the impact of the Special Court on the willingness of perpetrators to come forward.
Some perpetrators were afraid of either being indicted by the Court or being called as witnesses to testify against their the Commission hoped to convince them to reveal valuable information that would enable the Commission construct the truth about the conflict.

former commanders.
former commanders.

By extending confidentiality them, to Where the statement giver had requested confidentiality, his or her name as well as any details permitting the identification of the statement giver, were not to be captured in the database or the Commission’s Final Report.

The Commission would use the information without reference to the identity of the witness.
The TRC Act also states that: “the Commission may implement special procedures to address the needs of such particular victims as children or those who have suffered sexual abuses, as well as in working with child perpetrators of abuses or violations.”8 The Commission decided that child statement givers would be granted confidentiality automatically, without having to request it and those children would only appear in closed hearings.
Children are vulnerable and the Commission felt it was its duty to extend a special protection to them.

Women victims of sexual abuse were also encouraged to appear in closed hearings.

6 See Section 7(3) of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission Act 2000.

7 See Section 7(4) of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission Act 2000.

8 See Section 7(4) of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission Act 2000.

Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 145 26.

27.

28.

29.
27.

28.

29.

The agreement entered into by the Commission with UNICEF and the Child Protection Agencies was to ensure that children had the full protections at all stages of their participation in the work of the Commission.

Child protection agencies oversaw the process of children testifying before the Commission.

The participation of these agencies in statement taking offered assurance, comfort and security to the children.

Counselling and psychosocial assistance was on hand for children.
It was important that the children’s emotional and physical well-being was assured at every stage of their participation in the work of the Commission.

Research and Investigations Section 6 (2) (a) and (b) of the TRC Act stipulates that the Commission should “investigate and report on the causes, nature and extent of the violations and abuses […] by undertaking investigations and research into the key events, causes, patterns of abuse or violation and the parties responsible”.
The first issue was to identify the key events, causes to the conflict and parties involved.

The UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), Geneva, commissioned a preliminary investigation into the violations and abuses perpetrated in the conflict, to provide background information to the Commission as it determined its research and investigation priorities.

The project was contracted by OHCHR to a consultant working with the Campaign for Good Governance (CGG), a Sierra Leonean NGO.
The project consisted of a statement-taking exercise in which 1, 316 statements were collected throughout the country.

In addition, several interviews were conducted with selected individuals who provided in-depth insights into the conflict and reasons behind the violations committed.
The report into this ‘Mapping Project’ was a comprehensive preliminary assessment of the nature and extent of the violations committed.9 The report was used by the Commission to determine the categories of violations to be used in its database and to attain an overview of the key events of the conflict.
‘Window cases’ for investigation were partly derived from the information provided by the CGG report.10 The Ford Foundation provided financial support for a preliminary research on the “Antecedents of the Rebel War” by the Research and Publication Bureau the Fourah Bay College, University of Sierra Leone for the Truth and Reconciliation Commission.

This research provided the Commission with background information on the district and local dynamics and historical antecedents of the conflict.
The report assisted the Commission in developing some of the themes that constituted its research agenda.

9 Many of the preliminary conclusions reached in the CGG Mapping Project were subsequently borne out by the more expansive studies undertaken by the TRC.

For instance, the CGG report attributed the majority of violations to the RUF faction, a conclusion which was subsequently validated by statistical analysis of the statements collected for the TRC.
More detail can be found in the Findings chapter in Volume Two of this report.

10 A full list of ‘window cases’ used by the TRC can be found in the section on Investigations later in this chapter.

Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 146 30.

31.

32.

33.

In understanding and analysing the conflict, the Commission deemed it necessary to devise a periodisation of the conflict that adequately reflected its main phases.
To the extent that the greatest preponderance of key events in the military and political history of the overwhelmingly majority of violations and abuses stemming from them, were driven by the combatants of the Revolutionary United Front of Sierra Leone, it was considered appropriate that the periodisation should reflect the evolving character of the conflict as it was prosecuted by that faction.
The phases determined by the Commission for its own purposes were as follows: the conflict, not to mention Phase I: Conventional Target Warfare: from immediate antecedents until 13 November 1993.

 Phase II: Guerrilla Warfare: from 13 November 1993 until 2 March 1997.

 Phase III: Power Struggles and Peace Efforts: from 2 March 1997 until the conclusion of the conflict on 18 January 2002.
Research Themes of research were designed in accordance with the Commission’s mandate, as set out in Section 6 (2) of the TRC Act.

The Commission decided on twelve research themes, each of which has contributed one chapter to either Volume Three A or Volume Three B of this Report.
The themes address the antecedents and causes of the conflict, the context in which the violations and abuses occurred and the question as to whether those violations and abuses were the result of deliberate planning, policy or authorisation by any government, group or individual.

Themes were also devoted to women, children and youth, as well as the role of external actors in the conflict.
Primary and secondary sources the statements, The Commission used both primary and secondary sources to write its Report.

Primary sources are testimonies given at hearings, unpublished material received from different sources in particular, the Office of the Attorney General and Minister of Justice and the Criminal Investigation Department of the Sierra Leone Police Services, submissions and interviews conducted by researchers and investigators.
All of these materials have enabled the Commission conduct a comprehensive documentation of human rights violations in the country.

Secondary sources used are reports from international and national organisations, books, articles from journals and other publications.

Primacy was given to original sources in order to capture and integrate the experiences of the people of Sierra Leone.

Investigations The methodology chosen for investigations was to focus on a selection of ‘window cases’.
The Commission decided to identify patterns and peculiarities in the conflict that enabled the roles played by all relevant actors to be highlighted.

The window cases had to be representative of the different experiences, group affiliations and human the to Commission would report on.

complement the research activities of the Commission by providing specific information on the important events and junctures in the conflict.
rights violations investigations were designed The that Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 147 34.
There are thousands of incidents and personal experiences that could warrant classification as window cases, but the Commission based its selection on the following criteria: The nature of human rights abuses and violations experienced in different Regions and Districts; The range of victims and/ or perpetrators, including state and non-state actors, who suffered and/ or participated in such abuses and violations; The various ethnic groupings of victims and/ or perpetrators; The significance of particular incidents or events within the broader context of the conflict; The impact of particular incidents, events or actors on a significant number of people or on the course of the conflict; and Particular dynamics or types of behaviour among the fighting factions that required to be explained, either because of their systematic nature or because they figure prominently in the public consciousness of the conflict.
According to these criteria, the Commission was able to identify a total of sixteen window cases during the course of its investigations.

Each window case is described briefly below: The events at Bomaru Bomaru is the town in Eastern Sierra Leone where violent conflict first started.

The Commission found it necessary to document exactly what happened in the first few days of the conflict in order to understand the parties and their involvement in the conflict.
This investigation also focused on the origins, the training and the incursion into Sierra Leone of the RUF.

Transformation of the Civil Defence Forces (CDF) into a fully-fledged fighting force and the establishment of Base Zero This inquiry looked at the formation of the CDF and the establishment of Base Zero, reputed to be the main headquarters and training station for the Kamajors.
Allegations of human sacrifice and cannibalism, as well as large-scale human rights abuses including summary executions, had to be investigated to offer deeper understanding of the CDF and its operations.

The NPRC executions of December 1992 It was alleged by the NPRC regime that a coup had been attempted against the government on 28 December 1992.

On the basis of this allegation, 29 persons were arrested and executed.
A large segment of the Sierra Leonean public had always doubted the veracity of the NPRC’s allegation that a coup was attempted.

There were also persistent claims that those executed were not given a fair trial.

This became an important window case for investigating the human rights situation under the NPRC government.

35.

36.

37.

38.
35.

36.

37.

38.

Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 148 TRC President Kabbah arriving to declare open the commencement of public hearings by the Commission Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 149 39.

40.

41.

42.

43.

44.

The destruction of Koribundo The CDF was alleged to have destroyed the town of Koribundo in 1998 because the townspeople allegedly supported a detachment of AFRC soldiers based there during the AFRC junta regime.
Very senior officers of the CDF were alleged to have visited the town and told the people that the town was being destroyed as punishment for their perceived support of the AFRC.

The role of mercenaries in the conflict and the role of ULIMO This investigation sought to determine at what points external parties got involved in the conflict.

It also focused on the nature and impact of the involvement of mercenaries.
These two window cases provided a lens for highlighting the military activities of non-Sierra Leonean actors in the conflict.

The role of the Special Security Division (SSD) in the conflict The paramilitary wing of the police, known as the SSD, was charged with maintaining public order.

It became a tool of abuse and manipulation by politicians and eventually got sucked into the war, fighting as one of the pro-government forces.
The transmutation of the SSD and the lessons that flow from its involvement in the war made it an important window case.

Mass graves The Commission sent investigators to several Districts in Sierra Leone in order to identify mass graves.

These missions were not meant to produce an exhaustive survey of mass graves in the country.
The goal was rather to give Sierra Leoneans a sense of the human loss in the conflict in different parts of the country, along with existing or potential measures to protect these sites, including the construction of memorials in remembrance of the dead.

The role of ECOMOG ECOMOG entered Sierra Leone to provide general security as a peacekeeping force.

ECOMOG got sucked into the conflict and fought on behalf of the government.
It eventually became the only conventional military force in the service of the government.

This inquiry investigates how this anomalous situation came to pass.

The invasion of Freetown on 6 January 1999 The 1999 invasion of Freetown is the event that finally forced the world to acknowledge the atrocities against civilians in Sierra Leone.

It catalysed international intervention.

There had been socially accepted truths about who was responsible for attacking and defending the city.
It was necessary to uncover the plenitude of actors, experiences and dynamics behind an invasion that occurred when ECOMOG was said to be in full control of Freetown.

Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 150 45.

46.

47.

48.

49.

The role of the media in the conflict, especially Radio 98.1 FM Media organs became tools of propaganda during the conflict.
At a time when the elected government was in exile, one of its major challenges was how to keep up the morale of the populace and counter the propaganda of the AFRC regime through the state media.

This inquiry focused on whether certain branches of the media exacerbated the conflict through their reporting and commentary.
The Westside Boys’ hostage taking of 11 British army officers and one Sierra Leonean army officer in August 2000 This incident dramatised the fragile nature of the peace agreement signed at Lomé on 7 July 1999 and questioned the commitment of elements of the AFRC to sustaining the peace.

It also raised questions about the capacity and willingness of the international community to respond to the challenges posed by the precarious peace that existed in the country.
The hostage taking of UN Peace Keepers in May 2000 and the demonstrations of 6 to 8 May 2000 These two, virtually concurrent events seriously undermined the Lomé Peace Agreement.

There has been a widely accepted social truth about the events of May 2000 as they unfolded in Freetown and in the Provinces.

It was necessary to establish whether this social truth matched the facts.
The Detentions, Treason Trials and Executions of 1998 This window case interrogated the weaknesses and challenges facing the judiciary during its most trying moments in the conflict.

How did the judiciary respond to pressures from the ruling elite in the face of widespread public sentiments for victor’s justice?

Did the detentions, trials and executions of 1998 deviate from accepted judicial and procedural protections?
Corroboration Issues Statement takers were asked to corroborate material information received in the statements.

For instance, if a statement giver mentioned witnesses, victims or perpetrators who were part of the events described in the narrative, statement takers were required to try to find the named persons and corroborate the information given.

If the named persons resided in another District, they were to request the District Co-ordinator there to ensure that follow-up interviews were conducted.
Statement takers were also tasked to collect any supporting document that statement givers wished to bring to the attention of the Commission.

They were to make a special note if they identified a site of interest, such as a massacre or torture site, or a mass grave.

This information was subsequently used for further investigations.

50.

The Commission also used its official database as a tool for corroboration.

Events were coded according to location, time and the actors involved.
Common links between the statements could therefore be identified and several accounts of the same event could be examined together.

Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 151 51.

52.

53.

54.

55.

56.

In practice, several problems arose with regard to corroboration.

Many statement givers who mentioned the names of witnesses did not know their whereabouts.

Full details about witnesses were often missing.


For instance, people who were abducted together by armed factions often hardly knew each other and were only bound by their common experiences.

Many witnesses had moved, sometimes from displaced camps back to their communities.

Time constraints prevented the conduct of extensive corroboration activities.

Report writing The major product of a truth and reconciliation commission’s inquiry is its Final Report.
The Commission’s mandate included the creation of an impartial historical record.

This required the Commission to be independent from all the actors in the contested history, including government and all political parties.

The Commission had to demonstrate that with regard to the perpetration of violations, irrespective of who committed them, it had examined all violations and commented on them in the same balanced way.
In order to create an authoritative account of the history of the conflict, the Commission had to cover the full breadth of violations carried out during different time periods.

It was not enough to look only at violations of civil and political rights; it was also necessary to focus on the structural nature of economic dispossession insofar as they constitute causes of conflict.
The project document produced by the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Geneva envisaged the creation of six departments including research.

The Commission decided that research could not be separated from investigations.

Research and investigations are not ends in themselves.

Rather, they are means for producing the final Report of the Commission.

They feed and reinforce each other.


The Commission decided to create an operational unit that would collate all information available to the Commission, be responsible for analysing them, and integrating them into the final Report.

An Information Management Unit was created to supervise the research, investigations and data management units of the Commission.

This would be the channel for processing information received by the Commission and passing them on to the Commissioners.
This unit would also be responsible for producing the final Report of the Commission.

The project document on the Commission assumed that the staff would be responsible for producing the final Report and that the Commissioners would also participate in the production of the Report.

The project document had anticipated a scaling down of the staff component of the Commission as certain phases in the work of the Commission were finalised.

final decision on what went The the Commissioners.


The Commissioners were tasked with ensuring that the final Report accords with the injunction in the TRC Act to produce an impartial historical record.

rested with the Report into Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 152 57.

58.

59.

60.

61.

Internal Decision-Making Processes and Consultations The report writing personnel included researchers, investigators, data analysis staff, unit heads and Commissioners.
They were divided into thematic groups for each of the research themes.

Each group had to create a management plan with detailed the achievement of research and investigation objectives.

The narrative and the analysis of each research theme was discussed the Information Management Unit and at thematic group meetings that took place on a regular basis.
in monthly plenary meetings organised by timeframes for With the conclusion of hearings on 5th August 2003, a report writing workshop and a conference involving all the Commissioners and staff was held at the Sierra Guest House from 26th to 30th August 2003.

The Commission grappled with the question of what its report was meant to achieve and the philosophical approach it would take in relation to the final Report.

Volumes and size were also deliberated on.


The objectives and format of each of the chapters were discussed and agreed upon.

At the report writing conference, which took place at Lakka Beach, from 30th August to 3rd September 2003, each of the themes constituting the final Report was unpacked to deal with issues such as meaning; context; content; resources; impact; time frame and outcome.
The Commission grappled with the question of how to reflect its mandate in the final report and the peculiarities of its experience relative to the literature on the operational work of truth commissions.

Other important issues that engaged the Commission at the conference included the question of reparations and how to deal with the accountability and responsibility of perpetrators.

The discussions were open and free flowing.


While the final responsibility for the conclusions rested with the Commissioners, they sought the views of the staff on what would be appropriate, fair and legal.

Where appropriate, the Commission invited relevant stakeholders to make presentations on relevant issues and on what would be appropriate recommendations.

In this connection, the Commission invited a number of ministers to discuss possible recommendations in relation to the work of their ministries.
The Commission also held extensive discussions with the leadership of the security forces.

Many of the submissions received by the Commission dealt with reform of the security institutions.

Civil society made substantial inputs into the recommendations, and in particular the reparations programme.

Workshops were held for each chapter.

Researchers proposed An extensive amount of time was devoted to deliberations on findings and recommendations.
throughout November and December 2003 between Commissioners, senior staff and the researcher findings and responsible recommendations based on the work they had done and in consultation with their thematic groups.

Based on the feedback received during the meetings, each researcher conducted further research or provided further justification for the proposed conclusions.
This process continued until the Commissioners were satisfied that all the issues had been analysed including the role of the different actors, and the narrative represented an objective analysis of the issues.

the conclusions derived from that Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 153 Accountability and Naming of Names 62.

63.

The issue of naming individual perpetrators is always controversial.
Truth commissions have used several approaches depending on their resources, the specific context and their different mandates.

In the Sierra Leonean context, the major arguments in favour of the naming of individual perpetrators were:11 a.

The need for accountability, especially considering the amnesty clause under the Lomé Peace Agreement.

Truth commissions usually address impunity as part of their mandates.
This becomes paramount when, as in the case of Sierra Leone, there was a general amnesty provision that prevented perpetrators from being prosecuted.

The naming of names was seen as a way of attributing responsibility for human rights abuses and violations committed.

b.

The need to address the victims’ healing.

The TRC Act required the Commission to pay special attention to the needs of victims.
Naming perpetrators provides acknowledgement for the victims’ suffering and recognition of the wrongs that have been done to them.

c. Accuracy of the historical record.

Attributing responsibilities for human rights violations and abuses committed enhances the accuracy of the understanding of the conflict.

In the case of Sierra Leone, the role of many perpetrators is poorly known and myths have been created around them.

64.

However, there were arguments against the naming of names.

These included: a.
These included: a.

Lack of resources.

The strongest argument was the lack of time and human resources to engage in the investigations necessary for naming perpetrators.

The process of naming perpetrators would include notifying them of the allegations against them, providing all necessary proof and giving them sufficient time to respond.

b.

The danger to appear arbitrary.

Due to its limited life span, the Commission could not engage in considerable investigation of every aspect of the conflict.
While conclusions can still be extracted from the evidence collected, the naming of individual perpetrators requires extensive and conclusive evidence on every allegation.

While the Commission possessed strong evidence against certain individuals, it would have been unable to name others.

It therefore ran the risk of being perceived as partial.

65.

Several perpetrators appeared in public hearings and were named or identified in their communities by victims or witnesses.
The Commission gave them the opportunity to respond publicly to these allegations.

Many victims were able to identify their perpetrators.

Where the perpetrators were named in the victims’ narratives, the Commission sought to corroborate specific allegations.

11 See “Issues of accountability and naming names in the final TRC report”; briefing paper submitted to the TRC by the International Center for Transitional Justice; 27 October 2003.

Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 154 66.

67.
67.

68.

69.

70.

In presenting the narrative of the conflict, the Commission made several findings concerning the responsibility of the respective factions and certain individuals.

These findings were based on empirical evidence linking the perpetrators to the violations.

Where the evidence was inconclusive, the Commission declined to make a finding.

Most of the Commission’s findings were made against the armed factions that participated in the conflict rather than against individual perpetrators.
However, where the information at the disposal of the Commission pointed conclusively to the role of an individual in the conflict the person in question was named.

The Commission published the names of all the leaders of the respective factions in its Findings chapter.12 The Commission holds all these leaders accountable for the violations and abuses that were committed by members of their respective factions.
Organisation of the Report There were two competing perspectives before the Commission on how to organise the final Report.

One perspective was to write a report of 200 pages or less which would summarise the narrative and present the Commission’s conclusions and findings.

This was an attractive option considering the resource constraints under which the Commission operated.

The Commission rejected this option for a number of reasons.
The Commission felt that a brief report would do injustice to the range of issues that account for the conflict in Sierra Leone.

While a number of issues triggered the conflict, there were clear structural issues dating back to the time of colonialism.

If these issues were not addressed in detail, the Commission would not have met its broad ranging mandate.

The individual, factional and institutional fluidities assist an understanding of the dynamics of the war.
Without this nuanced interpretation, the real history may have been lost in a summary.

A nuanced interpretation required that the narrative be discussed in depth, including the roles and experiences of people, institutions and the respective factions.

The Commission recognised that a truth commission report speaks to different targets and audiences.

Some may be interested in a statistical summary while others want a simplified version of what happened.
The Commission accordingly decided that its report would be published in several volumes.

The Commission collected thousands of hours of video testimony as it travelled around the country engaging the people of Sierra Leone.

Selected footage has been incorporated into a groundbreaking video version of the report.

The Commission entered into a partnership with WITNESS, an international NGO based in New York to produce the video report.
The video version of the Report will be an important tool for purposes of public education in relation to the report and its recommendations.

In recognition of the limited time it had for its operational work, the Commission decided that many of its materials should be made available to the public as a basis for encouraging further research and inquiry.

It was decided that all the public testimony and submissions should be published in an appendix volume.
Since these documents ran to some 3, 000 pages in total, the Commission decided that the testimonies and submissions should be published in electronic format only, on a CD-Rom accompanying this report.

12 See the Findings chapter in Volume Two of this report.

Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 155 71.

72.

73.
72.

73.

At a technical meeting on “Children and the Truth and Reconciliation Commission for Sierra Leone” convened in June 2001 by UNICEF, the National Forum for Human Rights and UNAMSIL Human Rights Section, it was resolved that the Commission should publish a simplified version of the Commission’s Report for children.
During the Commission’s thematic hearings on children, the Children’s Forum Network (CFN) called on the Commission to produce “a child-friendly version of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission Report, which could be used by teachers and children’s organisations, such as the Children’s Forum Network, findings and recommendations of the Commission to the children of Sierra Leone.”13 The Truth and Reconciliation Commission Act 2000 the Commission to pay special attention to the needs and experiences of children during the armed conflict.
The Commission was accordingly mindful of the need to involve children in all aspects of its work.

to disseminate required further the Building upon its partnership with UNICEF and the CPAs, the Commission decided to create a “child-friendly version” of its report.

It sought and received technical assistance from UNICEF and the Child Protection Unit of UNAMSIL, which assisted the Commission’s staff in the writing of the child-friendly version.
The members of the Children’s Forum Network also collaborated with the Commission in the writing of the Report.

At a Children’s Parliament convened in Freetown by the Ministry of Gender, Women and Children’s Affairs in Freetown in December 2003, the Commission made a presentation to the representatives who had assembled from all over the country on the key philosophical and conceptual issues around the child-friendly version.
The Commission received substantive input from the Children’s Parliament on how to make the report attractive to children and the kinds of issues they would wish to see discussed.

The publication of a child-friendly report is the first such initiative by a truth commission.

The Commission was imbued with a sense of history in undertaking this significant exercise.

It was important that the report be accessible to children and that the contents not traumatise them.
The Commission is satisfied that its partnership with UNICEF, UNAMSIL and the CPAs in this undertaking has led to the production of an outstanding report that will prove to be an important educational tool for children in Sierra Leone.

13 See Children’s Forum Network; Submission to the Thematic Hearings on Children by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission; YWCA Hall, Freetown; 16 June 2003.

Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 156 Processes 74.
The following section discusses the processes in which the Commission engaged in the course of its work.

These included public education and media relations, statement taking, hearings and the creation of a database.

Public Education and Media Relations The Interim Phase of the Commission 75.

76.

77.

In August 1999, a coalition of human rights NGOs, professional groups and development organisations was created under the direction of the National Forum for Human Rights (NFHR).
The coalition was named the Truth and Reconciliation Commission Working Group,14 with Forum of Conscience as the focal point.

The purpose of the Working Group was to involve Sierra Leonean civil society in the TRC process and to ensure that civil society’s concerns would be addressed in the design of the TRC Act and in the ways in which the Commission was going to undertake its task.

The events of May 2000 put a hold on the establishment of the TRC.
In November 2000 and June 2001, NFHR and UNAMSIL Human Rights Section organised two conferences on the Truth and Reconciliation Commission to put the Commission back on the agenda of civil society.

The TRC Working Group received funding from the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights in Geneva to conduct sensitisation and public education campaigns on the TRC.

Its central purpose was to prepare the ground for the establishment of the Commission.
Despite some problems between the Working Group and OHCHR due to perceived poor management on the part of the Working Group, the following activities were undertaken: 15 a.

A national consultation on attitudes towards the TRC process, organised in Freetown in July 2000; b.
Different workshops and sensitisation activities throughout the country to galvanise public interest and involvement in the setting up of the TRC; c. Several radio and television programmes broadcast in Freetown and in the Provinces for purposes of public education, with members of the Working Group sitting in as panellists; and d. Starting in March 2001, the publication of a monthly magazine named the the public on “The Truth Bulletin”, aimed at educating developments in the TRC and its processes.

78.
78.

NFHR subsequently received separate funding from UNAMSIL to conduct training for chiefs and NGOs in the provincial areas.

The National Commission for Democracy and Human Rights (NCDHR) received funding from the OHCHR to produce a booklet on the TRC and to translate it into several local languages.

14 The TRC Working Group was later renamed the Truth and Reconciliation Working Group, in recognition of the hope that its work should continue beyond the lifespan of the Commission itself.
15 See ‘Evaluation of Sierra Leone Working Group on the Truth and Reconciliation Commission’, Report by Brandon Hamber Consulting, commissioned under Article 19; 8 January 2001.

Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 157 79.

80.

81.

OHCHR provided funding to the International Human Rights Law Group to conduct an assessment of the requirements of an effective sensitisation and public information campaign on the TRC process.
Following consultations by the International Human Rights Law Group (“the Law Group”) and Sierra Leonean civil society, a Steering Committee was created that included representatives of the TRC Working Group, the Inter-Religious Council, the Law Group itself, NFHR, NCDHR and the Human Rights Section of UNAMSIL, to serve as the implementing mechanism for the Law Group project.

The outcome of the Law Group consultation was a consensus on the way forward.
It was decided to build a framework for the TRC sensitisation campaign.

A four-day workshop was organised from 7 to 10 August 2001 and was attended by 15 human rights activists representing key organisations involved in promoting the TRC process.

Participants developed a unified approach to sensitisation on the TRC, emphasising consistent messages and a framework for community meetings.
Activities were planned in four areas: radio and television; print media; community sensitisation; and sensitisation of critical stakeholders.

Focal points were designated for each area and a coalition was created for the sensitisation campaign that included the National Forum for Human Rights, the Inter-Religious Council, the National Commission for Democracy and Human Rights and UNAMSIL.

Supporting implementation of the TRC sensitisation campaign 82.
The Steering Committee provided training to implementing organisations which were encouraged to submit project proposals to the Steering Committee.

These projects included: a.

General sensitisation: public awareness and education; b.
Targeted sensitisation: specially designed programmes aimed at particular audiences such as combatants and ex-combatants, refugees, women and children; and c. Critical stakeholders: in-depth programmes aimed at ensuring understanding and support from traditional, community, and religious leaders, DDR, humanitarian organisations and media providers.

Enhanced co-ordination of sensitisation efforts 83.

84.
84.

The Steering Committee was to co-ordinate sensitisation activities by all parties involved in the campaign, including private media, NGOs, government institutions and people involved in the disarmament and reintegration activities, ensuring that all these parties sent a clear and consistent message on the TRC.

Due to management problems, the Steering Committee could not implement the projects identified in its operational plan.
The Committee was revitalised with the setting up of the Interim Secretariat of the TRC in late March 2002.

The Interim Secretariat facilitated several meetings where the contentious issues ironed out.

Numerous sensitisation and public education activities were carried out, such as radio programmes, publication of literature on the TRC, training programmes for to effective sensitisation activities were Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 158 85.

86.

87.

88.

89.
86.

87.

88.

89.

90. local chiefs and the appointment of co-ordinators for each of the districts whose role was to conduct sensitisation and organise public meetings on the TRC throughout their respective districts.

The Law Group assisted in the formation of a Women’s Task Force, a coalition of women’s groups, which advocated for the creation of an enabling environment for the participation of women in both the TRC and the Special Court processes.
The Interim Secretariat visited all the districts in June 2002.

The purpose of these visits was to identify local partners for the Commission and discuss the district co-ordinators and other collaboration on sensitisation with stakeholders in the districts and to monitor the activities undertaken by the members of the Steering Committee.

The Law Group project was to have ended in late 2001.

It was carried over into 2002 because of the problems already identified.
In essence, while there was an Interim Secretariat for the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, it didn’t have any funds to engage in public education and sensitisation activities.

Rather it had to depend on civil society initiatives to inform the public about the work of the Interim Secretariat and of the Commission, in the first few months following the establishment of the Commission.

The initial successes of the Law Group and other interventions were not sustained.
In the absence of continued funding, these organisations could not continue their programmes.

This was at a time when the Commission had begun to outline its objectives and what it intended to do during its preparatory phase.
The Preparatory Phase of the Commission Public education during the Preparatory Phase work focused on explaining its mandate and role, the kinds of processes involved in a truth and reconciliation commission, the areas of participation of the public and how the Commission was different from the Special Court, which had also been established by this time.

The Steering Committee organised weekly radio and television programmes on SLBS Radio and television.
A skit was also produced and broadcast on SLBS radio and television in Freetown and Bo.

The Steering Committee developed TRC slogans, which were produced in posters and leaflets and printed in the local newspapers.

A weekly 30-minute programme on the TRC was commenced at Radio UNAMSIL.

Following public demand, this was extended to an hour-long live magazine programme, with a repeat broadcast during the week.

This scheduling continued throughout the lifespan of the Commission.
The Commission engaged in scheduled meetings with a range of institutions and groups, including the Ministry of Information.

These meetings were ongoing throughout the preparatory phase.

A number of media organisations like Radio UNAMSIL, the SLBS, Radio Democracy, the Talking Drum Studio and a host of newspapers also dedicated programmes and news to the Commission.

Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 159 91.

92.

93.

94.

95.

96.


Regular media and NGO briefings were organised at the Commission’s offices to keep the public informed of its activities.

These briefings also allowed the Commission to respond to public concerns or inquiries.

The Commission faced many challenges in conducting effective public sensitisation.

The establishment of the Special Court for Sierra Leone raised the fears of many witnesses concerned about the relationship between the TRC and the Special Court.
Commission staff had to go to great lengths to explain to ex-combatants that the two institutions were independent of one another, that they would not share information and that testifying before the TRC would not lead to being called by the Special Court to give testimony.16 The Commission initiated many workshops and information sessions to educate people on the benefits of the truth seeking process and the role the TRC could play in helping people recover from their suffering.
The Barray Phase was a weeklong awareness-raising exercise in each district carried out in November 2002.17 Each Commissioner was assigned to visit a number of districts and / or the Western Area.

The objective of these visits was to introduce the Commission, its policies and procedures to the public and to undertake the following tasks: a.
Create a support structure for the Commission in each district by convening meetings of representatives of chiefs, local structures, religious groups and NGOs, and receive public input on the reconciliation procedures the Commission intended to implement; b.

Identify focal points such as reputable NGOs that could serve as focal points for the Commission in each district.
The focal point would co-ordinate the activities of the support structure and possibly provide the team leader for the statement taking teams; and c. Explain the operations, methods and procedures of the Commission for statement taking and hearings, as well as announcing the views of the Commission on other areas of potential concern, such as reparations, relationship with the Special Court, confidentiality, issues of justice and impunity.
Commissioners visited a range of people and institutions in each district, including the Senior District Officers (the public administrators in charge of the respective districts), Chiefs, Town Officials, provincial ministers and secretaries, NGOs and religious groups.

Town meetings were held.

A final meeting for the district was then held at the district headquarters to which representatives came from all over the district.
At this final meeting a District Support Committee was established institutions nominated representatives.

the relevant to which Overall, the visits were not well planned.

Too many visits were crammed into a short time period because the Commission did not have the resources for extended stays in the districts.

This resulted in lost opportunities to meet a wide range of people and limited the impact of the effort.
16 More detail on the challenges posed by the co-existence of the Special Court can be found in the chapter on the TRC and the Special Court for Sierra Leone in Volume Three B of this report.

17 A ‘barray’ is a gathering place in the centre of a community, roughly equivalent to a town hall.

Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 160 97.

98.

99.
98.

99.

In most of the districts, the District Support Committees were filled with volunteers from civil society organisations, many of whom lacked the financial resources to commit to the work of the Committees.

These Committees were supposed to provide the support structure for the Commission’s activities, including statement taking and hearings.

However, lack of funding and poor management impinged on the work of the Committees and no real work was accomplished.
In addition, the Committees were supposed to be co-ordinated by the Interim Secretariat of the Commission, but a staffing crisis prevented the Secretariat from accomplishing this task.

These support structures had to be re-established during the hearings phase.

The Deployment Phase of the Commission Statement Taking Jingles and slots for radio and television were produced and aired on SLBS.
The skits and jingles contained appropriate messages mobilizing people to come out and give statements to the statements takers.

Posters with appropriate messages were also produced and distributed nationwide through the Commission’s NGO partners and community-based organisations.

Slogans produced by the TRC Steering Committee were used extensively.
Sensitisation during the statement-taking phase focused on explaining the role of statement takers, the procedure for statement taking and the fact that all statements were to be made on a purely voluntary basis.

The statement takers themselves handled the bulk of the sensitisation, apart from the radio programmes and advertisements.

Each trip to a village or a town would start with a visit to the Chief and elders to explain the role of the Commission and the purpose and process of statement taking.
When an agreement was reached with the Chief, statement takers would address the village or town population and begin taking individual statements.

Hearings 100.

A memorandum of understanding was signed between the Commission and the Ministry of Information concerning airing of the Commission’s programmes.

On the basis of this agreement, the Opening Ceremony of the hearings in Freetown was aired live on SLBS radio and television.

It was also broadcast live on Radio UNAMSIL.


Other hearings in Freetown and the district headquarter towns were broadcast live on Radio UNAMSIL and SLBS radio.

The Talking Drum Studios recorded hearings in Freetown and the districts.

On selected nights of public hearings, SLBS broadcast a 45-minute television highlights programme featuring footage of the proceedings.
Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 161 TRC Commission staff participate in the National Reconciliation Procession through the streets of Freetown on 6 August 2003.

Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 162 The Report Writing Phase 101.

102.

Sensitisation during the Report Writing Phase started with the Commission’s 18th media briefing, held on Wednesday 17 September 2003.
Discussion programmes were arranged on radio and television to sensitise the public on the report-writing phase of the Commission’s work.

During this phase, most of the Commission’s activities were closed to the public.
It was necessary to keep the TRC and its work in the public mind, so that people would be aware of the measures being taken by the Commission to complete its mandate A workshop was organised by UNIFEM and the Commission with the participation of civil society organisations and women from the provinces to garner input from them on the recommendations that the Commission should make on women.
A conference on reparations was organised by the TRC Working Group to make suggestions for recommendations to the Commission.

The International Centre for Transitional Justice and the International Human Rights Law Group also facilitated a series of civil society consultations on the possible recommendations that the Commission should make.

The outcome document was formally presented by civil society to the Commission at a public briefing organised by the Commission in December 2003.
The National Vision for Sierra Leone 103.

Towards the end of its mandate, the Commission launched a National Vision Campaign calling for contributions from the people of Sierra Leone on their ideas and inspirations on the future of their country.

The campaign was advertised in print and electronic media.

104.

The following guidelines were published for contributions: a.

Describe the kind of society the contributor would like to live in; b.
Suggest how to make Sierra Leone a better place to live in; c. Set out the contributor’s hopes and aspirations for Sierra Leone; d. Where the contributor would like to see Sierra Leone in 5 or 10 years; e. Devise slogans for a national vision; f. Supply poems, songs, paintings and photographs that symbolise the new Sierra Leone; g. Provide anything creative that inspires peace and unity - and pride in being Sierra Leonean; and h. Supply anything creative that symbolises the future of Sierra Leone.

105.
105.

106.

Hundreds of contributions were received.

They were divided into categories, including visual art forms, written contributions and theatre.

Prizes were awarded to the most original contributions based on their visionary content, aesthetics, creativity and effort.

An exhibition of the contributions was formally launched at the National Stadium in December 2003.

Subsequently, the exhibition was put on display in Freetown at the National Museum.
The exhibit was viewed by hundreds of Sierra Leoneans, including President Kabbah and a number of government Ministers.

Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 163 107.

108.

109.

110.

111.

Statement Taking The first component of the operational phase of the Commission was the statement taking exercise.
The TRC Act states that the Commission should take individual statements as part of its information gathering exercise.18 The purpose was to reach out to every part of Sierra Leone to capture the experiences of the population, including specific groups such as women, children and amputees.

The Commission started its statement-taking phase on 4 December 2002 at Bomaru, Kailahun District, where the first attack of the conflict had been reported on 23 March 1991.
The statement taking exercise officially lasted for four months, until 31 March 2003.

At the formal end of the exercise, 7706 statements had been collected.

The Statement Form The statement taking form had four major sections: victims, witnesses, perpetrators and those who wished to give a statement on behalf of someone else.

Separate sections were required because the nature of the questions varied from one group of statement givers to the other.
For example, in the perpetrator section, the Commission needed to ask the statement giver about the command structure of the armed faction he or she belonged to.

Several consultations were held with civil society organisation on the design of the form, to ensure that it was user friendly and contained all the relevant questions to which the Commission needed to collect answers.
Groups consulted included Pride, Campaign for Good Governance, Manifesto 99, the National Forum for Human Rights, Caritas Makeni, several women’s groups and UNIFEM.

After these consultations, Commissioners and staff reviewed the draft form and designed the final product.
The statement form was composed of eight sections, designed to provide information on basic issues around the mandate of the Commission (including its confidentiality provisions) and to record the personal details of the statement giver and the narrative he or she told the statement giver.

112.

The statement form is reproduced in its entirety as an appendix to this chapter.
The statement form was printed in English, but the testimonies were recorded in any language chosen by the statement giver and subsequently translated into English by the statement taker.

Categorisation 113.

The Commission categorised statement givers into victims, witnesses, perpetrators and those making statements on behalf of others.
The rationale behind the categorisation was to make the information collected more accessible for the subsequent selection of cases for hearings and for the Commission’s longer-term investigation and research activities.

18 See Section 7 (1) (c) of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission Act 2000.

Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 164 114.

Statement givers were entitled to fill more than one section of the form if they considered themselves to belong to more than one category.
Indeed, many people in Sierra Leone were victims, perpetrators and witnesses at the same time.

An example is the case of a child soldier.

If the child was forcibly enlisted, he was a victim.

On the other hand, after his forced recruitment, he was likely to have committed human rights violations during his time as a combatant, thus qualifying him as a perpetrator.

Furthermore, the child soldier was likely to have been a witness to atrocities committed by others.

The Hiring of Statement Takers 115.


In addition to suggestions on reformulation of the draft statement form, NGOs and partners provided the Commission with suggestions on how to conduct the statement-taking exercise and especially on how to encourage people to make statements.

Statement taking was conducted on the basis of the following inputs: a. Sensitisation should occur prior to the commencement of statement taking in order to increase awareness among the general population.
Sensitisation should include: explanation of the differences between the TRC and the Special Court; reassurance for ex-combatants that the two bodies were completely independent of one another and would not share information; and the purposes of the TRC, which included creating an record and making impartial historical recommendations to the government and other institutions; b.
The Commission should hire at least two women as statement takers in each district to take statements from women victims of sexual abuse.

The hiring policy was to reflect gender balance among the statement takers.

This policy was largely fulfilled, except in Kambia District, where only one woman applied to be a statement taker; c. Statement takers should be hired from the district in which they lived and should take statements for the Commission in their home districts.
Statement takers should be well known in the community, in order for people to feel comfortable speaking to them.
They should speak the local languages of the district, in order to give confidence to statement givers and to protect the confidentiality of their testimony by reducing the need to resort to interpreters; d. Statement takers should be trained to explain carefully to statement givers what confidentiality means and allow statement givers to request confidentiality based on an informed choice; and e. All statements from children should be declared confidential.

116.
116.

Three Regional Co-ordinators were hired for each of the three provinces.

They were to supervise statement taking in their respective provinces.

Five statement takers were appointed for each district, one of whom would act as the District Co-ordinator.

The role of the District Co-ordinator was to supervise the daily taking of statements by developing a work and deployment plan, as well as managing the resources provided by the Commission.
Resources supplied included a 4x4 vehicle, audio and video recorders.

Co-ordinators were required to liaise with the police and the Chiefs in each district to make communities aware of their presence and ensure the safety of their teams.

Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 165 117.

118.

119.

120.

121.

Training and Deployment Prior to deployment, District Co-ordinators and Statement takers received a three-day training workshop.
The first training took place in Kenema for statement takers from the Eastern and Southern regions from 26 to 28 November 2002.

The second one took place in Freetown for the Northern region and the Western Area from 30 November to 2 December 2002.

Commission staff, UNAMSIL and NGO partners conducted the training programmes.

The training was divided into three modules.

The first module addressed the mandate and functions of the Commission.
The second module provided an understanding of human rights issues, interviewing techniques, confidentiality and corroboration issues, and how to use the Commission’s statement form.

The third module was composed of special interview techniques for specific groups: women and girls, victim of sexual violence, children and ex- combatants.

Specific instruction was given on how to deal with post-traumatic stress experience by interviewees.

All the modules included exercises and interactive role-playing.
Statement takers were instructed to use the one on one interview technique.

Statement takers were provided with a Manual for guidance and reference (see appendix section).

At the end of the training, the teams were deployed for a pilot phase of statement taking which took place from 4 to 20 December 2002.

This was followed by a review session from 7 to 9 January 2003.
After analysing the problems and challenges faced in the pilot phase, modifications were made to the statement form and statement taking resumed.

The second period extended from 9 January to 31 March 2003.

The statement form was accessible on the Internet for Sierra Leoneans living abroad.

The Commission also engaged in statement taking in neighbouring countries to reach out to Sierra Leonean refugees in Guinea, Ghana, Gambia and Nigeria.
During the exercise, 46 statements were collected from Guinea, 59 from The Gambia and 70 from Nigeria (making a total of 175).

Since there was a high concentration of refugees from Sierra Leone in refugee camps in Guinea, the Commission sent a District Co-ordinator who spent two months on the ground.

UNHCR Sierra Leone, through its office in Guinea, provided logistical support for this exercise.
On-going Monitoring and Assessment In order to ensure quality, evaluate performance, identify problems and implement remedial measures, the Commission engaged in on-going reviews, assessments and monitoring of the statement taking process.

Commission officials made several field trips to monitor the work of statement takers.
Meetings with Regional Co-ordinators, District Co-ordinators, Statement takers, Commissioners and NGO partners were held on a regular basis to assess the logistical and substantive problems encountered on the ground.

Those attending the meetings reported problems with logistics, difficulty using the statement form and the need for more sensitisation.

Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 166 122.

123.

124.

125.

126.


A second evaluation conducted early in February 2003 showed significant improvement in the quality of the narratives recorded.

Some problems were identified which included: statement takers were not asking enough details about the perpetrators and the armed factions they belonged to; and more details were needed concerning the actual circumstances of the interview itself.

The Commission needed to know why some interviews were stopped before the end.
Did the statement giver decide to stop?

Did security concerns require the statement taker to interrupt it?

These problems were addressed in subsequent meetings with the statement takers.

The Head of Information Management also travelled to all the districts to meet statement taking teams and address problems specific to each district.

Perpetrators were reticent to talk to the Commission for various reasons.
The main reasons articulated were the fear of being indicted by the Special Court or being called as a witness by the Court and the fear of reprisals from their communities.

To remedy the problem, a sensitisation project targeted at ex-combatants was carried out by the local NGO, PRIDE, with funding from the International Centre for Transitional Justice.

The project lasted for three weeks in March 2003.


During the sensitisation, PRIDE employees accompanied by statement takers travelled to areas with high concentrations of ex-combatants.

They conducted sensitisation sessions with ex-combatants, which were immediately followed by statement taking.

The Commission felt strongly that an accurate narrative of the conflict could not be developed if ex-combatants refused to participate in the statement taking process.
In order to address the low level of statements given by members of the Republic of Sierra Leone Armed Forces (RSLAF), Campaign for Good Governance (CGG), another Sierra Leonean NGO, organised awareness- raising campaigns in March 2003 for soldiers in various regions of the country.

Commissioners and senior staff, together with representatives of CGG, travelled to many military installations.
The purpose was to give more detailed information on the TRC and its processes to the military and their dependents in order to facilitate their participation.

Copies of the TRC Act and leaflets featuring questions and answers on the TRC were distributed.

The CGG also assisted in the airing of jingles on statement taking on various radio stations in Freetown and in the provinces in March 2003.
Although the TRC obtained full co-operation from the RSLAF authorities, the number of statements given by members of the military remained low.

However, some military personnel gave testimony during the hearings and others participated in confidential interview sessions with the Commission.

The Commission also collaborated with UNICEF and the Child Protection Agencies (CPAs).
A Framework for Co-operation was developed which led to social workers of the CPAs identifying children to make statements to the Commission.19 Following the development of this framework, another training programme was carried out for statement takers in the three regional headquarter towns and in Freetown on how to take statements from children, and to introduce the statement takers to the social workers from the CPAs.
19 More detail on the role of CPAs in assisting children who gave testimony to the Commission can be found in the section on Procedures for Hearings later in this chapter.

Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 167 127.

The framework agreement on children yielded mixed results.

The level of co-operation between statement takers and social workers varied from district to district.

In addition, a variety of practical problems emerged.
For instance, children who were not recommended by social workers approached statement takers in order to make statements.

In a number of cases, the statement takers decided to take the statements and contacted the social workers afterwards to conduct follow-up assessments on the children.
In other cases, lack of time and other resources prevented social workers from referring a sufficient number of children, forcing statement takers to identify children themselves to ensure that the voices of children were adequately represented in the Commission’s overall proceedings.

128.

The last group that did not initially wish to collaborate with the Commission was the amputees.

They insisted that their participation was subject to the fulfilment of certain conditions by the government.
These conditions included the provision of housing, a monthly allowance in cash, rice allocations, education for their children, a reintegration allowance, medical treatment and assistance with transport.

129.

The War Affected Amputee Association of the Aberdeen Road Camp, Freetown, issued a press statement in which they explained the reasons for their non-cooperation: “We understand that there is a provision in the Lomé Peace Accord for War Affected Amputees in this country.
At this while, we have been waiting to see the implementation of this provision in the Lomé Peace Accord.

We have had no statement from the Government and our living conditions are becoming very appalling.

We want to draw the attention of those concerned and the Government of Sierra Leone, that a bill be passed which could be accepted as a law for better care for amputees.

Otherwise, we are not prepared to talk to TRC.


Finally, if these problems are not addressed, no amputee will appear before the TRC.”20 130.

The Commission made considerable efforts to address these problems.

A number of meetings took place between the Amputee Association and senior staff of the Commission.

A meeting was organised by the TRC Working Group in February 2003 between representatives of the Amputee Association and the Commission, where all their participation were issues relating addressed.
The amputees were sensitised to the fact that the Commission did not have a budget of its own to fulfil any of their demands.

Furthermore, the Commission reiterated The Commission sought to emphasise that participation in its proceedings would give amputees a forum to explain their plight and to make an input to the recommendations and reparations proposals.

the government.

independence from the its to 131.


These meetings resulted in an agreement between the Amputees Association and the Commission on 15 March 2003.

Two members of the organisation were recruited as assistant statement takers, to take statements from amputees.

20 Press Statement issued by the War Affected Amputee Association of the Aberdeen Road Camp, Freetown, December 2002.

Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 168 132.

133.

134.

135.

136.

137.


Statement taking in the Amputee Camp in Freetown started on 19 March 2003.

Joint sensitisation campaigns took place from 3 to 6 April 2003 in Bo, Kenema, Kono, Makeni and Masiaka.

TRC staff and representatives of the Amputee Association of Freetown worked together to encourage amputees to give statements to the Commission.

Sensitisation exercises were followed immediately by statement taking in the amputee camps in these locations.
Amputees and war wounded victims testified during hearings in all the districts of the country.

The Amputees Association and the War Wounded Association both participated in the thematic hearings on reparations and reconciliation, making recommendations on how their concerns should be addressed in the Commission’s final Report.
The Amputees Association and the War Wounded Association participated actively in other Commission activities, such as the National Reconciliation March on 6 August 2003 and in the national and district workshops on reconciliation.21 Their local representatives were elected to the District Reconciliation Committees in many of the districts.

The Commission was uncertain as to whether women would be willing to testify about sexual violence and rape.
A number of publications had referred to the “closed” nature of Sierra Leone’s traditional societies and concluded that women would not be willing to testify about their experiences for fear of stigmatisation by their communities.

To the Commission’s surprise and satisfaction, women testified in large numbers and in great detail about their experiences.
While women were advised that they could request to give their statements to a female statement taker, many of them declared that they did not mind talking to male statement takers.

Such testimonies enabled the Commission to fully incorporate the experiences of women into its work.

Conclusion of Statement Taking in what The statement-taking teams managed to cover the overwhelming majority of largely successful exercise.
chiefdoms Nevertheless, logistical and time constraints impacted on the reach of the statement taking teams.

The statement takers had to work under very tight time schedules and often under very difficult conditions.
turned out to be a Fewer than ten statements were collected from each of the following chiefdoms: Paki Masabong in Bombali District; Benducha, Kwamebai Krim, Nongoba Bullom and Dema in Bonthe District; Penguia and Kissi Tongi in Kailahun District; Gbane Kandor and Toli in Kono District; and Kagboro and Timdel in Moyamba District.
Nine chiefdoms out of the 149 in the Provinces were not covered at all by the initial statement taking teams (Kissi Teng and Kissi Kama in Kailahun District; Mambolo and Braiama in Kambia District; Gorama Mende in Kenema District; Neya in Koinadugu District; Mafindor in Kono District; Sanda Magblonthor in Port Loko District; and Mano Sakrim in Pujehun District).

The reasons mainly pertained to accessibility.


The chiefdoms in Kambia District are riverine and the Commission could not secure transport for its statement taking team because of time constraints.

The chiefdoms in Kailahun, Koinadugu and Pujehun Districts are border areas with Liberia.

The precarious security situation in those locations prevented the statement taking teams from visiting them.
21 More detail on the national and district workshops can be found in the chapter on Reconciliation in Volume Three B of this report.

Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 169 138.

Of the total of 7, 706 statements collected, 36% were collected from women and 5% from children.

Statements were recorded in 15 different languages, with the major ones being Mende (40%), Krio (39%) and Temne (12%).22 Data Processing 139.
The TRC made use of the Human Rights Information Management System (HRIMS).
This system is designed to perform the following functions: • • • To document the complete list of statements gathered by the Commission; To index the statements enabling researchers and investigators to access statements according to their own specific criteria, such as those that made mention of diamonds or those that named a certain perpetrator; and To allow a statistical analysis of the statements in order to identify trends and patterns.
Examples of analytical questions included ascertaining the typical age of a forced recruit or identifying the faction that targeted children to the greatest degree.

The Data Processing Pipeline 140.

The data processing system comprised four basic steps.

It was called a ‘pipeline’ because, for every statement, each step had to be completed before proceeding to the next.

141.
141.

The data processing steps are as follows: Step 1 Collection of Statements Step 2 Statement Classification and Coding Step 3 Step 4 Database Entry and Cleaning Generating Analytic Reports Step 1 – Collection of Statements.

Step 2 – Classification and Coding: The statements were analysed by coders to identify the victims, perpetrators and violations.

This information was recorded on paper forms.


Step 3 – Database Entry and Cleaning: The set of forms generated by each statement were inputted into the database.

As mistakes were inevitable, each entry was double-checked.

For example, if the forms indicated that a victim was killed twice then this anomaly was corrected.

Persons and violations that were described more than once were merged to ensure that the numbers of abuses were not exaggerated.
22 These figures are derived from queries of the TRC database.

Please note that the percentage figure for child statement givers is based on a count of those whose year of birth was after 1985.

Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 170 Step 4 – Generating Analytical Reports: The information was extracted from the database in a form that could be used by a statistician.

Graphs and statistics were used to answer research questions.
These results were used to produce the statistical report included in the Appendices and the statistical information reflected in other chapters of the Commission’s report.

Classification and Coding Classification and Coding was the second step in the data processing pipeline.

Classification ensured that the database fitted the Sierra Leonean context.

The classified violations had to be representative of those that typically occurred during the conflict.
Once the classification system was complete, the coding proceeded.

Vocabularies The classification system consisted of a number of “vocabularies”.

A vocabulary, sometimes referred to as a “thesaurus” or “taxonomy”, is a controlled list of items.

For example the “Sex” vocabulary has items “Male”, “Female” and “Unknown”.

The vocabulary listing locations was arranged hierarchically.
Each region contained a number of districts, each district contained a number of chiefdoms and, finally, chiefdoms contained towns and villages.

Depending on the vocabulary the number of items varies: hence, there are only three items under the “Sex” list, while there are more than 4000 items for the “Locations” list.

Coding is so named because each vocabulary item has an associated code.
For example, the “Institutions” vocabulary contained a list of armed factions – the Revolutionary United Front has the code “arm/ruf” and the Sierra Leonean Army has the code, “arm/sla”.

For brevity’s sake, it was these codes that were reflected on the coding forms.

By using a vocabulary, the facts within the narrative were reduced to a distinct and countable set of values.
This allowed the free text narrative to be represented in the database and enabled the quantifying and statistical study of the data.

The vocabularies and database are structured such that their use did not misrepresent or discard information in the narrative.

Without the use of vocabularies, patterns within the data based on variables such as location, gender and ethnicity would not have been identified.
Ultimately it was possible to illustrate the magnitude, trends and patterns of human rights violations.

The vocabularies were created and tested by the American Association for the Advancement of Science in March and April of 2002.23 To ensure that the vocabularies were appropriate, a variety of sources were used.
Sources included input from local experts and the examination of maps (supplied by the UN Office for the Co-ordination of Humanitarian Affairs), as well as statements gathered by the TRC during its preparatory phase of December 2002.

142.

143.

144.

145.

23 The American Association for the Advancement of Science - Science and Human Rights Program (AAAS/SHR) provided funding and a field consultant to conduct this testing.
The International Center for Transitional Justice (ICTJ) provided additional funding for this purpose.

Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 171 Classifying and coding the violations 146.

147.

148.

Care had to be taken to ensure that the item lists were complete and that they avoided ambiguity or overlap between possible selections.

Given the large range of abuses perpetrated against victims, it was necessary to devise categories that covered a range of perpetrator behaviours.
Without such categories, the list of violations would be unwieldy and it would be difficult to ensure that each abuse in the statement fitted into only one violation category.

The Commission used a boundary condition to indicate what behaviour was considered to be a violation.

For example, the assault violation boundary condition covered beating, kicking, punching, whipping, stabbing and dropping victims from a height.
It was noted that a victim could suffer most violations more than once, with the obvious exception of killing.

Therefore a counting rule was required to ensure that the coders would count violation repetitions consistently.

Consider a victim who is being punched by one perpetrator.

A second perpetrator then joins the attack, repeatedly kicking the victim.

This event could be interpreted as either one assault by two perpetrators or, alternatively, as two assaults.
With a counting rule that states that one sustained period of abuse counts as one violation, the example would count as one violation.

149.

The example below illustrates the TRC assault violation with the associated boundary condition and counting rule: Description/ Boundary Condition An assault consists of physical harm inflicted on a victim by punching, kicking, and/ or striking with an object or objects over a period of time.

Also whipping, lashing, stabbing and shooting a victim.
Committed by persons on the list of perpetrators.

Assault is sufficient to cause bruising, bleeding and internal injury.

Also includes dropping a child or pushing / shoving resulting in injury.

Excludes incidental injuries such as those caused by a stray bullet.

Counting Rule 1 Continuous Assault = 1 Violation 150.

Ultimately the use of boundary conditions and counting rules ensured that the coding of a violation was relatively objective.

Coding 151.
Coding 151.

Human rights data is initially generated as a ‘free text’ narrative.

Within the narrative there may be mention of various violations, the places they occurred, when they happened and who was involved as a perpetrator or victim.

Additional background facts about the various role players may be included such as their ethnicity, religion and occupation.

Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 172 152.

153.
153.

The coding exercise for the TRC captured essentially “who did what to whom, when and where”.

The “who” is the perpetrator.

The “what” is the violation committed by the perpetrator.

The “whom” is the victim who suffered the violation.

The “when” is the date of the violation and the “where” is the location of the violation.
Coding Model The model adopted by the TRC was based on that proposed by Dr. Patrick Ball in his book entitled ‘Who did What to Whom?’.24 It is a model proven to produce accurate statistical results.

It has been used extensively by other truth commissions and human rights documentation projects, including the truth commissions in Haiti, Guatemala, South Africa and, most recently, in Peru.

The model used by the TRC allows for the following complex situations: a.
Many victims: the statement giver may describe violations that happened to one or many victims.

The statement giver may himself be a victim.

The list of victims may further include his friends, relatives, community members or even groups of strangers.

The statement giver may, for example, discuss his own detention and subsequent torture in addition to his wife’s killing or the abduction of his son.

b.
b.

Many violations: each of the victims described in a particular statement may have suffered several violations.

For example, the statement giver’s son may have been beaten and forced to work for his captors after his initial adduction.

Violations may be isolated or can happen as part of a broader incident in which a sequence of abuses occurs.

c. Many perpetrators: several perpetrators may have committed each of the violations described in the statement.
Furthermore, each of the identified perpetrators in the narrative may have been responsible for several violations.

In other cases, though a perpetrator may not have directly committed a violation, the statement may identify him as the person who ordered the violation.

Alternatively, where the names or nicknames of the perpetrators are not known, it may be possible to determine at least the responsible faction.

d. Many roles: an actor is a broad term for a person or group described by the statement.
An actor can, at different times, be both a victim and a perpetrator.

For example, the statement giver’s son was a victim when he was abducted, beaten and forced to do hard labour, but was a perpetrator when he committed violations after his captors trained him to fight.

e. Many facets: some details describing the profile of an actor can change over time – for example their age and occupation.
A statement can contain several separate incidents in different years, with some actors involved in more than one incident.

24 See Ball, Patrick; “Who Did What to Whom?

– Planning and Implementing a Large-Scale Human Rights Data Project” (1996); published by AAAS: Washington, DC, USA.

Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 173 154.

155.

The forms used by the TRC reflected the chosen coding model.
Source and summary forms provided basic details such as the statement number, the date it was coded and a summary of the content.

Person forms described each of the actors named in the statement.

Group forms were used for groups of unnamed victims described in the statement.

Incident forms were used to split the statement into distinct, isolated events.

Incident forms also allowed persons to be identified as having authorised or ordered an incident.
Act forms are used to describe violations, including when and where they occurred and the responsible faction(s).

Each act took place as part of an incident.

Actors on both the person and group forms could be assigned as victims.

Actors on the person forms could be assigned as perpetrators.

Biography forms were used if a statement described more than one incident and reflected the changing circumstances of an actor, such as his age or occupation.

Coding Completeness 156.


The coding exercise allowed for partial or incomplete information.

A system for coding ‘partial dates’ allowed for a situation where the statement give knew only the month or year when the abuse occurred.

For example the coded date ‘00/05/91’ is the month of May in the year 1991 – the day is unspecified.

This system of partial dates could also be applied to dates of birth.

157.
157.

Where the precise town or village where an event occurred was unknown, the coder attempted to indicate the chiefdom or district where such information was available.

158.

Some background details, such as weapons used by the perpetrators or relationships between actors, were captured in a special ‘remarks’ section of the coding form.

Staffing 159.

160.

161.

The Commission initially employed a team of 25 coders in March 2003.
They worked until November 2003 and were responsible for the coding of over 9000 statements.

They worked with all the statements gathered by the TRC, as well as those collected for the CGG mapping project.

Training of the coders took one week.

Each trainee was provided with copies of the vocabularies, and a manual explaining the coding procedure.

The training form evaluations, discussion groups and peer review sessions.
involved seminars, statement coding exercises, coding It was important that the work of the coders was consistent and reliable.

For example, where two coders work with the same statement form they should identify the same victims and violations.

The coders were given regular tests in which they were handed the same statement to code.

The results were compared using a measure known as the ‘overall proportion of agreement’.
If the measure was 70%, this indicated that the coders would identify the same victims and violations 70% of the time.

Experience has shown that it is realistic to attain measures above 80%.

Initially the test was conducted every two days.

One week after the training was completed, the 80% target was attained.

Thereafter the tests were conducted on a monthly basis.

Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 174 162.
Since coding entails reading about a large number of atrocities, the coders also attended a workshop on vicarious trauma and methods of coping with such trauma.

Database Entry and Cleaning 163.

Data Entry and Cleaning was the third stage of the data processing pipeline.

In this step the coded forms were entered into the database system, where human rights violations data could be safely stored.

Once a significant amount of information had been entered into the database, preliminary analysis began.
System Principles 164.

165.

Security was a major concern in setting up the computer network.

The database contains names, addresses and contact details of statement givers.

Furthermore, the statements often named those alleged to be responsible for abuses.

The secrecy of such information had to be maintained, particularly since many statements had been given in the strictest of confidence.

As a general principle, the system used ‘open source’ software.
Commercial software products are costly and sometimes contain “backdoors” that make it possible to gain entry to a computer system.

In contrast, ‘open source’ software is free and tends to be more secure.

166.

The following security measures were adopted by the TRC: • The majority of the computers were ‘client machines’, meaning that they connected to and updated the database but did not store any violations information on their own hard-drives.
All client machines were kept in one data processing room that was locked when not in use.

• One primary machine, the database server, stored the database of human rights violations.

The database server, statements and coding forms were all held inside a reinforced ‘strong room’.

• A network connected the client machines to the database server.

The network was isolated so that no database-related machine could Internet.

share Database output was printed and given only to those who required it.
information with other TRC computers or the • All computers were protected by passwords.

Each data entry clerk was assigned a unique user name so that changes to the database could be logged and audited if necessary.

• Backups of the database were taken regularly to protect against fire and theft.

This precaution included off-site backups that were sent abroad by secure means.

Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 175 Hardware 167.
The TRC used nine computers in total, combining those borrowed from UNAMSIL with those purchased by the IT Manager.

All were desktop machines with 17” screens.

Each was configured with a static IP address and was networked via a router to the database server.

The server machine was provided by UNAMSIL.

During the final months of the TRC’s work, the server machine was returned and replaced by a more conventional desktop.

168.
168.

Some delays in establishing the network meant that each client machine maintained its own database for a short time.

Once the network was established these disparate databases were merged onto the central server.

Software 169.

170.

171.

172.

The Human Rights Data Analysis Group (HRDAG) within the American Association for the Advancement of Science and Human Rights Programs (AAAS/HRP) provided the database and client software.
The chosen system, ‘Analyzer’, is open source software specifically designed for the storage and processing of human rights violations data.25 HRDAG was able to apply modifications to the software specifically to meet the requirements of the TRC.

All computers ran the operating system known as ‘Red Hat Linux’.

Originally Red-Hat 8 was used, later upgraded to Red-Hat 9.

The server used the PostgreSQL Database Management System (DBMS) to store the data.
The client programs for interacting with the database were written in Java script.

The data entry work was a relatively straightforward procedure.

The database interface presented a series of forms.

These corresponded to the various coding forms.

All values on the coding forms were inputted into the database.

Data Cleaning and Quality Assurance The coding work involved sustained periods of concentration, often dealing with complicated statements involving numerous actors and violations.
The data entry work was repetitive.

Due to the nature of the work it was understandable that, occasionally, the coders and data entry workers would make mistakes, such as those set out below: a.

Data Entry: After adding a violation, occasionally a data entry clerk would forget to add the victim or perpetrator, instead proceeding directly to the next violation.
This oversight was easily solved, by producing a list of violations with missing victims or perpetrators, recovering the relevant coding forms and entering the missing information.

b. Coding: When working with a complex statement, a coder sometimes entered the wrong victim or perpetrator of an act.

Such problems tended to be more difficult to fix, because it was necessary to re-read the whole statement and check all the coding thoroughly.
25 More detail on the ‘Analyzer’ software can be found at the following Internet address: http://www.hrdag.org/resources/data_software.shtml.

Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 176 173.

Some of the more elaborate accuracy checks on statements included: • • To ensure that the violations were geographically feasible.

For example, in the first year of the conflict, the fighting was largely confined to Bo, Kenema, Pujehun and Kailahun Districts.
Some statements reported abuses outside these areas.

The statements were checked for location and date and corrected as appropriate.

To observe the lineage of ethnicity (through the father).

In cases where the ethnicity of the father or a sibling was known, this ethnicity was applied to relatives as appropriate.

• Where a violation had more than one perpetrator faction, to establish whether those factions collaborated to commit the act.
If a statement implied collaboration between factions, it was checked to see if this combination of factions was consistent with known conflict trends.

174.

The coding exercise aimed to reproduce the quantifiable content of the statements in a faithful manner.

Corrections did not deviate from this principle.

Staffing 175.

Initially five data entry workers were recruited in early May 2003.

Training took two days under the direction of the Data Processing Officer.
To ensure that the work would be completed on time, this team was expanded to eight people in October 2003.

The data entry work was completed by the end of November 2003.

The majority of the data cleaning and quality control was also completed during this period.

Thereafter coders and data entry workers were employed occasionally to assist with remaining data entry and coding corrections.

Correction work was completed by mid-February 2004.

176.

In total 7700 statements were entered into the database.
This covered all the statements collected by the TRC, both in Sierra Leone and internationally.

Regrettably there was insufficient time to input the statements from the CGG Mapping Project, although they had been coded.

Data Matching and Judgement 177.

The coded statements were entered into a 'Source Layer' in the database.

In other words the database contains each item of information in isolation.
To avoid the duplication of incidents mentioned in more than one statement the Commission employed a ‘judgement process’ to match the duplicate actors and violations.

The matched data was stored separately in the database in a 'Judgement Layer'.

An audit trail between the Source and Judgement layers ensured that matches were linked back to their origin in the statements.

The Judgement Layer was used to compile the final statistical results.

Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 177 178.
179.

180.

181.

182.

The Judgement Process In preparation of the judgement process, deliberations were held to establish what information was considered sufficient to assume that two actors or violations matched.

Matching was conducted in two stages.

First, actors were matched based on details such as name, date of birth, ethnicity and, where appropriate, time and place of death.
This was done by displaying the complete list of victims and repeatedly ordering the data by different variables so that potential matches would appear in adjacent rows.

Second, violation matching was applied to the matched actors.

For example, supposing that two actors had been matched, the violations each actor suffered would be matched to determine whether they had any information such as time or place in common.

Violation matching was largely automated.


A team from the Human Rights Data Analysis Group (HRDAG) of the Benetech Initiative (Palo Alto, California, USA) conducted the judgement process with the support of the American Bar Association, Central and East European Law Initiative (ABA/CEELI).

The matching exercise took three weeks to complete.

Final Data In total, raw information given to the TRC included 30, 638 victims who suffered 64, 297 violations.
However, many of these victims were anonymous and their details could not be confirmed.

The anonymous victims were removed, leaving 16, 281 victims.

In this group, some victims and their violations were reported to the TRC in more than one statement.

When these duplicates were identified, the number was reduced to 15, 143 victims who suffered 40, 703 violations.

This set was given an additional review, and a further 148 additional duplicate victims and their violations were identified.
The final data therefore reflected 14, 995 victims who suffered a total of 40, 242 violations.

This set of data was passed on for statistical analysis.

Analytical Reporting 183.

Analytical Reporting is the fourth and final stage of the data processing pipeline.

The aim was to produce a statistical analysis of the magnitude and trends of violations during the course of the conflict.
Whilst some initial analysis was conducted with Source Layer information, the final analysis used to compile information in the TRC report was done with matched data from the ‘Judgement Layer’ described above.

184.

In addition to its quantitative outputs, the database provided a comprehensive index of violations and their associated victims and perpetrators.

This information assisted in the qualitative work undertaken by the Commission’s researchers.
Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 178 Qualitative Research 185.

186.

187.

188.

To enable the database to support qualitative research work, the TRC Data Processing Officer built a ‘reporting interface’.

This tool was made available to the Commission’s researchers and investigators so that they could query the database directly and generate simple reports showing the data they needed.

The reports displayed statement details, statement lists and lists of names.
Researchers and investigators could input particular criteria into the reporting interface and generate lists of statements that matched those criteria.

For example, before embarking on their missions to identify mass graves in a particular district, the investigators generated lists of statements involving killing violations with multiple victims in that district.

The most frequent use of this reporting system was in helping to identify violations against specific types of victim.
The system was also used to extract poignant quotes and victim testimony for use in various chapters of the report.

In addition, researchers could search the statement summaries and remarks sections to identify specific words or phrases.

These searches could generate a variety of interesting insights.

In one instance, a search for statements mentioning the word 'diamond' revealed that the most frequently reported violation linked to diamonds was the extortion of diamonds from dealers and miners.
Initial Quantitative Research 189.

All statistical work was done using ‘flat files’ extracted from the database.

Each flat file was a comprehensive list of every violation against every victim along with all associated information, including: • • • Facets of the victim such as age, sex and ethnicity; The violation, when it occurred and where it happened; and The responsible faction or factions.

190.

Prior to the judgement process it was possible to carry out some preliminary statistical work.
Though these results were not used in the final report, the work was vital in gaining an understanding of the conflict and the factors influencing the violations.
Typically graphs were produced to consider various key variables in relation to each other, such as: • Comparing age and sex of victims for each violation suggested that sexual slavery and forced recruitment violations were most frequent for children between the ages of 10 and 14 years old • Examining the prevalence of each violation through time, it became clear that amputations commenced considerably later than most other abuses 191.
More specific graphing exercises were undertaken to test specific theories or concerns raised by the researchers.

For example, the theory that the Kamajors faction had targeted victims of Northern origin was initially tested with the graphing application.

Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 179 192.

The preliminary graphing work was done by the Data Processing Manager and was completed by the end of November 2003.
An initial report was presented to the Commissioners during the pilot phase.

193.

194.

195.

196.

197.

Analytical Reporting Reporting work was divided into two parts.

The first part aimed to answer specific questions posed by the researchers.

The second part was a refined version of the first, which produced a statistical chapter for inclusion in the TRC's final report.
Both were completed with the assistance of a statistician and the HRDAG team provided as part of the ABA/CEELI's assistance to the TRC.

Graphs, tables and other statistics were all produced using statistical software packages such as 'R' and 'Stata'.

Hearings The second main component of the operational phase of the Commission was the conduct of hearings.

Witnesses and experts were invited to testify before the Commission on their experiences of the conflict.
A training session was organised for Commissioners and Commission staff by UNIFEM in March 2003.

The training was aimed at giving a gender-balanced perspective to the hearings to prepare Commissioners and staff on how to deal with the gender issues that would arise during the hearings.

One of the goals of the hearings was to give victims an opportunity to relate their experiences.

For many of them, it was the first time they had talked about what happened to them.
The hearings enabled the Commission to catalyse a public debate about such issues as the causes of the conflict, the role of institutions and what needs to be done to transform Sierra Leone.

The hearing phase started on 14 April 2003 and was concluded on 5 August 2003.

Although attendance was somewhat sparse at the initial hearings in Freetown, audience numbers increased steadily, with large crowds gathering especially in the districts where most of the atrocities took place.
Types of hearings One week in each district was devoted to public hearings for individual statement givers.

Victims, witnesses and perpetrators came forward to give testimony on their experiences or roles in the conflict and to answer questions from the Commissioners and staff.

The public hearings were held in the district headquarter towns, in appropriate venues such as school buildings or community centres.

Each set of district hearings included one day of closed hearings.
These hearings were designed to allow children and victims of sexual abuse to testify in a private setting.

Closed hearings were also arranged for alleged perpetrators or ex-combatants who were reluctant to speak before the public for security or other reasons.

Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 180 198.

The Commission also held a series of thematic, institutional and event-specific hearings in Freetown.
These sessions were held in public and featured submissions and testimony from Government ministers, political parties, UN agencies, local and international NGOs, civil society institutions and other experts.
The following subjects were addressed during these hearings: • Governance in Sierra Leone, including the extent of participation in political processes and respect for human rights The role of civil society and immigrant communities • • Management of mineral resources Issues of corruption • • Women and girls26 • Children and youths • Militias and armed groups • • • • • • Promoting reconciliation and national reintegration The role of external groupings and international actors The Sierra Leone Armed Forces and Police The civil service The judiciary, the legal profession and the rule of law The role of the media 199.
Hearings were also conducted on the following specific events: • • • • • • The NPRC ‘coup trials’ and executions of December 1992 The AFRC coup of 25 May 1997 The SLPP detentions, trials and executions of 1998 The destruction of Koribundo The attack on Freetown in January 1999 The taking of UN peacekeepers as hostages in May 2000 Selection of cases for hearings 200.

Witnesses for hearings were initially selected from among those who made statements during the statement-taking phase.
Statements were put forward for hearings according to the following criteria: Indication that the statement giver wished to appear in a hearing; • • Ensuring that a representative balance was achieved with regard to region, ethnic group, age group, political affiliation and gender of statement givers; • Ensuring that a representative balance was achieved with regard to the range • of violations that occurred in the conflict and the range of perpetrator factions; Fair and equal exposure for violations that were committed by, in the presence of, or with the knowledge of a faction leader or other key role player; • Proper hearing the administrative and military command structures, internal policing, policy making and sources of authority within the combatant groups; and for statement givers who had information about • Ensuring public acknowledgement of massacres, mass killings and other systematic violations through first-hand testimony at hearings.
26 The Commission wishes to acknowledge the expertise of UNIFEM in providing guidance and assistance to women’s groups in the preparation of their submissions for the TRC Thematic Hearings on Women and Girls.

Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 181 201.

202.

203.

204.

205.

After the initial selection of statements for hearings, District Co-ordinators and statement takers travelled across their districts to contact the relevant statement givers and schedule their appearances.
Logistics and other constraints prevented the teams from locating all the witnesses selected.

However, the publicity generated in the districts by the holding of hearings brought a whole range of new witnesses who had not given statements during the statement-taking phase and who wanted to testify in public.

They were invited to make statements and, in appropriate cases, some of them testified.
Procedures for Hearings The Commission published a set of guidelines on Hearings Procedures, which outlined the rules and processes to be followed, including the role of legal representatives of the parties.

A truth commission hearing is a quasi-judicial process.

While the Commission did not want to turn itself into a court of law, it was necessary that fair procedures be accorded to all persons appearing before it.
Prior to public hearings, the Commission’s counsellors briefed individual witnesses on what they might expect from the experience.

All witnesses were also debriefed after the hearings.

Witnesses were encouraged to bring along a family member or a friend to provide emotional support during the hearings.

Witnesses were able to testify in the language of their choice, with interpreters translating their testimonies into English, or into Krio or into the prevailing language in the district.
The seating arrangement for the podium party in public hearings resembled a semi-circle, with the witness facing the audience, sitting in the middle between the Commissioners and the leaders of evidence.

The witness sat with a family member or friend, or with a counsellor provided by the Commission to offer psychosocial and emotional support.

Everybody sat at the same floor level.

All of these measures were designed to make TRC witnesses feel secure, relaxed and confident to tell their stories.
The presiding Commissioner at each hearing administered an oath to every witness before he or she proceeded to give testimony.

After the testimony, the Commissioners and leaders of evidence asked questions of the witness.

Finally, the witness was invited to ask the Commissioners questions if they so desired and to make suggestions for the Commission’s recommendations.

206.
206.

When witnesses mentioned the names of perpetrators, Commission staff made all reasonable efforts to locate alleged perpetrators and invited them to make statements or to participate in a hearing and relay their own version of events.

If the whereabouts of a particular perpetrator were not known, a public announcement was made at the hearing venues and letters written to their last known addresses to invite them to contact the Commission and respond to the testimony given about them.
Victims were not asked directly by the Commission to forgive their perpetrators.

However when victims expressed willingness to meet their perpetrators – and the perpetrators agreed – private meetings were organised by the Commission.

Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 182 207.

208.

209.

210.
208.

209.

210.

The Commission worked together with the Sierra Leone Police Force, the RSLAF and UNAMSIL to ensure the safety of witnesses during the hearings, as well as the security of TRC personnel and equipment.

Red Cross volunteers and medical personnel from the district hospitals were also present at every hearing.

Only female Commissioners and staff members attended the closed hearings for victims of sexual violence.
The dignity of such victims had to be respected and the trauma of their experiences appreciated.

The electronic recording of their testimonies was done in such a way as to avoid their being identified.

Counsellors were present during the hearings to offer emotional support.

The Commission advised women victims of sexual violence who indicated interest in appearing before the Commission to opt for a closed hearing.

Nevertheless, some women insisted on appearing before the Commission in public.
In such cases, the Commission undertook great efforts to explain to the women the possible consequences of such an appearance and sought to know if they had consulted their family members.

Thus only in exceptional circumstances did victims of sexual violence give any testimony in public.

Further to the Framework for Co-operation established during statement taking between the Commission and the CPAs, an agreement was reached on the participation of children in hearings.
The Commission provided a list of potential child witnesses.

The CPAs conducted the necessary vulnerability and safety assessments and consulted with the children and their families.

If approval was obtained, the children were prepared for a hearing.

A social worker was always present at a child hearing, sitting next to the child and offering any emotional or other support required.

After the hearing, the social worker conducted to ensure no adverse consequences from his or her participation.
further visits the child, to The use of subpoenas 211.

Where individuals or organisations were unwilling to co-operate with the Commission in the fulfilment of its mandate, the Commission was compelled to resort to its powers of subpoena, as set out section 8(1) of the TRC Act.

These powers were used very sparingly, since the spirit of co-operation was generally positive.

to encourage full, voluntary participation from everyone.

The Commission preferred, wherever possible, 212.

213.
213.

Archiving of the Commission’s Materials As the Commission was winding up its activities, decisions had to be taken on the archiving and public accessibility of its source materials.

The Commission resolved to make as much material as possible available to the public to encourage further research, debate and public education.

The Commission decided that the statements and transcripts from hearings that were not confidential should ultimately be made available to the public.
A the procedure Commission.

The Commission has recommended that its non-confidential materials be digitised and made available on a CD-Rom of ‘Appendices’ that will accompany the final report.

these materials was also approved by for accessing Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 183 APENDICES APPENDIX ONE: MANUAL FOR STATEMENT-TAKERS MANUAL FOR STATEMENT TAKERS The purpose of this document is to guide statement-takers in their work.
It explains the Commission’s mandate and functions, and offers some guidance regarding the appropriate way to take a statement.

The term ‘statement-taker’ refers to the person who receives and records the statement on behalf of the Commission.

The term ‘statement-giver’ refers to the person telling his/her story to the Commission.

1.

What is the Commission, its mandate and functions?


The Commission is an independent organisation whose mandate is to create an impartial historical record of violations and abuses of human rights and international humanitarian law related to the armed conflict in Sierra Leone, from the beginning of the conflict in 1991 to the signing of the Lomé Peace Agreement on 7 July 1999.

The Commission has the mandate to address impunity and to respond to the needs of the victims of the conflict in Sierra Leone.
The Commission has also been established to prevent a repetition of the conflict.

The general function of the Commission is to investigate and report on the causes, nature and extent of the human rights violations and abuses, and on the context in which these violations and abuses occurred.

It also has to report on whether or not the human rights violations and abuses were the result of deliberate planning, policy or authorisation by any government, group or individual.
The Commission will investigate and report on the role played by both internal and external factors in the conflict.

In this respect, it will investigate the role that foreign individuals, groups or governments might have played in the conflict in Sierra Leone.

During its statement-taking phase, the Commission has to provide an opportunity to victims to give an account of the human rights violations and abuses they have suffered in order to assist them restore their dignity and to promote reconciliation.
It also has to provide an opportunity to perpetrators to relate their experiences and to create a forum within which victims and perpetrators can speak to each other.

Statement-takers will therefore collect statements from both victims and perpetrators in the conflict.

The Commission will give special attention to the needs of child victims, to those who have suffered sexual abuses and to children who were perpetrators in the conflict.
Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 184 The Commission has no money of its own to give to victims.

On the other hand, it will, in its Final Report, make recommendations to the government of Sierra Leone.

There is a place in the statement form for victims, perpetrators and witnesses to indicate to the Commission the recommendations that they would like it to make.

2.

What is the difference between the Commission and the Special Court, and what is their relationship?
The Commission and the Special Court are two independent organisations who have started their work at the same time.

The Special Court is a court of law, and will therefore try people who have responsibilities in the conflict in Sierra Leone.

But the mandate of the Special Court is to try those who bear the greatest responsibilities in the conflict, that is, not more than 25 people in all (?).

The Commission is not a court of law.


It will not prosecute anybody and will not apply any sentence to any perpetrator in the conflict.

The purpose of the Commission is to give an opportunity to victims, perpetrators and witnesses to the conflict to speak about their experiences.

It will not limit itself to those who bear the greatest responsibilities.

The Commission is for everybody; it is to seek truth and promote reconciliation.
The Commission and the Special Court both have the mandate to address impunity, but by different means.

They are complementary organisations, but are totally independent from one another.

That is to say that the Commission will not disclose any information collected in its statement-taking phase to the Special Court.

3.

Understanding of human rights violations and abuses Human rights law applies in times of conflict as well as in times of peace.
“Human rights” is a term used to describe a broad spectrum of rights that may belong to individuals, groups (such as ethnic and religious minorities) and “peoples”.

Human rights are sometimes classified into civil, political, from rights which economic, social and cultural rights.

contemplate the core values of human dignity, like the right to life and the prohibition of torture, to the right to housing and medical care.

They range The Commission is interested in all of these categories.
Although wartime atrocities usually involve the “core” human rights, like the right to life and the protection against cruel and inhuman treatment, the conflict in Sierra Leone may also have involved, and have been caused by, violations of such economic and social rights as the right to food, to housing and to medical care.

The Commission takes a broad approach to the term human rights.

A list of human rights is provided in annex 1.


This list should be regarded as a sample of human rights and therefore, it is not exhaustive.

Statement-takers should be careful in excluding any type of right that is not included in the list.

The Commission wishes not to exclude anyone who thinks he/she has suffered a human rights abuse or violation.

Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 185 4.
Understanding of violations of international humanitarian law International humanitarian law applies in times of armed conflict.

These are the laws of war, found in documents like the Geneva Convention.

They protect civilians, non-combatants like wounded soldiers and prisoners, and even combatants, against inhuman abuses.

5.

Differences between victims, perpetrators and witnesses The Commission considers four categories of statement givers.
The statement- taker will have to determine in which of the four categories each person belongs.

The categories are made according to the role played in the conflict.

Victims: This category regroups statement-givers who have suffered a human rights violation or abuse or a violation of international humanitarian law during the conflict.

Those statement-givers will tell the statement-takers about what they suffered.
Perpetrators: This category is for statement givers who have themselves committed human rights violations or abuses or violations of international humanitarian law during the conflict.

Those statement-givers will tell the statement-takers about what they inflicted to other people.

Witnesses: The Commission also provides for people who have seen human rights violations or abuses or violations of international humanitarian law committed during the conflict.
These are the people who have witnessed an incident and want to tell the Commission about it.

Person making a statement on behalf of someone else: This category includes the statement- givers who want to tell the story of a victim family member, relative or friend who is not able to speak to the Commission himself, either because of emotional, mental or physical problems (including death).
The statement form contains a section for all of the categories, namely one for victims, one for perpetrators, one for direct witnesses and one for people making a statement on behalf of a family member, a relative or a friend.

It is crucial for the statement-takers to understand that the statement-giver can belong to more than one category.

Indeed, many people in Sierra Leone are victims, perpetrators and witnesses at the same time.

As an example, let’s consider the case of a child soldier.
If the child was recruited involuntarily, he can be considered as a victim.

On the other hand, after his forced enrolment, he is likely to have committed himself human rights violations or abuses or violations of international humanitarian law during his time as a combatant.

That makes him a perpetrator as well.

Furthermore, this same child soldier is likely to have been a witness to atrocities committed by others; he is therefore also a witness.
The statement- takers will then have to fill in three of the statement form sections, one for each role that the statement-giver has played in the conflict.

Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 186 6.

Issues of confidentiality and self-incrimination Confidentiality: The issues of confidentiality and self-incrimination must not be confused.
Confidentiality means that no name or information leading to the identification of a statement giver will be published in the Final Report of the Commission.

It is important to note that by making a statement to the Commission, the name and the details of the statement the person makes may appear in the Final Report of the Commission.
Perpetrators whom the statement-giver names may also be informed of any allegations that the statement-giver makes, unless the statement-giver specifically requests that any information he/she gives to the Commission be regarded as confidential.

The statement-giver may also require that the Commission does not disclose his/her name or details which may make it possible to identify him/her.
In this instance, the statement-giver will need to request that the Commission extends this kind of protection to him/her by telling his/her statement-taker.

When making the statement, statement- givers will have to inform their statement-taker that they want to request confidentiality from the Commission.

Self-incrimination: The right to avoid self-incrimination means that a person’s testimony at the Commission cannot be used against that person in any court of law, including the Special Court.
During the statement-taking phase, perpetrators giving a statement will have to provide the Commission with details related to the human rights violations and/or abuses they committed.

These details will not, under any circumstance, be used to prosecute them.

The right to avoid self- incrimination is part of the law and is granted automatically to all statement givers (they do not have to request it).

7.

How to take a statement1 A.


General rules of statement taking Confidence Statement-takers should always keep in mind that giving a statement may be a difficult and even painful experience for the person giving the statement.

Indeed, it will force the statement-giver to relive his/her experience: the human rights violations suffered, witnessed or committed.

Feelings of fear, sadness or guilt may resurface during the statement-giving.
It is therefore crucial that the statement-taker be attentive and compassionate.

The statement-giver must feel that his/her experience is of interest to the statement taker.

The statement- giver must be allowed to take breaks when tired or when overwhelmed by emotions.

The statement-taker should always avoid appearing to be judging the statement-giver, disapproving his/her conduct or disbelieving the information given.
Overall, the statement taker should appear as neutral as possible, while at the same time show compassion for the statement- giver’s suffering.

Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 187 The statement form The statement-taker will have to explain the different sections of the statement form to the person giving the statement.
The statement-taker should first explain the Commission’s role and functions, briefly if the statement giver seems already aware, more in depth if the statement- giver does not seem familiar with it.

Then, the statement-taker will read and explain the rules of confidentiality and make sure that the statement-giver understands them, by insisting that he/she may ask questions in order to clarify these issues.
The statement-giver must sign the declaration at the bottom of the page, indicating that he/she understands and agrees to the conditions outlined.

The statement-taker has then to fill up the section on his/her own personal details and sign it.

He/she will then read the section on personal details of the statement-giver and complete the questions.

The statement-giver has to sign the declaration at the end of this section to indicate that the information provided is accurate and true.
At this point, the statement-taker will ask the statement giver what kind of statement he/she wishes to give to the Commission.

That is to say, does the statement-giver wish to tell the Commission about human rights violations and abuses he/she suffered, witnessed, committed or that a relative suffered?

The corresponding section is to be completed by the statement-taker.
If the statement-giver considers himself/herself as belonging to more than one category, each corresponding section will be completed in turn.

Each section comprises several questions.

The statement-taker has to ensure that the statement- giver understands perfectly each question and allow the statement-giver to ask for clarification at any time.
At the end of a section, the statement-taker reads the declaration and asks the statement-giver to sign his/her statement, indicating that the information provided is accurate and true to the best knowledge of the statement-giver.

The narrative Each section of the form asks for the statement-giver to tell his/her story.

Although the statement-taker should let the statement giver speak as freely as possible, some clarification questions might become necessary.
For example, clarification questions regarding the number of persons present during the incident, the actions of a specific person, etc., may be useful.

The statement-taker must avoid asking leading questions at all times.

A leading question may present a temptation for the statement-giver to answer what he/she thinks that the statement-taker wants to hear rather than the truth.
It is important to note that extra pages have been added to the statement form to allow the statement-taker to take extra notes regarding any of the questions.

Therefore, statement- takers should never interrupt a statement-giver because of a lack of space in the form to record answers.

Statement-takers will need to identify any extra page used with the number of the section and question to which it belongs.
Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 188 The recording of statements Some statement-takers will be asked by the Commission to record statements using an audio tape recorder or a camera.

This equipment should never be hidden from the statement-giver and the statement-taker should always request the permission of the statement-giver to use it.

It must be explained carefully to the statement-giver that his/her name will not be recorded on the tape.
The statement-taker must never photograph the face of the statement- giver, in order to preserve confidentiality and to protect the statement-giver.

If the statement-giver does not feel comfortable with the use of a taper recorder or a camera, the statement-taker should not insist on using it.

If the use of an audio tape recorder is not permitted by the statement-giver, the statement-taker will have to rely on taking notes by hand.

Translation issues 1.


Translation of the statement form: The statement is in English.

It will be the responsibility of the statement-taker to translate the questions for statement-givers that do not speak English.

Two conditions are necessary: 1) the statement-taker must understand the questions perfectly and 2) he/she must speak the language of the statement giver well enough to be able to translate the questions clearly.
If this is not the case, the statement-taker will have to rely on the use of an interpreter (this will be covered below).

When translating the questions, the statement-taker should use simple words and short sentences, in order to make sure that the meaning of the question is not lost during translation.

He/she must also make sure that the statement- giver understands the questions perfectly and that there is no confusion.
A good strategy is to ask the statement-giver if the question is clear, and repeat the question using different words if necessary.

Again, the statement-taker must refrain from asking leading questions at all time.

It is up to the statement-taker to decide if he/she prefers to take notes in English or in the language used by the statement-giver.

In the latter case, it will be the responsibility of the statement-taker to translate the answers in English after the statement-taking.

2.
2.

The use of interpreters: In the case where an interpreter is necessary, the statement-taker should have a meeting with the person chosen before the statement-taking.

They should review the statement form together and the statement-taker should ensure that the interpreter understands all questions.

The interpreter must be instructed to relay the questions exactly, without using words or expressions that may be confusing to the statement-giver.
The interpreter must let the statement taker know immediately if the statement-giver does not seem to understand a question, in order to let the statement-taker rephrase the question.

Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 189 B.

Taking a statement from special groups Victims of torture Statement-takers must be very careful when taking a statement from a victim of torture.

The retraumatization of the victim must be avoided as much as possible.
The statement-taker needs to be prepared to deal with the emotions that the victim will necessarily experience while telling his/her story.

The statement-taker should always be compassionate and attentive to the victim, and allow him/her to take breaks when the emotions seem too painful.

Women victims of sexual abuse or rape In most countries around the world, sexual abuse and rape are socially attached to feelings of shame.
According to some cultural values, women victims of sexual abuse or rape feel guilty about their experience and may be reluctant to speak about it.

It is therefore highly important that the statement taker establish for embarrassing details when these details are not indispensable to the telling of the story.

The statement-giver should not be pushed to relate details that she does not feel comfortable revealing.
The Commission will allow for women victims of sexual abuse or rape to request that a female statement taker take their statement.

the statement-giver and avoid asking trust with Children Very special care must be used when taking a statement from a child.

Children have been implicated in the conflict in Sierra Leone in many ways: most child perpetrators are also victims, because most of them have been abducted and enrolled against their will into the warring factions.
In that regard, statement- takers must always look compassionate and avoid judging the child.

They must be very attentive to the needs of the child and avoid pushing by asking for answers that the child does not want to provide.

The child should be allowed to ask for breaks or to stop the statement taking at any time.

Breaks should be planned by the statement takers even if the child does not ask for it.
The statement-taker must explain the form very carefully to the child, using simple language to avoid confusion.

The statement-taker needs to keep in mind that children may not understand the formulation of a question that has been designed for adults and that rephrasing questions might be useful.

The child should also be allowed to be accompanied by a family member or a friend if he/she feels the need for it.
Perpetrators When taking a statement from a perpetrator, the most important thing for statement-takers is to avoid judging the statement giver, whatever the violations committed.

Statement-takers must be prepared to deal with feelings of guilt and anger during the statement-taking.

Finally, statement- takers must keep in mind that a lot of perpetrators to the conflict in Sierra Leone are also victims as well.
Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 190 Appendix Two: List of Human Rights The following simplified list, derived from the Universal Declaration and the African Charter, is proposed for the guidance of statement-takers: Discrimination on grounds of race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth, disability Right to life Right to be free from violence Slavery Torture Cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.
Wrongful arrest or detention Right to a fair trial Right to privacy Protection of home and family Freedom of movement Right to nationality Right to marry and have a family without discrimination Right to property Freedom of religion Freedom of speech Right to receive information Freedom of association Freedom of peaceful assembly (meetings) Right to vote and to democratic government Right to work Right to decent working conditions Right to equal pay for equal work Right to join trade unions Reasonable limitation of working hours and periodic paid holidays Right to food, clothing, housing and medical care Right to education Right to participate in the cultural life of the community Protection against ill-treatment of children and the elderly Right to a healthy environment Right not to be forced to enroll or participate in an armed conflict?
Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 191 APENDIX THREE STATEMENT-TAKING PROTOCOL Number : __________ THE TRUTH AND RECONCILIATION COMMISSION SIERRA LEONE STATEMENT Block A, Brookfields Hotel, Jomo Kenyatta Rd., Freetown.
Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 192 THE TRUTH AND RECONCILIATION COMMISSION Object of the Commission as set out in Section 6 (1) of the TRC Act of 2000 The Commission is established for the object of: Creating an impartial historical record of violations and abuses of human rights and international humanitarian law related to the armed conflict in Sierra Leone, from the beginning of the conflict in 1991 to the signing of the Lomé Peace Agreement on 7 July 1999; Addressing impunity; Responding to the needs of victims; Preventing a repetition of the violations and abuses suffered.
The function of the Commission as set out in the Act is: 1.

To investigate and report on the causes, nature and extent of the human rights violations and abuses, and on the context in which these violations and abuses occurred; To report on whether or not the human rights violations and abuses were the result of deliberate planning, policy or authorisation by any government, group or individual; To investigate and report on the role played by both internal and external factors in the conflict.

2.

3.
To provide an opportunity to victims to give an account of the human rights violations and abuses they have suffered in order to assist them restore their dignity and to promote reconciliation; To provide an opportunity to perpetrators to relate their experiences and to create a forum within which victims and perpetrators can speak to each other; The Commission is to give special attention to the needs of child victims, to those who have suffered sexual abuses and to children who were perpetrators in the conflict.
Making a statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission The Truth and Reconciliation Act 2000, envisages that a number of different people and institutions will make statements to the Commission.

These will include victims, witnesses, perpetrators, political parties, civil society institutions and interested parties.

The Commission sets out below those categories of people who may be interested in making either a statement or submission to the Commission.
Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 193 1.
Those who have suffered violations You may make a statement to the Commission in the following circumstances: • • • If you have suffered a human rights violation or abuse or a violation or abuse in terms of international humanitarian law during the conflict period in Sierra Leone which you wish to share with the Commission; If you have a relative or a friend who has suffered a human rights violation or abuse or a violation or abuse of international humanitarian law and they are not able to make the statement themselves because they are dead or missing or not in an emotional frame of mind to do so themselves and you wish to share this information with the Commission; If you have witnessed a human rights violation or abuse or a violation or abuse of international humanitarian rights law and you wish to share this information with the Commission.
2.

Those who have committed violations and abuses You may also make a statement to the Commission if you have committed or been responsible for the commission of a human rights violation or abuse or a violation or abuse of international humanitarian rights law and you wish to share this information with the Truth and Reconciliation Commission; 3.
Those who have knowledge of the commission of violations and abuses If you are an ex-combatant, a policeman, a soldier and you wish to inform the Commission of violations and abuses you have witnessed being perpetrated, you may also make a statement to the Commission sharing your experiences.

If you have witnessed a human rights violation or abuse or a violation or abuse of international humanitarian rights law and you wish to share this information with the Commission.

3.
3.

Political Parties, civil society institutions and interested parties (including governmental institutions and agencies) The Commission will be requesting that political parties, civil society institutions and interested parties make submissions to it on their knowledge of the violations and abuses of human rights and international humanitarian law which has taken place.
The Commission intends particularly to address the issue of whether these violations and abuses were the result of deliberate planning, policy or authorization by any government, group or individual as well as the role of both internal and external factors in the conflict.
Confidentiality Should you wish to give information to the Commission on a confidential basis, the Commission will ensure that such information is never used by it in such a way as to permit your identification, either directly or indirectly.

The Commission will never disclose a statement given to it after confidentiality has been requested.

You must exercise this request by signing this form in the appropriate place on page 5.
If you wish to give some information on a Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 194 confidential basis, but are willing to provide other information without requesting confidentiality, please use two separate sheets, indicating the information that is confidential on one of them and signing the request for confidentiality.

Confidentiality is the prerogative of the Commission.

The Commission has decided to extend this protection to all who require it.
It is important to note that the Commission will not be sharing any information with the Special Court.

No information given to the Commission on a confidential basis will be provided to the Special Court.

Public Hearings The Commission will be holding pubic hearings for victims, perpetrators and witnesses.

Please inform the Statement-Taker whether you will be willing to appear at a Public hearing to share your experiences publicly if you are invited.
Special Hearing Procedures The Commission is cognizant of the fact that many victims and witnesses may not feel secure in making statements or giving their testimony in public.

The Commission has the power in terms of the Act to implement special procedures to protect victims and witnesses and in particular women and children.

The Commission will also implement special procedures to address the needs of those who have suffered sexual abuse.
Special Procedures will also take into account the needs of Child perpetrators.

Telling the truth Truth telling is important for the Commission.

It is your duty to tell the truth.

Only in this way can the Commission accomplish its goals of genuine reconciliation.

If you intentionally provide misleading or false information to the Commission, you are liable to trial by the High Court of Sierra Leone for contempt of court, and may be punished with fine or imprisonment.
Please sign this declaration at the end of this page as proof of the fact that you have read and understand what has been stated above.

You may ask the Statement-Taker to explain this section to you.

Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 195 Declaration I, affirm: That I have read this section and understand its contents insofar as they pertain to me; or the Statement-Taker has explained this section to me and I confirm that I understand the contents thereof insofar as they pertain to me.
_____________________________ Signature or thumbprint Dated at (Chiefdom and District) on this the day of 2003 Please sign the following section as well if you wish the information you give to the Commission to be treated as confidential Declaration by Those Wishing to Give Confidential Information I affirm that I request that the Commission treat the information I am giving as confidential.
I understand that the Commission will not use the information that I provide in such a way as to permit me to be identified.

________________________ Signature or thumbprint Dated at (Chiefdom and District) on this day of 2003 Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 196 Section 1: Section for Statement-Taker The Statement-Taker is an employee of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission authorised to complete this form.
This section should be completed by the Statement-Taker and refer to his/her particulars.

1.

Particulars of Statement-Taker Name of statement-taker: _______________________________________ 2.

Areas of responsibility for Statement-Taker Please circle the number of the region which you are responsible for taking statement from: 1.

Western Area 1 2.

Western Area 2 3.

Northern Region 4.

Southern Region 5.

Eastern Region Please circle the number of the district you are responsible for: 1.

Kailahun 2.
Kailahun 2.

Kenema 3.

Kono 4.

Bombali 5.

Kambia 6.

Koinadugu 7.

Port Loko 8.

Tonkolili 9.

Bo 10.

Bonthe 11.

Pujehun 12.

Moyamba 13.

Western Area 1 14.

Western Area 2 3.

Please fill in the name of the town/place/chiefdom where this statement has been taken: _________________________________________ 4.
Please fill in the language in which this interview was conducted: ______________ Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 197 Section 2: Personal Details of the Statement-Giver The Statement-Giver is the person who tells his/her story to the Commission.

A.

Personal details: 1.

Family name: ____________________________________________ 2.

First name: ______________________________________________ 3.

Other names: ____________________________________________ *Alias, combat name, nickname.

4.
4.

Date of birth: ______________________________ 5.

Age at incident ____________________________ 6.

Ethnic group: ______________________________ 7.

National Identity / Passport (where available): __________________________ 8.

Place of birth: __________________________________ 9.

Nationality: ______________________________________ 10.

Occupation/Education level: ______________________________________ 11.

Marital Status: ___________________ 12.

Sex: __________________________ B.

Contact details: 1.
Contact details: 1.

Where can you be contacted in the future: 2.

Address: ______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 3.

Telephone : _________________________________ 4.

Mobile: ____________________________________ 5.

Fax number: ________________________________ Family member or relative where you may be contacted: 1.
Name and Address: ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 2.

Telephone: __________________________________ 3.

Mobile: _____________________________________ 4.


Fax number: _________________________________ Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 198 Other (person with whom a message can be left): _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ C. Please indicate whether the statement is about violations and abuses suffered by (please circle): 1.

You personally 2.
You personally 2.

A family member, a relative, a friend or someone known to you 3.

Another person known or unknown to you D. Is the information you will be providing the Commission confidential?

YES NO General instructions for the Statement-Giver 1.

If this statement is about you and the human rights violations and abuses you have personally experienced or suffered, please complete section 3.

2.
2.

If this statement is made by you on behalf of a family member, a relative or a friend, who have experienced human rights violations and abuses, please complete section 4.

3.

If this statement is about human rights violations and abuses you have witnessed, please complete section 5.

In the case of mass victims, please give the Commission estimates of the numbers of people, their sexes, ages and any other relevant information that could enable the Commission disaggregate the information.

4.
4.

If this statement is about human rights violations and abuses you have carried out, please complete section 6.

Please attach any photographs, medical records or certificates that may assist the Commission understand your story.

Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 199 Section 3: Section for Victims This section should be completed by victims and should relate to the human rights violations and abuses they have suffered.
1.1 Narration: Details of human rights violations and abuses Please tell the Commission about the violations and abuses you have suffered.
_______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 200 _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______ 1.2 Please provide the statement taker with details as to the date, places and circumstances of the human rights violations and abuses you have suffered.
_______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _________ 1.3 Do you think that you were specifically targeted or singled out?
YES NO If yes, please explain why you believe that you were targeted or singled out.
_______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ ________ Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 201 2.
Perpetrator information 2.1 Do you know the identity of the person / persons or group who committed the violations and/or abuses?

Did he/they call themselves by any aliases or names?

YES NO 2.2 Did they belong to one of the groups or factions indicated below and, if yes, which one (please circle)?

UN Peacekeepers Police RUF AFRC SLA ECOMOG NPRC APC Govt.

SLPP Govt.
SLPP Govt.

The Peoples Army CDF: Kamajors Donsos Gbethes Tamaboros Kapras Executive Outcomes Gurkhas Civilian Collaborator to any of these groups Others: ______________________________________ Further details: __________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 2.3 Is there any particular detail that you remember about the perpetrator(s) (for example, physical details such as scars, clothes, names, insignia or languages spoken)?
_______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 2.4 Do you know the region or district where the perpetrator(s) came from?

__________________________________________________________________ 2.5 Could you identify him/her/them if you saw them again?
YES NO Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 202 2.6 Please provide the current whereabouts and address of the perpetrator(s), if known to you.

_______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 2.7 Which language was spoken by the perpetrator(s)?
__________________________________________________________________ 2.8 Do you know to which ethnic group the perpetrator(s) belonged?

__________________________________________________________________ 2.9 Male or female: ___________________________ 3.

Political affiliation / organisation that you belong to 3.1 At the time of the violation / abuse, were you a member of any organisation, faction or group?

YES NO 3.2 If you were a member of an organisation, please indicate if it was one of the following: 1.
Community 2.

Political grouping or party 3.

Military 4.

Police 5.
Other 3.3 Please detail the name of the organisation, the dates of your membership and the position(s) you held: Name of organisation:____________________________________________________ Dates of membership: ____________________________________________________ Position(s) held: _________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 203 3.4 Were you sick, injured, captured or surrendered at the time of the violation?
YES NO 4.

Witness details 4.1 Did anybody witness the violations and abuses you suffered?
YES NO 4.2 If there is a witness or witnesses who saw what happened, please provide the Commission with the following details: Name of witness / witnesses: ___________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Contact address(es):_____________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Telephone / mobile number: ________________________________________________ 4.3 Would they be willing to make a statement to the Commission about what they saw?
YES NO DON’T KNOW 5.

Other victims in the same incident 5.1 Are you able to confirm that other people have suffered human rights violations and/or abuses with you, in the same incident?
YES NO If yes, please provide the following details to the Commission (please use additional sheets if necessary): Family name: ____________________________________________ First name: ______________________________________________ Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 204 Other names: ___________________________________________________ *Alias, combat name, nickname.
Ethnic group: ___________________________________________________ Relationship with you: ____________________________________________ *For example: spouse, child, neighbour, etc.

Address: _______________________________________________________ Telephone / Mobile: ______________________________________________ Occupation:_____________________________________________________ Please fill in Sections 4 and/or 5 of this booklet for those other violations that you witnessed or know about.

6.
6.

Consequences of the human rights violations and abuses suffered 6.1 Did you sustain any physical or mental injury, damage or loss as a result of the human rights violation or abuse?
YES NO If yes, please describe the nature of the physical or mental injury, damage or loss sustained: _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 6.2 Did you receive medical treatment and/or counselling or participate in a traditional healing/cleansing process?
YES NO Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 205 If yes, please provide details: _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______ 6.3 What is the current status of your health?
_______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ ______ 6.4 Have you received any compensation for the loss or damage you sustained?
YES NO 6.5 What impact did the human rights violation or abuse have on you, eg are you disabled, have you lost your home, etc.?
_______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 206 6.6 How do you currently support yourself?
_______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 6.7 Family details (please circle) A. Marital Status: Single Married Divorced Widowed B.
Children: Yes No If yes, how many: ___ C. Names of children:__________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ D. Names of other dependants:___________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ E. Accommodation: Details: _________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ 7.
Appearance at hearings 7.1 Are you willing to testify at a public hearing?

YES NO Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 207 7.2 Are you willing to testify at a special hearing?

YES NO 7.3 Are you going to mention names of perpetrators in your testimony?

The person you name may be informed and may wish to defend themselves at the hearing.
YES NO If you are going to mention the name of other persons, please advise the Commission in more detail: Name: __________________________________________ Address __________________________________________ 8.

Would you be willing to meet with your perpetrator(s) if the Commission was able to facilitate such a meeting?

YES NO 9.

Further information 9.1 Is there anything more that you wish to tell the Commission?
_______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 208 _______________________________________________________________________ ________________ 9.2 Are there any recommendations that you wish the Commission to make to the government or other parties?
_______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ ______________ Declaration I, the undersigned, hereby confirm that I know and understand the content of this statement and that the contents are true and within my own experience, knowledge and belief.
_____________________________________ _________________ Signed by Statement Giver Date Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 209 Section 4: Statement about a family member, a relative, a friend or a person known to you Please complete this section if you are making a statement about a family member, a relative, a friend or a person known to you.

1.
1.

Personal details of the victim (Please use additional sheets if there are more than one victim): Family name: ____________________________________________ First name: ______________________________________________ Relationship to you: _______________________________________ * For example: spouse, child, in-laws, etc.
Date of birth: ______________________________ Age at incident: _______________________ Ethnic group: ____________________________________ Country of birth: __________________________________ Citizenship: ______________________________________ Occupation: ______________________________________ Address: ________________________________________________ Telephone / Mobile: _______________________________________ How long has the victim been known to you?

___________________ 2.
Event or incident 2.1 Please describe the event or incident that you want to tell the Commission about: _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 210 _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 2.2 Please give details as to the date and places of the human rights violations and abuses suffered: ____________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 211 2.3 Did you witness the event or incident personally or were you informed by someone else of what happened (please circle)?
I witnessed it myself Someone else told me If someone else related the event to you, please provide the following details about this person: Name:________________________________________________________________ Address: ______________________________________________________________ Occupation:__________________________________________________________ Date when you were informed:___________________________________________ If there were several victims, please give the Commission an estimate of their number, sexes and ages.
_______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ 3.

Perpetrator(s) details 3.1 Do you know the identity of the person(s) who committed the violation and/or abuse?

YES NO 3.2 Could you identify him/her/them if you saw them again?
YES NO Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 212 Please tell the Commission about the perpetrator(s): Name(s):____________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ Ethnic group:________________________________________________________ Other names:_________________________________________________________ *For example: combat name, nickname, alias, etc.
Combat unit / faction / other:_____________________________________________ Rank:_______________________________________________________________ Region from which perpetrator(s) came from: _______________________________ Language spoken: ____________________________________________________ Address (if known):____________________________________________________ Current whereabouts (if known): __________________________________________ Any other detail: ______________________________________________________ 4.
Consequences of the human rights violations and abuses suffered 4.1 Did the victim sustain any physical or mental injury, damage or loss as a result of the human rights violation or abuse suffered?
YES NO If yes, please describe the nature of the physical or mental injury, damage or loss sustained: _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 213 4.2 Did the victim receive medical treatment and/or counselling?
YES NO If yes, please provide details: _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ 4.3 What is the current status of the victim’s health?
_______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 4.4 Have the victim(s) received any compensation for the loss or damage he/she sustained?
YES NO 4.5 What impact did the human rights violations or abuses have on the victim, eg is he/she disabled, have he/she lost their home, is the victim dead, etc.?
_______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 214 5.
Appearance at hearings 5.1 Are you willing to testify at a public hearing?

YES NO 5.2 Are you willing to testify at a special hearing?

YES NO 5.3 Are you going to mention names of perpetrators in your testimony?

YES NO If you are going to mention names of other persons, please advise the Commission in more details: Name: __________________________________________ Address __________________________________________ 6.

Further information 6.1 Is there anything more that you wish to tell the Commission?
_______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 215 _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ ________________ 6.2 Are there any recommendations that you wish the Commission to make to the government or other parties?
_______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________ Declaration I, undersigned, hereby confirm that I know and understand the content of this statement and that the contents are true and within my own experience and knowledge.
_____________________________________ _________________ Signed by Statement Giver Date Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 216 Section 5: Witness Section This section is to be completed if you were a witness to a human rights violation or abuse that has been committed.

1.

Please tell the Commission what you saw happen.


Details should include the following: nature of the human rights violations or abuses, place where the violations or abuses happened, date of the violations or abuses and the circumstances under which these human rights violations and abuses took place, including the ages, numbers and sexes of the victims.
_______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 217 _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 3.
Please give details as to the place and date of the human rights abuse and/or violation suffered: _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ ________________________________ 3.
Details about the perpetrator(s) 3.1 Do you know the identity of the perpetrator(s)?
YES NO If yes, please provide the following details on the perpetrator(s): Name(s): ____________________________________________________________ Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 218 Ethnic group: _________________________________________________________ Combat unit / faction: __________________________________________________ Rank(s): ____________________________________________________________ Age: ________________________________________________________________ Sex: _______________________________________________________________ Region the perpetrator(s) is from: _________________________________________ Language spoken by the perpetrator(s): ___________________________________ Ethnic group: _________________________________________________________ 3.2 Could you identify him/her/them if you saw them again?
YES NO 3.3 Please provide the current whereabouts and address of the perpetrator(s), if known to you.

_______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 4.

Consequences for the victim(s) 4.1 Do you know what consequences the victim(s) has experienced following the human rights violations or abuses he/she/they suffered?
YES NO If yes, please describe what these consequences are to the best of your knowledge (for example: death, physical or mental injury, loss of home, etc.
): _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 219 5.
Appearance at hearings 5.1 Are you willing to testify at a public hearing?

YES NO 5.2 Are you willing to testify at a special hearing?

YES NO 5.3 Are you going to mention names of perpetrators in your testimony?

YES NO If you are going to mention the name of other persons, please advise the Commission in more details: Name: __________________________________________ Address: __________________________________________ 6.

Further information 6.1 Is there anything more that you wish to tell the Commission?
_______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 220 6.2 Are there any recommendations that you wish the Commission to make to the government or other parties?
_______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Declaration I, undersigned, hereby confirm that I know and understand the content of this statement and that the contents are true and within my own experience and knowledge.
_____________________________________ _________________ Signed by Statement Giver Date Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 221 Section 6: Section for Perpetrators This section of the statement form should be completed by those who have committed human rights violations and abuses.

1.
Narration: details about human rights violations and abuses 1.1 Please tell the Commission about the human rights violations and abuses you have committed: _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________
 _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 222 _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________
 Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 223 _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________
 _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 224 1.2 Please give details as to the date and place of the human rights violations and abuses: _______________________________________________________________________
 _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 1.3 Did you act as an individual or as part of a group?
________________________ 1.4 How old were you at the time you committed the violation?

1.5 Were you a civilian at the time you committed the violation and/or abuse?

YES NO 1.6 Did they belong to one of the groups or factions indicated below and, if yes, which one (please circle)?

UN Peacekeepers Police RUF AFRC SLA ECOMOG NPRC APC Govt SLPP Govt.
Peoples Army CDF: Kamajors Donsos Gbethes Tamaboros Executive Outcomes Gurkhas Civilian Collaborator to any of these groups Others: ______________________________________ Further details: __________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 225 1.7 Please provide details of all the different groups you may have belonged to and the dates of your belonging: _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________ 1.7 Are you currently employed?
YES NO If yes, please provide the details:_________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 1.8 What are your educational training and qualifications?

_______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ 2.
Command information 2.1 Were you acting under orders to commit the human rights violations and/or abuses?

YES NO If you were acting under orders, please provide the Commission with the following details: Please indicate who ordered you to commit the violations/abuses.

_____________________________________________________________ Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 226 If you had refused to carry out the instructions given, what would have happened to you?
_____________________________________________________________ Have you ever refused to carry out the orders or instructions of a superior officer or a commander?

YES NO If you have, please give details of the circumstances as well as what happened when you refused.
_______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Who was your commander or immediate superior officer?
_____________________________________________________________ 3.

Victim(s) information 3.1 Did you know the identity of your victim(s)?
YES NO If yes, please provide the Commission with the following details: Name of victim(s): _____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 227 Ethnic group: _________________________________________________________ Age: ________________________________________________________________ Region or district they were from: _________________________________________ Male(s) or female(s): ___________________________________________________ 3.2 What was the reason or motive for the human rights violations or abuses?
_______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 3.3 What were the consequences for the victim(s) of the human rights violation or abuse?
_______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 3.4 Are you willing to meet with your victim(s) if the Commission is able to facilitate such a meeting?
YES NO 3.5 What are you willing to do in order to make it up to your victim(s)?

Accept responsibility and offer apology ____ Pay reparations ____ Participate in rebuilding ____ Other (please specify)___________________________________________ 3.6 What is your reason or motivation for making a statement to the Commission?
_______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 228 _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 4.
Consequences: 4.1 What are the consequences of your experience to you?
Personal: _____________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Familial: _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Employment prospects: ___________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Physical and emotional well-being: __________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 4.2 Did you participate in any of the disarmament, re-integration or cleansing programmes or ceremonies?
YES NO If yes, please provide details: _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 229 4.3 Did you receive any assistance from any structure or body?
YES NO Please provide the details of any assistance received: Body or structure: _____________________________________________________ Training: ____________________________________________________________ Education: ___________________________________________________________ Financial assistance: ___________________________________________________ Medication: __________________________________________________________ Emotional support: ____________________________________________________ 4.4 Please tell the Commission how you currently support yourself: _______________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 4.5 Please provide details of dependants, if any: _____________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 5.
Appearance at public hearings 5.1 Are you willing to testify at a public hearing?

YES NO 5.2 Are you going to mention names in your testimony?

The person you name may be informed and may wish to defend Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 230 APPENDIX FOUR HEARING PROCEDURES PROCESS OF HEARINGS BY THE COMMISSION GOALS OF THE HEARINGS The primary goal of the hearings is to cater to the needs of victims.
The hearings will also enable the Commission to collect information about the experiences of all the people during the conflict with a view to promoting social harmony and reconciliation.

OBJECTIVES OF THE HEARINGS 1.


To provide witnesses with an opportunity to tell their stories either publicly or in private and help relieve their grief or recognise their feeling of remorse through providing them a platform that validates their experience and offers official acknowledgement of the wrongs done to or by them.

2.

To create an opportunity for the country to be engaged in a dialogue with itself about what went wrong and what needs to change.

3.

4.
3.

4.

To provide information that may promote future accountability.

To educate the public on the patterns of abuse, the social environment in which violations and abuses took place, institutional complicity, and the actions and omissions of different actors, local and international.

5.

To engage and mobilise civil society in the journey to reconciliation through embodying an open, dialogic and participatory process as an ethos for conflict resolution and democratisation in the country 6.
To make recommendations towards charting a roadmap for development and sustainable peace in Sierra Leone.

7.

To promote community and individual healing for victims, witnesses and perpetrators and the rehabilitation of victims through public recognition of their Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 231 suffering (and in the case of community reconciliation procedures, the reintegration of individuals back into their communities.)

8.

9.
8.

9.

To provide public education on human rights particularly the human and other costs of human rights violations.

To promote reconciliation through truth telling.

PRINCIPLES GOVERNING THE HEARINGS 1.

Respect for diversity: The Commission respects the participants’ rights to narrate the facts or events in an atmosphere of respect to their identity and without discrimination on gender, social, political, religious or cultural grounds.
Participants will have the right to express themselves in their own language, for which there will be interpretation services provided.

2.

No hierarchy: cases selected by the Commission for the hearings will be illustrative of the totality of abuses and violations committed with the aim of achieving dignity for the victim and creating an impartial historical record.

3.

Emotional and social sustainability.


Participants will have the right to be accompanied by their immediate family as well as by members of the local community.

They will be protected from harassment and lack of respect which are likely to increase the emotional impact of giving public testimony.

4.

Respect for all witnesses.

All persons who appear at the hearings are witnesses for the Commission they therefore deserve respect.
Nobody will be denied the possibility of providing his/her account of the events within the framework of the Commission’s processes, either through statement taking and investigations or testimony at hearings.

5.

The voluntary participation of all witnesses will be encouraged at all times.

The use of subpoena to attend a hearing will be a last resort in appropriate cases.

6.

The security of witnesses appearing at the hearings is important to the Commission.
The Commission may in the interest of the witness decline to invite a witness to a public hearing, or take the witness’s testimony in private.

Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 232 TYPES OF HEARINGS The Commission shall organise four types of hearings: 1.

Individual witness hearings.

Individuals are requested during statement taking whether they would be willing to attend and give testimony at hearings.

2.

Thematic hearings.


This is designed to produce a social analysis that describes and explains the past in relation to a number of identified themes.

Such hearings will allow the Commission to address patterns of abuse and broader social analysis regarding the enabling background conditions.

3.

Event-specific hearings.

The Commission hopes to consider whether particular events served an especially catalytic role in the history of human rights abuse in Sierra Leone.

4.

Institutional hearings.


The Commission wishes to consider whether there were specific civil society institutions or state structures that warrant particular scrutiny for their role in inflicting, legitimising or ignoring abuses.

Were there sectors of society which benefited from abusive structures?

Were there other institutions that were targeted unfairly?
Institutional hearings will therefore provide the Commission with an opportunity to address areas where broader institutional reform and policy change may be needed.

PRE HEARING PROCEDURES 1.

Selection of Witnesses a.

Witnesses to testify in the public or closed hearings are those who have given statements to the Commission.

b.
b.

For thematic, institutional or event specific hearings, the Commission may invite any witness to testify (whether or not the witness has made a statement), if in the opinion of the Commission, the interests of truth finding and the mandate of the Commission will be best served by receiving testimony from the witness.

Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 233 2.

The criteria for selecting cases for hearings are as follows: a.

Representative cases I.


Regarding different kinds of constituencies – diversity in relation to a whole range of factors, including region, ethnic group, political affiliation, gender, social status, class, age, military/civilian etc.

II.

Different kinds of violations – the range of violations that have taken place in Sierra Leone’s history.

It is also desired to offer a full picture of the kind of repression suffered by victims so as to flag areas for institutional reform/retraining.
This is also important to address violations that elucidate the broader socio- political environment that enabled human rights violations.

III.

Different localities –to maximize national outreach, hearings will be held in every district and in a range of settings: schools, meeting rooms in faith institutions, community centres, halls etc.

b.

Where the violation was committed by, in the presence and/or knowledge of any one perceived as a key player/leader in the conflict.
c. The statement mentions the following institutions APC Govt; NPRC Govt; RUF; ECOMOG; SLPP Govt; AFRC; People’s Army; Guinean Armed Forces; Identified Mercenaries; Security Firms (Executive Outcomes, Sandline), UN Peacekeepers.

d. The statement giver has information about the administrative/military command structure, internal policing, policy making, local authorities within the combatant groups.

e. The statement mentions a mass killing (below 50 deaths) or a massacre (above 50 deaths).
Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 234 f. The statement refers to an international arms/drugs/diamond transaction.

3.

Witness preparation prior to hearings: a.

Those witnesses who will give testimony shall be given advance notice regarding the process and dates to reconfirm their interest in participating in hearings.

b.
b.

A pre hearing interview will be held with a staff member of the Commission to help the witness prepare effective presentations on the facts and the meaning attributable to those facts c. At those briefings, witnesses would be given information on the hearings procedures and the position of the witness during the hearing.

They will also be told what they might expect from participation in the hearings from media coverage to the psychological impact of testifying about painful events.
Post hearings actions and support will also be discussed, such as the consequences if any, for the perpetrators they identify and the Commission’s anticipated timeline for report writing.

4.

Witness protection.

The Commission shall provide witness protection if it is determined that a witness is potentially at risk because of public testimony.

If the potential risk is greater than the witness protection services the Commission can offer, the Commission will discourage the witness from testifying.
Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 235 HEARING PROCEDURES 1.

Welcome a.

The Presiding Commissioner will invite prayers and/or religious songs before the start of the day’s proceedings.

The Commissioner will welcome all present, in particular the witnesses for attending the hearings.

b.

The Commissioner will explain the programme for the entire week or duration of hearings in the locality.
He/she would also explain the procedures for hearings, including issues such as clapping, shouting or booing people; address any potential false expectations on the part of the people (such as ordering reparations; opportunities for testimony; investigation of all cases, etc); the availability of counsellors and the holding of closed sessions.

Those wishing to make statements during the course of the hearings would be directed to the venue for doing so.
It must be noted that the hearing is a solemn occasion deserving of rectitude.

Those who want to participate in any processes to mark the end of hearings or who signify their desire to reconcile and engage in the rebuilding of their relationships or communities would be invited indicate to staff of the Commission.

c. Each day’s proceedings will be ended by reading a roll call of all those who have died and were mentioned in the course of the day’s session, and observing a minute’s silence in their honour.
2.

Status of witnesses Every person testifying at the hearing is a witness for the Commission including those against whom allegations have been made.

Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 236 3.

Oath a.

All testimony shall be under oath.

The Commissioner presiding shall administer the oath to the witness in the language he/she understands.

b.
b.

All non-staff of the Commission, such as interpreters, who will be temporarily employed by the Commission during the hearings shall also be administered an oath before they begin to render service at the venue of the hearing.

4.

Breaks a.

The Commission will order breaks where it deems it necessary to do so, including such circumstances as where the witness is finding it difficult to continue with the testimony; is distraught and needs to compose him/herself, or for lunch etc.
Witnesses also have a right to request breaks.

b.

The day’s session however will not be adjourned on the grounds that the witness is in an emotional state, unless the witness requests the adjournment.

The expression of emotion is encouraged by the Commission.

5.

Orders The Commission may make any orders as it deems fit in the course of the day’s deliberations.
Such orders may include ordering the attendance of any person who had been mentioned in the course of the proceedings, ordering a witness or his/her legal representative to produce any document or person at an agreed date and hearing venue.

It may also issue subpoenas for any documents or persons to attend a subsequent session of the hearings.

The order would be in writing and read out by the presiding Commissioner.
Every opportunity for a witness or person to participate voluntarily in the hearings will however be explored.

Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 237 6.

Documents Documents and other secondary evidence may be tendered at a hearing.

Such documents will be registered with a number or such particulars as to enable it/them to be identified in the future.

7.
7.

Participation of Counsel Where a witness is accompanied by a legal representative, the counsel shall be permitted to ask questions of the witness after the Commission has finished questioning the witness.

The counsel is a legal representative for the witness and not of the Commission.

The prerogative to first question the witness therefore rests with the Commission.

8.
8.

Naming Names Witnesses may in any proceedings mention the names of the person/s or institutions allegedly responsible for or that participated in the violation of their or someone else’s rights.

Where this information is available to the Commission before the proceedings, the Commission will endearvour as much as possible to notify the alleged perpetrator and arrange with them on possible dates to give their own side of the story.
Where this is not possible, at the conclusion of the witness’s testimony, the Commission will announce (if the address of the perpetrator is known) that the perpetrator would be contacted and all efforts will be made by staff of the Commission to contact the person (and where the address is not known) that the alleged perpetrator is invited to contact the Commission for the purposes of telling their side of the story.

They may in the alternative send a written submission to the Commission.

9.
9.

Confrontation between witnesses a.

Any person who has been mentioned by a witness as allegedly being responsible for the abuse or violation of a witness’ or someone else’s rights shall have the right at the same or subsequent proceeding to rebut the story as told by the witness.
The Commission shall not however allow a situation whereby the witnesses confront themselves with a view to rebutting or interrogating each other’s story, neither Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 238 shall the legal representative of one witness be allowed to question another witness even if the witness consents to it.

b.
b.

Where after both sides have told their stories and, both sides are willing to pursue reconciliation, the relevant personnel within the Commission shall hold separate discussions with the parties and at the appropriate time bring them together in promotion of their mutual desire to reconcile.
The Commission shall at all times encourage and facilitate the involvement of NGOs, communities, civic, chieftaincy and other institutions and groups in arranging or facilitating reconciliation between people, communities or groups in the conflict.

c. All persons who wish to testify at a hearing session in connection with any matter shall not be at the session where the matter is being considered until they have been called to testify.
The Commission will ensure that before the commencement of any matter, all witnesses in the matter are advised to be out of hearing range.

The Commission may waive this requirement in victim hearings.

10.

Noise, disturbance, clapping etc.

There shall be general silence at the venues of all hearings.

All participants are required to respect the solemnity of the proceedings.

The presiding commissioner may order any person in breach of this requirement to leave the premises.

11.

Conclusion a.
11.

Conclusion a.

At the end of the week of hearings in a district or location, the presiding commissioner shall do a careful summary of the testimony that has been led and inform the audience of what would happen to the information collected.

The steps leading to the report of the commission will be laid out clearly for the audience.

b.
b.

The Commission will encourage (and where necessary, participate in discussions within the communities on the erection of monuments and memorials for the victims of the conflict in the community and/or district.
Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 239 CLOSED HEARINGS The Commission shall organise closed hearings and adopt such other measures as it deems fit that enable it to respond to the two important aspects of its mandate that require it to “capture the experiences of women and children, and where the interests of the witness so dictate.
Special measures for hearings shall include: a. b. c. d. Witnesses may provide testimony in a closed room with only their voices broadcast into the public hearing rooms.

The witness can be briefed to take out all identifiers from their testimony (name, address, location, violation), or A protective screen may be placed between the witness and the audience with a separate door for entry and exit.
The testimony may be recorded on a prior occasion and then played during the public hearing and the video shot in such a way as not to reveal the identity of the witness.

The closed hearing is designed to respond to the cultural sensibilities of the community and the best interests of the witness.

Circumstances in which a closed hearing may be advised include: e. f. g. h. i.

Where the violation is of a sexual nature.


If the re-entry of the witness into the community after the testimony will be jeopardized.

Where there is a threat level to the security of the witness Where the witness is a child at time of testimony.

Where the testimony may jeopardize the witness’ ongoing reintegration/re-absorption in the community.

Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 240 Where the testimony relates to a sexual violation, the following procedure shall be followed: a.
The witness shall be interviewed by female commissioners only.

All male commissioners and other male staff shall be excused from the hearing.

b.

Where there is no female commissioner present, this fact should be communicated to the witness and the witness shall be notified of her right to give the testimony at another location and time where a female commissioner would be present.
c. The witness reserves the right to waive the requirement of clause (a) above, and give her testimony in the presence of male commissioners and/or staff.

Process for closed hearing 1.

The Commission will stop any information from the closed hearing to be known to the public.

2.

3.

The Commission will ensure that the identity of the witness is not revealed.

The Commission will ensure that the record of proceedings is kept in such a way, which continues to protect the witness.

4.
4.

The closed hearing shall be held in an appropriate room/space different from the location for the public hearings.

5.

The Commission shall arrange for special attendants such as counsellors, psychosocial or child welfare workers to sit with the witness during the testimony.

Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 241 ISSUES OF PROCEDURAL FAIRNESS FOR PERPETRATORS 1.
Hearings involving perpetrators shall be governed by the following considerations: The hearing will further understanding of the reason or motivation behind the actions of the perpetrators, a.

The hearing has the objective of reconstructing the truth vis a vis victims, b.

The perpetrator will be encouraged as much as possible to participate voluntarily in the hearings, c. The Commission will use its subpoena powers if the hearings will achieve (a) and (b) above.

2.
2.

Where perpetrators have been/would be named in a hearing, the Commission will ensure that: a.

Reasonable and good faith efforts are made in locating them and giving them prior notice that they will be/have been named.

This would include advertising in newspapers or electronic media, and specifying a reasonable number of days during which they are expected to respond.

b.

Provision will be made for the perpetrators to attend the session, offer a response and/or submit a written statement.
c. Provision is made for perpetrators to bring legal counsel or have legal counsel available for the indigent (depending on availability of resources).

The Commission will not allow legal counsel to speak for the perpetrators.

d. The Commission will avoid legalised procedures that may compromise its mandate and mission.

e. The Commission will not compel alleged perpetrators to answer questions.

Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 242 EXTERNAL ACTORS 1.

Consultation.
Consultation.

There will be ongoing consultation with different sectors of civil society to maximize public participation and input.

Hearings will generally be planned in collaboration with civil society institutions.

2.

Media: The media will be permitted to offer full coverage of public hearings, with translation support that ensures that those hearings will be transmitted to communities in all parts of Sierra Leone.

3.
3.

The media may be provided information only on the subject matter to be heard so that it could prepare appropriately.

4.
4.

The Commission will draw the attention of the media on sensitivity for journalists covering human rights issues, particularly regarding the respect of witnesses, the important role the media can play in using its coverage to catalyse public debate and interest about the historical patterns of human rights violations, the factors that enhance abuse of power, the complicity of different institutions, the space for dissent etc., and will encourage training on these issues.

5.
5.

The Commission will establish its own accreditation scheme for media practitioners.

6.

A special section of the public hearing room shall be designated as a press gallery.

Vol One Chapter Five Methodology and Processes Page 243 VOLUME TWO Report of the Sierra Leone Truth & Reconciliation Commission Copyright © 2004 – Truth & Reconciliation Commission, Sierra Leone All rights reserved.
No part of this Publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior consent of the copyright owners.

ISBN 9988 -8097-6-X Published by Graphic Packaging Ltd. GCGL Printed and Bound at GPL Press, Accra, Ghana.
The Truth and Reconciliation Comision Report was presented to President Ahmed Tijan Kabbah, President of sierra Leone on 5th October 2004 Contents Click on the chapter title to link to the desired page or use the bookmarks on the left to navigate Chapter 1: Executive Summary Chapter 2: Findings Chapter 3: Recommendations Chapter 4: Reparations Chapter 5: List of Victims 1 23 115 225 271 CHAPTER ONE Executive Summary TRC Tru at fo tok but na im nomo go bring pis Produced by the TRC Steering Committee with support from the International Human Rights Law Group CHAPTER ONE Executive Summary This Executive Summary provides a cursory overview of the Report and its principal areas of analysis.
Substantive detail is contained in the chapters that comprise the remainder of the Report.

It is particularly important to read the Executive Summary in conjunction with the Findings and Recommendations chapters.

The Commission hopes those who read the Executive Summary will take the time also to read the rest of the Report.

Only by so doing can a comprehensive understanding be obtained of one of terrible human tragedies that unfolded in the last decade of the twentieth century.

the Introduction 1.

2.


3.

4.

On 23 March 1991, armed conflict broke out in Sierra Leone – a country on the coast of West Africa made up of just 4.5 million people – when forces crossed the border from Liberia into the town of Bomaru near the eastern frontier.
An the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) claimed organisation styling responsibility for the incursion, with the declared objective being to overthrow the corrupt and tyrannical government of Joseph Saidu Momoh and the All People’s Congress (APC), which had ruled Sierra Leone since 1968. itself The events in Bomaru that day heralded the beginning of a decade of violence that devastated the country.
As the conflict exploded into appalling brutality against civilians, the world recoiled in horror at the tactics used by the RUF, its allies and opponents.

Reports emerged of indiscriminate amputations, abductions of women and children, recruitment of children as combatants, rape, sexual slavery, cannibalism, gratuitous killings and wanton destruction of villages and towns.

This was a war measured not so much in battles and confrontations between combatants as in attacks upon civilian populations.
Its awesome climax was the destruction of much of Freetown in January 1999.

The war finally shuddered to a negotiated conclusion, reached at Lomé, the capital of nearby Togo, in July 1999.

Although the Lomé Peace Agreement did not end the fighting entirely, it began a process that brought a fragile peace to the country.
The subsequent presence of a sizeable United Nations peacekeeping force, the United Nations Assistance Mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL), did much to ensure that conflict would not be renewed and that the components of a lasting peace, notably disarmament and demobilisation, would be effected.

Article XXVI of the Lomé Peace Agreement provided for the establishment of a Truth and Reconciliation Commission.
The mandate of the Sierra Leone Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC or Commission) was then set out in several sections of the enabling legislation, the TRC Act, adopted in 2000 by the Parliament of Sierra Leone.
According to Section 6(1) of the TRC Act: [T]he object for which the Commission is established is to create an impartial historical record of violations and abuses of human rights and international humanitarian law related to the armed conflict in Sierra Leone, from the beginning of the conflict in 1991 to the signing of the Lomé Peace Agreement; to address impunity, to respond to the needs Vol Two Chapter One Executive Summary Page 3 of the victims, to promote healing and reconciliation and to prevent a repetition of the violations and abuses suffered.
5.
In response to its mandate and in order to create an impartial historical record, the Commission examined the following areas: • • • • • • the historical antecedents to the conflict and other events that defined or shaped the evolution of the Sierra Leonean state; the causes of conflict, with a particular focus on issues of governance; the story of the conflict, including its military and political dynamics, its nature and characteristics, the role of external actors and factors that fuelled it, such as the exploitation of mineral resources; the impact of the conflict on specific groups, particularly on women, children and youths; the relationship between Sierra Leone; and efforts that can be made to help Sierra Leone reconcile with its past, including the prospect of a reparations programme and the development of a National Vision for Sierra Leone.
the Special Court the TRC and for 6.

In making its findings and preparing its Report, the Commission took into account information gathered through a variety of means.

Primary sources included: testimonies given by victims, witnesses and perpetrators at the Commission’s hearings and during its statement-taking phase; the outcomes of investigation and research conducted by the Commission’s staff; and the statistical or quantitative analysis derived from the Commission’s database of human rights violations.
Historical Antecedents to the Conflict 7.

8.

How did a peace-loving nation become engulfed, seemingly overnight, in horror?

What events occurred in the history of the country to make this conflict possible?
Explanations put forward have varied from ‘bad governance’ and ‘the history of the post-colonial period in Sierra Leone’ to ‘the urge to acquire the country’s diamond wealth’ and the roles of Libya or the Liberian faction leader Charles Taylor.1 The international community initially dismissed the war as just another example of tribal conflict in Africa; another failed state imploding in the context of environmental degradation and acute economic crisis.2 In order to ‘‘compile a clear picture of the past’’3 the Commission devoted considerable resources towards examining the pre-conflict history of the country.
These efforts were intended to locate causes of conflict in Sierra Leone’s past, 1 Charles Taylor led the faction called the National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL), which launched an insurgency in Liberia in December 1989.

Taylor warned in a BBC radio interview in 1990 that Sierra Leone would “taste the bitterness of war” because of the country’s membership and backing of the West African Intervention Force (ECOMOG) that was attacking his bases in Liberia.
2 See Kaplan R., ‘The Coming Anarchy’; Atlantic Monthly, February 1994.

Also see Clapham C., ‘Sierra Leone: The Global-Local Politics of State Collapse and Attempted Reconstruction’; Failed States Conference, Florence, 10-14 April 2001.
3 This objective is contained in Section 1 of the Lomé Peace Agreement, as expounded in the ‘Memorandum of Objects and Reasons’, attached to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission Bill when it was tabled before Parliament in February 2000 by the then Attorney-General and Minister of Justice, Solomon Berewa.

Vol Two Chapter One Executive Summary Page 4 9.

10.

11. place the conflict within its proper historical context and offer explanations for what went wrong.
The Commission identified social trends that spawned division and confrontation between the various groups that make up Sierra Leone.

It picked out fault lines and key events that created the structural conditions for conflict.

It highlighted decisions on the part of the political elite that were designed to strengthen their grip on power at the expense of common benefit, progress and ultimately peace.
Central to the Commission’s study of history was the social and political interaction among Sierra Leone’s constituent groups.

The nature and extent of such interaction – often negative and limited – influenced people’s perceptions of the state in which they lived and their own places within it.

These perceptions in turn presented the greatest challenge to the concepts of nationhood and citizenship.
They undermined the positive sense of national identity needed to build a strong and unified independent nation.

The Commission examined the colonial period and the first few years of independence together under the section entitled ‘The Historical Evolution of the Sierra Leonean State’.

In this section, four distinct phases proved crucial to understanding the roots of the conflict and some of the challenges that the country still faces today: • • The Colony and the Protectorate.
Rather than constructing a unified Sierra Leonean state, the colonial government effectively created two nations in the same land.

The colonial capital Freetown, known as the Colony, and the much larger area of provincial territory, known as the Protectorate, were developed separately and unequally.
The colonial government formalised the common law practised in the Colony yet neglected the development of customary law in the Protectorate, thus producing two separate legal systems that persist to the present day.

The impact of colonial policies and practices, including those relating to citizenship, ownership of land, land tenure rights and conflict of laws, was far-reaching.
People in the Colony enjoyed vastly superior social, political and economic development and access to vital resources such as education.

The divide between the two entities bred deep ethnic and regional resentment and destabilised the traditional system of Chieftaincy.

The Era of Party Politics.

In 1947, a new Constitution was proposed in order to prepare Sierra Leone for independence.
This Constitution amalgamated the Colony and the Protectorate into a single political entity, but divided their elite representatives into opposing factions, each dedicated to protecting the interests of its own people.

In due course these factions formed themselves into narrow, regionally based political parties with little or no national agenda.

Party politics became the greatest obstacle to national cohesion and identity.
Party allegiance was just as divisive as ethnicity, class or regional prejudice in the battle over who should succeed the British.

On the cusp of independence in 1961, the ten-year-old Sierra Leone People’s Party (SLPP) was joined in the political arena by the All People’s Congress (APC), which would become its main rival in contesting elections.

Vol Two Chapter One Executive Summary Page 5 • • The Sierra Leone People’s Party (SLPP) in Power.
The SLPP majority party formed the first post-colonial government in 1961.

The 1962 elections then revealed the depths of ethnic and regional polarisation in Sierra Leone and the superficiality of the ideological differences between the opposing parties.

The SLPP retained power by winning most of its seats in the South and East of the country, which were predominantly populated by Mende people.

The SLPP government was therefore labelled as a Mende government.
This image polarised public opinion in the country, introduced notions of cronyism in many state institutions and laid the foundations for military involvement in politics.

The period had terrible, albeit foreseeable consequences on the unity of the young state and served to deepen existing cleavages.

The 1967 Elections and their Aftermath.

The elections of 1967 were scarred by bitter power struggles based on ethnicity, personality and party affiliation.
Although the APC won the most seats, the leadership of the SLPP stoutly refused to concede defeat.

The resultant standoff signalled a watershed in the political fortunes of the country and ultimately led to the destruction of the multi-party system.

The head of the Army sabotaged the swearing-in of the APC Prime Minister and declared martial law.

When it became apparent that this move was engineered to favour the SLPP leadership, junior-ranking soldiers staged a coup.
The consequent period of military rule served to narrow the political space in Sierra Leone and compelled others to seek alternative routes to power that did not depend on free and fair elections.

It set the scene for multiple further coup attempts in the following decades.

In the second section of the chapter, the Commission focussed on the prolonged period in power of the All People’s Congress (APC).
The APC government used concerns about internal security as a pretext to stifle the nascent democratic culture.

All the institutions of the state were subjected to strict party control and Siaka Stevens, the new President of the Republic of Sierra Leone, adopted an increasingly authoritarian approach.

Under the APC, central government sustained itself through corruption, nepotism and the plundering of state assets.
These practices were replicated at regional and local levels, where Chieftaincy became synonymous with power, patronage and control of resources.

When Sierra Leone adopted a one-party constitution in 1978, any semblance of accountability or effective opposition had already been eliminated.

Historical trends like economic decay and fragmentation of the national spirit were exacerbated under the one-party system and became key causes of the conflict.
Neither the SLPP nor the APC made any genuine effort to attend to the debasement of the post-independence politics and economy of the country.

On the contrary, history speaks of a systemic failure, whereby all the members of the political elite belonged to the same failing system.

While they claimed to be ideologically different, in reality the two parties shared a brand of politics that was all about power and the benefits it conferred.

Tragically these characteristics persist today in Sierra Leone.
12.

13.

14.

Vol Two Chapter One Executive Summary Page 6 15.

The final section of this chapter traces past dynamics at District level in order to help explain the manner in which the war unfolded across the nation.

There were undercurrents of conflict in many areas, from the border Districts that served as ‘gateways’ for the fighting forces, to the strategically located ‘heartland’ Districts that initially supported the insurgency to overthrow the APC.
At local level as at national level, many of the answers as to why and how this conflict happened are to be found in its historical antecedents.

Governance 16.

17.

18.

19.


The Commission heard submissions from a variety of authoritative sources that the war in Sierra Leone was largely the result of failures in governance and institutional processes in the country.4 Successive governments diminished the state’s capacity to meet such critical challenges as the security and livelihood of its citizens, let alone to provide for democratic participation in decision-making processes.
The Commission shares the view that unsound governance provided a context conducive for the interplay of poverty, marginalisation, greed and grievances that caused and sustained the conflict.

The Commission hopes its treatment of issues of governance – by identifying past distortions, evaluating the adequacy of current remedies and making recommendations to fill the gaps – will enhance efforts towards national recovery, stability and reconciliation.
The instruments of proper governance include laws, institutions, due processes and humane practices that lead to such desired ends as security, justice, enhanced livelihoods and democratic participation.

The perceptions adduced by the Commission during its hearings indicate that Sierra Leoneans yearn for a principled system of governance.

They want a system that upholds the rule of law over the rule of strong patrons and protects the people from the abuse of rulers through a system of checks and balances.
They wish to see horizontal and vertical accountability through the effective operation of such institutions as the judiciary, the auditor general’s office, the electoral commission, the media and civil society.
the following critical The Commission looked at the record of each of the post-independence governments on ‘indicators’: separation of powers; decentralisation; political participation; independence of the judiciary; the rule of law; and the existence and effective operation of oversight bodies and institutions of accountability.

The Commission analysed approximations towards or deviations from proper governance on two levels.
First, it reviewed the basic legal documents of the land, such as Constitutions and the evolving body of laws, to assess whether ‘indicators’ of proper governance were enshrined and guaranteed.

Second, it assessed the manifestation of these ‘indicators’ in practice.

The Commission concluded that all the administrations of the post-independence period contributed to the structural and proximate contexts that led to the conflict in 1991.
The duality of the country’s administrative and judicial structures made them vulnerable to manipulation, which the regimes of Sir Milton Margai, Sir Albert Margai and Dr. Siaka Stevens duly utilised to their respective advantages.

4 See United Nations Development Programme (UNDP); Submission to the Commission on the Causes of the Conflict, 7 May 2003, pages 7-11.

See also Mrs. Olayinka Creighton-Randall, Campaign for Good Governance; Submission to the Commission, 5 May 2003, pages 1-3.
See also UNAMSIL; Submission to the Commission, 1 March 2003, pages 2-5.

Vol Two Chapter One Executive Summary Page 7 In the provincial areas, for example, local courts and Chieftaincy structures were used to clamp down on opposition activities and to entrench the authority of whichever traditional ruling houses were allied to the party in power.

Meanwhile the continual assault on the rule of law weakened the capacities of state institutions to perform.
The judiciary was subordinated to the executive, parliament did little more than ‘rubber-stamp’, the civil service became a redundant state machine and the Army and police force became vectors of violence against the very people they were established to protect.

Non-state bodies that ought to ensure accountability – like media houses or civil society groups – were thoroughly co-opted.

Opposition political parties were suppressed and eventually banned by President Stevens’ One Party Constitution of 1978.
The successor to Stevens, President J. S. Momoh, attempted to decelerate the economic and political decline through the promulgation of an economic state of emergency and a multi-party constitution.

These measures were, however, managed in a dictatorial and abusive fashion, which rendered them ‘too little, too late’ to salvage the situation.
Against this backdrop, Sierra Leoneans became increasingly disgruntled and aggrieved with the malaise in governance and their inability to do anything to alleviate it.

Many citizens, particularly the poor, marginalised youths of the provinces, became open to radical means of effecting change: they would readily answer the call to arms when the so-called ‘revolution’ began to enter the country in 1991.

Today, proper governance is still an imperative, unfulfilled objective in Sierra Leone.
Corruption remains rampant and no culture of tolerance or inclusion in political discourse has yet emerged.

Many ex-combatants testified that the conditions that caused them to join the conflict persist in the country and, if given the opportunity, they would fight again.

Yet, distressingly, the Commission did not detect any sense of urgency among public officials to respond to the myriad challenges facing the country.
Indeed, the perception within civil society and the international community is that all efforts at designing and implementing meaningful intervention programmes, such as the National Recovery Strategy, the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) or ‘Vision 2025’, are driven by donors rather than the national government.

This is lamentable.

The state is an abstract concept to most Sierra Leoneans and central government has made itself largely irrelevant to their daily lives.
In order to correct this deficit in engagement, an overhaul in the culture of governance is required.

The executive needs to prove that it is different from its predecessors in the post-independence period.

It needs to demonstrate ownership, leadership, imagination and determination in developing and implementing programmes for change.

Strong and independent monitoring institutions must hold the government accountable in this exercise.
Only then will Sierra Leoneans believe that the necessary lessons have been learnt from the decades of rotten governance that culminated in the tragedy of conflict.

20.

21.

22.

Vol Two Chapter One Executive Summary Page 8 The Military and Political History of the Conflict 23.

24.

25.

26.

The Commission recounts the story of the eleven-year conflict by charting its key events and dynamics in the military and political spheres.
A description of the factors that led to the outbreak of hostilities is followed by a detailed accounting of the conflict itself, divided into three distinct ‘phases’.

Phase I (Conventional ‘Target’ Warfare: 1991-93) covers the early period defined by inter-factional fighting and the capture of territory.

Phase II (‘Guerrilla’ Warfare: 1994-97) describes the shifts in tactics as attacks spread through the country.
Phase III (Power Struggles and Peace Efforts: 1997-2000) reviews various military and political alliances, moves towards peace and the resumption of hostilities, before the conflict was finally declared over in 2002.

Although each ‘phase’ assumed a slightly different character, they all shared one devastating characteristic: gross violations of human rights and international humanitarian law by all warring factions.
In the pre-conflict stage, the innumerable failings in governance caused Sierra Leonean activists to seek alternative outlets for expression of their dissent and dissatisfaction with the one-party system.

In the late 1980s, a small group of would-be revolutionaries formed a nascent programme for change, which included the idea of undertaking ‘self-defence’ training in Libya.

The original ‘revolutionary’ programme never materialised in the form it was intended to take.
It was supplanted by a deviant, militant agenda spearheaded by Foday Sankoh, who elicited support from foreign contacts, notably Charles Taylor, and conceived a plan to organise and lead an armed insurgency into Sierra Leone.

Sankoh assembled and trained in Liberia a force comprising 385 commandos, who became the ‘vanguards’ of the Revolutionary United Front (RUF).
Taylor authorised nearly 2,000 of his own men from the National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL) to become ‘Special Forces’ and operate jointly with the RUF in Sierra Leone.

Shortly after dawn on 23 March 1991, a band of fighters from Taylor’s NPFL struck the town of Bomaru, Kailahun District.

This attack sparked a conflict that was unprecedented in its intensity and nature.
Phase I describes the initial ‘war on two fronts’ and the inclusion of civilian settlements within the scope of NPFL and RUF assaults.

It assesses the role of the Sierra Leone Army (SLA) and the APC Government’s failure properly to supply it at the outset of the conflict, which contributed to the April 1992 coup forming the National Provisional Ruling Council (NPRC).
It explains how an expanded Army then gained ascendancy over a divided insurgent force in 1993, reducing the RUF to a confined area of forest territory on the Liberian border.

Nevertheless, there came no decisive thrust from pro-Government forces to end the conflict.

Phase II began when the RUF launched a ‘guerrilla’ strategy, becoming less visible, less predictable, less consistent and less distinguishable.

It expanded the scope and coverage of combat operations into every District of Sierra Leone.
An RUF trademark was to carry out ‘false flag’ attacks dressed in full SLA military uniforms.

This tactic, combined with increased human rights violations by soldiers, led to the breakdown in trust between the civilian population and the SLA.

A ‘Palace Coup’ saw a change in the leadership of the NPRC and eventually secured a transition to democratic elections in 1996.
Although marred by violence, the elections ushered in a new Sierra Leone People’s Party (SLPP) Government headed by President Ahmad Tejan Kabbah.

The Abidjan Peace Talks of 1996 were a false dawn and the SLPP Government endorsement of the Civil Defence Forces (CDF) as an arm of the state security apparatus further Vol Two Chapter One Executive Summary Page 9 27.

28. antagonised the SLA.


This phase ended in a collapsed peace process, violence with ethnic undertones by the CDF of the South and East, known as the Kamajors, and an embittered Army looking to exploit a volatile security situation.

Phase III started with the bloody military coup of May 1997 and the appointment of Major Johnny Paul Koroma as Head of State.

It heralded a large-scale shift in allegiance away from the SLA to a ‘new’ fighting force known as the Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC).
The AFRC forged a military and political alliance with the RUF, creating the ‘People’s Army’, a band of brutal and systematic violators of human rights.

President Kabbah established a War Council in Exile in Guinea, while Deputy Minister of Defence Chief Samuel Hinga Norman mobilised a vast but untrained force of Kamajors to oppose the AFRC military junta.
In February 1998, a forceful intervention was led by West African ‘peacekeeping’ troops under the banner of ECOMOG, dividing the country along starkly factional lines.

ECOMOG was the surrogate national Army in all but name, but its defence of strategic areas would prove disgracefully weak.

The State of Public Emergency declared by the reinstated SLPP government encompassed four years and numerous illegal acts carried out on the premise of pursuing ‘justice’.
24 SLA soldiers were executed by the state in 1998, which had a telling impact on the ongoing conflict.

An AFRC-led wave of atrocities against the civilian population swept through the North of the country and met with no robust government response.

The descent of the AFRC-led attackers onto Freetown in January 1999 wreaked havoc and horror in the city, constituting the nadir of the third phase.
two components: military The Lomé Peace Agreement of 7 July 1999 was cast as a solution to the conflict the disarmament of resolution, with through combatants; and political settlement, by implementing a power-sharing arrangement.

In reality neither the RUF nor the Government complied in full with its terms.

The RUF combatant displayed particular contempt for the ethos of the peace process and taking of several hundred UNAMSIL peacekeepers was unjustifiable.
In May 2000, the state security apparatus carried out decisive enforcement actions through its so-called ‘Peace Task Force’, a squad of armed vigilantes from various factions tasked to raid, arrest and detain anyone associated with the RUF.

As part of its analysis, the Commission notes that many of those rounded up in May 2000 remain in prison today.

In the Commission’s view, this ongoing detention is tantamount to a continuation of the conflict itself.
It is corrosive to the prospect of national reconciliation and testifies to the continuing struggle for justice in Sierra Leone.

their hostage Nature of the Conflict 29.

In compiling its chapter on the nature of the conflict, the Commission used quantitative and qualitative analytical techniques to shed further light on particular patterns and trends.
Areas of analysis included the types and frequencies of the violations committed, the profiles of the perpetrators, the identities and demographics of their victims and any evidence of targeting.

The Commission examined sixteen specific categories of violations, although within each of these the scope of analysis was broad.
For example, acts of rape were considered in multiple contexts, including abduction, sexual slavery, during attacks on villages, or when the victim was encountered at a checkpoint or in the bush.

Vol Two Chapter One Executive Summary Page 10 30.

31.

32.

33.

34.

35.

Some violations, such as amputations and forced displacement, were discussed separately in their own right.
Others were divided into three overarching categories, as follows: 1) violations perpetrated in the context of abduction and outside abduction; 2) mistreatment violations; and 3) economic violations.

The violations discussed under these categories include killings; forced recruitment; cannibalism or forced cannibalism; forced labour, assault, physical torture and rape; arbitrary detention; looting and extortion; and destruction of property.
From the Commission’s review emerged the devastating impact of this conflict.

It destroyed individual lives, families and communities, people’s belief systems and cultural heritages.

Traditional and community meeting spaces and institutions were demolished and desecrated.

People were forced to commit sacrilege against symbols of their religion or faith.
Certain groups like property owners, chiefs, figures of traditional authority and representatives of government institutions were targeted on the basis of revenge, economic appropriation and because of their ethnicity.

The link between the conflict and ethnicity lies in the way in which certain factions turned ethnicity into an instrument of prejudice and violence against perceived opponents or those who did not ‘belong’.
People of Northern origin were found to have been targeted in the Southern and Eastern regions during the latter part of the war.

The Kamajors committed disproportionate levels of violations against such ethnic groups as the Temne, Koranko, Loko, Limba and Yalunka.

Other reported instances of ‘targeting’ included RUF violations against, variously, the Lebanese, Fullahs, Mandingos, Nigerians and Marakas.

the violations committed during requires an Understanding understanding of those who perpetrated them.
Those affiliated to the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) carried out the majority of violations and abuses over the conflict as a whole.

The RUF pioneered the concept of forced recruitment, including the enlistment of child combatants.

It also bears overwhelming responsibility for the widespread use of drugs by its members, which precipitated spates of crazed violence and compounded the prevailing general sense of oppression and hopelessness.
the war While most of the violations and abuses were attributed to the RUF, other significant perpetrators included the AFRC and the CDF.

The second highest institutional count was attributed to the AFRC, whose fighters most notably committed atrocities on a massive scale in the Northern region and in Kono District.

The AFRC demonstrated a ‘specialisation’ in the practice of amputations in the period from 1998 to 1999.
Of the various groups that comprised the CDF, the Kamajors received the most scrutiny, as they were responsible for almost all the CDF violations reported after 1996.

Forced cannibalism is attributed only to the Kamajors.

A defining characteristic of the CDF became its ceremony of ‘initiation’, described to the Commission by many witnesses as entailing physical and psychological torture as well as other gross abuses of human rights.

Vol Two Chapter One Executive Summary Page 11 36.


Perhaps most notably, the Commission identified some characteristics and tendencies that spanned across all factions in the conflict.

There existed an astonishing factional fluidity among the different militias and armed groups.

Overtly and covertly, gradually and suddenly, fighters switched sides or established new units on a scale unprecedented in any other conflict.
Another common feature was the almost identical composition of the ground forces: impressionable, disgruntled young men eager for an opportunity to assert themselves, either to ensure that no harm was done to their own people, to fight against perceived injustice, or for personal and group aggrandisement.

Mineral Resources 37.

38.

39.

40.

The management of state resources is central to the quality of governance in any country.
This is particularly the case in Sierra Leone, which despite its huge mineral resources (primarily, extensive alluvial and kimberlitic diamond deposits, bauxite, rutile, iron and gold) has remained one of the poorest countries in the world.5 Since Sierra Leone’s economy depends essentially on revenues from its mineral resources, the Commission deemed it important to examine how mineral resources were used by successive governments, how they may have contributed to the war and the extent to which combat groups exploited them to sustain and replenish their activities.
There is a widely held belief in the western world that the conflict in Sierra Leone was initiated and perpetuated because of diamonds, the country’s most important mineral resource.

According to this version, the RUF, backed by Charles Taylor and the NPFL, initiated an armed rebellion in Sierra Leone to gain control of its diamond resources.
In the years following the initial attack, it is alleged, the proceeds from an illicit diamond trade enabled the RUF to finance its war effort through the purchase of weapons abroad.

In the Commission’s view, this version of the conflict is simplistic.

It fails to capture numerous complexities, the reasons for the decay of the state in Sierra Leone and the role minerals played prior to and during the conflict.

It also does not reflect what unfolded on the ground in Sierra Leone.
There were multiple causes of the conflict and reasons for the involvement of Liberian and other foreign actors.

Although it is true that the RUF partly financed its war effort through diamond trafficking, diamonds did not yield significant revenues for the movement before 1997.

Simply put, diamonds were both an indirect cause of the war in Sierra Leone and a fuelling factor.
As an indirect cause, the misapplication of the diamond resources in a country with a practically ‘single-product’ economy (diamonds) created huge disparities in the socio-economic conditions of people.

While the elite and their business cohorts in the diamond industry enjoyed grandeur and affluence, poor people living in deprived communities rued how the collective common wealth had been appropriated by a few in the name of the many.
5 Sierra Leone has ranked last out of more than 170 countries on the UNDP Human Development Index for the last three successive years from 2002 to 2004.

Vol Two Chapter One Executive Summary Page 12 41.

42.

43.

44.

45.

From the outset of the post-independence period, those in power plundered the state and its resources, putting self-enrichment before any form of real development or accountability.
Political power became a means to economic wealth and the predatory accumulation of the ruling elite led to the acquisition of state offices and resources for personal gain.

This led to the ‘functional contraction’ of Sierra Leonean leadership, as it could no longer provide services to the people.6 The dispossessed and disenfranchised masses quickly began to ask questions as to the role and mission of their new political elite.
Successive post-colonial governments mismanaged the diamond industry and placed its effective control in the hands of outsiders in a way that has not benefited the Sierra Leone economy.

A culture of diamond smuggling and embezzlement has been entrenched among key members of the political elite.

Meanwhile, labour conditions in the mines are appalling, with many children still being used as miners.
During the conflict, diamonds were highly coveted because they yielded tremendous revenues, which enabled armed factions to procure arms and ammunition.

Possession of arms conferred power on the factions, allowing them to control large areas of the country and thus further exploit resources for economic purposes.
The desire to capture more territory for exploitation subsequently became a major motivating factor for the armed groups and their commanders, triggering intense fighting in resource-rich parts of the country and fuelling the conflict in areas already engulfed by it.

The international diamond industry was largely indifferent to the origin of ‘conflict diamonds’, even when reports of atrocities relating to the conflict in Sierra Leone were widely disseminated in the global media.
This indifference enabled the illicit trade in Sierra Leonean diamonds to flourish and thereby encouraged the prolongation of the conflict.

Although the government of Sierra Leone has recently made progress in tackling diamond smuggling, largely due to the international introduction of the new Kimberley Certification Process (KCP), the problem is nowhere near to being eradicated.
The KPC has two major weaknesses: there is no global mechanism to monitor each member’s national certification system and countries with no diamond resources have been accepted as members.

External Actors 46.

47.

Although the armed conflict in Sierra Leone was not a war imposed from outside, the Commission did identify substantial involvement from external actors.

There were essentially two main parties to the conflict in Sierra Leone: the government and the Revolutionary United Front (RUF).
Each of the external actors that took part in the conflict was affiliated in some way to one of these two entities.

External support either to the government or to the RUF came from nation states, regional organisations, international organisations and non-state actors such as private security firms.

6 See Kandeh, J.; ‘Political Economy of Democratisation’; unpublished manuscript, at page 3.

Vol Two Chapter One Executive Summary Page 13 48.

49.
49.

Countries that provided unilateral support included Libya, Liberia, Guinea, Burkina Faso, Nigeria, Côte d’Ivoire and the United Kingdom.

Regional intervention came from the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), while a large multilateral intervention was rendered latterly by the United Nations.

‘Mercenary’ groups involved in the conflict included the Ghurkhas Security Group, Sandline International and Executive Outcomes.
The United Liberation Movement of Liberia (ULIMO), which began when a group of Liberians living in refugee camps and other parts of Sierra Leone were organised into a fighting force to assist the government, also evolved into a significant player.

A variety of international humanitarian organisations delivered medical assistance and food aid throughout the war, including the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and Médicins san Frontières (MSF).
The involvement of the United Nations can be traced back to December 1994, when it sent its first exploratory mission to Sierra Leone.

However, the subsequent presence of a UN Special Envoy to Sierra Leone did not abate the fighting and the commission of atrocities against civilians.

In July 1998, the UN Security Council established the UN Observer Mission to Sierra Leone (UNOMSIL) to monitor the security situation and to advise on the disarmament and demobilisation of former combatants.
This Mission never achieved full strength and is remembered more for its lack of impact.

On 22 October 1999, the UN Security Council authorised the establishment of the UN Assistance Mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL), which contributed significantly to the achievement of stability and rebuilding of the nation following the signing og the Lomé Peace Agreement in July 1999.

Women 50.

51.

Women and girls became the targets in the brutal conflict in Sierra Leone.
They suffered abduction and brutality at the hands of their perpetrators.

Their vulnerability was deliberately exploited in order to dehumanise them.

Women and girls were raped, forced into sexual slavery and endured other acts of sexual violence, including mutilations, torture and a host of other cruel and inhumane treatment.

They were taken from their homes and villages by force.

Refusal to comply with their captors often met with death.
For those fortunate enough to escape, displacement invariably followed, either in exile or in camps inside or outside the country.

They were not safe even in these camps, as humanitarian workers meant to protect them also violated their rights.

Women and girls were compelled to barter their bodies in order to access aid to which they were rightfully entitled.

Girls as young as 12 were forced to pay for aid with sex in order to gain assistance for their families.
The Commission was enjoined by statute to give special attention to the needs of women and girls, particularly with regard to sexual violence.

Why was so much violence perpetrated against women?

Did the origins lie in the cultural and traditional history of Sierra Leone?

Did the fact that women endured such a lowly status in the socio-political life make them easy targets?
Is it because men perceived females to be mere chattels symbolising male honour that made women the deliberate target of an enemy determined to destroy the honour of the other?

Vol Two Chapter One Executive Summary Page 14 52.

53.

54.

55.

In seeking answers, the Commission reviewed the multiple roles of women in the armed conflict, recognising that women often took on the role of perpetrator and / or collaborator usually out of conviction and / or the need to survive.
The Commission assessed the impact of the conflict on women, notions of honour and the breakdown of the traditional extended African family structures and social fabric.
It looked at the extent to which women’s issues were addressed by disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration efforts; their level of access to education and the impact of the practice of early and forced marriages on the education of girls; and areas in which women suffer discrimination (both under common and customary laws), including marriage, divorce, inheritance, property rights, domestic violence and political participation.
Overall, this chapter captures the gender-specific experiences of women and girls at a political, legal, health and social welfare level.

The Commission noted the significant role women played in making peace, along with the fact that they are starting to feature more prominently in the public life of Sierra Leone.
The main armed groups accused of perpetrating sexual violence against women and girls during the conflict were the Revolutionary United Front (RUF), the Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC), the Civil Defence Forces (CDF), the Westside Boys and the Sierra Leone Army (SLA).

While peace has returned to Sierra Leone, many of the wounds of war still remain open.

Women and girls bear the scars of their horrible experiences.

Many have borne children as a result of rape and sexual slavery.
These mothers are shunned and punished by society for giving birth to ‘rebel’ children.

The Commission believes that it is only when the legal and socio-political system treats women as equals to men, giving them full access to economic opportunities and enabling them to participate freely in both public and private life, that they will realise their full potential.
Developing accountability mechanisms for those who perpetrate gender crimes is a necessary part of this evolution in order to ensure that women are not dehumanised.

An opportunity exists in the post-conflict period to address the plight of women and girls in Sierra Leone and improve their quality of life.
The Government should give effect to the provisions of the Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) and of the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights (ACHPR) on the Rights of Women in Africa.

Children 56.

Like women, children were violated and abused by all of the armed factions involved in the Sierra Leonean conflict.
They suffered abductions, forced recruitment, sexual slavery and rape, amputations, mutilations, displacement, drugging and torture.

Children were also forced to become perpetrators and were compelled to violate the rights of others.

Thousands of children were killed during the conflict in Sierra Leone.
In addition, the Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender and Children Affairs (MSWGCA) estimates that more than 15,000 children suffered separation from their families and communities during the eleven-year war.

This resulted in their becoming refugees in countries like Liberia, Guinea, Gambia, Côte d’Ivoire and Nigeria.

In addition, many became internally displaced persons.

Children were used as fighters and forced labour by the armed groups.
Although the RUF was the first to abduct and forcibly enlist children as soldiers and porters, all the armed factions recruited children and deployed them to such ends.

Vol Two Chapter One Executive Summary Page 15 57.

58.

59.

The Lomé Peace Agreement provides that the government of Sierra Leone shall accord particular attention to the issue of child soldiers and that the special needs of children should be addressed in the disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration process.
In addition, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission Act directed the Commission to give special attention to the experiences of children in the armed conflict.

The Commission examined the experiences of children prior to the conflict in the economic, social and political spheres.

It dealt with issues of education, health, law, tradition and customs and how they impact on the rights of children.
It also examined the impact of the armed conflict on children and their experiences at the hands of different armed groups.

The status of children following the conflict was considered together with measures taken by state and non-state actors in responding to their needs.

While the full impact of the conflict has yet to be measured, children have been affected at all levels of their development, in particular their education and health.
During the conflict, children in Sierra Leone were denied their childhood.

A major area of concern is the child-headed household, a direct result of children having lost parents or guardians in the war.

The breakdown in family and community structures and the loss of social values have affected children materially and psycho-socially.

These effects are enduring and far-reaching.

A number of ex- combatant children are still bearing the brunt of their forced participation in the war.
Their families and communities have in many cases rejected them because of their former affiliations.

Girls especially have experienced both derision and rejection because they were forced to become ‘bush wives’ or sexual slaves.

60.

The Commission has found that the abduction of children and their forcible recruitment as child soldiers constitutes a grave violation of international law for which the leadership of all factions must be held accountable.
In addition, the Commission is of the view that the Child Rights Bill needs to be passed into law as a matter of urgency.

Youth 61.

62.

Forty-five percent of Sierra Leone’s estimated population of 4.5 million are youths, falling within the age bracket of 18 to 35 years.

Members of this age group were major perpetrators and victims of violations and abuses during the conflict.
The Commission examined the nature, causes and extent of the acts perpetrated and suffered by youths; the impact of these acts on them; and the current interventions geared towards addressing the youth question in Sierra Leone.

During the years of APC one-party rule, youths constituted the only viable opposition to the government.

The 1970s and 1980s saw an emergence of radical groups and study clubs on university campuses, galvanising students to stage demonstrations against the APC.
Acts of dissent and disobedience by students at Fourah Bay College in 1985 led to the expulsion of their perceived leaders, some of whom sought to complete their studies in Ghana.

Gradually, contacts and ties from both Sierra Leone and Ghana were developed with the Revolutionary Council of Libya and a nascent movement geared towards revolutionary change in Sierra Leone took root.

Vol Two Chapter One Executive Summary Page 16 63.

64.

65.

66.
64.

65.

66.

When the Sierra Leonean delegation to Libya became divided by internal ideological and strategic differences, Foday Sankoh exploited the vacuum in leadership and devised a plan for his own, more militant revolutionary project.

While in Libya, Sankoh met Charles Taylor and the two men formed an alliance.

Sankoh would help Taylor ‘liberate’ Liberia, after which he would be provided with support to launch an insurgency in Sierra Leone.
Sierra Leonean youths were recruited (either by force or by persuasion) from Liberia, Ivory Coast and parts of Sierra Leone for the rebellion in 1991.

Upon entry into Sierra Leone, the RUF was essentially dominated by youths who were less educated and less ideologically conscious than their predecessors in the Sierra Leonean ‘revolutionary’ groups of the 1980s.
Sunk in the abyss of unemployment and despair, the prospect of joining the RUF offered a viable alternative to many youths; for others, it was not a choice as they were forcibly abducted into the ranks of an armed group.

In both cases, the conflict had a marginalising effect, as youths were alienated from their communities when forced to commit atrocities against their own people.
The conflict further compounded their prior plight and has had negative consequences on their overall development, in particular vis-à-vis educational opportunities.

A whole generation lost its childhood and youth.

Many young people have lost all stabilising ties and emotional support due to the death of, or rejection by, their families.

In an effort to address the problems facing youth in Sierra Leone, the Ministry of Youth and Sports was established in 2002.
One of the efforts undertaken by the ministry was the publishing of the National Youth Policy, approved and launched by the government in July 2003.

The policy ought to be translated into projects, which can be undertaken by NGOs and youth agencies.

This well-intentioned initiative is constrained, however, by a dearth of financial resources and of well- trained people experienced in working with youth.
Another programme to assist the youths of Sierra Leone was the National Commission for Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (NCDDR) Programme.

NCDDR was established in July 1998 to disarm and demobilise combatants and to support their reintegration into society through the learning of trade skills.

Unfortunately, the poor state of the country’s economy is hindering the translation of these skills into means of sustaining a livelihood.
In addition, many ex-combatants have left their programmes inadequately trained.

The TRC and the Special Court for Sierra Leone 67.

The Commission worked alongside an international criminal tribunal, the Special Court for Sierra Leone.

The Special Court was tasked with prosecuting those persons who bore the greatest responsibility for serious violations of international humanitarian law and Sierra Leonean law committed in the territory of Sierra Leone since 30 November 1996.
The Special Court impacted upon the work of the Commission.

The simultaneous operation of the two bodies brought into sharp focus their different roles.

It also highlighted the need for harmonisation and an operational model designed to mitigate inherent tensions and avoid potential pitfalls in future instances where a TRC and criminal court work are supposed to work in tandem.

Vol Two Chapter One Executive Summary Page 17 68.

69.

70.

71.

72.

73.


Most truth commissions have operated as an alternative to criminal prosecution.

Given the pardon and amnesty provisions of the Lomé Peace Agreement, the Sierra Leone TRC was proposed as a substitute for criminal justice in order to establish accountability for the atrocities that had been committed during the conflict.
The creation of the Special Court stemmed from President Kabbah’s request to the UN Security Council to establish a special tribunal to bring prosecutions against members of the RUF and its allies, following the hostage taking of hundreds of UN peacekeepers and the resumption of violence in 2000.

The Special Court was created, however, by abandoning certain amnesty provisions reached at Lomé, on the basis that certain elements within the RUF had breached the Lomé Peace Agreement.
In the Commission’s view, the international community has signalled to combatants in future wars that peace agreements containing amnesty clauses ought not to be trusted and, in so doing, has undermined the legitimacy of such national and regional peace initiatives.

Although the relationship between the Commission and the Special Court was mostly cordial, tensions arose following the refusal of the Special Court to permit the Commission to hold public hearings with the detainees held in its custody.
The President of the Appeals Chamber denied the hearings because of their public character and because they would appear to mete out justice by reaching findings of fact, which was, according to Judge Robertson, the ‘special duty’ of the Special Court.

The decision rejected the right of the detainees to testify in an open and transparent manner before the TRC and denied the right of the Sierra Leonean people to see the process of truth and reconciliation done in relation to the detainees.
The Commission disagrees with Judge Robertson’s conclusion and considers that it does not sufficiently take into account the special role and contribution of truth commissions in building accountability and in the search for peace and reconciliation.

Operational difficulties between the mechanisms arose out of their different approaches to addressing impunity and because they also share many objectives.
Both institutions seek truth about a conflict, although in different forms; both attempt to assign responsibilities for atrocities; both work with similar bodies of law; both are aimed at establishing peace and preventing future conflict.

Where there is no harmonisation of their objectives, a criminal justice body will have largely punitive and retributive aims, whereas a truth and reconciliation body will have largely restorative and healing objectives.
Where the two bodies operate simultaneously in an ad hoc fashion, conflict between such objectives is likely and public confusion is inevitable.

Harmonisation of objectives means that each of the transitional institutions should not operate in a manner that is incompatible with the aims and objectives of the other.
It requires the development of a framework, which allows the pursuit by each body of its objectives in a manner that is respectful of the other’s mandate and which ultimately leads to the same goals of achieving justice and peace.

The Commission holds that the right to the truth is inalienable.

This right should be upheld in terms of national and international law.
It is the reaching of the wider truth through broad-based participation that permits a nation to examine itself honestly and to take effective measures to prevent a repetition of the past.

Vol Two Chapter One Executive Summary Page 18 Reconciliation 74.

75.

76.

77.

78.

79.

The Commission recognises that the term reconciliation evolves from a notion of restorative justice.
A system based on restorative justice focuses on restoring relations, as far as possible, between victims and perpetrators and between perpetrators and the communities to which they belong.

Helping to restore relations between these various actors is a long-term process that entails a number of measures.

These measures include accountability, acknowledgment, truth telling and reparations.

To be effective, reconciliation must occur at the national, community and individual levels.
National reconciliation begins by creating the conditions for an immediate cessation of the armed conflict and the return of the country to peace.

The state and other stakeholders must then work towards the prevention of new conflict, which is dependent on a number of factors: the improvement of the socio- economic living conditions of the people; good governance; strong and functional oversight institutions; and the implementation of a reparations programme.
The Commission believes the leadership of Sierra Leone must make more of an effort to promote reconciliation at level, particularly as national the national reconciliation is a long-term project.

The government must commit itself to the process of reconciliation and it can do this by ensuring that the recommendations made by the Commission are carried out.

Community reconciliation entails restoring relations between the community and the perpetrator.
It is fostered by understanding and sharing experiences and by creating the conditions for community acceptance of the particular wrong or wrongs done.

Like national reconciliation, community reconciliation is a long- term project.

The Commission noted that some chiefs have been discredited for perpetrating violations and many did not appear before the Commission.

In order for community reconciliation to foster, it is essential that chiefs commit themselves to the process.
Individual reconciliation requires that the victim and perpetrator meet.

It is not imperative either for the victim to forgive the perpetrator or for the perpetrator to express remorse.

In attempting to restore relations between victims and perpetrators, as well as between perpetrators and their communities, the Commission has been guided by the mandate of the TRC.

The mandate called upon the Commission to base its reconciliation activities on the country’s own culture, tradition, and values.
For this reason, religious and other traditional leaders were to be used as much as possible in the process.

The TRC was also mandated to use existing structures as much as possible so as not to ‘reinvent the wheel’.

Recognising the short life- span of the Commission, provisions were made for the continuation of reconciliation activities after the closure of the Secretariat.
In 2003, District Reconciliation Committees were established in partnership with the Inter- Religious Council of Sierra Leone in order to continue the Commission’s long- term activities on reconciliation.

The Commission’s activities on reconciliation have been varied.

They have often begun with sensitisation activities, targeted at specific groups of victims and perpetrators to encourage them to partake in reconciliation activities.
They have included reconciliation ceremonies (bringing together victims and perpetrators or perpetrators with their communities) and memorial ceremonies (naming victims who died during the conflict and establishing monuments or memorials).
Vol Two Chapter One Executive Summary Page 19 Towards the end of its operations, the Commission also organised a large-scale National Reconciliation March (with participants from the various political parties, the police, Army and war-affected groups) and a series of workshops and consultations with civil society, involving discussion of factors that help and impede reconciliation.

Reparations 80.

81.

82.

83.


84. the Commission the TRC Act mandates Section 15(2) of to make recommendations to help: 1) prevent repetition of the violations or abuses suffered; 2) respond to the needs of the victims; and 3) promote healing and reconciliation.

To achieve these objectives, the Commission recommended the implementation of a reparations programme for Sierra Leone.

The specific purpose of a reparations programme is to provide redress to the victims of human rights violations.
The needs of the victims can be used to determine what benefits they should be accorded in such a programme.

Reparations are the primary responsibility of the government.

The government must ensure the implementation of a reparations programme.

It is an accepted principle of international law that states may be held liable for human rights violations committed either by them or their agents.
A violation of international human rights law or international humanitarian law imposes a duty on a state to afford adequate reparations.

The state may also be responsible in certain circumstances for providing reparations for violations by non-state actors.

In addition, the 1991 Constitution of Sierra Leone mandates the provision of redress for the violation of fundamental human rights.
In devising its recommendations on reparations, the Commission took into account the resources available to the state to ensure that its recommendations would be feasible.

This determination proved problematic given the inability of the Commission to determine the potential universe of victims eligible for specific benefits under its programme.
For a victim of the conflict to be eligible for reparations, the Commission determined that the event or injury in question had to have occurred between 23 March 1991 and 1 March 2002.

In determining the categories of beneficiaries for the reparations programme, the Commission first considered those victims who have become vulnerable as a result of having suffered human rights violations.
Subject to practical limitations relating to state resources, the Commission recommends that the following list of victims be considered beneficiaries of the reparations programme: amputees and other war wounded, victims of sexual violence, children and war widows.

Each category should be carefully defined to fit specific parameters and conditions.
For example, child beneficiaries should include those who, as a result of the conflict, suffered physical injuries or psychological harm, were abducted or forcibly conscripted, lost parents as a consequence of a violation as described in the Report or were born out of sexual violence and whose mother is single.

In certain cases, the benefits of particular reparations measures may also confer upon various categories of ‘indirect beneficiaries’, such as wives and children of the eligible victims.
Vol Two Chapter One Executive Summary Page 20 85.

86.

87.

88.

In determining what reparations should be accorded to victims, the Commission relied on the needs expressed by victims, as well as on extensive research and consultations with a large number of international organisations and NGOs with relevant experience.
The Commission’s recommended measures deal with the needs of victims in the following areas: health; pensions; education; skills training and micro-credit; community reparations; and symbolic reparations.

The Government of Sierra Leone should carry out symbolic measures of reparations that encompass the entire universe of victims of the conflict.
The Commission proposes that the reparations programme be co-ordinated by the National Commission for Social Action (NaCSA), which would also serve as the implementing body for the programme and be entrusted with administering the Special Fund for War Victims.

NaCSA should work closely with different ministries in ensuring the decentralisation of reparations programmes.

A dedicated Advisory Committee should assist NaCSA in its task.
The ability of reparations to foster reconciliation need not be underscored.

A reparations programme has the potential to assist those victims whose lives have been most devastated to move beyond the position they are currently in as a consequence of the conflict.

Providing victims with the assistance they urgently need also serves to restore their dignity which, in turn, helps foster the conditions necessary for reconciliation.

National Vision for Sierra Leone 89.

90.

91.

92.
90.

91.

92.

The Commission looked not only to the past but also to the future, in order to describe the society that its recommendations were designed to achieve.

This strategy required the Commission to get a sense of the expectations, hopes and aspirations of the people of Sierra Leone.
Instituted by the Commission as a complementary project to reconciliation, the National Vision for Sierra Leone (National Vision) invited the public to supply individual ‘visions’ for a future ‘roadmap’ for Sierra Leone.

The collection of ‘visions’ began in September 2003 with a call for contributions.

During the following two months hundreds of contributions poured in.

Among the contributors were men, women and children of all ages, reflecting a wide variety of social and educational backgrounds.
They included ex-combatants, artists and artisans, teachers, students and prisoners.

The contributions included written and recorded essays, slogans, plays, poems and songs; paintings, etchings and drawings; sculptures, installations and a boat.

Common themes included references to the country’s violent past, justice, peace, unity and love.

The contributions were displayed in the National Vision Exhibit, launched in December 2003, and remained on display at the National Museum in Freetown until May 2004.
Over 400 people attended the launch and several thousand have visited the Exhibit in various locations since.

The National Vision has been praised by the Government of Sierra Leone, receiving a personal endorsement from President Kabbah, who also attended a televised tour of the Exhibit.

It has also been endorsed and praised by a variety of international figures, including Archbishop Desmond Tutu of South Africa.

Vol Two Chapter One Executive Summary Page 21 93.

94.

95.

96.
94.

95.

96.

Through the National Vision, Sierra Leoneans of all ages and backgrounds have claimed their own civic space in the new Sierra Leone and made their contributions to the country’s cultural and national heritage.

The National Vision for Sierra Leone uniquely and effectively complements Vision 2025.

Vision 2025 is a government policy document that outlines implementing strategies for the development of Sierra Leone over the next 21 years.
As the National Vision for Sierra Leone serves as a non-partisan, intergenerational forum for dialogue, it raises awareness around the existence of such dialogue and encourages individual Sierra Leoneans, especially the youth, to participate in this dialogue.

The National Vision has great potential to serve as a vehicle for continuing popular input into Vision 2025.

The Commission decided that the momentum generated by the National Vision should be nurtured even after the closure of the Commission.
The Commission accordingly recommended that the National Vision should become a permanent open, interactive civic space for all stakeholders in Sierra Leone to engage in dialogue through artistic and scholarly expression on political, moral and social issues relating to the past, present and future.

The National Vision for Sierra Leone must remain true to the founding principles underlying the Truth and Reconciliation Commission.
As such, all future National Vision activities must serve the preservation of peace, strive for unity and promote healing and reconciliation.

In order to achieve these objectives the National Vision must remain independent and non-partisan.

The National Vision has emphasised the significance of each individual contributor to Sierra Leone.

The work of building a new and better Sierra Leone belongs to every stakeholder in Sierra Leone.
The individuals who have lent their hopes and dreams for Sierra Leone are vehicles for change.

Conclusion 97.

Building a lasting peace in Sierra Leone can only begin with a comprehensive knowledge and understanding of the country’s past.

The past holds many lessons that will aid in forging a politically and economically healthy Sierra Leone.

the Knowledge and understanding are recurrence of conflict as Sierra Leone strives to give meaning to the sentiments of ‘never again’.
In closing, therefore, the Commission reiterates its call to readers to take the time to study and widely discuss with others as many of the other volumes and chapters of the Report as possible.

the most powerful deterrents to Vol Two Chapter One Executive Summary Page 22 CHAPTER TWO Findings TRC Learn from Yesterday for a better Tomorrow Produced by the TRC Steering Committee with support from the International Human Rights Law Group CHAPTER TWO Findings Introduction 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.
2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

The Truth and Reconciliation Commission Act 2000 (“the Act”) enjoined the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (“the TRC” or “the Commission”) to make findings in relation to the causes, nature and extent of violations and abuses during the armed conflict in Sierra Leone.1 In particular, the Commission was mandated to deliberate on the question of whether such violations and abuses were the result of deliberate planning, policy or authorisation by any government, group or individual.
The Act required investigation into the roles of internal and external factions in the conflict.2 This chapter summarises the main findings of the Commission.3 The detailed findings of the Commission are to be found in the different chapters of the report.

The main findings are preceded by primary findings.

The primary findings are the central or most important findings made by the Commission.
In the course of its proceedings, the Commission amassed a large amount of evidence and information from public and closed hearings, interviews, investigations and research.

Based upon the totality of this information, the Commission has made findings concerning the roles played in the conflict by governments, groups, factions and individuals.
At the end of each section addressing the role played by a particular government, faction or group, the names and positions of persons found to have been its key office-holders are listed.

In circumstances where a finding related to the actions of the government, faction or group in question, those office-holders were by implication held responsible.

In certain circumstances, findings were also made in respect of individuals.
These circumstances included: o Where the individual in question had sufficient opportunity during a hearing or interview to respond to an allegation; or where the individual was supplied with written questions and could have responded in writing; and o Where the Commission was satisfied that the information or evidence at its disposal pointed overwhelmingly to a certain conclusion.

The Commission made findings in respect of groups and individuals after careful deliberation.
Following months of research and investigation, staff members placed their research conclusions before the Commissioners in a series of workshops.

These conclusions were interrogated and debated by the Commissioners.

1 Section 6(1) read with Section 6(2)(a) of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission Act 2000.

2 Section 6(2)(a)(i) of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission Act 2000.

3 As required by Section 15(2) of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission Act 2000.
Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 25 7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

The standard of proof employed was not that used by criminal courts of law, namely proof beyond a reasonable doubt.

The Commission did not make findings on questions of innocence or guilt.

It made factual findings in relation to responsibility and accountability.

The standard of proof utilised by the Commission was therefore more akin to the preponderance or balance of probabilities.
The Commission, by necessity, devoted its energies to building the totality of the story of the conflict.

Although specific cases were investigated, these were events that either served to illustrate the greater story or incidents that, in themselves, defined the nature and course of the conflict.

The Findings chapter is perhaps more properly described as a summation of the main conclusions4 that emerged from the process of establishing the “factual or forensic truth” 5 of the conflict.
At times this summation accords with some of the “personal or narrative truths”, namely the truth as understood or related by individual participants, victims and witnesses.6 The findings also, at times, accord with the “social truth” or that truth that is generally accepted by large segments of the population.7 At other times, the conclusions to be found in the Findings chapter depart fundamentally from the different narrative truths and formerly accepted social or popular truths.
In so doing, the findings of the Commission have debunked certain popular “truths” and may contribute to the creation of a new social truth of the Sierra Leone conflict.

the The Findings chapter commences with Commission.

The chapter then sets out the conclusions and findings of the Commission in relation to the following topics and themes: the Primary Findings of a.

Causes of the Conflict b.


Nature and Characteristics of the Conflict c. Perpetrator Responsibility d. Military and Political History of the Conflict i.

Revolutionary United Front (RUF) ii.

Sierra Leone Army (SLA) iii.

National Provisional Ruling Council (NPRC) iv.

Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC) v. Sierra Leone People’s Party Government (SLPP) vi.

Civil Defence Forces (CDF) e. External Actors i. Libya ii.

Charles Taylor and the National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL) iii.
United Liberation Movement for Democracy (ULIMO) iv.

Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and ECOWAS Ceasefire Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) 4 The terms “findings” and “conclusions” are used interchangeably in this chapter.

5 These are conclusions based on an empirical fact-finding approach.

See Chapter Three of Volume One for a comprehensive definition of the factual truth and Chapter Five of Volume One for details on the fact-finding approach adopted by the Commission.
6 See Chapter Three of Volume One for a detailed discussion on personal or narrative truth.

7 See Chapter Three of Volume One for a detailed discussion on social truth.

Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 26 v. United Kingdom vi.

Executive Outcomes vii.

United Nations and the International Community f. The Judiciary, the Rule of Law and the Promotion of Human Rights g. Youth h. Children i.

Women j.

Mineral Resources k. TRC and the Special Court for Sierra Leone PRIMARY FINDINGS 12.

13.

14.

15.

16.
13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

The Commission finds that the conflict and the post-independence period preceding it represent the most shameful years of Sierra Leone’s history.

These periods reflect an extraordinary failure of leadership on the part of all those involved in government, public life and civil society.
The Commission finds that the central cause of the war was endemic greed, corruption and nepotism that deprived the nation of its dignity and reduced most people to a state of poverty.

Successive political elites8 plundered the nation’s assets, including its mineral riches, at the expense of the national good.

Government accountability was non-existent.

Institutions meant to uphold human rights, such as the courts and civil society, were thoroughly co-opted by the executive.
This context provided ripe breeding grounds for opportunists who unleashed a wave of violence and mayhem that was to sweep through the country.

Many Sierra Leoneans, particularly the youth, lost all sense of hope in the future.

Youths became easy prey for unscrupulous forces who exploited their disenchantment to wreak vengeance against the ruling elite.

The Commission holds the political elite of successive regimes in the post- independence period responsible for creating the conditions for conflict.
The Commission finds that the seeds of discontent of the late 1980s and early 1990s can be traced to the colonial strategies of divide and rule and the subversion of traditional systems by the colonial power and successive governments.

War in Sierra Leone was waged largely by Sierra Leoneans against Sierra Leoneans.

All factions specifically targeted civilians.

The Sierra Leone civil war was characterised by indiscriminate violence.
It broke long-standing rules, defiled cherished traditions, sullied human respect and tore apart the very fabric of society.

8 The term ‘political elite’ is used to describe the elite across the spectrum including the business elite and those occupying positions of power and influence in the public and private sectors.

Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 27 22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

32.

33.


While the majority of victims were adult males, perpetrators singled out women and children for some of the most brutal violations of human rights recorded in any conflict.

Children aged between ten and 14 years were especially targeted for forced recruitment.

Girls between the ages of ten and 14 were targeted for rape and for abuse as sexual slaves.9 Women and girls were raped, forced into sexual slavery, tortured and suffered cruel and inhumane acts.
Forced displacements, abductions, arbitrary detentions and killings were the most common violations.10 The Commission holds all the armed groups involved in the conflict responsible for systematically plundering and looting Sierra Leone.
The Commission finds the leadership of the RUF, the AFRC, the SLA and the CDF to be responsible for either authorising or instigating human rights violations against civilians; alternatively for failing to stop such practices or to speak out against them; and for failing to acknowledge the atrocities committed by their followers or members.
The Commission holds the National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL) and the RUF responsible for planning and executing military operations against the state of Sierra Leone.

In particular, the Commission finds that the leaders of these organisations, Charles Taylor and Foday Sankoh, played pivotal roles in bringing bloody conflict to Sierra Leone.

The Commission found the RUF to have been responsible for the largest number of human rights violations in the conflict.
The AFRC committed the second highest rate of violations.

The SLA and the CDF were attributed, respectively, with the third and fourth highest institutional counts of violations.

The Commission finds that the governments in power at the time of the outbreak of violence in 1991 and during the conflict period neglected to take adequate steps to protect the nation from the aggressive actions of foreign and rebel forces.
The Commission finds that the SLPP Government must bear responsibility for the excesses committed by the CDF.

The Government failed to stop and address the Commission of human rights violations against civilians and initiates even when knowledge of such violations was brought to its attention.

9 In violations reported to the Commission, the exact age of the victim at the onset of the violation is recorded for 54.8% (22,041 out of 40,242 victims) of them.
Of these, 4.5% (985 out of 22,041) have the age of the victim recorded as under 10 years old, and 9.5% (2,104 out of 22,041) have the age of the victim recorded as under 13 years old.

10 This statement is based on the testimonies submitted to the Commission; see the Statistical Report produced as an Appendix to this report for an explanation of how the Commission’s database represents the abuses experienced during the war in Sierra Leone.

Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 28 34.

35.

36.

37.

38.
35.

36.

37.

38.

The Commission finds that successive governments abused the death penalty to eliminate political opponents.

The Commission finds the continued existence of the death penalty on the statute books of Sierra Leone to be an affront to a civilised society based on respect for human life.

The Commission finds that successive regimes in Sierra Leone misused emergency powers to suppress political dissent.
The persistent use of so- called “Safe Custody” detention is unlawful and represents gross contempt for the rule of law by the present Government of Sierra Leone.

The Commission finds that contrary to popular belief, the exploitation of diamonds did not cause the conflict in Sierra Leone.

Nevertheless, different fighting factions did target diamondiferous areas for the purposes of gathering mineral wealth to support their war efforts.
The Commission finds that many of the causes of the conflict that prompted thousands of young people to join the war have still not been adequately addressed.

High among these factors are elitist politics, rampant corruption, nepotism, and bad governance in general.

They are potential causes of conflict, if they remain unaddressed.11 The Commission holds that the right to the truth is inalienable.

This right should be upheld in terms of national and international law.
It is the reaching of the wider truth through broad-based participation that permits a nation to examine itself honestly and to take effective measures to prevent a repetition of the past.

FINDINGS ON THE CAUSES OF THE CONFLICT 39.

40.

The causes of the Sierra Leone conflict were many and diverse.
Some historical antecedents to the conflict can be traced back to the colonial period,12 while others are found by examining the post-independence years, in particular, the years preceding the outbreak of violence in 1991.

Key themes highlighted by the Commission were the pervasive corruption and the dire failings in governance that characterised all the regimes of the pre-conflict years.13 These factors produced the conditions that made Sierra Leone ripe for violent conflict.

41.
41.

This section also sets out findings in relation to those developments that constituted the immediate antecedents to the start of conflict.

11 A study has revealed that around half of civil wars occur in countries that have had another internal conflict during the previous ten years.

As reported in The Economist, 24 April 2004 at page 84.

More detail can be found at the website: www.economist.com/copenhagenconsensus.

12 See the chapter on Historical Antecedents to the Conflict in Volume Three A.
13 See the chapter on Governance in Volume Three A. Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 29 Primary findings 42.

43.

44.

45.

Prior to 1991, successive regimes became increasingly impervious to the wishes and needs of the majority.

Instead of implementing positive and progressive policies, each regime perpetuated the ills and self-serving machinations left behind by its predecessor.
A number of internal factors accumulated, which made armed rebellion an increasingly attractive option for many disaffected Sierra Leoneans.

These factors included unrestrained greed, corruption and bad governance.

Institutional collapse reduced the vast majority of people to a state of deprivation.

Government accountability was non-existent.

Political expression and dissent had been crushed.

Democracy and the rule of law were dead.


By 1991, Sierra Leone was a deeply divided society, full of the potential for violence.

It required only the slightest spark for this violence to be ignited.

Main findings The Colonial Period 46.

47.

48.

49.

50.

The Commission finds that the Colonial power in Sierra Leone deliberately created two nations in the same land, one in the colony and the other in the protectorate.
The impact of the separate development policies had far-reaching consequences, particularly in the fields of education, access to resources and in the social and political development of the two regions.

The policies of the Colonial government led to the preferential development of the Colony at the expense of the Protectorate.

finds the The Commission Chieftaincy system and, in so doing, undermined its legitimacy.

The Chiefs became mere surrogates of the colonial government.
They owed their loyalty to their colonial masters rather than to the people they were meant to serve.

the Colonial government manipulated that The Commission finds that the policies of the Colonial government created a dual legal system that affected the colony and the protectorate differently.

This impacted negatively on those in the protectorate who had to contend with the arbitrary and capricious application of customary law by the Chiefs.
This created much resentment amongst the residents of the protectorate.

The Post-Independence Period The Commission finds that, by the early 1990s, greed, corruption and bad governance had led to institutional collapse, through the weakening of the Army, the police, the judiciary and the civil service.

The entire economy was undermined by grave mismanagement.

Selfish leadership bred resentment, poverty and a deplorable lack of access to key services.
Notwithstanding the riches endowed to Sierra Leone in the form of diamonds and other mineral resources, the bulk of the population remained impoverished.

Indeed, many of the poor were becoming poorer.

Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 30 51.

52.

53.

54.

55.

56.

57.

58.

59.

60.

These social ills began with a collective failure to subscribe to notions of the common good.

In many instances, the rich perceived the poor to be worthless, while the poor perceived the rich to be unworthy.
A culture of grabbing and intolerance for the rights of others became entrenched in Sierra Leone.

People were systematically deprived of their dignity.

The political elite in successive regimes excluded society-at-large from meaningful participation in decision-making.

Key stakeholders in society, including students, youths, and the Provinces, were marginalised by the political elite.

Ultimately, these marginalised groups played a central role in initiating and fuelling the armed conflict.
the populace of The Commission finds in particular that the term of government under the All People’s Congress (APC), particularly during the reign of President Siaka Stevens (1969 – 1985), was one that suppressed any semblance of opposition.

The creation of a one-party state effectively neutralised all checks and balances on The one-party state systematically closed down avenues for open debate and democratic activity.

the exercise of executive power.


By the time of the conflict, successive regimes had rendered the country devoid of governmental accountability.

Institutions such as the judiciary and civil society had become mere pawns in the hands of the executive.

Parliament proved itself to be a servile agent of the executive, lacking courage and determination to resist tyranny.
The Commission institutions of oversight must accept responsibility for the effective entrenchment of dictatorship and bad governance that laid the grounds for war.

that all finds There were no significant acts of resistance to the excesses of the system.

Civil society was largely co-opted into the very same system.

Organs or agents of the APC Government quickly crushed the few who did stand up to totalitarianism.

In short, there were no real restraints on the executive.
The rule of law was well and truly dead.

Those in power became a law unto themselves.

The signs of the impending human catastrophe were plain to see.

The Provinces had been almost totally sidelined through the centralisation of political and economic power in Freetown.

Local government was in demise across the country.

Chiefs and traditional structures did little more than the bidding of the power base in Freetown.
Regions and ethnic groups were polarised by the contrasting treatments they were afforded.

It had become commonplace for elections to be rigged.

Elections were associated with campaigns of intimidation and violence often carried out by thugs who were employed by party bosses and given drugs to fuel their waywardness.

Historically, the conduct of the political elite, while in power was largely the same, regardless of which political party was in power.
Corruption in the judiciary and public sector was rife.

The people had lost all faith in the ruling class to act with integrity and to deliver basic services to the nation.

Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 31 61.

62.

63.

64.

65.

66.

67.

68.

Successive political regimes abused their authority over the security forces and unleashed them against their political opponents in the name of national security.

Soldiers and police officers were reduced to playing roles as agents of destabilisation.
The Commission finds that the military overthrow of the APC government in 1967 sowed the seeds for future military coups of successive governments.

By the time of the outbreak of war, the army had become dangerously under resourced after years of neglect, when government devoted its resources to internal security for purposes of extinguishing political opposition.

finds lines The Commission characterised the post-colonial period.
Successive regimes favoured certain ethnic groups over others with regard to appointments in cabinet, the civil service and army.

that divisions along ethnic and regional Sierra Leoneans owed loyalty to their respective ethnic group rather than to the nation.

They became captive to different systems of patronage.

The basis for political, social and economic mobility was dependent on allegiance to a “pa” (benefactor) rather than effort based on merit.
By the end of the 1980s, Sierra Leone had become a deeply fragmented country, marked by an almost total lack of national identity.

Notions of citizenship and patriotism had become meaningless concepts.

The Commission finds that the innumerable failings in governance caused Sierra Leonean activists to seek alternative outlets for expression of their dissent and dissatisfaction.
The exclusionist actions of the APC led to a complete loss of faith in the political system and ultimately gave rise to a general belief that only a revolutionary movement could bring about change.

The Commission finds that those in leadership in government, public life and civil society failed the people of Sierra Leone.

The period between independence and the start of the conflict represents a colossal failure of leadership at all levels of public life.
No enlightened and visionary leaders emerged to steer the country away from the slide into chaos and bloody civil war.

The Commission holds the political elite of successive regimes in the post- independence period responsible for creating the conditions for conflict in Sierra Leone.

The governments headed by Sir Milton Margai, Sir Albert Margai, Colonel A. T. Juxon-Smith, Siaka Probyn Stevens and General Joseph Saidu Momoh all bear a share of this responsibility.
These leaders together with the entire political elite collectively placed their personal and political interests above those of the nation.

Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 32 69.

70.

71.

72.

73.

74.

The immediate antecedents to the armed conflict in Sierra Leone Outbreak of armed conflict was made inevitable by events unfolding in Liberia.
A series of events took place on Liberian territory in 1990 and 1991 that culminated in the formulation of a joint agenda on the part of Charles Taylor and Foday Sankoh.

The Commission finds that they planned to instigate a war in Sierra Leone.

The launch of a renewed insurgency by Charles Taylor’s National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL) against the Government of Liberia in December 1989 was an integral antecedent to the conflict in Sierra Leone.
The Commission finds that Charles Taylor played an influential role in bringing war to Sierra Leone.

Taylor provided the organisational oversight of both the NPFL and the RUF factions during the period preceding the conflict.

Foday Sankoh assembled and trained a force comprising 385 commandos at Camp Namma in Liberia.

The Commission finds that Sankoh’s training programme was geared to no other purpose but the launching of an armed insurgency in Sierra Leone with this force.
The High Command of the Sierra Leone Army failed to put in place sufficiently robust measures to deter, prevent or contain attacks in the border area with Liberia.

The Commission finds that there were concrete plans for joint military operations by the RUF and NPFL in existence before 23 March 1991.

These plans sparked a conflict that was unprecedented in its intensity, its nature and its characteristics.

FINDINGS ON THE NATURE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CONFLICT Primary Findings 75.

76.

77.

78.

79.
76.

77.

78.

79.

The war was waged largely by Sierra Leoneans against Sierra Leoneans.

All factions specifically targeted civilians.

While the majority of victims were adult males, perpetrators singled out women and children for some of the most brutal violations of human rights recorded in any conflict.

In a few cases, the children victimised were below ten years of age.

Forced displacements, abductions, arbitrary detentions, and killings were the most common violations.
Sierra Leone was systematically plundered and looted by all factions in the conflict.

The war has left Sierra Leone in a state of infrastructural disrepair.

Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 33 Main Findings Self-destructive character of the conflict 80.

81.

82.

83.

84.

85.

Notwithstanding the participation of thousands of fighters from other countries in the war, the overwhelming majority of atrocities were committed by Sierra The conflict was essentially Leoneans against Sierra Leoneans.
self-destructive in character.

Age and gender profile of the victims Most of the violations reported to the Commission were committed against adult males (59.6%, or 6816 violations out of 11,429).14 Of the victims reported to the Commission for whom age and sex are known, 66.5% (7,603 out of 11,429 victims) are male while 33.5% (3,826 out of 11,429 victims) are female.
Female victims reported to the Commission comprised 31.9% of adult victims (3,186 out of 10,002 victims) but made up 44.9% (640 out of 1,427) of the child victims.15 Most of the violations in the Commission’s database were committed against adults, but an alarming high proportion was committed against children.

Sixty- six percent of the victims in the Commission’s database are male.

Female victims in the Commission’s database comprised 30.9% of adult victims but made up nearly half of all child victims.
Targeting of Civilians Civilians accounted for a large number of deaths at the hands of each of the fighting factions.16 The Commission finds that civilians, as individuals and in groups, were often the direct targets of participant militias and armed groups rather than merely the unfortunate victims of “collateral damage”.

Combatant groups executed brutal campaigns of terror against civilians in order to enforce their military and political agendas.
Civilians became the “objects” of political or factional allegiance.

They were victimised indiscriminately to send a message to “the enemy”.

The Commission finds that all participant militias and armed groups not only laws and conventions of war, but also disrespected intentionally flouted the laws and customs that traditionally have lent structure to Sierra Leonean communities, culture and society.
international the 14 There were 14,995 victims reported to the Commission, but the age category and sex are known for only 11,429 of them.

More detail can be found in the Statistical Report produced as an Appendix to this report.

15 The age category of the victim is known for 33,196 of the 40,242 violations reported to the Commission; 13.6% of the violations (4,513 out of 33,196) were committed against children 17 years of age or younger.
16 The majority of the 4,514 deaths reported to the Commission were civilian deaths.

Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 34 86.

87.

88.

89.

Nature of Violations Forced displacement accounted for 19.8% (7,983 out of 40,242) of the violations reported to the Commission.

More forced displacements were reported than any other violation.

The Commission found that a typical, recurring pattern of experience was for victims to flee from their homes in fear of their lives, leaving attackers in their wake.
These attackers would often systematically loot and destroy whatever property had been left behind.

Abductions were the Commission followed by arbitrary detention.

The total reported violations and percentages are shown in the table below.
the second most common violation reported to Violation Type Forced Displacement Abduction Arbitrary Detention Killing Destruction of Property Assault / Beating Looting of Goods Physical Torture Forced Labour Extortion Rape Sexual Abuse Amputation Forced Recruitment Sexual Slavery Drugging Forced Cannibalism Total Count 7983 5968 4835 4514 3404 3246 3044 2051 1834 1273 626 486 378 331 191 59 19 40, 242 Percentage 19.8 14.8 12.0 11.2 8.5 8.1 7.6 5.1 4.6 3.2 1.6 1.2 0.9 0.8 0.5 0.2 0.1 100.2 Within the context of the violations reported in statements to the Commission, rape and sexual slavery were committed exclusively against females, while 89.1% (293 out of 331) of forced recruitments were committed against males.
Targeting of Children The Commission finds that children were specifically targeted during the conflict.
In particular, the Commission finds statistical patterns that are consistent with the hypothesis that children between the ages of 10 and 14 were specifically targeted for forced recruitment, rape, and sexual slavery.17 Twenty-five percent of the victims reported to the Commission across these three violations were young children: 11 years of age or younger in respect of forced recruitment; 13 years or below in respect of those raped; 12 years or younger in respect of those forced into sexual slavery.
17 More detail can be found in the chapter on Children in Volume Three B. Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 35 90.

91.

92.

93.

94.

95.

96.

97.

The Commission finds the RUF, the AFRC and the SLA (when it operated with the AFRC) to be the primary organisations that committed violations against children.
Of the violations known to the Commission with a victim with known age and alleged to have been committed by the RUF, 15.4% (3,090 out of 20,125 violations) were against children.18 The corresponding statistic for the AFRC (including the SLA when it operated with the AFRC) was 10.7% (603 out of 5,610 violations).

The leaderships of these factions are held responsible for permitting the commission of gross human rights violations against children.
There are no mitigating factors to justify such inhuman and cruel conduct.

Looting of the Nation Sierra Leone was systematically plundered during the conflict period.

Looting violations were rife and constant throughout the period of fighting.

Property owners and those with assets, such as motor cars and large numbers of livestock, were deliberately targeted by each of the fighting factions, as they sought to accumulate wealth for themselves.
The Commission finds that the targeting by the RUF of the affluent and the attacking of commercial operations crippled the economy.

Combatants from each of the factions enriched themselves through tactics universally known as “pay yourself”.

They would force captives to act as “human caravans” to carry away their loot.

Combatants from all the factions in the Sierra Leone civil war are held responsible for looting and pillaging the country.
The Commission holds the leadership elements of all factions responsible for either authorising or failing to stop the dispossession of the people.

Characterisation of the Fighting Forces The majority of the fighting forces were composed of the young, the disgruntled, the unemployed and the poor.

The Commission has identified an astonishing “factional fluidity” among the different militias and armed groups that prosecuted the war.
Both overtly and covertly, gradually and suddenly, fighters switched sides or established new “units”.

These “chameleonic tendencies” spanned across all factions without exception.

The factional fluidity that defined this conflict was drawn into its sharpest focus in the latter stages of the conflict.

Many of the early members of the RUF on its Southern Front in the Pujehun District reappeared as Kamajors under the banner of the CDF after 1997.
Theirs was not so much a switching of sides as the identification of a new vehicle on which to purvey their notions of empowerment as civil militiamen.

18 More detail can be found in the chapter on Children in Volume Three B. Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 36 Other Characteristics of the Conflict 98.

99.

100.

Chiefs, Speakers, elders and other social, cultural and religious figureheads were singled out for humiliation and brutal maltreatment by combatants of the NPFL and the RUF.
The conflict was often used as a vehicle for carrying out pre-existing grudges, grievances and vendettas.

Acts of summary justice were often directed or encouraged by other civilians.

These were mostly isolated incidents motivated by unresolved personal feuds and other localised dynamics in the particular deployment areas where they took place.

Residents pointed fingers at other members of their communities with whom they had a history of civil strife.
ECOMOG or SLA soldiers, RUF fighters or CDF militiamen then executed the alleged wrongdoer without substantiating the accusation.

101.

Persons in positions of leadership or responsibility at times made malicious statements regarding other ethnic groups in order to promote their strategic objectives.

This heightened ethnic tensions.

The Nature of Particular Violations 102.

103.

104.

There was widespread voluntary and recreational use of drugs by members of the militias and armed groups.
However, there were also many violations of forced ingestion of drugs and alcohol, particularly by members of the RUF against those they had abducted or forcibly enlisted.

The Commission finds that amputations were not a constant or underpinning feature to the prosecution of the war, but rather came in the form of campaigns.

Amputations were carried out by members of the RUF, the CDF, the AFRC and the SLA in its earlier incarnations.
The Commission recorded violations committed by all combatant factions in which captives or villagers were forced to eat the flesh and body parts of human corpses.

This violation also manifested itself in the forced drinking of (one’s own or another’s) blood, and the forced eating of one’s own body parts.

It served to dehumanise the victim and to create grave psychological damage.

105.
105.

The Kamajors, who constituted the CDF of the Southern and Eastern Regions, demonstrated a tendency towards the subjection of their victims to forced cannibalism.

Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 37 FINDINGS ON PERPETRATOR RESPONSIBILITY Primary Findings 106.

The RUF was the primary violator of human rights in the conflict.
The AFRC was responsible for the second largest number of violations.19 The Sierra Leone Army (SLA)20 was the third biggest violator, followed by the Civil Defence Forces (CDF).21 Main Findings 107.

108.

109.

110.

111.

The Commission finds that the RUF was responsible for more violations than any other faction during the period 1991 to 2000: 60.5% (24,353 out of 40,242) of all violations were attributed to the RUF.
Furthermore, the RUF committed more violations than any other group during every individual year between 1991 and 2000.22 The AFRC was responsible for the second largest number of violations during the period 1991 to 2000.

Some 9.8% (3,950 out of 40,242 violations) of all allegations made in statements to the Commission were attributed to the AFRC.

The Sierra Leone Army (SLA) was responsible for the third largest number of violations during the same period.
Some 6.8% (2,724 out of 40,242) of the allegations made in the statements were levelled at the SLA.

6% (2,419 out of 40,242) of violations alleged by the statement-makers are attributed to the CDF, and 1.5% of violations alleged by the statement-makers are attributed jointly to the SLA and AFRC during the second quarter of 1997.
Other groups such as ECOMOG, the Special Security Division (SSD) of the Sierra Leone Police and the Guinean Armed Forces (GAF) account for less than 1% each of the recorded violations.

5.0% of the recorded violations are considered to have unknown perpetrators.

112.

The total number of reported violations by year and alleged perpetrator identity are set out in the table overleaf.
19 It should be noted that there was significant “transferability” of combatants between the AFRC and the RUF in the latter stages of the war.

The AFRC only came into being in 1997.

20 There was some confusion in the identification of SLA and AFRC perpetrators from 1997 onwards.

More detail can be found in the Statistical Report produced as an Appendix to this report.

21 All of these conclusions on perpetrator responsibility are based on the testimonies and statements submitted to the Commission.
22 A further 9.7% of violations were attributed to "rebels".

For a discussion of this category, see the Statistical Report produced as an Appendix to this report.
Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 38 Number of violations reported to the TRC according to year and alleged perpetrator identity23 SLA AFRC CDF RUF 4,055 1,241 758 2,550 3,822 1,231 926 2,686 2,639 Year FINDINGS POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE CONFLICT IN RESPECT OF THE MILITARY AND 113.

114.
114.

The next section covers the findings made in respect of the military and political history of the conflict.

These findings are organised per faction.

Findings of responsibility are made in relation to the role played by each faction and, in certain circumstances, with respect to individual leaders, commanders, combatants and other role-players.
The factions included in this study are the Revolutionary United Front (RUF), the Sierra Leone Army (SLA), the National Provisional Ruling Council (NPRC), the Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC), the Government of the Sierra Leone People’s Party (SLPP Government) and the Civil Defence Forces (CDF).

23 A number of violations which were reported to the Commission but which could not be dated have been omitted from this table.
Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 39 THE REVOLUTIONARY UNITED FRONT OF SIERRA LEONE (RUF) Primary Findings 115.

116.

117.

The RUF and its supporters were responsible for the greatest number of human rights violations during the conflict period.

Although the RUF may have reflected prevailing discontent and revolutionary fervour existing in Sierra Leone at the start of the conflict, it soon lost its claim to be a peoples’ movement.

From the beginning, the RUF’s war was a war of terror.
While its political objectives evolved over time, the RUF never ceased or lessened its attack on the lives and properties of the people of Sierra Leone.

The RUF’s terror tactics included the widespread abduction of children and their forced enlistment into the RUF movement under threat of death; massacres of entire communities and the targeting of traditional figureheads influential persons; campaigns of amputations; public and brutal and executions; and the destruction and looting of property.

118.
118.

The RUF carried out widespread rapes and acts of sexual violence against women and girls.

Main Findings Characteristics of the RUF faction as it evolved over the course of the conflict 119.

120.

121.

The Commission finds that the RUF comprised a highly unconventional fighting force.

Their members were recruited in troubled circumstances, many of them under false pretences, duress, or threats to their lives.
The Commission finds that large parts of the RUF fighting force that evolved in Pujehun District in the early years bore the character of a civil militia movement.

This anomaly was attributable to the enlistment into the RUF ranks of a pre-existing civil militia called the “Joso” Group, who were the remnants of the force that had led the 1982 Ndorgboryosoi rebellion against the APC.
The strained relationship between the RUF and the NPFL, from the outset, speaks of an insurgent force that was deeply divided.

The Commission finds that many members of the RUF held completely distinct and partly conflicting agendas from their counterparts in the NPFL.

In both Kailahun and Pujehun Districts, RUF members engaged in hostile actions against the NPFL.

Divergence and confrontation between the two insurgent factions resulted in several targeted killings of each other’s leadership cadre.

122.
122.

The Commission finds that the majority of killings of key RUF commanders between 1991 and 1993 were attributable not to battlefield casualties, but to lethal manifestations of acrimony, rivalry and personal vendettas.

Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 40 123.

The RUF became a totally amorphous movement after the arrest of its leader Foday Sankoh in Nigeria in March 1997.

Its command structure was decapitated and it opened the way for opportunists to assert their claims to leadership in his place.
The result was calamitous for the prospects of engaging the RUF movement in further peace initiatives.

124.

When the movement became the Revolutionary United Front Party (RUFP), it split into two, the political and combatant wings.

The tension and stresses between both groups made it impossible for the RUFP to genuinely engage in consolidating the peace.

125.

126.

127.

128.

129.

130.


RUF Strategies and Tactics of War o Conventional “Target” Warfare (“Phase I”, 1991 -1993) The RUF was responsible for the launch of an armed insurgency in Sierra Leone.

The mode of insurgency was the culmination of detailed advance planning undertaken jointly by Foday Sankoh and Charles Taylor.

The RUF mounted a full-scale incursion from Liberia into both the Kailahun and Pujehun Districts, almost simultaneously.
The Commission finds that, for the duration of Phase I of the conflict,24 from 1991 to 1993, the combatant factions used strategies of conventional “target” warfare.

Until the end of 1993, the conflict retained the character of a war on two fronts.
The Commission finds that the RUF deliberately included civilian settlements within the scope of offensive operations and holds the orchestrators, planners and commanders of these operations responsible for grave and systematic breaches of international humanitarian law.

In particular, Charles Taylor, the leader of the NPFL, and Foday Sankoh, the leader of the RUF, are found to have ordered such operations as part of their joint strategy of conventional “target” warfare.
The Commission holds the leadership of the NPFL and the RUF responsible for precipitating systematic forced displacement through their attacks on “targets”.

The category of forced displacement accounted for more violations than any other act carried out by the warring factions in Phase I of the conflict.

its NPFL partner vigorously pursued opportunities The RUF and for self-enrichment in the towns they entered.
The insurgents thereby intensified the rate of violations they committed against the populations of the Kailahun and Pujehun Districts.

The RUF was responsible for the first sustained assault on Koidu Town, Kono District, from October 1992 until February 1993.

This assault resulted in a spate of violations against local residents including the killing of Chiefs, government officials, businesspersons and members of the Lebanese community.
24 The reference to “Phase I” is a reflection of terminology employed by the Commission for the purposes of analysing the conflict.

For explanation and elaboration on the Phases of the Conflict, please refer to Chapter Three of Volume Three A on the Military and Political History of the Conflict.

Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 41 131.


The Commission finds that the RUF’s attack on Koidu Town in 1992 represented the first of many occasions on which RUF missions targeted at areas rich in strategic resources resulted in the substantial loss of human life and destruction of property.

132.

133.

134.

135.

136.


137. o “Guerrilla” Warfare (“Phase II’”, 1993 - 1997) The Commission finds that the RUF overhauled its tactical approach to the war at the end of 1993 and launched a fresh strategy based on “guerrilla” warfare.

The RUF was solely responsible for a far higher rate of violations and abuses in Phase II than in either the earlier or the later years of the conflict.
In particular, the Commission finds that the RUF perpetrated a systematic campaign of abductions on an unprecedented level in Phase II.

The prime targets of RUF abduction were boys and young men who were forcibly recruited into the combatant cadre, as well as young girls who were raped and sexually enslaved by existing fighters.

Almost every abductee was also forced into carrying loads for the RUF, often over long distances.
The RUF carried out widespread rapes and acts of sexual violence in every community it entered.

The two tactical pillars on which the RUF guerrilla campaign was built were ambushes and “hit and run attacks”.

In advance of ambushes, RUF commanders would whip up tension and aggression in their combatants.

This manifested itself in intense brutality when they were released into action.
Hence RUF ambush teams committed horrendous acts of civilian killings, sexual violence, mutilation and destruction of property.

Violations and abuses followed two principal sub-patterns within “hit and run attacks”.

“Hits” became gradually less discriminate in their targeting and transpired to inflict gross human rights violations on numerous civilian communities.
Violations typically included killings on sight, detentions of civilians (often en masse in cramped conditions), beatings of captives and incidents of rape and gang rape.

In the “run”, or flight from a target, the RUF systematically accrued “resources” for its sustenance as a guerrilla fighting force.

Hence the RUF habitually captured civilians and took them unwillingly from their communities, often torturing them and forcing them into carrying pillaged properties.
These captures were the bedrocks upon which the violations of forced recruitment and sexual slavery increased substantially.

The RUF was able to expand the scope and coverage of its operations so broadly that it had carved out a presence in every one of Sierra Leone’s twelve provincial Districts by 1995.

The Commission finds that the RUF was responsible for the majority of violations and abuses carried out in every single one of these Districts.
Among the atrocities attributable to the RUF during this period are several massacres of entire resident populations of townships in each of the Provinces of the country.

Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 42 138.

139.

140.

141.

142.

143.

The Commission finds that the RUF carried out a host of attacks in the Central and Southern territories of Sierra Leone dressed in full SLA military uniforms.
In many cases the RUF successfully deceived the local population that the Army was responsible for its attacks.

Whilst widely and diversely practised, the Commission finds that such a mode of “false flag” attacks became a particular trademark of the troops commanded by the RUF’s erstwhile Battlefield Commander Mohamed Tarawallie (alias “Zino” or “CO Mohamed”).
The Commission holds the RUF responsible for the majority of the violence against civilians that accompanied the General and Presidential Elections of 1996.

In particular, the RUF launched “Operation Stop Elections”25 against the civilian population as a deliberate ploy to undermine the expression of democratic will by the people of Sierra Leone who participated.
RUF Tactics of Enlistment: Abductions and Forced Recruitment The Commission finds that the RUF pioneered the policy of forced recruitment in the conflict.

The RUF bore a marked proclivity towards abduction, abuse and training of civilians for the purpose of creating commandos.

It was the first armed group to practise forced recruitment and was responsible for the vast majority of the forced recruitment violations recorded by the Commission.
In addition, the Commission finds that many young men joined the RUF voluntarily because they were disaffected.

This trend demonstrates the centrality of bad governance, corruption, all forms of discrimination and the marginalisation of certain sectors of society among the causes of conflict in Sierra Leone.
Historical ills and injustices had prepared the ground for someone of Foday Sankoh’s manipulative ability to canvass among the people and find scores of would-be RUF commandos who could be brought on board with relatively little persuasion.
The Commission finds that, by including young boys among his vanguard trainees at Camp Namma in the early 1990s, Sankoh set a trend of wanton violation of the rights of children that would recur and perpetuate throughout the following eleven years of conflict in Sierra Leone.

The Commission finds that insurgent factions forced thousands of civilians to join them.

Sometimes, people’s normal lives and levels of tolerance were systematically worn away until they had no choice but to join the RUF.
More commonly, though, youths and children were recruited by explicit force that included coercing them at gunpoint, sending them to training bases and turning them into combatants, known as “junior commandos”.

144.

The Commission holds the RUF responsible for the majority of violations involving forced recruitment of children.26 The forcible recruitment of children less than 18 years old is a gross violation of international law.
25 More detail on the nature of this operation is contained below in the findings on Amputations.

26 Of the 168 forced recruitment violations against children recorded in the Commission’s database, the RUF is alleged to have committed 128, or 76.2%, of them.

Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 43 145.

146.

147.

148.

149.

150.

151.


Particular Responsibilities among RUF Ground Commanders The Commission finds that the RUF Battlefield Commander from 1994 to 1996, Mohamed Tarawallie (alias “Zino” or “CO Mohamed”), bears a larger share of responsibility than any other individual combatant for the spread of RUF attacks into the Northern Province of Sierra Leone from 1994 onwards.
Tarawallie carved a niche for himself as the commander in charge of “expanding” the RUF’s areas of operations and leading attacks on Government installations of perceived strategic importance.

The Commission furthermore regards Tarawallie as responsible for the policy of “false flag” operations.

This policy sowed considerable mayhem and bitter distrust of the SLA.

Tarawallie was the main and most frequent perpetrator of attacks in which the whole troop under his command wore full SLA uniforms.
Sam Bockarie (alias “Mosquito”) rose to prominence as both a Battlefield Commander of lethal prowess and a deviant of unknown quantity in Phase II of the war.

He frequently disobeyed orders and committed human rights abuses with total abandon.

Dennis Mingo (alias “Superman”) is also held responsible for a multiplicity of violations and abuses in Phase II.

He was one of the foremost perpetrators of abduction-related crimes against children, including forced recruitment and forced drugging.
Among those commanders who recruited child combatants for the RUF were “vanguard” commanders including Komba Gbondema, Monica Pearson and Rashid Sandi, who undertook training on the RUF base known as ”Camp Charlie”.

These commanders were never disciplined for their wanton mistreatment of children.
Amputations The Commission finds that the RUF was responsible for more amputations than any other faction during the conflict in Sierra Leone.27 During 1996, the RUF’s “Operation Stop Elections” entailed the chopping off of hands and arms as a symbol of preventing people from voting.

In the RUF, a significant proportion of those who wielded the “implement of amputation” and actually performed the cutting of the limb in question were children.
Many of the testimonies collected by the Commission indicate that the perpetrators themselves were acting under strictly enforced orders or other forms of compulsion.

Children were instructed that they would be killed if they did not follow orders from their commanders.

27 The RUF is alleged to have committed 154 of the 387 amputations (39.8%) recorded in the Commission’s database.
The perpetrator group alleged to have committed the next-highest number of amputations recorded in the Commission’s database is the AFRC, with 108 of the 387 amputations (27.1%).

Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 44 152.

153.

Other Characteristics Indiscipline was rife among the fighting forces of the RUF and it was a cause of some of the worst violations and abuses committed by cadres of the RUF movement.
The Commission finds that the RUF bears a considerable degree of responsibility for the destruction of the symbols and institutions of authority in Sierra Leone.

The RUF replaced traditional role players, including Chiefs and elders, with “Town Commanders”.

inappropriate authority figures, such as totally 154.
The Commission finds that the RUF carried out a purposive ploy to attract the attention of the international community by abducting civilian foreign nationals and holding them hostage in violation of international humanitarian law.

Internal Acrimony and Power Struggles within the RUF 155.

156.

157.

The Commission holds Foday Sankoh and Sam Bockarie (alias “Mosquito”) responsible for the torture and summary executions of up to 40 RUF members in the Kailahun District in 1993.
This set of executions eliminated some of Sankoh’s most envied personal rivals within the movement, including the erstwhile second-in-command Rashid Mansaray.

The Commission holds Gibril Massaquoi responsible for the torture and summary executions of up to 25 RUF members in the Pujehun District in 1993.

This set of executions eliminated some of the most popular and credible commanders in the RUF’s First Battalion, including the erstwhile Battalion Commander Patrick Lamin.
It was the aim of Massaquoi and a core of his Mende henchmen to localise and reshape the leadership of the movement on the Southern Front.

It was targeted particularly against vanguards, many of whom were of Northern descent.

Following the arrest and detention of Foday Sankoh in Nigeria, the leadership of the RUF movement was seized by Sam Bockarie (alias “Mosquito”).

The Commission finds that the notion of authority in the RUF thereafter was connected inexorably with brutality.
A process of competition for control and management of the movement and its resources ensued.

The levels of violations against civilians increased in almost direct proportion.

Breach of the Abidjan Ceasefire 158.

The ceasefire declared to provide a stable backdrop to the Peace Talks in Abidjan was flouted by both the RUF and the Government of Sierra Leone.

Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 45 159.

160.

161.

162.

163.


RUF Involvement in the Political and Military Implementation of the Lomé Peace Agreement The Commission finds that, by the time of the negotiations at Lomé and beyond, Foday Sankoh no longer enjoyed sole and unfettered authority over all arms of the RUF movement.

To a great extent, the RUF had become divided into two distinct entities with two distinct agendas.
The “political wing” was largely loyal to Sankoh, but its members did not command constituencies of sufficient size or significance to dictate the direction of the whole faction.

The RUF “combatant cadre” was far more volatile and threatening.
The Commission finds that the RUF combatant cadre perceived that the dividends of the Peace Agreement were concentrated in the hands of their “political” leadership, while the concessions associated with disarmament and demobilisation were all “military” sacrifices that had to be made by the combatant cadre.

A major shortcoming on the part of the RUF faction leaders was that they failed to engender confidence and faith among the RUF combatant cadre that Lomé was a fair and impartial process.
The RUF’s participation in the implementation of the Lomé Agreement drove a wedge between members of its political wing and the RUF combatant cadre.

RUF monitors in the Joint Monitoring Commission and the Ceasefire Monitoring Committee were often subjected to harassment and physical abuse by members of their own faction.

The Commission finds that the RUF combatant cadre did not comply with the terms of the disarmament programme.

Its commanders encouraged and engaged in persistent breaches of the peace.
They displayed a particular disregard for the status of the peacekeepers.

Commanders such as Komba Gbondema, Morris Kallon, Issa Sesay and Augustine Bao displayed utter contempt for the ethos of the peace process in their areas of control.

Foday Sankoh was outwardly fiercely protective of “his boys” in the field and shares the responsibility with them for numerous attacks between October 1999 and April 2000.
RUF Violation of Peacekeepers Hostage the Lomé Peace Agreement in Taking The hostage-taking of about 500 UNAMSIL military personnel in the early days of May 2000 was the gravest violation carried out by the RUF combatant cadre during the disarmament phase.

These widespread and unprovoked abductions constituted a grave breach of the conditions of the Lomé ceasefire.
There can be no justification for the use of armed force against observers and support staff whose neutrality and safety were the successful implementation of the Lomé Peace Agreement.

imperative to 164.

The Commission finds that the hostilities against UNAMSIL peacekeepers, which culminated in their abductions, were initiated and commanded at the instance of Morris Kallon and Augustine Bao of the RUF.

Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 46 165.

166.

167.

168.
166.

167.

168.

169. the responsible parties Foday Sankoh never ordered the peacekeepers.

Nor did he issue a decisive public statement condemning the hostage-taking.

Sankoh deceived his fellow signatories to the Lomé Peace Agreement by purporting to resolve the hostage-taking crisis.

In the process, he further endangered the lives of the peacekeepers.

He squandered any semblance of trustworthiness he previously had as a partner in peace due to his lack of rectitude.
Cumulatively, Foday Sankoh served to aggravate the deteriorating security situation in Sierra Leone.

He effectively invited enforcement action against the RUF.

to release Sankoh’s “Special Assistant”, Gibril Massaquoi, personally fuelled the tensions surrounding the UNAMSIL hostage-taking crisis.

He was a central part of the chain of command of the RUF.

He was duplicitous in his presentation of the RUF position to the outside world.
Massaquoi bears an individual share of the responsibility for the deterioration in the security situation in Sierra Leone.

The RUF as an organisation inflicted irreparable discredit upon itself during the hostage-taking episode.

The public, the Parliament, the President and the RUF’s other partners in the peace process held a common viewpoint that the RUF had exhausted all its chances.
Violent Action of RUF Commandos Acting as Security on 8 May 2000 The Commission finds that 24 (twenty-four) members of Foday Sankoh’s personal security detail were arrested and detained arbitrarily at the behest of Johnny Paul Koroma, former Head of State during the AFRC regime, on 7 May 2000.

These arrests severely depleted Sankoh’s protective unit.
The Commission finds that on 8 May 2000, during the demonstration at Foday Sankoh’s Spur Road Lodge compound, RUF combatants returned fire in response to shots fired by the West Side Boys and CDF elements within the crowd.

In so doing, they fired several rounds of automatic weapons fire and at least one RPG in the direction of the crowd of demonstrators.

The RUF killed at least ten civilians among the crowd and injured several others.

Names of RUF Leadership 170.


Ranks and areas of deployment were malleable and ever changing in the RUF movement.

The insurgent group calling itself the RUF that entered the country in 1991 was largely comprised of NPFL commandos (as described in the chapter on Military and Political History in Volume Three A) and would change in character on numerous occasions.

Moreover, many of the RUF’s original office-holders were killed in the early years of the conflict.
It is therefore unrealistic to speak of a permanent hierarchy in the RUF.

171.

While certain individuals held effective command responsibility at certain times over certain combatants, the Commission found it difficult to discern any consistent and centralised vertical structure of leadership.

The leadership of the movement was further complicated after the RUF formed its alliance with the AFRC, when the latter seized power in a coup on 25 May 1997.

Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 47 172.


The names listed below as RUF office-holders are divided, as far as possible, into coherent categories.

The order in which office-holders are listed reflects seniority at the time when they held the positions in question.

Promotions, demotions and re-alignments within the RUF were found to be too numerous to list in their entirety.
It has also proved too onerous in some cases to enumerate every nominal position held by a particular individual, or, to reflect properly the role or roles played by that individual.

The naming of an individual hereunder should nevertheless signify that individual’s high-level involvement in the operations of the RUF.

The RUF High Command The RUF High Command was predominantly comprised of battlefield combatants and other frontline operatives.
Leader and Commander-in-Chief Foday Saybana Sankoh Original RUF Battle Group Commanders John Kargbo / Rashid Mansaray Original RUF First Battalion Commander Patrick Lamin Battlefront Commander and Battle Group Commander (after 1992) Mohamed Tarawallie (alias “Zino”) Member of the RUF elite “Special Forces” and Influential Ground Commander Abu Kanu Member of the RUF elite “Special Forces” and Influential Ground Commander Mike Lamin Battlefield Commander (1992 to 1997) / Battle Group Commander and RUF / “People’s Army” Chief of Defence Staff (post-May 1997) Sam Bockarie (alias “Mosquito”) Influential Ground Commander and “Special Assistant” to the RUF Leader and Commander-in-Chief Gibril Massaquoi Battlefield Commander (1997 to 2001) and Interim Leader of the RUF (after Foday Sankoh’s arrest in May 2000) Issa Hassan Sesay Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 48 Influential Ground Senior RUF Battalion Commanders and Commanders Dennis Mingo (alias “Superman”) Peter Borbor Vandy Morris Kallon (alias “Birlai Karim”) Komba Gbondema (alias “Monamie”) Boston Flomoh (alias “Rambo”) Momoh Rogers Isaac Mongor Abubakarr Jalloh (alias “Bai Bureh”) Monica Pearson Sheriff Parker (alias “Base Marine”) Commander of RUF Internal Defence Unit (IDU) Augustine Ato Bao The RUF Administrative Cadre Classification and commandership under “G-numbers” was used in the RUF to denote different responsibilities within the main administrative cadre of the movement; the original Sierra Leonean incumbents of these administrative positions were found by the Commission to have remained influential figures of leadership in the RUF throughout the conflict.
G-1 / GSO-1 / Training and “Recruitment” Moigboi Moigande Kosia G-2 / Internal Defence Unit Patrick Beinda G-3 / Adjutant General Jonathan Kposowa G-4 / Arms and Ammunition Joseph Brown G-5 / Civilian Liaison Prince Taylor Chairman of the RUF War Council Solomon Y.
B. Rogers RUF Spokespersons and Miscellaneous Figures of Seniority and / or Influence (at various points in the evolution of the RUF movement) Eldred Collins Omrie Golley Philip Palmer Ibrahim H. Deen-Jalloh Alimamy Sankoh Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 49 THE SIERRA LEONE ARMY (SLA) Primary Findings 173.

174.

175.

The Commission finds that, during the period of conflict, the SLA failed the people of Sierra Leone.
The SLA was unable to defend Sierra Leone and its people from the armed insurrection and the program of terror launched by the RUF and other factions.

The Commission finds that the SLA was unprofessional and ill-disciplined.

The leadership of the SLA undermined the war effort through many corrupt practices, which caused dissatisfaction and rebellion to swell among the junior ranks.

On many occasions, the SLA acted against the Sierra Leonean people – the very people it was meant to defend.
Soldiers perpetrated extensive human rights violations against the civilian population.

A large number of soldiers collaborated with the RUF and later the AFRC.

At times, troops masqueraded as rebel fighters while attacking convoys and villages in order to loot and steal.

176.

Army officers and soldiers twice seized power from the people and, in so doing, unleashed violence and chaos on the nation.

Main findings 177.

178.

179.

180.


The APC Legacy of Deficiencies in the SLA The Commission finds that the APC demonstrated a grave abandonment of the basic needs of the Republic of Sierra Leone Military Forces (RSLMF), to the extent that the country was devoid of an operational Army when it needed one most in 1991.

There was such an extreme paucity of numbers in the Army that its existence was nothing more than perfunctory.
The Commission finds that the APC had a preoccupation with internal security and chose to strengthen the paramilitary wing of the police, the Special Security Division (SSD), in almost inverse proportion to the Army.

The preference for the SSD had a naturally debilitating effect on the RSLMF and, in particular, on its readiness for an attack from outside the country.
Failing to Defend against the Threat and the Outbreak of War In view of the fact that neighbouring Liberia was engulfed in conflict, the Government and the SLA were astoundingly remiss in failing seriously to address the incapacitated state of the sparse deployments in the East and South of the country.

This omission ultimately left the porous border with Liberia susceptible to an armed incursion.
The Commission finds that the APC Government and SLA failed to act upon intelligence information in their possession pertaining to the training of a potential incursion force by Foday Sankoh in Liberia.

The Commission finds that neither the Government nor the Sierra Leone Army took the initial incursions This neglect contributed in large measure to the escalation of a conflict that would ultimately devastate the entire country.

into Sierra Leonean territory seriously enough.


Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 50 181.

182.

The Commission finds that the APC administration proved itself to be inept in the prosecution of the war in its first year.

The failure properly to supply the front line with rations and reinforcements was a tremendous source of disgruntlement among SLA the insurgency.
they endeavoured troops as to repel Corruption by Senior Officers The Commission finds that senior officers of the SLA diverted much logistical support intended for the war effort for their own personal gain.

In so doing, they not only severely undermined the defence of the country but their corruption precipitated a great deal of dissatisfaction on the part of junior soldiers and those at the war front.
This dissatisfaction would ultimately germinate into rebellion on the part of the junior ranks who gave vent to their frustrations by seizing power on two occasions.

183.

Rice allocations, which have historical significance for the families of military personnel, were subverted and abused by senior officers.

This contributed to the distrust among the junior officers for their seniors and strengthened their resolve to seize power.

Retaliatory Actions against Civilians 184.

185.

186.
185.

186.

Soldiers of the SLA undertook retaliatory actions, including summary killings, against members of the civilian population, whom they suspected of having assisted or supported the insurgents.

On occasions they did so with undue abandon or they perceived to be “rebels” or “collaborators”.

Many soldiers were driven to such acts by an urge to avenge the deaths of fallen comrades at the hands of the insurgents.
feelings of vengeance against persons inappropriate Violations in Response to RUF Guerrilla Tactics The Commission finds that the SLA committed numerous violations of human rights in its withering efforts to repel the RUF’s campaign of guerrilla warfare.

The Commission finds that many soldiers failed to respond in a measured fashion to the exigencies they faced at the warfront.
Many of the acts carried out by the SLA fit into a particular pattern of abuse, whereby soldiers detained, tortured or killed people they suspected to be “rebels” or “collaborators”.

Their acts of summary justice were also partly representative of a wider trend, whereby armed combatants of all factions acted hastily and violently to eliminate an “enemy” whom they did not know for certain was an enemy.

Distrust between the SLA and the Civilian Population 187.
The Commission finds that trust between the SLA and the civilian population completely broke down in the years between 1994 and 1996.

Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 51 188.

189.

190.

A small but significant number of Army officers and private soldiers engaged in connivance with the RUF to plunder resources out of ambushes and raids on civilian convoys and settlements during the phase of guerrilla warfare.
They did so their own They pursued self-enrichment and betrayed the state they were enlisted to serve.

for entirely unscrupulous reasons.

Captain Tom Nyuma, who held various positions of political and military status during his service in the SLA, was foremost among the officers who put his personal interests ahead of his constitutional duties.
Two factors combined to undermine the reputation of the Army in the eyes of civilians: the opportunistic and vindictive acts of a minority of soldiers who flouted their constitutional duties; and the devastating effectiveness of the RUF’s tactic of carrying out attacks on civilians in the guise of SLA soldiers.

As a result, the Army as an institution was distrusted and, in many instances, maligned.
The unforeseen outcome of this tarring with a broad brush was to turn many of the soldiers who had served their country assiduously into potential threats to national security.

The Election Process in 1996 191.

In addition to their collective failure to provide security against RUF attacks, some SLA soldiers engaged in acts of violence during the election process in 1996.
These soldiers brought tremendous discredit to the Army as an institution and further entrenched the suspicion and animosity towards the SLA that existed in many sections of the civilian population.

Characteristics of the SLA as it Evolved over the Course of the Conflict On two occasions, in 1992 and 1997, elements within the SLA acted unconstitutionally by seizing power from civilian governments, thereby fuelling the conflict and committing widespread human rights violations.
Through its recruitment drive that began in 1992, the NPRC burdened itself with an unmanageably large and unorthodox Army.

Entry standards were in practice abandoned and the new soldiers were of a far lower calibre.

Poor regulation opened the way for persons of malicious intent, including members of the RUF, to enter the Armed Forces.

The NPRC recruitment intake and its accompanying disregard for the quality of human resources served lack of common understanding and common purpose in the SLA.
to exacerbate the overall 192.

193.

194.

195.

196.

While acting in concert at times with the RUF, many members of the SLA engaged in some of the worst atrocities against the people of Sierra Leone.

At other times, soldiers masqueraded as rebel fighters, while attacking convoys and villages in order to loot and steal.

197.

The Commission finds that Sierra Leonean soldiers’ loyalties were transient and they were malleable to the political agenda of those in power.
Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 52 198.

199.

The coup leaders of 25 May 1997 carried a sizeable proportion of the SLA with them, leading to a large-scale shift in allegiance away from the state and towards a “new’” fighting force known as the AFRC.

This factional identity was obscured by the alliance with the RUF, but nevertheless remained distinct for most of its members.
Erstwhile soldiers of the SLA carried out the most egregious acts of atrocity during the third phase under the factional guise of the AFRC.

They acted largely in their individual capacities in doing so and were motivated by an alarming degree of power-hungriness.

200.

When the AFRC junta was ousted forcibly from political office by the intervention of ECOMOG, the institution was wiped out but the factional identity persisted for its soldiers.
Sierra Leonean soldiers were also stripped of their constitutional status as a national Army on account of their actions.

The Commission finds that the disbandment of the Army precipitated resentment and frustration on the part of AFRC soldiers, which in turn led to the further commission of grave violations against civilians.

201.

202.
201.

202.

In the wake of the devastating events in Freetown in January 1999, soldiers coalesced afresh around commanders with whom they had become allied or associated during the fighting.

The most notable new sub-faction to emerge out of this trend was the splinter group known as the West Side Boys.

The Commission finds the West Side Boys to have been one of the more ruthless offshoots of the SLA.
They committed some of the most serious violations of human rights and displayed no respect for human life.

They had no principled political allegiance.

They acted both against and for the Government.

The West Side Boys played a leading role in the invasion of Freetown on 6 January 1999, which visited mayhem and devastation on the city and its occupants.

They were also deployed by Johnny Paul Koroma to murder and apprehend RUF members on and around 8 May 2000.

Names of SLA Leadership 203.

204.

205.


The Sierra Leone Army, or SLA, underwent a series of reincarnations during the eleven-year period of conflict.

As the findings above indicate, the composition, character and conduct of the SLA were liable to unpredictable and dramatic shifts.

Such was the extent of this continuous institutional upheaval that not only the personnel, but also the numbers of senior office-holders and the titles of their positions were changed multiple times.
It would thus be unrealistic to trace responsibility to a particular military office or rank in the expectation that such a position would be filled by a succession of individuals who could be held accountable for the acts of the SLA under successive governing regimes.

Instead, it should be broadly understood that two people holding very different titles years apart might actually have fulfilled the same de facto roles.
The Commission does not attempt here to capture the ever-changing relationship between senior military office-holders and their political masters.

The level to which the former group exercised genuine control over the affairs of the SLA was naturally dependent on the administration holding political power at the time.
In this regard, however, the numerous fluctuations in Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 53 hierarchy, loyalty and efficacy in the relationship are properly explained in the chapter on the Military and Political History of the Conflict.

206.

For the sake of simplicity, the list of SLA leadership has been divided into five chronological segments, corresponding with the changes in government during the conflict.
Three of these segments are shown below, denoted by the name of the relevant ruling administration and the dates for which that administration was in power.

The two remaining segments of leadership are addressed separately beneath the findings on the NPRC (April 1992 to March 1996) and the AFRC (May 1997 to March 1998) respectively.
SLA Leadership under the All People’s Congress (APC) March 1991 to April 1992 Head of State, Minister of Defence and Commander-in-Chief General J. S. Momoh SLA Force Commander Brigadier M. L. Tarawallie SLA Deputy Force Commander Colonel Thoronka SLA Leadership under the Sierra Leone People’s Party (SLPP) March 1996 to May 1997 President of the Republic / Minister of Defence / Commander-in-Chief Alhaji Dr. Ahmad Tejan Kabbah Deputy Minister of Defence Chief Samuel Hinga Norman JP Chief of Defence Staff Brigadier Hassan K. Conteh Chief of Army Staff Colonel James Max-Kanga ‘SLA’ Leadership under the restored SLPP Government March 1998 to May 2002 (transition / re-training after ECOMOG intervention) President of the Republic / Minister of Defence / Commander-in-Chief Alhaji Dr. Ahmad Tejan Kabbah Deputy Minister of Defence Chief Samuel Hinga Norman JP Chief of Defence Staff (original, 1998 to 2000) General Maxwell M. Khobe Deputy CDS (original, instituted to replace Chief of Army Staff, 1998 to 2000) Chief of Defence Staff (replacement, 2000 to 2002 and beyond) Colonel (later Major-General) Tom S. Carew Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 54 THE NATIONAL PROVISIONAL RULING COUNCIL (NPRC) Primary Findings 207.
The NPRC junta was responsible for the extra-judicial executions of many innocent civilians throughout the country on the grounds that they were suspected of being rebels.

In December 1992, the NPRC junta executed 26 persons without due process of law and in flagrant violation of international standards.

The NPRC was also responsible for carrying out acts of torture on many detainees.

208.
208.

The unilateral declaration of a ceasefire by the NPRC in December 1993 was a terrible blunder and permitted the RUF to regain ascendancy.

The decision probably had the effect of prolonging the war.

Main Findings 209.

210.

211.

212.

213.

214.

The Commission finds that the APC Government’s mishandling of the war and, in particular, its mismanagement of the Army, demonstrated by its failure to pay salaries and issue food rations, was a direct cause of the 1992 coup d’état.
The overthrow of the APC Government on 29 April 1992 was a pre-conceived coup, in which the modalities were planned but the implementation was improvised.

The Commission finds that the coup-makers lent sufficient forethought to the operation for it to be described as a deliberate attempt to unseat the incumbent President.

The NPRC came to power through a relatively bloodless coup.
The Commission finds that the military coup that created the NPRC and elevated Captain Valentine E. M. Strasser to Head of State was nevertheless an unconstitutional seizure of power by several junior-ranking officers of the SLA.

It ultimately contributed to a pattern of lawlessness and impunity in Sierra Leone in the period following 29 April 1992.
Management of the War Effort The Commission holds the leadership of the NPRC responsible for the rash and reactionary overall management of the war effort between April 1992 and early 1996.

The NPRC had mixed success in its efforts at structural engineering in the SLA.

Its procurement of logistics and heavy expenditure spoke of irresponsible largesse.
While its enlistment of a foreign private security firm, namely Executive Outcomes, was helpful to the war effort in the short term, in the long run it had a negative impact on the economy of the country.

Indeed the Government of Sierra Leone is still paying off its debts to the sponsors of the mercenary outfit.

The NPRC’s recruitment drive that began in 1992 attracted predominantly young men from the margins of society.
On the whole, the recruits joined the Army for the wrong reasons: mostly because of idleness, disaffection with their previous surroundings and misplaced bravado.

None of these characteristics boded well for the future direction of the conflict.

Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 55 215.

216.

217.

218.

219.

220.

221.

222.

223.

The NPRC never managed to unify its Army under a single, coherent command structure.

The recruits of 1992 formed another distinct faction in an already divided force.
The NPRC High command demonstrated a reactionary attitude towards complaints made against its commanders in the field.

If a commander was found to be engaging in some kind of unlawful or unscrupulous activity, he would merely be switched and replaced.

This was a weak measure that shirked the NPRC’s responsibilities to curb human rights violations.

There was very little continuity in command under the NPRC.

Civilians had no particular conception of who was in charge in their area at any given time.
The NPRC’s strategies disrupted the effectiveness of the command structure and led to a far higher degree of indiscipline.

Extra-judicial Killings, Torture and Intimidation The Commission finds that forces deployed by the NPRC junta were responsible for the extra-judicial executions of many innocent civilians on the grounds that they were suspected of being rebels or rebel collaborators.
In particular, the Commission finds that the SLA, supported by civil militia men and women from the Koinadugu District known as Tamaboros, committed numerous excesses as it attempted to dislodge the RUF from Kono District in late 1992 and early 1993.

Among the officers who carried out torture practices on captured rebel suspects was Colonel K. I. S. Kamara.
The Commission finds that the NPRC regime was responsible in December 1992 for the execution of 26 persons, including a former Inspector-General of Police and a former Brigade Commander for the Eastern Province, without due process of law and in flagrant violation of international standards.

The NPRC’s attempt to justify these executions retrospectively by decree, on the basis that the 26 were alleged coup plotters, was an unlawful abuse of executive power.
In particular, the Commission finds that the Deputy Chairman of the NPRC, Captain Solomon A. J. Musa, was personally responsible for acts of torture on detainees and those who were subsequently put to death.

The Commission finds further that the NPRC Government authorised a campaign of intimidation and human rights violations against certain individuals in public office who were related to or associated with those who were executed.
One of them was Major Lucy Kanu, who was unlawfully dismissed from the Army in 1993.

She was targeted because her husband was one of the alleged coup plotters of December 1992.

Eventual Demise of the NPRC amidst Internal Power Struggles Towards the end of its period in Government, the NPRC administration became mired in internal power struggles.
The Commission finds that the “Palace Coup” that replaced Valentine Strasser with Julius Maada Bio was a calculated effort on Bio’s part to wrest power from a Head of State he thought did not have the best interests of the country at heart.

Bio became the greatest individual influence in securing the transition from NPRC military rule into democratic elections.

Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 56 Names of NPRC Leadership 224.

225.

226.

227.
225.

226.

227.

The NPRC was formed in the wake of the coup that overthrew the APC Government on 29 April 1992.

Although the coup-makers were relatively junior officers of the Sierra Leone Army, they formed a regime that was moderate and mixed by the standards of a military junta.

The NPRC is best characterised as a hybrid administration, since it depended on the symbiosis between civilian and military office-holders from its outset.
The NPRC underwent several shifts and reshuffles in the composition of its collective leadership between 1992 and 1996, as well as a “Palace Coup” in January 1996, which saw the Chairman of the NPRC removed and replaced by rivals from within the faction.

Each of the shifts and reshuffles changed the balance of leadership of the NPRC between military and civilian office-holders, sometimes subtly, sometimes dramatically.
In terms of command over the troops of the SLA on the ground, there is little doubt that de facto leadership lay in the hands of the military officers who had seized power in the first place.

Nevertheless, by the end of the NPRC’s four-year tenure, the civilian component of its leadership had strengthened itself politically to a degree sufficient to ease the soldiers out of office.
The civilian politicians within the ranks of the NPRC saw themselves as the natural successors to the NPRC’s military rulers and were instrumental in paving the way for multi-party elections, in which many of them subsequently participated.

228.

The list below reflects the balance between military and civilian office-holders in the leadership of the NPRC.
It names those individuals who were found to have played prominent leadership roles at various points during the NPRC’s period in power, both militarily and politically.

The NPRC High Command / Supreme Council of State The NPRC High Command was largely comprised of the coup makers of 29 April 1992 and those civilians who joined them to form successive administrations.
The designations listed below indicate the office(s) occupied by the particular individual in the NPRC Supreme Council of State whilst the NPRC was in power.

Ranks assigned to the soldiers in question are the official SLA ranks they had attained up to the point of the coup.
Chairman of the NPRC Supreme Council of State / Head of State / Commander-in-Chief / Secretary for Defence (1992 to 1996) Captain Valentine E. M. Strasser Chairman of the NPRC Supreme Council of State / Head of State / Commander-in-Chief / Secretary for Defence (January to March 1996) (previously Vice Chairman and erstwhile Chief of Army Staff) Lieutenant Julius Maada Bio Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 57 The NPRC High Command / Supreme Council of State (continued) Vice Chairman of the NPRC Supreme Council Deputy Head of State (until 1995) Lieutenant Solomon A. J. Musa Member of the NPRC Supreme Council of State / Secretary of State for the Eastern Province / later General Staff Officer (GSO) of the Sierra Leone Army Lieutenant Tom Nyuma Member of the NPRC Supreme Council of State later Chief of Military Intelligence Branch (MIB) Lieutenant Charlie Mbayoh Member of the NPRC Supreme Council of State later Director of Defence Information Lieutenant Karefa Kargbo Member of the NPRC Supreme Council of State / Under-Secretary of State for Defence Lieutenant Komba Mondeh Chief Security Officer to the NPRC Chairman Captain Amara Kwegor Member of the NPRC Supreme Council of State / Secretary of State for the Southern Province / later Chief of Internal Security in the Sierra Leone Army Lieutenant Idriss H. Kamara Chief of Army Staff Brigadier Kellie H. Conteh Secretary-General of the NPRC / previously NPRC Chief Secretary of State John Benjamin Secretary of State for Finance John A. Karimu Secretary of State for Information, Broadcasting and Culture / previously Attorney-General under the NPRC Arnold Bishop Gooding Secretary of State for Development and Economic Planning Victor O. Brandon Secretary of State for Transport and Communications Hindolo Trye Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 58 The NPRC National Advisory Council The NPRC National Advisory Council comprised political functionaries and civilian administrators from various sectors of society.
Their names are only included here insofar as the persons in question played a key leadership role in directing the path of the transition from the NPRC’s military junta back to civilian rule, and beyond.
Chairman of the NPRC National Advisory Council Alhaji Dr. Ahmad Tejan Kabbah Secretary of the NPRC National Advisory Council Solomon Berewa Representative to the NPRC National Advisory Council from the Sierra Leone Bar Association George Banda Thomas THE ARMED FORCES REVOLUTIONARY COUNCIL (AFRC) Primary Findings 229.

The SLA officers and soldiers who made up the AFRC betrayed the trust of the people.
Instead of serving and protecting them, the soldiers of the AFRC unconstitutionally seized power and unleashed a reign of lawlessness and violence on the people.

230.

When these rogue troops were forced out of Freetown in 1998, they viciously attacked defenceless civilians and destroyed everything in their path.

They were responsible for a similar rampage through the Northern Provinces.

231.
231.

The Commission finds the AFRC to be primarily responsible for the large-scale loss of life, amputations and destruction of property that swept through Freetown in January 1999.

232.

The Commission finds that the leadership and membership of the AFRC displayed a particularly ruthless disregard for human life and limb.

Main Findings Military Coup 233.


The military coup that elevated Major Johnny Paul Koroma to Head of State was an unconstitutional seizure of power by several junior-ranking soldiers of the SLA.

It precipitated a reign of lawlessness and violent suppression of opposition in Sierra Leone in the period from 25 May 1997 until 12 February 1998.

Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 59 234.

235.

236.

237.

238.

239.

240.


The central difference between the actions of the AFRC coup-makers of 25 May 1997 and those of their predecessors in the NPRC was that the AFRC group was more concerned with the pursuit of personal gain, while the actions of the NPRC group were largely viewed as an advancement of the national interest.

The recklessness of the AFRC group was rightly condemned by the people of Sierra Leone.
Faltering Alliance between the AFRC and the RUF The AFRC’s alliance with the RUF proved to be unworkable.

The alliance strengthened people’s perceptions that the Sierra Leone Army had long been in collusion with the RUF.

The Commission finds that as the AFRC and RUF factions split and began independently to engage the Government of Sierra Leone in armed conflict, they unleashed unprecedented levels of abuse on the people of Sierra Leone.
“People’s Army” The flaws in the High Command of the “People’s Army” meant that there was the ground no effective regulatory structure commanders of the AFRC and the RUF.

to restrain or discipline The Commission finds that the officers who held state functions under the military rule of the AFRC acted with utter impunity.

They looted civilians’ properties throughout Freetown and in towns in the Provinces.

They beat up and summarily killed both soldiers and civilians.
Abuses of Individual and Collective Power by Members of the AFRC In certain instances during the conflict period, the soldiers of the AFRC were deployed as agents of someone else’s agenda, precisely because they were known to be malleable and unscrupulous by those who directed them.
The Commission finds that Johnny Paul Koroma was the man most responsible for the violations and abuses carried out by the AFRC soldiers: first as the Head of State in the AFRC junta government; and later in his personal capacity as the Chairman of the ill-fated Commission for the Consolidation of Peace.

The AFRC was a brutal and systematic violator of human rights whilst in office.
The AFRC used the arms of the state to suppress freedom of expression and association, notably during its clampdown on the student demonstrations of 18 August 1997.

Members of the AFRC engaged in the mass rape of student nurses at the College of Nursing in Freetown.

241.

The AFRC plundered the resources of the state.

Its management of Sierra Leone’s mineral resources was irresponsible and motivated by personal profit.

Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 60 242.

243.

244.

245.

246.

247.


Callous Disregard for Human Life and Limb after the AFRC was ousted from Power The Commission finds that the AFRC soldiers viewed civilians with contempt because they regarded civilian life as the hallmark of what their enemies stood for.

By deliberately disrupting and destroying civilian life, the AFRC soldiers saw themselves as striking at the foundations of civilian Government.
These perceptions were the cause of unprecedented levels of all categories of violations in the year immediately after the AFRC was unseated from power.

They harboured a vengeful and callous disregard for human life and limb.

The AFRC and RUF factions, both separately and in tandem with one another, visited a sustained and unprecedented level of human rights abuse on the populace of the North and North-East of Sierra Leone in 1998.
The two organisations were not in fact acting in concert at the level of their respective High Commands.

Rather, AFRC soldiers launched and led the assault through the North of the country and were joined only later by certain combatants from the RUF on a separate flank.
The Commission finds that Solomon A. J. Musa, popularly known as SAJ Musa, was the undisputed leader of and directional influence on the faction of approximately 2,000 combatants who perpetrated a sustained campaign of abuses against civilians throughout the Northern Province of Sierra Leone.

The combatants under Musa’s command were largely drawn from the former AFRC but included a contingent of RUF among their ranks.
In particular, the Commission finds that the SAJ Musa group conducted targeted attacks on townships or villages from which they had originally been dislodged or chased out by ECOMOG, to avenge their earlier defeats.

The group engaged in widespread looting and destruction of houses.

The Commission finds that the AFRC embarked on a programme of amputations from 1998 to 1999.

The Commission finds that 44.7% (85 out of 190) of the amputations recorded during this period were the responsibility of the AFRC.
Abductions also reached levels of unparalleled intensity in the months that immediately preceded the invasion of Freetown.

AFRC thugs practiced a deliberate policy of using abductees to muster numerical bulk when conducting attacks.

Abductees were subjected to a wretched existence of degrading physical and psychological abuse coupled with incessant compulsion to march onwards to the targets of their captors.
The AFRC’s abduction policy created an impression in the minds of its battlefield adversaries that the AFRC-led forces were larger in number than was actually the case.

Invasion of Freetown 248.

The ultimate objective of SAJ Musa’s group of combatants – itself a reflection of Musa’s apparent personal ambition until his death on 23 December 1998 – was to invade the capital city of Freetown, to overthrow the constitutional Government of Sierra Leone and to reinstate a form of military junta to power.
Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 61 249.

250.

251.

252.

253.

254.

Additional motivations for the men who led the attacks of late 1998 and early 1999 were recognition and revenge.

The AFRC soldiers wrought extreme violence because of their barely containable fury that they had been stripped of their military status and their access to the trappings of power.
They were on a mission to avenge the perceived unjust executions of 24 of their colleagues and to rescue from prison the many soldiers who remained in detention.

The Commission finds that the invasion of Freetown on 6 January 1999 was the culmination of a destructive rampage through much of the Northern Province by a combatant group led by and comprised predominantly of former AFRC soldiers.
The main troop that attacked Freetown on 6 January 1999 was inordinately well equipped by the standards of the Sierra Leone conflict.

It possessed artillery pieces and other heavy weaponry that had been imported illegally and stealthily for the purposes of launching a new attack on the seat of Government.

A pernicious and cowardly tactic used by the invaders of Freetown was to dissolve themselves into an indistinguishable mass comprised mostly of abducted civilians.
international humanitarian law, known as the use of “human shields”.28 The combatants were “protected” from counter-attack as they entered Freetown by the cover of the non-combatants around them.

flagrant violation of It constituted a Upon arrival in Freetown in January 1999, the AFRC group bore the primary responsibility for the unprecedented scale and intensity of violations and abuses committed against civilians during the assault on the city.
The Commission finds further that the AFRC group destroyed significant numbers of properties in the city and stormed the Pademba Road Prison, releasing several thousand inmates, including persons who themselves went on to participate in further urban warfare in the city.

Marginalisation of the AFRC in the Lomé Peace Process The AFRC faction was deliberately left out from participating in the Lomé Peace Talks at the insistence of the RUF.
Accordingly, its terms and conditions for peace were not addressed in the resultant Lomé Agreement.

The AFRC High Command had advocated strongly for Johnny Paul Koroma’s participation in the Lomé Peace Talks, but these efforts were in vain.

The AFRC therefore did not have a stake in the implementation of the peace agreement.

The marginalisation of the AFRC at Lomé endangered the prospects of successfully implementing the Lomé Peace Agreement.

255.
255.

As the implementation of Lomé unfolded, the majority of AFRC commanders declared their loyalty to Johnny Paul Koroma and set out to oppose the RUF.

the They acted obstructively against parties who sought implementation of the Peace Agreement, including taking hostages from the RUFP sensitisation team.

The AFRC demonstrated no commitment to peace.


to advance 28 In the case of Prosecutor v. Aleksovski (Case No: IT-95-14/1-T, Judgment of 25 June 1999), at paragraph 229, the Trial Chamber of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) found the use of “human shields” to be a violation of human dignity prohibited by common article 3 of the four Geneva Conventions.

Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 62 Names of AFRC Leadership 256.

257.

258.

259.

260.


The Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC) was formed in the wake of the coup that overthrew the SLPP Government on 25 May 1997.

The formation of the AFRC gave rise to a new and distinct factional identity for the coup-makers and their supporters.

This identity encompassed many serving soldiers of the SLA, as well as their key civilian accomplices.
The de facto leadership of the AFRC was drawn largely from the coup-making group, which originally comprised seventeen men – junior non-commissioned Army officers, a former officer of the SSD paramilitary police unit and two civilians.

This leadership was chaired by a slightly more senior military officer who was freed from prison on the day of the coup, and bolstered in vital areas by the presence of established Army figureheads, some of whom had also been office-holders during the reign of the NPRC.
fourteen The Commission has recognised that the AFRC factional identity persisted considerably beyond the month of February 1998, when the AFRC Ruling Council was ousted from power.

After February 1998, the AFRC leadership underwent a shift to military commandership.

from political office-holding in style The commanders of the AFRC went on to form the core of the group that rampaged through the North of Sierra Leone in late 1998 and attacked Freetown in January 1999.
It should be noted further that the renegade faction known as the West Side Boys was essentially a reincarnation of the surviving AFRC leadership, comprising influential ground commanders who stayed in the bush.

261.

The list below names those individuals who were found to have played prominent leadership roles throughout the evolution of the AFRC.
The AFRC High Command / Supreme Council The High Command was largely comprised of the Instigators of the Coup of 25 May 1997 and those with whom they found common purpose to lead them; designations given above each name indicate the office(s) occupied by the particular individual in the AFRC Supreme Council whilst the AFRC was in power.

Ranks assigned to the soldiers in question are the official SLA ranks they had attained up to the point of the coup.
Chairman of the AFRC, Head of State and Commander-in-Chief of the People’s Army Major Johnny Paul Koroma AFRC Chief Secretary of State / Secretary for Mineral Resources Influential Ground Commander of the AFRC (post-February 1998) Captain Solomon A. J. Musa Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 63 The AFRC High Command / Supreme Council (continued) Secretary-General of the AFRC Colonel A. K. Sesay AFRC Chief of Defence Staff Colonel S. F. Y. Koroma AFRC Public Liaison Officer 1 (PLO 1) assigned to cover the Ministerial briefs of Mineral Resources, Transport and Communications, Lands, Housing and Country Planning and Environment Staff Sergeant Abu Sankoh (alias “Zagallo”) AFRC Public Liaison Officer 2 (PLO 2) assigned to cover the Ministerial briefs of Works and Labour, Telecommunications (Sierratel), Customs and Excise and Postal Services Staff Sergeant Alex Tamba Brima (alias “Gullit”) AFRC Public Liaison Officer (PLO 3) assigned to cover the Ministerial briefs of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Energy and Power, Lotto and Income Tax Staff Sergeant Ibrahim Kamara (alias “Bazzy”) Chief Security Officer attached to the AFRC Chairman Staff Sergeant Moses Kabia (alias “Rambo”) Secretary of State attached to the Office of the AFRC Chairman Major Victor L. King Under Secretary of State for Mineral Resources Captain Paul Thomas Member of the AFRC Supreme Council Lance Corporal Tamba Gborie Member of the AFRC Supreme Council Lance Corporal Santigie Borbor Kanu (alias “Five Five”) Member of the AFRC Supreme Council
 Lance Corporal Foday Kallay Member of the AFRC Supreme Council Staff Sergeant Brima Kamara Member of the AFRC Supreme Council Staff Sergeant Sulaiman Turay Member of the AFRC Supreme Council Lance Corporal Momoh Bangura Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 64 The AFRC High Command / Supreme Council (continued) Member of the AFRC Supreme Council Lance Corporal Papa Bangura (alias “Batuta”) Member of the AFRC Supreme Council Lance Corporal George Adams Member of the AFRC Supreme Council Warrant Officer II Franklyn
 Conteh Member of the AFRC Supreme Council Warrant Officer II Sammy Kargbo (Civilian) Member of the AFRC Supreme Council Mr. Ibrahim Bioh Sesay (alias “Bioh”) (Civilian) Member of the AFRC Supreme Council Mr. Abdul M. Sesay (Civilian) Member of the AFRC Supreme Council Mr. Hector Bob-Lahai Other Prominent Leaders within the AFRC Faction Comprising those who did not form part of the original contingent that overthrew the SLPP Government on 25 May 1997, nor who occupied positions of seniority on the AFRC Supreme Council, but who nevertheless had powers of directional influence or commandership in the faction at one time or another) AFRC Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs Alimamy Pallo Bangura AFRC Public Relations Officer (PRO) / Spokesman / later Under-Secretary of State for Information Allieu B. Kamara Influential Ground Commander of AFRC / West Side Boys Hassan Bangura (alias “Bomblast” or “Papa”) Operations Officer (Army) Lieutenant Akim Turay Operations Officer (Military Police) Captain Emil Dumbuya Miscellaneous AFRC “Special Envoys” Omrie Golley Steve Bio Ibrahim Bah Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 65 THE SIERRA LEONE PEOPLE’S PARTY GOVERNMENT (SLPP GOVERNMENT) Primary Findings 262.
263.

264.

265.

The SLPP Government of the conflict era was a government under siege.

It came to power amidst a bloody civil war and was consumed with defending the people from attack and finding ways to end the war.

The actions of the SLPP Government were meant to bring the war to an end.

However, some of its actions were ill-conceived and, thereby, led to violations and abuses of the rights of Sierra Leoneans.
The Commission finds that the leadership of Government had knowledge of CDF violations and abuses and, to the extent that such leaders were in the chain of command, they are held responsible.

The Commission finds the SLPP Government responsible for carrying out the arbitrary arrest and detention of a large number of citizens in violation of their constitutional rights from 1998 onwards.
Many of these arrests and detentions, as well as the prosecutions and trials of this period were politically motivated, representing a denial of basic rights.

The Commission finds that the Court Martial of 37 soldiers of the SLA during 1998, resulting in the execution of 24 of them, was conducted in contravention of international human rights standards.

266.
266.

The Commission finds the ongoing incarceration of sixteen persons in “protective custody” detention since June 2000 to be unlawful and a flagrant denial of those persons’ basic human rights.

Main Findings Complacency upon Taking up the Reins of Government 267.

268.

The newly-instated SLPP Government did not rise to the challenge required for the management of the war effort in 1996.
It failed to heed the lessons of its predecessors or to address the emergent threats to state security that existed within the SLA.

In several respects, the Government served to entrench the endemic disaffection of the conventional security forces.

Responsibility in the Breakdown of the Abidjan Peace Accord The Government miscalculated its negotiation strategy at the Abidjan Peace Talks of 1996.
It displayed diplomatic naivety in making several key military concessions to the RUF whilst demonstrating an over-reliance on the goodwill of the international community for implementation of the spirit of the consequent Peace Accord.

269.

The ceasefire declared to provide a stable backdrop to the Peace Talks in Abidjan was flouted by both the Government of Sierra Leone and the RUF.

Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 66 270.


The SLPP Government authorised a prolonged and systematic campaign of attacks on the RUF’s jungle bases.

The attacks were carried out by Kamajors and infantry troops of the SLA, supported by Guinean Armed Forces and helicopter gunships controlled by Executive Outcomes.

271.

272.

273.

274.

275.


Mismanagement of the State Security Apparatus in the SLPP’s First Year in Office The SLPP Government was remiss in allowing such a high degree of ambiguity to develop around the dual role of Chief Sam Hinga Norman as Deputy Minister of Defence and National Co-ordinator of the Civil Defence Forces (CDF).

Most soldiers perceived Hinga Norman’s role as being highly partisan in favour of the CDF.
The failure on the part of the executive to address these negative perceptions in the military contributed significantly to the military coup of 25 May 1997.

The downsizing of the Army and the commensurate reduction in rice rations by the SLPP Government was badly handled.

At a time when transparency and trust should have been at a premium, the Government practised neither.
Failure accurately to diagnose the symptoms of discontent among the soldiers of its national Army was a recurring blight on the authority of the Government.

It was a costly failure for the security of the nation as a whole.

The Commission finds that President Kabbah misjudged the seriousness of at least two warnings of alleged coup plots from those in his military High Command.

The implicated persons in these alleged plots subsequently proved themselves to be genuine threats.
The President’s failure to address the concerns of his Deputy Minster of Defence, Chief Sam Hinga Norman, on 16 May 1997 resulted in the coup that ultimately unseated the President and caused untold suffering for the citizens of the country.
Fuelling the Conflict The Commission finds that certain public statements made by high-ranking members of the SLPP Government, among them Vice President Dr. Albert Joe Demby and Deputy Defence Minister Chief Sam Hinga Norman, fuelled a sense of alienation and prejudice among members of Army deployments in the South and East of the country.

Specifically, these statements indicated that the defence of certain towns and villages would not be entrusted to the military but rather to militia units of Kamajors.
The statements by Government representatives also lent themselves to misinterpretation by the Kamajors.

In many instances the Kamajors used these statements as a justification to mount attacks on military positions in the Southern Province, as well as at selected strategic points in the Northern and Eastern Provinces.

Many such attacks by the Kamajors caused violations against civilians by one or both sides in the process.

Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 67 276.

277.

278.

279.

280.

281.

282.


283.

Management of State Security Apparatus in Exile and Beyond The disagreements and mutual distrust between President Kabbah and Chief Sam Hinga Norman on the management of the war effort impacted negatively on the collective Movement to Restore Democracy.

The “War Council in Exile” established by President Kabbah struggled to assert its mandate.
Indeed, the War Council’s efficacy depended largely on the extent to which its directions converged with Hinga Norman’s own views.

Nonetheless, the Commission finds that the War Council and the President were fully and timeously apprised of events that were taking place on the ground in Sierra Leone during their period in exile.

They did not act to stop the violations being carried out by CDF elements nor did they speak out against them.
As such, they are held responsible for the acts of their agents on the ground.

The failure of the pro-Government forces to halt the AFRC advance on Freetown in January 1999 represents a blunder on the part of the Government of Sierra Leone and ECOMOG.

Both parties had multiple prior warnings of the impending disaster.

Their joint neglect and poor analysis of the situation culminated in the wanton destruction of Freetown by bands of thugs and hooligans.
Propaganda by Radio Democracy 98.1 FM The Sierra Leone Government in exile, with support from the British Government, set up the radio station 98.1 FM at Lungi to counteract propaganda from the AFRC-controlled SLBS radio station.

The radio station did much to lift the morale of the public and generate resistance against the military junta.
The Commission finds that at times broadcasts by Radio Democracy 98.1 FM were inflammatory and created the context for mob justice, in which human rights violations and abuses were carried out against civilians who were alleged, often wrongly, to have collaborated with the AFRC.

The Commission finds that messages contained in broadcasts by Radio Democracy served to enrage and exacerbate the brutal backlash carried out by the group led by the AFRC warlord, SAJ Musa.
AFRC commanders ordered their men to commit heinous violations and abuses against civilians, including amputations, to avenge the propaganda directed against them.

Knowledge of CDF Atrocities The Commission finds that the SLPP Government was aware of human rights violations and abuses carried out by the CDF, through the role of its Deputy Defence Minister, Chief Sam Hinga Norman, who served as CDF National Co-ordinator, and through members of the CDF War Council at Base Zero.
The Government was further kept informed through its Security Committee briefings and through reports received from ECOMOG.

Nevertheless the Government failed to take steps to stop such violations and abuses.

The Commission, accordingly, holds the Government responsible for the violations and abuses of human rights committed by the CDF.

Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 68 284.

285.

286.

287.

288.

289.


Arbitrary Detentions and Prosecutions The Commission finds that the rounding up and detention of over 3, 000 (three thousand) citizens in the wake of the ECOMOG intervention of February 1998 constituted a mass violation of human rights.

The Government of Sierra Leone deployed a “catch-all” strategy to round up all persons associated with the AFRC regime, however loosely, and to imprison them arbitrarily without charge.
Many civilians were detained for no other reason than the fact that they retained their jobs as civil servants under the AFRC regime.

Mrs. Sylvia Blyden, a civil servant who had served the nation for some thirty years, was detained in February 1998 for nine months without charge.

She was held on the strength of untested allegations against her.
The Commission finds that the Government’s policy of detention inflicted terrible suffering on the citizens of Sierra Leone and their families and contravened their human rights.

An “AFRC collaborator” was generally understood to be someone who supported or sustained the junta in power.

Accusations of “collaboration” often became a premise upon which human rights abuses were carried out.
The then Attorney General and Minister of Justice, Solomon Berewa, set out the policy of the Government towards collaborators in a letter entitled “Present Position relating to the Collaborators of the AFRC Junta” on 13 March 1998.

The use of language in this letter was dangerously ambiguous.

It was open to wide interpretation and consequently led to abuses and violations on the ground.
Mr. Berewa criminalised acts of “collaboration” with the AFRC and sought to have all persons falling into the category of “collaborators” detained in the custody of the state.

This new category was not codified in law but it led to the detention of thousands of Sierra Leoneans.

in numerous human finds The Commission finds that the arrests, detentions, prosecutions and trials that followed the establishment of this Government policy were politically motivated rights violations and abuses.
and culminated legal and the departure The Commission constitutional standards was the result of deliberate planning and authorisation by the Government of Sierra Leone.

While the Government’s objective – to reassert its political ascendancy and send out a strong message that coup plotters would not be tolerated – was just, the means used were not.

The Commission finds that the means employed were unconstitutional and resulted in human rights violations and abuses.

recognised from that 290.


A pattern of summary executions, torture, floggings, beatings and arbitrary detentions was recorded by the Commission in the period after the restoration of the SLPP Government.

This pattern encompasses acts that were carried out by both private actors and agents of the state.

Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 69 Mob Justice 291.

292.

293.
292.

293.

The Commission finds that the mob justice prevalent during the transitional period between the ECOMOG intervention of 12 February 1998 and the restoration of President Kabbah on 10 March 1998 was not sufficiently quelled or controlled.

Many civilians were executed arbitrarily on allegations of so-called “collaboration” while many others were beaten up, harassed or molested on similar grounds.
A clear message or other assertion of control by the Government or ECOMOG may have prevented such violations.
Prison Conditions and Torture The Commission finds that conditions of detention at Pademba Road Prison in the period between February 1998 and 6 January 1999 were deplorable and in breach of multiple provisions of both the Sierra Leone Constitution and applicable human rights instruments, including the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
These prison conditions have not changed at the time of writing this report and need the urgent attention of the Government.

The Commission received testimony of substantial allegations of torture being practised against inmates of Pademba Road Prison, in flagrant breach of the Constitution, even under a regime of Emergency Powers.

These testimonies came from multiple witnesses whose periods in detention were distinct and for separate reasons.
They lead the Commission to find that the Government of Sierra Leone has systematically violated the Sierra Leone Constitution and human rights instruments including the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.

294.
294.

At the very least, the Government has failed repeatedly to discharge its legal obligation to conduct rigorous investigations into all allegations of torture against agents of the State to ascertain the veracity of such allegations.

Role of the Attorney General and the Minister of Justice 295.

The Commission finds that the erstwhile Attorney General and Minister of Justice, Solomon Berewa, played a particularly conspicuous role in the conduct of both the civilian and military trials of 1998.
As Attorney General, Mr. Berewa exercised his discretionary power of prosecution in an arbitrary fashion.

Furthermore, Mr. Berewa sat on the Mercy Committee whose role it was to advise the President on the issuance of pardons for the 34 condemned soldiers.

The Commission finds that Mr. Berewa held an inappropriate amount of power in deciding the fate of the persons he had himself selected for trial.

Court Martial of 37 Soldiers 296.


The Court Martial of 37 soldiers of the SLA, which concluded with 34 guilty verdicts and three acquittals on Monday 12 October 1998, did not allow for the right of the accused to appeal, the right to an effective defence, or the right to be fully informed of the charges.

The Commission finds that the trial was conducted in contravention of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 70 297.

298.

299.

300.

301.

302.

303.

The SLPP Government’s Role in the Peace Process and the Failures of Power Sharing The appointment by the President of the former head of the AFRC, Johnny Paul Koroma, to the position of Chairman of the Commission for the Consolidation of Peace (CCP) was meant to bring the AFRC into the peace process.

The Commission finds the appointment to have been a strategic miscalculation.
It jeopardised the success of the CCP, alienated the RUF and served to reward a soldier who had committed treason and plunged the country into a ruinous nine months of military rule by the AFRC.

The Government did not fulfil several undertakings made in the Lomé Peace Agreement.

The positions foreseen for the RUF in parastatals, diplomatic missions and other public bodies did not materialise.

The promises to bestow equal status upon RUF office holders were not honoured.
The Commission finds that the spirit of power sharing intended by the Lomé Peace Agreement was not promoted by the Government.

Further Mismanagement of the State Security Apparatus in the Post-Lomé Period The Government of Sierra Leone and the moral guarantors of the Lomé Peace Agreement were negligent in that they failed to prevent the high proliferation of weapons to occur around the key players in the peace process.
The failure to impose appropriate conditions on the retention of arms supplies at the Lodges of Johnny Paul Koroma and Foday Sankoh, at Juba Hill and Spur Road respectively, was a fatal blunder in the transition to peace.

These residences became inevitable flashpoints for the eruption of armed violence.
Johnny Paul Koroma’s credentials as Chairman of the CCP, an important peace-building institution, were seriously undermined by his assembly of a unit of armed West Side Boys around him at his Juba Hill Lodge in Freetown.

The Commission finds that the West Side Boys presented an immediate and ever-present danger to the successful transition to peace.

They precipitated fear and suspicion among the residents of Freetown.
Johnny Paul Koroma acted as the de facto ground commander of this private army of hardened fighters known for their propensity for excess and brutality.

Abuse of the State Security Apparatus to Attack the RUF The “Peace Rally” organised by Johnny Paul Koroma at the National Stadium on Sunday 7 May 2000 was not a gathering geared towards peaceful ends.

Those present included members of the West Side Boys, the SLA, the CDF and the SSD of the Sierra Leone Police.
The Commission finds that Koroma mobilised these factions on the premise of defending the nation but with the real purpose of attacking the RUF.

Johnny Paul Koroma assembled a conglomerate armed group comprising West Side Boys, SLA soldiers, Kamajors and SSD policemen to carry out military operations against the RUF.

The Commission finds that the name assigned to this group, “Peace Task Force”, was a misnomer.

It was rather a force of armed vigilantes tasked to raid, arrest and detain members of the RUF.
Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 71 304.

305.

306.

307.

308.

309.

310.

State Security Action between 6 May and 8 May 2000 The Commission finds that, while the Government was consumed by desperation for peace, it seriously erred in the incorporation of brutal warlords into its state security apparatus during May 2000.

The Commission finds the decision by Government to accommodate the West Side Boys as state security agents to be extremely negligent.
The effective creation of a new unit of paramilitary police under Johnny Paul Koroma was a wanton subversion of the rule of law.

It effectively allowed a band of brutal warlords to take the law into their own hands and take over the responsibility for maintaining the peace for civilians they had wantonly attacked during the 6 January 1999 invasion of Freetown.
The West Side Boys acted upon the instructions of Johnny Paul Koroma in their engagement as part of the “Peace Task Force” between 6 and 8 May 2000.

They carried out Koroma’s instructions as to the targets and mode of their operations.

The Commission finds that the West Side Boys, acting in their capacity as government agents, conducted a series of targeted armed raids on residences in Freetown between inhabited by RUF members and 6 and 8 May 2000.
The victims of these raids included Ministers and Deputy Ministers appointed by the RUF to the power-sharing Government.

The West Side Boys committed a host of violations and abuses in these raids.

They systematically looted and vandalised the properties they attacked, and they arrested and detained a number of captives arbitrarily.
families their Many of those arrested and detained by the West Side Boys were subsequently kept in prison in the custody of the state, under the “Protective Custody” category created by the Public Emergency Regulations of 1998.

The President alone may authorise the detention of any person under this category.

The Commission holds the West Side Boys and Johnny Paul Koroma responsible for the violent sexual abuse and murder of the RUF Deputy Minister for Transport and Communications, Susan Lahai.
The Government’s failure to account for the sudden disappearance of one of its key office-holders was a shameful act of neglect.

The Commission finds that the Government must accept a measure of responsibility for the brutal murder of Ms. Lahai.

Arrests on 7 May 2000 and the Denial of Justice Johnny Paul Koroma unilaterally ordered the arrests and detentions of at least 24 members of the RUF on 7 May 2000.
The Commission finds that Johnny Paul Koroma did not have the legal authority to order these arrests and detentions.

From the point of their arrests, these men were held in detention facilities administered by the state.

No justification for the arrests was given to any one of the men.

The Commission holds these arrests and detentions at Koroma’s behest to be unlawful.

311.
311.

The Commission finds that there has been no transparency whatsoever in the disposal of “justice” against the 24 men arrested on 7 May 2000.

Some of them have been repeatedly subjected to torture.

They stand as living examples of the abuse of the justice system that persists in Sierra Leone.

Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 72 312.

At least nine of the 24 men arrested on 7 May 2000 remain in detention at the time of writing this report.
Their continued detention without trial despite the private and public assurances of the President that they would be released has undermined the cause of reconciliation in Sierra Leone.

The Events of 8 May 2000 313.

314.

315.

316. finds that while The Commission the demonstration organised by parliamentarians and the Civil Society Movement on 8 May 2000 was well intentioned, it was infiltrated by subversive elements led by Johnny Paul Koroma.
There were advance warnings given to the Government about the likelihood of unrest.

However, nothing was done to prevent the occasion from descending into a violent tumult.

The events of 8 May 2000 at the Spur Road Lodge of Foday Sankoh testify to a failure to communicate and co-ordinate effectively between arms of the state security apparatus and the internationally-mandated UNAMSIL security force.
The disparate armed groups residence endangered the lives of the UNAMSIL peacekeepers by attacking the Lodge.

that converged on Sankoh’s the crowd of Armed soldiers and West Side Boys co-mingled with demonstrators who advanced on Foday Sankoh’s Spur Road Lodge on 8 May 2000.

The soldiers fired on Sankoh’s compound from within the crowd of demonstrators.

They exposed the civilians around them to grave danger by failing to allow distinction between military and civilian targets.
Approximately 40 (forty) persons were killed in the inter-factional violence that ensued around Foday Sankoh’s Spur Road Lodge on 8 May 2000.

Almost all of them were killed by gunshots or rocket-propelled grenades fired between the forces.

RUF, The Commission finds that the information made available publicly by state authorities in relation to the deaths and injuries that resulted from this incident was substantially incomplete.

the Kamajors and other security the West Side Boys, 317.
West Side Boys and soldiers of the SLA unleashed automatic weapons fire and at least one rocket propelled grenade at Foday Sankoh’s Spur Road Lodge on 8 May 2000.

The West Side Boys killed many civilians in and around the compound of the Lodge.

318.

The Commission finds that the inclusion of the West Side Boys as part of the state security forces during this period was highly irresponsible.

Arrests and Detentions in the Custody of the State as a Consequence of the Security Operations of May 2000 319.
In the month of May 2000, mostly from 7 May to 17 May 2000, the Government of Sierra Leone authorised the arrests and detentions of at least 180 persons who were suspected to be members of the RUF.

Beyond a minority of cases in which suspected membership of the RUF was put forward as a justification, no further explanation of the reasons for arrest was given to any one of the detainees.

No legal basis for the arrests has been presented to the Commission.

Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 73 320.

321.


322.

323.

324.

325.

326.

The Commission finds that the state security forces, which included the West Side Boys and the CDF, deployed a “catch all” strategy to round up all persons associated with the RUF, however loosely, and to imprison them arbitrarily without charge.

Many civilians were detained for no other reason than the fact that they resided with a member of the RUF or that they had performed domestic chores for a member of the RUF.
The majority of those arrested in May 2000 remain in the custody of the state at the time of writing this report.

None of them has yet been put on trial.

The continued and unlawful detention of these persons represents contempt for the rule of law and is in violation of international law.

The Commission regards all those persons whose detention is devoid of legal basis as political prisoners.
The Commission finds that the Government of Sierra Leone currently holds over 150 political prisoners in Freetown Central Prison, Pademba Road.

The Commission finds that these persons have been subjected to torture and inhuman and degrading treatment while in state custody.

At least 21 RUF prisoners have died in state custody.

The Commission holds the Government responsible for the gross neglect of these prisoners.
Detainees have been denied their human rights with regard to their conditions of detention.

Protracted periods of solitary confinement and transfers to alternative detention facilities in undisclosed locations have been imposed on many of them.

The Commission finds the Government to be accountable for this litany of human rights violations against detainees in its custody.
Retention of “Safe Custody” Detention and Problems with the Justice System There are currently at least 16 (sixteen) persons detained in the custody of the state under the category of “safe custody”.

The 16 individuals whose names were given to the Commission in this regard are all rank-holding members of the Sierra Leone Army (SLA) or the Sierra Leone Border Guards (SLBG).

Their detention is unlawful.


The retention of “safe custody” as a category of detention is a stain on the rule of law in Sierra Leone.

The Commission finds that various institutions in the Government of Sierra Leone proved to be uncooperative and unhelpful to the Commission in its efforts to establish the full extent of human rights abuses that persist in the justice system to the present day.

Some requests by the Commission to the Prisons Department were met with petty obstructionism.
Names of SLPP Government Leadership 327.

The Government formed by the Sierra Leone People’s Party (SLPP) was recognised as the constitutional government of the Republic of Sierra Leone from March 1996 until the end of the conflict and beyond.

The Commission regards the SLPP Government as having comprised the ultimate leadership of the various factions that fought in the name of its restoration or preservation at any given time.
In line with the general fluidity of allegiance that characterised the conflict, factions that at one time may have been distinct from, or even opposed to, the SLPP Government, came under its leadership at other times.

Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 74 328.

329.

330.

Under international human rights law, the Government is strictly responsible for violations resulting from the acts of its organs or agents and those of any persons acting under its control.
The Government is also responsible for its own failure to prevent or take appropriate action in response to such violations.

The list of office-holders given hereunder is intended to reflect the positions held by the named individuals for most or all of the duration of successive Cabinets of the SLPP Government between 1996 and 2002, including the instrumental Cabinet-in-Exile, from 25 May 1997 to 10 March 1998.
The list is not intended to be a comprehensive or complete breakdown of all the office-holders in those successive Cabinets.

It names only those individuals who were found to have played a significant part in leading the acts and making the decisions attributed to the SLPP Government in this report.

The Senior Cabinet Members of the SLPP Government The following list predominantly contains persons who served all or at least most of the five Cabinets formed between 1996 and 2002.
President of the Republic and Minister of Defence Alhaji Dr. Ahmad Tejan Kabbah Vice President Dr. Albert Joe Demby Deputy Minister of Defence Chief Samuel Hinga Norman JP Attorney-General and Minister of Justice Solomon Berewa Minister of Foreign Affairs (previously Tourism and Culture / later Social Welfare, etc.)
Shirley Gbujama Minister of Presidential Affairs and the Public Service (later Foreign Affairs) Momodu Koroma Permanent Representative to the United Nations and Adviser to the President (later Finance, Development and Economic Planning) Dr. James O. C. Jonah Minister for Mineral Resources (later Transport and Communications) Dr.
Prince A. Harding Minister of Transport and Communications (previously Deputy of Finance) Momoh Pujeh Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and the Environment (National Resources) Dr. Harry Will Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 75 The Senior Cabinet Members of the SLPP Government (continued) Minister of Information, Communications, Tourism and Culture Dr. Julius Spencer Minister of Internal Affairs and Local Government (Minister of Safety and Security) Charles Margai Leader of the House of Parliament S. B. Marrah Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Co-operation Dr. Sama Banya Deputy Minister of Trade (previously Deputy Minister of Finance) Mohamed B. Daramy Deputy Minister of Health, etc.
(later Resident Minister South) Foday M. D. Sesay THE CIVIL DEFENCE FORCES (CDF) Primary Findings 331.

332.

333.

334.

335.

The Commission finds that civilians and successive governing administrations felt that they could no longer rely upon the SLA for their effective defence in the face of relentless attacks by the RUF.
The Commission finds further that the distrust and suspicion harboured by the civilian population towards the military was a central factor in the emergence and institutionalisation of the CDF as an alternative protective mechanism.

The Commission concludes that the CDF played a vital role in defending the nation from the predatory actions of rebel forces and renegade troops.

However, the Commission finds that the CDF was itself responsible for considerable violations and abuses of human rights.
Many of these violations and abuses were carried out with the full knowledge of the leadership of the CDF, which failed or omitted to intervene to stop the violations.

Lack of oversight saw CDF fighters mete out arbitrary and summary justice to suspected RUF collaborators.

Most CDF fighters were poorly trained and ill-disciplined, which resulted in the commission of human rights violations and abuses.
The Commission finds that the initiation rituals of the CDF were perverted and subverted by unscrupulous initiators.

Initiations resulted in acts of human sacrifice and cannibalism, which constitute grave violations of human rights.

The CDF was successful in keeping out the RUF from large parts of the Southern and Eastern Regions.

In the course of doing that, the CDF committed gross violations and abuses on the peoples of both regions.

Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 76 Main Findings 336.

337.

338.
337.

338.

339.

340.

341.

342.

343.

Enmity between the Arms of the State Security Apparatus under the SLPP Government The CDF units of the Southern and Eastern Provinces pitted themselves against the SLA under the newly-instated SLPP Government.

Particularly in Kenema District, Kamajors engaged in systematic and targeted attacks on soldiers in an attempt to take over the Army’s role as the protector of civilian lives and property.
Kamajors carried out multiple acts of torture and killings against soldiers.

In many cases, corpses of soldiers were dismembered and parts of them eaten.

Kamajors also committed similar violations and abuses against civilians whom they perceived to be affiliated to the Army.

High-ranking members of the Government failed to quell clashes between the SLA and the CDF, both of which were arms of the state security apparatus, and were responsible for inciting enmity between the two factions.
The Government followed an inadvisable policy of incarcerating several hundred soldiers without trial for their perceived involvement in the clashes with the Kamajors.

The Kamajors, meanwhile, were not held to account.

This inconsistency of treatment between the two parties was an example of the defective management of the state security apparatus.
The clashes between soldiers and Kamajors the Kenema District represented the first significant and overt manifestations of an ethnic dimension to the Sierra Leone conflict.

The Kamajors, who were exclusively Mende indigenes of the District, singled out soldiers and civilians of Northern descent for particularly malicious treatment.

High profile members of non-Mende tribes, including Chiefs, were killed in this period of violence.
in The Initiators of the Kamajor Society The Commission finds that personal greed and ambition as well as avarice dictated the initiation policy of the Kamajor High Priest, Allieu Kondewah.

Kondewah and the other Initiators made a considerable amount of money by charging their new recruits a fee to enter the Kamajor Society.
Collectively, under the direction and following the example of their High Priest, the Initiators extorted and exploited the membership of the Kamajor movement in a seemingly insatiable pursuit of their own self-enrichment.

Kondewah’s introduction of new “phases” of initiation was a particularly shameless ploy to accrue further financial gain.

The benefits bestowed upon Kamajors by their participation in initiation ceremonies were fictional.
Initiation did not protect the subject from harm nor endow him with superhuman ability.

The Commission finds that initiation gave rise to ever-more irresponsible conduct on the part of those who underwent it.

It artificially enhanced notions of the Kamajors’ human limits and as such was a cynical and dangerous form of psychological manipulation.

As a direct result of their participation in initiations, many Kamajors thought that they could not be killed by bullets.
Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 77 344.

345.

346.

A proportion of warfront casualties incurred by the Kamajors was attributable to the misplaced gusto with which their combatants went into battle.

The Commission finds that the Initiators of the CDF and their apprentices brought the whole concept of civil defence into disrepute.

They deliberately targeted the social and cultural fabric of the nation.
They subverted the sacred and long-standing traditions of initiation and rites of passage that exist peacefully in Sierra Leone.

They engaged in destruction and exploitation under the false pretences of a “secret society”.

The Initiators of the CDF forced men who joined the Kamajors to eat human body parts during the initiation ceremony.

Organs, tissue, blood and flesh from the bodies of dead persons were used in Kamajor ceremonies of initiation.
Civilians from communities surrounding the initiation site and even would-be recruits were in many instances killed for the express purposes of “sacrificing them to the cause”.

The Initiators of the CDF also carried out or ordered varying degrees of violence and intimidation against those they enlisted.

They tortured and killed initiates.

They attempted to exonerate themselves from due culpability by referring to illusory whims from higher beings, through dreams and “divine” messages.

347.
347.

For every violation or abuse that took place during an initiation ceremony into the Kamajor Society, the Initiators bear the responsibility.

Lack of Control and Oversight 348.

349.

350.

The Commission finds that ambiguity in the institutional character of the CDF precipitated a persistent lack of coherence, cohesion and co-ordination in its operations, which led to the commission of many human rights violations and abuses in the enforcement of what the massed ranks saw as the “law”.
The lack of effective oversight over the National Co-ordinator, the High Priest and the ground commanders of the CDF ultimately led to grave human rights violations being committed.

In particular, the mandate that was given to Kamajors to monitor the movements of the populace at strategic gateways and checkpoints was poorly defined and effectively licensed those charged with security to dispense summary justice against perceived miscreants, “strangers” and “collaborators”.

351.
351.

While power and leadership was highly centralised in the CDF, effective control of the fighting forces was vested in the commanding officers at the lower level.

The Responsibility of the War Council at Base Zero 352.

The War Council at Base Zero was composed of Chiefs and elders of high moral standing in the communities from which they were drawn.

It was formed in an effort to instil some restraint and moderation into the Kamajor movement.

It was a colossal failure.


Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 78 353.

Despite direct exposure to the deplorable acts that occurred at Base Zero, the members of the War Council at Base Zero shirked their moral responsibilities to intervene.

They did nothing to prevent the mayhem that unfolded around them.
In fact, by staying in a movement that had become a systematic violator of human rights, the members of the War Council lent legitimacy and their implicit endorsement to the atrocities committed by the Kamajors.

354.

The Commission finds that the members of the War Council bear moral responsibility for the escalating excesses of the Kamajors, which culminated in human rights violations and abuses.

355.

356.

357.

358.

359.


The Kamajors’ “Operation Black December” The Kamajors carried out “Operation Black December” in late 1997 and early 1998.

It was purposely designed to debilitate the strongholds of the AFRC junta in the Southern and Eastern Provinces.

In the process, it caused immense suffering to the civilian populations of many communities in these Provinces.
It also led to massive and systematic human rights abuses including summary killings, torture and looting at checkpoints established by the Kamajors.

“Operation Black December” was endorsed by the Government in Exile as an integral part of its interventionary initiatives to disrupt and then dislodge the AFRC junta.

Chief Hinga Norman acted with the full and express support of the President and the War Council in Exile in ordering the operation to take place.
The Commission finds that the Government must take responsibility for the systematic violations and abuses of human rights carried out in its name by the Kamajors during this operation.

Regionalism and Ethnic Prejudice in the CDF The Districts of the South and South-East were unambiguously classifiable as heartlands of the Kamajor movement.

The Kamajors targeted inhabitants of these areas along ethnic lines.
Persons of Northern origin were singled out disproportionately for violations and abuses after 1998.

The Kamajors were intensely protective of their territories and their movement against perceived infiltration by Northerners.

They held the prejudice that Northerners might be inclined to display allegiance to the leadership of the AFRC junta, largely because Johnny Paul Koroma was a member of the Limba ethnic group, which originates from the North.
The CDF High Command mirrored the suspicions of its Kamajor fighters on the ground.

There was deep distrust based on regionalism and ethnicity at the heart of the CDF.

Chief Hinga Norman repeatedly rejected the petitions of the CDF’s Northern Commander, M. S. Dumbuya, for supplies of logistics.

Hinga Norman maintained a blanket refusal to release arms and ammunitions to the North.

Consequently, the CDF units in the North were unable to reinforce strategic towns like Makeni, Lunsar and Masiaka.
These towns consequently fell to AFRC-led troops without stout resistance from the CDF.

The atrocities committed during this onslaught are a stain on the conscience of the CDF.

Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 79 360.

361.

The Commission finds that the invasion of Freetown could have been forestalled, if the Government had mobilised and equipped a strong Northern CDF.
However, there was a resolute refusal to do this for fear that once it was equipped, a large section of the Northern CDF would “desert” and join the enemy.

Unfounded suspicions based on regionalism and ethnic prejudice were thus put ahead of the security of the city of Freetown.

Involvement of the CDF in the Events of 8 May 2000 The President authorised Chief Samuel Hinga Norman to undertake a large- scale mobilisation of members of the Civil Defence Forces in Freetown on 8 May 2000.
Kamajors were thus deployed as a supplement to existing arms of the state security apparatus.

Kamajors carried out multiple violations during their deployment on 8 May 2000, including killing civilians, plundering vehicles and properties and torturing captives.

Kamajors carried out arrests of persons subsequently detained in state facilities as “Protective Custody” prisoners.
The Kamajors, together with other militant elements, initiated the attack on Foday Sankoh’s residence on 8 May 2000 and used the occasion for large-scale attack and abuse of perceived RUF sympathisers.

Names of CDF Leadership 362.

363.

In the Civil Defence Forces, there was something of a disparate structure of leadership and command.
The Commission found that units of militiamen were generally commanded in the vicinity of their communities by local ‘strongmen’ or warlords who held a high degree of responsibility for the acts of those under them.

The four categories of leadership in the lists below represent the positions found by the Commission to possess the greatest authority within the national CDF organisation.

They are all applicable to the period after May 1997, when the SLPP Government was overthrown.
In response to the seizure of power by the AFRC at that time, the CDF realigned its structures, expanded its membership and significantly enhanced The overwhelming majority of the names listed below were members of the Kamajor Society, although such membership was not a prerequisite to hold a command position within the CDF.

its military operations.

The CDF High Command The High Command was partly comprised of the CDF National Co-ordinating Committee.
Designations on that Committee are given where relevant.
Commander-in-Chief of Pro-Government Forces, including the CDF Alhaji Dr. Ahmad Tejan Kabbah, President and Minister of Defence National Co-ordinator of the CDF Chief Samuel Hinga Norman JP, Deputy Minister of Defence Chairman of the CDF National Co-ordinating Committee Honourable Richard E. S. Lagawo Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 80 The CDF High Command (continued) CDF National Public Relations Officer (PRO) Charles Moiwo CDF National Director of War Moinina Fofanah Deputy National Director of War Mohamed O. Musa CDF National Director of Operations Joseph Ansumana Sam Koroma Deputy National Director of Operations Albert Jusu Nallo Commander of the Northern CDF Michael S. Dumbuya CDF National Director of Logistics Francis Mustapha Lumeh CDF National Director of Personnel Andrew Harding Regional Co-ordinator of the CDF (Southern Province) Alhaji Daramy Rogers Regional Co-ordinator of the CDF (Eastern Province) George Jambawai Commander of the CDF in the Pujehun District Eddie Massallay Commander of the CDF in the Kenema District Arthur Koroma Senior CDF Battalion Commanders and Ground Commanders Alhaji Sheriff Rufus M. Collier Sidia Mansaray Joe Temide Morray Jusu Lahai George Alhaji Hassan Feika Al-Hassan W. Jalloh Joe Nunie Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 81 The Initiating Cadre of the CDF Members of the Initiating Cadre were directly aligned with the CDF High Command.
They were responsible for orchestrating and commanding military operations as well as preparing the members of the Kamajor Society for battle by conducting ‘initiations’.

The High Priest / Chief Initiator of the Kamajor Society King Dr. Allieu Kondewah Other Senior Initiators within the Kamajor Movement Kamoh Dr. Lahai Bangura Kamoh Brima Bangura Mama Munde Kamoh Alie Sesay Kamoh Dr. Mohamed Mansaray The CDF National War Council-in-Exile The War Council was directly aligned with the CDF High Command.
Where relevant, the designation given in brackets is the office-holder’s post in the SLPP Government’s Cabinet in Exile, which had been retained from President Kabbah’s reshuffle of 21 November 1996.

Chairman R. E. S. Lagawo (Chief Adviser to the President) Dr.
Prince Harding (Minister of Mineral Resources) Shirley Gbujama (Minister of Foreign Affairs) Momoh Pujeh (Deputy Minister of Finance) Dr. Harry Will (Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and the Environment) Momodu Koroma (Minister of Presidential Affairs) S. B. Marrah (Leader of the House) T. K. Vandi (SLPP party stalwart) Charles Margai (SLPP party stalwart) Foday M. D. Sesay (Deputy Minister of Health and Sanitation) Mohamed B. Daramy (Deputy Minister of Finance) The CDF War Council at Base Zero This second War Council was created at the behest of certain members of the CDF High Command, but not directly aligned to all of its members.
Where relevant, the designation given is the office-holder’s position within the CDF War Council itself.
Chairman of the War Council Paramount Chief J. W. Quee Vice Chairman / Representative for Bonthe District Paramount Chief C. W. Tucker Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 82 The CDF War Council at Base Zero (continued) Resident Paramount Chief at Base Zero (Yawbeko Chiefdom) Paramount Chief J. D. Muana Member / Representative for Kenema District Chief Vandi Soka Member / Representative for Moyamba District Robert F. Kombe-Kajue Member / Representative for Bo District Ibrahim F.M.
Kanneh Member / Representative for the Northern Province M. S. Dumbuya Executive Officer / Member / Representative for Pujehun District Francis Mustapha Lumeh Executive Officer / Member Alhaji Daramy Rogers Executive Officer / Member Mohammed O. Musa Executive Officer / Member George Jambawai Logistics Officer/ Representative for Bonthe District Francis Gormoh Executive Officer / Member Joseph A.S. Koroma Executive Officer / Member Rufus M. Collier Store Keeper at Base Zero Jajah Kamara Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 83 FINDINGS IN RESPECT OF EXTERNAL ACTORS Primary Findings 364.
365.

366.

367.

368.

369.

370.

Libya provided guerrilla warfare training to a small number of Sierra Leonean dissidents.

The Government of Libya also provided some financial support to the RUF.

The Commission finds that Libya contributed in a small but significant way to the conflict that engulfed Sierra Leone.

The Commission finds that Charles Taylor deployed about 2,000 (two thousand) fighters from his NPFL into Sierra Leone in 1991.
The Commission finds further that Taylor was primarily responsible for initiating the conflict in the manner in which it began.

The Commission finds the NPFL to have been a particularly brutal and pernicious organisation.

The NPFL faction was responsible for most of the early human rights atrocities committed against civilians.

In the early years of the conflict, Sierra Leone was largely abandoned by the international community.
ECOWAS was the only international body that was willing to intervene in the Sierra Leonean conflict.

However, it did not have the resources to properly support its peacekeeping mission in Sierra Leone.

The Commission finds that the inability of ECOMOG to sustain its intervention beyond Freetown in 1998 contributed to the prolonging of the conflict.

The AFRC invasion of Freetown in January 1999 was poorly handled by ECOMOG.
Some ECOMOG soldiers engaged in human rights violations during its defence of Freetown.

These included the summary executions of suspected AFRC and RUF fighters and collaborators.

The Commission finds that Sierra Leoneans are justified in their view that they were abandoned by the United Kingdom in their hour of need.

When British troops did intervene towards the end of the 11-year conflict, they effectively dispatched resistance encountered from rebel forces.
The Commission finds it regrettable that the United Kingdom waited some ten years before she intervened.

The Commission finds that ULIMO was more interested in waging war against the NPFL in Liberia than resisting the RUF in Sierra Leone.

Arms, the ammunitions and other Government of Sierra Leone were mostly used in the conflict in Liberia.

logistical support supplied to ULIMO by 371.


While the use of mercenaries in conflicts should not be encouraged under any circumstances, the Commission finds that the South African private security firm, Executive Outcomes (EO), was efficient in combating the RUF during the conflict.

The hiring of mercenaries led to the Government of the day mortgaging the nation’s assets.

372.
372.

The Commission finds that the United Nations (UN) and the international community abandoned Sierra Leone in its greatest hour of need during the early 1990s.

Lack of foresight by the UN and the international community resulted in the hastily prepared and ill-conceived Abidjan Peace Accord in 1996.

Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 84 373.

374.

The United Nations Observer Mission in Sierra Leone (UNOMSIL) was never able to fulfil its mission.
UN Peacekeepers who were deployed to Sierra Leone in 1999 and 2000 were ineffectual and disorganised.

The kidnap of the UN peacekeepers led to a huge loss of faith in the UN on the part of the population.

The Commission finds that the UN subsequently demonstrated its commitment to peace in Sierra Leone through the deployment of the United Nations Assistance Mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL).
The provision of a large and well-resourced peacekeeping force together with a range of technical and developmental support has ensured stability in post-conflict Sierra Leone.

Main Findings LIBYA 375.

376.

377.

The Government of Libya instituted a programme of revolutionary training for a small number of Sierra Leonean dissidents as part of its wider international initiative to equip potential insurgents with the means to launch “liberation” movements in their own countries.
Crucially, the training included a guerrilla warfare component; it also introduced Sierra Leonean participants, among them Foday Sankoh, to other revolutionaries from the West African sub-region and beyond, among them Charles Taylor.

Furthermore, the Commission finds that the RUF benefited from financial support from Libya through its People’s Revolutionary Council.

The Commission finds that Libya contributed in a limited but significant manner to the chaos and mayhem that engulfed Sierra Leone.
CHARLES TAYLOR AND THE NATIONAL PATRIOTIC FRONT OF LIBERIA (NPFL) 378.

379.

380.

The NPFL war in Liberia impacted profoundly on Sierra Leoneans living in Liberia.

Sierra Leoneans were deliberately targeted and maltreated by NPFL fighters.

After the intervention of a West African force – ECOMOG – into the Liberian conflict, Charles Taylor issued an arbitrary order to his NPFL troops to arrest and to detain all nationals of ECOWAS states, including Sierra Leone, on the territories under his control.
In the process, Taylor was responsible for the arbitrary incarceration of hundreds of Sierra Leonean nationals.

The Commission finds that Charles Taylor deployed about 2,000 fighters from his NPFL into Sierra Leone in March and April of 1991.

This NPFL contingent, known as “Special Forces”, led the original armed incursion and acted upon the orders of Charles Taylor.
Nearly all of the NPFL “Special Forces” fighters in Sierra Leone were of Liberian nationality, with possibly a maximum of 100 (one hundred) nationals from third countries among their number.

There were commanders as well as fighters from Burkina Faso (commonly called “Burkinabes”) and the Ivory Coast, in addition to individual or small groups of combatants from The Gambia, Nigeria, Guinea and Togo.

Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 85 381.

382.

383.

384.

385.
383.

384.

385.

Command responsibility for the military operations of the NPFL – and thus for the bulk of the operations carried out by the combined incursion force between March 1991 and September 1992 – was vested in the hands of key “Special Forces” commanders including James Karnwhine (alias “Pa Jim”), Samuel Tuah (alias “Samtuah”), Benjamin Yaeten, Charles Timba, Dupoe Mekazohn (“General Dupoe”), James Wolonfa, John Wuseh, “Action” Jackson, CO “Bosco” and Anthony Meku-Nagbe (alias “CO Dry Pepper”).
These men were loyal and answerable to Charles Taylor and received instructions from him through their own conduits.

The majority of violations attributed to the RUF in the period between March 1991 and September 1992 were in fact the acts of commandos fighting on behalf of the NPFL.
In the Commission’s view the NPFL faction, under the indisputable overall command of Charles Taylor, was chiefly responsible for the bulk of the abuse inflicted on the civilian populations of Pujehun and Kailahun Districts, in particular, during this period.

The Commission finds further that the NPFL component of the initial incursion force that subsequently entered Sierra Leone outnumbered to one.
the RUF “vanguards” by at The Commission finds that the NPFL forces were primarily responsible for the initial peak in brutality against civilians and, especially, against traditional and state authorities that were the hallmark of the first year of the conflict.

least four The Commission holds the NPFL faction responsible for concerted campaigns of indiscriminate violence against the civilian population of the Kailahun District, between February and August 1992.
Scores of RUF personnel, both among the “vanguards” and the “junior commandos” categories, were singled out for violations and abuses of their human rights, including torture and summary killings, at the hands of their NPFL compatriots.

The Commission finds that the role of the NPFL extended beyond that of direct responsibility for systematic violations and abuses.

The NPFL continued to provide support to the RUF in diverse ways for the rest of the conflict period.
Between 1991 and 1997 Liberia was incapable of policing its borders with Sierra Leone.

The porous border situation promoted the free flow of arms and logistical support for the insurgents from Liberia into Sierra Leone and the flow of looted items and illicit diamonds from Sierra Leone into Liberia.

When Charles Taylor became President of Liberia in 1997, Liberia permitted herself to be used as a conduit for the transfer of arms and ammunitions to the RUF in Sierra Leone.

386.
386.

The Commission finds that cannibalism was practised on the territory of Sierra Leone by NPFL fighters.

The extent of the brutality of NPFL forces, as well as some of its extreme practices such as cannibalism, even alienated members of its partner fighting faction, the RUF.

Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 86 THE UNITED LIBERATION MOVEMENT FOR DEMOCRACY IN LIBERIA (ULIMO) 387.
The Commission finds that ULIMO was more interested in waging war against the NPFL in Liberia than in resisting the RUF in Sierra Leone.

Arms, ammunitions and other the Government of Sierra Leone were mostly used in the conflict in Liberia.

By the end of 1992, most ULIMO fighters had crossed over into Liberia in order to carry out their fight against Charles Taylor and the NPFL.
logistical support supplied to ULIMO by THE ECONOMIC COMMUNITY OF WEST AFRICAN STATES (ECOWAS) AND THE ECOWAS CEASEFIRE MONITORING GROUP (ECOMOG) 388.

389.

390.

391.

In the early years of the conflict, Sierra Leone was largely abandoned by the international community.

ECOWAS was the only international body that was willing to intervene in the Sierra Leonean conflict.
The Commission finds that the global geopolitics prevailing at the time of the conflict affected the response of the international community.

The fact that the leader of one of the prominent intervening parties in ECOWAS, namely the Nigerian Head of State, General Sani Abacha, was a military dictator deterred the international community from intervening in the Sierra Leone conflict.
The Commission finds it regrettable that the international community chose not to respond to the plight of Sierra Leone because it disagreed with the role played by the leader of one of the intervening parties in his own home country.

Due to the poor economic status of its member countries, ECOWAS did not have sufficient resources, soldiers and funds for its peacekeeping missions in the sub-region.
Nigeria, during the reign of General Sani Abacha, was the only country in the sub-region that was willing to commit large numbers of troops and resources to the peace keeping missions of ECOWAS in the region.

The Legacies of the ECOMOG Intervention to Oust the AFRC The Commission finds that ECOMOG permitted the unimpeded flight of the ousted AFRC and RUF (the “People’s Army”) out of Freetown into the North of the country.
The reason the junta was able to secure “free passage” was because ECOMOG intentionally left open a “corridor” of escape around the Freetown Peninsula.

While this decision was taken to prevent further civilian casualties in the Freetown area, it freed the combined forces of the “People’s Army” from direct military confrontation with ECOMOG.
It also allowed the AFRC and the RUF to regroup in the expansive and rugged territories of the North and North-East, which precipitated a renewed series of bloody confrontations in Sierra Leone.

392.

While the mandate of the Nigerian-led force was specifically confined to that of a ceasefire monitoring group, ECOMOG increasingly came to play the role of the government’s defence force.
It took instructions and directions from the executive of the Sierra Leone Government and some of its military officers the Government.

issued orders and commands on behalf of Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 87 393.

394.

395.

396.

397.

The Commission finds that in all but name, ECOMOG was the surrogate national army from the point of its arrival in February 1998.

ECOMOG was therefore not able to play the role of neutral arbiter in the conflict.
ECOMOG faced an enemy that was unpredictable and unrestrained by the conventional parameters of warfare between armies.

ECOMOG soldiers were further disadvantaged by their lack of topographical knowledge.

ECOMOG dispersed itself too thinly on the ground after liberating areas of the North of the country following its intervention in February 1998.

Between 1998 and 1999, ECOMOG suffered command and control problems.
The Commission finds that all these factors weakened their defence of strategic areas of the country in the face of advances by the AFRC and RUF.

The AFRC invasion of Freetown in January 1999 was poorly handled by ECOMOG.

Co-ordination of the defence of the city was severely lacking.

The approaches to the city were feebly defended making it easy for the AFRC to force the battle to the streets of Freetown.
ECOMOG was constrained to avoid firing on civilians “embedded” as human shields within enemy ranks and in many cases had to retreat, to avoid civilian casualties.

Some ECOMOG soldiers engaged in human rights violations during the defence of the city.

The Commission finds that ECOMOG soldiers committed summary executions of civilians, mostly in Freetown, while repelling the invasion of January 1999.

These executions were directed largely at persons accused of being “collaborators”.
With mounting losses, many of the ECOMOG soldiers lashed out to avenge the deaths of personal friends and colleagues.

Many of those killed by ECOMOG were pointed out by Sierra Leonean civilians as “collaborators”.

398.

The Commission finds that it was ECOMOG that ultimately prevented the RUF from occupying the entire country.

Sierra Leone owes a debt of gratitude to those that comprised the ECOMOG peacekeeping forces, in particular, the Nigerian troops who comprised the majority of the force.
THE UNITED KINGDOM 399.

400.

The United Kingdom and Sierra Leone have a long-standing historical relationship.

Sierra Leone was a British colony.

Sierra Leoneans expected the United Kingdom to intervene promptly in the conflict in order to bring peace.

Such intervention only materialised towards the end of the 11-year long conflict.

The Commission finds that Sierra Leoneans are justified in their view that they were abandoned by the United Kingdom in their hour of need.
The Conakry Peace Talks of October 1997 were supported by the British High Commissioner to Sierra Leone.

The Commission finds that the United Kingdom could have ensured the compliance of the AFRC junta if it had backed the Conakry Agreement with the potential threat of force.
Instead of direct intervention, elements the British government encouraged Sandline International, a private security firm and non-state entity, to supply arms and ammunitions to the loyal forces of the exiled government of President Kabbah.

in Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 88 401.

Since 2000, Britain has provided sustained military and other strategic assistance towards ending the conflict and maintaining the peace.
British forces were successful in 2000 in neutralising the menace posed by the rogue soldiers who comprised the West Side Boys.

The presence of British troops has contributed to deterring further hostility by the RUF and its allies.

EXECUTIVE OUTCOMES 402.

403.

The Commission finds that the South African private security firm, Executive Outcomes, was efficient in combating the RUF during the conflict.
Although numbering only 250 combatants, the Executive Outcomes fighting force was able to push back the rebel incursions in less than a year.

Executive Outcomes engaged the RUF on several occasions; however the Commission’s database has not recorded a single allegation of any human rights violation against the mercenaries.

The Commission however notes that a large number of civilians were killed when Executive Outcome helicopter gunships attacked RUF jungle bases between 1995 and 1996.

404.
404.

While the use of mercenaries in conflicts should be condemned, the Commission notes that when the Sierra Leonean Government contracted with Executive Outcomes it was in a desperate state of affairs.

405.

The Commission finds that the Government, under considerable pressure from the international community, made strategic concessions in the Abidjan Peace Accord without the requiring same of the RUF.

One such concession was the early termination of the contract with Executive Outcomes.
This premature termination opened the door for the RUF forces, who soon regained ascendancy.

The cancelling of the contract also saddled the country with substantial financial obligations.29 THE UNITED NATIONS AND THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY 406.

407.

The Commission finds that the United Nations (UN) and the international community abandoned Sierra Leone in its greatest hour of need during the early 1990s.
The United Nations only took real notice of the situation in 1994 when it sent an exploratory mission to the country.

Prior to the conflict members of the international community feted and celebrated successive oppressive governments and turned a blind eye to Sierra Leone’s internal situation, which was sowing the seeds of civil war.

The Organisation of African Unity (OAU) even invited President Siaka Stevens to chair the body and host its flagship conference in 1980.

408.
408.

Lack of foresight by the UN and the international community resulted in the hastily prepared and ill-conceived Abidjan Peace Accord in 1996.

This Accord did not make any meaningful contribution to the peace process.

29 Executive Outcomes invoked penalty clauses pertaining to early termination in its contract with the Government of Sierra Leone.

Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 89 409.

410.

411.

412.

The UN misread the prevailing situation in Sierra Leone in 1997.
Only 720 (seven hundred and twenty) United Nations observers were provided to monitor the ceasefire agreement.

The original United Nations Observer Mission in Sierra Leone (UNOMSIL) was never able to fulfil its mission.

Its presence in Sierra Leone did nothing to prevent the military coup in May 1997.

United Nations Peacekeepers who were deployed to Sierra Leone in 1999 and 2000 had a poor understanding of the situation and could not respond timeously to the challenges with which they were faced.
RUF fighters had little problem in taking more than 500 UN peacekeepers hostage.

The kidnap of the UN peacekeepers led to a huge loss of faith in the UN and its capacity to sustain the peace.

The Commission finds that the mandate given to the United Nations peacekeepers at the initial stage of their intervention was insufficient to address the crisis effectively.

UNOMSIL peacekeepers were deployed in Sierra Leone in 1999 operated under a Chapter Six mandate of the UN Charter.
Under this chapter, the use of force is not authorised.

The RUF was quick to exploit this gaping vulnerability when it took UN peacekeepers hostage in May 2000.

To the UN’s credit, its peacekeepers did not vacate the country despite the hostage-taking episode.

The resolve of the UN to stay on ensured the maintenance of peace.

The UN Security Council changed the mandate of the peacekeepers from Chapter Six to Chapter Seven, which made provision for self-defence.
The UN illustrated its commitment to peace in Sierra Leone by providing a large and well-resourced peacekeeping force and supplying a range of technical and developmental support.

The Commission finds that the policies implemented by the UN in Sierra Leone were progressive and have set the standard for peacekeeping missions in other conflict-affected countries.

413.
413.

The Commission finds that the international community has responded positively to the devastation in post-conflict Sierra Leone with significant governmental and non-governmental support.

FINDINGS IN RESPECT OF THE JUDICIARY, THE RULE OF LAW AND THE PROMOTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS Primary Findings 414.

415.

Lawyers and jurists in Sierra Leone have failed to stand up to the systematic violation of the rights of the people.
Successive governments have used the death penalty to eliminate political opponents.

The Commission believes that there is no place for the death penalty in a civilised society based on respect for human life.

416.

Successive regimes used emergency powers to suppress political dissent.

417.

The use of so-called “safe custody” detention is illegal and represents gross contempt for the rule of law.

Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 90 418.

419.

Corruption is rife at all levels of the judiciary.


There is little or no meaningful access to the courts for the majority of Sierra Leoneans.

The Office of the Attorney General has not been and is not free of political interference from the executive arm of government.

Main Findings The Role of Lawyers and Judges 420.

421.

422.

423.

424.

The Commission finds that lawyers and judges in Sierra Leone have failed to stand up to state tyranny.
They have failed to give any meaningful content to the rule of law.

Lawyers should be the first line of defence whenever the human rights of the people are transgressed.

This has not happened in Sierra Leone.

Indeed lawyers – through their collective inaction – have contributed substantially to the massive abuse of human rights before, during and after the war.
The conspicuous failure, on the part of lawyers and judges, to speak up on behalf of Sierra Leoneans held in illegal detention for more than four years in Pademba Road Prison is a terrible indictment.

The Death Penalty The death penalty is provided for in the laws of Sierra Leone for various offences including treason and mutiny.
Successive governments have used the death penalty to eliminate political opponents.30 The right of appeal against the decisions of court-martials was removed in 1971.31 Several soldiers were tried and executed under this provision between 1971 and November 1998.32 President Kabbah and his government proceeded with the executions of 24 soldiers in 1998, ignoring an appeal from the United Nations Human Rights Committee not to proceed with the executions.
The executions were subsequently declared to have violated both the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights33 and the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights.34 The Commission endorses the Sierra Leone these Government by the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights.
findings against 30 Examples include Mohamed Sorie Fornah, Ibrahim Bash-Taqi and others during the days of President Siaka Stevens (APC); Francis Minah, G. M. T. KaiKai and others during the era of President Joseph Momoh (APC); and Bambay Kamara, James Yayah Kanu and others in December 1992 during the reign of the National Provincial Ruling Council (NPRC).

31 Section 129 in Act No.5 of 1971 was the provision that removed this right.
It read: “The decisions of a court-martial shall not be questioned in any court of law.” This provision was repealed in 2000 through the Armed Forces of the Republic of Sierra Leone (Amendment) Act 2000.

32 Most recently, Colonel James Max-Kanga and 23 others were executed in October 1998 after a court-martial involving 37 members of the Sierra Leone Army.

33 See International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; G.A.

res.

2200A (XXI), U.N. Doc.

A/6316 (1966); 999 U.N.T.S.


171; entered into force on 23 March 1976.

The Government of the Republic of Sierra Leone ratified the ICCPR on 23 November 1996.

34 See African [Banjul] Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights; OAU Doc.

CAB/LEG/67/3 rev.

5, 21 I.L.M.

58 (1982); adopted on 27 June 1981; entered into force on 21 October 1986.

Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 91 425.

The death penalty once implemented is irrevocable.

Miscarriages of justice are commonplace in Sierra Leone.
No subsequent act of pardon or compensation can remedy a wrongful execution.

Abuse of Emergency Powers 426.

427.

The Commission finds that state of emergency powers have proven to be a mighty weapon in the hands of successive governments and have been used to silence opposition, suppress activism and clamp down on political dissent.
President Siaka Stevens used emergency powers to silence widespread opposition in 1971 by banning the vocal and burgeoning National Democratic Party (NDP) of Dr. John Karefa-Smart.

Stevens also abused emergency powers to suppress student protest and to stop nation-wide strikes by the labour movement.

428.

President Momoh took matters to the bizarre by declaring a so-called “State of Economic Emergency” in 1987, which licensed his officials to abuse the property rights of the people.

429.
429.

While the declaration of a state of emergency in 1998 by President Kabbah may have been justified to deal with the lawlessness of the time, it also provided the pretext for the arbitrary rounding up and detention of hundreds of Sierra Leoneans accused of “collaboration” with the AFRC junta.

430.

431.

432.

433.

“Safe Custody” Detention The Commission finds that “safe custody” detention has been used to detain political opponents of the government and to quell political dissent.
No law authorises the continued detention of persons in “safe custody” or “protective custody” detention.

The Public Emergency Regulations of 1998, under which the President was authorised to order the detention of persons in protective custody, were lifted in 2002.

The continued detention of several persons in “safe custody” detention is unlawful and in contravention of the Sierra Leone Constitution.

Their detention is in clear violation of the rule of law.
The Commission finds that the continued practice of “safe custody” detention brings the Government of Sierra Leone into disrepute.

There is no place for “safe custody” detention in a just and democratic society.

The Commission regrets that civil society and the many representatives of the international community in Sierra Leone have failed to protest the use of “safe custody” detention and have failed to utilise the writ of habeas corpus in respect of those persons held under this category.
The Judiciary The Commission finds that the judiciary is understaffed and underpaid.

Poor remuneration causes many of to decline appointments to the bench.

legal minds the best 434.

Powerful members of society are able at times to select judges to hear cases.

This practice has brought the judicial process into disrepute.

Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 92 435.

436.

437.

438.

439.

The judicial appointment process has been abused by successive governments.
Several politically-motivated appointments have been made by each of the post-independence governments.

These abuses have severely compromised the independence of the judiciary.

The lack of civil society representation on the Judicial and Legal Service Commission undermines the independence of that important body.

The lack of security of tenure of judges during the rule of the APC regime permitted the government of the day to interfere at will with the judiciary.
The independence of the judiciary was systematically destroyed.

The current practice of employing retired judges on a “contract basis” also compromises their independence.

The removal of all measures of financial autonomy from the judiciary by the APC regime in the 1970s served to impoverish the administration of justice.

Impoverishment remains the state of affairs in the judiciary.
Without budgetary independence, the judiciary has been unable to determine its priorities or to plan for an efficient system of justice delivery.

The majority of people in Sierra Leone do not have meaningful access to the courts.

This renders the rights enshrined by the Constitution largely empty.

The outbreak of war caused almost all judges, magistrates, law officers and private practitioners to flee from the provinces.
For several years during the war, there were only two places in the provinces – Bo and Port Loko – that had magistrates’ courts operating.

Many people resorted to extra-judicial methods to solve their problems.

440.

Access to affordable legal representation in Sierra Leone is a serious problem.

Most Sierra Leoneans are unable to pay for the services of solicitors.

As a result many people are forced to languish in prison cells and police lock-ups for inordinately long periods.

441.
441.

Corruption is a perennial problem in the judiciary.

It pervades all levels of the judiciary.

Office of the Attorney General 442.

The Office of the Attorney General lost its independence and the perception of impartiality when it was fused with the office of the Minister of Justice by virtue of the 1978 Constitution.

The Commission finds it regrettable that this state of affairs was confirmed by the 1991 Constitution and indeed persists today.
Under this legal regime, the discretion of the Attorney General cannot be free from political influence.

Citizenship 443.

The Commission finds that the laws in relation to citizenship, which restrict the ability of persons who are not of Negro African descent to become citizens, are racially discriminatory and inappropriate for a developing and democratic society.35 The Commission finds further that such laws promote disunity and capital flight.
35 See Part III of The Sierra Leone Citizenship (Amendment) Act 1976.

Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 93 FINDINGS IN RESPECT OF YOUTH Primary Findings 444.

445.

446.

447.

448.

449.

450.

The Commission finds that the youth in Sierra Leone have been excluded from any meaningful participation in the political process.

The political exclusion of the youth prompted some of them to assert themselves forcefully into the political process.
The Commission finds that marginal and disaffected youth, both rural and urban, made up the vast majority of the fighting forces in the RUF, CDF and the expanded SLA.

The Commission finds that many youths became both victims and perpetrators in the war.

Many were abducted and forced to engage in horrific atrocities under threat of death, often after being compelled to consume a concoction of drugs.

They will carry the psychological scars of their experiences for the rest of their lives.
The Commission holds the entire leadership of the different factions, and in particular the leadership of the RUF, responsible for masterminding these pernicious and brutal strategies, or alternatively for failing to stop such practices.

The Commission finds that some of the causes of the conflict that prompted many young people to go to war – namely elitist politics, rampant corruption, nepotism and bad governance – are not being adequately addressed.
The Commission finds that the proliferation of non-governmental organisations (NGOs) in post-conflict Sierra Leone has not resulted in the creation of meaningful capacity amongst the youth.

Main Findings Political and Economic Exclusion 451.

452.

453.

The Commission finds that the youth were excluded from any meaningful participation in the political process from the late 1960s through to the outbreak of war in 1991.
The exclusion of the youth from the political process occurred through the stifling of dissent and the freedom of expression, the creation of a one-party state and the total domination of the political scene by the APC.

The APC made use of marginalised youth to engage in political violence against its opponents and such youth became increasingly captive to handouts from their political masters.
The gradual decline of the economy and the drop in the standard of living contributed immensely to an increase in the number of school dropouts and the high rate of unemployment among the youth.

Unemployment led many youths to the “pote” (local slang for the “ghetto”) and they became active participants in the drug culture.

Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 94 454.

455.

456.

457.

The political exclusion of the youth prompted some of them to assert themselves forcefully into the political process.
College students emerged as the only real opposition to the one-party dominance.

Students engaged with marginal youths to debate “revolution”, which eventually led to the recruitment and training of some young revolutionaries in Libya between 1987 and 1989.

Involvement of Youth in the War The Commission finds that marginalised and disaffected youth, both rural and urban, made up the vast majority of the fighting forces in the RUF, CDF and the expanded SLA.
Many unemployed youth who previously had no means of survival saw the war as a welcome opportunity through which to amass wealth and transform their status.

The Commission finds that the vast majority of those who were recruited into the expanded SLA were marginalised youths from the urban areas.

Most of those abducted or forcibly recruited into the RUF were from the rural areas and the bulk of youth recruited into the CDF were also from the rural areas.
The Commission finds that many youths became both victims and perpetrators in the war.

Those who were abducted and forced to engage in violence, under threat of death, were victims.

They then became perpetrators, when carrying out human rights violations against civilians.

This was often done after being compelled to consume a concoction of drugs.

While perpetrating the most horrific atrocities under the influence of drugs, it can be said that these youths were victims at the same time.
They will carry the psychological scars of their experiences for the rest of their lives.

The Commission holds the entire leadership of the RUF responsible for masterminding these pernicious and brutal strategies, or alternatively for failing to stop such practices.

458.

In the end, the war not only affected marginalised youth; it also affected mainstream youth.
This was largely due to the breakdown of the family, the collapse of educational institutions, the lack of jobs and the fact that the fighting occurred in almost every part of the country.

Youth and Post-Conflict Sierra Leone 459.

460.

Despite the important strides made by the government since the conclusion of the war, the condition of the youth in Sierra Leone continues to be problematic.
A significant number of young people have expressed frustration and concern that the circumstances that resulted in the war have not been meaningfully addressed.

A failure to address these shortcomings will have serious repercussions for Sierra Leone.

The Commission finds that many youths who missed out on schooling during the war are no longer in a position to continue with their education.
This is due to the high cost of education and because many of them consider themselves to be too old to return to school.

The 1990s constituted a wasted decade for these youth.

Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 95 461.

462.

The Commission finds that the economy was destroyed during the eleven years of civil conflict.

While the government is trying to rebuild the infrastructure and set the economy back on track, most young people cannot find employment.
Many young people lack the skills that would make them employable in the job market.

However, even graduates have difficulty in finding work in Sierra Leone.

The Commission finds that during the war many youths graduated from using marijuana to using harder forms of narcotics, such as cocaine and heroine.

Many young people are now addicted to these harder, more damaging drugs.
Youths who might otherwise have become college graduates and professionals now occupy a twilight world where they spend idle days and resort to thievery and drug dealing to eke out a living.

463.

The Commission finds that lack of funds and personnel are hampering the programme of the Ministry of Youth and Sports.

It therefore cannot fulfil the responsibilities for which it was created.

FINDINGS IN RESPECT OF CHILDREN Primary Findings36 464.

465.

466.

467.

468.


The Sierra Leonean conflict, perhaps more than any other conflict, was characterised by the brutal strategy, employed by most of the armed factions, of forcing children into combat.

The Commission finds that, during the conflict, all the armed groups pursued a policy of deliberately targeting children.37 The Commission finds that the abduction and forced recruitment of children was in clear contravention of the Convention on the Rights of the Child and its optional protocols.
The Commission holds the leadership of the RUF, CDF, AFRC and SLA accountable for gross violations of the human rights of children.

The Commission finds that successive governments in Sierra Leone permitted and condoned the practice of recruiting child soldiers into the national army and the auxiliary forces during the period of the conflict.

The rights of children were violated in many ways.


Children were abducted, forcibly recruited to fight for the faction that abducted them, compelled to kill or be killed.

Children were tortured and maimed.

They were forced into slave labour, suffered rape, sexual slavery and other forms of sexual abuse.

Girls between the ages of 10 and 14 were particularly targeted for abuse.

The Commission finds that children were not only victims, but also became perpetrators in the conflict.
They were forced to perpetrate the most unspeakable violations, including rape, torture and sexual abuse.

In their roles as perpetrators, many children have been “conditioned” into accepting violence as the norm.

Perpetrating violence became a means of survival.

36 Further findings on the experiences of children can be found in the earlier section entitled ‘Findings on the Nature and Characteristics of the Conflict’.
37 More detail can be found in the Statistical Report produced as an Appendix to this report.

Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 96 469.

470.

The Commission finds that all fighting factions exploited the vulnerability of children and in so doing brutalised them.

Children have entered adulthood deeply scarred by their traumatic experiences and their feelings of guilt.
The Commission finds that all the armed groups pursued a policy of deliberately abducting girls with the intention of raping and sexual violating them, forcing them into sexual and domestic slavery, torturing them, forcibly impregnating them and mutilating them.

The Commission holds the leadership of all fighting factions responsible for planning and authorising such brutal strategies.

471.

The Commission finds that there can be no role in warfare for children.
Those responsible for the acts of abduction, forced recruitment, sexual enslavement and the related acts of torture, forced labour and forced drugging to which children were subjected must stand to account.

472.

The Commission finds that the Government of Sierra Leone has been tardy in passing the Children’s Bill into law.

Main Findings Findings against the RUF in respect of children 473.

474.

475.

476.

477.


The Commission finds that the RUF was the primary violator of the rights of children in contravention of international law and international humanitarian law.

The Commission finds the RUF responsible for the deliberate and unfettered abuse of children in its most egregious manifestations during the Sierra Leone conflict.
The Commission finds the RUF to have pioneered the practice of abducting children for the express purpose of forcibly recruiting them as child soldiers in the Sierra Leone conflict.

The Commission finds that this was a deliberate strategy on the part of the RUF leadership.

The Commission finds that the RUF was primarily responsible for the abduction of girls.38 RUF combatants, with the blessing and authorisation of the leadership, raped abducted girls and forced them into sexual slavery.
Abducted girls were also subjected to a host of other sexual violations.

The Commission finds that the RUF was the organisation primarily responsible for violations perpetrated against children such as amputation, mutilation, forced drugging, forced labour, torture, cruel and inhuman punishment and assault.

The Commission finds the leadership of the RUF responsible for planning, authorising and implementing the strategies that led to the commission of violations against children.
The Commission holds the leadership of the RUF accountable for committing brutal and senseless violations against the children of Sierra Leone.

38 The RUF is responsible for 73.7% (289 out of 392) of the abduction violations against girls younger than 18 years old (where age is known) reported to the Commission.

Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 97 478.

479.

480.

481.

482.

483.

484.

485.


Findings against the CDF in respect of children The Commission finds that the Civil Defence Forces (CDF) were responsible for recruiting children for the purpose of compelling them to become soldiers in the conflict.

The Commission finds that this practice was in clear contravention of international human rights law and international humanitarian law.
The Commission finds that during the conflict in Sierra Leone the CDF carried out a deliberate strategy of perpetrating rape, sexual slavery and other sexual violations on girls.

The Commission finds in particular that girls and women identified as relatives or associates of the opposing forces were specifically targeted by the CDF for such violations.
The Commission finds such acts to be in clear contravention of international law and holds the leadership of the CDF responsible for the sexual violations carried out by members and combatants of the CDF faction.

The Commission finds the CDF responsible for the perpetration of a host of other brutal violations against children.

These include forced drugging, forced cannibalism, torture and assault.
The Commission finds the leadership of the CDF accountable for these violent and pernicious strategies deployed against children.

The Government of Sierra Leone was advised and made aware of the violations and abuses committed by the CDF against children.

The Commission finds that the Government failed to stop and prevent such violations.
Moreover the Commission finds that the Government neglected to take action against those in the CDF responsible for the commission of these violations and, in particular, those in the leadership responsible for such strategies.

Findings against the SLA in respect of children The Commission finds that the practice of recruiting child soldiers into the SLA can be traced back to President Momoh’s rule.
The Commission finds that the largest number of children recruited into the SLA occurred during the period of the NPRC regime.

Under the NPRC junta, the SLA pursued the practice of abducting children with the express intention of forcibly recruiting them into the Army.

The Commission finds this practice to constitute a clear breach of international law.
The Commission finds that during the period of the conflict significant elements within the SLA pursued a tactic of raping and sexually violating girls in contravention of international law.

The Commission finds that the leadership of the SLA condoned the sexual violations carried out by soldiers.

such as The Commission finds that SLA soldiers were responsible for violations on children torture, amputations, mutilations and assaults.
The Commission finds that the leadership of the SLA failed to take adequate steps to stop and prevent the commission of gross violations of human rights against children.

Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 98 486.

487.

488.

489.

490.

491.

492.

493.

Findings against the AFRC in respect of children The Commission finds the AFRC responsible for the abduction and forcible recruitment of children as child soldiers in clear contravention of international law.
The Commission finds the leadership of the AFRC responsible for the strategy that led to these violations.

The Commission finds that the AFRC pursued a deliberate strategy of abducting girls during the invasion of Freetown in January 1999.

AFRC combatants abducted girls in order to rape them, hold them in sexual slavery and to perpetrate sexual violations against them.
The Commission finds that the AFRC was responsible for the amputation, mutilation, forced labour, forced drugging, torture, cruel and inhuman treatment and assault of children during the conflict in Sierra Leone.

The Commission finds that the leadership of the AFRC not only permitted those under their command to carry out these violations, but also engaged in the commission of these violations themselves.
Health The Commission finds that the conflict in Sierra Leone impacted negatively on the physical and mental health of children.

In particular, the health of girls has been adversely affected by the high incidence of rape and sexual violence, which has particularly compromised their reproductive systems.

Sexual abuse of girls during the conflict has left some of them not only HIV positive, but also suffering from other sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
Education The Commission finds that children and youth in Sierra Leone have been severely disadvantaged by the lack of access to free education at primary level and affordable secondary education.

The Commission finds that the lack of access to education has the potential to exclude the majority of children and youth in Sierra Leone from reaching their full potential and enabling them to take their rightful place in society.
Sexual exploitation and trafficking of children The Commission finds that the conflict in Sierra Leone has promoted and encouraged the sexual exploitation and trafficking of children and youth.

The Commission finds that the presence of peacekeepers in Sierra Leone has contributed substantially to the problem.

The Commission recognises that the UN Mission in Sierra Leone has probably enacted the most progressive measures in UN peacekeeping history in order to deal with this problem.
Street children The Commission finds that the conflict in Sierra Leone has created a new phenomenon, that of children living on the streets.

Many of these children were abducted, suffered forced recruitment and sexual slavery.

They have not been able to return home.

These children and youth live in abject poverty and are compelled to beg or to sell themselves for sex in order to survive.

Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 99 494.

495.


Institutions dealing with children The Commission finds that, while there are a number of governmental and non-governmental institutions concerned with children in Sierra Leone, these institutions lack a clear strategic plan with clearly identified goals and indicators.

The Commission also finds that there is an over-reliance on donor agencies to plan and implement what should be government-led programs.
The Commission finds that the lack of strategy on the part of these institutions has resulted in a lack of focus, an uncoordinated approach and a plethora of non-governmental programmes.

The Commission has found that no leadership exists at governmental level to co-ordinate these much-needed programmes.

organisations carrying similar out FINDINGS IN RESPECT OF WOMEN Primary findings 496.

497.

498.

499.

500.

501.


The Commission finds that, during the conflict in Sierra Leone, all armed groups perpetrated human rights violations against women and girls.

Women and girls were targeted for rape and sexual slavery.
Violations committed against women included killings, rape, sexual violence, forced sexual slavery, slave pregnancy, detention, torture, enforced sterilisation, trafficking, mutilations, enforced cannibalism, displacement and economic violations such as looting, extortion, theft and the destruction of property.
labour, abductions, assaults, amputations, The Commission finds further that many humanitarian workers, who were meant to protect and assist women, exploited the extreme vulnerability of women and violated their rights by compelling them to barter their bodies in order to access aid and survive.

Retarding the recovery of women is the fact that they lack adequate access to productive assets including land, credit, training and technology.
The Commission finds that the Government of Sierra Leone failed in its duty to protect women and girls from abuse during and after the conflict.

Before, during and after the conflict, women have been largely excluded from meaningful decision making in the political arena.

Main Findings Findings against the RUF in respect of women 502.

The Commission finds that the RUF was the primary perpetrator of human rights violations against women and girls.
The RUF was responsible for targeting women and girls, abducting them with the express intention of exploiting their vulnerability.

Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 100 503.

504.

505.

506.

The RUF pursued a deliberate strategy of violating women by raping them and perpetrating acts of sexual violence against them.

RUF combatants used women and girls (particularly those between the ages of 10 and 14) as sexual and domestic slaves and tortured them in a myriad of different ways.
Women and girls were killed, assaulted and suffered cruel and inhuman acts at the hands of RUF fighters.

Findings against the AFRC in respect of women The Commission finds that the AFRC pursued a deliberate strategy of targeting girls and women with the specific intention of violating them by abducting them, raping them and perpetrating acts of sexual violence against them.
The AFRC pursued a strategy of violating women and girls by using them as sexual and domestic slaves and tortured them in a variety of ways.

Women and girls were killed, assaulted and suffered cruel and inhuman acts at the hands of AFRC fighters.

The Commission finds that the AFRC planned, authorised and executed a strategy to target women and girls during the invasion of Freetown in January 1999.
AFRC combatants targeted women and girls with the express intention of abducting them, raping and sexually violating them and pursuing a range of other human rights violations against them.

507.

The Commission finds that the leadership of the AFRC failed to express remorse or regret or to acknowledge responsibility for the violations carried out by AFRC fighters under their command.

508.

509.

510.

511.


Findings against the CDF in respect of women The Commission finds that the CDF, particularly in the latter period of the conflict, abducted civilian women and girls whom they believed to be associated to or in collaboration with the RUF and the AFRC.

The Commission finds that the CDF detained women and girls and kept them under the most cruel and inhuman conditions with the intention of violating them by raping them and exploiting them as sexual slaves.
The Commission finds the conduct of CDF members particularly reprehensible given that the CDF was established to protect the civilian population.

The Commission finds that the leadership of the CDF failed to express remorse or acknowledge responsibility for the violations carried out by those under their command.
Findings against the SLA in respect of women The Commission finds that the SLA, which was responsible for protecting the civilian population, abducted women and girls, particularly those believed to belong to the RUF or believed to have collaborated with the RUF / AFRC.

Women and girls were detained under conditions of extreme cruelty with the deliberate intention of raping them and perpetrating other acts of sexual violence upon them.
Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 101 Findings against the West Side Boys in respect of women 512.

The Commission finds the West Side Boys responsible for abducting women and girls, holding them against their will, forcing them into marriage, raping them, using them as sexual slaves and perpetrating a range of brutal and inhuman acts upon them.

Violations perpetrated against women and girls o Abduction and Forced Recruitment 513.
The Commission finds that all of the armed groups pursued a deliberate strategy of targeting young girls between the ages of 10 and 14.

Women and girls were abducted for the purposes of keeping them under their control, exercising rights of ownership over them, exploiting their vulnerability, coercing them into becoming combatants and using them as sexual slaves and as forced labour.

514.

The RUF was the organisation primarily responsible for the abduction of women and girls.39 o Rape 515.

516.
516.

The Commission finds that the RUF and the AFRC deliberately embarked on systematic strategies to abduct and rape women and girls between the ages of ten and 14 years.

The Commission finds that the systematic raping of women was intended to humiliate, defile and violate women, their families and communities.

The practice of systematic rape sowed terror among the local population and debased societal norms and customs.

o Sexual slavery 517.


The Commission finds that the RUF and the AFRC were the major perpetrators of sexual slavery and forced marriages of women and young girls.40 o “Enforced sterilisation”41 518.

The Commission finds the RUF and the AFRC primarily responsible for perpetrating the violation of “enforced sterilisation” for no reason other than to torture and inflict cruel and inhuman treatment on women.
39 Of the 2,058 abductions of women and girls reported to the Commission, 1,362 (66.2%) are attributed to the RUF.

40 Of the 189 allegations of sexual slavery of women and girls reported to the Commission, 137 of them (72.5%) are attributed to the RUF and 22 (11.6%) are attributed to the AFRC.

41 The practice of disembowelling pregnant women with the intention of removing the foetus constitutes ‘enforced sterilisation’ in terms of international human rights law.
Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 102 o Mutilation 519.

The Commission finds that the RUF and the AFRC were responsible for the extensive mutilation of women and young girls.

These groups are held responsible for the carving of the initials of their factions onto the chests of women and girls, as well as other abductees, with the deliberate intention of permanently disfiguring them and to discourage them from escaping.

o Forced detention 520.


The Commission finds that all the armed groups pursued a strategy of detaining women and girls whom they believed to be relatives and supporters of the opposing forces, with the intention of violating them and punishing them for their perceived association with “enemy” forces.

o Forced displacement 521.

522.

523.

524.

525.


The Commission finds that all the armed perpetrator groupings and in particular the RUF violated the rights of women and girls by forcing them to flee from their homes and to abandon all their possessions.42 This caused women not only economic loss but also the loss of security and enormous trauma.

The Commission finds that women made up approximately 36.8% (2,941 out of 7,983) of the displaced population in the conflict.
Many women and girls who were forced to migrate and those that became internally displaced have still not been reintegrated back into their communities.

Most internally displaced persons, including refugee women, live in extremely tenuous economic circumstances, while at the same time attempting to provide for their families.

o Forced labour and “enslavement” The Commission finds that all the armed perpetrator groups coerced women and girls under their control into doing forced labour.
International law recognises the crime against humanity of “enslavement”, which includes the exercise of the power of ownership over one or more persons, such as purchasing, selling, lending or bartering such a person or persons, or by imposing on them a deprivation of liberty.

The armed perpetrator groups are found to have committed this crime against humanity to the extent that it was conducted as part of a widespread or systematic attack.

o Assault and Torture 526.


The Commission finds that women and girls were assaulted, tortured and subjected to cruel and inhuman treatment by all the armed perpetrator groups, with the deliberate intention of inflicting serious mental and physical suffering or injury on them.

42 Of the 2,941 forced displacement violations against women and girls where the perpetrator is known, 1,860 (63.2%) are attributed to the RUF.

Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 103 527.

528.

529.

530.

531.

532.

533.

534.


535.

The Commission finds that all the factions pursued a deliberate strategy of perpetrating torture on women and girls perceived to be associated with the “enemy”, by inflicting or threatening to inflict sexual violence, other acts of violence and cruel and inhuman acts upon them or on persons close to them.

o Forced drugging The Commission finds all the factions, particularly the RUF, responsible for the forced ingestion of drugs and alcohol by women and girls.
This tactic was carried out with the deliberate intention of causing its victims to lose control, both mentally and physically, and to exploit their vulnerability.

Many women and girl abductees and former combatants remain addicted to drugs today.

This has impacted negatively on the rehabilitation and reintegration of these ex-combatants into society.
o Other Atrocities In addition to atrocities associated with the exploitation of women’s sexuality and vulnerability, women and girls were not exempted from the full range of atrocities suffered by men.

Thousands of women and girls were killed and had their limbs amputated.

Women and girls were subjected to forced cannibalism.
Women had their property and possessions looted by members of all armed groups, thereby depriving them and their families of food, clothing, money and assets.43 Women as combatants and perpetrators The Commission finds that while most women were compelled to become combatants and collaborators in order to survive, a number of them chose voluntarily to take up these roles.

Some women joined the war because they believed in the cause of the armed revolution or the defence of the country.
The Commission finds that collaboration with an armed faction is often a mechanism that women employ to survive and to improve the situation for themselves and their families.

Ethnic allegiances, as well as personal and private loyalties also explained why women took sides.

The Commission finds that Sierra Leonean society has stigmatised women and girls who were combatants in the conflict.

Stigmatisation has resulted in women and girls concealing their experiences.
Many women are unwilling to acknowledge that they need help to deal with the consequences of their roles in the conflict.

The Commission finds that many women have suffered “double victimisation”.

First they were compelled against their will to join the fighting factions and today they are victimised by society for having played a combative role in the conflict.

They are treated with hostility and suspicion for “breaching” both gender and sex roles.
Non-disclosure is a survival mechanism that may prevent ostracism.

Many female ex-combatants live in perpetual fear of being recognised and isolated because of their roles in the conflict.

43 Women victims accounted for one quarter to one third of the violations reported to the Commission in all the categories of abuse listed in this paragraph.

Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 104 Disarmament and Reintegration 536.
The Commission finds that men and boys were favoured over women and girls in the disarmament and reintegration processes.

Little effort was made to recognise the experiences of women in the war.

Most former female combatants and those who played a supporting role in the war were not able to access the necessary assistance to reintegrate into their communities.

Abuse by humanitarian workers 537.


The Commission finds it particularly disturbing that many cases of abuse by humanitarian workers on women and children have occurred in Sierra Leone.

Aid workers who were supposed to render humanitarian aid to women abused their power by exploiting the vulnerability of those under their care.

538.

The Commission finds that women and girls were forced to barter their bodies to humanitarian workers in exchange for aid.

Political and Economic Exclusion 539.


A culture of exclusion and marginalisation in the management of economic and political affairs in Sierra Leone existed before and during the civil conflict.

It persists today.

Women have been excluded in practice and in fact from decision-making.

540.

Women are largely absent from the structures of government and traditional forums that are critical in formulating policies.
They are excluded in the processes involving security sector reform and other post-conflict and peace building measures undertaken by the State.

541.

The exclusion of women resonates across the various divides – cultural, religious, economic and domestic.

The political exclusion of women leaves Sierra Leone out of step with much of the world.

Effects of the Conflict on the Health of Women 542.

Women and girls suffered adverse effects to their health as a result of the conflict.
The health concerns of women were exacerbated by the destruction of health facilities.

Many women still do not have access to basic health services.

The absence of qualified health professionals including doctors, surgeons, psychologists and psychiatrists compounds the problem.

543.

Sexual violence experienced by women during the conflict has had lasting negative effects on their reproductive health.
Rape and sexual violence were rife, which caused a massive rise in the incidence of HIV / AIDS and sexually transmitted infections (STIs).

This is of immediate concern to the survivors.

Lack of Access to Resources 544.

Retarding their recovery is the fact that women lack adequate access to productive assets including land, credit, training and technology.

Women, with limited access to formal sector employment, resort mainly to food production and petty trading activities with very low earning potential.
Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 105 545.

Women face discrimination in education, employment, in the social and economic setting and in the family.

The law (both customary and statutory) discriminates against women and girls.

In addition, the law does not adequately protect women against violence.

546.
546.

Compounding the situation is the high rate of illiteracy among women, which stands at 89% for rural women by the last available figures.44 Most women are unskilled and cannot obtain formal sector employment.

Widowed Women 547.

Many women were widowed as result of the war.

Consequently, they have encountered numerous problems to ownership of property, inheritance and access to land.

in relation 548.

They also face discrimination due to their status as widows.
The practice of Widow Inheritance45 is rife among some communities in the country.

Elderly Women 549.

The war has undermined the social status of elderly women.

The breakdown of social and cultural values that would have ensured protection for these women places them in a precarious position.

They are largely destitute and unemployable.

Discrimination 550.
Discrimination 550.

Women and girls in Sierra Leone before, during and after the conflict have been subjected to entrenched structural discrimination by practice, custom and law.

These discriminatory practices remain unchanged today.

551.

Within the context of the conflict, women and girls were not only exposed to higher levels of gender-based violence than in peace time, but they were also discriminated against with regard to provision of services.
This situation has not improved, even long after the cessation of conflict.

Women survivors continue to suffer the same marginalisation.

552.

Women comprise the largest category of persons without formal education in Sierra Leone.

Illiteracy rates stand at 89% for the rural female population by the latest available figures.46 Structural and cultural discrimination, early marriage and other harmful traditional practices impede the access of women to education and economic advancement.
44 See the Analytical Report on the 1985 Census produced by the Central Statistics Office.

45 ‘Widow Inheritance’ describes the practice of a male relative of the deceased assuming the estate and managing the affairs of the widow.

46 See the Analytical Report on the 1985 Census produced by the Central Statistics Office.

Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 106 FINDINGS IN RESPECT OF MINERAL RESOURCES Primary Findings 553.

554.

555.

556.

557.


The Commission finds that the exploitation of diamonds did not cause the conflict in Sierra Leone, but different fighting factions did target diamond areas for purposes of supporting their war efforts.

The Commission finds that countries in the Mano River Union permitted their territories to be used as conduits for the smuggling of diamonds extracted from Sierra Leone.
The political elites of these countries benefited enormously from the diamond resources smuggled out of Sierra Leone.

The Commission finds that the RUF, AFRC and CDF were primarily responsible for targeting diamond areas.

The Commission finds that the RUF and AFRC employed abduction and forced labour for their mining activities, including the use of child labour.

Successive governments of Sierra Leone have never had effective control over the diamond industry.
While the present government of Sierra Leone has made significant progress in regulating the industry, much still needs to be done.

During the conflict period, the global diamond industry deliberately chose not to determine the origin of diamonds, thereby promoting the trade in “conflict diamonds”, which, in turn, prolonged local wars.

Main Findings 558.

559.

560.

561.


Exploitation of Diamonds prior to the Conflict The Commission finds that countries in the Mano River Union permitted their territories to be used as a conduit for the smuggling of diamonds extracted from Sierra Leone.

The political elites of these countries benefited enormously from the diamond resources smuggled out of Sierra Leone.
The Commission finds that the political elite and those in power appropriated the bulk of the mineral resources of Sierra Leone for their private accumulation, thereby denying the people the much-needed resources for development.

A Fuelling Factor The Commission finds that the exploitation of diamonds was not the cause of the conflict in Sierra Leone, but rather fuelled the conflict as diamonds were used by most of the fighting factions to finance and support their war efforts.
The RUF was mining diamonds and using them for the procurement of supplies, arms and ammunition throughout the war, but mainly between 1998 and 2001.

During this latter period, the RUF’s diamond-mining activities were actively supported by Charles Taylor and other individuals in Liberia, including government officials.

Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 107 562.


In particular, the sale of “conflict diamonds” contributed to the procurement of small arms and the proliferation of these arms in Sierra Leone and the region.

563.

564.

565.

566.

567.

568.

569.

570.

571.

Targeting of Diamondiferous Areas Those areas of the country rich in diamonds and other mineral resources were systematically targeted by the warring groups, especially the RUF, the AFRC and the CDF.
The targeting of these areas led to the commission of extensive human rights violations on civilians and the displacement of large numbers of people.

Community life in these areas was significantly disrupted.

Individuals such as miners, diamond dealers and Lebanese businesspersons were targeted for their perceived wealth.

They were often killed and their properties looted and destroyed.

The theft of diamonds from such individuals was often accompanied by torture and beatings.
Mismanagement of the Diamond Industry The Commission finds that successive post-colonial governments of Sierra Leone mismanaged the diamond industry and placed its effective control in the hands of a few elite individuals and groups in a manner that did not benefit the economy of Sierra Leone.
The Commission finds the APC government responsible for abdicating its responsibility by handing effective control of the diamond industry to companies that siphoned the income from these resources to other countries.

This transfer of control significantly reduced state revenues from diamond mining.

The people of Sierra Leone were thus denied the benefits of the country’s rich mineral resources.
The Commission finds that the NPRC government was extremely irresponsible in handing concessions to mine diamonds and gold to mercenary groups such as Executive Outcomes and the Ghurkhas.

The Commission finds that the state has never had effective control of the diamond industry prior to and during the conflict period.

Although the current government has put in place the mechanisms of control for the diamond and mineral industry, implementation and management are lacking.
Corruption among public officials is still rife in Sierra Leone, with many people holding mining licenses under other people’s names.

The Commission finds that the potential for abuse in the mining industry remains as long as government and public officials retain mining licences.

Forced Labour and Labour Conditions The Commission finds that the RUF and the AFRC employed abduction and forced labour for their mining activities, including the use of child labour.
Appalling labour conditions have characterised mining operations in Sierra Leone during and after the conflict.

Children are still used as miners.

Poverty is rampant amidst the glittering wealth of the diamond fields.

Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 108 Role of the Global Diamond Industry 572.

573.

574.

575.

The Commission finds that, during the conflict period, the global diamond industry had little or no control over the origin of diamonds that were sold worldwide.
The international diamond industry was largely indifferent to the origin of “conflict diamonds”, even at a time when reports of atrocities relating to the conflict in Sierra Leone were widely disseminated in the global media.

These lapses significantly promoted the trade in illicit “conflict diamonds” and thereby encouraged the prolonging of local wars, including the conflict in Sierra Leone.
Although the government has made significant progress in tackling diamond smuggling, largely due to the introduction of the certification process, smuggling is far from being eradicated.

The Commission finds that a major weakness in the certification process for the trade of diamonds is the fact that the country of actual origin of the diamonds cannot always be identified.
This shortcoming promotes the illegal trade of “conflict diamonds” and allows such diamonds to be sold freely in the diamond markets of the world.

576.

The Commission finds that while the Kimberly Process has gone a long way to addressing problems in the global diamond industry, the Government of Sierra Leone has failed to implement effective controls and checks at the local level.

FINDINGS IN RESPECT OF THE TRC AND THE SPECIAL COURT FOR SIERRA LEONE Primary Findings 577.

578.

579.
578.

579.

The Commission finds that the amnesty clause in the Lomé Peace Agreement was well intentioned and meant to secure peace.

The Commission finds that in repudiating the amnesty clause in the Lomé Peace Agreement, both the United Nations and the Government of Sierra Leone have sent an unfortunate message to combatants in future wars that they cannot trust peace agreements that contain amnesty clauses.
The Commission finds that insufficient consideration was given to the laying down of guidelines for the simultaneous conduct of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission and the Special Court in Sierra Leone.

In particular, the Commission finds that the United Nations and the Government of Sierra Leone should have enshrined the right of detainees and prisoners in the custody of the Special Court to participate in the truth and reconciliation process.
The failure to establish policy which would set out clearly the nature of the relationship between the two bodies had led to a great deal of confusion in the minds of the public.

As a result, many Sierra Leoneans stayed away from the Commission for fear that their information may be turned over to the Special Court.

Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 109 580.

581.

582.
581.

582.

The Commission finds that the “Practice Direction” formulated by the Registry of the Special Court to regulate contact between the Commission itself and the detainees in the custody of the Special Court did not adequately consider the spirit and purpose of the Commission’s mandate.
The Commission finds that the decision by the Special Court for Sierra Leone to deny its detainees the right to appear before the Commission and the nation in an open and transparent manner denied the right of Sierra Leoneans to see the process of truth and reconciliation done in relation to the detainees.

The Commission holds that the right to the truth is inalienable.

This right should be upheld in terms of national and international law.
It is the reaching of the wider truth through broad-based participation that permits a nation to examine itself honestly and to take effective measures to prevent a repetition of the past.

Main Findings Amnesty 583.

584.

585.

586.

The Lomé Peace Agreement granted an amnesty in order to end the hostilities in Sierra Leone and to secure the commitment of all parties to the peace process.
Given the reality of the conflict that plagued Sierra Leone in July of 1999, the Commission views the amnesty granted as necessary in the circumstances that prevailed at the time.

The amnesty provision at Article IX of the Lomé Peace Agreement clearly applies to “all combatants and collaborators”, not just those of the RUF.
The Commission finds that it is unwise and legally unsound to suggest that one party to an agreement could, by its subsequent actions, deprive individuals belonging to other groups of the benefit of amnesty.
The Commission finds that the handwritten disclaimer made by the United Nations to the Lomé Peace Agreement, stating that the amnesty provisions shall not apply to certain international crimes, may have sent a message to combatants and leaders of armed factions that the amnesty provided by the Lomé Peace Agreement was not a secure amnesty.

The Commission finds that both the Government of Sierra Leone and the RUF committed breaches of the Lomé Peace Agreement, which culminated in its collapse in May 2000.
The Commission finds that in repudiating the amnesty clause in the Lomé Peace Agreement, both the United Nations and the Government of Sierra Leone may have sent an unfortunate message to combatants in future wars that they cannot trust peace agreements that contain amnesty clauses.

The Commission subscribes to the general proposition that there will be circumstances where a trade of peace for amnesty represents the least bad of the available alternatives.

Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 110 587.

588.


589.

590.

591.

592.

593.

594.

Unique Framework of Transitional Justice Sierra Leone, with its two institutions of transitional justice in operation at the same time – that is, the TRC and the Special Court – had the opportunity to offer the world a unique framework in moving from conflict to peace.

Sadly, this opportunity was not seized.


The two bodies had little contact and when they intersected at the operational level, the relationship was a troubled one.

A Failure to Define the Relationship The Commission finds that the United Nations and the Government of Sierra Leone, who were responsible for the Special Court initiative and were the authors of its founding instruments, might have given more consideration to the laying down of guidelines for the simultaneous operation of the two institutions.
In particular, the Commission finds that the United Nations and the Government of Sierra Leone should have enshrined the right of detainees and prisoners in the custody of the Special Court to participate in the truth and reconciliation process.

The Commission finds that the two institutions themselves might have given more consideration to an arrangement or a memorandum of understanding to regulate their relationship.
Confusion in the Minds of the Public The failure to demarcate clearly the roles and functions of the two bodies, together with the highly uncertain nature of the relationship between them, led to a great deal of confusion in the minds of the public.

The Commission finds that many Sierra Leoneans who might have wished to participate in the truth-telling process stayed away for fear that their information may be turned over to the Special Court.

This was particularly the case with regard to perpetrators.
The Commission’s ability to create a forum of exchange between victims and perpetrators was retarded by the presence of the Special Court.

Access to Detainees in the Custody of the Special Court The Commission finds that the “Practice Direction”47 formulated by the Registry of the Special Court to regulate contact between the Commission and the detainees did not adequately consider the spirit and purpose behind the Commission’s mandate.
The “Practice Direction” purported to authorise a Special Court judge to approve whether the Commission may interview a detainee in pursuance of its mandate.

In addition, the “Practice Direction” purported to authorise a judge to decide whether a detainee could exercise his right to appear before the Commission.

By removing the decision from the detainees, the Special Court effectively proscribed their rights under the Truth and Reconciliation Commission Act.
47 The Practice Direction referred to in the ensuing paragraphs was issued by the Registrar of the Special Court on 9 September 2003 and amended on 4 October 2003.

Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 111 595.
The “Practice Direction” had no regard for the rights of the Commission to hear testimony in confidence,48 to conduct interviews in private,49 or to hold records of such interviews on a confidential basis.50 The stipulation in the “Practice Direction” that interviews would be monitored within earshot and that recordings of confidential interviews would be made and lodged with the Registry violated the right of an accused not to incriminate himself.51 Insufficient Appreciation of Urgency 596.
The Commission finds that the Special Court failed to treat the hearings applications from the Commission and the detainees with any urgency, despite the fact that the applications were pleaded before the Special Court time and again with “special urgency”.

The Detainees and the People of Sierra Leone 597.

The Commission was effectively blocked by the Special Court from holding any public hearings or confidential interviews with the detainees.
The decision to deny Chief Sam Hinga Norman and the other detainees their right to appear before the Commission represents an impairment of basic rights, not only to the detainees but also to the people of Sierra Leone.
In practice, the decision of the President of the Special Court on appeal: a. rejected the right of the detainees to testify in an open and transparent manner before the Commission; b. denied the detainees their freedom of expression and their right to appear publicly before the Commission; and c. denied the right of the Sierra Leonean people to see the detainees participate in the truth and reconciliation process.

A Right to Know the Truth 598.

599.


The Commission finds that the established practice of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission for Sierra Leone has led to the recognition in national law of a de facto right to testify before the TRC.

In the light of developments in post-conflict societies in the late 20th and early 21st centuries relating to past human rights violations, there exists on the part of victims a right to know the truth.
Truth Commissions have been established in several countries around the world to meet that recognised obligation.

The Commission finds that there is considerable weight to the argument that establishing the “truth” is an essential component of the universally recognised “right to an effective remedy”.

48 Provided for by Section 3 of the Truth and Reconciliation Act 2000.

49 Provided for by Section 8(1)(c) of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission Act 2000.
50 Provided for by Section 7(3) of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission Act 2000.

51 This stipulation arose from paragraphs 4(b), 4(c) and 7 of the “Practice Direction”, as amended on 4 October 2003.

Any party to the proceedings would be entitled to apply to the Trial Judge for disclosure of the transcript of the taped interview or hearing.

Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 112 Courts Do Not Reach the Wider Truth 600.

601.

602.

603.
601.

602.

603.

Criminal prosecutions deliver justice on specifically framed charges by attempting to meet the burden of proof on each element of the charge.

Courts are arenas for deciding whether the burden of proof has been met on the specific elements of the charge.

Accordingly, courts are limited in their ability to reach the broader truth.
Indeed, where violations of human individual prosecutions of just a handful of alleged perpetrators are unlikely to reveal the full knowledge of the cruelty and extent of the violations.52 Truth Commissions, by contrast, are designed and set up specifically for that purpose.

rights have become endemic, Reaching the Truth and Addressing Impunity Truth and Reconciliation Commissions represent one of the most viable means of securing a sustainable peace.
Such commissions can strengthen the peace through the establishment of an impartial historical record of the conflict and the creation of a public understanding of the past that draws upon broad based participation.

It is only when the full truth (or as close to the full truth as possible) is placed squarely before the public that society can examine itself honestly and robustly.
It is this cathartic exercise on the part of the nation that permits it to take genuine measures to prevent the repetition of the horrors of the past.

52 See the Report of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights in the case of Monseñor Oscar Arnulfo Romero and Galdamez v. El Salvador, Report No.

37/00 of 13 April 2000.


Vol Two Chapter Two Findings Page 113 CHAPTER THREE Recommendations TRC Truth hurts but war hurts more Produced by the TRC Steering Committee with support from the International Human Rights Law Group CHAPTER THREE Recommendations I pray never to see again what I saw in my beloved Sierra Leone.

Extract from the poem “I Saw” by Mohamed Sekoya1 Introduction 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.
The Truth and Reconciliation Commission Act 2000 (“the Act”) requires the Commission to make recommendations concerning the reforms and measures, whether legal, political, administrative or otherwise, needed to achieve the object of the Commission; namely, providing an impartial historical record, preventing the repetition of violations or abuses suffered, addressing impunity, responding to the needs of victims and promoting healing and reconciliation.2 The recommendations contained in this chapter are designed to facilitate the building of a new Sierra Leone based on the values of human dignity, tolerance and respect for the rights of all persons.
In particular, the recommendations are intended to help create an open and vibrant democracy in which all are treated as equal before the law.

The Commission is of the view that the adoption of its recommendations will assist the people of Sierra Leone to rise above the bitter conflicts of the past, which caused unspeakable violations of human rights and left a legacy of dehumanisation, hatred and fear.
These legacies must be confronted on the basis that there is a need for tolerance, not for prejudice; a need for acknowledgment and accountability, not for recrimination; a need for reparation, not for retribution; a need for community, not for victimisation; a need for understanding, not for suspicion; and a need for reconstruction, not for greed.
Unique Legal Framework The Act requires that Government shall faithfully and timeously implement the recommendations of the report that are directed to state bodies and encourage or facilitate the implementation of any recommendations that may be directed to others.3 The Act further requires that the Government shall, upon the publication of the report of the Commission, establish a committee or other body including representatives of the Moral Guarantors of the Lomé Peace Agreement (“the Follow-Up Committee”) to monitor an facilitate the implementation of the recommendations of the Commission.
1 Poem submitted to the National Vision for Sierra Leone, a project of the TRC.

2 Section 15(2) of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission Act 2000.

3 Section 17 of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission Act 2000.

Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 117 7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

Few enabling statutes of other truth and reconciliation commissions have contained a provision compelling the governing authority to implement the Commission’s recommendations.
Nor are we aware of any similar provision requiring the establishment of a monitoring committee to hold Government to account.

The Parliament of Sierra Leone enacted such provisions against the backdrop of a society devastated by bloody conflict and economic decay.

The intention behind sections 17 and 18 of the Act must have been nothing less than the most serious endeavour to address the fundamental ills facing Sierra Leone.
The effect of the law is to invite the closest scrutiny of the Government’s response to the recommendations made by the Commission.

The categorical nature of the law is immensely significant.
The only qualifications in the provision requiring the Government to implement the Commission’s recommendations are contained in the words “faithfully and timeously implement.” We interpret these words to mean that the Government is required to take all reasonable steps within its means to implement the recommendations; and that such steps should be taken promptly and without unreasonable delay.

Acting faithfully means acting seriously and acting with resolve.
It means that the Government is obliged to do all that is within its power and resources to carry out the recommendations.

Determining what is “timeous” or a “reasonable period” will depend on all the prevailing circumstances.

But it implies that the government must direct its immediate attention to implementation.

Assessing faithful and timeous performance will involve a careful and measured analysis of what was possible and realistic in the light of all relevant factors.
Approach of the Commission its heavy responsibility In the light of the peremptory requirement imposed on the Government, the Commission has been mindful of to make recommendations that are indeed capable of being implemented.

In so doing, the Commission has itself considered what it deems to be “possible and realistic”.

This means taking into account the resources and capacity available to the government.

Accordingly, the Commission has refrained from overwhelming the Government with recommendations.
This would be a meaningless exercise.

It is not the role of the Commission to address every ill and shortcoming in society.

The recommendations are confined to those that are aimed at preventing the repetition of the conflict, addressing impunity, responding to the needs of victims and the promoting of healing and reconciliation.

Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 118 14.

15.
15.

In making its recommendations the Commission has been reluctant to enter the arena of governmental discretion with regard to what government programmes should be initiated and how they should be implemented.4 The Government is already in possession of many reports filled with recommendations that urge it to resource its ministries and line functions; to pay its staff better; to build capacity and put in place various mechanisms; and to raise public awareness of various issues.
Simply repeating such recommendations will not be helpful to the Government or Sierra Leone.

The Commission has rather opted to focus on recommendations that serve to establish and safeguard certain rights, principles and values, consistent with its mandate, which is focussed upon violations and abuses of human rights and international humanitarian law.

These rights and values are those that have not as yet been established in Sierra Leone or are under serious threat.
The Commission views the implementation of its recommendations as the starting point to prevent the repetition of conflict.

FRAMEWORK FOR RECOMMENDATIONS AND THE ROLE OF THE FOLLOW-UP COMMITTEE 16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

In order to give practical effect to the approach outlined above, the Commission has divided three main categories, namely “Imperative”, “Work Towards” and “Seriously Consider”.
its recommendations into “Imperative” Recommendations In certain instances, the Commission will state that a recommendation is imperative and ought to be implemented immediately or as soon as possible.

In the view of the Commission such recommendations fall strictly within the peremptory obligation as stated in the Act.

The Government is required to implement these recommendations “faithfully and timeously”.

These recommendations tend to be those that establish and uphold rights and values.
The Commission proposes that Parliament enact an “omnibus bill” to address those imperative recommendations that may be implemented by mere repeal of existing legislation or parts thereof.

The Commission calls for such a law to be enacted without delay.

The Follow-Up Committee should monitor closely and implementation of “imperative” recommendations.

regularly the 4 The main exception to this relates to the needs of victims, which requires the introduction of certain programmes.
Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 119 “Work Towards” Recommendations In other instances, the Commission recommends that the Government “work towards” the fulfilment of a recommendation.

This category is titled the “Work Towards” category.

In this category, the Government is expected to put in place the building blocks to make the ultimate fulfilment of the recommendation possible.
No time stipulation is made although the Commission nonetheless expects recommendations in this category to be implemented within a reasonable time period.

These recommendations tend to be those that require in-depth planning and the marshalling of resources in order to ensure their fulfilment.

The Follow-up Committee is required to maintain ongoing monitoring of Government’s performance these recommendations.
implementation of in respect of its “Seriously Consider” Recommendations Finally, the Commission makes recommendations for the serious consideration of Government.

In the “Serious Consideration” category, while the Government is expected to thoroughly evaluate the recommendation, it is under no obligation to implement the recommendation.

Recommendations in this category are not necessarily any less important than those contained in the “Imperative” and “Work Towards” categories.
The Commission does, however, recognise that the funds and skills base available to the Sierra Leone state are limited and that there will be recommendations that fall outside the two essential categories.

The Follow-Up Committee is required to provide occasional monitoring of the Government’s decision-making in respect of these recommendations.

The categories of recommendations are reflected in the following table: 21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.


Category Implementation Time Follow-Up Committee “Imperative” Required “Work towards” Put in place building blocks Immediate or as soon as possible Frequent and close scrutiny Less stringent, but still within a reasonable time Ongoing monitoring “Seriously Consider” Seriously evaluate None Occasional monitoring 28.

Unless specifically stated all recommendations are directed to the attention of the Government of Sierra Leone, along with its various organs and agencies.
Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 120 “Calls on” Recommendations 29.

30.

The Commission makes several recommendations directed at bodies that do not fall within the ambit of Section 15 of the Act.

These are institutions that do not form part of the Executive or Legislative arms of government or that are non-governmental bodies or members of the international community.

In these circumstances, the Commission “calls on” the body in question to implement the recommendation.
Role of Civil Society in Monitoring While the role of the Follow-up Committee with regard to the monitoring required in respect of each category of recommendations is specifically set out, the Commission urges civil society organisations and activists to apply equal vigour in monitoring the performance of government and its agencies in the implementation of the recommendations.

THE RECOMMENDATIONS 31.

32.

33.

34. the recommendations The Commission has prioritised the underlying causes of the conflict.
In addition, certain of its recommendations are directed at remedying particular wrongs committed against specific groups, such as women and children.

The civil war created several vulnerable groups such as the war-wounded, amputees, the sexually abused and war widows.

Specific recommendations are made in relation to these vulnerable groups.

The Commission’s recommendations on reparations, which follow this chapter, put forward measures to redress violations suffered by these groups.
to address Findings and Recommendations The Commission’s recommendations are based on the findings it reached.

The central findings of the Commission and associated recommendations are highlighted hereunder.

The Commission, as its first primary finding, found that the conflict represented an extraordinary failure of leadership on the part of all those involved in government, public life and civil society.
No enlightened and visionary leaders emerged to steer the country away from the slide into chaos and bloody civil war.

For this reason the Commission highlights its recommendations under the Governance section.

In particular, the Commission calls upon leaders at all levels of Sierra Leone society to commit themselves to the principles of leadership contained under the sub-heading “Committed Leadership”.
The Commission found that the central cause of the war was endemic greed, corruption and nepotism that deprived the nation of its dignity and reduced most people into a state of poverty.

The recommendations under the headings “Promoting Good Governance” and “Combating Corruption” are accordingly highlighted.
The Commission calls on all of those involved in the public sector to usher in a new culture of ethics and service and to fight the scourge of corruption which saps the life-force of Sierra Leone.5 5 See the section entitled “A Culture of Ethics and Service” under the heading “Promoting Good Governance” later in this chapter.

Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 121 35.

36.

37.

38.

39.

40.


The Commission identified a need for individual and national restoration of dignity and the establishment of a new rights culture in Sierra Leone; a rights culture in which all Sierra Leoneans respect each other’s human rights, without exception.
Under the heading “Protection of Human Rights”, the Commission recommends the enshrining of the right to human dignity in the Constitution and the upholding of the right to human life.6 The Commission found that a factor that contributed to causing the conflict was the suppression of political expression and dissent.

The Commission in its recommendations emphasises that freedom of expression is the lifeblood of a democracy.
A culture of public debate and tolerance of dissenting ideas is the sign of a vibrant and healthy democracy.7 The Commission calls for a new and equitable citizenship in Sierra Leone.

A common or equitable citizenship is likely to promote a new patriotism and devotion to Sierra Leone.
This new citizenship demands a new culture of mutual respect, understanding and tolerance by Sierra Leoneans for all Sierra Leoneans and other peoples.8 The Commission proposes that Sierra Leone should consider the creation of a new Constitution, which should be the product of a wide and thorough consultative and participatory programme.

Such a constitution must lay the foundations for a democratic and open society in which every citizen is equally protected by the law.
It must free the potential of every Sierra Leonean.

A Sierra Leone that is united around clear constitutional rights, values and principles has a promising future.9 The Commission found that, prior to the start of the conflict, government accountability was non-existent.

It concluded that democracy and the rule of law were dead.

The Commission accordingly makes recommendations to strengthen democracy and institutions of accountability.
In particular, the Commission highlights its recommendations in respect of the independence of the judiciary,10 the role of parliament11 and the holding of free and fair elections.12 The Commission found that successive political regimes abused their authority over the security forces and unleashed them against their political opponents in the name of national security.

Soldiers and police officers were reduced to playing roles as agents of destabilisation.
The Commission accordingly highlights its recommendations that new principles of National Security, which reflect the will of Sierra Leoneans to live in peace and harmony, be enshrined in the Constitution.13 6 See “Human Dignity” and “Human Life” under the heading “Protection of Human Rights”.

7 See “Freedom of Expression” under the heading “Protection of Human Rights”.

8 See “Citizenship” under the heading “Protection of Human Rights”.
9 See “The Constitution” under the heading “Protection of Human Rights”.

10 See “Independence of the Judiciary” under the heading “Establishing the Rule of Law”.

11 See “Role of Parliament” under the heading “Promoting Good Governance”.

12 See “Free and Fair Elections” under the heading “Promoting Good Governance”.

13 See “Principles of National Security” under the heading “The Security Services”.

Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 122 41.

42.
42.

Local government was The Commission found that prior to the conflict the Provinces had become totally excluded by the centralisation of political and economic power in the country.

Freetown.

The Commission emphasises its recommendations to bring government and service delivery to people throughout Sierra Leone.
The Government must be seen to be establishing infrastructure and delivering health, education, justice and security services in all Provinces.14 in demise across The Commission found that the political elite in successive regimes excluded society-at-large from meaningful participation in decision-making, in particular youths and women.
The Commission highlights its recommendations to increase the level of representation for youths and women in representative politics, in cabinet and government.15 Organisation of Recommendations 43.
The chapter is organised under the following headings and sub-headings: o THE PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS Human Dignity, Human Life, Arbitrary Detention, Emergency Powers, Freedom of Expression, Citizenship, Corporal Punishment, Promoting a Human Rights Culture, Human Rights Commission, The Role of the Judiciary in Protecting and Advancing Human Rights, Customary Law and Human Rights, International Human Rights Obligations, the Constitution o ESTABLISHING THE RULE OF LAW Independence of the Judiciary, Judicial Autonomy, Judicial Appointments, Tenure of Office, Keeping Judges Accountable, Prosecuting Authority, Local Courts, Access to the Courts, Legal Activism and the Sierra Leone Bar Association, Legal Resources Centre, Simplification of Rules and Procedures, Approaching the Courts, Justice Delayed, Law Reform Commission, Court Infrastructure and Equipment o THE SECURITY SERVICES Principles of National Security, Sierra Leone Army, Operational Support Division, Conditions of Service o PROMOTING GOOD GOVERNANCE Committed Leadership, A Culture of Ethics and Service, Freedom of Information, Free and Fair Elections, Role of Parliament, Just Administrative Action, Bringing Government and Service Delivery to the People, Chieftaincy, Lustration16 14 See “Bringing Government and Service Delivery to the People” under the heading “Promoting Good Governance”.
15 See “Political Representation” under the heading “Youth”; and “Political Participation and Access to Power” under the heading “Women”.

16 “Lustration” means the disbarment of officials of a previous regime from public office on the basis of violations and abuses of human rights committed by them.
Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 123 o FIGHTING CORRUPTION Disclosure of Assets, Independent Corruption Prosecutions, United Front against Corruption, Civil Society, Business, Government, Donor Community o YOUTH National Mobilisation, National Youth Commission, Political Representation o WOMEN Women Affected by the Armed Conflict, Domestic Violence, Sexual Violence, Sexual Offences under Customary Law, Police, Prosecutors and Judicial Officers, Discrimination against Women, Minimum Age of Marriage of Girls, Skills Training and Economic Empowerment, War Widows, Education, Access to Justice, HIV/ AIDS, Gender Commission, Political Participation and Access to Power, Developing Leadership, Achieving Equality, The Most Vulnerable o CHILDREN Child Rights Bill, School Education, Age of Majority, Adoptions, Fostering and Guardianship, Early Marriages, Sexual Offences against Children, Laws on the Employment of Children o EXTERNAL ACTORS Promotion of Regional Integration and Unity, Preventing War in the Mano River Basin, Peace Agreements, Military Intervention and Peacekeeping, Mercenaries, Tracing the Assets of Charles Taylor and the NPFL, Tracing RUF Assets in Other Countries, Relationship with the United Kingdom, The Withdrawal of UNAMSIL from Sierra Leone, Post-Conflict Aid o MINERAL RESOURCES Accounting for the Spending of Diamond Proceeds, Preventing the Smuggling of Diamonds, The Kimberly Process, Corruption in the Diamond Industry, Child Labour, Labour Conditions, Community Empowerment o THE TRC AND
 THE SPECIAL COURT FOR SIERRA LEONE Future Post-Conflict Arrangements, Staffing of Future Post-Conflict Bodies, Building the National Justice System, Amnesties o REPARATIONS Health, Pensions, Education, Skills Training and Micro-Credit/ Micro- Projects, Community Reparations, Symbolic Reparations, Implementation o RECONCILIATION Guiding Principles, Reconciliation Activities o NATIONAL VISION FOR SIERRA LEONE The Vision Going Forward, Guiding Principles o ARCHIVING OF COMMISSION DOCUMENTATION Confidential and Restricted Information, Regulating Access Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 124 o DISSEMINATION OF THE TRC REPORT Widest Possible Dissemination, Education, Popular Versions and the Internet o FOLLOW-UP COMMITTEE Human Rights Commission and Civil Society, Reporting 44.
For ease of reference the chapter ends with “Recommendations Tables” in which every recommendation made by the Commission is reflected in columns representing the different categories of recommendations.

THE PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS In the new years to come We would strive to live side-by-side in our rebirth Jumping in the glowing sun, seeing the seas from the hill tops from behind the palm trees Saying “Kunafo burma” – Never again.

Extract from the poem “On my Rebirth” by Paul James Allen17 45.

46.
46.

47.

48.

49.

Under this heading, the Commission seeks to promote the creation of a human rights culture in Sierra Leone.

A rights culture is one in which there is knowledge and recognition of the basic rights to which all human beings are entitled.

A rights culture demands that we respect each other’s human rights, without exception.

Human Dignity Everyone has inherent dignity and the right to have their dignity respected and protected.
The conflict constituted a denial of humanity to all Sierra Leoneans.

Thousands upon thousands of victims were subjected to inhuman brutality.

Humans were treated as non-humans.

Human life was disrespected.

Sierra Leone must reject this violent and cruel past.

The Commission identifies a need for individual and national restoration of dignity.

This requires individual and collective action.

Each and every Sierra Leonean bears responsibility for this.
There can be no lapses in the responsibility of respecting and upholding the fundamental human rights of all in Sierra Leone.

This responsibility endures forever.

A failure to respect the rights of others stems ultimately from a failure to respect oneself.

Self-respect or self-dignity is not possible when one undermines or destroys their dignity, notwithstanding conditions of extreme poverty and deprivation, set examples for us all.
We need look no further than the ghettoes of Freetown or the villages of the Provinces for such examples.

Those who maintain the dignity of others.

17 Poem submitted to the National Vision for Sierra Leone, a project of the TRC.

Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 125 50.

51.

52.

53.

54.

55.

56.

Human life without dignity is substantially impaired.

Respect for human dignity means not treating fellow human beings in a demeaning way.
It means not subjecting any human to cruel, degrading or inhumane treatment.

Respecting human dignity ultimately means respecting the life of each and every human being.

Every person has the right to live as a human being and to experience life as part of a community and the nation.

The new Sierra Leone must recognise and cherish the individual value of all persons, regardless of their differences.

It is up to all Sierra Leoneans to give meaningful content to the right to human dignity.
The Commission recommends, as its first imperative recommendation, that the right to human dignity be enshrined as a fundamental right in the Constitution of Sierra Leone 1991 (“the Constitution”).18 Human Life Respect for human dignity and human rights must begin with respect for human life.

Everyone has the right to life.

A society that accords the highest respect for human life is unlikely to turn on itself.
The Commission recommends the abolition of the death penalty and the immediate repeal by Parliament of all laws authorising the use of capital punishment.

The Commission recommends that section 16(1) of the Constitution of Sierra Leone, 1991 (the Constitution) be amended to incorporate the principle that the right to life is inviolable.

The new section 16(1) should enshrine the right that every human being shall be entitled to respect for his or her life and the integrity of his or her person.
It should state that no person shall be punishable by death.

The recommendation is imperative and should be implemented without any delay.19 The Commission further recommends the introduction of a moratorium on all judicially sanctioned executions pending the Constitutional amendment.20 Any pending death sentences should be immediately commuted by the President.

18 Human dignity is referred to in sections 8 (Social Objectives) and 13 (Duties of the Citizen) of Chapter II of the Constitution.
Section 8(2)(b) enjoins the State to treat citizens with dignity.

However, as per section 14 of the Constitution, none of the principles contained in Chapter II confer any legal rights nor are they enforceable by the courts.

19 The abolition of the death penalty also warrants an amendment to section 17 of the Constitution.

20 This is in line with the African Commission on Human Rights and Peoples’ Rights resolution on the death penalty adopted at the 26th Ordinary Session in November in Kigali, Rwanda.
Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 126 57.

58.

59.

60.

61.

This recommendation is made in the context of Sierra Leone’s recent history.

The conflict period resulted in the demeaning of human life and dignity.

The state must now set the example by demonstrating that it places the highest value on all human life.
The abolition of the death penalty will mark an important and symbolic departure from the past to the future.21 Respect for human life and dignity does not only mean a prohibition on the taking of the lives of others.

It also means protecting all persons from violence and harm, whether this be on the streets or in the home.

A duty rests on the State to provide adequate security to all Sierra Leoneans.

Arbitrary Detention The deprivation of liberty is a serious infringement of human rights.
It is, however, legitimate when sanctioned by rules and laws which accord with principles of fairness and due process.

Arbitrary arrest and detention without trial cannot be tolerated in a just and democratic society.

There are several persons detained under “safe custody detention” in clear violation of international law.

No provision in Sierra Leonean law provides for such detention.

In these circumstances the rule by law has been replaced by the rule of decree.
Several of the detainees have been held in detention without charge or trial since 2000.

The detention of such persons constitutes a gross and unjustifiable violation of their human rights.

The Commission recommends the immediate release of all persons held in “safe custody detention”.

The Commission further recommends that such detention never be resorted to again.

62.
62.

It is not possible to engage in a serious discourse on human rights and the rule of law in Sierra Leone, while such violations of human rights persist.

63.

These recommendations are imperative.

Emergency Powers 64.

The imposition of emergency powers inevitably results in the denial of human rights.

Emergency provisions have been used to silence political opponents who posed challenges to different regimes.
The resort to emergency powers to deal with political opposition is a sign of failure on the part of the government to govern effectively.

21 There is a clear trend worldwide and across Africa towards the abolition of the death penalty.

Worldwide an average of three countries a year abolishes capital punishment.

123 countries have abolished capital punishment, while only 71 retain it.

About half of the countries in Africa no longer execute convicted prisoners.
Between 1994 and 2004, the number of countries in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and Mauritania that have legally abolished the death penalty or have not carried out executions has risen from one to ten.

Only Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria and Sierra Leone have carried out executions in the last decade.

(Source: Amnesty International, Index: AFR 01/010/2004, 10 May 2004).

Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 127 65.

66.

67.

68.

69.

70.

71.


Emergency powers should be used only as a last resort to deal with a genuine state of emergency in which the life of the nation is actually threatened by war, insurrection, natural disaster or other public emergency; and emergency powers are required to restore peace and order.

The current Constitution of Sierra Leone devotes more space to taking away the rights of citizens than to ensuring their respect.
Section 29, which provides for public emergencies, is the best example of this.

The United Nations Human Rights Committee has attempted to prepare guidelines for the use of states of emergencies.

The Committee declares that even in a state of emergency: “All persons deprived of their liberty shall be treated with humanity and with respect the human person.
inherent dignity of Furthermore, during a state of emergency, judicial remedies must be available so that citizens can contest the legality of special measures, including detention.”22 the for The Commission recommends that all emergency measures must be subject to judicial review by the Courts of Sierra Leone.

Any superior court of record should be able to decide on the validity of a declaration of a state of emergency and any extension of a declaration of a state of emergency.
No clause should be permitted to stand, which prevents the courts from reviewing any measure taken in terms of a public emergency.

No law made under a public emergency should permit the indemnifying of the state or any person, in respect of any unlawful act.

These recommendations require the partial repeal of sections 29(4) and (6) of the Constitution.

A state of emergency must be effective only prospectively.
Parliament should be permitted to extend a declaration of a state of emergency for no more than three months at a time.

This will require an amendment to section 29(13) of the Constitution.

The President is given wide powers under sections 29(5) and (6) to make regulations and take measures during a period of public emergency that may have the effect of suspending all fundamental human rights.

Clauses authorising such powers should be removed from the Constitution.
Laws or regulations made in terms of a public emergency should be consistent with Sierra Leone’s obligations under international law that apply to states of emergency.

This requirement should be enshrined in section 29 of the Constitution.

22 See General Comment No.

29, UN Doc.

HRI/GEN/Rev.6.

Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 128 72.


Laws and regulations made under a public emergency should deviate from the protection of fundamental human rights and freedoms23 only to the extent that the deviation is strictly required by the emergency.

The Commission makes specific recommendations as to which rights should not be derogated or deviated from in the table below.

Column 4 of the table below sets out those portions of the rights that the Commission recommends should not be derogated from.
Such rights are sometimes referred to as “non-derogable” rights.

These recommendations require the amendment of sections 29(5) and 29 (6) of the Constitution.
Section Number Right, or Obligation of the State Section Title Extent to which the right is protected in a public emergency Human Dignity 16 Life • Protection of right to life Entirely Entirely 17, 18, 20 and 23 Freedom and Security of the Person • Protection from arbitrary arrest or detention • Protection of freedom of movement • Protection from inhuman treatment • Provision to secure protection of the law • Not to be tortured in any way; and • Not to be treated or punished in a cruel, inhuman or degrading way.
• Everyone arrested has the right… o To remain silent; and o To be informed promptly… of the right to remain silent; and of the consequences of not remaining silent; o Not to be compelled to make any confession or admission that could be used in evidence against him or herself; • Everyone who is detained has the right o To challenge the lawfulness of the detention before a court and, if the detention is unlawful, to be released; • Every accused person has a right to a fair trial.
23 Fundamental human rights and freedoms are set out in Chapter III of the 1991 Constitution.

Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 129 Section Number Right, or Obligation of the State Section Title Extent to which the right is protected in a public emergency Protection of Children • • Not to be used directly in armed conflict, and to be protected in times of armed conflict.
To be protected from maltreatment, neglect, abuse or degradation; To be protected from exploitative labour practices; • Not to be detained except as a measure of last resort, the child may be detained only for the shortest appropriate period of time, and has the right to be • o Kept separately from detained persons over the age of 18 years; and o Treated in a manner, and kept in conditions, that takes account of the child's age.
19 Slavery, servitude and forced labour • Protection from slavery and forced labour • With respect to slavery and servitude 27 Equality • Protection from discrimination • With respect to unfair discrimination on the grounds of race, ethnic or social origin, sex, religion or language.

73.
73.

In addition to the protection afforded to persons detained under a public emergency in terms of section 17 of the Constitution, the Commission makes the following recommendations for the further protection of detainees: o A notice must be published in the Government Gazette shortly after the detention (but at least within five days of the detention), stating the detainee's name and place of detention and referring to the emergency measure in terms of which the person was detained.
Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 130 o The detainee must be allowed to choose and be visited at any reasonable time by a medical practitioner and a legal representative.

o The Tribunal referred to in section 17 of the Constitution must review the detention as soon as reasonably possible, but no later than 10 days after the detention, and must be empowered to release the detainee, unless it is necessary to continue the detention to restore peace and order.
o A detainee not released by the Tribunal should be able to apply to a court for a further review of the detention at any time after 10 days have passed since the previous review, and the court must release the detainee, unless it finds that it is still necessary to continue the detention to restore peace and order.
o The detainee must be allowed to appear in person before any court considering the detention, to be represented by a legal practitioner at those hearings, and to make representations against continued detention.

o The state must present written reasons to the court to justify the continued detention of the detainee, and must give a copy of those reasons to the detainee at least two days before the court reviews the detention.
o If a court releases a detainee, that person may not be detained again on the same grounds unless the state first shows to a court good cause for re- detaining that person.

74.

These recommendations are imperative.

Freedom of Expression 75.

76.

77.

Freedom of expression is the lifeblood of a democracy.

A culture of public debate and tolerance for dissenting ideas is the sign of a vibrant and healthy democracy.
Restrictions on the freedom of expression represent a fearful State; it reflects a State that has no confidence in its ability to promote and disseminate its doctrines in the marketplace of ideas.

A free press ranks alongside an independent judiciary as one of the most important counter forces to the excesses of both the public and private sectors.

The media should be free of political patronage.


The degree to which the media is independent is the degree to which it can perform an effective public watchdog function on the conduct of public officials and powerful individuals in society.

Laws establishing "freedom of expression" require support and enforcement from the courts.

Without an independent judiciary, press freedom cannot be maintained.
The use of sedition and defamation proceedings under the criminal law does not bode well for freedom of expression in Sierra Leone.

These provisions are the leftovers of a long gone colonial era.
In many countries, laws on sedition and criminal libel have been either formally or effectively abandoned.24 The only circumstances in which criminal sanctions on free speech can be justified is where an intention to incite violence or lawless conduct has been demonstrated beyond a reasonable doubt and where there is a real risk that violence will ensue.
24 For example, in 2001, Ghana's parliament unanimously repealed the country's criminal libel and sedition laws, including clauses governing sedition and defamation of the members of the government, officials and their associates.

Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 131 78.

79.

80.

81.
79.

80.

81.

The Commission recommends that criminal sanctions in the sphere of expression should be avoided.25 The civil law, which permits the issue of injunctions restraining the publication of defamatory material and actions for damages arising from defamatory publication, is sufficient to protect individuals from unfounded allegations.

The Commission recommends that the laws creating the offences of seditious and criminal libel should be repealed.
Conduct aimed at inciting violence or lawless conduct is dealt with elsewhere in the criminal laws of Sierra Leone.

Until the laws are repealed, the Commission recommends a moratorium on all existing or pending prosecutions for sedition and criminal libel.

These recommendations are imperative.

The Commission calls on the members of the media in Sierra Leone to carry out thorough investigations before publishing stories.
Newspapers should be offering informed comment on matters of national and international concern.

Some newspapers are in danger of becoming little more than scandal sheets, relying on provocative and, at times, dishonest headlines to promote sales.

Reports that are inaccurate or even untrue seriously undermine the cause of freedom of expression.

Journalists who take bribes and allow their newspapers to be used for party political ends or for the settling of personal scores abuse the freedom of the press.
Such journalists are not fit to be members of the independent press.

The Commission calls on the Sierra Leone Association of Journalists and the Media Commission to be more proactive in monitoring standards of journalism practiced in Sierra Leone and to establish mechanisms for effective self- regulation.

These organisations can do much to advance a culture of human rights in Sierra Leone.
Citizenship 25 In a “friend of the court” brief submitted on 6 May 2004, the Open Society Justice Initiative urged the Inter-American Court of Human Rights to seize an historic opportunity to advance freedom of expression by outlawing criminal defamation.

The brief notes a growing consensus worldwide that criminal defamation statutes hinder free expression.

“A society cannot be free if its citizens must avoid criticism of public officials out of fear of criminal prosecution,” the brief argues.
The case involved two Costa Rican publishers who had been found guilty of criminal defamation.

The Inter- American Commission has already found that Costa Rican law violates the American Convention on Human Rights by criminalising publications on matters of public interest, such as the conduct of public officials.

Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 132 82.

83.

84.

85.

86.

87.

88.

89.


The Sierra Leone Citizenship Act of 1973 discriminates in favour of persons who are of “Negro African descent” and whose father or grandfather (as opposed to mother or grandmother) was born in Sierra Leone.

Thus a person born in Sierra Leone (after 19 April 1971) who is not a person of Negro African descent and whose father or grandfather was not born in Sierra Leone is not entitled to Sierra Leonean citizenship by birth.26 The provisions are both racist and sexist.
According to Part II of the Sierra Leone Citizenship Act, only persons who are of “Negro African descent” may apply for Sierra Leonean citizenship.

This law is racist.

The mixture of various groups with different skills can be the engine room of a vibrant democratic society.

It is desirable that Sierra Leone evolves into a more pluralist society, welcoming persons of all ethnic origins.
Racist legislation is a perpetuation of the philosophy that justified the slave trade and colonialism, and should be unthinkable in an African democracy that has emerged from the continent’s oppressive past.

Citizenship should be acquired by birth, descent or naturalisation.

Race and gender must not be a consideration in the acquisition of citizenship.

The Sierra Leone Citizenship Act should be amended accordingly.

This is an imperative recommendation.


All citizens should be equally entitled to the rights, privileges and benefits of citizenship.

They should be equally subject to the duties and responsibilities of citizenship.

These principles should be enshrined in the Constitution of Sierra Leone.

This is an imperative recommendation.

The Commission is of the view that the changes effected under these recommendations will mark the beginnings of a new culture of citizenship in Sierra Leone.
A common or equitable citizenship is likely to promote a new patriotism and devotion to Sierra Leone.

This new citizenship demands a new culture of mutual respect, understanding and tolerance by Sierra Leoneans for all Sierra Leoneans and other peoples.

Corporal Punishment Every person has the right not to be treated or punished in a cruel, inhuman or degrading way.

In particular every child has the right to be protected from maltreatment, neglect, abuse or degradation.
Children suffered gross physical abuse at the hands of adults in the Sierra Leonean conflict.

Children are still subject to institutional physical abuse through the use of corporal punishment at schools and in homes.

The government school system that arose in the days of colonial rule adopted nineteenth-century British traditions of school discipline, including that of beating children.

26 Part II of the Sierra Leone Citizenship Act, 1973 Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 133 90.

91.

92.

93.
91.

92.

93.

94.

95.

96.

97.

Corporal punishment is inflicted with the intention of causing physical pain and humiliation.

The use of beatings for purposes of correcting behaviour in schools legitimises violence as a means to control behaviour more generally.

This message goes out to both children and adults.

The message says that hurting others is acceptable behaviour.

The consequence of corporal punishment is to encourage physical aggression throughout society.
Many children are left with physical and psychological scars as a result of corporal punishment.

For some children, physical scars and disabilities remain a life-long reminder of the educational system's brutality.

Children are entitled to receive education in an environment of freedom and dignity, free from fear.

Children are the future of Sierra Leone.


There is no justification for permitting another generation of children to be subjected to brutality, whether this is in the name of education or ideology.

The Commission recommends the outlawing of corporal punishment against children, whether this be in schools or the home.

This is an imperative recommendation.


The criminal law of Sierra Leone should be amended so as to declare that it shall not be a defence to a charge of assault to say force was used against a child for the purposes of discipline.

This is an imperative recommendation.

Promoting a Human Rights Culture Several submissions made to the Commission urged it to recommend that human rights and peace studies should be introduced into the curriculum at schools.
tolerance and understanding should start as early as possible in the education of children.

The Commission agrees.

teaching of The Sierra Leone, known in recent times for its unspeakable atrocities and untold suffering, can become known for its compassion and respect for human rights.

It should become a centre of dialogue on tolerance and the preservation of peace.
The Commission recommends the development of a compulsory programme of human rights education into schools at the primary, secondary and higher levels of education.

Human rights education should become part of the formal curriculum and be examinable.

Appropriate human rights and peace programmes should be compulsory for the training of recruits into the army, police and judicial service.

The Government should work towards the fulfilment of these recommendations.
Public education about the law is one of the most effective means of creating a culture of rights.

Street Law is a programme involving law students in the participatory teaching of law to the general public at the community level.27 Law students are taught communication skills they will need to teach others, including the running of mock trials.28 Another objective is to provide public education about the law to as wide an audience as possible - including school children and prisoners.
Easy to use textbooks can be published on subjects 27 It was developed in the United States and has been popularised by Street Law, Inc., based in Washington D.C. 28 One principal idea behind Street Law is to teach law students some of the practical aspects of the law, not just the theory.
Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 134 where there is the most pressing need for legal literacy.29 The Commission calls upon the international community to support the introduction of Street Law into Sierra Leone.30 29 Texts published in different countries cover constitutional rights, the court system, criminal procedure, consumer law, family law, labour law, conflict resolution and participation in public life.
30 The Commission notes that the Fourah Bay College Human Rights Clinic conducts classes on human rights issues in secondary schools.

Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 135 Human Rights Commission 98.

99.

A Human Rights Commission (HRC) can serve as both a watchdog and a visible route through which people can access their rights.

Such a commission can help create a national culture of human rights through its advocacy, research and legal functions.
Above all it must monitor and assess the observance of human rights throughout the country.

Individuals who claim that their human rights have been violated should be able to submit complaints for investigation.

A Human Rights Commission must have the power to take steps to secure appropriate redress where human rights have been violated.
31 It should have the authority to require relevant organs of state to provide the Commission with information on the measures that they have taken towards the realisation of rights.32 The powers and mandate of the HRC should accord with guidelines set out in the Paris Principles.33 100.

While the HRC should be accountable to Parliament and not to the executive arm of government it can provide advice and support to government on human rights matters.
Currently no institution has the expertise and mandate to advise the three branches of the State on how to effectively meet international obligations by incorporating human rights concepts into laws, policies and day- to-day activities.

A Human Rights Commission can monitor legislation before Parliament.

It can monitor how the government enforces constitutionally guaranteed political, civil, social, economic and cultural rights.

101.
101.

The Lomé Peace Accord required the establishment of an “autonomous quasi- judicial National Human Rights Commission”34 within 90 days after the signing of the Accord.

Such a Commission is still not in place.

31 This requires that the body be in a position to subpoena witnesses and conduct interviews.
32 Many Human Rights Commissions, apart from monitoring the upholding of fundamental human rights, also monitor the provision of housing, health care, food, water, social security, education and the protection of the environment.

33 In 1992, the U.N. Commission on Human Rights endorsed a set of internationally recognized principles concerning the status, powers and functioning of national human rights institutions.
The U.N. Principles relating to the Status of National Institutions, known as the Paris Principles, which were subsequently endorsed by the U.N. General Assembly in 1993, set out the basic guidelines recommended by the U.N. in the establishment of a national human rights institution.

The U.N. defines a national human rights institution as a government body established under the constitution or by law, whose functions are specifically designed to promote and protect human rights.
The Paris Principles stress, as fundamental features designed to contribute to independence, the need for: a founding constitutional or legislative statute; as broad a mandate as possible; an independent appointments procedure, with terms of office specified by law; a pluralistic and representative composition; independence from the executive branch; and adequate funding.
Such institutions should be able to take up any human rights matter at their own initiative, at the suggestion of government, and at the request of "any petitioner."

34 Article XXV.

Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 136 102. the basis of The Commissioners should be selected on institutional representation.

Government, after consultation with civil society and other that should nominate stakeholders, should determine commissioners.
Members of the institutions should then choose their respective institutional representatives.

The chosen commissioners should appoint one of their number as the chairperson of the Commission.

The institutions should ensure that the selected Commissioners are the product of a transparent nomination process based on the will of the majority of their members.

institutions the 103.

These recommendations are imperative.

The Role of the Judiciary in Protecting and Advancing Human Rights 104.
The Commission calls on the judiciary not to permit laws or practices to stand which are contrary to justice or which undermine the rights to liberty, equality and justice.

Clauses that oust the jurisdiction of the courts in matters pertaining to fundamental human rights should be declared illegal.

105.
105.

When interpreting any legislation and when developing the common law or customary law the judiciary should promote the spirit and purpose of Chapter III of the Constitution, the Recognition and Protection of Fundamental Human Rights and Freedoms of the Individual.

The Commission calls on the judiciary to uphold the values that underlie an open and democratic society.

These values include human dignity, equality and freedom.

106.
106.

While the Supreme Court should remain the final arbiter of all constitutional matters, serious consideration should be given to extending constitutional jurisdiction35 to the other courts making up the Judicature, namely the High Courts of Justice and the Court of Appeal.

This will contribute to the development of a more vibrant constitutional jurisprudence in Sierra Leone.

This will require an amendment to section 124 of the Constitution.

Customary Law and Human Rights 107.


While the institution, status and role of traditional rules and custom should be respected they must be subject to the Constitution.

Some elements of customary law and Islamic Law contradict basic human rights.36 A girl is considered to be marriageable, for example, once her breasts have developed, her menses have started, and she has been initiated.

This could mean that a girl as young as 12 is put up for marriage.
37 The consent of the bride to marriage is not required.

Only the consent of the bride’s family is needed.38 35 As set out in section 124(1) a. and b. of the Constitution.

These powers are the enforcement or interpretation of any provision of the Constitution and where any question arises as to whether an enactment was made in excess of legal power.

36 For the purposes of this chapter all references to “customary law” include Islamic Law.
37 See Dr. Joko Smart, “Sierra Leone Customary Family Law”, at page 152.

38 See Dr. Joko Smart, “Sierra Leone Customary Family Law”, at page 152.

Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 137 108.

109.

To the extent that customary law is inconsistent with Chapter III of the Constitution, courts should be empowered to declare it unconstitutional.
This recommendation requires the repeal of sections 27(4)(d) and (e) of the Constitution which exempts certain areas of the law such as adoption, marriage and divorce from protection against discrimination.

This is an imperative recommendation.

A serious problem is the inconsistency in local court decisions dealing with customary law.

This has led to a great deal of uncertainty as to what customary law says.
This problem is not unrelated to the fact that customary law remains un-codified in Sierra Leone.

The Commission recommends that customary law be codified.

Codifying customary law is a massive task as customs vary from tribe to tribe and district to district.

Nonetheless, the Commission recommends that Government work towards the fulfilment of this important objective.

110.
110.

When codifying customary law, the Commission recommends that the drafters pay particular attention to those aspects of customary law that offend basic human rights.

Such laws should not become part of an enforceable code of customary law.

However, the reform of customary law should be undertaken creatively and democratically.

The process of reform should commence with the people it will affect, such as women and peasant farmers at chiefdom level.
They should be consulted on how they would like to see customary law changed.

111.

112.

113.

114. that The Commission recommends the Law Commission, begins a national dialogue on the codification of customary law with special emphasis on the rights of women and children.

The ultimate aim must be to bring customary and Islamic law in line with the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women.
the government, through International Human Rights Obligations Sierra Leone is a party to the seven major international human rights treaties within the United Nations system.

39 The principal enforcement mechanism in each of the seven main conventions is an obligation upon States to submit periodic reports on their compliance.

Although it is not alone, Sierra Leone would appear to be among the worst in its consistent failure to submit these periodic reports.
It appears that Sierra Leone produced its last report under the International Convention for the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination in 1973.
The Committee for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination in its most recent annual report lamented Sierra Leone’s apparent indifference to its international obligation in this respect.40 Sierra Leone’s initial report to the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women was due on 11 November 1989 39 The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the International Convention for the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, the Convention for the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman and Degrading Treatment or Punishment and the International Convention on the Protection of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families.
40 UN Doc.

CERD/C/58/Misc.27.

Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 138 and has not yet been produced.41 Its initial report to the Human Rights Committee was due on 22 November 1997, and has not yet been produced.42 Its initial report to the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights was also due on 22 November 1997, but is overdue.43 Sierra Leone submitted an initial report to the Committee on the Rights of the Child, in June 1996,44 which was discussed by the Committee in 2000.
A subsequent report was due on 1 September 1997, and has not yet been produced.

Its initial report to the Committee Against Torture was due on 24 May 2002, and has not been produced.45 In all, Sierra Leone has a total of 24 (twenty-four) reports that are due according to the treaties and that it has not submitted.

115.
115.

An alarming gap in Sierra Leone’s participation in international human rights treaties is its failure to ratify the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, which was adopted by the United Nations in 1948.

Sierra Leone has also failed to cooperate with United Nations human rights officials, such as the Special Rapporteur on Extra-judicial, Summary and Arbitrary Executions, which is a special procedure of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights.46 116.
While it is commendable that Sierra Leone has undertaken the obligations by ratifying or acceding to all seven of the principal United Nations human rights treaties, and several of the other international human rights instruments, this would seem to be little more than a mere formality, if we are to judge by its failure to submit reports.

117.

118.

The Commission recommends that the Government of Sierra Leone take these obligations more seriously.
It should not be difficult to obtain technical assistance for the preparation of the overdue reports, either from the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights or from international human rights NGOs.
The Commission also recommends that Sierra Leone promptly ratify or accede to the international human rights treaties that it has not yet accepted.47 Finally, Sierra Leone should put in place procedures and mechanisms within the relevant government ministries to ensure that any petitions directed against it to the Human Rights Commission, the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, and similar bodies, are answered promptly and faithfully, and that requests for information from the Special Rapporteurs of the United Nations and the African Commission are treated seriously and with respect.
119.

These are imperative recommendations.

41 UN Doc.

A/56/38, at page 140.

42 UN Doc.

A/57/40, at page 159.

43 UN Doc.

E/2003/22, at page 108.

44 UN Doc.

CRC/C/3/Add.43.

45 UN Doc.

A/57/44, at page 93.

46 UN Doc.

E/CN.4/2001/9, paragraphs 16 and 21.
47 The Second Optional Protocol to the ICCPR, aimed at the abolition of the death penalty, the Optional Protocol to CEDAW, the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC-OP-AC) on the involvement of children in armed conflict, the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC-OP-SC) on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography, the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (ACHPR) on the Establishment of an African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights, the Protocol to the ACHPR on the Rights of Women in Africa, and the Convention for the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide.
Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 139 120.

121.

122.

123.

124.

125.

126.

The Constitution A constitution ought to be the foundation and basis of the society desired by the people.

It should reflect their common aspirations and minimum safeguards.

The 1991 Constitution that is currently in force was not the product of a wide participatory process.

The lack of participation by society is reflected in the 1991 Constitution.
Chapter III of the Constitution is extremely elaborate and detailed, undermining clarity and the force of the text.

There are numerous "claw-back clauses’, by which a right is announced in one provision, but curtailed in the next.

A bill of rights should be comprehensible and framed in straightforward terms.

A bill of rights should provide an enumeration of the basic principles on which society is based, accessible to the citizen, instead of losing itself in details and exceptions.
Some fundamental rights to which Sierra Leone is bound by international law do not figure at all, such as the right to education, which is recognised in articles 13 and 14 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.

It would be desirable to reformulate the fundamental rights provisions of the Constitution, not only by shortening them and making them simple and accessible, but also by ensuring their compatibility with Sierra Leone’s international obligations.
The Constitution should declare that the country’s international obligations with regard to the protection of human rights are incorporated in the Constitution and subject to direct application by the courts.

The Commission is of the considered view that it is an appropriate time for Sierra Leone to formulate a new Constitution.

The Commission accordingly recommends that Parliament seriously consider the creation of a new constitution for Sierra Leone.
A constitution that is the product of a thorough consultative and participatory programme will provide a historic bridge between the divided and violent past and a future based on peace, unity, social justice and economic development.

Such a constitution must lay the foundations for a democratic and open society in which every citizen is equally protected by the law.

It must free the potential of every Sierra Leonean.

The Constitution is the most important document in Sierra Leone.
It must do more than set out the rights of individuals and the powers of the State.

It should be the collection of ideas and aspirations that holds the country together.

A Sierra Leone that is united around clear constitutional rights, values and principles has a promising future.

These rights, values and principles will provide the signposts to guide Sierra Leone’s people through a future that is filled with many obstacles and challenges.
The decision to build a new Constitution and to act in accordance thereof requires the taking of a long-term view by Sierra Leone’s Parliament and its people.

It requires arduous work, the fruits of which will not necessarily be enjoyed by this generation.

This generation, which experienced the worst of times, will however leave a gift for future generations.

There can be no better legacy to bequeath than the construction of the foundations of society that provide lasting peace and prosperity.
Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 140 127.

This recommendation is made for the serious consideration of the Sierra Leonean Parliament.

long-term programme.

The recommendation is not to be construed as permitting the delay or holding back of other imperative recommendations that require amendments to the 1991 Constitution.

Constitution making is a ESTABLISHING THE RULE OF LAW All Sierra Leoneans must be equal before the law.
And the laws this time must be like a cloth, it must be made to fit the people that it is meant to serve.

Extract from the essay “My Vision, Hope and Aspiration for Sierra Leone” by Augustine Lavai-Tiva Bundu48 128.

129.

130.

In a true democracy there is no compromise on the supremacy of the Constitution and the rule of law.

The rule of law is the expectation of equality of treatment under objective and accessible rules.

Discretionary governmental power should be subject to control by the courts.
Courts should apply the same law to all regardless of their standing in society.

In short, the rule of law says that nobody is above the law.

Inequitable law, separate court systems, lack of access to courts, few lawyers, and a confusion of administrative and judicial roles all conspired to prevent the application of the rule of law in Sierra Leone.

Courts rarely protected human rights or policed administrative irregularity.

131.
131.

The starting point in establishing the rule of law is the creation of an independent, impartial and autonomous judiciary.

Independence of the Judiciary 132.

133.

A judiciary must be independent, if it is to stand between the powerful and powerless.

Judges must be independent if they are to dispense impartial justice.

An independent and impartial judiciary holds a central place in the realisation of a just, honest, open and accountable government.
The judiciary can play its role only when it has the power to enforce rulings and it has efficient organisation.

Judicial independence ultimately depends on the will of the individuals in the three branches of state to adhere to the Constitution.

Those in the executive and legislature must be committed to the independence, impartiality and the supremacy of the judiciary in its role as adjudicator.
Whether the judiciary is adequately resourced and whether the other branches of government obey and implement the rulings of the courts are factors against which the extent of this commitment will be assessed.

48 Essay submitted to the National Vision for Sierra Leone, a project of the TRC.

Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 141 134.

135.

136.

137.

138.

139.

140.

141.


Judicial officers themselves, above all others, have to be committed to the building of an independent and impartial judiciary.

This requires judges to possess courage and integrity.
The success of the rule of law in Sierra Leone ultimately depends on the calibre of people involved in the judiciary.49 The Commission calls upon all judicial officers and those involved in the administration of justice to act with integrity at all times and to dispense justice without fear or favour.

Judicial Autonomy The judiciary should have financial and administrative autonomy.

Budgetary independence means that the budget should be separately presented and managed.
The judiciary itself is best placed to do the planning for an efficient justice delivery system.

The Commission recommends that Government should work towards the creation of an independent judiciary.

This includes providing the judiciary with budgetary independence or self-accounting status.

Judicial Appointments The most blatant means used by an executive to influence the courts is the practice of appointing as many of its supporters or sympathisers as possible to the courts.
The way in which judges are appointed and subsequently promoted is essential to their independence.

Judges must not be appointed for political reasons, but only for reasons of competence and political neutrality.

The public must have confidence that judges are chosen on merit and for their integrity, not as a reward for party service or as a tactic by the executive to ensure a friendly face on the bench.
The need for the judiciary to reflect broadly the ethnic and gender composition of Sierra Leone must be considered when judicial officers are appointed.

Civil organisations should be brought into the appointment process.

Debates on appointments, outside of political and judicial circles, should be encouraged in the media and among academics.

The appointment process should consider experience and performance, vision and judicial philosophy of the nominees.
There is a need to broaden representation on the Judicial and Legal Service Commission (JLSC), which appoints judges.

In addition to the existing representation, there ought to be representation from parliament and the law teaching profession.

At least one teacher of law designated by teachers of law at Sierra Leonean universities; and at least three members of Parliament, one of whom must be a member of the official opposition, ought to be represented on the JLSC.
49The Chief Justice of Sri Lanka, Mr. Justice Samarakoom, noted at the 1983 meeting of Commonwealth Law Ministers that: “Independence is a question of the individual, and all the law can do is merely help him to be independent.

So when you consider the independence of any judiciary, remember [that] if you do not get an independent man, all the laws and all the provisions in the Constitution cannot make him be independent.” Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 142 142.

143.

144.

145.

146.

147.


148.

149.

The Commission recommends further that the representation of the organised bar be increased.

At least four practicing lawyers nominated from within the organised bar to represent the profession should be appointed to the JLSC.

The recommendation to broaden the representation of the JLSC to include the sectors suggested is imperative.
Tenure of Office If judges are not confident that their tenure of office and their remuneration are secure, their independence will be threatened.

Judges should not be removable by executive action.

It is generally desirable that judges must retire when they reach the retirement age.

This reduces the scope for the executive to favour handpicked judges whom they find sympathetic and also reduces the temptation, on the part of the judge, to curry executive “approval" for re- appointment.
The practice of employing retired judges on contract should cease.

The Commission recommends that the retirement age of judges should be extended to seventy, without the possibility of extension.

Government should work towards the fulfilment of this recommendation.

The Commission notes the perennial problem that poor remuneration causes many of the best legal minds to decline appointments to the bench.

The Commission takes further notice of the efforts undertaken to address this problem.
In the light of these efforts the Commission makes no particular recommendation in this regard, but observes that there are few (or no) countries in the world where judges are able to earn as much as their colleagues in private practice.50 Leading members of the bar are normally appointed judges after they have accumulated considerable years of experience.

An appointment to the bench is an opportunity not only to serve Sierra Leone but also to help shape a future society.
The Commission calls upon experienced lawyers in Sierra Leone, and indeed experienced Sierra Leonean lawyers practicing law abroad, to respond to this important challenge.51 Keeping Judges Accountable The Judicial and Legal Service Commission is empowered by the 1991 Constitution to dismiss and discipline persons exercising judicial functions.

This authority has never been used effectively.


It is recommended that an independent disciplinary committee be set up within the Judicial and Legal Service Commission to investigate complaints of corruption and malpractice made against judges, magistrates, bailiffs, registrars and other court personnel.

This body should sit on a regular basis and report to and make recommendations to the full JLSC.
50 Such a comparison must of course only be made between the incomes of judges and the incomes of the leading members of the profession.

51 According to an article in the Concord Times of 22 January 2004, the Chief Justice, Dr. Abdulai Timbo stated that not a single application had been received for eight judicial vacancies to serve in the provinces.

Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 143 150.
It is recommended that a binding and enforceable Code of Conduct be drafted and enacted for members of the bench (including Magistrates).

Such a Code the guidelines and governing principles of acceptable should professional behaviour.

It should foster the highest standards of honour and integrity.

lay out 151.

These are imperative recommendations.

Prosecuting Authority 152.

153.

154.

155.

156.

The prosecuting authority must exercise its functions without fear, favour or prejudice.
The rule of law requires that prosecutions on behalf of the state be conducted fairly and reasonably.

The decision to prosecute or not must not be motivated by improper and political considerations, but by the public interest and the need for justice.

The Attorney General acts as the "guardian of the public interest" and has extensive powers with regard to the initiation, prosecution and discontinuance of criminal proceedings.
The Attorney General must also provide legal advice on matters of public administration and government to the executive.52 Clearly, the Attorney General must exercise his or her functions impartially and be free from political influences.

While the Office of the Attorney General and that of the Ministry of Justice remains merged the incumbent can never be expected to act independently.

The Commission recommends the separation of the offices of the Attorney General and the Minister of Justice.
The Attorney General should be the Chief Law Officer of the state and should enjoy security of tenure of office.

The implementation of this recommendation will require an amendment to the Constitution.

this recommendation.

Government should work fulfilment of towards the Local Courts The various peoples of Sierra Leone have always had systems and principles for dispute resolution.
But the basic institutional framework of the current customary legal system is a product of colonialism; established by the Protectorate Ordinance of 1896.

What were then called “Courts of Native Chiefs” or “Native Courts” are now called “Local Courts.”53 Under the colonial strategy of indirect rule, chiefs were used as instruments of the colonial administration.

Chiefs were made immune to the checks and balances of traditional institutions and accountable instead only to the colonial state.
Within the jurisdiction set for it by the protectorate, customary law was both made and enforced by the chiefs.
They used it to carry out colonial demands such as their own labour, and arbitrary decisions.54 exploitation by way of tax collection and, often, fines, coerced to carry out 52 The Attorney General is also expected to ensure to the full extent of his or her authority that government takes place within a framework of law; that government and official agencies adhere to international human rights standards; and scrutinise new or proposed legislation.

53 See the Local Courts Act 1964.


54 See Arthur Abraham, Mende Government and Politics under Colonial Rule (Freetown: Sierra Leone University Press, 1978), p. 304-05.

Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 144 157.

158.

159.

160.

161.

162.


Sierra Leone’s present-day customary legal system should be viewed in the light of the rural de-democratisation that was wrought by indirect rule.55 The Ministry of Local Government presently supervises local courts.56 The executive arm of government should not set matters such as codes of conduct for court officials.
The Commission recommends that the Judicial and Legal Services Commission incorporate the local courts into the judiciary, which is headed by the Chief Justice and supervised.

The Local Courts Act provides for the work of local courts to be supervised by judicial advisers, or customary law officers.

Such officers are empowered to advise local courts in matters of law, train local court personnel57 and even exercise the right of judicial review over decisions of local courts.
Very few such officials have been posted in the districts since the 1980s.58 In effect the districts were left to their own devices.

Customary Law Officers are presently part of the Law Officers Department and appointed by the Attorney General.

They should be under the judiciary as specified in section 141(2) of the Constitution.

This section states that the Judicial and Legal Services Commission should appoint Customary Law Officers.
The Commission recommends that suitably qualified judicial/ customary law officers be appointed for each of the twelve districts.

These officers should organise training programmes for local court officers.

In line with the Commission’s recommendation that the local courts be integrated into the judiciary, the power of judicial review should be removed from customary law officers once the integration has taken place.
Currently, the District Officers also have the power of review over decisions of the Local Courts.

In keeping with the principle of separation of powers the, Commission recommends that the power of judicial review be removed from District Officers.

Local Court chairmen are paid 30,000 Leones per month (about 11 US Dollars.).

This creates a strong structural incentive for corruption.

Allegations abound that many local court chairmen use excessive and baseless fines to supplement their incomes.
The Commission recommends that Government work towards the incremental improvement of the remuneration of Local Court officials.

163.

The Commission recommends that the Government work towards the fulfilment of these recommendations.

55 See Mahmood Mamdani; “Citizen and Subject”; Princeton University Press, Princeton; 1996.

Mamdani demonstrates at length the way that the colonial strategy of indirect rule worked to democratise rural Africa.
He argues that confronting this legacy of indirect rule is key to reducing conflict and strengthening democracy on the continent.

56 See Section 2 of the Local Courts Act of 1974.

57 At the time of writing this report, Local Court officials have not been trained since 1982.

58 During the 1990s, a single judicial adviser or customary law officer serviced all three provinces.

Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 145 164.

165.
165.

Access to the Courts If the majority of Sierra Leoneans have no real access to the courts, then the rights enshrined by the Constitution are meaningless.

Legal representation is one of the most important means of enforcing rights.

treason and Section 23 of the Constitution guarantees the right of access, by all, to the courts.

Only those accused persons charged with capital offences such as murder, legal representation under the current legal aid regime.
The 1991 Constitution mandates Parliament to make provisions for the rendering of financial assistance to indigent citizens of Sierra Leone whose rights have been infringed.59 Parliament has not made any such provisions.

robbery with aggravation are entitled to 166.

The Commission notes that an effective legal aid system will be enormously expensive to establish and maintain.
The Commission is reluctant to make recommendations requiring massive expenditure when there are economical (albeit less ambitious) options, to explore.

167.

Government should consider making a condition in the granting of scholarships to law students that they be required to work in an institution offering free legal services to indigent clients for at least one year after their call to the Bar.

168.

169.
168.

169.

The establishment of legal aid clinics at universities and colleges and under the auspices of the law departments can fill in some of the gaps in the government- funded system of legal aid.

In each clinic, a qualified lawyer should supervise between 10 and 20 law students.
The Commission calls upon universities and colleges to consider the establishment of legal aid clinics.60 The Commission calls upon Fourah Bay College to make service in the law school’s legal aid clinic part of the curriculum for all law students.

The Commission recommends that the Government work towards the establishment of public defender offices in the main centres of the country.61 Senior law students can also be used as public defenders in criminal matters.
This would provide indigent accused with some defence and provide the students with practical training experience.

The law governing rights of appearance in courts should be amended in order to permit senior law students to participate in public defender programmes.

Legal Activism and the Sierra Leone Bar Association 170.
Lack of courage on the part of lawyers and judges over the years paved the way for the desecration of the constitution, the perpetuation of injustice and the pillaging of the country’s wealth.

59 See Section 28(5)(a) of the Constitution of Sierra Leone 1991.

60 There is currently only one law school in Sierra Leone, namely the law school at Fourah Bay College.

The law school does have a legal aid clinic and its students work with the Lawyers’ Centre for Legal Assistance (LAWCLA).
61 Public defenders ought to be independent from the prosecution arm of the Ministry of Justice, so as not to compromise their services.

Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 146 171.

172.

173.

174.

175.

176.

177.

The organised bar is in a good position to be a powerful watchdog and should add its voice in protest, when human rights are abused and the rule of law is threatened.
The Commission calls upon lawyers to stand up to injustice.62 The Commission calls on the Sierra Leone Bar Association to require its members to offer their services regularly on a pro bono basis.63 A particular onus rests on the Bar Association to provide legal representation for indigent accused in trials involving serious offences, where significant periods of imprisonment are at stake.

To the extent that members are already, on an individual basis, offering such services, the Commission commends them.
But it is clear that the provision of pro bono services is inadequate.

Lawyers are able to pursue a lucrative profession, but they have duties that accompany this, including that of furnishing services to the indigent.

The Commission calls upon the Sierra Leone Bar Association to become the guardians of the protection of the Rule of Law and the human rights of Sierra Leoneans.
The Bar Association should require that its members receive mandatory continuing education in human rights law and related subjects.

A binding and enforceable code of ethical conduct should be promptly drafted and adopted for members of the Bar (legal professionals).

The Bar Association should enforce such a code.

Strict sanctions, including loss of the right to practice, should be enforced against all members of the profession in cases of infringement.
Legal Resources Centre The Commission calls on private lawyers to establish a legal resources centre that can litigate test cases before the courts.64 Test cases are cases that focus on problems experienced by large numbers of people and can impact on whole communities or the entire country.

They often result in a change of the law.

A sustainable public interest legal organisation with full time lawyers is able to plan its work strategically.
It can set up intermediaries between lawyers and clients in the form of field-workers and paralegals.

The Commission calls upon the international community to support the establishment and running of such a centre.65 62 Lawyers and activists would do well to take heed of the words of the late Pastor Martin Niemöller who in the mid- twentieth century stated: "In Germany, they first came for the communists, and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a communist.
Then they came for the Jews, and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Jew.

Then they came for the trade unionists, and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a trade unionist.

Then they came for the Catholics and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Catholic.

Then they came for me -- and by that time there was nobody left to speak up."

63 This is already a compulsory requirement in many Bar Associations around the world.
64 Examples of legal assistance organisations that have been successful in providing meaningful access to the courts include the Legal Assistance Centre (Namibia), the Legal Resources Centre (South Africa), the Legal Resources Foundation (Zambia), the Legal Resources Foundation (Zimbabwe), Legal Mozambique Dos Direitos Humanos (Mozambique), Centre for Advice and Education on Rights (Malawi), Legal Services Centre (Zanzibar), Legal and Human Rights Centre (Tanzania), Legal Aid Project of the Law Society of Uganda, Ditshwanelo (Botswana).
65 The Lawyers’ Centre for Legal Assistance (LAWCLA) could perhaps be transformed into a fully-fledged legal resources centre.

Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 147 Simplification of Rules and Procedures 178.

179.

Access to justice can also be achieved through a simplification of legal rules so that they may be understood and used by anyone.

Alternative conflict resolution methods should be promoted.
Traditional and customary methods of mediation and conflict resolution have proven to be useful at resolving issues in many communities.

The adversarial procedure may not be absolutely necessary in all matters such as small claims and family disputes.

Alternative forms of dispute resolution and settlement, such as mediation and arbitration, should be required, or provided as an option, before resort is made to the courts.

180.
180.

The Commission recommends that the Government consider the feasibility of introducing alternative forms of dispute settlement.

181.

182.

183.

184.

185.

Approaching the Courts Courts ought to relax the traditional procedures for instituting proceedings for relief.

Unsophisticated and indigent petitioners ought to be able to approach the courts by a variety of means, such as the addressing of letters to judges.
The Commission calls on the judiciary to take a pro-active approach to the protection of human rights.

Justice Delayed Delays in the delivery of both criminal and civil justice threaten to cripple the administration of justice in Sierra Leone.

The use of judicial time must be maximised.

Those factors that create the idle use of time should be eliminated.
The creation of an efficient case flow management system, the proper scheduling of cases and an increase in judicial sitting hours will enable the judiciary to work at greater capacity.

In order to encourage longer sitting hours, courts must be adequately resourced and made comfortable.66 Judges are often late for hearings and at times do not even appear because the courts do not have enough vehicles to transport them.
Flexibility of use of judicial personnel should also be considered.67 A single structure of trial courts, created through the merging of courts, would make for flexibility in the use of judicial personnel.

In the adversarial system, judges have played a passive role in the control of proceedings, unless moved at the instance of one of the parties.

There is a growing awareness that, if cases are to move faster, courts must become more involved in the speeding up of the process.
They should monitor case development, require parties to report progress and set down time scales.

186.

The Commission urges Government and the judiciary to consider these recommendations for purposes of addressing the backlog in the delivery of justice.

66 This requires attending to such issues as furnishing, ventilation and lighting.

67 In The Gambia, section 17(8) of the Courts Act enables a judge of the Supreme Court to preside in any subordinate court.
Also in The Gambia, several provisions in the Criminal Procedure Code, which are regarded as causing delays, have been removed.

Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 148 Court Infrastructure and Equipment 187.

188.

189.

190.

191.

Adequate court facilities are essential to the proper administration of justice.

Overcrowded courthouses lead to under-performance and congestion.
Use of court buildings ought to be maximised and running costs minimised.68 Courts can be used as continuing education lecture halls after court hours.

In smaller communities, they can also be used as community halls.

The Commission takes note of the progress made in the refurbishment of the main courthouse in Freetown and the construction of courts in some districts.

The Commission recommends that the Government work towards the establishment of more courthouses in Freetown and the Provinces.
The use of computers by courts for case management and the storage and retrieval of information has proven to be cost effective in many countries.

The provision of computers with access to the Internet to Judges will also facilitate legal research.
Several Supreme and Constitutional Courts around the world publish the full texts of their judgments online, which can be downloaded free of charge.69 Provision of books and library facilities are important components in the administration of justice, but often neglected.

The quality of justice dispensed must suffer, if books are not readily available.
The Commission calls on international legal organisations and members of the international community to donate legal texts and law reports70 emanating from their respective countries to Court libraries and law libraries in Sierra Leone.

Law Reform Commission 192.

Many of Sierra Leone’s laws were adopted from England.

Some laws on the statute books date back as far as the 17th century.71 While the British have long amended or repealed these laws, they remain in force in Sierra Leone.
68 Running costs can be minimised through reducing the consumption of energy.

Design of courts, indeed all public buildings, should emphasise natural ventilation and natural lighting.

Simplicity and efficiency of design, such as single story courts will release funds for essentials such as furniture, equipment and books.
69 These courts include the High Court and Supreme Court of Zambia, Nigerian Supreme Court, the Constitutional Court of South Africa, the Supreme Court of Appeal of South Africa, the U.S. Supreme Court, the Supreme Court of Canada, the High Court of Australia, and the European Court of Human Rights.

Decisions from Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda are online through the website: lawafrica.com.
Quicklaw, a Canadian legal database, has an arrangement with the Canadian Bar Association whereby judges worldwide who provide their judgments get free access.

70 Such legal texts and law reports could be donated in either hard copy or electronic versions, or both.

Law reports should be updated on a regular basis as part of the donation.

71Section 74 of the Courts Act made a number of pre-1880 English laws applicable to Sierra Leone.
Examples include: the Statute of Frauds, 1677; the Wills Act, 1837; and the Common Law Procedure Act 1852.

Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 149 193.

Several areas of the law are out of step with modern developments.

Such legislation ought to be amended, repealed and where appropriate completely rewritten.

Examples of the law, which cry out for reform, are the criminal procedure laws, including provisions governing bail, laws dealing with the protection of women and children72 and land tenure.
194.

Without law reform, the Rule of Law is greatly hampered because new challenges cannot be addressed satisfactorily.

In an increasingly globalised world, lack of law reform can negatively impact on the investment climate.

Penalties for breach of the law may become so meaningless as to encourage impunity.

195.

196.

A Law Reform Commission ought to research all branches of the law in order to make recommendations for the development, improvement and modernisation of the law.
A Law Reform Commission that is effective ensures the renewal of the law on a continuous basis.

Many of the recommendations being made by the Commission require law reform, and, so, it is essential, if these are to be implemented effectively, that a genuinely functional law reform commission should exist.

Successive governments have neglected the Law Reform Commission.

The Law Reform Commission needs full time staff, including researchers.

It requires adequate premises and a library.


The Commission recommends that the government should work towards equipping the Law Reform Commission so that it may discharge its responsibilities effectively.

THE SECURITY SERVICES There’s no place like home, like Sierra Leone, Where a man in a uniform, thin to the bone, Stops a man in the street and in god-fearing groan Begs for cash or for bread or for transport back home Extract from the poem “My Vision, My Home, My Sierra Leone” by Ustina More73 197.
The Commission has found that the security forces, the army and police, failed the people of Sierra Leone during their time of greatest crisis.

Significant elements within these forces desecrated the Constitution and acted against the wishes of the people.

Successive political regimes abused their authority over the security forces and unleashed them against their political opponents in the name of national security.

198.
198.

Sierra Leoneans have a right to security forces that are professional, disciplined and representative of all the people.

72 By way of example, the maximum provided for child maintenance is a paltry Le 400 per week.

73 Poem submitted to the National Vision for Sierra Leone, a project of the TRC.

Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 150 Principles of National Security 199.

The Commission is of the view that new principles governing national security ought to be adopted in Sierra Leone.
Those in power must never again use national security as an excuse to deploy security forces for political ends.

These principles are as follows: • National security must reflect the commitment of Sierra Leoneans, as individuals and as a nation, to live in peace and harmony and to be free from fear.
• The Sierra Leone Army must be the only lawful military force in Sierra Leone.74 There should be no other military or paramilitary force, under the guise of any institution, including the police.75 • No member of any security service should be permitted to obey a manifestly illegal order.

Obedience to a manifestly unlawful order should never be a defence to a crime.
• Neither the security services as a whole, nor any of their members, may, in the performance of their duties, act against a political party’s legitimate interest or promote the interest of any political party.

• No Sierra Leonean should participate in armed conflict internationally, except as provided for in terms of the Constitution or national legislation.76 • The use of armed force in Sierra Leone must be deployed in strict accordance with the Constitution.

200.
200.

The Commission recommends that the National Security principles be enshrined in the Constitution.

This is an imperative recommendation.

The Sierra Leone Army 201.

202.

The Army, which prior to the civil war and during the conflict sunk to the depths of disobedience and degeneracy, is now expected to rise to unprecedented levels of professionalism.

Much has to be done to restore the faith and confidence of the people of Sierra Leone in the Army.
This responsibility of restoring faith in the Army rests not only with the leadership of the military, but also with each and every soldier.

This responsibility must be reflected in the day-to-day conduct of all SLA soldiers.

Serving in the Army should be regarded as a privilege.

Those soldiers who are unable to conduct themselves professionally and to respect the Constitution at all times are not fit to serve their country.
74 Section 166 of the Constitution prohibits the raising of any private armed force.

75 This principle would naturally not apply to United Nations and other internationally sanctioned Peacekeeping Forces.

76 This principle would not preclude Sierra Leoneans who become citizens or residents of other countries from serving in the lawfully constituted armies of such countries.

Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 151 203.

204.

205.

206.
204.

205.

206.

Operational Support Division The Inspector General of the Sierra Leone Police77 in his submission to the Commission pointed out that the paramilitary force formed in the police under the Siaka Stevens tyranny and suppression”.78 A paramilitary force of sorts exists in the police today in the form of the Operational Support Division (OSD).

The proposed National Security Principles enjoin the Government to ensure that no paramilitary force exists outside of the Sierra Leone Army.
The existence of such a force within the police is contrary to the proposed National Security Principles.

regime became an “instrument of Conditions of Service Inspector General Kamara of the Sierra Leone Police informed the Commission that the net monthly salary of a police constable is equivalent to one sack of rice, one sack of onions and a few loaves of bread.

The rent allowance for police officers amounts to 1,000 Leones per month.

Kamara pointed out that a bottle of Coca Cola costs more than that.
As a result, police officers “sleep rough”, often camping on the floors of houses of friends and family.

The Commission recognises that providing professional policing in these circumstances is extremely difficult.

The temptation for policemen and women to engage in actions of “pay yourself” must be overwhelming.

However, simply stating that the Government must improve the income of the police may prove to be an empty gesture, at least in the foreseeable future.
Indeed the Government hardly needs to be told of the deplorable conditions in the security services.

Policemen and women who nonetheless perform their duties with integrity and courage represent the calibre of people needed to build this country.

For such policemen and women, working in the police is not just a job.

It represents a real commitment to protect and to serve the people of Sierra Leone.

The Commission salutes these members.

These men and women will make the police a force for good.
PROMOTING GOOD GOVERNANCE I want to see a Sierra Leone that is free of the broken bottles that cut us into pieces.

Broken bottles like tribalism, nepotism, favouritism, and sectionalism … Extract from the essay “My National Vision for Sierra Leone” by Chinsia E. Caesar79 207.

Years of lapses in governance and unrestrained corruption80 produced the deplorable conditions that set the scene for bitter civil war in Sierra Leone.

There is no option but to address bad governance and corruption head on.
It would not be an overstatement to say that the survival of the nation depends on the success of society in confronting these issues.

77 Brima Acha Kamara, BA MA 78 Submission dated 23 July 2003.

The first paramilitary force was the Internal Security Division (ISD), which was followed by the Special Security Division (SSD).

79 Essay submitted to the National Vision for Sierra Leone, a project of the TRC.

80 Corruption is dealt with in the following section under the heading “Fighting Corruption”.
Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 152 208.

209.

Governance is commonly described as the practices and institutions through which authority is exercised for the common good.

This includes the process by which those in authority are elected, appointed and monitored; and the capacity of the government to effectively manage its resources for the good of all.
Government effectiveness is a measure of the quality of the delivery of public services, the competence of civil servants and the independence of the civil service from political pressures.

81 Poor governance is the mismanagement of public assets and resources.

It results in the denial of the delivery of effective public services to the people.

Bad governance is the breeding ground for corruption.

210.
210.

Successful governance and indeed the effective combating of corruption are largely dependent on strong and committed public leadership; the availability of information; and collective action on the part of civil society.

Committed Leadership 211.

212.

213.

214.

215.

216.

It is the example set by the national leadership that sets the tone for the entire public administration and indeed for people at large.

The self-seeking machinations of successive ruling elites set the worst of examples.
They permitted Sierra Leone’s slide into chaos and conflict.

In the view of the Commission, this cycle has not been broken.

Trust in government leads to respect for the political system.

Respect for the political system ensures stability.

Stability is a precondition for development in all sectors of society.

Trust in government has to be earned by government and, in particular, by the leaders of government.

Sierra Leone needs leaders of the highest calibre at all levels.
Leaders who are selfless, not self-serving.

Such leaders will be remembered and acknowledged by succeeding generations.

Committed leadership means many things.

It means acting with integrity, understanding and compassion.

It involves hard work and self-sacrifice.

Committed leaders are those who have no desire to live their lives at the expense of others.

These qualities enable such leaders to develop the foresight and wisdom needed to build communities and to build the country.
Committed leadership should not just take place at the national level.

Such leadership should take place in homes, the streets, workplaces, barrays, schools, colleges, associations and sport fields.

Committed leaders change lives for the better, regardless of where they find themselves.

The Commission calls upon the national leadership of Sierra Leone and all those in positions of authority and influence to set the highest of standards in their public and private conduct.
The Commission calls upon these individuals to place the interests of Sierra Leone and its people above their own.

81 In July 2003, the World Bank released the results of a comparative study conducted to measure the quality of governance worldwide between 1996 and 2002.

The study found that in Sierra Leone some gains had been made in respect of political stability, political rights and the control of corruption.
However, the research reflected a disturbing decline with regard to perceptions of government effectiveness, regulatory quality and adherence to the rule of law.

More detail can be found at the website: http://info.worldbank.org/governance/kkz2002/sc_chart.asp.

Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 153 217.

218.

219.

220.

221.

222.


A Culture of Ethics and Service There appears to be an expectation that those who enter the civil service will use their positions to enrich themselves and their extended families.

A culture of entitlement within the civil service has become entrenched.

This malignant culture must be stopped.

The civil servant who sits and chats all day destroys the civil service.
The bureaucrat who uses his or her position to secure deals for himself or herself, his or her friends and family acts as a parasite draining the country of resources.

The head of department who employs his or her friends and family rather than candidates of merit crushes the spirit of public service.

The Commission calls on all civil servants to faithfully and diligently serve the people of Sierra Leone.

Sierra Leone needs a culture of ethics and service to prevail in the civil service.
There is not a single reference to the word “ethics” in the Constitution.

There should be.

The Commission recommends that the Constitution of Sierra Leone require all those who are employed in the service of the State to act ethically.

In particular, the Constitution should enjoin public servants not to act in any way that is inconsistent with their office, or expose themselves to any situation involving the risk of a conflict between their official responsibilities and private interests.
Members of the executive and those in positions of seniority such as judges and heads of parastatals are expected to comply with a higher ethical standard.
The Constitution should require Parliament to publish a code of ethics82 prescribing standards and rules aimed at promoting accountable government with which senior members of the Executive and others holding positions of public authority must comply in performing their official responsibilities.83 Ethics regulations should be simple, sensible and straightforward.
The code must be understandable to every official without a lawyer.84 The Constitution should further require Parliament to provide by law that a person who has been dismissed or removed from office by reason of a breach of the code of ethics shall be disqualified from holding any other public office, whether appointed or elected, either generally or for a prescribed period.

223.

A constituted body with capacity should investigate alleged breaches of such a code of ethics.

224.
224.

These are imperative recommendations.

82 Referred to in section 233 of the Constitution of the Republic of Uganda as the “Leadership Code of Conduct”.

83 This would be in addition to codes of conduct that apply to the whole public administration.

84 These attributes should be the hallmarks of all laws.

Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 154 225.

226.

227.

228.

229.

230.

231.

232.

233.

Freedom of Information Information empowers.


It is for this reason that repressive governments are secretive.

Access to information is an important tool for public oversight.

If citizens are able to scrutinise government information, they can discipline public officials at the ballot box.

They can also use the information for legal challenges and the lobbying of decision makers.
Governments are more effective, when they listen to business and citizens and work with them in deciding and implementing policy.

Building a viable country requires openness and transparency.

This in turn requires that the freedoms of expression and association should be respected at all times.

These freedoms are however, meaningless without access to public information.

The government must not only publish statutes, regulations and rules, but also the proceedings of all legislative bodies.
Judges must report their decisions and reasons in order to render the judiciary accountable.

The Commission accepts the principle that government information should be available to the public.

There is a duty on the part of the Government to inform.85 The Commission recommends that the Government work towards the enactment of Freedom of Information legislation and the creation of the necessary apparatus to administer such a legal regime.
The purpose of such legislation would be to provide a right of access to information in records under the control of government.

The Commission accepts that there are necessary exceptions to the right of access, but that these should be limited and specific.

Decisions on the disclosure of government information should be reviewed independently of government.
The Commission acknowledges that the setting in place of a Freedom of Information regime is a major undertaking, which necessarily requires an incremental approach.

The Follow-Up Committee, while taking this into account, should insist on incremental targets being met.

Free and Fair Elections Free, fair and regular elections are central to democracy.

Elections in Sierra Leone have been characterised by violence, intimidation and electoral fraud.

These elections subverted democracy.


Elections in Sierra Leone must never again be marred by fear and deception.

Elections must be effective and well run if democracy is to be consolidated in Sierra Leone.

The electoral authority, the National Electoral Commission (NEC), bears the main responsibility in building public confidence in the democratic process.

This Commission must be independent and impartial.


The Commissioners of the NEC must be individuals with impeccable 85 In many former British colonies, including Sierra Leone, the old Official Secrets Act is still in place.

Such laws obstruct access to information by preventing officials from passing information to the public through media.

Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 155 234.

235.

236.

237.

238.

239.

240.

241. credentials.


They must enjoy the respect and confidence of all stakeholders.

In the performance of its functions, the Electoral Commission must be insulated from executive interference.

Candidates in elections should not be beholden to a narrow group of people.

For this reason, candidates and political parties ought to be required to disclose the sources of funds and the amounts of money they raise and spend.

The NEC should make such information freely available.
Appropriate limits on contributions by individuals and groups to candidates and parties should be placed.

These limits should be set following open and transparent consultations with political parties and civil society organisations.

No political party should be favoured over another by any organ of state.

This particularly applies to the state controlled broadcast media.

All political parties should be given an equal amount of time, including primetime, on state controlled television and radio.
These recommendations should be addressed by the National Electoral Commission.

the necessary legislation.

The recommendations are imperative.

the Government should Where necessary, facilitate Civil society organisations have a particularly crucial role to play in building confidence in democracy through the close monitoring of the electoral process.
The Commission calls on civil society to safeguard democracy by highlighting instances of electoral fraud, monitoring campaign financing and spending and exposing any abuse of state resources for party political purposes.

Civil society groups should form a countrywide coalition to monitor general elections.

Such a coalition can ask all prospective candidates to publicly subscribe to an integrity pledge.

Candidates can also be asked to renounce all forms of electoral intimidation.
In particular, such a coalition should closely monitor the work of the NEC to ensure independent and impartial conduct on the part of the electoral authority.

The State also needs to be monitored to prevent the abuse of state agencies, such as the police and army, for political ends.

The media has an important informative role to play through making available accurate information on potential public office holders.
The public must be informed of areas of potential conflict of interests in public office and election manifestoes.

If this is done responsibly the media can help to build a culture of accountability.

The Role of Parliament Parliament, as the principal law-making body in Sierra Leone, has a special responsibility to check abuse by the executive branch.
Since independence, however, Parliament has shown itself to be a servile agent of the executive, lacking courage and determination to resist tyranny and to ensure respect for democracy and human rights in Sierra Leone.

In 1966, Parliament passed the first reading for the passage of Sierra Leone to a one-party state.

In 1978, Parliament failed to oppose the introduction of the one-party state.
Parliament must accept responsibility for the effective entrenchment of dictatorship and bad governance that laid the grounds for war.

Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 156 242.

243.

244.

245.

246.

247.

248.

Parliament and its committee on justice affairs should be closely scrutinising the work of the judiciary and the administration of justice.

Individual members of the legislature are well placed to direct questions to the relevant Ministers on the progress of reforms.
Parliament should be closely monitoring human rights in Sierra Leone.

Questions should be raised with regard to human rights violations and the failure of governmental organs to investigate and prosecute such abuses.

Parliament must pursue the best interests of the electorate.

Parliamentarians should be available to hear complaints from their constituents at all times.

They should open offices in their constituencies so as to be accessible to the public.
The Commission calls upon Members of Parliament to provide real and active representation to the people of Sierra Leone.

Just Administrative Action Citizens are often captive to the whims of bureaucrats when attempting to access public services.

Sadly, some of these officials conduct themselves in an arbitrary and corrupt way.

In most cases, citizens have no recourse against such decisions.
Administrative action86 means any decision (or failure to take a decision) by an official or organ of state exercising a public power, which affects the rights of any person.87 People should have a right to a just administrative action.

Just administrative action is administrative action that is lawful, reasonable and procedurally fair.

Where a person’s rights are adversely affected he or she ought to be entitled to written reasons in order to assist the complainant to take the matter further.
Public administration cannot be said to be open and accountable, unless it substantially accords with the principle of just administrative action.

The Commission recommends that government at all levels should work towards the fulfilment of this objective.

The Commission recommends that the provision of just administrative action should be enshrined in the Constitution as a governmental objective that all administrative levels of government must work towards.

This is an imperative recommendation.


Bringing Government and Service Delivery to the People For many years, successive governments have failed dismally to meet the basic needs of most Sierra Leoneans, particularly those outside of Freetown.

The present Government and future governments must be seen to be establishing infrastructure and delivering health, education, justice and security services in all Provinces.
86 An example of administrative action is the decision of an official to refuse to grant a business license.

87 Administrative action would not include the exercise of powers by the cabinet, councils, the judiciary and the Attorney General.

Other constitutional and legal provisions govern the exercise of power by these entities.

Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 157 249.

250.

Even before the start of the civil war, public service delivery had ground to a halt in much of the country.
The war devastated public infrastructure and almost totally emasculated government’s ability to deliver services to the people.

Most Sierra Leoneans do not have access to clean water or consistent power supply.
Sierra Leone is one of several developing countries that spent more on military than on education (and health when compared individually) between 1999 and 2000.88 Sierra Leone spent 3.6% of its GDP on the military and only 1% on education.89 During 2002 goods and services expenditures90 were estimated at Le158.5 billion or 9.6% of GDP.91 Security related outlays accounted for 36 percent of the goods and services expenditure.92 Sierra Leone’s 2003 budget allocated Le42.6 billion to the military, Le44.2 billion to education, and Le34 billion to the health sector.93 251.
While the Government is required to strengthen and restructure the security sector after years of neglect, war and particularly as UNAMSIL proceeds with its phased withdrawal, military spending should be curbed in the longer term.

Heavy spending on the military means that there is less money available for public health, education, and poverty reduction.

Longer-term security for Sierra Leone rests in the development of the potential of its people.

252.

253.

254.
252.

253.

254.

The Commission commends efforts made by the Government and certain international agencies to decentralise government.

Such efforts will bring government closer to the people.

They will also permit greater participation in the democratic process.

Hopefully, these efforts will result in improved delivery of public services.

The Commission recognises that this exercise is an enormous undertaking and makes no particular recommendations as to how it should happen.
That expertise rests with those involved in the programme.

The Commission recommends that the Government consider certain core principles when building local government and reviving institutions such as District Councils.

Local government must be democratic.

The primary aim of local government must be to enable the progressive social and economic development of local communities and to ensure access to essential services that are affordable.
New local government must be premised on the active engagement of communities in the affairs of the local structure, including planning, service delivery and performance assessment.

Local councils must use their resources in the best interests of the local community.

Services should be provided in a financially sustainable manner.

Local government must give members of the local community full and accurate information about the level and standard of services they are entitled to receive.

255.
255.

The Commission recommends that these principles of local government should be enshrined in the Constitution.

This is an imperative recommendation.

88 See United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Human Development Report, 2003.

89 See United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Human Development Report, 2003.

90 “Goods and services expenditures” refer to non-salary, non-interest recurrent expenditures.
91 Paragraph 21, Government of Sierra Leone Budget and Statement of Economic and Financial Policies for the Financial Year 2003; delivered by Mr J.

B. Dauda, on 29 November 2002.

More detail can be found at the website: www.statehouse-sl.org/gov-budget-2003.html.

92 Government Budget for the Financial Year 2003, Ibid.

93 Paragraphs 44 to 48, Government Budget for the Financial Year 2003, Ibid.

Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 158 Chieftaincy 256.

257.
257.

New chieftaincies created by the colonial power after the Hut Tax War were deeply resented by the long-standing hereditary ruling houses.

In the post- independence period, chieftaincies were corrupted by their co-option and politicisation by successive central governments.

Chiefs lost sight of their traditional roles and neglected their duties to their subjects.

The Commission calls for the return of Chiefs to their traditional roles and functions.
Their first and primary loyalty must be to their subjects, not to party political bosses.

The Commission accordingly recommends the decoupling of Chiefs from party politics.

Their legal responsibilities and authority should be closely examined to ensure that these accord with their traditional roles.

This recommendation is made for the serious consideration of Government.

258.

The Commission calls for a national dialogue on the restoration of the Chiefs to their symbolic and traditional roles.
Lustration 259.

260.

261.

262.

The Commission seriously considered whether to recommend lustration in the public service and the security forces.

Lustration would involve the purging from these institutions of all public officials, soldiers and police members tainted by the fact that they committed human rights violations or engaged in corrupt acts in the past.

After much reflection, the Commission decided not to recommend lustration.
Sierra Leone’s peace is built on the back of a negotiated settlement.

The pursuit of national unity, peace and the reconstruction of society requires reconciliation between the people of Sierra Leone.

The Commission is of the view that lustration, in the context of post-conflict Sierra Leone, has the potential to be enormously divisive.
Besides being unworkable at a practical level, there is the real potential that the process will be abused for political ends and used for purposes of settling scores and pursuing vendettas.

This would seriously undermine the prospects for national reconciliation.

Public organisations, by necessity, have to be forward-looking.
Nonetheless, such organisations are required to be vigilant in monitoring the conduct and behaviour of their members, within and outside the workplace, to determine their fitness for duty.

Individuals who display or revert to miscreant behaviour should be dealt with firmly and expeditiously, according to fair labour rules.

In appropriate cases, disciplinary action should include dismissal.

Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 159 FIGHTING CORRUPTION And you big-boy Corruption We say No!
– Pack and go… About face turn Please go 263.

264.

265.

266.

267.

268.

269.

Extract from the poem “We Say No” by Rebecca Edmond94 Corruption is conventionally defined as the exercise of public power for private gain.

Corruption results in the diversion or siphoning off of public funds and resources.

As a result public services are denied to the intended beneficiary, the people.

It is a wrong committed against each and every Sierra Leonean.

Corruption constitutes a crime against the people.


The Commission has found that endemic corruption was a central factor that produced the dire conditions that made civil war inevitable.

Sierra Leone remains in the grip of pervasive corruption, which, if not arrested, will sap the country of its life force and lay the grounds for further conflict.
The threat of corruption is manifested in many evil forms, namely greed, bribery, embezzlement, abuse of power, self-serving deals by public officials, extortion, favouritism and nepotism.

Examples abound.

The teacher who compels students to take “extra lessons” in order to obtain a pass mark destroys the spirit of learning and instils in the youth a culture of grabbing.
The university professor who overlooks work of merit until he is “compensated” obliterates the notion of excellence in higher education.

The police officer who concocts charges and then extorts money from the “suspect” for the dropping of the charges sabotages law and order in Sierra Leone.

Real economic development is not possible, when corruption and bad governance are the order of the day.

They result in the massive reduction of the national cake.
Both local and international investments go elsewhere.

The inability to provide basic services and infrastructure to the people inevitably results in civil disorder.

In short, corruption and failings in governance are a recipe for national calamity.

On a cautionary note, the Commission observes that anti-corruption campaigns in many countries are often superficial and rarely tackle the real issues.

They are launched with much publicity and are then followed by mere token actions.
The anti-corruption slogans remain rhetorical.95 Daddy Saj, the popular Sierra Leonean artist who sang the hit song “Corruption”, points out in the chorus line, “E Do So”, that everybody is doing it.

This statement has been acknowledged as something of a national truism.

The hard truth is that there are few people in Sierra Leone who are not involved in one form of corruption or another.

How seriously the song’s refrain is taken remains to be seen.
The Commission hopes that Sierra Leoneans will not be dancing to the same tune in years to come.

94 Poem submitted to the National Vision for Sierra Leone, a project of the TRC.

95 See the Global Corruption Report 2003, available at the website: www.globalcorruptionreport.org Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 160 270.

271.

272.

273.

274.

275.


The effective implementation of the recommendations made under the preceding heading of “Promoting Good Governance” will be a powerful weapon in the fight against corruption.

The Commission commends the steps taken so far by the Government to address corruption in Sierra Leone, in particular, the establishment of the Anti-Corruption Commission (ACC).

The campaign against corruption should be broadened and intensified.

It should start with those at the top.


Disclosure of Assets A government that is serious about accountability and combating corruption will be serious about transparency.

In particular those in government holding positions of responsibility will be transparent about their own dealings, both public and private.

Such leaders will have nothing to hide.

Sierra Leoneans have become accustomed to those in authority using their positions and information entrusted to them to enrich themselves.
The Commission is persuaded that the best way to stamp out this malevolent tradition is to put in place monitoring mechanisms and to take action when self- enrichment occurs.

Those in powerful public positions should be required to register their financial interests, when assuming office.

They should also disclose their financial interests96 acquired after their assumption of office, including those of their spouses and dependents.

This must be done on an annual basis.


Most of this information should be open to the public.

97 Those who should be subject to this requirement include all members of cabinet, Parliament, judges, heads of parastatals, general managers in the civil service and parastatals and members of District and City Councils.98 Clear and strict penalties should be imposed for failure to comply with the duty to disclose.
These should include: suspension from office, forfeiture of part or the whole of remuneration, public reprimand, and dismissal from office.99 A constituted body (or bodies) with capacity must maintain registers of financial interests.

Such an organisation must be able to verify the disclosures and check for any potential or actual conflict of interests.

276.

These recommendations are imperative.


96 Including any gifts, sponsored foreign travel, pensions, hospitality and other benefits of a material nature received by them.

97 The confidential part of the register should include details about the monetary value of the interests and all details about spouses and dependent children.

The public section of the records should be easily accessible.

Some countries such as the Philippines make all disclosures available for public scrutiny.
98 Such provisions are common worldwide.

See by way of example section 213 of Constitution of Malawi (Act 1 of 1997), section 233(2)(a) of the Constitution of the Republic of Uganda and sections 96 and 136 of the Republic of South Africa.

In Botswana and the Philippines, all public officials, irrespective of their ranking, are required to submit disclosures.
99 In the United States non-compliance with financial disclosure laws carries penalties which include imprisonment of up to one year and fines of up to US$50 000.

In the Philippines, offenders face up to 5 years imprisonment.

Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 161 277.

278.

279.

280.

281.

282.

Independent Corruption Prosecutions is understaffed and under-resourced.
The Attorney General has been criticised for rendering the Anti-Corruption Commission (ACC) ineffective by not acting on its recommendations.100 The Attorney General’s office The Commission recognises that this is largely due to the fact that experienced lawyers are unwilling to take up appointments because of poor remuneration.

The Commission notes that the Attorney General’s office is somewhat compromised, at least at the level of public perception, by its ties to the Executive.
This perception is reinforced by the fact that the Attorney General is also a serving cabinet minister.

There is global trend towards the closer collaboration of investigators and prosecutors in the combating of specialised crime, such as corruption.101 This is particularly the case where the crime in question is of a complex nature and where the criminal conduct in question has become endemic.

An effective anti- corruption agency will have appropriate powers of investigation, prosecution and prevention.
The Commission Prosecution of corruption cases should be free of any scope for political interference.

the Anti-Corruption Commission (ACC) should be permitted to pursue its own prosecutions in the name of the Republic of Sierra Leone.

The Commission recommends that the ACC Act 2000 should be amended to include a provision deeming prosecutions undertaken by the ACC to be in the name of the Republic.
recommends that The Commission recognises that currently the ACC does not have the capacity to prosecute its own cases.

The Commission recommends that the Government and the international community work towards building this capacity and locating such capability within the ACC.

Public Knowledge A government that is serious about harnessing the support of the public in the fight against corruption will provide the public with as much relevant information as possible.
Where the public is aware of what is allocated from the public coffers for specific services and amenities it can engage in effective monitoring and scrutiny.102 Out of every dollar Uganda allocated to education in 1995, just 20 cents reached the country’s schools.

The rest was lost to local patronage politics.

After discovering that it was losing 80% of its education spending to corruption, the Ugandan government started publishing the amounts due to each school in the local newspapers.
With this information, local teachers and parents made sure that as much as 80% of the allocated funds actually reached the schools.103 The Commission recommends that the Government should work towards the publication of all relevant amounts allocated to the provision of 100 In June 2002, the ACC’s Deputy Commissioner complained that three-quarters of the 57 cases submitted to the Attorney General since the establishment of the Commission in January 2001 had not been acted upon.
Global Corruption Report 2003, p219 101 See Independent Anti-Corruption Agencies at http://www.transparency.org/sourcebook/11.html 102 See the section below titled “Civil Society”.

103 See the article “Fighting corruption”, published in The Economist on 29 April 2004.

More detail can be found at the website: www.economist.com/copenhagenconsensus.

Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 162 283.

284.

285.

286.

287.

288.

289. services and amenities.


Such publication should aim to provide the amounts allocated to specific services at local and community level.

Civil servants, at times, attempt to supplement their income by arbitrarily levying charges against citizens.

This is made possible where citizens are uncertain as to what they are entitled to.
At points of contact with the public, the Commission recommends the erection of signboards (and other means) which clearly set out the service the public is entitled to; whether there are charges; and, if so, the specific amounts.

The Commission recommends that Government should work towards the fulfilment of this recommendation throughout the country.

Exposing Corruption Corruption is often exposed, when individuals within government come forward with information.
The Commission is of the view that all those who work in the public service and the judiciary have a duty to expose and root out corruption.

Where public officials have knowledge of corruption and do not come forward with such information, they are, for all intents and purposes, accomplices in the corrupt act.

Individuals who come forward with information about corruption are sometimes referred to as “whistle-blowers”.
In order to successfully act against corruption, whistle blowing ought to be encouraged.

Such individuals are invariably victimised when they expose corruption.

They are penalised and, at times, they lose their jobs and even face physical harm.

It takes courage to expose corruption.

Some public officials claim that they are unable to disclose details about corruption because of confidentiality provisions and state secret laws that bind them to secrecy.

Such provisions cannot be used to cover up crimes.


No court or tribunal should entertain such criminal proceedings, where it is clear that the accused is a whistle blower.

Where there are potential anomalies in the law, the Government is enjoined to amend the law accordingly.

This is an imperative recommendation.

The Commission recommends that Government leaders publicly announce that the victimisation of whistle-blowers will not be tolerated.
The Commission recommends that the Government provide legal protection to whistle-blowers who provide information that leads to the exposure of corrupt activities.

It should be a criminal offence to engage in reprisals against whistle-blowers.

This is an imperative recommendation.


A United Front against Corruption The Commission calls on government, business and civil society to come together to form a potent force against corruption.104 Each sector has a critical role to play in stopping the spread of corruption.
Those leading the fight in each sector should hold an annual anti-corruption or national integrity summit to assess progress and to strategise the way forward.105 104 This could happen under the umbrella of the Anti-Corruption Commission Coalition of the ACC.

105 The summit could be complemented by an annual anti-corruption day, involving as many interested organisations as possible.

Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 163 290.

291.

292.

293.

294.


Civil Society Civil society has a crucial role to play in monitoring and reporting on cases of misconduct and corruption in the public sector.

In particular, independent monitors should be assessing the performance of anti-corruption bodies and the measures they have instituted.

Non-governmental groups should be engaged in ongoing advocacy and research.

There is much that can be done.


“Citizens’ Charters” detailing the dos and don'ts that private individuals should follow to prevent corruption and promote integrity ought to be widely distributed.106 Such charters will set out conduct on the part of citizens that tends to promote corruption and which should be stopped.

It will also set out activities that citizens can engage in to curtail corruption.

Citizen groups ought to declare adherence to such charters.
Concerned citizen groups should come together to promote integrity in public service delivery in their areas.107 These groups can lobby for reform, where corruption is rife or where local service delivery is failing.

Activists and journalists can develop “Report Cards” to score levels of corruption in public utilities and departments.
The Report Cards can also be used to assess the performance and standards of service provided by public utilities and government departments.108 The publication of the results of these Report Cards can help curb corruption and spur public officials to perform better.

Civil society should be closely monitoring the privatisation of public assets and procurement processes.
Activists could lobby for the implementation of Integrity Pacts or voluntary agreements underwritten by parties to a contract involving public resources.109 These agreements, which involve independent scrutiny, are meant to ensure transparency and honesty in contracts or bids involving public funds.

In Sierra Leone, the private economy is highly reliant on the public sector for business.

Inflating government contract prices is not uncommon.
This is done in order to provide for “kickbacks” that have to be paid and to take into account the fact that Government invariably pays late.

Civil society monitoring could include a "Prices and Purchases" programme, which involves the collection and publication of information for the purpose of comparing prices of goods and services purchased by government entities.110 Such a programme will expose the practice of inflating contract prices.
Government will be forced to explain why they are overspending on items.

106 Transparency Mauritius popularised such a document titled “The Citizens’ Charter”.

More detail can be found at the website: www.transparencymauritius.net.mu.

107 In Bangladesh, a network of Committees of Concerned Citizens campaigned for the formation of “Islands of Integrity” to ensure ethical conduct in local service delivery.

108 An example is Report Card system developed by the Public Affairs Centre, Bangalore, India.
More detail can be found at the website: www.pacindia.org.

109 Transparencia por Colombia has been implementing Integrity pacts since 1999.

More detail can be found at the website: www.transparenciacolombia.org.co.

Nepalese groups have also achieved success using Integrity Pacts.

110 A programme of this nature was used to good effect in Colombia.

More detail can be found at the website: www.veeduriadistrital.gov.co.

Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 164 295.

296.

297.

298.

299.

300.


Members of civil sector groups in Sierra Leone have been referred to as those “on the waiting list;” that is waiting to get into government.

Such persons can never be expected to perform their role of zealously scrutinising public conduct.

They will never want to offend government.

Sierra Leone does not need individuals who simply join non-governmental groups as a stepping-stone to something better.
Sierra Leone needs civil society activists who are committed to their country.

If local non-governmental organisations are serious about their role in representing civil society and monitoring public excesses then they must be watchdogs, not lapdogs.

The Commission calls upon non-governmental organisations and civil society to become active watchdogs in the fight against corruption.

Business Local and international businesses are important partners in the fight against corruption.
there are willing accomplices in the business world.

Organised business has no choice but to confront corruption within its own ranks.

Much corruption happens only because The Commission calls upon the business sector to develop its own Code of Corporate Governance in order to build a culture of ethical conduct.

Around the world, businesses assist in the reduction of crime and corruption by sharing information with each other and law enforcement agencies.

This should happen in Sierra Leone.


Government Apart from initiatives to introduce transparent government as described above, the government can do much to limit the corrupt activities of many of its employees.

There are certain areas in the public service, where corruption is rife because of the opportunities they present for enrichment.

These areas include procurement, the privatisation process and transportation.

The Commission calls on the government to pay particular attention to these areas.
Much can be done to close down the opportunities for corruption.

Making these processes scrupulously open and transparent is the starting point.

301.

Weaknesses in public administration fundamentals permit corruption to flourish.

Instituting basic financial management tools and introducing systems for proper filing and record-keeping will go a long way towards closing the doors on opportunities for self enrichment.

The Donor Community 302.

The donor community places corruption high on its agenda.
The donor community needs the non-governmental organisations, government ministries and public agencies it supports.

to become more vigilant the monitoring of in Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 165 303.

Beneficiary organisations and ministries that display the same mismanagement and the same corrupt tendencies, year in and year out, should not qualify for continued donor support.
Aid agencies tend to hold back from acting against individuals, particularly senior individuals who are responsible for corrupt practices.

Donor groups should insist on firm action against corrupt individuals in beneficiary organisations, when the evidence is presented.

Failing to do so serves to promote the very behaviour the agencies are attempting to stop.

YOUTH “PRODUCTIVE YOUTH BUILD BETTER NATION” Slogan from the Combat Camp Youth Committee111 304.
Youths112 were the driving force behind the resistance to one-party state rule in the 1980s.

As students, journalists, workers and activists they exposed injustices and the bankruptcy of the ruling elite’s ideology.

They also bore the brunt of the state’s repressive backlash.

During the conflict, youths formed the bulk of the fighting forces in all the factions.

The last twenty years of Sierra Leone’s history are, in reality, the story of Sierra Leone’s youths.

305.
305.

Many of the dire conditions that gave rise to the conflict in 1991 remain in 2004.

As in the late 1980s, many young adults continue to occupy urban ghettoes where they languish in a twilight zone of unemployment and despair.

National Mobilisation 306.

307.

The civil war has aggravated matters for the youth.

After ten years of war, thousands of young men and women have been denied a normal education and indeed a normal life.
Their childhood and youth have been squandered by years of brutal civil conflict.

Many young Sierra Leoneans have lost the basic opportunities in life that young people around the world take for granted.

These young people constitute Sierra Leone’s lost generation.

The Commission recommends that the youth question be viewed as a national emergency that demands national mobilisation.

This is an imperative recommendation.


The Commission has detected a certain energy and resolve among many of the youths with which it has interacted in hearings, reconciliation programmes and the National Vision for Sierra Leone.

This resolve is reflected in the desire to overcome the difficulties and traumas of the past and to forge a new and proud Sierra Leone.
The Commission has detected this resolve among university students, professionals, young men and women in Government and among the unemployed in the ghettoes.

This energy must be harnessed and channelled towards productive ends.

The future of Sierra Leone depends on this.

111 Slogan submitted to the National Vision for Sierra Leone, a project of the TRC.

112 For the purposes of this report the age category of youths extends from 18 to 35 years.
Recommendations on “Children” are dealt with under a separate heading later in this chapter.

The 18-35 category adopted by the Commission is in line with the age category employed by the Sierra Leone Ministry of Youth.

The Youth Ministry has extended the age limit of youth because it regards the period of the conflict as “lost years” for many youths.

Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 166 308.

309.

310.

311.
309.

310.

311.

National Youth Commission towards recommends that Government work the The Commission transformation of the youth portfolio of the Ministry of Youth and Sports into a National Youth Commission.

Such a Commission should to be located in the Office of the President.

The mission of a National Youth Commission would be in post-war to address reconstruction.
Currently, the Youth Ministry is constrained by an overburdened civil service bureaucracy that prevents it from carrying out its basic tasks and functions.

At present the Ministry is unable to finance its programmes in the provinces.

In short, the Ministry of Youth does not have the means to address the youth question.

the youth question as a fundamental priority A National Youth Commission would be empowered by its ability to raise funds locally and internationally.
It would be able to work meaningfully with fund- raising agencies, while co-ordinating and streamlining the activities of the NGOs working in this field.

A National Youth Commission ought to be responsible for the implementation of the Youth Policy as well as the National Youth Plan.

The effective implementation of the Youth Policy and National Youth Plan would address the specific issues facing the youth as set out in the findings of the Commission.
A National Youth Commission could spearhead public-private partnerships involving youth in different sectors including tourism, agriculture, fisheries, housing and mining.

Industrial sites and service centres could be earmarked for initiatives aimed at providing employment opportunities for youth.

The National Youth Commission could facilitate investment in such schemes and encourage worker – owner schemes which would give young workers a stake in the initiative.
Over a period of time, youthful workers could become co- owners and investors in such companies.

The Commission recommends that the Government of Sierra Leone work towards the fulfilment of these recommendations.

The Commission recommends that, every year, a “State of the Youth” report be tabled before Parliament.

Pending the creation of the National Youth Commission, this should be the responsibility of Ministry of Youth and Sports.
Such a report should provide an overview of the state of the youth in Sierra Leone for the preceding year.

It should set out a detailed assessment of all efforts and programmes to develop the youth in the public, non-governmental and private sectors.

Progress should be measured against a set of agreed indicators.

This recommendation is made for the serious consideration of Government.

Political Representation 312.


The denial of a meaningful political voice to the youth has had devastating consequences for Sierra Leone.

More avenues for the youth to express themselves and to realise their potential need to be created.

Political space should be opened up so that the youth can become involved in governance and in the decision-making process.

Youths must have a stake in governance.

Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 167 313.

314.
314.

The Commission recommends that all political parties be required to ensure that at least 10% of their candidates for all public elections are youths.113 This includes national elections, local government and district council elections.

Legislation should be enacted to make this a legal requirement.

The National Electoral Commission should be this minimum representation.

Such a stipulation will require all political parties to nurture and develop meaningful participation of the youth.
This is an imperative recommendation.

to enforce required Engagement in electoral politics should be accompanied by political responsibility.

In this regard the Commission endorses the programme launched by the Ministry of Youth and Sports to cultivate political responsibility among the youth.

This programme envisages the creation of elected Chiefdom Youth Committees that would send representatives to a District Youth Committee.
The District Committee would act as a clearing-house for youth activities and projects.

District Youth Committees would send representatives to Regional Youth Committees, which would set the agenda for a National Youth Conference.

The Regional Committees would send representatives to the National Youth Conference that would elect members to a National Youth Committee.

315.

Such an initiative would structure youth participation in public affairs and provide a training ground for tomorrow’s leaders.
The Commission supports this initiative and calls on Government to set in place the necessary legislative framework to make it work.

The Commission also calls on Government and the donor community to resource this important programme.

WOMEN I hope to see a Sierra Leone offering equal opportunities for boys and girls from the cradle to the grave.

… In particular, I want to see a country where girls are not left out but are encouraged to reach the highest peak of their potential.
Extract from the essay “My National Vision for Sierra Leone” by Chinsia E. Caesar114 316.

Women and girls were the deliberate targets of sexual violence and rape by all the armed groups during the conflict.

Women continue to be victims of gender-based violence.

The Commission has noted the submissions made by women’s groups, which point to the failure of successive governments to protect women and girls during the conflict and post-conflict periods.

317.
317.

The Commission recommends that the President, as the “Father of the Nation” and as the Head of State, should acknowledge the harm suffered by women and girls during the conflict in Sierra Leone and offer an unequivocal apology to them on behalf of the government and preceding governments in Sierra Leone.

This is an imperative recommendation.

113 The definition of youths here is again young adults between the ages of 18 and 35 years.
114 Essay submitted to the National Vision for Sierra Leone, a project of the TRC.

Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 168 318.

The Commission calls on the leadership of all political parties to acknowledge the harm suffered by women and girls during the conflict in Sierra Leone and to offer an unequivocal apology to them on behalf of their particular political parties.

319.

Women and girls in Sierra Leone continue to suffer historic structural inequality on account of their gender.
Gender inequality is entrenched in all spheres of social, political and economic life by discriminatory laws, customs, traditions and practices.

320.

321.

The Commission notes that the State has not yet taken the necessary steps to eradicate structural inequality against women that still pervades Sierra Leonean society.
Discriminatory laws and customs in the areas of marriage, divorce, land rights, inheritance and the administration of estates remain major obstacles to the transformation of women’s lives.
recommendations to address structural inequality The Commission’s encompass law reform, access to justice, the abolition of discriminatory customary law and practices, the building of institutional capacity and the establishment of educational programmes to counter attitudes and norms which lead to the oppression of women.

The Commission views education, health, economic empowerment and political participation as priority areas for the progressive development of women in Sierra Leone.

322.
322.

The Commission has identified war widows, aged women, girl mothers, and victims of displacement and female ex-combatants as particularly vulnerable groups.

The recommendations attempt to address the specific needs of these victims.

Women affected by the Armed Conflict 323.

Women were subjected to systematic abuse during the conflict.
Violations perpetrated against women included torture, rape, sexual abuse, and sexual slavery, trafficking, enslavement, abductions, amputations, forced pregnancy, forced labour and detentions.

324.

325.

326.

Never again should women in Sierra Leone be subjected to brutality.

Every man and boy in Sierra Leone owes a duty to respect women and girls and to protect them from abuse at all times.
The Commission calls on communities to make special efforts to encourage acceptance of the survivors of rape and sexual violence as they reintegrate into society.

The physical and emotional well being of the women victims of rape and their children born as a result of rapes should be protected.115 The Commission notes that women who have been sexually violated during the conflict period deliberately avoid being identified, as they fear stigmatisation.
The Commission notes that assisting them with long-term mental and physical injuries depends on making services accessible.

115 The health needs of women victims of the conflict are addressed in the chapter on Reparations, at Chapter Four of Volume Three A of this report.

Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 169 327.
The Commission recommends that a directory be established by the Ministry of Social Welfare and Gender Affairs in conjunction with UNIFEM, the World Health Organisation and other stakeholders which should contain a list of donor agencies and service providers assisting women together with their contact details both in the provinces and Freetown.

The emphasis should be on where women can obtain information and access assistance.

The launch of the directory should be accompanied by a media campaign.
The Ministry of Social Welfare and Gender Affairs should work towards the implementation of this recommendation.

Domestic Violence 328.

Domestic violence against women intensified during the civil war and endures in the post-conflict period.

The Commission notes that the laws of Sierra Leone relating to the prosecution of domestic violence are inadequate and offer little protection to women and girls.
The Commission recommends that Government work towards the enactment of specific legislation to address domestic violence.

Such laws should facilitate the prosecution of offenders and empower women to access protection orders.

329.

Women and girls experience great difficulty in pressing charges in respect of rape and sexual violence as police and judicial officers are reluctant to investigate and prosecute such cases.
The Commission recommends that the Ministry of Social Welfare and Gender in conjunction with UNIFEM and the Gender Desk of the police work towards the creation of an educational programme for the police, prosecutors and judicial officers raising awareness of issues of gender, educating and training them in the investigation and prosecution of gender-based crimes and sensitising them on how to deal properly with complainants.

Sexual Violence 330.


Women and girls in Sierra Leone continue to be the victims of sexual violence.

The Commission notes that the national laws of Sierra Leone are inadequate to deal with the prosecution of crimes of sexual violence, including rape, sexual harassment and other forms of sexual abuse.

The current rules of procedure and evidence in respect of crimes of sexual violence are not only discriminatory but are also offensive to women and girls.

331.
331.

The Commission recommends that a directory be created, which includes all the information existing in regard to the various skills programmes and the providers of such services.

The release of such a directory should be accompanied by a media campaign, which will lead to more women learning of the programmes being offered.116 332.

Women and girls who are sexually violated rarely lay complaints, as the current environment is not conducive to doing so.
This has led to a culture of impunity in respect of crimes of a sexual nature.

116 The Ministry of Social Welfare and Gender Affairs should consider the creation of one network to co-ordinate all organisations working with women and the issuance of one directory setting out all their services – which could be updated annually.

Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 170 333.

334.

335.

336.

337.

338.

339.

340.


In order to address these inadequacies, the Commission recommends that laws that link the prosecution of sexual offences to the moral character of a complainant should be repealed.117 This is an imperative recommendation.
The Commission recommends the harmonisation of the national laws of Sierra Leone with the provisions contained in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court in regard to the evidentiary burden, rules of procedure and evidence in respect of crimes of sexual violence.118 the government work towards that Sexual Offences under Customary Law Customary laws and practices in respect of sexual offences are deeply discriminatory against women and girls and have contributed to a culture of impunity over a long period of time.
The Commission is disturbed to note that, under customary law, the consent of a minor for sex is not required.

Furthermore, crimes of rape and sexual violence are usually settled directly between the violator and the parents or guardians of the girl-child without the victim having any say in the matter.

Families usually settle crimes or rape and sexual violence by accepting monetary compensation or by the offender being compelled to enter into marriage with the minor victim.
The Commission recommends that the Government should launch a campaign to end the practice under the customary law of compelling women and girls who have been raped to enter into marriage with the offender.

This is an imperative recommendation.

The Commission calls on community leaders to discourage the practice of accepting monetary compensation for the crimes of rape and sexual violence as an alternative to reporting the cases for criminal prosecution.
Communities should be encouraged to pursue prosecutions for offenders of sex crimes.

The Commission recommends that the Ministry of Social Welfare and Gender Affairs, in conjunction with UNIFEM, should work towards a national campaign, together with other agencies, to raise awareness about the culture of silence that pervades the issue of rape and sexual violence and encourage the abolition of customary practices which impact negatively on the rights of women.
The Commission recommends that the Government work towards the harmonisation of the customary law with the common law and that to ensure laws dealing with the protection of women, particularly in regard to domestic violence and crimes of sexual violence, accord with international human rights standards.

117 See the Protection of Women and Girls Act 1960, which can be found at Chapter 30 of the Laws of Sierra Leone of 1960.

118 ICC –ASP/1/3.
118 ICC –ASP/1/3.

See also Rule 98 of the International Criminal Tribunal for Yugoslavia and Rules of Procedure and Evidence of the International Criminal Court.

Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 171 Discrimination against Women 341.

Women and girls in Sierra Leone, before, during and after the conflict, were subjected to discrimination by practice, custom and law.

There is no basis to justify the discrimination that women have endured in Sierra Leone.
The legal apparatus that entrenches discrimination against women must be dismantled.

The Commission recommends the repeal of all statutory and customary laws that discriminate against women.

342.

343.

344.

345.

Laws that should be repealed include those provisions that discriminate against women in relation to marriage, the administration of estates, inheritance, and divorce and property ownership.
This recommendation requires the repeal of sections 26(4)(d) and (e) of the Constitution, which permit discrimination against women in these areas and on the grounds of customary law.

Constitutional provisions that authorise discrimination on the basis of gender have no place in a modern democratic society based on equality and respect for human dignity.

The Commission recommends that Sierra Leone ratify the Protocol to the African Charter on the Rights of Women.
The Protocol enjoins signatories to address “Harmful Practices” against women.

Harmful Practices are defined as all behaviour, attitudes and practices which negatively affect the fundamental rights of women and girls, such as their right to life, health, dignity, education and physical integrity.
The Commission recommends that the Government take steps to immediately implement its obligations under the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women119 and to ensure that gender is taken into account in all legislation and policy.

The Commission recommends that all aspects of customary law120 as well as practices which discriminate against women in the realm of inheritance, land ownership, marriage, divorce and the administration of estates be abolished by Parliament.
346.

These recommendations are imperative.

Political Participation and Access to Power 347.

Women have been excluded from decision-making in Sierra Leone.

Women are largely absent in the structures of government and traditional forums that are critical in formulating policies.

348.

The Commission is persuaded that simply calling for the opening up of the political space for women is not sufficient.
If Sierra Leone is serious about giving a meaningful voice to women in representative politics, then more serious efforts have to be made to achieve this end.

119 The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), adopted in 1979 by the UN General Assembly and ratified by Sierra Leone on 11 November 1998.

See the website: www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw.

120 The expression “customary law is intended to include Islamic or “Mohamedan” Law.
Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 172 349.

350.

351.

352.

The Commission recommends that political parties be required to ensure that at least 30% of their candidates for public elections are women.

This includes national elections, local government and district council elections.

Legislation should be enacted to make this a legal requirement.

The National Electoral Commission should be required to enforce this minimum representation.
Such a stipulation will require all political parties to nurture and develop meaningful participation of women.

This is an imperative recommendation.

The Commission further recommends that Government and Parliament work towards achieving 50/50 gender parity in representative politics (Parliament, District Council and Local Government) within the next 10 years.

The Commission recommends that the Government work towards achieving a representation of at least 30% women in cabinet and other political posts.
Government should also work towards incrementally achieving 50/50 gender parity in cabinet and political posts within the next 10 years.

The Commission notes the lack of young women in positions of leadership and calls on the government, UNIFEM and the NGO sector to establish leadership programmes for women in both the provinces and Freetown to ensure that there is a new generation of women with sufficient skills to participate in public life.

Skills training and Economic Empowerment 353.


Women lack adequate access to productive assets including land, credit, training and technology.

For these reasons, they are largely consigned to food production and petty trading with very low earnings.

354.

355.

356.

The Commission notes that many women ex-combatants were not able to participate in the skills training programmes provided on demobilisation.
The Commission also notes the proliferation of skills training programmes in the country run by various international and local organisations.
The Commission recommends that, to ensure that women are able to access the skills training programmes that are being offered by the various agencies, the Ministry of Social Welfare and Gender Affairs should establish a network of service providers and agencies offering the various skills training programmes and ensure that services are decentralised and that women in the provinces are able to access them.
through skills The Commission notes that a major obstacle for many of the women who have the absence of suitable gone opportunities to practise their skills as well as the lack of accessible markets.

The Commission recommends that the Ministry of Social Welfare and Gender Affairs, in conjunction with UNIFEM, explore opportunities for women to utilise the skills acquired and market opportunities, where their items can be sold.
training programmes is The Commission recommends that micro-credit schemes should target women ex- combatants, internally displaced women, female heads of households and war widows.

Those providing micro-credit should be encouraged to incorporate a basic business management course into the provision of micro-credit.

357.

These recommendations are for the serious consideration of Government.

Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 173 Education 358.
Women comprise the largest category of persons without formal education in Sierra Leone.

Women have, in effect, been under-educated.

This bias against women must be redressed.

359.

360.

361.

362.

363.

364.

365.

Steps should be taken to promote the enrolment of girls in schools and other training institutions.

The Commission recommends that the Government work towards providing free and compulsory education to girls up to and including the level of senior secondary school.
The practice of expelling girls who become pregnant from educational institutions imperative recommendation.

is discriminatory and archaic.

This is an The Commission recommends that the Ministry of Education in conjunction with the Ministry of Social Welfare and Gender Affairs and UNIFEM consider the establishment of adult education programmes for women in which basic literacy and numeric skills can be taught.

Access to Justice The Commission notes that women do not enjoy adequate access to legal aid.
The Commission calls on the Fourah Bay University Legal Aid Clinic, together with LAWCLA and the Bar Council, to consider initiating a specific focus on domestic and sexual violence against women as well as issues pertaining to inheritance, land and marriage.

HIV / AIDS The Commission notes the high prevalence of the HIV / AIDS among the population of Sierra Leone as well as the high number of women infected.
The Commission also notes that women married into polygamous marriages are exposed to a higher risk of sexually transmitted diseases because of their husband’s multiple partners.

The Commission recommends that the Ministry of Social Welfare and Gender Affairs, in conjunction with UNIFEM and the NGO sector, work towards the launching of an education programme, which addresses both men and women on safe sex practices.
Gender Commission The Commission is of the view that gender issues do not receive sufficient attention within the Ministry of Social Welfare and Gender Affairs.

The Commission recommends that the Government seriously consider the removal of the gender portfolio from the Ministry of Social welfare and the creation of a gender commission.

366.

The Gender Commission should be representative of all sectors of Sierra Leone society.
The Gender Commission should co-ordinate and drive all issues pertaining to the advancement of women in Sierra Leone.

Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 174 The Most Vulnerable 367.

War widows, aged women, girl mothers, victims of displacement and female ex-combatants are among the most vulnerable groups in Sierra Leone today.

The Commission urges the government and relief agencies to pay particular attention to their needs.

368.
368.

The government should provide psychosocial support and reproductive health services to women affected by conflict.

These services should be provided free to those who have experienced physical trauma, torture and sexual violence.121 Government should work towards the early fulfilment of this recommendation.

War Widows 369.

War widows experienced serious hardships as result of the killing of their husbands.

In post conflict Sierra Leone, they are further disadvantaged by the loss of their husbands.
Tradition and custom prevents many of them from owning property, accessing land and inheriting from their husbands.

370.

371.

372.

373.

In certain ethnic groups, they are passed on as property to the husband’s next eldest brother or closest male relative who inherits from their deceased husbands.
The Commission recommends the repeal of all laws, customs and practices that discriminate against widows and which prevent land being owned or held by them.122 The Commission recommends that the repeal of such laws and customs should be accompanied by sensitisation programmes for society, particularly in the provinces, which seek to deal with the negative perceptions of how widows should be treated.
The Commission calls on the Bondu societies123 to serve as mechanisms for change and that they should use their influence in communities to improve the quality of life for widows and elderly women.

Female Ex-combatants Now that the formal disarmament and reintegration programmes are complete, the Commission calls on communities to continue with the accepting back of former girl and women soldiers into their villages and neighbourhoods.

Communities should do this with compassion.


The same applies to the many women who were displaced by the conflict and have not as yet returned to their communities.

121 See the chapter on Reparations, at Chapter Four of Volume Three A of this report for detailed recommendations to address the health, psychological and social needs of war victims.

122 The Commission has made the imperative recommendation that all laws and customs that discriminate against women should be repealed.
This recommendation includes the repeal of provisions on Sierra Leone’s statute books, which undermine the inheritance and property rights of women.

123 Bondu societies are secret societies for women.

They assist women in household and domestic management and play an important role in the socialisation of girls and women into community life.

Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 175 374.

375.

376.

Many girl and women ex-combatants did not benefit from the disarmament programmes.
The Commission calls on relief agencies to continue to assist these women with skills training and their rehabilitation back into society.

Similar support should be given to non-combatant women who were internally displaced by the civil war and who found themselves economically and socially marginalised.

Elderly Women A large number of elderly women have been rendered destitute and unemployable by the conflict.
The war was accompanied by the breakdown of social and cultural values that would normally have ensured protection and support for elderly women.

These women have been largely abandoned by society.

They now live on the margins of society.

Elderly women should be treated with dignity.

The Commission recommends that Government establish old people’s homes in all the main urban centres and ensure that elderly women have access to land in rural areas.
The Commission further recommends that Government attend to the social and medical needs of elderly women.

The Government should work towards the fulfilment of these recommendations.

CHILDREN I heard the cry of “Salone pikin” being conscripted “Salone pikin” raped, killed Were they not forced to drink in human skulls?

Oh “Salone Pikin” Where is your future?

Sweet Salone Extract from the poem “Salone Pikin” by Emmanuel Bryma Momoh124 377.

378.
378.

The Commission has found that in the Sierra Leone conflict children125 were singled out for some of the most brutal violations of human rights recorded in any conflict.

The children targeted were sometimes even below ten years of age.

The Commission found it most disturbing that children were the main victims in the following violations: drugging;126 forced recruitment; rape; and sexual assault.
The Commission also notes that children were compelled to participate in the war as child soldiers and were forced to commit a range of atrocities.

379.

Never again should the children of Sierra Leone be subjected to brutality.

124 Poem submitted to the National Vision for Sierra Leone, a project of the TRC.

125 For the purposes of this report children are considered to be those persons below the age of 18 (eighteen) years.

126 “Drugging” refers to the forced consumption of drugs.
Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 176 Child Rights Bill 380.

381.

382.

The Commission notes that the laws and customs relating to children are confusing and require codification to ensure that they are clear and not utilised in an arbitrary manner.
The Commission recommends that the Child Rights Bill, incorporating the provisions of the Convention on the Rights of the Child be passed into legislation as a matter of urgency.127 The Commission recommends that the Law Commission commence a review of all legislation with a view to determining whether the rights of children have been taken into account and, in particular, whether such legislation is in accord with the Convention of the Rights of the Child and the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child.
383.

These are imperative recommendations.

School Education 384.

385.

The Commission recommends that primary school education be compulsory for all children.

It should be an offence not to send children to primary school.

This is an imperative recommendation.

The Commission notes that primary school education is supposedly made available free of charge to all children.

The Commission recommends that no “hidden charges” or “chalk fees” be levied against parents.
Free primary school education must mean free in every sense of the word.

The Government should work towards the fulfilment of this recommendation.

386.

The Commission recommends that the Government should work towards the creation of incentives to encourage children of school going age to attend secondary school.

Age of Majority 387.


The Commission recommends that Parliament enact legislation making 18 the age of majority bringing it into line with the voting age of 18 already provided for in the Constitution.128 388.

This is an imperative recommendation.

127 Sierra Leone is a party to the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child and to the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child.
128 Article 1 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child defines a child as “every human being below the age of eighteen unless, under the law applicable to the child, majority is attained earlier.” Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 177 389.

390.

391.

Adoptions, Fostering and Guardianship In Sierra Leone, adoptions are governed by a dual system of laws and custom.

The effects of adoption under customary law are different from those under the common law system.
In addition, the Adoption Act does not recognise adoptions carried out under customary law.

In effect, practices that have existed under customary law for a number of years do not have any effect in law.

A further problem is the practice of fostering which involves a child becoming the ward of a person regarded as a guardian.

The guardian or foster parent has custody of the child but in the absence of a law specifically providing for this process, the rights of guardians are tenuous.
The Commission recommends that the Government of Sierra Leone urgently review the Adoption laws to incorporate the practice of guardianship and fostering which exists in the common law and in practice.

After the war, thousands of children were orphaned.

This led to the establishment of orphanages and foster homes in the country.

However, most of these facilities are private enterprises not regulated by law.
In order to avoid abuse and trafficking in children, it is important to regulate this new industry and to ensure that the rights and responsibilities of the proprietors are regulated so that the best interests of the child are protected and donor funds are properly accounted for.

392.

The Commission recommends that the Government enact legislation to regulate the establishment of orphanages both private and public in order to ensure that the rights of children are protected.

393.
393.

Government should work towards the fulfilment of these recommendations.

Early marriages 394.

395.

396.

397.

The absence of a minimum age for marriage of girls in Sierra Leone has impacted negatively on the development of young girls.

Under customary law, girls under the age of ten may be given away in marriage.
In order to address this problem, the Commission recommends that legislation be enacted abolishing this practice and that a minimum age for marriage be established at eighteen.129 The Commission recommends that the Government enact legislation making it a criminal offence to permit, authorise and assist in the marriage of children under 18 years of age.

This is an imperative recommendation.


The enactment of legislation should be accompanied by an education campaign, which highlights the negative aspects of marriages of children, in particular girls under the age of 18.

The Government should work towards the implementation of this recommendation.

The Commission calls on the Ministry of Social Welfare and Gender Affairs and civil society to monitor this issue particularly in the Northern provinces and take steps to prosecute those who violate such a law.
129 18 (eighteen) years old has been determined as the appropriate age for marriage by the CEDAW committee, in terms of general recommendation 21 of the CEDAW committee.

Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 178 Sexual Offences against children130 398.

The Commission recommends that the Government should enact legislation that would make it a criminal offence to have sexual relations with a child under the age of 16.
Sex with a child under the age of 16 should constitute the offence of statutory rape.

This is an imperative recommendation.

Laws on the employment of children 399.

The Commission recommends that the government review the practice of employing children under the age of 18 on a full-time basis.

Children who are employed should work under conditions that are humane and which comply with international human rights standards.131 400.

The Government should work towards the fulfilment of this recommendation.
401.

402.

403.

Trafficking of Children Sierra Leone was one of three nations in sub-Saharan Africa that received a "Tier Three" or least favourable ranking in the US Department of State’s annual “Trafficking in Persons Report”132 (Trafficking Report) for failing to make reasonable attempts to end the exploitation of minors.

The report said that the Government of Sierra Leone recognises that trafficking is a problem, but has not made substantial efforts to prevent it.
indicated trafficking that child The Trafficking Report is a particularly challenging problem in Africa because of the practice of "fostering" or "placement" of children.

Under this traditional system, children are sent to live with relatives or other trusted individuals, and are given schooling or learn a trade.

Yet in many cases, the child is trafficked into a situation of forced domestic servitude, street vending, or sexual exploitation.
UNICEF estimates that as many as 200,000 children in West and Central Africa alone are smuggled across national borders every year to provide what amounts to forced labour in neighbouring countries.

Countless others are sold or traded within their own countries.

Trafficked children are virtual prisoners in their workplace, denied education, health care, or contact with their families and deprived even of adequate food, clothing, and rest.
Frequent targets of physical and sexual abuse, trafficked children succumb to injuries, illness, and sexually transmitted diseases.

Open border policies established by the Economic Community of Western African States (ECOWAS) to promote free trade have made it easier for international traffickers to ply their trade.133 130 See also the recommendations in respect of “Sexual Violence and Domestic Violence” under the heading “Women”.
131 See also the recommendations in respect of “Child Labour” under “Mineral Resources”.

132 The US Department of State’s “Trafficking in Persons Report” was released in June 2004.

More detail can be found at the website: http://usinfo.state.gov/gi/Archive/2004/Jun/17-838848.html.

133 More detail can be found at: http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/traffick/homepage.htm.

Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 179 404.

405.

406.

407.
405.

406.

407.

The current laws of Sierra Leone do little to stop the trafficking of children.

In addition, the lack of access to adequate health care, education and opportunities for vocational training for children contributes to exacerbating sexual exploitation and the potential for children to be trafficked out of the country.

The Commission recommends that the Law Commission draft a law criminalising trafficking and the sexual exploitation of children.
This law should accord with the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography.

Such a law should be enacted as soon as possible.

The Commission recommends further that the Government of Sierra Leone becomes a signatory to the Optional Protocol.

These are imperative recommendations.


The Commission calls upon the member states of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) to take concerted action to implement the Political Declaration and Action Plan against trafficking in human beings, especially women and children.
The Action Plan commits the ECOWAS take specific steps, such as launching public awareness countries to campaigns to alert potential victims to methods used by traffickers; creating special police units to combat trafficking; and training police, customs, and immigration officials to catch and prosecute traffickers and to protect the rights of victims.

Recreational Centres The armed conflict exposed the children of Sierra Leone to violence of an unprecedented nature.
The violence has left them emotionally scarred.

It robbed them of the opportunity to enjoy childhood and the art of playing.

Opportunities to play are scarce for children affected by conflict and poverty.

This scarcity must be addressed because play occupies and strengthens both mind and body.

Play gives children the opportunity to be children.

Without that opportunity, children and communities cannot thrive.
The Commission commends the work of organisations such as Right To Play for their promotion of sports and physical education in Sierra Leone.

408.

The Commission recommends that the government and children’s agencies seriously consider the establishment of recreation centres throughout the country where children can be exposed to sports and to the art of play.

Children’s Forum Network 409.

410.


The children of Sierra Leone have not had a meaningful role and voice in the social, political and economic life of Sierra Leone despite the fact that they were compelled to adopt adult roles during the conflict.

The establishment of the Children’s Forum Network (CFN), an advocacy group run by children, enabled the Commission to hear and listen to the voices of Sierra Leone’s children telling about their experiences in the civil war.
The Commission recommends that the Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender and Children’s Affairs work towards providing facilities and resources for the Children’s Forum Network to operate at national, provincial and local levels.

The Commission recommends that the Ministry pay particular attention to supporting the CFN in the northern, eastern and southern parts of the country.
Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 180 EXTERNAL ACTORS I saw the United Nations peacekeeping forces and I was happy Yes I saw Extract from the poem “I Saw” by Mohamed Sekoya134 411.

412.

413.

414.

415.

416.

417.

Promotion of Regional Integration and Unity The Commission commends the current efforts of ECOWAS and the African Union in promoting sub-regional and regional integration and unity.
Such efforts will make it difficult for a country to promote unrest and armed conflict in a neighbouring country or provide resources to insurgents in another country.

The Commission calls on the governments of Libya, Cote d’Ivoire and Burkina Faso to publicly acknowledge their roles in promoting and financing the RUF.

These countries should publicly commit themselves to the principles of regional cooperation enshrined in the founding documents of the African Union and ECOWAS.
In particular, the Commission calls upon the government of Libya, in recognition of the training and financial support it supplied to the insurgents, to provide monetary support to the War Victims Fund and to support reconciliation initiatives within Sierra Leone.

Preventing War in the Mano River Basin The Commission calls on the Government of Liberia to publicly acknowledge the role of its predecessor in promoting war and armed conflict in Sierra Leone.
The Government of Liberia should consider an act of symbolic reparation to Sierra Leone and its people.

This could be in the form of an event or the erection of a monument in Sierra Leone to the memory of all those who died in the conflict.
The Commission recommends that the Government of Sierra Leone work with the Governments of Liberia and Guinea to ensure adequate security along the common borders in order to prevent the flow of small arms135 and light weapons.136 In the longer term, the Commission recommends that the laws regulating firearms and explosives in the three countries be harmonised in order to achieve a common licensing procedure and penal code.

Diamonds were a major resource fought over by the armed factions during the war.
The Commission recommends that the Governments of the Mano River Basin should commit themselves to effective mechanisms for controlling the smuggling of diamonds along their common borders.

134 Poem submitted to the National Vision for Sierra Leone, a project of the TRC.

135 “Small arms” include revolvers and self-loading pistols, rifles and carbines, assault rifles, sub-machine guns, and light machine guns.
136 “Light weapons” include heavy machine guns, hand-held under-barrel and mounted grenade launchers, portable anti-tank and anti-aircraft guns, recoilless rifles, portable launchers of anti-tank and anti-aircraft missile systems, and mortars of less than 100mm calibre.

Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 181 418.

The governments of the Mano River Basin should work towards the fulfilment of these recommendations.

419.

420.

421.

422.

423.

424.


Peace Agreements The Commission acknowledges the desire by the international community to bring conflicts to an end and quickly restore peace in countries savaged by conflict.

This desire should not result in quick-fix solutions in which countries are rushed into concluding peace agreements.

The Commission believes that the international community forced the Abidjan Peace Agreement on the government of Sierra Leone.
Rather than bringing peace, this ill-conceived agreement facilitated the escalation of the conflict.

Military Intervention and Peacekeeping The conflict in Sierra Leone lasted so long because the international community ignored it.

The lack of response promoted the perception that Sierra Leone, like other parts of Africa embroiled in conflict, was not sufficiently important.

A well-organised military intervention is by far the quickest and most cost- effective means of limiting and stopping violence.
The Commission calls on the international community never again to ignore internal armed conflict on the basis that the country in question does not hold any strategic value.

The Commission calls on the UN and AU to strengthen the capacity of ECOWAS for peacekeeping in conflict situations.

Such increased capacity will enable ECOWAS to effectively intervene in internal armed conflicts.

The Commission calls on ECOWAS to quickly implement the ECOWAS Protocol on early warning and conflict prevention137.
This will prepare members of the international community for potential conflicts within the sub- region and, hopefully, catalyse effective and timeous regional and international response to the conflicts.

Some ECOMOG Peacekeepers committed human rights violations while in Sierra Leone.

The Commission recommends that part of the capacity building of ECOWAS peacekeepers should include training on human rights issues.
The Commission recommends further that ECOMOG soldiers accused of having committed human rights violations during the Sierra Leone conflict should be investigated.

Those soldiers found to be responsible for human rights violations should be excluded from future peacekeeping missions.

The Commission calls on countries within the sub region not to allow their territories to be used as staging grounds for attacks on other countries.
They should also not allow their territories to be used for mobilising resources to attack other countries.

Military interventions are only justified when carried out for peacekeeping purposes and when done under the auspices of the United Nations, the African Union or ECOWAS.

The Commission calls on all governments in the Mano River Basin region to jointly and publicly make such an undertaking to the people of the region.
137 See the Protocol Relating to the Mechanism for Conflict Prevention, Management, Resolution, Peacekeeping and Security, signed in Lomé on 10 December 1999.

Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 182 425.

426.

427.

428.

429.

430.

431.

432.

Most of the initial United Nations Peacekeeping troops who arrived in Sierra Leone were wholly unprepared for what was awaiting them on the ground.

The Commission recommends that there should be adequate preparation of peacekeeping troops.
Such preparation should include a good understanding of local conditions and current developments.

The Commission acknowledges the determination of the United Nations and the international community to stay the course in Sierra Leone.

In many respects, the UN Mission in Sierra Leone has set the standard for future peacekeeping missions.

Staying the course has allowed for the gradual consolidation of governmental authority.
Mercenaries The UN and the member states of ECOWAS should take effective action to prevent the movement of mercenaries and soldiers of fortune within the sub- region.

The fact that Sierra Leonean fighters have taken part in the internal armed conflicts of Liberia and Cote d’Ivoire should be of serious concern to all.

For more than two decades, many young men and women, within the Mano River Basin, have known no occupation other than fighting and violence.
Countries within this zone should cooperate with each other to initiate effective economic programmes that target the youth in order to provide them with viable and peaceful means of survival.

The Commission recommends that the UN re-commit itself to eliminating mercenaries in inter or intra state conflicts and enforcing the provisions of the International Convention against the Recruitment, Use, Financing and Training of Mercenaries adopted by the United Nations on 4 December 1989.
Mercenaries are soldiers of fortune who prosper with the escalation of conflict.

They are threats to peace.

Tracing the Assets of Charles Taylor and the NPFL Charles Taylor and the NPFL benefited enormously from the diamond resources procured by the RUF.

The Commission recommends that the Governments of Sierra Leone, Liberia and the International Community spare no efforts to trace the material and financial assets of Charles Taylor and the NPFL and to take measures to recover such assets.
Any recovered assets or parts of them should, subject to negotiations with the government of Liberia, become part of the War Victims Fund proposed under the Lomé Peace Agreement and used for financing the comprehensive reparations programme recommended by the Commission.

Tracing RUF Assets in Other Countries The Commission recommends that the Government of Sierra Leone elicit the support of the UN in tracing all assets acquired by the RUF in other countries including bank accounts and other assets.
The Commission calls on the Governments of Cote d’Ivoire, Liberia, Burkina Faso and Libya to publicly commit to assisting the Government of Sierra Leone in this endeavour.

When any such assets have been identified the Government of Sierra Leone should take all reasonable means to recover the assets and ensure that they become part of the War Victims Fund.

Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 183 433.

434.

435.

436.

437.


Relationship with the United Kingdom Sierra Leoneans celebrate their historic relationship with the United Kingdom.

The Commission acknowledges the commitment of the Government of the United Kingdom to a ten-year development partnership being implemented by the Department for International Development (DFID).

The Commission calls on the United Kingdom to pursue this partnership with renewed vigour.
The partnership is crucial to consolidating the peace, economic transformation and the reconstruction of Sierra Leone.

The Withdrawal of UNAMSIL from Sierra Leone The withdrawal of the bulk of the United Nations Mission to Sierra Leone will have certain consequences for the country.
While there is constant monitoring of the security situation, which appears to be stable, little consideration has been given to the economic and social consequences of the removal of thousands of foreign troops and aid workers.

There can be little doubt that the arrival of the United Nations and other foreign agencies provided a major boost to local economies in Freetown and elsewhere in Sierra Leone.
The withdrawal of UNAMSIL may have profound effects on the local economy, which may impact on the country more generally.

The Commission calls on UNAMSIL to investigate the nature and extent of the economic impact of the UN intervention in Sierra Leone.

In particular UNAMSIL should investigate the economic and social ramifications of the withdrawal of the UN and related organisations from Sierra Leone and make recommendations on how to lessen the effect of any economic loss.
Post-conflict Aid The Commission calls on the international community to continue with its aid programmes in Sierra Leone.
A study has revealed that the effect of boosting aid in post-conflict countries by 2% of GDP per year for five years, in the middle of the decade after the war ends, will reap considerable rewards and go a long way in preventing a relapse into war.138 The Commission recognises that, overseas development assistance and debt relief is crucial to Sierra Leone’s recovery in the short to medium term.

However, in the longer term, foreign direct investment in the productive assets of the country is required.
The Commission recognises further that foreign private sector investment and capital inflows are unlikely to happen until the rule of law is firmly entrenched in Sierra Leone and acceptable standards of public and corporate governance are established.

The Commission calls on the international community to help Sierra Leone to address these issues and to take the necessary steps to make the country an attractive location for both domestic and foreign investment.

438.
438.

The Commission commends the efforts of the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) to consolidate peace, democracy and sound economic management on the African continent.

The Commission also commends the decision of the Government of Sierra Leone to submit to the AU Peer Review Mechanism during the AU summit in Addis Ababa in July 2004.

138 See the article “The Price of Peace”, published in The Economist on 24 April 2004.
More detail can be found at the website: www.economist.com/copenhagenconsensus.

Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 184 MINERAL RESOURCES We’ll seek those who can lead us without undertones, Who can stop all our diamonds from turning to stone.

Extract from the poem “My Vision, My Home, My Sierra Leone” by Ustina More139 Accounting for the Spending of Diamond Proceeds Natural resources, in the form of diamonds and gold, can spark or fuel internal strife.
If people are aware what the State earns from the exploitation of mineral resources and exactly how such proceeds are spent there may be less impetus to try and seize these profits.

The Commission recommends that the Government of Sierra Leone publish a regular and detailed account of how it spends the proceeds it generates from diamonds.
In particular, the Commission recommends that regular reports be published to inform people how the Community revenues generated Development Programme tax are disbursed at community level.140 through the 439.

440.

441.

The Commission recommends that the bidding process for all mineral exploitation licenses be scrupulously fair and transparent.

442.

These are imperative recommendations.

Preventing the Smuggling of Diamonds 443.

444.


Sierra Leone must confront rampant smuggling if it to sustain development.141 The smuggling of diamonds is an ongoing problem in Sierra Leone.

Poor regulation and implementation of preventative measures have spawned the smuggling of diamonds, which in turn deprives Sierra Leone of much needed revenues for development.

Mines Monitoring Officers constitute the front line in the war against diamond smuggling.

Currently there are too few officers.


They are under resourced and not well trained.

The Ministry of Mineral Resources should provide Mines Monitoring Officers with the necessary means to carry out their duties effectively.

Their transportation and communication facilities should be improved.

The number of officers should be augmented so they may cover the territory more efficiently.

They should receive ongoing training.

445.

Mines Monitoring Officers face great temptation to engage in corruption.
Their remuneration should be reviewed in order to reduce the incentive to partake in graft.

139 Poem submitted to the National Vision for Sierra Leone, a project of the TRC.

140 See “Community Empowerment” for a further recommendation on the “Community Development Programme”.

In terms of this programme, a percentage of the tax from diamond mining goes directly to the chiefdoms.

The fund is managed by the local Paramount Chief and is supposed to be used for community development.
141 See the USAID report entitled “Sierra Leone: Conflict diamonds”, a progress report on diamond policy and development programmes; 30 March 2001, at page 3.

Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 185 446.

447.

448.

449.

Border control should be tightened.

Border patrols should be stepped up in order to provide a visible deterrent to smuggling.

The most unregulated aspect of diamond exploitation is at the dealership level.

Dealers sponsor miners through the “supporter system”.
Much abuse takes place at this level.

Not all of these supported miners are licensed.

Once a diamond is received at a dealer’s office, it is often claimed to have been produced by a supported licensed miner and “officially” sold to the dealer.
A diamond dealer declared to the Commission during a closed hearing that he was able to “legalise any diamond and then sell it.”142 Although dealers may not export diamonds without an export license, they do deal in diamonds within the country without declaring such sales to the Government Gold and Diamond Office (GGDO).

Such buyers include foreign speculators and unscrupulous merchants.

These middlemen then smuggle the diamonds out of the country.
Miners should therefore be encouraged to sell their diamonds directly to the authorised exporters.

The Government should further consider the abolition of the class of dealers.

The Commission recommends that all buying and selling of diamonds, within Sierra Leone, should take place under the auspices of the Government Gold and Diamond Office.

Parliament should enact a law prohibiting the dealing in diamonds locally outside of the GGDO.
Consideration should be given to converting the GGDO into a public limited liability company, which should accord with the highest standards of corporate governance.

450.

These recommendations are for the serious consideration of the Ministry of Mineral Resources.

The Kimberley Process 451.

452.


The Commission commends the Kimberly Process143 for the creation in October 2003 of a peer review system to monitor the implementation of the international Certification Scheme.144 If fully implemented, the peer review measures will go a long way to ensure that conflict diamonds do not enter the legitimate trade.
The Commission notes the progress made to date in the implementation of the peer review system.145 The Commission notes however that not all members of the Kimberley Process have as yet implemented adequate monitoring of their respective certification systems.

The Commission calls on the members of the Kimberley Process to implement monitoring systems and to invite independent monitoring by outside bodies.

142 TRC Closed Hearing involving a diamond dealer; TRC Headquarters, Freetown; 20 May 2003.
143 The Kimberley Process was established in 2000 by southern African diamond-producing countries.

The process is designed to eliminate the use of rough diamonds to finance armed conflict and to protect the legitimate diamond industry, upon which many countries depend.

144 The Kimberley Process Certification Scheme, adopted on 1 January 2003.
145 Important progress has been made with respect to the implementation of the peer review system, which includes the submission of annual reports on implementation, voluntary review visits to participants and the deployment of review missions in cases where there are credible indications of significant non-compliance.

The Process has so far conducted review visits to the United Arab Emirates and Israel in 2004.
It has also conducted review missions to the Central African Republic and the Republic of Congo during 2004 due to indications of non-compliance.

More than half of the 43 members of the Kimberley Process have expressed interest in receiving similar visits.

Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 186 453.

454.

455.

456.

457.

458.

459.


The Commission calls on international NGOs and diamond industry officials to closely scrutinise the implementation of such monitoring systems in order to ensure full compliance with the Kimberley Process.

The Commission calls on all participants in the Kimberly Process to invite voluntary review visits in terms of the peer review system.146 In particular, the Commission calls on the governments of Sierra Leone, Liberia and Guinea to invite review visits.
During such reviews, regional linkages in the diamond trade should be closely examined.

The Kimberley Process is made up of countries that produce rough diamonds and those that simply trade in rough diamonds.
Some Kimberly Process participants are only a conduit for the movement and trade in rough diamonds.147 The Commission is concerned that some Kimberley Process Participants may issue certificates for rough diamonds that have not been produced within their own country, or that have been imported in a manner inconsistent with the Kimberley Process.148 The Commission commends the establishment by the Kimberly Process in April 2003 of a Participation Committee to ensure that participants and applicants meet the organisation’s minimum standards.
The Commission calls on the Kimberly Process to ensure that participants in the Kimberley Process export only rough diamonds that they either legitimately produced or legitimately imported from another Kimberly Process participant.

The Commission calls on the Kimberley Process to exclude all countries that are not fully complying with the requirements of the certification scheme, including those that fail to establish internal control mechanisms from the diamond trade.
Given the role that conflict diamonds have played in fuelling armed conflict in West Africa, the Commission calls on all participant states in the region to apply particular vigilance in ensuring that the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme is strictly enforced.

Corruption in the Diamond Industry The Commission recommends that law enforcement authorities examine closely the issuance of mining, dealing or exporting licences to relatives and associates of public officials.
The object of such inquiries would be to investigate whether family members and close associates are simply acting as nominees and agents for public officials.

The Commission recommends that the Anti-Corruption Commission should perform this role.

This is an imperative recommendation.

146 The mandate of the review teams is to undertake a professional and impartial inspection of national implementation.
Each team is composed of five experts, three from Participant Governments, one from industry and one from civil society.

147 This includes some of the most important countries in the diamond trade including Belgium, United Kingdom and the United States.

148 This is the allegation against the Republic of Congo that is currently being investigated by the Kimberley Process.

Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 187 460.
The Ministry of Mineral Resources should publish the names of all mining- related licence-holders on an annual basis.

Publication of the names would introduce transparency into the industry.

It would also assist the government to track down agents or nominees of public officials through members of the public alerting the authorities with relevant information.

This is an imperative recommendation.

461.


The Commission recommends that the Ministry of Mineral Resources should work towards conducting a full review of the role played by chiefs in the granting of mining licences.

Child Labour 462.
While child labour is widespread and takes different forms in Sierra Leone, the phenomenon of child miners in the diamond mines, in particular in the Kono and Tongo Fields areas, requires special attention and political action.149 It is estimated that up to 10,000 children between the ages of 6 to18 are working in the diamond mines of Sierra Leone.150 There are no clearly defined child labour standards limits, or a common understanding of what constitutes ‘child mining’.151 Sierra Leone is a party to the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child and to the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child.152 The Government stated, in 2002, that it had ratified the International Labour Organisation (ILO) Convention 182 on the Prohibition of the Worst Forms of Child Labour of 1999.153 However, the in Sierra Leone with regard to age 149 World Vision undertook a study in 2002 on children in mining activities in Kono, based on interviews with child miners, parents and mine supporters.
According to their findings, most of the child miners (who are between 6-18, and 90% boys) are in the mines with the consent of their parents/guardians, often even with their encouragement.

Among them is a high percentage of returned refugee or internally displaced children.

There are also a considerable number of child ex- combatants working with their former commanders.

Many of the children are of school-going age and receive neither formal education nor skills training.
More than 80% of interviewed children in the mines are directly involved in mining activities (digging, shovelling of gravel, toting of gravel, washing of gravel).

More than 40% said that they only received very limited benefits for their work.

150 UNAMSIL Child Protection Advisor’s note for 2004 Government of Sierra Leone Mining Policy and Child Miners meeting, 22 January 2004.
151 There are reports, which state that the official minimum age for employment is 18, with the possibility for children between 12-18 to work in certain non-hazardous occupations with parental consent.151 (See US Department of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices – 2002, Sierra Leone).
However, existing labour legislation seems to provide lower levels of protection: under the ‘Employers and Employed Act’ (Chapter 212 of the Laws of Sierra Leone), children under 15 shall not work in any public or private industrial undertaking; boys under 16 shall not work underground in mines, while girls and women in general shall not be allowed to work in mines below ground.

152 According to Article 32 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child every child, i.e.
person below the age of 18, shall be protected from economic exploitation and from performing any work that is likely to be hazardous or interfere with the child’s education, or to be harmful to the child’s health, or development.

States shall therefore set minimum age(s) of employment and appropriate regulations.
Similarly, Article 15 of the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child calls on States to protect children (18) from all forms of economic exploitation and from performing any work that is likely to be hazardous or to interfere with the child's physical, mental, spiritual, moral, or social development.
153 Under the ILO Convention 182 on the Prohibition of the Worst Forms of Child Labour, States have an obligation to take immediate and effective measures to secure the prohibition and elimination of the worst forms of child labour.

This includes work of children below 18 ‘which, by its nature or the circumstances in which it is carried out, is likely to harm the health, safety and morals of children’ (ILO C182, Article 3).
The types of work covered under this prohibition shall be determined by national laws or regulations and periodically reviewed (Article 4).

Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 188 463.

464.

465.

466.

ILO Convention 138 on ILO has not yet received the instrument of ratification.

Sierra Leone has not ratified the Minimum Age of Employment.
The Commission recommends that Sierra Leone confirm its ratification of ILO Convention 182 and that it should ratify ILO Convention 138 and implement the provisions under the Conventions.

These are imperative recommendations.

The Commission notes that different proposals have been made in the ongoing drafting of a comprehensive “‘Children’s Act”’ for the minimum legal age of child labour, in particular that 15 shall be the minimum age of employment154.
The Commission also supports the inclusion in the draft of a prohibition of any exploitative child labour, i.e.
labour, which deprives any child under the age of 18 of his or her health, education or development.155 The Commission commends the recent initiative of the Ministry of Mineral Resources, which requires Mining Licence-Holders to complete a form stating the names and age of labourers and to make a declaration that no labourer engaged in mining is below the age of 18.156 A violation could lead to suspension and/ or cancellation of the mining license.
The Commission also notes that the Attorney General has instructed the Sierra Leone Police to arrest any alluvial diamond miner who employs children in the diamond mines.157 The Commission recommends that Licence-holders should have their licences permanently revoked if they are found to be employing children.158 This is an imperative recommendation.
to “develop and strictly enforce regulations In early 2004, the Government adopted a “Core Mining Policy” in which it undertook the employment of children in mining activities”.

The Commission recommends that the Government promulgate such regulations as a matter of urgency.

Government should also develop the appropriate enforcement mechanisms.

These are imperative recommendations.


to prevent Effective monitoring, by government authorities and civil society, is required to tackle the scourge of child labour in the diamond mines.

The main responsibility for enforcing the child labour standards should remain with the Government and its different organs – the Sierra Leone Police, the Mine Wardens and the Ministry of Social Welfare.
Child Protection Agencies should play a supportive role by conducting “spot check” visits to mining sites to ensure that no children are employed.

The Ministry of Mineral Resources, the Child Protection Agency network and the Ministry of Social Welfare should work towards the fulfilment of these recommendations.

467.

Sensitisation needs to be carried out with families and care-givers to stress the importance of education for the future of their children.
Family poverty that brings children to the mines should be tackled by creating alternative sources of income for families currently reliant on the proceeds of child labour.

The Government should work towards the fulfilment of these recommendations.

154 See the draft “Child Rights Act” of 2002, Section 27.

155 See the draft “Children’s Act” of 1998, Section 87.

156 See Schedule A - Form 19; The Mines and Mineral Act, Tributor Declaration, Artisanal / Small-scale Mining Licence.
157 See Awoko Newspaper, Freetown, 30 September 2003.

No cases of arrests or prosecutions have been reported at the time of writing this report.

158 “Children” denotes persons under 18 (eighteen) years of age.

Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 189 468.

469.

The Commission commends the efforts of NGOs such as World Vision, UNICEF and the National Commission for War-Affected Children to enrol child miners in school and skills training programmes.

More needs to be done.


The Commission reiterates its recommendations, made under the “Children” heading, that the government should provide free and compulsory basic education for all children.

Labour conditions Labour laws protecting the rights of miners should be strictly enforced.

Particular attention should be paid to enforcing the legal limit on the hours miners may work per week and day.

A sensitisation campaign should be organised to inform miners about their rights.
The Ministry of Labour and the Ministry of Mineral Resources should work towards the fulfilment of these recommendations.

Community empowerment 470.

Article VII, clause 6, of the Lomé Peace Agreement requires the Government of Sierra Leone to devote all the proceeds generated from gold and diamonds exclusively for the social development and economic advancement of the people of Sierra Leone.
It reads: “The proceeds from the transactions of gold and diamonds shall be public monies which shall enter a special Treasury account to be spent exclusively on the development of the people of Sierra Leone, with appropriations for public education, public health, infrastructural development, and compensation for incapacitated war victims as well as post-war rehabilitation and reconstruction.

Priority spending shall go to rural areas.” 471.

472.
472.

The Commission calls on the Government to implement this clause of the Lomé Peace Agreement.

A higher percentage of the export tax on diamonds should be made available to local communities through the Community Development Programme.

The government should monitor to avoid mismanagement of funds.

this programme more carefully Miners should be supplied with information and training on how to assess the quality and monetary value of diamonds.
Micro credit projects should also be implemented to enable local miners to acquire the necessary capital to finance their own activities without having to resort to the services of “mine supporters”.159 473.

These recommendations are for the serious consideration of Government.

159 “Mine supporters” or mine owners support miners by leasing the land that is mined and feeding the miners.
Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 190 THE TRC AND THE SPECIAL COURT FOR SIERRA LEONE Future Post-Conflict Arrangements 474.

475.

In future post-conflict societies, there may be compelling reasons to justify the establishment of a body to engender truth and reconciliation.

Alternatively, there may be strong grounds to support the creation of a body to address impunity and bring retributive justice.

There may even be good cause to have both bodies working side by side.
The Commission makes no recommendation on which particular model ought to be adopted.

This will naturally depend on the prevailing circumstances and a range of other factors.

The Commission does, however, issue certain cautionary advisements in the event that the parallel option should be adopted.

The Commission’s recommendations for this eventuality are as follows: a.
There ought to be recognition from the outset that there is a primary objective shared by both organisations, namely that the processes of both institutions must ultimately lead to the goal of building lasting peace and stability.

In the pursuit of this objective, both bodies are equal partners.

b.
b.

A model should be developed that is sensitive to local conditions and which harmonises the objectives of the two bodies in a symbiotic fashion.160 c. A consensus, on matters of important principle, should be reached between the organisations.

This consensus should be reflected in a written agreement, which the institutions must regard as binding.
d. It may be necessary that matters of fundamental principle should not only be part of an agreement, but enshrined in law, to provide enforceable protection.

e. Matters of fundamental principle should establish the basic rights of individuals in relation to each body in different circumstances.

In particular, the right of detainees and prisoners, in the custody of a justice body, to participate in the truth and reconciliation process should be enshrined in law.
f. Conflict of law issues should be settled upfront.

In order to avoid potential primacy disputes and jurisdictional overlaps, consideration should be given to the enactment of an overarching law, recognised nationally and internationally, that sets out the jurisdiction and mandate of both bodies and deals with issues of joint application.

g. Provision should be made for a binding dispute resolution.

The arbiter should not be one or the other complementary body.
160 See the discussion contained under the heading “Conclusions” in the chapter on “TRC and the Special Court for Sierra Leone” in Volume Three B of this report.

Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 191 476.

The Commission recommends that future international criminal tribunals make provision for the “use immunity” of testimony provided to a truth and reconciliation commission.161 477.

478.

479.

480.

481.


Staffing of Future Post-Conflict Bodies In the appointment of foreign personnel to staff sensitive post-conflict organisations, great care must be taken to ensure that members undergo sensitisation not only to local conditions but also to the delicate balances that must be maintained in post-conflict endeavours.
Such training should engender a good understanding of the history and nature of transitional justice, the history of the country and region in question, and the respect required for local people, customs and traditions.
Building the National Justice System In future post-conflict transitional justice arrangements, the international community and national governments should seriously consider a major investment in the national justice system instead of, or in addition to establishing international tribunals to investigate and prosecute violations of human rights.

Foreign jurists, prosecutors, investigators and defence lawyers could be seconded to the national courts and the national prosecution service.
This option would be better suited to strengthening domestic skills and capacity.

It would have a potentially lasting impact on local justice institutions.

Amnesties The Commission has found that the withdrawal of amnesty following the breaking of the Lomé Peace Accord, which resulted in the prosecution of individuals who had nothing to do with the breach and who were protected by the amnesty, was unwise and legally unsound.
The Commission is mindful of the fact that parties to a peace agreement should not be permitted to breach its provisions with impunity.

The Commission recommends that future peace agreements that include an amnesty should contain a clause that specifically revokes the protection of amnesty in respect of the party or individuals responsible for breaching the agreement.
161 For further detail on this recommendation, see the discussion contained under the heading “Use Immunity of Information provided to the Commission” in the chapter on “TRC and the Special Court for Sierra Leone” in Volume Three B of this report.
Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 192 REPARATIONS MY SIERRA LEONE, your children are crying to see you restored The short-sighted think it impossible We have taken the stride to right all the wrongs Extract from the poem “My Sierra Leone?” By the RUFP Prisoners at Pademba Road Prison162 482.

483.
483.

The Commission’s enabling Act required it to make recommendations concerning the measures needed to respond to the needs of victims.163 The full proposed measures are contained in the Reparations Chapter, which directly follows the Recommendations Chapter.

A summary of these measures is contained hereunder.

The Commission proposes that the Reparations programme should be co-ordinated by the National Commission for Social Action (NaCSA).
It is envisaged that NaCSA, as the “Implementing Body” entrusted with governing the Special Fund for War Victims, will ensure the decentralisation of programmes in conjunction with different Ministries.

It is proposed further that NaCSA should be assisted by an Advisory Committee.

The Commission recommends that the National Human Rights Commission perform the role of the Advisory Committee.

484.
484.

The Commission’s recommended measures deal with the needs of victims in the following areas: health, pensions, education, skills training and micro credit, community reparations and symbolic reparations.

Health 485.

The aim of the recommended health care programme is to encourage victims of the conflict to seek medical treatment by removing the prohibitively high costs of treatment.
This should be facilitated by strengthening government provision of services across the country and by developing centres of expertise in each district.

In the short-term, the programme should be initiated by identifying medical centres with expertise in the needs of a particular condition, and by providing transportation to such centres (the referral system).

In addition, a system of prioritisation should be implemented.
Internationally trained physicians should be recruited to temporarily fill positions.

The Commission recommends that the Ministry of Health and Sanitation should oversee all areas of health-related reparations.

486.

In relation to war victims who are amputees, the Commission recommends that they be given free physical healthcare for the rest of their lives.
Wives who were married to such persons, at the time the injury occurred, should be eligible for free primary health care.164 Children of the eligible adult amputees who are under 18 should be eligible for free primary health care.

162 Poem submitted to the National Vision for Sierra Leone, a project of the TRC.

163 See Section 15(2) of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission Act 2000.
164 Where the amputee victim was the wife and the breadwinner for her family at the time of the injury then the husband and children should benefit accordingly.

Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 193 487.

488.

489.

490.

491.

The Commission recommends that the government provide war victims who are amputees with free prosthetic and orthotic devices.

Technicians who are able to maintain and repair such devices should be trained.
The amputees should be provided with free rehabilitation services, including training in use and maintenance of prosthetic devices.

They should also receive free physiotherapy and occupational therapy.

Other war wounded165 should receive medical support to the degree their injury or disability demands.

Other war wounded must be assessed by a government or NGO doctor in order to determine their eligibility.
Wives who were married to other war wounded persons, at the time the injury occurred, should be eligible for free primary health care.166 Children of the eligible adult other war wounded who are under 18 should be eligible for free primary health care.

Such wives and children should only be eligible if the victim experienced a 50% or more reduction in earning capacity as a result of the injury.
Once the other war wounded victims have fully recovered from their injuries, the benefits recommended for the wives and children should cease.

A grace period may be considered at the discretion of the health authorities.

Adult and child victims of sexual violence sustained during the conflict should be eligible for free physical health care including free fistula surgery, where necessary.

Adult victims of sexual violence should be eligible for health care depending on the severity of their injury.
Child victims of sexual violence should be eligible for health care until 18 years of age unless their injury sustained requires care past the age of 18.

All beneficiaries must be assessed by a government or NGO doctor to determine their eligibility.

Provision of free primary health care for dependent children and spouses should cease once the victims of sexual violence have fully recovered.
The Commission recommends free testing (accompanied by counselling) for HIV/ AIDs and other STIs for all victims of sexual violence and free treatment for those testing positive.

The government should provide assistance to organisations providing scar removal surgery for branded children.

The government should expand its provision of mental healthcare treatment for victims by supporting existing programmes, training counsellors and ensuring that all districts have access to such services.
165 “Other War Wounded” are defined as victims who have become temporarily or permanently physically disabled, either totally or partially, as a consequence of a violation or abuse other than amputation.

Examples may be victims who received lacerations, who lost body parts other than their limbs (such as fingers, ears, lips and toes), or have gunshot wounds, bullets or shell fragments in their bodies in so far as they are totally or partially disabled as a consequence of a human rights violation.
166 Where the “other war wounded” victim was the wife who was the breadwinner for her family at the time of the injury then the husband and children should benefit accordingly.

Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 194 492.

493.

494.

Pensions The Commission recommends that a monthly pension be paid to all adult amputees; other war wounded who experienced a 50% or more reduction in earning capacity as a result of their injury and victims of sexual violence.
The amounts should be determined by NaCSA.

NaCSA will be required to balance the needs of the victims with what government can afford.

In doing so, NaCSA must take into consideration the basic living scale for Sierra Leone as set by the United Nations Development Programme.

NaCSA should also take into account the amounts provided to ex-combatants on a monthly basis under the NCDDR programme and the pensions received by the war wounded SLA soldiers.
The Ministry of Finance, in particular, the Accountant General’s Department, should be entrusted with coordinating the distribution of pension payments.

Education In addition to its general recommendation that free education should be provided to all children at the basic level, there should be free education until senior secondary level for specific groups affected by the conflict.
Those eligible include children who are amputees, other war wounded, and victims of sexual violence; children who were abducted or conscripted; orphans of the war; and children of amputees, other war wounded who experienced a 50% reduction in earning capacity as a result of their injuries, and victims of sexual violence.
the Community Education Existing programmes such as Investment Programme (CEIP) and the Complimentary Rapid Education for Primary Schools (CREPS) programme should be made available for all eligible children.

Priority should be given to all permanently disabled children and victims of sexual violence (both adult and children) for scholarships to secondary and tertiary schools.
The government should expand on existing education and teacher training programmes, with incentives for qualified teachers in remote areas.

The Ministry of Education, Science, and Technology should be entrusted with overseeing all reparations relating to education.

Skills Training and Micro-Credit / Micro-Projects 495.

The Commission recommends that skills training programmes should be provided for amputees, other war-wounded, victims of sexual violence, and war widows.
On the successful completion of these programmes a business management course for running a small business should be run for the beneficiaries.

Where feasible and appropriate, micro-credit or micro-projects should be provided to those who successfully complete all programmes.

496.

The Ministry of Labour should be entrusted with overseeing all reparations in the area of skills-training while NaCSA should oversee all reparations in the area of micro-credit and micro-projects.
Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 195 497.

498.

499.

500.

501.

502.

Community Reparations Community reparations seek to rehabilitate areas most affected by the war through the provision of capital and technical assistance.
(DFID), The government should consider the assessments conducted by various organisations such as the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA), the United Kingdom’s Department for International Development the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), and the Sierra Leone Rural Reintegration Project (SLRRP) regarding the need for infrastructure in areas most affected by the war.
Communities and groups concerned should then be consulted to assess what they need by way of community reparations.

The consultation should be conducted by the District Recovery Committees as well as any other body identified by the Implementing Body, NaCSA.

The Ministry of Development and Economic Planning and the Ministry of Local Government should work in concert with each other to coordinate all activities pertaining to community reparations.
Symbolic Reparations Symbolic reparations provide continued public acknowledgment of the past and address the need on the part of victims for remembrance.

The Commission recommends the holding of commemoration ceremonies, symbolic reburials for victims of war by The Commission encourages these forms of expression and solidarity.167 traditional and religious leaders.

Memorials serve as lenses or prisms through which to see the past, present and future.
Memorialising is a social and political act that encompasses not just the memorial itself, but also the process of creating the memorial, the creation of the memorial and the continued engagement with the memorial.

Through the process of examining the past and present and preparing for the future, memorials create a public space for lasting dialogue.

Incorporation of stakeholders into the creation of a memorial is essential.
The consultation with stakeholders, especially victims and communities, in the process of “memorialisation” creates a forum for the exchange of views.

Memorials are catalysts for interaction because they have the potential to bring victims and perpetrators together.

Memorials do not have to be costly.


Examples of memorials include the establishment of a monument, the renaming of a building or location, and the transformation of a site of conflict and violence into a useful building or space for the community.

503.

The Commission recommends that at the least, the government should build one national war memorial.

The Commission encourages local communities to explore their own means of creating public spaces for memory and dialogue.
167 A more detailed discussion of this subject can be found in the presentation on “Memorials and Transitional Justice” by Artemis Christodulou, produced as an Appendix to this Report.

Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 196 Implementation 504.

505.

506.

The Commission recommends that NaCSA’s mandate be extended beyond 2008, but that it should complete the implementation of the reparations programme within a period of six years.
The Commission recognises that certain programmes, such as pensions and medical care, will need to continue throughout the lives of certain beneficiaries.

The Special Fund for War Victims should be established within the Commission’s Report.

the publication of three months of The Commission recognises that substantial funding and resources are required for the successful implementation of the proposed reparations programme.
It is unlikely that the Government will be able to underwrite the entire programme.

NaCSA should collaborate with the government and the international community in order to identify and obtain possible sources of additional funding.
Possible sources include any additional revenues generated through the exploitation of mineral resources as provided for in article 7 of the Lomé Peace Accord; a once off tax on local and foreign corporate entities operating in Sierra Leone; and the pursuit of the recovery of assets and funds illegally removed from Sierra Leone during the conflict.
With regard to labour-intensive projects, NaCSA may wish to explore the use of voluntary labour for those who wish to engage in national service for their country.

507.

The Commission recommends that the Government work towards the full implementation of the reparations programme.

Political Persecution of those in Public Office 508.

509.
509.

The Commission found that certain regimes, during the conflict period, victimised a large number of individuals who held public office on suspicion that they were “collaborators” or on the basis that they were associated or related to perceived “collaborators” or “the enemy”.

In many instances such persons suffered summary dismissal and, in other cases, such individuals were detained for long periods.
The Commission found that the NPRC regime unlawfully dismissed Major Lucy Kanu from the Army in 1993 simply because her husband was one of the alleged coup plotters of December 1992.

The Commission recommends that the good name of Major Lucy Kanu be restored; that she be recalled to the Army and formally retired with effect from 1 August 2003;168 and paid her lost benefits.
168 1 August 2003 was the date agreed between the Commission and the then Chief of Defence Staff, Major-General Tom Carew, for Major Lucy Kanu’s formal retirement.

Carew and all officers of the RSLAF who testified to the Commission on Major Kanu’s petition admitted that she was dismissed in error and recommended her recall to the Army.

Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 197 510.
The authorities detained Mrs. Sylvia Blyden, a civil servant who had served the nation for some thirty years, in February 1998 for nine months without charge.

the strength of untested allegations against her.

She was held on The Commission recommends that the wrongs suffered by such individuals be redressed.

In particular the Commission recommends that their good names be formally restored.
The Human Rights Commission (HRC) should be tasked with investigating all cases of political persecution of public office-holders with a view to restoring people’s good names where necessary, by way of a public finding.

All those in the public sector who suffered political persecution during the conflict period should be able to approach the HRC for such relief.

511.

The Commission recommends that the HRC investigate each case of political persecution on its merits.
Where appropriate the HRC should recommend to the Government the restoration of lost benefits occasioned as a result of political persecution; or an award that the HRC deems appropriate in the circumstances.

512.

The HRC and the Government should work towards the fulfilment of these recommendations.
RECONCILIATION Beneath forest trees Lay my country covered with leaves Trampled on by decades of misrule... My country became a den But I dreamt that at dawn Peace and love cleared the gun Propelled by unity, focus and forgiveness Sierra Leone will again lie in the garden of bliss Extract from the poem “My Country” by Mohamed Turay169 Now is the time to make Sierra Leone Bury the hatchet … And put your pains to gain Because none is free from blame Then and only then will you make Sierra Leone Extract from the poem “Who will make Sierra Leone?” By the RUFP Prisoners at Pademba Road Prison170 513. the national, community and The Commission recognises that reconciliation is a long-term process that levels.171 must occur at The Commission places no preconditions on the realisation of reconciliation.
Reconciliation is an ongoing process that must be nurtured and promoted.

The Commission offers guidelines that will facilitate reconciliation.

However, it is ultimately up to all Sierra Leoneans to engage in imaginative acts that will serve the cause of reconciliation and healing at all levels.

individual 169 Poem submitted to the National Vision for Sierra Leone, a project of the TRC.

170 Poem submitted to the National Vision for Sierra Leone, a project of the TRC.
171 See the chapter on “Reconciliation” in Volume Three B for more detailed recommendations.

Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 198 514.

515.

516.

517.

In the long term, the Commission recognises that national reconciliation ought to rest on certain fundamentals.
These include the improvement of the socio- economic living conditions of the people; good governance; strong and functional oversight institutions; the creation of a respected and professional security force; and the implementation of a reparations programme that takes into account the needs of the victims of the conflict.

The Commission also recognises that there are certain steps that will facilitate the reaching of national reconciliation.
These steps include: truth telling; reconciliation between victims and perpetrators as well as the perpetrator with his or her community; the provision of adequate physical security; and the implementation of a reparations programme.

Guiding Principles The Commission recommends that reconciliation activities should adhere to certain guiding principles.

First and foremost, reconciliation activities should be initiated in consultation with all relevant stakeholders.

Victims must be included in the process.


In particular, special efforts should be made to include the victims of sexual violence, bush wives, child ex- combatants, and victims with visible physical disabilities such as amputees and the war wounded.

518.

The Commission recommends certain activities that can help to foster the reconciliation process.
These activities include: o apologies by all actors involved in the conflict; o a national peace day; o dissemination of the TRC report; o traditional and religious activities; o social and recreational activities; o trauma counselling; and o Government support for the continuation of activities of the District Reconciliation and Support Committees set up by the TRC and the Inter-Religious Council.

519.

520.

521.
519.

520.

521.

In order for the reconciliation process to be advanced, it must enjoy the committed support from all actors involved: the Government, other public officials, communities, victims, and perpetrators.

Acknowledgement of wrongdoing, recognition of suffering, and the apologising to victims ought to be made by national and political leaders, government representatives and other stakeholders in the national reconciliation process.
The Commission also calls on leaders at all levels, down to chiefdom level to account to their communities and to take the lead in advancing reconciliation.

Reconciliation should take place within the Security Forces and, in particular, the RSL Armed Forces, which has integrated ex-combatants from different former fighting forces into their ranks.

Reconciliation should also take place between the armed forces and the civilian population.
Many civilians perceive the armed forces to have betrayed the country during its time of need.

The Security Forces should work towards the fulfilment of this recommendation.

Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 199 Reconciliation Activities 522.

The Commission recommends that the Government and other organisations seriously consider the initiation of the following activities that can promote reconciliation: • Symbolic activities172 such as the establishment of monuments on mass graves.
• A national peace day during which reconciliation and solidarity with those who suffered during the war is promoted.

This should be a national holiday.

Activities on this day should take place at all levels, from community level to the national level.

The Commission suggests that this be the 18th of January, which is the day on which the war was officially declared to be over in 2002 with the symbolic burning of 3000 weapons at Lungi.
• • • • • • • The Commission encourages victims and ex-combatants, as well as other members from the community, to come together in joint projects for the development of their communities.

Such projects can be symbolic in nature and can include activities that improve the lives of people such as the clearing of land for the creation of peace parks; the removal of rubbish and litter that is prevalent almost everywhere in urban Sierra Leone; the repairing of roads and the like.
The Commission encourages traditional activities to reintegrate victims and ex-combatants into communities and to restore the social fabric in the community.

Such activities can include traditional dances, pouring of libation, cleansing ceremonies, and cleansing of the bush.
The Commission encourages religious activities, such as the organisation of commemoration ceremonies for the victims of the war, symbolic reburials for those victims who are missing or who have not been buried according to religious and traditional customs and common prayers.

The Commission encourages sports games and sporting competitions, involving victims, ex-combatants as well as other members from the community.
The Commission encourages social and recreational activities, in which victims, ex-combatants as well as other members from the communities can meet at events such as feasts, peace carnivals, and traditional hunting.
The Commission encourages artistic activities in which victims, ex- combatants, as well as other members of the community can express themselves through drama, music, song, story telling, art, poetry in order to promote tolerance, respect, and non-violent means of conflict resolution.173 The Commission recommends that the District Reconciliation Support Committees, recently set up the Truth and Reconciliation Commission and the Inter Religious Council in order to promote reconciliation activities in all chiefdoms, be supported to continue their work.
in every district by 172 For other symbolic activities, see recommendations on reparations programme.

173 See the chapter: “National Vision for Sierra Leone”.

Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 200 523.
The Commission recommends the Government of Sierra Leone should request the Security Council of the United Nations to lift the travel ban imposed on all RUFP members.174 the spirit of reconciliation, that in NATIONAL VISION FOR SIERRA LEONE We will drag ourselves out of this poverty zone And we’ll care for our own, our Sierra Leone We will raise up our hearts and our voices as one And we’ll move ourselves forward with some National Vision Extract from the poem “My Vision, My Home, My Sierra Leone” by Ustina More175 524.
525.

The Commission looked to the past in order to tell the story of the civil war and to make recommendations to prevent a repetition of conflict.

The Commission also looked to the future for the purpose of describing the kind of post-conflict society that the recommendations were designed to achieve.

The Commission invited Sierra Leoneans to tell it about the kind of society they envisaged for their country.
The Commission was overwhelmed by the effort, time and resources that so many Sierra Leoneans devoted to preparing their contributions.

Among the contributors were adults and children of many different backgrounds, religions and regions; artists and laymen; amputees, ex-combatants and prisoners.

The contributions included written and recorded essays, slogans, plays and poems; paintings, etchings and drawings; sculptures, wood carvings and installations.
The contributions form part of the national heritage of Sierra Leone.

The Vision Going Forward 526.

The Commission recommends to Government and civil society stakeholders that the National Vision should become a permanent, open, interactive civic space for all stakeholders in Sierra Leone to engage in dialogue through artistic and scholarly expression on political, moral and social issues of the past, present and future.

527.
527.

To ensure maximum exposure for the National Vision contributions, the Commission recommends: • Establishing a Permanent Home: The Exhibits should be housed in an appropriate, permanent location that will be an active and interactive site of workshops for different interest groups (women, children, political leaders, etc.)

around issues addressed in the contributions.


• Arranging a National Tour: To ensure the visible accessibility of the Exhibits to as many Sierra Leoneans as possible, the National Vision should travel outside of the capital.

The National Tour should bring the exhibit to selected cities and towns in all provinces, where workshops could be held and the continued submission of contributions could be encouraged.

174 The UN Security Council imposed the travel ban under UNSC-Resolution 1132 of 1997.
175 Poem submitted to the National Vision for Sierra Leone, a project of the TRC.

Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 201 • Arranging an tour would raise International Tour: An awareness about Sierra Leone and the contributions and encourage others to consider applying this paradigm of a National Vision to their own contexts.

It would further bring international exposure to the wealth of creative talent in Sierra Leone.
international the issues discussed in • Publication of a book: This book would include photographs of the contributions, biographies of the contributors, and essays by different leaders on reconciliation, national healing and related topics.

528.
528.

In order to realise these objectives the Commission recommends that the National Vision fall under the wing of its successor body, the proposed National Human Rights Commission (HRC) or, alternatively, that the National Vision work in close collaboration with the HRC.
Pending the formation of the HRC, the Commission recommends that civil society and the Government commit themselves to keeping the National Vision alive and to establishing a provisional vehicle or structure under which its activities can continue.

529.

The Commission accordingly the establishment of an independent Trust to oversee the activities of the project.

The Trust should have independent trustees and be representative of the different sectors of Sierra Leonean society.
recommends Guiding Principles 530.

The Commission urges that the National Vision for Sierra Leone, as a TRC project, must the Commission’s work.

As such, all future National Vision activities must: founding principles underlying remain true the to o Serve the preservation of peace, strive for unity and promote healing and reconciliation.

o Remain independent and non-partisan.

The National Vision should always represent the collective visions of its contributors.
It should never become the vision of a particular NGO or the vision of the Government or any particular interest group.

531.
The Commission calls on its successor body or any provisional National Vision structure to take steps to ensure that the works of the contributors: o are respected; o are properly preserved; o receive maximum public exposure; o are used to further the causes set out in the founding principles; and o are not used to further any political or commercial interests.176 176 These principles would not prohibit the sale of prints of Vision contributions for purposes of reinvesting the proceeds in the furtherance of National Vision activities.
Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 202 ARCHIVING OF COMMISSION DOCUMENTATION 532.

The Commission recommends that the National Human Rights Commission (HRC) should become the official custodian of all Commission documentation and materials.

Pending the creation of the HRC, the Commission’s documents should be held at the National Archives.

Confidential and Restricted Information 533.

534.

535.
534.

535.

The Commission recommends that Parliament refrain from passing legislation authorising access by criminal justice mechanisms, either directly or indirectly, to information in the archives of the Commission that was provided on a confidential basis.

The identities of child combatants and victims of rape and sexual violence, supplied to the Commission on a confidential basis, should never be disclosed.

No archival materials that reveal the identities of such persons should be released.
The Commission recommends that, along with any conditions imposed on any researcher or person accessing confidential information, he or she must be required to sign a sworn statement declaring that confidentiality will be upheld.

A criminal penalty of a fine and or imprisonment should be imposed for any breach of the confidentiality requirements.

536.

These are imperative recommendations.

Regulating Access 537.

538.

539.

540.


The HRC, and pending its creation, the National Archives, should regulate access to the Commission archives within the parameters outlined above.

Persons requiring access should be required to set out the purpose for which they require access to the materials.

A committee of the HRC and pending its formation, the National Archives, should consider each application on its merits to ensure that the conditions referred to in these recommendations are complied with.
The Commission recommends that the HRC continue with the indexing of the statements and information in order to determine which portions of the statements are confidential and embargoed, and to organise the statements in such a way that future research is possible.

The HRC and, pending its establishment, the National Archives, should designate an appropriate facility within its premises, where the materials may be inspected and where appropriate, copied.
No original materials should be removed from the HRC or National Archives.

The Commission recommends that the HRC work towards converting the statements and information it had gathered into digitised form.
This will reduce the amount of space required to store the information, assist with information management and also preserve the information indefinitely.177 177 By digitised form, we mean that each page of each paper statement will have a digital “snapshot” stored electronically, not that the information will be captured in text form.

Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 203 541.

The Commission recommends that the rest of its assets be transferred to the HRC.
The Commission encourages the HRC to use its materials for educational purposes and to facilitate the educational use of the materials by other organisations.
DISSEMINATION OF THE TRC REPORT MY SIERRA LEONE, a new chapter and era has opened with Awareness at every door We must not let go Because we’ve known the causes of our woes It keeps us conscious and awake at all times With the past we know the present and combined we make the future Our mistakes have opened the doors of discoveries and our Discoveries must lead to recoveries Extract from the poem “Who will make Sierra Leone?” By the RUFP Prisoners at Pademba Road Prison178 542.
The Commission regards it as crucial that Sierra Leoneans develop an understanding of the conflict, including its causes and its consequences for the country.

Knowledge and understanding promote foresight.

Knowledge and understanding are the most powerful forces against the repetition of conflict.

Widest Possible Dissemination 543.

544.

545.

546.

The Commission recommends the widest possible dissemination of its Report.
The Commission calls upon the government and civil society to facilitate the accessibility of the report to all people, literate and illiterate, in local languages.

The Commission encourages the formation of dissemination committees to organise the distribution of the report at national and local level.

In particular, the Commission encourages the use of the Report and its different versions to promote dialogue and debate.
The Video179 and Children’s versions of the Report should be used in workshops around the country in order that people may learn more about the Report of the Commission.

Education, Popular Versions and the Internet The Commission recommends that the contents of its report be incorporated into the education programmes in all schools, from primary to tertiary level.

The Children’s version180 of the Report can be used as tool of education at the primary school level.
The Commission encourages the production of popular versions and summaries of its Report.

These should be produced in consultation with the Human Rights Commission, when it is established.

178 Poem submitted to the National Vision for Sierra Leone, a project of the TRC.

179 The video version of the TRC report, entitled “Witness to Truth”, was produced by WITNESS, the New York-based human rights NGO (www.witness.org), in collaboration with the Commission.
180 The Children’s version of the TRC report was produced with the assistance of UNICEF.

Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 204 547.

The Commission recommends that the full contents of the Report and its appendixes should be made available on the Internet.

A website should be established to host the Report, which should be properly maintained.

The Commission calls on local and international organisations involved in online human rights education to support such a project.
FOLLOW-UP COMMITTEE 548.

The Truth and Reconciliation Act, 2000 (the Act) requires that the Government shall, upon the publication of the report of the Commission, establish a committee or other body, including representatives of the Moral Guarantors of the Lomé Peace Agreement (“the Follow-up Committee”) to monitor the implementation of the recommendations of the Commission and to facilitate their implementation.181 549.
The Commission has set out, in the introduction to this chapter, the particular monitoring role it recommends for the Follow-Up Committee.

Human Rights Commission and Civil Society 550.

The Commission recommends that the HRC should be appointed by the Government to fulfil the role of the Follow-Up Committee.

The HRC should keep the bodies referred to in the Lomé Peace Agreement apprised, on a regular basis, of its activities by way of written reports and, where necessary, oral presentations.

551.
551.

The Commission recommends that, at least, four representatives of civil society should be represented on the Follow-Up Committee, one of whom should represent women and one other should represent the youth.

Reporting 552.

553.

554.
The Act requires the Government, during the period of eighteen months or such longer or shorter period after the establishment of the Follow-up Committee, as that Committee shall determine, provide quarterly reports to the Follow-up Committee, summarising the steps it has taken towards the implementation of the recommendations of the Commission.182 The Act requires the Follow-up Committee to publish the reports of the Government and submit quarterly reports to the public, evaluating the efforts of the Government and the efforts of any other person or body concerned to implement the recommendations of the Commission.183 The Commission recommends that the Follow-Up Committee should issue an annual report reflecting the level of performance in the Government’s implementation of the Commission’s recommendations.
This report must be made public at the time of delivery to the Government and the Moral Guarantors.

181 See Section 18(1) of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission Act 2000.

182 See Section 18(2) of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission Act 2000.

183 See Section 18(3) of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission Act 2000.
Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 205 RECOMMENDATIONS TABLES “The inspiration is let’s sprint; if we can’t sprint, let’s run; if we can’t run, let’s walk; if we also can’t walk, then let’s crawl; but in any way possible let’s keep on moving” Extract from an essay by Wurie Mamadu Tamba Barrie184 PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS Imperative Work Towards Serious Consideration Calls On Compulsory human rights education in schools, army, police and judicial services.

Codify Customary Law.


Codification to be in accordance with Constitution and international obligations.

Creation of a new constitution for Sierra Leone.

Judiciary to adopt rights and values based approach to constitutional interpretation.

Extend constitutional jurisdiction to other courts.

Judiciary not to permit unjust laws and practices to stand.

Outlawing of corporal punishment throughout Sierra Leonean society.

International Community to support a Street Law programme in Sierra Leone.
Media to thoroughly investigate stories before publication.

Enshrine human dignity as a fundamental right in the Constitution.

Abolish the death penalty.

Commute pending death sentences.

Release of persons held in Safe Custody detention.

Never again resort to Safe Custody detention.

No ouster of Courts’ jurisdiction in Public Emergencies.

Certain rights are not derogable in Emergencies.

Various measures for the protection of detainees.


184 Essay submitted to the National Vision for Sierra Leone, a project of the TRC.

Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 206 Imperative Work Towards Serious Consideration Calls On Sierra Leone Association of Journalists and Media Commission to be more active in monitoring of standards of journalism.

Avoid criminal sanctions in sphere of expression.

Limit criminal sanction to conduct aimed at inciting violence and lawlessness.
Race and gender must not be a consideration in the acquisition of citizenship.

Outlaw use of corporal punishment in schools and homes.

Repeal sections 27(4)(d) and (e) of the Constitution which permits discrimination against women.

Creation of National Human Rights Commission (HRC).

Public and open nomination process for Commissioners.

Ratify or accede to international human rights treaties that Sierra Leone has not yet accepted.
Submit outstanding reports under its International Human Rights Obligations.

Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 207 ESTABLISHMENT OF THE RULE OF LAW Imperative Work Towards Serious Consideration Calls On Broaden representation on Judicial Services Commission.

Increase representation of the Bar.

Binding Code of Conduct for judges and magistrates.

Creation of an autonomous judiciary with budgetary independence.

Introduction of alternative forms of dispute resolution and settlement.
Judicial officers to act with integrity and dispense justice without fear or favour.

Separation of the offices of the Attorney General and the Minister of Justice.

Various recommendations to address the backlog in the delivery of justice.

The Judiciary to take a pro-active approach to the protection of human rights.

Extend retirement age of judges to seventy.

Condition in scholarships for law students that on qualification a year of community service be performed.
Experienced Sierra Leonean lawyers to respond to the call to serve on the bench.

Judicial / Customary law officers to be appointed in each district.

Local courts to be incorporated into the judicial system.

Powers of judicial review to be removed from non- judicial officers.

Incremental improvement of remuneration of Local Court officials.

Lawyers and the organised Bar to stand up to injustice.

Bar Association to become the guardians of the Rule of Law and human rights in Sierra Leone.
Bar Association to require its members to provide pro bono services.

Bar Association to introduce a binding and enforceable code of ethics for members of Bar.

Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 208 Imperative Work Towards Serious Consideration Calls On Fourah Bay College to incorporate service in the Legal Aid Clinic as part of the curriculum for law students.

International Community to support creation and running of a legal resources centre.
Members of the international community to donate law reports and legal texts from their respective countries to court and law libraries.

Serious Consideration Calls On Disband the Operational Support Division (OSD).

All soldiers bear responsibility to restore faith and confidence of the nation in the Army.

Members of the police to serve with integrity.

Establishment of public defender offices in all main centres.

Properly resource the Law Reform Commission.


Establishment of more court houses in Freetown and the Provinces.

SECURITY SERVICES Imperative Work Towards Adopt new principles of National Security and enshrine them in the Constitution.

No member of any security service to be permitted to obey a manifestly illegal order.

Security Services in performance of duties not to act against political party’s legitimate interest; or promote a political party.
Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 209 PROMOTING GOOD GOVERNANCE Imperative Work Towards Freedom of Information legislation and creation of necessary administrative apparatus.

All levels of public administration to accord with principle of just administrative action.

Local government and District Councils to accord with certain core principles.

Constitution to enjoin public servants not to act in any way inconsistent with their office.
Parliament to promulgate code of ethics for senior members of executive and leading public sector officials.

Officials dismissed for a breach of ethics to be disqualified from holding any public office.

Alleged breaches of ethics to be investigated by a constituted body with capacity.

Just administrative action to be enshrined as a governmental objective in the Constitution.

Candidates and political parties to disclose money raised and sources thereof.
Appropriate limits to be placed on contributions to political campaigns.

Serious Consideration Calls On Return of Chiefs to traditional roles and functions.

National dialogue on restoration of chiefs to traditional role.

National leadership to set highest standards and place national interests above their own.

Civil Servants to faithfully and diligently serve the people of Sierra Leone.

National Electoral Commission to build public confidence in the democratic process.
Civil society to highlight electoral fraud, monitor campaign financing, and expose abuse of state resources for party political purposes.

Parliamentarians to provide real and active representation to the people of Sierra Leone.

Parliamentarians to open offices in their constituencies so as to be accessible to the public.
Parliamentary Committees to consult regularly with civil society Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 210 Imperative Work Towards Serious Consideration Calls On No political party to be favoured over another by any organ of state.

Principles of Local Government to be enshrined in the Constitution.

The media to help build a culture of accountability.

National Dialogue on the return of chiefs to their traditional roles and functions.
FIGHTING CORRUPTION Imperative Work Towards Serious Consideration Calls On Government to display at points of contact with public the entitlements of citizens and details of any charges.

Publish relevant amounts allocated to provide services and amenities at local and community levels.

Permit independent prosecution of corruption cases by the Anti Corruption Commission.

Build prosecutorial capacity.

Disclosure of financial interests for senior public officials.
Clear and strict penalties for failure to comply.

Government to publicly announce that the victimisation of whistle blowers will not be tolerated.

Provide legal protection to whistle blowers who expose corruption.

It should be a criminal offence to engage in reprisals against whistle blowers.

Amend laws to prevent secrecy and confidentiality provisions from stopping exposure of corruption.

Prosecution of corruption cases should be free from political interference.
Government, business and civil society to hold an annual integrity summit.

Civil society groups to engage in ongoing advocacy and research; and to scrutinise public conduct zealously.

Business to develop Code of Corporate Governance and share information with law enforcement agencies.

Donors to insist on firm action against individuals in beneficiary groups who are involved in corruption.

Donors to withdraw support from government bodies and NGOs failing to address corruption or mismanagement.
Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 211 Imperative Work Towards Serious Consideration Calls On Procurement, tenders, bids, privatisation to be scrupulously open and transparent.

YOUTH Imperative Work Towards Serious Consideration Calls On Youth question to be viewed as a national emergency that demands national mobilisation.

Transformation of Ministry of Youth and Sports into a National Youth Commission.

A “State of the Youth” report to be tabled each year before Parliament.
Government and donor community to support Ministry of Youth programmes to cultivate political responsibility in youth and to establish chiefdom, district, and regional and national youth committees.

All political parties required to ensure that at least 10% of their candidates for all public elections are youths.

WOMEN Imperative Work Towards Serious Consideration Calls On Government and factions to conflict to issue a full and frank apology to women for abuses sustained in the war.
Repeal all statutory and customary laws discriminatory against women, including provisions that prevent their inheritance and land access.

Enactment of legislation to address domestic violence.

Provide women with micro-credit along with focussed skills training.

Establish training programme for police, prosecutors and judiciary to assist them to deal with gender-based crime.

Removal of Gender portfolio from Ministry of Social Welfare and the creation of a Gender Commission.
Communities to accept rape and sexual violence victims and their children back into society.

Men to respect women and to protect them from abuse at all times.

Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 212 Imperative Work Towards Serious Consideration Calls On Sierra Leone to ratify the Protocol to the African Charter on the Rights of Women.

Harmonise the national laws dealing with crimes of sexual violence with the provisions of the Rome Statute.
Adult education programmes to teach literacy and numeric skills to women.

All political parties to be required to ensure that at least 30% of their candidates for all public elections are women.

Repeal provision in Protection of Women and Girls Act which links the prosecution of sexual offences to the ‘moral character’ of the complainant.
Launch a campaign to end practice of customary law compelling victim of rape to marry the offender Abolish practice of expelling pregnant girls from school Provide free and compulsory education for girls up to senior secondary level.

Provide psychosocial support and reproductive health services to women affected by the conflict.

National Campaign to break the silence that pervades rape and sexual violence.

Achieve 50/50 gender parity in representative politics within next ten years.
Representation of at least 30% women in cabinet and political posts.

Achieve 50/50 gender parity in cabinet and political posts within next ten years.

Communities to act with compassion in accepting female ex-combatants and displaced persons back into society.

Relief agencies to assist with rehabilitation and skills training for female ex- combatants and displaced persons who did not benefit from formal programmes.
Fourah Bay Legal Aid Clinic, LAWCLA and Bar Council to focus on domestic and sexual violence against women.

Community leaders to encourage the prosecution of rapists.

UNIFEM and NGOs to establish leadership programmes for women.

Bondu societies to serve as mechanisms for change.

Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 213 Imperative Work Towards Serious Consideration Calls On Implement educational programmes that promote safe sex practices.

Establish directory of service providers assisting women.
Establish old peoples’ homes in main urban centres and attend to the social and medical needs of elderly women.

CHILDREN Imperative Work Towards Child’s Rights Bill to be enacted into law Removal of all hidden or ‘chalk’ fees for primary school education.

Law Commission to review legislation to ascertain whether laws accord with Convention of the Rights of the Child.

Provide incentives to encourage children to attend the secondary school level.
New law to criminalise not sending a child to primary school.

Make 18 the age of majority.

Enact legislation that brings the procedural and evidentiary rules relating to the prosecution of sexual violence in line with the Rules of Procedure and Evidence of the Rome Statute.

Serious Consideration Government and agencies to establish recreation centres throughout the country where children can be exposed to sports and the art of play.
Calls On Employers who employ children to provide working conditions that are humane.

Member states of ECOWAS to implement the Political Declaration and Action Plan against trafficking in human beings, especially children Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 214 Imperative Work Towards Serious Consideration Calls On Law Commission to draft a law criminalising trafficking and the sexual exploitation of children.

Review the practice of employing children under the age of 18 on a full- time basis.
Sierra Leone to sign the Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography.

Review the adoption laws to incorporate the practice of guardianship and fostering.

Enact legislation to regulate the establishment of orphanages both private and public.

Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender and Children’s Affairs to support the Children’s Forum Network to operate at national and local level, especially in the Provinces.
EXTERNAL ACTORS Imperative Work Towards Serious Consideration Calls On Commit to programme objectives of NEPAD.

Work with the Government of Liberia to control flow of small arms and light weapons along common border.

Harmonise laws regulating firearms and explosives in Sierra Leone and Liberia.

Government s of Libya, Cote d’Ivoire and Burkina Faso to publicly acknowledge their roles in financing the RUF.

Libya to provide financial support to the War Victims Fund.
Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 215 Imperative Work Towards Serious Consideration Calls On Government of Liberia to consider an act of symbolic reparation to people of Sierra Leone.

International community to never again ignore internal armed conflict because country has little or no strategic value.

International community to raise peacekeeping capacity of ECOWAS.

ECOMOG soldiers found responsible for human rights violations to be excluded from peacekeeping missions in future.
ECOWAS protocol on early warning and conflict prevention to be implemented; all countries in sub region not to allow territories to be used to launch incursions into other countries.

UN peacekeepers to have good understanding of local conditions.

International community and ECOWAS to prevent movements of mercenaries and enforce International Convention against mercenaries.
Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 216 Imperative Work Towards Serious Consideration Calls On Trace assets of Charles Taylor, NPFL and RUF that were illegally removed from Sierra Leone.

Recovered assets to become part of War Victims Fund.

United Kingdom to pursue with vigour its development partnership with Sierra Leone.

UNAMSIL to investigate the economic ramifications of its withdrawal from Sierra Leone.

International Community to continue with its aid programmes.
MINERAL RESOURCES Imperative Work Towards Serious Consideration Calls On Publish a regular and detailed account of how government spends proceeds generated from diamonds.

Child Protection Agencies to conduct spot checks on mining sites to ensure that children are not employed.

Increase border patrols to deter smuggling.

Bidding process for mineral exploitation licenses should be fair and transparent.

Sensitisation of families to stress importance of education for children.
Alternative sources of income for families should be investigated.

Miners to be encouraged to sell diamonds directly to authorised exporters.

Abolishment of dealership class.

All diamond buying and selling to be under control of GGDO.

Members of the Kimberley Process to implement monitoring systems and to invite independent monitoring by outside bodies.

International NGOs and diamond industry officials to closely scrutinise the implementation of Certification Scheme.
Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 217 Imperative Work Towards Authorities to closely examine issue of mining licenses to relatives and associates of public officials.

Miners to be informed of their labour rights.

Serious Consideration A higher percentage of the export tax on diamonds to be made available to local communities through the Community Development Programme.

Ministry of Mineral Resources to publish names of holders all mining related licenses on an annual basis.
Ministry of Mineral Resources to conduct a review of the role played by chiefs in the granting of mining licenses.

Miners to be supplied with information and training on how to assess the quality and monetary value of diamonds.

Micro credit projects to be implemented to enable miners to acquire capital to finance their own activities.

Sierra Leone to confirm its ratification of ILO Convention 182 and to ratify ILO Convention 138 dealing with child labour.
Mining License holders to have their licenses permanently revoked if found to be employing children.

Government to promulgate regulations to prevent the employment of children in mining activities Calls On Governments of Sierra Leone, Liberia and Guinea to invite voluntary review visits of the Kimberly Process.

Kimberly Process to ensure that participants export only rough diamonds that they legitimately produce or legitimately import from another Kimberly Process participant.
Kimberley Process to exclude countries that are not complying with the requirements of the Certification Scheme, including those that fail to establish internal control mechanisms.

States in West Africa to apply particular vigilance to ensure that the Kimberly Process Certification Scheme is strictly enforced.

Government of Sierra Leone to implement Article VII, clause 6 of the Lomé Agreement.
Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 218 THE TRC AND THE SPECIAL COURT FOR SIERRA LEONE Imperative Work Towards Serious Consideration Calls On International community to harmonise objectives of future transitional justice bodies that operate at the same time.

Matters of fundamental principle to be agreed upon and enshrined in law.

Conflicts of law to be settled upfront.

Provision for binding dispute resolution.

Arbiter to be a third party.


Provision to be made for “use immunity” of witness testimony supplied to TRC.

Foreign personnel of post-conflict bodies to receive sensitisation on local conditions.

Staff not to move between in-country post-conflict organisations.

International community and governments to consider major investments in national justice systems.

Future peace accords providing amnesty to include a clause revoking amnesty for party in breach of accord.
Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 219 REPARATIONS185 Imperative Work Towards Serious Consideration Calls On Reparations programme to be co-ordinated by NaCSA.

Creation of referral and prioritisation systems for victims requiring medical care.

Amputees to receive free physical healthcare for rest of their lives.

War wounded and amputees to receive free prosthetic / orthotic devices; and free physiotherapy and occupational therapy.
Other war wounded to receive medical support to the degree their injuries or disability demands.

Victims of sexual violence to be eligible for free physical health care including fistula surgery.

Existing mental health programmes to be supported and expanded.

Support for organisations providing scar removal surgery for branded children.

185 This table provides merely an outline of the proposed Reparations Programme.
As the recommendations are sometimes qualified, the full text of the recommendations should be consulted.

Chapter Four on Reparations provides detailed explanations for each recommendation.

Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 220 Imperative Work Towards Serious Consideration Calls On A monthly pension (amount to be recommended by NaCSA) to be paid to amputees, war wounded and sexual violence victims who experienced a 50% or more reduction in earning capacity.
Free education up to senior secondary level to be supplied to specific children groups affected by the conflict.

Skills training programmes for amputees, other war wounded, sexual violence victims and war widows.

Consultations with various organisations regarding need for Community Reparations.

Symbolic reparations including commemoration events, symbolic reburials and memorials.

HRC to investigate the political persecution of those in public office.
Where appropriate, a public finding to be made restoring the good names of those persecuted.

Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 221 Imperative Work Towards Serious Consideration Calls On Where appropriate, the HRC to recommend restoration of lost benefits to public officials who were victims of political persecution.

RECONCILIATION Imperative Work Towards Serious Consideration Calls On Reconciliation within security forces and between armed forces and civilian population.
Reconciliation activities to be initiated in consultation with all relevant stakeholders.

National Peace Day to be held every year on 18 January.

National and political leadership to acknowledge wrongdoing, recognise suffering and apologise to victims.

Leaders at all levels down to chiefdom to account to communities and take lead in reconciliation.

Support to be given to the District Reconciliation Committees established in each district by the TRC.
Victims and ex- combatants to come together in joint development projects and other events.

Symbolic activities such as the building of monuments on mass graves.

Communities to hold traditional activities to reintegrate victims and ex-combatants.

Religious leaders to hold commemoration ceremonies for victims of war.
Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 222 NATIONAL VISION FOR SIERRA LEONE Imperative Work Towards Serious Consideration Calls On The National Vision to fall under the wing of the Human Rights Commission.

All stakeholders to ensure that the National Vision becomes a permanent and interactive civic space.

Stakeholders to organise national and international tours and a publication of the contributions.

Stakeholders to establish provisional body to oversee Vision activities.
HRC or provisional body to ensure that the Vision remains independent; that its activities serve the causes of peace and unity; that contributions are respected and preserved and are not used for political or commercial interests.

ARCHIVING OF COMMISSION DOCUMENTATION Imperative Work Towards Serious Consideration Calls On HRC to become official custodian of TRC documentation.

Pending the creation of the HRC the archives to be held at the National Archives.
HRC to continue with indexing of statements and information.

Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 223 Imperative Work Towards Serious Consideration Calls On HRC to establish facility where materials may be inspected and consulted.

HRC to convert statements and information into digital form.

No law to be passed authorising access by justice mechanisms to confidential information held by the archives.

Confidential materials relating to child combatants and sexual violence victims not to be released.
Conditions and procedures for access to confidential information and general archives.

No original TRC materials to be removed from National Archives/ HRC.

DISSEMINATION OF THE TRC REPORT Imperative Work Towards Serious Consideration Calls On Incorporate contents of the Report into the education curricula of schools, colleges and universities.

Government and civil society to organise the widest possible dissemination of the Report.
Stakeholders to form dissemination committees to organise distribution at national and local level.

Stakeholders to use Report and its different versions to promote dialogue and debate.

Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 224 Imperative Work Towards Serious Consideration Calls On Stakeholders to produce summaries and popular versions of the TRC Report.

Local and international NGOs to collaborate on hosting full contents of the TRC Report on the Internet.
FOLLOW-UP COMMITTEE Imperative Work Towards Serious Consideration Calls On The HRC to be appointed to perform the role of the Follow-up Committee.

Establishment of Follow-up Committee in terms of the Act and the Lomé Peace Accord.

At least four representatives of civil society should serve on the Follow-up Committee.

One to represent women and one to represent youth.

Follow-up Committee to issue quarterly updates and one annual report.
Vol Two Chapter Three Recommendations Page 225 CHAPTER FOUR Reparations TRC Save Sierra Leone From another war.

Reconcile now, the TRC Can help Produced by the TRC Steering Committee with support from the International Human Rights Law Group CHAPTER FOUR Reparations Introduction 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

The Commission, in interpreting its mandate in respect of victims, was guided by the provisions of the Lomé Peace Agreement of 7 July 1999 and its enabling legislation, the TRC Act of 22 February 2000.
Article XXVI of the Lomé Peace Agreement obliges the Commission to, “among other things, recommend measures to be taken for the rehabilitation of victims of human rights violations.” Article XXIX of the Lomé Peace Agreement refers to the establishment of a Special Fund for War Victims for the rehabilitation of war victims.

Section 7(6) of the TRC Act calls upon the Commission to make recommendations for the Special War Fund for Victims.
the TRC Act mandates Section 15(2) of to make recommendations concerning the reforms and other measures, whether legal, political, administrative or otherwise, needed to achieve the object of the Commission.

This object includes: the Commission • • • preventing the repetition of the violations or abuses suffered; responding to the needs of the victims; and promoting healing and reconciliation.
Section 6(2)(b) of the TRC Act also requires the Commission to: • work to help restore the human dignity of victims and promote reconciliation.

The TRC Act did not explicitly use the term “reparations.” Instead, the Commission was instructed to “address the needs of the victims,” and “restore the human dignity of victims” as well as “promote healing and reconciliation.” A reparations programme that the government can implement will go a long way to address the needs of the victims of the conflict.
Such a programme encompasses a broader sense of justice that goes beyond individual satisfaction and includes recognition for the harm suffered, as well as a sense of civic trust and social solidarity.1 The Commission’s recommendations, which constitute the reparations programme, serve to fulfil this obligation as set out in the enabling legislation.
1 Pablo De Greiff, “The Role of Reparations in Transition to Democracy,” Forthcoming in Repairing the Past, a publication by the International Center for Transitional Justice.

New York, p. 8 Vol Two Chapter Four Reparations Page 227 Quark for print.qxd 7/8/2005 7:10 PM Page 11 TRC An amputee testifies at a public hearing of the Commission.

Vol Two Chapter Four Reparations Page 228 6.

7.

8.
7.

8.

In designing a reparations programme for the victims of the Sierra Leonean conflict, the Commission had to take into account a number of factors.

It would have been gratifying if all victims of the conflict could benefit from a reparations programme but such a programme would be totally impossible for the country to implement.

The Commission therefore had to determine who would benefit from a reparations programme.
The Commission determined the category of beneficiaries by considering those victims who were particularly vulnerable because of the human rights violations they had suffered and the harm that they continued to live with.

the specific recommendations, The Commission then considered the current needs of those victims in order to determine what benefits to accord them in a reparations programme.
In determining the Commission considered whether the state would be able to implement the recommendations given the available resources.

The Commission was also guided by its mandate and decided that the potential list of victims should be kept open in order to ensure the widest possible access to the reparations programme by victims.
In the following paragraphs, the Commission provides the legal basis (both domestic and international law) for reparations; explains how reparations can foster reconciliation; elaborates the reparations programme; lists the categories of eligible beneficiaries; and makes recommendations on the benefits to be accorded to the beneficiaries as well as to how effectively implement the reparations programme.

the guiding principles inform that Reparations in Domestic and International Law 9.

10.

11.
10.

11.

The purpose of a reparations programme is to provide redress and accord a measure of social justice to victims of human rights violations.

Under international law, victims can obtain redress either through political means such as reparations programmes or pursue legal recourse through the civil courts.

However, as in many post-conflict societies, it is not possible to prosecute perpetrators or seek civil damages through the courts.
In transitional societies, it is extremely difficult to pursue prosecutions and civil claims for damages.

Often new governments are forced by the reality of the circumstances they find themselves in to broker amnesty deals as part of the peace process.

Additionally, many perpetrators are nameless and unidentifiable.

The evidentiary burden for the state and victims is impossible and so prosecutions remain an empty elusive reality, real in name only and not possible.
Transitional states are compelled to find alternatives as well as other mechanisms to deal with accountability and to provide justice for victims.

This is certainly true for Sierra Leone.

In Sierra Leone, effective redress is simply not available through the courts.

The justice system currently does not have the capacity to deal with the massive violations committed during the conflict.

Large parts of the country do not have functioning courts and access to formal justice is difficult to obtain.
Moreover, the judiciary suffers from a perceived lack of credibility and lacks public confidence.

Therefore, the possibility for victims to seek redress through the civil courts for the violations committed against them is not a reality in Sierra Leone.

In the last decade, reparations programmes established through truth seeking mechanisms have become the only measure of redress for victims of violations arising out of civil conflicts.

Vol Two Chapter Four Reparations Page 229 12.

13.

14.

15.

16.
13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

The right to seek redress is enshrined both in Sierra Leone’s domestic law and in international law.

Under domestic law, references will be made to the provisions of the 1991 Sierra Leone Constitution.

Under international law, the Commission focused its attention on the obligation of the state to provide reparations to victims of human rights abuses.
Domestic Law Chapter III of the 1991 Constitution of Sierra Leone provides a list of fundamental human rights and freedoms to which every Sierra Leonean is entitled.

Those fundamental human rights and freedoms that were violated during the war include the protection of right to life, protection from arbitrary arrest or detention, protection from slavery and forced labour, and protection from inhuman treatment.
Section 28(1) of the 1991 Constitution of Sierra Leone allows victims of fundamental human rights abuses to seek "redress" before the Supreme Court of Sierra Leone.

The Lomé Peace Agreement, in particular, Article XXIX and the TRC Act refer specifically to the obligation of the government to establish measures for the rehabilitation of war victims.
International Law It is an accepted principle in international law that states may be held liable for human rights violations committed either by them or by their agents.

The breach of its international obligations imposes a duty on a State to afford adequate reparation.2 A "breach of an international obligation" includes the violation of international human rights law or international humanitarian law.
Further, several international human rights instruments impose on States the duty to provide the individual with "an effective remedy", "effective protection and remedies", "redress and an enforceable right to fair and adequate compensation".
Examples include Article 8 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 2.3 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 14 of the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment and Articles 7 and 21 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights.

The Conventions and Charter have all been ratified by Sierra Leone.
A study conducted by Theo Van Boven, who was appointed by the UN Sub- Commission on the Prevention and Protection of Minorities in 1989 to explore what remedies could accompany violations of human rights, concluded that gross violations of human rights are by their nature irreparable and that any remedy or redress will fail to be proportional to the grave injury inflicted, particularly when the violations have been committed on a massive scale.3 He was of the view that 2 As early as 1928 the Permanent Court of International Justice issued a decision to this effect in the Chorzow Factory case (“Case concerning the Factory at Chorzow (Merits), P.C.I.J.
Series A, No.

17, 13 September 1928).

The principle is further reflected in the “Articles on the Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts,” adopted by the International Law Commission of the United Nations and commended to the attention of States by the UN General Assembly.

(A/RES/56/83, 28 January 2002).


3 Professor Van Boven published a preliminary report on reparations for gross violations of human rights in 1990 and finalized his report in 1993, annexing draft principles on restitution, Vol Two Chapter Four Reparations Page 230 19.

20.
21. remedies must therefore focus on the restoration of rights and the accountability of wrongdoers, as it is "an imperative norm of justice that the responsibility of perpetrators is clearly established and that the rights of victims are sustained to the fullest possible extent".4 Van Boven went on to say that the revelation of the truth is a fundamental requirement of justice.5 The "Draft Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Violations of International Human Rights Law and International Humanitarian Law", submitted by Special Rapporteur M.C.
Bassiouni to the UN Commission on Human Rights,6 is indicative of the current status of international law of the right to redress of victims of such violations.

According to the Draft Basic Principles and Guidelines, every State has the obligation to respect, ensure respect for and enforce international human rights and humanitarian law norms.

This obligation includes the duty to afford appropriate remedies to victims and provide for or facilitate reparations to victims.
The Draft Basic Principles further indicate that remedies for violations of international human rights and humanitarian law include reparations for harm suffered.

It is also stated that a State shall provide reparations to victims for its acts or omissions constituting violations of international human rights and humanitarian law norms.

The Commission took the view that the State has a legal obligation to provide reparations for violations committed by both state actors and private actors.
The Commission is of the opinion that all victims should be treated equally, fairly, and justly.

Given the nature of the conflict in Sierra Leone, it was not always possible to identify the perpetrators or the group they belonged to.

States have the obligation to guarantee the enjoyment of human rights and to ensure that human rights violators are brought to justice and that reparations are made to victims.7 compensation, and rehabilitation.
The final report was sent to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights for consideration at its 1994 session.

4 Ibid.

5 Ibid.

In 1996, Van Boven submitted a revised set of proposed basic guidelines on remedies which is published by the Sub Commission on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, E/CN./Sub.2/1996/17.
In 1998, the UN Commission for Human Rights called for the appointment of another expert to prepare a final draft for its 1999 session with the intention that these principles would be submitted to the United Nations General Assembly for adoption.

Subsequent to the publication of the Commission’s final report, the United Nations authorized a further study on the subject of reparations.
On the 18 January 2000, a working group headed by Professor M. Cherif Bassioni, drew up a report which incorporated the UN “Draft Principles and Guidelines on the right to Remedy and Reparations for Victims of Violations of International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law.” 6 M.C.

Bassiouni, “The right to restitution, compensation and rehabilitation for victims of gross violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms,” final report of the Special Rapporteur M.C.
Bassiouni submitted to the UN Commission on Human Rights on 18 January 2000, incorporating the “Draft Principles and Guidelines on the Right to Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Violations of International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law.” (E/CN.4/2000/62).

At the time of the writing of the Commission’s Final Report a new version of these “Principles and Guidelines” is being discussed.
7 The Inter-American Court of Human Rights and the Peruvian Truth and Reconciliation Commission are among the institutions that have held a similar view.

For the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, see the “Velasquez Rodriguez Case,” judgment of 29 July 1988, Series C, No.

4 (1988), in particular paragraphs 166 and 174.

For the Peruvian Truth and Reconciliation Commission, see its final report, Vol.

IX, pp.

149-150.
IX, pp.

149-150.

Vol Two Chapter Four Reparations Page 231 States do not only have an obligation to respect human rights themselves; they are also obliged “to ensure compliance with international obligations by private persons and an obligation to prevent violations.

If governments fail to apply due diligence in responding adequately to, or in structurally preventing human rights violations, they are legally and morally responsible.

"8 Defining Concepts Reparations 22.

23.


In its simplest form, reparations can be defined as the provision of redress to victims of human rights abuses.

Reparations can take many forms including rehabilitation; restitution; compensation; establishing the truth; the restoration of dignity; and improving the quality of life of those who have suffered harm.

The guarantee of non-repetition has become increasingly important for those who have lived through successive periods of conflict.
Reparations that strive to accomplish these objectives can made through material or symbolic gestures, to individuals or collectively.

While a number of principles on reparations have emerged from the work of Van Boven and Bassiouni as to what constitutes “reparations”, the Commission considered these principles as “guides” in devising this reparations programme.

The context and the economic reality that Sierra Leone finds itself in was a major factor that the Commission had to take into account.
The reparations programme proposed by the Commission will largely focus on the rehabilitation of the victims through the distribution of service packages and symbolic measures which acknowledge the past and the harm done to victims and gives victims the opportunity to move on.

Of utmost importance was the need to balance the needs of victims and the state’s responsibility to them, and the development agenda of the country in which every citizen is entitled to participate and benefit from.
In developing an appropriate programme, the Commission was careful not to create new classes of victims or to exacerbate the divisions between citizens living in the same communities.

In the context of Sierra Leone, compensation and restitution must be a unifying factor and should not be used to further divide the population.

24.
24.

Rehabilitation is defined as the provision of social service support such as medical and psychological care which can be facilitated through the delivery of social service packages to address the real needs of the victim.

Concentrating on rehabilitative measures would respond to the acute needs of the victims and improve their future quality of life.
8 T. van Boven, “Study Concerning the right to restitution, compensation and rehabilitation for victims of gross violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms,” Final report submitted by Special Rapporteur van Boven to the UN Commission on Human Rights on 2 July 1993 (E/CN.4/Sub.2/1993/8), page 16, paragraph 41.
Vol Two Chapter Four Reparations Page 232 Quark for print.qxd 7/8/2005 7:10 PM Page 12 TRC The Amputee Theatre Group performs a song about reconciliation during the opening of TRC public hearings in Freetown on 14 April 2003.

Vol Two Chapter Four Reparations Page 233 25.

26.

The provision of social service packages help to promote the development of existing governmental institutions, thereby addressing not only the needs of the victim, but the community at large in the long-term.
This is particularly important in a context such as Sierra Leone where almost every citizen is a victim of the war.

Symbolic reparations comprise non-material measures to show respect for the victims.

They are a clear expression of recognition for the harm suffered.

Symbolic reparations can preserve the memory of what happened during the conflict and most importantly, serve as a reminder that society must not allow this to happen again.
Exhumations, proper burials, the laying of tombstones, national memorial services, the pouring of libations, the carrying out of traditional ceremonies and the erection of appropriate memorials may go a long way to restoring the dignity of victims and facilitating healing and reconciliation.

Victims 27.
Victims 27.

The Commission adopted the definition of a victim generally accepted in international law: A person is a 'victim' where as a result of acts or omissions that constitute a violation of international human rights and humanitarian law norms, that person, individually or collectively, suffered harm, including physical or mental injury, emotional suffering, economic loss, or impairment of that person's fundamental legal rights.
A 'victim' may also be a dependant or a member of the immediate family or household of the direct victim as well as a person who, in intervening to assist a victim or prevent the occurrence of further violations, has suffered physical, mental or economic harm.9 28.

29.

The Commission prioritised the victims who will benefit from specific measures of the reparation programme using ‘vulnerability’ as the basis.
The Commission acknowledges the impossibility of compensating victims in proportion to the harm they have suffered, and does not by this categorisation prioritise suffering and harm.

The Commission is of the opinion that victims not included in the reparations programme can benefit from the general recovery programmes of the government.

The Needs of the Victims and the Ability of a Reparations Programme to Meet those Needs Victims were subjected to various forms of human rights abuses.
These abuses have left many of the victims in urgent need of assistance in order for them to continue with their lives.

In thousands of statements, the victims, identified their needs to the Commission.

In addition, the Commission conducted extensive research consulting a large number of international organizations and NGOs to assess the concrete needs of victims and how best they could be met.
Consultations were also organised with various victim organisations, and they provided further insight into the measures that should be taken for their real needs to be addressed.

9 Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Violations of International Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law, p. 6.

Vol Two Chapter Four Reparations Page 234 30.

The Commission received a total of 7707 statements in the course of its work.
A random sampling of these statements stratified by districts reflects the needs identified by the statement givers as most urgent in order to deal with the harm they suffered during the conflict.
Figure 110 Percentages of Statement Makers Seeking Various Types of Assistance and Redress 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% Homes / Shelter Schools / Training / Education 49% 41% Hospitals / Medical Care 27% Cash Infrastructure / Transport Materials / Tools Loans / Micro-Credit Institutional Reform Jobs / Economic Reform 18% 16% 15% 10% 9% 8% Justice / Trials 2% Religious Rites 1% 31.

32.
32.

The table above clearly reveals that for most of the victims socio economic rights issues such as education and health were of primary concern.

They regard these services as important for their families, their communities, and society as a whole.

While the Commission recognized that basic social services should be universally provided, there are particularly vulnerable victims whose needs require prioritisation.
For example, although all female victims of sexual violence may require basic gynaecological services at the primary health level, some victims may require additional assistance such as surgery in order to repair the damage that had been caused as a result of rape or any other sexual violation committed against them.

Presently, some victims cannot access the additional benefits or assistance they require for reasons that include the high costs associated with medical treatment and accessibility.
In identifying the specific types of assistance required by the victims, and by setting out a clear plan for implementation, the Commission has established the parameters by which the government can acknowledge the unique nature of the harm suffered by this category of victims and the need to redress that harm.

10 The total does not equal 100 since respondents indicated more than one type of assistance or redress.
Vol Two Chapter Four Reparations Page 235 33. the obligation of their needs should be The victims who came before the Commission expressed the view that addressing the government.

Government participation is a central component of a reparations programme.
What distinguishes a reparations programme from a general recovery programme is that 1) in a reparations programme, the harm done to victims is acknowledged and 2) government involvement constitutes an acknowledgment that the violations were committed and that they deserve to be attended to, relationship.

restoring thereby going some way Government's adoption of the reparations programme is a necessary condition if the programme is to have any reparative effect on the victims.
This responsibility of the government cannot be ceded or delegated to other potential sources of assistance, such as the international community.

the citizen-state to The Potential of Reparations to Foster Reconciliation Acknowledgement of Victims 34.

35.

36.

37.

38.

Articles 15(2) and 6(2) (b) of the TRC Act, require that the Commission foster reconciliation in the country.
National reconciliation is based on a common determination not to repeat the past and to allow both victims and perpetrators to live side by side in a spirit of tolerance and respect.

In most transitional societies, political realities force compromises on new governments, which result in the rights of victims being compromised.

Victims are deprived of opportunities to seek legal redress and punishment for wrongs done to them.

They bear the brunt of these political compromises.
In such societies, a reparations programme assumes particular importance as it allows the state to deal with large numbers of victims.

In this way reconciliation can begin.

Programmes have already been implemented on the rehabilitation and inclusion of perpetrators into society, necessary elements of a successful transition.

These programmes, such as the Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration Programme (DDR), helped to assist ex-combatants some of whom were perpetrators of atrocities.
As a consequence of the war, these ex- combatants have been alienated from their respective communities.

They need opportunities for education and skills acquisition as well as gainful employment to foster self-esteem, economic growth and provide them with a sense of ownership and participation.

However, the establishment of programmes to assist ex-combatants created an onus on the Government to replicate these efforts on behalf of victims.
Most of the victims who appeared before the Commission expressed a widely held perception that the state had taken better care of the ex-combatants rather than the victims of the conflict.

This perception has the potential to hinder reconciliation between victims and perpetrators.

Gibrilla Dumbuya, a victim, testified at a public hearing on 9 June 2003 in Moyamba District.

He related his experiences during the time that his village, Magbenka, was controlled by the RUF.
He talked about the arbitrary killing of civilians, the burning of houses and, the loss of his child.

After his testimony, Mr. Dumbuya was asked whether he had any questions for the Commission.

He replied: Vol Two Chapter Four Reparations Page 236 Yes, what puzzles me is that the perpetrators are cared for and those of us who are victims are left out.

What will happen to us in the future?

39.

The implementation of a reparations programme will respond to the concerns expressed by the victims.
It allows the Government to acknowledge the plight of victims and their suffering.

This will reduce the perception that perpetrators are better cared for than victims.

Truth-Telling and Reparations 40.

Truth telling and reparations are key components of reconciliation.

Jose the Chilean Truth and Reconciliation Zalaquet, a Commission stresses this: former member of To provide for measures of reparation and prevention, it must be clearly known what should be prevented.
Further, society cannot simply block out a chapter of its history; it cannot deny the facts of its past, however differently these may be interpreted.

Inevitably, the void would be filled with lies or with conflicting, confusing versions of the past.

A nation's unity depends on a shared identity, which in turn depends largely on a shared memory.

The truth also brings a measure of healthy social catharsis and help to prevent the past from reoccurring.11 41.

42.
42.

Truth telling without reparations could be perceived by the victims as an incomplete process in which they revealed their pain and suffering without any mechanism in place to deal with the consequences of that pain or to substantially alter the material circumstances of their lives.
In that regard, the Commission concurs with the view expressed by the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission that without adequate reparation and rehabilitation measures, there can be no healing or reconciliation.12 The Potential of Reparations to Restore the Dignity of Victims The conflict caused many innocent people to fall victim to the cruellest violations of fundamental human rights.
As a consequence, victims often find themselves in a condition which is not conducive to living with dignity.

Most have been reduced to living in poverty, some having to endure the loss of limbs and others shunned because of their personal experiences such as rape and sexual slavery.

Their dependency and social exclusion are constant reminders of the suffering they went through.

11 J. Zalaquett, Extract from the Matthew O. Tobriner Lecture.
“Balancing Ethical Imperatives and Political Constraints: The Dilemma of New Democracies Confronting Past Human Rights Violations."

1992.

43 Hastings Law Journal, p. 1425 and 1433.

12 The Truth and Reconciliation Commission for South Africa, Final Report, Volume 5, Chapter 5, p. 170.

Vol Two Chapter Four Reparations Page 237 Quark for print.qxd 7/8/2005 7:10 PM Page 13 TRC The Commission’s interpreter (left) and counsellor (right) accompany a witness on the podium during a public hearing.
Vol Two Chapter Four Reparations Page 238 43.

44.

Some are faced almost continuously with those who have harmed them in their own communities, their presence serving as a constant reminder of the violation suffered.

Moving on beyond this state is impossible given the economic and social conditions that victims find themselves in and their dependence on handouts.
The humiliation of being dependent on the charity of others and often having to beg in order to live re-victimizes victims, leaving lasting scars and wounds that may fester thoughts of bitterness and anger.

This may constitute the seeds of future violence.

A reparations programme has the potential to restore the dignity of victims whose lives have been most devastated to move beyond the position they are currently in as a consequence of the war.
The restoration of the dignity of victims can help to create the conditions necessary for reconciliation.

The testimony of Adama Koroma, at a hearing in Makeni on 26 May 2003, is illustrative of how a reparations programme can assist victims.

In 1998, Adama Koroma's village was attacked.

She ran into the bush and managed to reach another village.

During her attempted escape, she was caught by the rebels along with 26 other people.

One of her hands was amputated while the other was permanently damaged.
Her husband's hands and ears were also amputated and he later died because of the amputation.

Adama was later found by ECOMOG soldiers and brought to Freetown.

She has four children.

At the end of her testimony, when she was given the opportunity to ask questions the Commission she said: Adama Koroma: Bishop Humper., Adama Koroma: We the amputees, how are we in this world now?

I am not speaking for myself here.

The government should not leave our case behind.

It is not for us, it is for our children.


If my child grows up and asks me who chopped off my hand, I will say these people did it to me.

That will bring the war again.

If you say peace should come, we the amputees should bring the peace.

I can't be struggling and say that I am living in peace.

That is why our case should be pushed forward.

If our problem is left behind, the war will not end.

We the amputees, we all have children.


What kind of recommendation will you want to make so that we can incorporate it in our report?

This is all I have to say.

We have no hands.

We should be assisted.

If we are assisted we will have a peace of mind.

All our children can think for themselves now.

They ask us who chopped our hands and to make our children feet.

We have reconcile their minds.

Vol Two Chapter Four Reparations Page 239 45.


Tamba Finnoh, in his testimony on 14 April 2003, expressed the sentiments of many victims on forgiveness, when asked to make recommendations to the Commission: Bishop Humper: Tamba Finnoh: If you were to make a recommendation to this Commission for consideration, what type of recommendation would you want to make?
The first thing I want to recommend is that most of us are willing to forgive, but to sustain this forgiveness, you can all see that we have lost our dignity because we used to be fit to fend for ourselves but this is not so anymore.

That has caused most of us to become beggars in the streets ....
So I will recommend to the Commission that they should put mechanisms in place, which will ensure that there are provisions for us, which will be sustainable and not something that we can eat in a single day; something that will be sustainable maybe as long as we are alive and even for our children.

the one is This recommendations I will make.

of 46.

In addition to the views of victims on how reparations can foster reconciliation, many NGOs expressed similar views.
A representative from CARE, an NGO working in Sierra Leone, expressed the following view on reconciliation: For reconciliation to be durable the TRC Itself should ensure that a is developed and sustainable package of implemented while it lasts, and the Special Fund is strengthened to support those who have been crippled.13 compensation The Link between Reparations and the Restoration of Civic Trust 47.

48.
48.

Witnesses before the Commission and representatives of institutions that made submissions to the Commission expressed the view that the lack of good governance was a major factor leading to the conflict.

A recurring theme was that of ongoing corruption, nepotism, the mismanagement of state resources and the total loss of confidence and trust in institutions meant to enhance democratic values in the period before and during the conflict.

There is a fear that this situation will continue in the future.
The witnesses expressed discontent over the fact that those public institutions designed to defend the interests of the people were only serving the interests of those constituting them.

A decade-long conflict, in which many groups of people have been victimised, marginalized and brutalised, has only aggravated such feelings.

There is very little trust in leadership.

Many people also indicated 13 Submission to the TRC.

May 2003 Vol Two Chapter Four Reparations Page 240 49.

50.
50.

51. their fear of being victimised if they criticize them openly.

This breakdown in the relationship between citizen and state does not bode well for the future.

People's spirits have been broken by the horrors they endured during the conflict.

The leaders should urgently address this lack of trust, for it can only be a source of further strife and unrest.

Reparations are an important instrument in achieving the restoration of civic trust.
A sincere commitment from the Government to the execution of the proposed reparations programme will give a clear sign to the victims that the State and their fellow citizens are serious in their efforts to help establish relations of equality between citizens and the State.14 Acknowledging the wrongs done to victims by engaging with those who are victimised and disempowered may lead to a renewed faith in the democratic process.
This leads to the restoration of civic trust and a sense of ownership in the nation, attributes which are necessary if Sierra Leone is to take its rightful place in the community of nations.

The Link between Reparations and Social Solidarity Rebuilding a society requires a new social solidarity, arising from the empathy characteristic of someone who is willing and able to imagine himself or herself in the place of another.
This must be built on a common understanding of the relevance of learning from the past, while allowing for different nuances.

This new society can only be built on the acknowledgement and recognition by the nation of what went wrong, and particularly the suffering caused to victims, and what is needed to repair it.

Acknowledging that reparations are a national responsibility generates social solidarity.
Reparations show that the particular society, formerly characterized by division, takes an interest in those who have suffered most from the consequences of the breakdown.15 This is exactly what a democracy is supposed to do.

It must take into account the interests of all, especially its weakest members.

This way a new social fabric can be woven and old divisions overcome.

This is a crucial step towards peaceful coexistence and the avoidance of repetition of violent conflict.
Principles that Inform the Reparations Programme 52.

In devising recommendations that address the needs of victims as well as those recommendations that deal specifically with the implementation of the programme; the Commission was guided by various principles.

The Commission took the decision to make the programme feasible and practical.

The section that follows explains the considerations and the rationale behind the commission’s recommendation on reparations.
The order in which the principles are stated does not reflect a hierarchy.

14 De Greiff, pp.

18-21.

15 Ibid., p. 21.

Vol Two Chapter Four Reparations Page 241 53.

54.

55.

56.

57.

Guiding Principles Regarding Victim Eligibility Many, if not all of the people of Sierra Leone suffered during the war.

Some suffered directly from various kinds of violations mentioned in this report.

Others witnessed these violations or indirectly suffered from them.

In this way, all Sierra Leoneans are survivors.


The Commission hereby explicitly acknowledges the suffering of all these people, Sierra Leonean and others, during the war.

The Commission decided not to follow the example of the South-African Truth Commission by limiting the beneficiaries of the Reparations Programme to those victims who co-operated with it.
The Commission is fully aware of the fact that the limited time span allowed for taking statements and conducting hearings, as well as other logistical constraints, did not allow it to reach out to every victim who may have wanted to tell their story to the Commission.

Limiting reparations to only those who partook in the Commission process would arbitrarily preclude a large proportion of victims from being recognised by this reparations programme.
Since the work of the Commission is focused on victims, such an arbitrary distinction cannot be made.

Also, making such a distinction is not likely to contribute to reconciliation, which is one of the goals of the reparations programme.

On the contrary, it may serve to create new divisions.

Citizens and non-citizens of Sierra Leone suffered during the conflict.

The Commission did not want to make a distinction between victims on the basis of their nationality.
A victim does not need to be a Sierra Leonean to qualify for this programme.

Nonetheless, not all victims can be beneficiaries of the reparations programme or aspects of it.

While all victims of the conflict will be beneficiaries of the symbolic measures outlined in the programme, the Commission sought to prioritise certain categories of victims who will be eligible to benefit in the form of service packages.
Whereas many people in Sierra Leone wish to see all of their needs met, it is unrealistic to think that this can be done by the reparations programme recommended by the Commission.

In making the decision to limit access to certain measures of the reparations programme, the Commission was guided by practical considerations, mainly the inability of the state to provide for the needs of all the victims given the limited resources available.
The decision to accord benefits to certain victims does not reflect a judgment on the intensity or significance of the suffering of different victims, but is based on pragmatic grounds.

The Commission determined the categories of beneficiaries who should benefit from the reparations programme by considering those victims who were particularly vulnerable to suffering human rights violations.
Most Sierra Leoneans agree that amputees, war wounded, women who suffered sexual abuse, children and war widows would constitute special categories of victims who are in dire need of urgent care.

The Commission also considered those victims who are in urgent need of a particular type of assistance to address their current needs, even if this only serves to put them on an equal footing with a larger category of victims.
The reparations programme aims at contributing to the rehabilitation of those victims, even if complete rehabilitation is not possible.

Vol Two Chapter Four Reparations Page 242 58.

59.

60.

61.

62.

63.

64.


Based on the rationale described above, the Commission recommends the following groups of victims as beneficiaries of the specific measures of the reparations programme: (1) amputees; (2) other war wounded (defined under the section describing the various categories of beneficiaries); (3) children; and (4) victims of sexual violence.
Due to their particular vulnerability either before or after the commission of the violation, many of the victims in each of these categories of beneficiaries suffered from multiple human rights violations.

For example, a victim of sexual violence may also have been abducted, tortured, and abused or subjected to a variety of other types of inhumane acts.
In including the amputees, the other war wounded, and victims of sexual violence as beneficiaries of this programme, the Commission considered the fact that many of them who fall in either one of the categories have enduring physical handicaps as a result of which they suffered cumulative harm both physically and mentally.
Many are unable to reintegrate into their communities of origin, cannot sustain themselves or their families, and are unable to tend to their medical conditions because of the high costs associated with treatment.

No clear government policy exists in respect of the disabled, amputees, war wounded and those who suffered sexual violence.

Further, most of the assistance available to these groups has come from national and international NGOs.
There is an urgent need for government intervention to help in the provision of more sustainable assistance.

There is a high degree of consensus in the country that amputees, other war wounded, those who suffered sexual violence and children victimized through the war should be prioritised as victims in need of particular care and assistance given the enduring effects of the violations they suffered.
In including children and victims of sexual violence as beneficiaries of specific measures of this reparations programme, the Commission relies directly on its mandate.
Article 6.2 of the TRC Act explicitly states, To work to help to restore the human dignity of victims and promote reconciliation by providing an opportunity for victims to give an account of violations and abuses suffered and for perpetrators to relate their experiences, and by creating a climate which fosters constructive interchange between victims and perpetrators, giving special attention to the subject of sexual abuses and to the experiences of children within the armed conflict.
Whereas many of the recommendations of the Commission refer to all the children in Sierra Leone, the Commission is nevertheless convinced that some specific reparations measures need to be taken in respect of those categories of children that suffered during the war or that still suffer from the consequences of the war such as abducted children, forcibly conscripted children, and orphans.

The Commission places particular focus on restoring lost educational opportunities for children.
Although the mandate does not specifically refer to women, the Commission interpreted the provision that refers to "the subjects of sexual abuses" to refer mainly to women.

It is undeniable that women were subjected to all forms of sexual violence and are in need of assistance to address many of the consequences that resulted from the violations committed against them.

Many of the victims of sexual violence require medical attention so that they can carry Vol Two Chapter Four Reparations Page 243 65.

66.
66.

67.

68. on with their day to day activities.

The Commission wanted to include those female victims from existing that have not received enough attention programmes, such as victims of sexual violence and bush wives.

In addition to providing redress to the direct victims of human rights violations, the Commission wanted to address the needs of indirect victims as well.

Indirect victims are defined as the dependents or relatives of the direct victim.
The Commission decided to include war widows, those women whose husbands had died as a consequence of a human rights violation during the course of the war, as beneficiaries of specific measures of this reparations programme.

For some of these war widows, their husbands were the breadwinners of the family.

As a consequence of their husband’s death, many of these women struggle to provide for themselves and their family.
Recognising the Commission made recommendations for them in the reparations programme.

the difficulties they endure, Although gender equality is a guiding principle of this programme, the Commission did not consider it a contradiction with this principle to exclude widowers and husbands of female amputees and other war wounded from the programme.

It is generally accepted that husbands and widowers are often the bread-winners of their family and are therefore economically independent.
The Commission limited the number of victims who can benefit from certain measures of the programme based on a certain percentage of potential income lost as a result of the violation committed against a victim.
The Commission did not want to accord the same benefits to a victim who lost his or her limbs, (thus causing a high degree of disability and a greater potential for lost income as a consequence of a violation, for example), with a victim who lost a finger as a result of a violation and may be able to sustain himself or herself.
In order to avoid a sense of arbitrariness in determining the percentages for the reduction in earning capacity, the Commission referred to the Workmen’s Compensation Act of 1955, in particular, the Second Schedule of the Act.16 A certain percentage is assigned to each violation in the schedule that constitutes the potential loss of income for that victim.

For example, the loss of an arm constitutes a 70% reduction in earning capacity.
The Commission determined that for certain benefits to be accorded to victims, the violation committed against the victim must constitute a 50% or more reduction in earning capacity.

This can be the result of one injury or an aggregate of injuries that total or exceed the 50% benchmark.
In making the decision to use the reduction of earning capacity as a cut-off point for some of the measures in the reparations programme, the Commission was influenced by the practices employed by the Inter-American Court for Human Rights and the German Holocaust reparations scheme.17 It is also important to note that while the Commission has chosen to employ this practice, it did not constitute a judgment on the harm suffered by a particular victim.
The provision of benefits is not proportional to the harm suffered nor can the harm suffered by a victim be satisfactorily quantified.

16 Although the Act has been subsequently amended in 1969 and 1971, the provisions that were used for the purposes of the reparations programme have not been amended since 1955.
17 Under the German Holocaust reparations scheme, for example, claimants needed to prove that their persecution caused health problems that led to at least a 30% reduction in their earning capacity.

Doctors often relied on tables for quantifying the damage, loss of an eye constituted a 30% reduction and loss of arm constituted a 50% reduction in earning capacity.

Vol Two Chapter Four Reparations Page 244 69.

70.


The Commission did not make a distinction between civilians and ex- combatants for the purpose of their eligibility as beneficiaries of the reparations programme.

A reparations programme is not based on a person's past actions but rather on what violations have been suffered by him or her.
However, ex- combatants have already benefited from several programmes, in particular the substantive programme for Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration (DDR) developed by the NCDDR and UNAMSIL.

However, restoring the balance between benefits already assigned to ex-combatants and reparations for the victims is one of the main public expectations that the reparations programme will seek to meet.
Although ex-combatants were note excluded per se, the Commission strove to avoid providing double benefits to victims.

No one civilian or ex-combatant should be allowed to benefit from the reparations programme if they had already benefited from the same programme or measure under another initiative.

For example, a war wounded SLA soldier who received compensation from the government should not be eligible for a pension in the context of this programme.
However, this principle needs to be applied with some flexibility: a person having received medical attention or trauma counselling might need more assistance, and each individual should be assessed on the merits of his or her case.

Guiding Principles for Reparations 71.

In devising recommendations on the reparations programme, the Commission was faced with two options: either recommending individual reparations payments or devising a programme based on social service packages.
The Commission chose a programme that would centre on the provision of social service packages based on the following reasons: • In the testimonies provided to the Commission, the victims overwhelmingly asked for assistance or redress in the form of social services rather than individual cash payments.

The Commission is not being unduly prescriptive towards the victims since it is a choice based on their expressed desires.
therefore that build on existing structures the evolution of victim’s needs over • Recommending individual cash payments would go beyond the available resources of the state to provide such payments to the individual beneficiaries.

To make this programme as feasible and practical as possible, the Commission made in recommendations addressing the needs of the victims.

The Commission found merit in the argument of the South African Truth Commission regarding time.
However, any amount awarded as an individual reparations payment would probably only serve the immediate needs of the victims.

Any recommendation enshrined in a service package offered more opportunity for sustainable assistance than a one-time cash payment.
The Commission finds that in the particular circumstances of poverty prevalent in Sierra Leone, individual cash payments may lead to additional division and strife as opposed to the sense of social solidarity that the reparations programme is meant to foster.

• Vol Two Chapter Four Reparations Page 245 72.

73.

74.

75.

76.

77.


In determining which types of social services to provide to the beneficiaries of the programme, the Commission relied on the needs expressed both by the victims themselves and by the organizations working with them.

The recommendations were therefore based on consultations undertaken during the statement-taking phase, the hearings, and from submissions received by the Commission.
The Commission also wanted to address those needs that had been rarely or poorly expressed by victims themselves, due to the nature of the abuses suffered, but which were identified by experts working in the field.

For example, trauma counselling as provided through psycho-social support, is often not recognised as a need by some victims, since many may not be familiar with the condition of trauma.
The Commission was mindful of the programmes and benefits available to ex- combatants and war-wounded SLA soldiers.
Sectors of assistance provided to the ex-combatants under the NCDDR programme included vocational training, formal education, agricultural activities, public works and job placement, monthly allowances for a limited period of time, and a children’s programme with provisions for educational opportunities.18 War- wounded SLA soldiers have received assistance in the form of pensions, a one-lump sum, a training course, and as of November 2003, provisions were being developed for medical support for certain individuals.19 In making recommendations on health, education, skills training, and pensions for the beneficiaries of this programme, the Commission reviewed existing programmes implemented in these fields, which currently provide the social services included in the reparations programme.
The Commission assessed the capacity of both governmental and non-governmental institutions to carry out the recommendations prescribed in the reparations programme.

The assessment took into account factors such as the number of skilled professionals, the existence of physical structures such as health units and schools existed, the mandates of the organizations conducting the particular service, and the resources available to implement the recommendations.
In some cases, the Commission offered specific recommendations in order to improve service delivery so that the programme could be properly executed.

The Commission also took into account how other truth commissions around the world devised their recommendations on reparations.

For example, for both health care reparations and pensions, the Commission drew inspiration from both the Chilean and Peruvian Truth Commissions.
Developing programmes for specific categories of people carries the risk of creating new stigma, whereas some of the victims already suffer from stigmatisation.

Avoiding new stigma or reinforcement of existing stigma was one principle behind the development of this programme.
The Commission wanted to reduce existing stigma as much as possible and considers the development of programmes to increase awareness and understanding of the specific needs of victims as a necessary measure in reducing their suffering.

18 Presentation on the DDR Programme April 2002-July 2003 at the Fourth State of the Nation Symposium, 5 August 2003, pp.

4-5.

19 Restricted Document provided by the Directorate of Defense Personnel, Ministry of Defense, 18 November 2003.
Vol Two Chapter Four Reparations Page 246 78.

79.

80.

81.

82.

83.

To ensure sustainability, the programme focused on the reduction of dependency and the empowerment of victims.

Restoring the human dignity of a victim means helping him or her to become a fully participating citizen of society again.

Having an income may contribute significantly to the feeling of recovered dignity.
Therefore, many of the reparations measures recommended by training, micro-credit, focus on education, skills entrepreneurship, and employment.

Empowering victims to take responsibility for themselves is the only way to make them and their families economically autonomous and ultimately independent of life-long state support programmes.

the Commission Another basic principle was the rehabilitation and reintegration of victims in their original communities as far as is possible.
The Commission recommends that where possible and desirable, victims need to be reintegrated in their own communities.

However, the Commission realises that reintegration maybe very difficult for some in the short-term.

With time, sensitisation, and economic independence, this may be achievable in the long-term.

While the views of victims shaped these recommendations, the victims should continue to play an integral role in the formulation of reparations policy.
Since the purpose of the reparations programme is to help restore what was taken from them and to improve their quality of life, victims should have a say in the process wherever possible.

Their participation has therefore been built into the recommendations for community and symbolic reparations.

The elaboration of a reparations programme by the Commission has been hampered by the lack of data on the number of potential beneficiaries who may be eligible to benefit from the reparations programme.
In addition, there is no precise information available on the number of victims who have already benefited from any of the existing programmes.

This may hamper the implementation of the recommendations.

The Implementing Body should therefore have some discretion in making the recommendations operational once concrete information becomes available regarding the potential universe of beneficiaries.
In suggesting the discretion, the Commission wanted to balance the need to ensure that benefits are available to all potential beneficiaries with the available resources of the government to provide for the benefits recommended by the programme.

Guiding Principles Regarding Reparations Programme Implementation of the Reparations is primarily the responsibility of the government.

A clear commitment from the President, Parliament, political actors and the rest of the country is required.
The implementation of a reparations programme by the government will restore civic trust in government institutions.

Government needs to take up this responsibility, because international donors will not reparations measures continue recommended can be implemented within the time span of a few years, but others require a commitment for the life-time of the beneficiary.

forever.
forever.

Some of to contribute the In line with the guiding principle of feasibility and sustainability, many of the proposal reparations measures can fit into existing programmes that are currently being implemented by donor agencies and NGOs.

However, because government participation is crucial to any reparations programme, the government is obliged to assist those existing institutions in faithfully executing the recommendations made.

Vol Two Chapter Four Reparations Page 247 84.

85.


86. feasibility, the principle of In keeping with the Commission made recommendations for the implementation of activities in the short and long term.

Those recommendations, which the government could implement within its existing programmes or through allocation of its resources, should be implemented in the short term.

The short-term recommendations should be implemented within a year.

Certain measures may take more time to be implemented.
These measures should be implemented in the mid to long-term.

Mid to long-term recommendations should be implemented within the next 3-6 years.

The need for accessibility to the reparations measures requires decentralisation of the programme.

Much effort will have to be made to ensure that programmes are available in the provinces, not just in Freetown.

The accessibility of the programme is closely related to the procedures for the registration of the beneficiaries.
There is a risk that victims who are entitled to reparations may not be registered, while others may try to abuse the through acquiring undeserved benefits.

Registration and programme identification of beneficiaries needs to be done with utmost care.

Instead of creating new procedures and bodies, the Commission recommends that the Implementing Body draw as much as possible on pre-existing structures which have already proven their administrative effectiveness.
At the community level, traditional chiefs, leaders, NGOs and Community Based Organisations (CBOs) with a focus on women and youth organisations should be involved in the registration and identification of beneficiaries.

These social structures should also be involved in the implementation of the programme.

religious Categories of Beneficiaries and Eligibility Requirements 87.

88.

89.

90.

91.
88.

89.

90.

91.

For a person to be eligible for reparations, the event or injury sustained had to have occurred between 23 March 1991 and 1 March 2002.20 The reparations programme is available to citizens and non-citizens of Sierra Leone who sustained injuries during the time specified as a consequence of a violation committed against them.

The following categories of victims are recommended as beneficiaries of the programme.
Amputees Amputees are defined as war-wounded victims who lost their upper or lower limbs as a result of the conflict.

Since many of the recommendations on amputees refer to the reduction of earning capacity as a prerequisite to qualify for certain benefits, the Commission refers to the Second Schedule of the Workmen’s Compensation Act of 1955.

According to the schedule, a specified level of reduction in earning capacity has to be attained before a claimant can qualify for benefits.
The commission has fixed this benchmark at 50% for amputees.

20 The day the state of emergency was lifted.

Vol Two Chapter Four Reparations Page 248 Other War-Wounded 92.

93.

‘Other War-Wounded’ are defined as victims who have become temporarily or permanently physically disabled, either totally or partially, as a consequence of the conflict, other than through an amputation.
Examples may be victims who received lacerations, who lost body parts other than their limbs, such as fingers, ears, lips and toes, or have gunshot wounds; bullets or shell fragments in their bodies in so far as they are totally or partially disabled.
Due to the broad nature of violations committed against the ‘other war- wounded’ and because the Commission has limited certain benefits of the programme based on the percentage of lost income as a consequence of a violation, the Commission refers to the Second Schedule of the Worker’s Compensation Act.

Included below are excerpts from the Act which highlight those violations applicable the to corresponding percentage indicating the loss of potential income.
the other war-wounded along with Fingers and Thumbs: 60%: 35%: 10%: 6%: 5%: 4%: loss of four fingers and thumb of one hand; loss of four fingers; and loss of one thumb loss of index finger; loss of middle finger; loss of ring finger; and loss of little finger.

Toes: 15%: Eyes: 100%: 30%: 30%: Ears 50%: 7%: loss of toes.

total loss of sight; removal of eye from socket; and loss of sight.

loss of both ears; and loss of one ear 94.
For those violations not listed in the schedule, the Commission recommends that the Implementing Body, with the assistance of the Ministry of Health and Sanitation, consult various medical experts who can determine the reduction in earning capacity as a result of any violation committed against a victim who falls under the category of “other war-wounded.” The Implementing Body should seek the approval of at least two-thirds of the members of the Advisory Board21 before any addendum is added to the Second Schedule for the purposes of this reparations programme.
21 The duty of the Advisory Board is mentioned in paragraph 218.

Vol Two Chapter Four Reparations Page 249 Victims of Sexual Violence 95.

96.

Victims of sexual violence are defined as those women and girls who were subjected to such acts as rape, sexual slavery, mutilation of genital parts or breasts, and forced marriage.

To the extent boys and men suffered from sexual violence, they will also be beneficiaries of this programme.
The Commission decided not to apply the reduction of earning capacity test to victims of sexual violence because many victims who fall into this category suffer a tremendous amount of stigma.

Many victims of sexual violence are rejected by their own communities and families and because of this, many victims find it difficult to sustain themselves, regardless of the injury they have sustained as a result of a violation committed against them.

Children 97.
Children 97.

Eligible children for this Reparations Programme are subdivided into five categories: • Children who suffered injury, such as amputees, other war-wounded or victims of sexual violence.

• Children whose parents were killed as a consequence of any from physical abuse or violation as described in this report.

• Children born out of an act of sexual violence and whose mother is single.

• Children who suffer from psychological harm.

• War-Wounded children.


• Children are eligible for reparations if they were 18 years of age or younger by 1 March 2002.

98.

99.

100.

101.

Children are excluded from the reduction in earning capacity test based on the fact that all reparations for children centre around health or educational benefits, for which it is not necessary to determine reduced earning capacity.
War Widows Women whose husbands were killed as a consequence of any abuse or violation and who, as a result, have become the primary breadwinners for their families.

Recommendations The Commission made recommendations on the following areas: health care, pensions, education, skills-training and micro-credit/projects, community and symbolic reparations.

Government participation is vital to the success of any reparations programme.
For this reason, reference is made throughout this report calling for government assistance.

Government assistance, requires the government to finance the measures prescribed in the programme.

It may also entail: (a) the government continuing a service where an organization or body does not have the capacity or the mandate to maintain its activities; and/or (b) the government seeking outside financial or donor support for any given measure mentioned in the programme.
Vol Two Chapter Four Reparations Page 250 102.

Government should consult those NGOs and international organizations that are already providing assistance to the victims in order to assess what role it could play in coordinating and assisting these organizations to carry out their programmes.

It should assess the duration of these activities be prepared to take them over when the donor community no longer provides the service.

SPECIFIC RECOMMENDATIONS Health Care for Individual Beneficiaries 103.

104.
104.

105.

106.

Information Considered by the Commission The conflict in Sierra Leone had deleterious consequences on the physical and mental health of its people.

It caused major disruptions to the health system in terms of damage to physical infrastructure, loss of skilled professionals, and other valuable resources to the health sector.

In devising its recommendations on health care, the Commission took into account the current structure of the health care system in Sierra Leone.
The Ministry of Health and Sanitation is responsible for setting up a health care policy and ensuring that various health agencies work in accordance with the policy.

The health care system operates at three levels.

Primary level care is exclusively for minor illnesses administered through Primary Health Units (PHU).

There are currently over 750 primary health units in Sierra Leone.

Secondary level care is administered through district hospitals.

There is at least one hospital in each district.


The Ministry of Health and Sanitation recently decentralized its services.

Each district hospital was allocated its own budget.

At the tertiary level, there are specialized medical facilities such as 1 mental hospital, 1 tuberculosis clinic, and 1 children’s hospital.

In making its recommendations on health related reparations, the Commission has taken into account the shortage of trained medical professionals.
There are approximately 250-300 doctors in Sierra Leone with half of them working in Freetown.

Although international NGOs continue to play an instrumental role in providing physical and mental health care, most people in the country are faced with the burden of having to pay for medical care.

As a result of the high costs, many people do not seek medical treatment.
According to the Report of the Public Expenditure Tracking Survey (PETS), the inability to pay for medical services and drugs was cited as the number one reason why people in rural communities do not visit hospitals when they are in need of care.22 107.

In a special coding exercise of 300 statements in the Commission’s database, more than half of the respondents indicated that the status of their health is either fair or in poor condition23 arising from the violations they suffered.
22 Public Expenditure Tracking Survey (PETS) July- December 2001, p. 14.

23 For the purposes of the coding exercise, a victim who considered their health to be in fair condition as a consequence of their violation was defined as someone with a major illness or disability and their health affects their daily life.
A victim who considered their health to be in poor condition as a consequence of their violation was defined as someone whose health is so badly Vol Two Chapter Four Reparations Page 251 Nearly two-thirds (67%) of the respondents who require medical attention or counselling have not received any medical assistance.

Approximately 11% consider themselves disabled as a consequence of their violation.

108.
108.

The recommended health care programme will encourage victims to seek medical treatment through removing the high costs of treatment.

This should be facilitated by strengthening government’s provision of services across the country and by developing centres of expertise in each district.

In the short-term, the programme should be initiated by identifying medical centres with expertise the needs of a particular condition, and providing transportation to such centres (the referral system).
A system of prioritisation should also be implemented.

Internationally trained physicians should be recruited to temporarily fill positions.

in Physical Health Care for Amputees 109.

110.

111.

112.

Amputees and the Provision of Free Physical Health Care Amputees suffer from various conditions that affect their livelihood.

These conditions include phantom sensation24, fistulae and various other infections.
Amputees endure an enormous amount of suffering from their injuries and will require medical care for the rest of their lives.

The Commission recommends that all amputees be provided with free physical health care for the duration of their lives.

The provision of free physical health care should also include surgery where necessary in terms of their specific needs.
The Commission recommends that the immediate family members of amputees such as wives and children under the age of 18 should also be eligible to receive free physical health care.

The Commission recommends that the physical health care be made available at primary health units, district hospitals, and tertiary care units.
Given that it is unlikely in the immediate future that access to physical health care will be available at all hospitals and care units, the Commission recommends that those in need who are eligible to receive this service should be referred to the appropriate centre for assistance.

This will require that in the short term the government strengthen the referral system between medical centres within the country so that the medical needs of the amputees can be met.
The Commission recommends that the Connaught Hospital in Freetown serve as the coordinating centre for all medical services relating to amputees.

The Commission also recommends that the government establish referral centres in all four regions of the country for the coordination of health services for amputees.
The Ministry of Health should identify those health institutions which are able to provide the required services and ensure that where institutions do not have the available services, the amputees are aware of where services are being offered and that victims can be transported to those institutions offering the services.

affected that they cannot carry on with their daily activities which include working and caring for their families.
24 Phantom sensation is any sensation or pain originating from a residual limb and can range from tingling sensations to severe, sharp, stabbing pain that can only be controlled via professional pain management.

Vol Two Chapter Four Reparations Page 252 113.

114.

115.

116.

117.

118.

119.

120.


Amputees and the Provision of Free Prosthetic and Orthotic Devices The Commission recommends the provision of free prosthetic and orthotic devices to those amputees who have not yet received one but who require and desire such assistance.

Prosthetic and orthotic devices should include upper and lower artificial limbs as well as other assisting devices such as wheelchairs, crutches, orthopaedic shoes, splinters, etc.
The Commission recommends that the government play a coordination role in assisting amputees to access those organizations and bodies that provide prosthetic and orthotic devices.

The Commission recommends that the government assist the organisations and bodies that train prosthetic and orthotic technicians in the fabrication of upper and lower limb prostheses.

Currently, technicians are operating without formal training.
The government should support a sustainable process of training according to the standards set by the International Society for Prosthetics and Orthotics (ISPO) at Categories I, II, and III.25 The number of prosthetic and orthotic trainers in the short and medium term should accord with the recommendations made by the Ministry of Health and Sanitation in the National Strategy for the Development of Prosthetics and Orthotics Services issued in March 2002.
In the long-term, the government should assist those organizations and bodies that currently train prosthetic and orthotic technicians in accordance with the standard set by the World Health Organisation (WHO) regarding the number of technicians’ required (1 trainer per 500 persons in need of devices).

The Commission recommends that the government offer incentives to qualified trained prosthetic and orthotic technicians in order to retain them in Sierra Leone.
Amputees and the Provision of Free Rehabilitation Services The Commission recommends the provision of free rehabilitation services to the amputees, including training on the use, repair, and maintenance of the prosthetic, as well as physiotherapy and occupational therapy to enhance the functionality and autonomy of the amputees.
The Commission recommends that the government assist the existing rehabilitation centres established by organisations and bodies that provide rehabilitation services, such as Handicap International.

In the long-term, the Commission recommends that the government establish rehabilitation centres in each of the district hospitals, with priority given to the district hospitals in the Northern Region where few rehabilitation services are currently available.
25 Category I is the most advanced category of the three.

It involves 3-4 years of formal structured training leading to a university degree.

The proper term for a Category I professional is prosthetist/orthotist.

Category II involves 3 years of formal structured training, lower than degree level.

The proper term for a Category II professional is orthopedic technologist.

Category III is the most basic category of the three.

It involves formal structured or on-the-job training.
Vol Two Chapter Four Reparations Page 253 121.

122.

123.

124.

Recognising the limited number of rehabilitation centres that are currently available in the country, the Commission recommends that the government the strengthen rehabilitation centres.

the referral system between the district hospitals and The Murray Town Rehabilitation Centre in Freetown should serve as the National Referral Centre (NRC) for all rehabilitation services in the country.
In the long-term, referral centres should be established in each of the three regions of the country.

The Commission recommends that the government support the implementation of community-based rehabilitation (CBR) activities.

CBR programmes can provide information to the service providers about the need for orthopaedic devices in the communities as well as coordinating follow-up meetings after the fitting of orthoses / prostheses is carried out.
CBR workers can raise awareness among the local population about disability issues and about the existence of prosthetic and orthotic services at the provincial and national level.

The Commission recommends that the government assist the organisations and bodies that train physical therapists, such as the joint programme between Handicap International and the College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences (COMAHS).
The number of trained therapists should be in accordance with the standard set by the WHO as mentioned above (1 per 500 persons in need).

125.

The Commission also recommends that the government offer incentives to qualified trained physical therapists in order to retain them in Sierra Leone.

Physical Health Care for “Other War Wounded” 126.

127.

128.

129.

130.


The Commission recommends the provision of free primary, secondary and tertiary physical health care for all eligible “other war wounded”, to the degree their injury or disability demands.

The provision of free physical health care also includes surgery for those in need.

The Commission recommends that children who fit the category “other war wounded” be provided with free physical health care until 18 years of age except if the injury sustained requires care past the age of 18.
The Commission also recommends that the wives and children under 18 years of age of the eligible adult “other war-wounded,” if the victim experienced a 50% or more reduction in earning capacity as a result of the violation committed against them, be provided with free physical health care as long as the direct beneficiary of this programme is continuing to benefit from the provision of free health care.

The beneficiary must be assessed by a government doctor to determine eligibility.
The Commission recommends that “other war wounded” beneficiaries and his or her dependents be given at a three month grace period from when they are no longer eligible to be recipients of a particular health benefit to when all services permanently cease to be administered.

Vol Two Chapter Four Reparations Page 254 131.

132.

133.

The Commission recommends that the health care be made available at primary health units, district hospitals, and tertiary health units.
However, in the short term, recognising that many health centres are limited in the care they provide, the Commission recommends that the government strengthen the referral system between hospitals within the country so that the medical needs of the “other war- wounded” can be met.
The Commission recommends that Connaught Hospital in Freetown serve as the coordinating centre for all medical needs relating to the category of “other war wounded.” In the long term, the government should establish referral centres in all the district hospitals for the coordination of health services for the “other war wounded.” For those “other war -wounded” in need of rehabilitation, the Commission recommends therapy.
Regarding the need for rehabilitation centres and physical therapists, the Commission refers to its recommendations for amputees.

the provision of physiotherapy and occupational Physical Health Care for Victims of Sexual Violence 134.

135.

136.

137.

138.

Victims of Sexual Violence and the Provision of Free Physical Health Care Victims of sexual violence suffer from various medical conditions.
Such conditions include a prolapsed uterus, scarring, sexually transmitted diseases, amenorrhoea, vaginal destruction, foot drop26, difficulties conceiving or carrying a child full-term, as well as experiencing complications during birth.

Therefore, the Commission recommends the provision of free primary, secondary, and tertiary physical health care for adult and child victims of sexual violence, on an as needed basis, depending on the degree of their injury.
The Commission recommends that child victims of sexual violence be provided with free physical health care until 18 years of age except if the injury sustained requires care past the age of 18.
The Commission also recommends that children of victims of sexual violence who are under 18, and the wives of eligible male victim of sexual violence, be eligible for the provision of free physical health care as long as the direct beneficiary of the programme is continuing to benefit from the provision of free health care.

The beneficiary must be assessed by a government doctor to determine eligibility.
The Commission recommends that victims of sexual violence and his or her dependents be given at a three month grace period from when they are no longer eligible to be recipients of a particular health benefit to when all services permanently cease to be administered.

26 For a description of some of these conditions, please refer to the chapter on women.

Vol Two Chapter Four Reparations Page 255 139.

140.

141.

142.

143.

144.

145.


The Commission recommends that the health care be made available at primary health units, district hospitals, and tertiary health units.
However, in the short-term, recognizing that many health centres may not be able to provide the care that is needed, the Commission recommends that the government strengthen the referral system between hospitals in the area of reproductive and women’s health and to the Princess Christian Maternity Hospital (PCMH) hospital in Freetown where fistula surgery is being performed, so that the medical needs of the victims of sexual violence can be met.
Victims of Sexual Violence and the Provision of Free Fistula Surgery The provision of free physical health care also includes surgery for those in need, especially for those victims who suffer from vesico-vaginal fistula (or VVF, a rupture between the bladder and the vagina) and recto-vaginal fistula (or RVF, a rupture between the rectum and the vagina).
The Commission recommends that the government assist the efforts being made by organisations and bodies in equipping the PCMH hospital in Freetown with the tools necessary to perform VVF and RVF surgeries.

The Commission recommends that the government make provision for the deployment of additional qualified international surgeons to Sierra Leone on a fixed-term basis to perform fistula surgery.
The Commission recommends that the government assist the organisations and bodies in the establishment of a Fistula Repair and Training Centre in Freetown, where additional surgeries can be performed and national surgeons can be trained.

The Commission recommends that the government offer incentives to surgeons and other medically trained professionals in order to retain them in the country.
Victims of Sexual Violence and the Provision of HIV/AIDS Infection (STI) Testing and and Sexually Transmitted Treatment In devising its recommendations on HIV/AIDS and STI Testing and Treatment, the Commission considered the initiatives already in place in Sierra Leone.

In 2002, President Alhaji Dr. Ahmad Tejan Kabbah launched the Sierra Leone AIDS Response Project (SHARP).
27 SHARP is a four-year initiative with approximately USD $15 million in funding from the World Bank.28 There are four main components to SHARP: capacity building activities, funding to the health sector, funding to other non-health line ministries, and a community and civil society initiative.29 27 Report of a Comprehensive Assessment of the HIV/AIDS Situation in Sierra Leone and the National Response, January 21-February 3, 2003, p. 17.

28 Ibid.

29 Ibid.
28 Ibid.

29 Ibid.

Vol Two Chapter Four Reparations Page 256 SHARP established the National AIDS Council (NAC) which is chaired by the President.30 The NAC oversees all activities of the National AIDS Secretariat (NAS) which has responsibility for all nation-wide programmes.31 141.
As a consequence of the acts of sexual violence and the high prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases, the Commission recommends the provision of free HIV/AIDS testing as well as testing for STIs for all victims of sexual violence.

Currently, free testing is offered at tertiary health units and in every district hospital.

However, testing is not available at primary health units.
As a short- term goal, the Commission recommends that the government strengthen the referral system between the tertiary and district health units that provide free testing with the primary health units that do not provide this service.

In the long term, in order to increase the number of medical facilities that provide HIV/AIDS testing, the Commission recommends the provision of free testing at primary health units across the country.
The Commission recognizes the need for trained counsellors in all facilities that provide HIV/AIDS testing.

Those who wish to be tested for HIV/AIDS testing must receive counselling before, during, and after the test has been administered.

Counselling is necessary to sensitise the patient about what the test actually entails and how to cope with the results of the test.

Currently, there are approximately 2 HIV/AIDS counsellors per district.
The Commission recommends that the government assist the organizations and bodies that currently provide training for HIV/AIDS counsellors, such as the HIV/AIDS Response Group (a the National HIV/AIDS joint programme between Secretariat and the Ministry of Health and Sanitation).

As a short-term goal, the government should strive to increase the number of trained counsellors per district.
As a long-term goal, the National HIV/AIDS Secretariat estimates that 50 qualified Counsellors are needed in each district.

The Commission recommends the provision of free medical treatment for those victims of sexual violence who test positive for the HIV/AIDS virus or any other STI.

The provision of free treatment includes medication for those in need; in particular medicines/drugs to treat sexually transmitted viruses and anti-retro viral medication.
This service should also be available to family members of the victim.

The Commission recognizes the limited number of facilities that currently provide medical care for victims who are living with a sexually transmitted disease.

The Commission recommends that the government assist the medical health centres that provide care for those affected by a sexually transmitted disease, such as the Farm Care Clinic in Freetown and the Shepherd’s Hospice.
The Commission recognizes the limited number of physicians who provide treatment to victims of sexual violence afflicted with sexually transmitted diseases.

There are currently 4 qualified trained physicians in this field.

In the short-term, the Commission recommends that the government deploy a limited number of qualified trained physicians to Sierra Leone on a fixed term basis to handle any case that may arise as a result of the testing.

146.

147.

148.

149.

150.

151.

152.

30 Ibid.

31 Ibid.


Vol Two Chapter Four Reparations Page 257 153.

154.

In the long-term, the Commission recommends that the government train national physicians in treating HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases.

It is recommended that there be 2 trained physicians in each district.
The Commission recommends that the government offer incentives to qualified trained medical professionals in the field of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases to retain them in Sierra Leone.

Physical Health Care for Children 155.

156.

157.

158.

The Commission commends the efforts to assist children branded with scars.
The International Medical Corps (IMC) in collaboration with UNICEF and USAID developed a special scar removal surgical programme.32 The programme started at Lungi Hospital and by March 2002, 82 of the 93 children recommended for the programme had had their scars surgically removed.33 In addition to the recommendations on health care for amputees, other war- wounded and victims of sexual violence, which apply to children as well, the Commission recommends that the government assist the organisations and bodies that provide scar removal surgery for those children who still have letters branded by the fighting forces on various parts of their body.
Letters such as RUF, AFRC, and EX SLA were engraved on the forehead, chest, arms, or back of many children.

These physical scars have affected the children psychologically and in many cases, prevented their successful reintegration with families and communities.

The Commission recommends that the government strengthen its referral system to those hospitals that provide this kind of surgery in order to ensure that all eligible children are able to receive the service.
The Commission recommends that the government extend an invitation to those international surgeons and other relevant medical staff who have performed these services in the past to spend some time in Sierra Leone and carry out further surgery on those who require it.

Mental Health Care (Counselling and Psycho-social Support) 159.
The Commission recommends the provision of free counselling and psycho- social support for all victims mentioned above as beneficiaries of this programme, as well as for their dependants if needed.

The beneficiary is entitled to both individual and group counselling.

The Commission recommends that the government coordinates and assists those organisations and bodies that provide counselling as well as those that provide training for counsellors, such as international organisations.
Examples include the joint training programme of Handicap International and the Institute of Public Administration and Management (IPAM), Freetown to recruit potential counsellors from among members of the community and to train them to deal with victims/ survivors of the conflict.

The Commission also recommends that there be certified, trained counsellors available in each district hospital.

religious organisations, NGOs and 32 Child Protection Programme Document published by UNICEF, p. 6.
33 UNICEF submission to the TRC, p. 10.

Vol Two Chapter Four Reparations Page 258 160.

161.

162.

163.

164.

165.

166.

167.

In the long-term, the Commission recommends that the government establish a mental health care facility in each of the districts, staffed with additional trained counsellors and eventually 1 psychiatrist per district.

The government include additional courses in the area of counselling in the curriculum of medical and nursing training schools.
Regarding amputees and other war wounded, the Commission recommends that counselling services be provided at the existing rehabilitation centres if such services do not currently exist and at all rehabilitation centres in the long- term.
Considering the stigmatisation that many victims of sexual violence suffer, the Commission recommends that trauma counselling be available in all medical facilities that currently treat women, such as the reproductive health centres and the PCMH hospital, where the fistula surgeries are being performed.
trauma counselling services specifically The Commission recommends that the government assist programmes providing These programmes include the Rainbo Centre and the Sexual Assault Referral Centres set up by the International Rescue Committee (IRC) Gender Based Violence Programme.

for women.

The Commission recommends that the government assist the Child Protection Agencies and the Child Welfare Committees to provide additional trauma counselling to children in all the chiefdoms.
The Commission recommends that the Ministry of Health and Sanitation be entrusted with overseeing the reparations programme in the area of health.

The Commission also recommends that the post of Director of Mental Health Services be established within the Ministry of Health to oversee all activities relating to mental health and that the Director work in concert with the Ministry of Social Welfare on the implementation.

Pensions for Individual Beneficiaries 168.

169.


Recognizing that some of the victims are disabled to the point where they cannot sustain themselves or their families, the Commission recommends that a monthly pension be paid to all adult amputees, the adult ‘other war wounded’ who experienced a 50% or more reduction in earning capacity as a result of the violations committed against them, and adult victims of sexual violence.
the The Commission recommends that the amount of the monthly pension be determined by the reparations Implementing Body responsible programme.

The Implementing Body should consider the standard of living, the amount provided to ex-combatants on a monthly basis under the NCDDR programme, and the amount that the war-wounded SLA soldiers received from the government.

Based on these considerations, the amount awarded to any beneficiary should not be lower than Le 60,000 per month.

for 170.
for 170.

The Commission recommends that the amount of the monthly pension that each beneficiary receives be directly linked to the reduction in earning capacity.

Vol Two Chapter Four Reparations Page 259 171.

172.

The Commission also recommends that the amount of the pension be adjusted over time according to the rate of inflation.
The Commission recommends that the Ministry of Finance, in particular, the Accountant General’s Department, be entrusted with coordinating all reparations in the area of pensions.

Education for Individual Beneficiaries Information Considered by the Commission 173.

174.

175.

There are numerous governmental policies regarding children and the provision of education.

In 2001, the government introduced the universal free primary education policy in all state-owned and assisted schools.
In addition, the Ministry of Education has made three important policy decisions, namely to waive schools fees for girls in all national examinations, to eliminate schools fees at the primary school level, and to offer scholarships for girls going into junior secondary school.

In devising its recommendations on education, the Commission took into account various factors.
According to estimates provided by the World Bank, the number of students enrolling in schools far exceeds the number of spaces available to accommodate them.

In addition, the number of schools damaged during the war remains high.
According to the World Bank, as much as 35% of classrooms need to be reconstructed, while 52% need to be either repaired or rehabilitated.34 Therefore any recommendation made by the Commission had to consider the spaces available in the schools to accommodate those child victims who can benefit from the educational provisions of this programme.

The government has already begun to address this issue.
The World Bank Rehabilitation of Basic Education Project aims at rehabilitating 140 primary and 60 secondary schools during 2002-2006.35 The new phase of the EC/SLRRP project aims at rehabilitating more than 400 classrooms over the period 2002- 2004.36 Another consideration taken into account by the Commission was the number of qualified trained teachers in Sierra Leone.
Since the end of the conflict, the problem of getting teachers to return to newly accessible areas, and attracting and retaining newly qualified teachers, has been an enormous challenge.

Factors affecting the return of teachers are the lack of accommodation, transportation, and low remuneration.
In some districts such as Kailahun, it is estimated that only 30% of the teachers have returned to their schools or teaching posts.37 This is despite the fact that in 1996, the government introduced the Remote Area Allowance as an incentive for teachers to teach in less accessible, mostly remote locations.38 In addition, the World Bank reports that one-half of the teaching force is unqualified, with only 6% of teacher’s holding Bachelor of Arts degrees.39 Initiatives have been taken to train the large number of unqualified teachers.
These initiatives include the Sabaabu Rehabilitation of Basic Education Project.

34 World Bank Rehabilitation of Basic Education Project, p. 7.

35 National Recovery Strategy for Sierra Leone, p. 39.

36 Ibid.

37 National Recovery Strategy, p. 36.

38 World Bank Rehabilitation of Basic Education Project, p. 9.

39 Ibid., p. 9.

Vol Two Chapter Four Reparations Page 260 176.


(CREPS) Programme, The Commission also took into consideration the number of educational initiatives that have been implemented to assist children affected by the war.

These initiatives include the Complementary Rapid Education Programme for Schools Investment Programme (CEIP), and the Rapid Response Education Programme (RREP) Programme.

However, problems exist with some of the programmes.

In 2003, the CREPS programme suffered delays.


Just 185 of the planned 625 classes were established and only 6,680 children were reached out of a targeted 25,000.40 the Community Education Recommendations Regarding Education 177.

Regarding education, the Commission refers to its general recommendation to provide free education at the basic level for all children.

178.
In addition to the general recommendation, the Commission recommends that free education be provided until senior secondary school level to the following eligible children: • Children who are amputees, ‘other war-wounded’ or victims of sexual violence; • Children who suffered abduction or forced conscription; • Orphans; • Children of amputees, other war wounded if their parents experienced a 50% or more reduction in earning capacity as a result of the violation committed against them, and victims of victims of sexual violence; and Those children who have been through the DDR programme and are undergoing schooling or other training from that programme are excluded from this list.
• 179.

180.

181.

182.

183.

The Commission recommends that the government assist and expand the existing programmes, such as Investment Programme (CEIP) and Complementary Rapid Education for Primary Schools (CREPS), for those above-mentioned categories of children who qualify for these programmes.
the Community Education The Commission recommends that the government assist teacher training programmes, such as the Sabaabu Rehabilitation of Basic Education Programme, in order to increase the number of qualified trained teachers in Sierra Leone.

The government should continue to offer incentives to qualified teachers in the remote areas of Sierra Leone in order to retain them in areas where there are shortages.
The Commission recommends that the government prioritises the education of all permanently disabled victims and all victims of sexual violence, adults as well as children.

The Commission recommends that the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology be entrusted with the coordination of all reparations in the area of education.
40 Confidential Source, Freetown, December 2003 Vol Two Chapter Four Reparations Page 261 Skills Training, Micro-credit and Micro-projects for Individual or Collective Groups of Beneficiaries 184.

185.

186.

187.

188.

Information Considered by the Commission The financial sector in Sierra Leone was destroyed as a result of the protracted war.

Returnees from the war lacked the capital necessary to restart any business activities.
Providing financial services to the victims of the conflict will help many of them generate an income and become financially independent.

The Commission also took into account the various micro-credit programmes by the government and NGO’s that have been made available to many victims of the conflict.
In mid-2001, the government financially supported the Social Action for Poverty Alleviation (SAPA) micro-credit chiefdom programme.41 The government also provided financial support to a micro-credit programme for ex- combatants administered through NDRRR, now known as NaCSA (National Commission for Social Action).42 Micro-credit programmes administered through NGOs include the Association for Rural Development, the American Refugee Committee, GTZ, Christian Children’s Fund, and so on.
The Commission recognises the limited number of formal financial institutions that can provide micro-credit.43 Because of this, many Sierra Leoneans have engaged in informal mechanisms to gain credit, such as the esusu (the traditional rotating savings and credit associations).44 Despite the limited number of institutions, some steps were taken by the government to rectify the situation.

The government requested the World Bank to conduct a broad analysis of the sector.
The Commission noted that numerous NGOs such as Cause Canada and the Forum for African Women’s Educationalists (FAWE) provided many of the victims with skills training.

However, many of the skills training programmes focused on a limited number of skills such as soap making, gara tie-dyeing and tailoring.
Recommendations Regarding Skills Training and Micro- Credit/Micro-Projects Skills’ training is a means of providing the beneficiaries with an opportunity to become economically independent, one of the stated goals of the reparations programme.

The Commission recommends that the government assist organizations and bodies that provide skills training to expand their efforts to all amputees, ‘other war wounded’, victims of sexual violence, widows, and children.
41 Mayada El-Zoghbi, “Microfinance Policy Review Sierra Leone” submitted in June 2002 to the Consultative Group to Assist the Poorest (CGAP) World Bank.

42 Ibid, p. 7-8.

43 American Refugee Committee, International Sierra Leone Programme, “Finance Salone Business Plan 2002-2007.” October 1, 2002, p. 3.

44 Ibid.

Vol Two Chapter Four Reparations Page 262 189.

190.

191.

192.

193.


The Commission recommends that the government conduct an assessment of the market in order to provide skills training in accordance with the needs of the market.

The Commission recommends that the skills training programme include a small-scale business management training course.

The Commission recommends that micro-credit or micro-projects be provided to those beneficiaries upon successful completion of the skills training programme, or to collective groups of such beneficiaries.
Micro-credit may be provided in the form of Financial Service Associations (commonly known as esusu).

The decision to provide micro-credit over micro-projects and vice- versa for the individual beneficiaries and collective groups should be left to the Implementing Body of the Reparations Programme to decide.

The Commission recommends that the government assist the organisations and bodies that provide micro-credit programmes and micro-projects.
The Commission recommends that all amputees, as well as the ‘other war wounded’ who experienced a more than 50% reduction in earning capacity as a result of their violation, and victims of sexual violence may elect one family member to partake in this programme in lieu of themselves.

194.

The Commission recommends that the Ministry of Labour be entrusted with the coordination of all reparations in the area of skills-training, and micro-credits.

Symbolic Reparations 195.


While the aforementioned forms of reparation address the tangible needs of victims, symbolic reparations, as the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission noted, ‘emphasise the importance of placing individual reparations within a wider and social and political context.’ 196.

197.

Symbolic reparations provide continued public acknowledgement of the past and address the demand and need on the part of victims for remembrance.
Remembrance lies at the centre of a network of themes important to survivors of mass atrocity and human rights abuses, such as truth-seeking, prevention of future abuses, reconciliation, and reparations.

Public Apology recommends The Commission individuals, groups, bodies and that organisations who bear any responsibility for the abuses and violations committed during to apologise publicly.
The Commission further recommends that the government acknowledge the suffering Sierra Leoneans went through during the conflict and unreservedly apologise to the people for all actions and inactions of all governments since 1961. the war, be encouraged Vol Two Chapter Four Reparations Page 263 Memorials 198.

199.

Memorials help define and construct a shared notion of the collective experience, imagination, and self-definition of a people.
The Commission wants to emphasize that memorials are catalysts for interaction.

As such, the success of a memorial cannot be measured by financial investments.

Memorials are made by the people who engage with them and they engage with each other as a result of them.

The Commission recommends that at least one National War Memorial be established in memory of the victims of the war.

The Commission also recommends the establishment of memorials in different parts of the country.
The decision on the National War Memorial should be taken after consultation with the population.

It is important to remember that memorials may take different forms.

Examples include the establishment of monuments, the renaming of buildings or locations, the transformation of victim’s sites into useful buildings for the community, etc.

200.

The Commission recommends that victims and their communities should be consulted on the establishment and placement of appropriate memorials.
The District Reconciliation Support Committees and other community structures should be involved in the consultation processes.

Commemoration Ceremonies and Dates The Commission recommends that traditional and religious leaders organise commemoration ceremonies for the victims of the war, as well as symbolic reburials for those victims who haven’t been buried according to religious and traditional customs.
The Commission recommends that the government declare a National Reconciliation Day in order to honour the victims of the conflict.

The Commission recommends that the government should organise and support various commemoration activities all over the country on that day.

The Commission recommends that the 18 January, the day President Kabbah declared the conflict over in 2002, be commemorated as the National Reconciliation Day.
Dissemination of the Reparations Programme The Commission disseminated publicly on a large scale and translated into local languages.

reparations programme be recommends that the 201.

202.

203.

Mass Graves and Reburials45 204.

The Commission recommends the identification of mass graves in which victims of the conflict were buried.

The victims should be consulted on what should be done with the mass graves.

45 More detail can be found in the Mass Graves report produced as an Appendix to this report.
Vol Two Chapter Four Reparations Page 264 Line Ministry Entrusted with Symbolic Reparations 205.

The Commission recommends that the Monuments and Relics Commission be entrusted with the coordination of the symbolic reparations.

Community Reparations 206.

207.

208.


Considering the scale of material destruction caused by the war all over the country and the fact that certain regions were destroyed more than the others, the Commission recommends that the government work out a programme for the reconstruction and rehabilitation of those areas.
Community reparations contribute to the reconstruction and consolidation of institutions in communities that were the hardest hit during the conflict and make them whole again through the provision of capital and technical assistance.

In devising such a programme, the Commission recommends that the government follow the guidelines listed below.
The government should consider the outcome of the assessments by different bodies and organisations, such as the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA), the United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), National Commission International Development (DFID), Sierra Leonean Rural Reintegration Project (SLRRP), and others on the level of destruction of infrastructure in districts and what work remains to be completed or initiated in some cases.
for Social Action, Department for The programme should be worked out in close consultation with the communities and groups concerned, especially women and youth groups.

The Commission recommends that the consultation also include the District Reconciliation Support Committees46 and the District Recovery Committees along with other local bodies and organisations identified by the Implementing Body.

209.
209.

The Commission recommends that the Ministry of Development and Economic Planning and the Ministry of Local Government work in concert with each other to coordinate all activities pertaining to community reparations.

46 The District Reconciliation Support Committees were established by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission and the Inter-Religious Council (IRC-SL).

Vol Two Chapter Four Reparations Page 265 Implementing Body and Special Fund for War Victims Determining the Implementing Body 210.
In recommending an Implementing Body for the reparations programme, the Commission is of the opinion that it would not be cost effective to recommend the establishment of a new institution given the government’s limited resources.

In recommending an already existing governmental body, the Commission was guided by the following criteria: • The mandate of the institution or body to ensure that it is in line with the recommendations being made in this programme.
An institution already dealing with war-affected communities and victims would be the most appropriate implementer of the reparations programme.

• Experience with implementing or overseeing programmes similar in nature to the ones being recommended in this programme.
Given that the reparations programme relies heavily on existing programmes, an institution with broad based knowledge and familiarity with programmes already implemented in Sierra Leone would be in the best position to implement the recommendations proposed by the Commission.

• Experience with governing or managing a fund.

Given that one of the roles of the Implementing Body will be to govern the Special Fund for War Victims, any experience in this field would be particularly useful.

211.

212.
211.

212.

Based on the above criteria, the Commission recommends the National Commission for Social Action (NaCSA) as the Implementing Body for the reparations programme.

The National Commission for Social Action (NaCSA) was specifically established by the Government of Sierra Leone to tackle the devastation caused by the war.
The current mandate of the Commission includes to: a. b. c. d. oversee the planning, programming, coordination, supervision, and monitoring of all humanitarian, resettlement, rehabilitation, and reconstruction work as a consequence of the war; co-ordinate the activities of all non-governmental organizations engaged in these activities; ensure that all activities are in conformity with the National Reconstruction, Resettlement, and Rehabilitation Programme of the Government; and design an operational and procedural framework that will be credible and flexible enough to facilitate effective collaboration and coordination among government departments and other partners.
rehabilitate war-affected is communities by providing services in the areas of agriculture, education, community infrastructure, health, sensitisation, and resettlement.47 NaCSA’s aim to 47 NaCSA submission to the TRC, 25 July 2003, pages 1 - 2.

Vol Two Chapter Four Reparations Page 266 213.

214.

NaCSA was preferred by the Commission as the implementing body because it is an existing governmental institution with a specific mandate to rehabilitate war-affected communities.
NaCSA is currently providing services to these communities in the areas of education, community infrastructure, health, sensitisation, resettlement, and agriculture.

These are all areas that are covered by this reparations programme.

In addition, because the Reparations Programme relies extensively on existing programmes, NaCSA is the only government agency that is aware of all these programmes in the country and has a working relationship with many of the actors and ministries involved.
NaCSA is also the chair of the Regional Inter-Agency Forum.

Specific Recommendations Regarding the Implementing Body 215.

216. in order The Commission recommends that NaCSA’s mandate be extended beyond 2008 to be implemented.

The mandate should be extended for activities relating to the reparations programme and for the sub-unit that will manage.
this Reparations Programme for all aspects of The Commission recommends that a sub-unit be created within NaCSA to deal specifically with the implementation of the programme, to coordinate all activities relating to the programme, and to govern the Special Fund for War Victims as provided for in Article XXIV of the Lomé Peace Agreement.

217.

The sub-unit should establish an office in every district for the purpose of decentralising the implementation of the reparations programme.

218.
218.

The Commission recommends that an Advisory Committee be created to assist and oversee the actions of the Implementing Body.

The Advisory Committee should be composed of members from the government, the line ministries, civil society, victim’s organisations, and the international community.

The Role of the Implementing Body 219.

The role of the Implementing Body is to oversee the implementation of the reparations programme.
The Implementing Body is to coordinate and oversee the activities of the line ministries to ensure that all aspects of the reparations programme are implemented.

220.

The Implementing Body is entrusted with governing the Special Fund for War Victims.

221.
221.

In certain circumstances where the Commission felt that it did not have the ability or the information to make a specific recommendation, such as the amount of the monthly pension, the Commission called upon the Implementing Body to conduct an assessment to determine such information.

Vol Two Chapter Four Reparations Page 267 222.


Because the potential universe of beneficiaries is unknown, the Commission entrusts the Implementing Body with amending any of the recommendations mentioned in this Programme once further information is available.

However, before any recommendation is amended, the Implementing Body must obtain the unanimous consent of the members of the Advisory Board to the proposed amendment.

Structure of the Reparations Programme 223.


The structure of the programme recognises that line ministries are assigned to each social service sector.

The role of the line ministry is to ensure the implementation of the recommendations directed to the sector.

For example, the Ministry of Health and Sanitation will oversee all aspects of health related reparations.
The Implementing Body of the reparations programme, the National Commission for Social Action (NaCSA), will oversee the activities of the line ministries in relation to the reparations programme and govern the Special Fund for War Victims.

NaCSA should establish offices in each district of the country to ensure the decentralization of services.
The proposed structure of the reparations programme is laid out in the following diagram: Diagram Outlining the Structure of the Commission’s Reparations Programme National Commission for Social Action Implementation Sub-Unit District Offices Vol Two Chapter Four Reparations Page 268 Specific Recommendations Regarding the Special Fund for War Victims 224.

225.

226.
225.

226.

According to Section 7(6) of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission Act, the Commission may provide information or recommendations to or regarding the Special Fund for War Victims provided for in Article XXIX of the Lomé Peace Agreement, or otherwise assist that Fund in any manner the Commission considers appropriate but the Commission shall not exercise any control over the operations or disbursements of that Fund.
The Commission recommends that the Special Fund for War Victims be established no later than three months after the handover of this report.

The Commission recommends the creation of a Fund Raising Board to solicit and collect funds for the Special Fund for War Victims in order to allow the the secretariat Commission recommends that the Fund Raising Board be composed of respected Sierra Leoneans and friends of Sierra Leone.
The Fund Raising Board should report to the Advisory Committee on all its activities.

the Reparations Programme.

Additionally, implement to 227.

The Commission recommends that contributions, financial or otherwise, should be provided through some of the following means: Government a.
• • • of prioritisation reparations within The government’s budget from mineral resources The revenue generated according to Article VII of the Lomé Peace Agreement Debt-relief-for-reparations-scheme the b. c. d. e. f. A reparations or peace tax Donor support Seized assets from convicted persons.

The Commission recognises the role of internal and external actors who profited from the conflict.
Where any prosecutions or civil action are taken to recover some of these profits, any monies or assets recovered should be paid into the Special Fund for War Victims Commission recognises that perpetrators can assist in the re- building process.

The Commission recommends that ‘In kind contributions’ from ex-combatants who are willing and able to perform ‘free labour’ for the benefit of communities and the wider society should be encouraged.
However the Commission wishes to guard against the possibility that people might be compelled to do this and emphasises that this should be entirely voluntary Funds from ‘other legal sources’ which become available 228.

The Commission recommends that NaCSA make annual public reports on its activities and on the financial status of the Fund to Parliament.

Vol Two Chapter Four Reparations Page 269 Registration of Beneficiaries 229.
The Commission recommends that the procedures for the registration of potential beneficiaries of the Reparations Programme be based on the following considerations: a. b. c. d. That the programme needs to be easily accessible to the beneficiaries, especially those who live in remote areas, those who do not belong to victim’s organizations, and those beneficiaries not living in resettlement camps.
Local leaders and civil society organisations, especially women and youth organisations, should be used as much as possible in the identification and registration of potential beneficiaries of this programme.

The privacy of individuals, especially victims of sexual violence.

The need administered.

for sensitisation before any programme is 230.


The Commission recommends that the Implementing Body use the database compiled by the Commission to help identify some of the potential beneficiaries of the programme.

The Implementing Body may also rely on other information being compiled about victims of the conflict.

However, under no circumstance may the Government or the Implementing Body delay the implementation of this programme until such information becomes available.

231.
231.

Regarding areas of the country with high concentrations of victims of sexual violence, the Commission recommends that the Implementing Body deploy as many female staff members as possible to ensure the privacy and convenience of women who wish to identify themselves as victims.

232.

The Commission recommends that all beneficiaries of the reparations programme be given a form of identification to enable easy access to services.

Time Frame 233.

234.

235.


The Commission recommends that the sub-unit within NaCSA that will implement the programme, as well as the Special Fund for War Victims, be established within three months of the handover of the Commission’s Report to the President.

The Commission recommends that the implementation of the most urgent reparations starts within 6 months after the handover of its report to the President of Sierra Leone.
The Commission recommends that priority be given to those reparations that directly affect the survival and livelihood of the beneficiaries.

The Commission recommends that the time frame for the implementation of the reparations programme not exceed 6 years, except those aspects that need to continue throughout the lives of the beneficiaries such as pension and medical care.

236.
236.

The Commission recommends the establishment of an independent victims’ oversight group for each of these programmes to monitor the implementation of the recommendations.

Vol Two Chapter Four Reparations Page 270 CHAPTER FIVE List of Victims TRC Disarm your Mind!

Tell the Truth to the TRC Produced by the TRC Steering Committee with support from the International Human Rights Law Group CHAPTER FIVE List of Victims Victim Lists 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.
2.

3.

4.

5.

The Commission has compiled two lists of victims based on the statements it collected.

In line with the requirement in its mandate to pay specific attention to the experiences of women and children, the Commission has devoted its first list to victims of sexual violence and forced conscription.

In total 1,012 victims of these violations were named in TRC statements.
The Commission’s second list excludes those in the first, giving the names of the persons who suffered all other violations recorded in the conflict.

In total this second list contains 11,991 victims named in TRC statements.

The Commission took great care when compiling its lists of victims.

The Commission undertook work to ensure that names are spelled correctly and that the age of a victim is the same age given in the statement.
The Commission has also endeavoured to ensure that the year and the location in which the abuse began are accurate.

One problem in compiling lists of victims is that more than one statement may describe the same event.

As a result, an individual might be listed more than once.

The Commission expended considerable effort to remove duplicate names and to ensure that the named individuals are distinct.
The Commission apologises without reservation for any mistakes it has made in compiling these lists of victims.

The Commission hopes that these lists will stand as an acknowledgement of those who suffered in the war and as a poignant reminder of the vital need to ensure that the events described herein never happen again.

Victims of Sexual Violence and Forced Conscription 6.

The entries in this list contain the initials of the victims, their gender and their age where known.
Each entry is followed by the year and district in which the victim was first abused and a description of the violations perpetrated against that victim.

The amount of information given has been deliberately limited to preserve the privacy of the victims.

The age given is the victim’s age at the time when the victim was first abused, but not necessarily the age at which the victim suffered all of the listed violations.

A._ (Female) - 1995 in Moyamba - Displaced.

Raped.
Raped.

A._ (Female) - 1997 in Bonthe - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted, tortured and raped.

A._ (Female) - 1999 in Tonkolili - Sexually enslaved.

A._ (Female) - 1998 in Bombali - Raped.

A._ (Female) - 2000 in Kambia - Abducted.

Raped.

A._ (Female) - 1996 in Moyamba - Tortured and raped.

A._ (Female) - 1999 - Extorted.

Abducted.

Assaulted and raped.

Killed.

A._ (Female) - Abducted and detained.

Raped.


Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 273 A._ (Female) age 13 - 1991 in Pujehun - Assaulted and raped.

A._ (Male) age 22 - 1994 in Kenema - Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

B._ (Female) - 1995 in Port Loko - Property looted.

Assaulted and raped.

Killed.

B._ (Female) - 1991 in Pujehun - Displaced.

Abducted.

Raped.

B._ (Female) - 1994 in Kenema - Abducted.

Raped.

B._ (Female) age 23 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.
Assaulted, stripped and raped.

B._ (Male) age 26 - 1991 in Pujehun - Property destroyed.

Forcibly conscripted.

Tortured.

B._ (Male) age 39 - 1991 in Pujehun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Forcibly conscripted.

Assaulted and limb amputated.

C._ (Female) - 1999 in Western Area - Raped.

D._ (Male) - 1999 in Bo District - Extorted.

Forcibly conscripted.

Assaulted.

F._ (Female) - 1999 in Bombali - Raped.

F._ (Female) - 1995 in Moyamba - Sexually enslaved.
F._ (Female) - 1999 in Bombali - Sexually enslaved.

Killed.

F._ (Female) - 1994 in Tonkolili - Abducted and detained.

Raped.

F._ (Female) - 1999 in Tonkolili - Sexually enslaved.

F._ (Female) - 1999 in Tonkolili - Extorted.

Forced to labour and sexually enslaved.

Stripped.

F._ (Female) - 1994 in Bo District - Abducted and detained.

Raped.

F._ (Female) - 1994 in Kenema - Displaced.

Assaulted and raped.

F._ (Female) - 1995 in Moyamba - Raped.

F._ (Female) - 1999 in Port Loko - Abducted.

Raped.
Raped.

F._ (Male) - 1998 in Bombali - Forcibly conscripted.

F._ (Female) age 12 - 1999 in Western Area - Abducted and detained.

Raped.

G._ (Female) - 1995 in Moyamba - Forced to labour and sexually enslaved.

Assaulted.

H._ (Female) - 1997 in Moyamba - Abducted and detained.

Raped.

H._ (Female) - 1995 in Bo District - Raped.

H._ (Female) - Sexually enslaved.

H._ (Female) - Sexually enslaved.

H._ (Female) - 1991 in Bo District - Abducted and detained.

Raped.
Raped.

H._ (Female) age 45 - 1995 in Tonkolili - Abducted and detained.

Tortured and raped.

I._ (Female) - 1995 in Kailahun - Sexually enslaved.

I._ (Female) - 1995 - Abducted.

Raped.

J._ (Female) - 1995 in Bonthe - Forced to labour and sexually enslaved.

J._ (Female) - 1995 in Bo District - Raped.

J._ (Female) - 1995 in Kailahun - Sexually enslaved.

J._ (Female) - 1995 in Moyamba - Displaced.

Raped.

J._ (Female) - 1995 in Moyamba - Displaced.

Raped.

J._ (Female) - 1999 in Western Area - Raped.


J._ (Female) - 1999 - Raped.

J._ (Female) age 19 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Assaulted, stripped and raped.

K._ (Female) - 1994 in Tonkolili - Raped.

K._ (Female) - Raped.

K._ (Female) - 1994 in Kenema - Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

K._ (Female) - 1999 in Tonkolili - Extorted.

Forced to labour.

Raped.

K._ (Female) - 1998 in Bombali - Raped.

K._ (Female) - 1998 in Kono - Stripped and raped.


M._ (Female) - 1999 in Western Area - Abducted, detained and drugged.

Raped.

M._ (Female) - 1994 in Kenema - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Raped.

M._ (Female) - 1992 in Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Raped.

M._ (Female) - 1991 - Property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Raped.

M._ (Female) - Raped.

M._ (Female) - Sexually enslaved.

M._ (Female) - 1994 in Kailahun - Forcibly conscripted.

Killed.
Killed.

M._ (Female) - 1991 in Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Raped.

M._ (Female) - 1998 in Bombali - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured and raped.

M._ (Female) - 1999 in Tonkolili - Sexually enslaved.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 274 M._ (Male) - 1998 in Tonkolili - Forcibly conscripted.

Killed.

M._ (Female) - 1991 in Pujehun - Raped.

M._ (Male) age 20 - 1994 in Kenema - Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

N._ (Female) - 1991 in Kailahun - Raped.


O._ (Female) - 1998 in Kailahun - Raped.

S._ (Male) - Forcibly conscripted.

S._ (Female) - Forced to labour.

Raped.

S._ (Female) - 1997 in Koinadugu - Sexually enslaved.

S._ (Female) - 1999 in Western Area - Raped.

S._ (Female) - 1991 in Pujehun - Raped.

S._ (Female) - 1999 in Bombali - Raped.

Killed.

S._ (Female) - 1998 in Koinadugu - Raped.

Killed.

S._ (Female) age 13 - 1991 in Kailahun - Displaced.

Abducted.

Raped.
Abducted.

Raped.

T._ (Female) - 1991 - Assaulted and raped.

T._ (Male) - 2000 in Kono - Forcibly conscripted.

W._ (Female) - 1995 in Kono - Raped.

Killed.

Y._ (Female) - 1992 in Bo District - Forcibly conscripted.

Y._ (Male) - 1998 in Bombali - Forcibly conscripted.

Y._ (Female) - Abducted and detained.

Raped.

_.A (Male) - 1991 in Kailahun - Forcibly conscripted.

_.A (Female) age 47 - 1992 in Kenema - Displaced.

Abducted.

Raped.

A.A (Female) - 1995 in Moyamba - Sexually enslaved.

Assaulted.
Assaulted.

A.A (Male) age 13 - 1991 in Kailahun - Forcibly conscripted.

A.A (Female) age 13 - 1999 in Western Area - Forced to labour.

Assaulted, tortured and raped.

A.A (Female) age 18 - 1997 in Kenema - Displaced and extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured and raped.

A.A (Male) age 20 - 1994 in Bo District - Property looted.

Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

F.A (Female) age 10 - 1995 in Kono - Sexually enslaved.

Tortured.

F.A (Female) age 16 - Forced to labour.


Assaulted, tortured and raped.

F.A (Female) age 20 - 1991 in Kailahun - Displaced.

Forced to labour and sexually enslaved.

Assaulted.

H.A (Female) age 27 - 1995 - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and raped.

J.A (Male) - 1996 in Kailahun - Forcibly conscripted.

J.A (Female) age 14 - 1994 in Kono - Displaced.

Raped.

J.A (Female) age 14 - 1995 in Kenema - Forced to labour and sexually enslaved.
J.A (Female) age 16 - 1996 in Kailahun - Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

Limb amputated.

J.A (Female) age 16 - 1998 - Forced to labour.

Raped.

J.A (Female) age 29 - 1993 in Bo District - Property destroyed.

Abducted.

Raped.

K.A (Male) age 13 - 2000 in Kono - Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

Tortured.

K.A (Female) age 25 - 1993 in Pujehun - Property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Raped.

L.A (Male) age 73 - 1991 in Pujehun - Displaced.

Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.


Tortured.

M.A (Male) - Forcibly conscripted.

M.A (Male) age 15 - Forcibly conscripted.

S.A (Female) age 14 - 1998 in Kenema - Sexually enslaved.

Tortured.

S.A (Female) age 21 - 1992 in Kailahun - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted, tortured and raped.

S.A (Female) age 25 - 1997 in Bonthe - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Raped.

S.A (Female) age 35 - 1995 - Raped.

T.A (Female) - 1991 in Kailahun - Displaced.


Abducted and detained.

Raped.

U.A (Female) - 1996 in Bonthe - Abducted.

Assaulted and raped.

U.A (Female) age 12 - 1992 in Tonkolili - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Raped.

U.A (Female) age 20 - 2000 in Kono - Forced to labour.

Raped.

Y.A age 15 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Sexually enslaved.

_.B (Female) age 11 - 1991 in Kailahun - Raped.

_.B (Female) age 30 - 1998 in Kono - Abducted.

Raped.

Killed.
Raped.

Killed.

A.B (Male) - 1997 in Kailahun - Displaced.

Forcibly conscripted.

Assaulted.

A.B (Female) - 1998 in Bombali - Abducted and detained.

Raped.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 275 A.B (Female) - 1992 in Kono - Detained.

Raped.

A.B (Female) - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and raped.

A.B (Female) age 9 - 1992 in Bombali - Forcibly conscripted and drugged.

Tortured and raped.

A.B (Male) age 13 - 2000 in Kono - Displaced.

Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.


A.B (Male) age 16 - 2000 in Kono - Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

Assaulted.

A.B (Female) age 21 - Raped.

A.B (Female) age 33 - 1999 in Port Loko - Displaced and property looted.

Forced to labour and sexually enslaved.

A.B (Female) age 57 - 1997 in Port Loko - Displaced, extorted and property looted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and raped.

A.B (Male) age 60 - 1997 in Bombali - Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

Tortured.
Tortured.

B.B (Female) - 1991 in Kailahun - Forced to labour.

Assaulted, stripped and raped.

B.B (Female) - Raped.

B.B (Male) age 18 - 1998 in Bombali - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Forcibly conscripted.

C.B (Male) - 1995 in Moyamba - Forcibly conscripted.

C.B (Female) age 14 - 1995 in Bo District - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Tortured and raped.

D.B (Male) age 21 - 1998 in Tonkolili - Property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

Assaulted.
Assaulted.

E.B (Female) age 10 - 1994 in Kenema - Displaced.

Forced to labour, forcibly conscripted and drugged.

Assaulted and raped.

E.B (Female) age 30 - 1991 in Kailahun - Displaced and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Raped.

F.B (Female) - 1997 - Raped.

F.B (Female) - 1998 in Kono - Raped.

Killed.

F.B (Female) - 1998 in Kono - Forced to labour.

Tortured and raped.

F.B (Male) age 8 - 1999 in Kono - Forcibly conscripted.

F.B (Female) age 11 - 2000 in Kono - Displaced.

Sexually enslaved.
Sexually enslaved.

F.B (Female) age 12 - Extorted.

Sexually enslaved.

F.B (Female) age 12 - 1998 in Pujehun - Displaced.

Sexually enslaved.

F.B (Male) age 12 - Displaced.

Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

Assaulted.

F.B (Female) age 15 - Forced to labour.

Assaulted and raped.

F.B (Male) age 16 - 1997 in Bombali - Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

F.B (Female) age 22 - 1992 in Kono - Displaced and property looted.

Forced to labour.

Raped.


F.B (Female) age 32 - Abducted and detained.

Raped.

F.B (Female) age 44 - 1996 in Port Loko - Extorted and property destroyed.

Sexually enslaved.

G.B (Male) age 25 - 1991 in Kailahun - Displaced and property destroyed.

Forcibly conscripted.

Assaulted and tortured.

H.B (Female) - Raped.

H.B (Female) age 9 - 1999 in Western Area - Forced to labour and sexually enslaved.

H.B (Female) age 19 - 1992 in Kailahun - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Raped.


I.B (Female) - 2000 in Kambia - Raped.

I.B (Female) age 12 - Displaced.

Sexually enslaved.

Tortured.

I.B (Female) age 12 - 1999 - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and raped.

I.B (Female) age 15 - 1998 in Bombali - Abducted and detained.

Raped.

I.B (Male) age 22 - 1998 in Kono - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Forcibly conscripted and drugged.

Assaulted.

I.B (Female) age 30 - 1999 in Bombali - Property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Raped.


J.B (Male) - Forcibly conscripted.

J.B (Female) - Property destroyed.

Abducted.

Tortured and raped.

J.B (Male) age 20 - 1994 in Bo District - Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

Tortured.

J.B (Male) age 22 - 1996 in Kenema - Displaced.

Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

J.B (Male) age 22 - 1994 in Tonkolili - Displaced.

Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

J.B (Female) age 22 - Displaced.

Forced to labour and sexually enslaved.

Stripped.


J.B (Female) age 29 - 1998 in Kailahun - Displaced.

Sexually enslaved.

Tortured.

K.B (Female) age 8 - 1991 in Kono - Displaced.

Forced to labour and sexually enslaved.

K.B (Male) age 10 - 1996 in Kono - Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

Tortured.

K.B (Female) age 11 - 1995 - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Raped.

K.B (Female) age 11 - 1998 - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and raped.


Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 276 K.B (Female) age 14 - 1999 - Abducted and detained.

Raped.

K.B (Male) age 34 - 1995 in Kono - Displaced.

Forcibly conscripted.

Assaulted.

L.B (Female) - 1997 in Bombali - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Raped.

M.B (Female) - 1998 in Kailahun - Displaced.

Sexually enslaved.

M.B (Female) - 1995 in Moyamba - Raped.

M.B (Male) age 12 - 1998 in Tonkolili - Forced to labour, forcibly conscripted and drugged.
Tortured.

M.B (Male) age 13 - 1998 - Displaced.

Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

Assaulted and tortured.

M.B (Female) age 13 - Raped.

M.B (Female) age 16 - 1991 in Western Area - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted, tortured and raped.

M.B (Female) age 16 - 1998 in Bombali - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Raped.

M.B (Female) age 18 - 1998 in Kailahun - Forcibly conscripted and sexually enslaved.

Assaulted and tortured.


M.B (Male) age 24 - 1998 in Kambia - Forcibly conscripted.

M.B (Female) age 34 - 1997 in Kailahun - Sexually enslaved.

Assaulted and tortured.

M.B (Female) age 38 - Displaced.

Forced to labour and sexually enslaved.

Assaulted.

M.B (Male) age 48 - 1991 in Kailahun - Forcibly conscripted.

N.B (Female) - 1997 in Western Area - Abducted.

Raped.

N.B (Female) age 25 - Displaced.

Raped.

N.B (Female) age 30 - 1997 in Moyamba - Displaced and extorted.

Abducted and detained.


Assaulted and raped.

P.B (Male) - 1991 in Kailahun - Forcibly conscripted.

Stripped.

R.B (Female) - 1995 in Kono - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Raped.

R.B (Female) age 13 - 1999 in Western Area - Abducted.

Raped.

R.B (Female) age 24 - 1997 - Displaced and property looted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and raped.

S.B (Female) - 1995 in Port Loko - Raped.

Killed.

S.B (Female) - 1995 in Moyamba - Displaced.

Sexually enslaved.
Sexually enslaved.

S.B (Female) - 1994 in Kono - Displaced and property looted.

Sexually enslaved.

S.B (Female) - Sexually enslaved.

S.B (Female) - 1999 in Bombali - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Raped.

S.B (Male) age 13 - 1996 in Kailahun - Displaced.

Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

S.B (Female) age 22 - 1999 in Western Area - Sexually enslaved.

Tortured.

S.B (Male) age 35 - 1992 in Kailahun - Displaced.

Forcibly conscripted.

Assaulted.


S.B (Female) age 35 - 1997 in Western Area - Displaced, extorted and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured, raped and limb amputated.

T.B (Female) - 1998 in Western Area - Extorted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted, stripped and raped.

T.B (Female) age 13 - 1995 in Bonthe - Displaced.

Sexually enslaved.

Assaulted and tortured.

U.B (Male) age 12 - 1998 in Port Loko - Displaced.

Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

Assaulted.
Assaulted.

U.B (Female) age 31 - 1999 in Bombali - Abducted and detained.

Raped.

Killed.

Y.B (Female) age 11 - 2000 - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Raped.

_.C (Female) age 26 - 1997 in Port Loko - Displaced.

Forcibly conscripted and sexually enslaved.

Tortured.

A.C (Female) - 1999 in Bombali - Abducted.

Raped.

A.C (Male) - 1999 in Kambia - Extorted.

Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

A.C (Female) - 1994 in Bo District - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and raped.


A.C (Female) age 9 - 1994 in Tonkolili - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Raped.

A.C (Female) age 20 - 1994 in Port Loko - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Raped.

F.C (Female) age 11 - 1999 in Tonkolili - Raped.

Killed.

F.C (Female) age 13 - 1998 in Koinadugu - Forced to labour.

Raped.

F.C (Female) age 28 - 1998 in Moyamba - Displaced and property looted.

Raped.

F.C (Female) age 46 - 1999 - Displaced.

Raped.

H.C (Female) - 2000 - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Raped.


H.C (Female) age 9 - 1998 in Kono - Abducted.

Tortured and raped.

I.C (Female) - Tortured and raped.

I.C (Male) age 7 - 1997 in Koinadugu - Displaced.

Forcibly conscripted and drugged.

K.C (Female) age 13 - 1999 in Bombali - Abducted and detained.

Raped.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 277 L.C (Male) age 35 - 1991 in Bonthe - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.


M.C (Female) - 1994 in Bo District - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and raped.

M.C (Female) age 11 - 1998 - Sexually enslaved.

M.C (Male) age 14 - 1998 in Tonkolili - Displaced.

Forced to labour, forcibly conscripted and drugged.

Assaulted.

M.C (Male) age 22 - 1997 - Displaced.

Forcibly conscripted.

Tortured.

S.C (Female) - 1998 - Displaced.

Assaulted and raped.

S.C (Female) age 10 - 1998 in Kono - Raped.


S.C (Female) age 15 - 1995 in Moyamba - Sexually enslaved and drugged.

S.C (Male) age 17 - 2000 in Koinadugu - Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

S.C (Male) age 33 - Forcibly conscripted.

T.C (Female) - 1999 in Koinadugu - Displaced and property destroyed.

Detained.

Assaulted and raped.

Killed.

T.C (Male) age 10 - 1999 in Kono - Displaced.

Forcibly conscripted.

A.D (Female) - 1999 in Western Area - Abducted and detained.

Raped.
Raped.

A.D (Female) - 1995 - Raped.

Killed.

A.D (Female) age 34 - 1999 in Western Area - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted, stripped and raped.

A.D (Male) age 35 - 1995 in Bonthe - Extorted and property looted.

Forcibly conscripted.

B.D (Female) age 10 - 1998 in Kono - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Raped.

F.D (Female) - 1991 in Kailahun - Assaulted and raped.

F.D (Female) - Raped.

I.D (Male) - 1991 in Kailahun - Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.
J.D (Male) age 7 - 1997 in Bo District - Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

K.D (Female) - 1994 in Koinadugu - Abducted and detained.

Raped.

K.D (Female) age 12 - 1999 in Bombali - Displaced.

Abducted.

Assaulted and raped.

K.D (Female) age 17 - 1995 in Kambia - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and raped.

M.D (Female) - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Raped.

M.D (Male) age 16 - 1998 in Bombali - Displaced.

Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.


M.D (Female) age 24 - 1996 in Bo District - Displaced.

Sexually enslaved.

Y.D (Female) age 32 - 1998 in Kono - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and raped.

C.E (Male) - 1995 in Kenema - Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

J.E (Male) - 1995 in Kenema - Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

A.F (Male) age 23 - 1994 in Bombali - Displaced and extorted.

Forcibly conscripted.

Assaulted, tortured and stripped.


A.F (Female) age 30 - 1995 - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and raped.

A.F (Female) age 33 - 1997 in Western Area - Property looted.

Raped.

A.F (Female) age 36 - 1991 in Pujehun - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and raped.

A.F (Male) age 69 - 1999 in Tonkolili - Property looted and destroyed.

Forcibly conscripted.

Assaulted.

B.F (Female) - 1995 in Bo District - Forcibly conscripted.
B.F (Female) age 15 - 1991 in Pujehun - Sexually enslaved.

F.F (Female) age 11 - 2000 in Kono - Displaced.

Forcibly conscripted.

Raped.

F.F (Female) age 14 - 1999 in Koinadugu - Forced to labour.

Assaulted, tortured and raped.

F.F (Female) age 17 - 1995 in Tonkolili - Displaced.

Forced to labour and sexually enslaved.

Assaulted.

H.F (Female) - 1999 in Western Area - Property looted.

Raped.

H.F (Female) age 11 - 1997 in Bombali - Displaced.

Forced to labour and sexually enslaved.


Tortured and stripped.

H.F (Female) age 13 - 1999 in Bombali - Abducted.

Raped.

I.F (Female) - 1995 in Tonkolili - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and raped.

I.F (Male) age 10 - 1998 - Forcibly conscripted.

I.F (Male) age 23 - 1991 in Kenema - Property looted.

Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

Assaulted.

J.F (Male) - Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.
J.F (Male) - 1991 in Kailahun - Forcibly conscripted.

J.F (Male) age 12 - 1999 in Bombali - Displaced.

Forcibly conscripted.

Assaulted.

J.F (Male) age 14 - 1995 in Moyamba - Displaced.

Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 278 J.F (Male) age 28 - 1995 in Moyamba - Displaced and extorted.

Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

K.F (Male) age 7 - 1994 in Kono - Forcibly conscripted.

Tortured.

L.F (Female) age 21 - 1995 in Western Area - Displaced.
Abducted and detained.

Raped.

M.F (Male) - 1991 - Displaced.

Forcibly conscripted.

Assaulted.

M.F (Female) - 1995 in Tonkolili - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and raped.

M.F (Male) age 12 - 1991 in Pujehun - Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

M.F (Female) age 13 - 1999 in Western Area - Abducted and detained.

Raped.

M.F (Female) age 25 - 1998 in Koinadugu - Forced to labour and sexually enslaved.

M.F (Male) age 30 - Forcibly conscripted.


Assaulted.

M.F (Female) age 31 - 1996 in Tonkolili - Property looted.

Forced to labour and sexually enslaved.

M.F (Female) age 69 - 1999 in Port Loko - Displaced.

Assaulted and raped.

S.F (Female) - 1994 - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted, tortured and raped.

S.F (Female) age 12 - 1992 in Pujehun - Displaced.

Forced to labour and sexually enslaved.

S.F (Female) age 13 - 1993 in Kailahun - Abducted and detained.
Stripped and raped.

S.F (Female) age 36 - 1997 in Kenema - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and raped.

T.F (Female) age 21 - 1991 in Pujehun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Raped.

Y.F (Female) age 13 - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and raped.

_.G (Female) - Raped.

A.G (Female) age 9 - 2000 in Kono - Displaced.

Forced to labour and sexually enslaved.

Assaulted.

A.G (Female) age 13 - Displaced.

Sexually enslaved.
Sexually enslaved.

B.G (Female) age 16 - 1991 in Kailahun - Assaulted, tortured and raped.

B.G (Female) age 16 - 1991 in Bonthe - Displaced.

Forced to labour, forcibly conscripted and sexually enslaved.

C.G (Female) age 24 - 1992 in Bo District - Property looted and destroyed.

Sexually enslaved.

D.G (Male) - Forcibly conscripted.

E.G (Male) age 10 - 1999 in Tonkolili - Displaced.

Forcibly conscripted.

F.G (Female) age 14 - 1999 in Western Area - Abducted and detained.

Raped.
Raped.

H.G (Female) - 1998 in Western Area - Displaced.

Sexually enslaved.

J.G (Female) - 1993 in Kailahun - Raped.

K.G (Female) - Sexually enslaved.

K.G (Female) - 1994 in Bo District - Displaced.

Sexually enslaved.

K.G (Male) age 57 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Forcibly conscripted.

Assaulted.

L.G (Male) - 1991 - Forcibly conscripted.

M.G (Male) - 1993 in Bo District - Forcibly conscripted and drugged.

M.G (Male) - 1994 in Kono - Forcibly conscripted.

Assaulted.
Assaulted.

M.G (Female) age 25 - 1997 in Kailahun - Forced to labour.

Tortured and raped.

M.G (Male) age 67 - 1991 in Pujehun - Property destroyed.

Forcibly conscripted.

Tortured.

R.G (Female) age 10 - 1994 in Bo District - Displaced.

Sexually enslaved.

S.G (Male) - 1995 in Moyamba - Forcibly conscripted.

S.G (Female) age 22 - 1995 in Kono - Forced to labour.

Assaulted and raped.

Killed.

S.G (Male) age 40 - 1995 in Moyamba - Displaced and extorted.

Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.


Tortured.

Y.G (Female) age 21 - 1995 in Moyamba - Displaced and property looted.

Forced to labour.

Raped.

K.H (Female) - 1995 in Kenema - Abducted.

Raped.

M.H (Female) age 19 - 1995 in Moyamba - Forced to labour and sexually enslaved.

Assaulted.

V.H (Female) age 23 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured and raped.

T.I (Female) - Extorted.

Raped.

Y.I (Female) age 31 - 1998 in Kono - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.


Raped.

_.J (Female) - 1995 in Moyamba - Raped.

A.J (Male) - 1991 in Kailahun - Displaced and property looted.

Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

Assaulted.

A.J (Male) - 1997 - Displaced.

Forcibly conscripted.

A.J (Female) - 1991 in Kailahun - Forced to labour.

Raped.

A.J (Male) age 10 - 1991 in Kailahun - Displaced.

Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

A.J (Female) age 23 - 1995 - Displaced and extorted.

Sexually enslaved.

Tortured.


Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 279 E.J (Male) age 7 - 1991 in Western Area - Displaced.

Forcibly conscripted.

Tortured.

F.J (Female) - 1997 in Kono - Displaced and property looted.

Forced to labour.

Raped.

F.J (Female) age 8 - 1999 in Koinadugu - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted, tortured and raped.

F.J (Female) age 12 - 1995 in Bo District - Forcibly conscripted and sexually enslaved.
F.J (Female) age 13 - 1998 in Koinadugu - Displaced and extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted, stripped and raped.

F.J (Male) age 14 - 1995 in Moyamba - Forcibly conscripted and drugged.

Forced to participate in an act of cannibalism.

F.J (Male) age 16 - 1999 in Kono - Forcibly conscripted.

F.J (Female) age 22 - 1998 in Western Area - Abducted and detained.

Raped.

F.J (Female) age 24 - 1998 in Kono - Abducted and detained.

Raped.

F.J (Female) age 24 - 1995 in Bonthe - Displaced and extorted.
Abducted and detained.

Raped.

F.J (Female) age 25 - 1999 in Bombali - Property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Raped.

H.J (Female) - 1996 - Raped.

H.J (Female) age 14 - Displaced.

Raped.

H.J (Female) age 55 - 1998 - Extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted, tortured and raped.

I.J (Female) age 22 - 1995 in Kono - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and raped.

J.J (Female) - Raped.

J.J (Female) age 26 - Property looted.

Forced to labour.

Raped.


K.J (Female) - 1999 in Western Area - Abducted.

Raped.

K.J (Female) age 14 - 1992 in Kailahun - Forced to labour.

Tortured and raped.

K.J (Female) age 22 - 1999 in Western Area - Abducted.

Raped.

L.J (Female) age 25 - 1995 in Bo District - Abducted.

Raped.

M.J (Male) - 1991 in Kailahun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Forcibly conscripted.

Killed.

M.J (Male) - 1999 in Kambia - Forcibly conscripted.

M.J (Female) - 1998 in Koinadugu - Displaced.


Abducted and detained.

Raped.

M.J (Male) - 1998 in Kono - Property looted.

Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

Assaulted.

M.J (Male) age 11 - 1998 in Kambia - Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

Tortured.

M.J (Male) age 12 - 2000 in Kambia - Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

M.J (Female) age 13 - 1995 in Bonthe - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Raped.

M.J (Female) age 16 - 1995 - Displaced.

Abducted.


Assaulted, tortured and raped.

M.J (Female) age 18 - 1999 - Abducted.

Assaulted and raped.

M.J (Female) age 20 - 1995 in Kenema - Raped.

N.J (Female) age 15 - 1998 in Bo District - Forced to labour.

Assaulted and raped.

N.J (Female) age 28 - 1998 in Kailahun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Sexually enslaved.

P.J (Male) age 7 - 1993 in Kailahun - Forcibly conscripted.

Tortured.

P.J (Male) age 13 - 1992 - Forcibly conscripted.


S.J (Female) - 1992 in Bo District - Displaced.

Forced to labour, sexually enslaved and drugged.

Assaulted.

S.J (Female) age 12 - 1998 - Displaced.

Forcibly conscripted.

Assaulted and raped.

S.J (Female) age 15 - 1998 in Kono - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Raped.

S.J (Female) age 15 - 1992 - Extorted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and raped.

S.J (Female) age 20 - 1997 in Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Raped.
Raped.

S.J (Female) age 44 - 1997 in Tonkolili - Displaced and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and raped.

S.J (Male) age 45 - 1998 - Forcibly conscripted.

Limb amputated.

U.J (Female) - 1999 in Western Area - Property destroyed.

Assaulted and raped.

_.K (Female) - 1999 in Kambia - Forcibly conscripted.

_.K (Female) - 1993 - Property looted.

Forced to labour and sexually enslaved.

Assaulted and tortured.

_.K (Female) - 1993 in Pujehun - Property looted.

Abducted and detained.


Raped.

_.K (Female) age 19 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Raped.

_.K (Female) age 25 - 1991 in Kailahun - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Raped.

_.K (Female) age 34 - 1991 in Kenema - Forcibly conscripted.

A.K (Female) - 1996 in Bo District - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Raped.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 280 A.K (Female) - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted, tortured and raped.

Killed.


A.K (Male) - 1995 in Kambia - Forcibly conscripted and drugged.

A.K (Female) - 1999 in Kono - Sexually enslaved.

A.K (Female) - 1999 - Property looted.

Raped.

Killed.

A.K (Female) - 1997 in Bombali - Displaced.

Abducted.

Tortured and raped.

A.K (Female) - 1998 in Kailahun - Raped.

A.K (Female) - 1998 in Tonkolili - Extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Raped.

A.K (Female) - 1998 in Bombali - Sexually enslaved.
A.K (Female) - 1998 in Koinadugu - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Raped.

A.K (Female) - 1999 in Port Loko - Raped.

A.K (Female) - 1998 in Bombali - Displaced.

Sexually enslaved.

A.K (Female) - 1995 in Bo District - Abducted.

Tortured and raped.

A.K (Male) age 9 - 1999 in Western Area - Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

Tortured.

A.K (Male) age 10 - 1996 in Moyamba - Forced to labour, forcibly conscripted and drugged.
A.K (Male) age 10 - 2000 - Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

A.K (Male) age 11 - 1998 in Kono - Displaced.

Forcibly conscripted.

A.K (Female) age 11 - 1994 in Bombali - Sexually enslaved.

A.K (Female) age 12 - 1998 in Bombali - Displaced.

Forced to labour and sexually enslaved.

A.K (Female) age 12 - 1999 in Tonkolili - Extorted.

Forced to labour.

Raped.

A.K (Male) age 12 - 1999 in Kambia - Displaced.

Forcibly conscripted and drugged.

A.K (Male) age 13 - 1991 in Kambia - Displaced.


Forcibly conscripted.

Assaulted.

A.K (Male) age 13 - 1998 in Bombali - Displaced and extorted.

Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

Assaulted.

A.K (Male) age 14 - 1996 in Bombali - Forcibly conscripted.

A.K (Male) age 14 - 1998 in Bombali - Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

Tortured.

A.K (Female) age 16 - 1999 in Port Loko - Sexually enslaved.

A.K (Female) age 16 - 1998 in Bombali - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Raped.


A.K (Male) age 17 - 1999 in Bombali - Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

A.K (Male) age 17 - 1997 in Port Loko - Displaced.

Forcibly conscripted.

A.K (Male) age 18 - 1998 in Moyamba - Property destroyed.

Forcibly conscripted and drugged.

Assaulted.

A.K (Female) age 18 - Abducted and detained.

Raped.

A.K (Male) age 19 - 1999 in Bombali - Forcibly conscripted.

A.K (Male) age 19 - 1995 in Kailahun - Displaced.

Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.


Assaulted and tortured.

A.K (Male) age 23 - 2000 in Kambia - Forcibly conscripted.

A.K (Male) age 26 - 1998 in Koinadugu - Property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

A.K (Female) age 26 - 1999 in Port Loko - Extorted.

Forced to labour.

Tortured and raped.

A.K (Female) age 29 - 1999 in Port Loko - Raped.

A.K (Male) age 61 - 1993 in Tonkolili - Displaced and extorted.

Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

Tortured.
Tortured.

B.K (Female) - 1998 in Kono - Abducted and detained.

Tortured and raped.

B.K (Female) - 1994 in Bo District - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Raped.

B.K (Male) - 1991 in Kailahun - Displaced.

Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

B.K (Male) - 1998 - Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

Assaulted.

B.K (Female) age 7 - 1991 in Kailahun - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Raped.

B.K (Female) age 10 - 1993 in Kailahun - Sexually enslaved.

B.K (Female) age 10 - Displaced.


Raped.

B.K (Female) age 20 - 1998 - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted, tortured and raped.

B.K (Female) age 28 - 1991 in Bonthe - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Raped.

B.K (Female) age 40 - 1999 in Kono - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and raped.

B.K (Female) age 59 - 1999 in Port Loko - Property destroyed.

Abducted.

Raped.

D.K (Female) - 1992 in Kailahun - Displaced.

Abducted.

Assaulted and raped.


D.K (Female) - 1999 in Port Loko - Forced to labour.

Raped and limb amputated.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 281 D.K (Female) age 17 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Tortured, stripped and raped.

E.K (Male) - 1996 in Moyamba - Forced to labour, forcibly conscripted and drugged.

E.K (Female) - 1998 in Kono - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Raped.

E.K (Female) age 12 - 2000 in Kono - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Raped.


E.K (Female) age 14 - Displaced.

Sexually enslaved.

Assaulted and tortured.

E.K (Female) age 27 - 1998 in Koinadugu - Abducted and detained.

Raped.

F.K (Female) - 2000 in Kambia - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Raped.

F.K (Male) - 1995 in Kambia - Forcibly conscripted and drugged.

F.K (Female) - 1999 in Kambia - Forced to labour and sexually enslaved.

F.K (Female) - 1995 in Bo District - Forcibly conscripted.

F.K (Female) - Abducted.

Assaulted and raped.


F.K (Female) - 1998 in Bombali - Displaced.

Abducted.

Raped.

F.K (Female) - 1998 in Bo District - Abducted.

Raped.

F.K (Female) - 1991 - Sexually enslaved.

F.K (Female) - 1998 - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Raped.

F.K (Female) - 1995 in Moyamba - Displaced and extorted.

Sexually enslaved.

Stripped.

F.K (Female) - 1998 in Koinadugu - Abducted.

Assaulted and raped.


F.K (Male) age 7 - Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

Tortured.

F.K (Male) age 7 - Displaced.

Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

Assaulted and tortured.

F.K (Female) age 8 - Forced to labour.

Raped.

F.K (Female) age 8 - 1991 in Kailahun - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and raped.

F.K (Female) age 8 - 1996 - Abducted and detained.

Raped.

F.K (Female) age 8 - 1991 in Kailahun - Forcibly conscripted and sexually enslaved.
F.K (Female) age 10 - 1994 in Kailahun - Forced to labour.

Assaulted and raped.

F.K (Female) age 10 - 1998 in Bombali - Forced to labour and sexually enslaved.

F.K (Female) age 10 - 1997 in Kono - Abducted.

Raped.

F.K (Female) age 11 - 1997 in Port Loko - Forced to labour and sexually enslaved.

F.K (Female) age 12 - 1999 in Tonkolili - Forced to labour.

Assaulted, tortured and raped.

F.K (Female) age 13 - Forcibly conscripted.

Killed.

F.K (Female) age 14 - 1998 in Kono - Displaced.


Abducted and detained.

Tortured and raped.

F.K (Female) age 14 - 1994 in Bo District - Abducted and detained.

Raped.

F.K (Male) age 17 - 1991 in Kailahun - Extorted.

Forcibly conscripted.

Assaulted and tortured.

F.K (Female) age 18 - 1991 in Kailahun - Displaced and extorted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and raped.

F.K (Male) age 18 - 1991 in Kailahun - Displaced.

Forcibly conscripted.


F.K (Female) age 19 - 1999 in Kambia - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted.

Raped.

F.K (Female) age 20 - 1998 - Abducted.

Raped.

F.K (Female) age 23 - 1998 in Tonkolili - Abducted and detained.

Tortured and raped.

F.K (Female) age 27 - 1997 in Koinadugu - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted, tortured and raped.

F.K (Female) age 35 - 1998 in Port Loko - Property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and raped.


F.K (Female) age 35 - 1994 in Bo District - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and raped.

F.K (Female) age 38 - 1998 in Kono - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and raped.

F.K (Female) age 40 - 1991 in Kailahun - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Raped.

G.K (Male) - Property destroyed.

Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

G.K (Female) - 1991 in Kenema - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Raped.


H.K (Female) - 2000 in Koinadugu - Assaulted and raped.

H.K (Male) - 1994 - Forcibly conscripted.

H.K (Male) - 1998 in Bombali - Forcibly conscripted.

H.K (Female) - 1992 in Kailahun - Raped.

H.K (Female) age 10 - 1998 - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and raped.

H.K (Female) age 11 - 1999 in Bombali - Abducted and detained.

Raped.

H.K (Female) age 12 - 1991 - Raped.

H.K (Female) age 15 - 1991 in Bo District - Displaced.

Stripped and raped.
Stripped and raped.

H.K (Female) age 18 - Sexually enslaved.

Assaulted and tortured.

H.K (Female) age 18 - 1991 in Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and raped.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 282 H.K (Female) age 39 - 1991 in Pujehun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Raped.

I.K (Female) - 1996 in Moyamba - Displaced.

Sexually enslaved.

Assaulted and tortured.

I.K (Female) - 1999 in Western Area - Property looted.
Forced to labour and sexually enslaved.

Tortured and stripped.

Killed.

I.K (Female) - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and raped.

I.K (Female) - 1998 in Port Loko - Abducted.

Raped.

I.K (Male) age 8 - 1996 - Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

I.K (Male) age 13 - 1998 in Kono - Forcibly conscripted.

I.K (Female) age 15 - 1997 in Koinadugu - Forced to labour.

Raped.

I.K (Female) age 15 - 1997 in Kambia - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and raped.


I.K (Male) age 19 - 1991 - Forcibly conscripted.

Assaulted.

I.K (Female) age 19 - 1991 in Pujehun - Displaced and extorted.

Forced to labour and sexually enslaved.

I.K (Male) age 19 - 1993 in Kono - Property looted.

Forcibly conscripted.

Assaulted.

I.K (Female) age 22 - 1996 in Moyamba - Abducted.

Raped.

I.K (Female) age 23 - 1999 - Displaced and extorted.

Sexually enslaved.

Tortured.

I.K (Female) age 24 - 1997 in Kono - Displaced.


Forcibly conscripted.

I.K (Female) age 39 - 1999 in Kambia - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted, tortured and raped.

J.K (Male) - Forcibly conscripted.

J.K (Female) - 1997 in Pujehun - Raped.

J.K (Female) - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Raped.

J.K (Female) age 13 - 1994 in Bo District - Displaced.

Abducted.

Raped.

J.K (Male) age 14 - Forcibly conscripted.

Assaulted.
Assaulted.

J.K (Female) age 19 - 1994 in Bo District - Displaced and property destroyed.

Forced to labour and sexually enslaved.

Assaulted.

J.K (Female) age 19 - 1992 in Kailahun - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Raped.

J.K (Female) age 22 - 1998 in Bombali - Displaced.

Raped.

J.K (Female) age 25 - 1991 in Pujehun - Raped.

J.K (Male) age 26 - 1993 - Displaced and extorted.

Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

Tortured.

J.K (Female) age 29 - 1991 - Displaced.


Forced to labour and sexually enslaved.

Tortured and stripped.

J.K (Male) age 29 - 1998 in Kenema - Displaced.

Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

Assaulted and tortured.

K.K (Female) - 1995 in Moyamba - Forced to labour and sexually enslaved.

K.K (Female) - Displaced.

Sexually enslaved.

Tortured.

K.K (Female) - 1998 - Sexually enslaved.

K.K (Female) - Abducted and detained.

Raped.

K.K (Female) - 1991 in Pujehun - Raped.


K.K (Female) - 1997 in Bombali - Abducted and detained.

Raped.

K.K (Female) - 1998 - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured and raped.

K.K (Female) - 1997 in Bombali - Displaced.

Raped.

Killed.

K.K (Female) - 1992 in Kailahun - Displaced.

Abducted.

Assaulted and raped.

K.K (Male) age 7 - 1995 - Forcibly conscripted.

K.K (Male) age 8 - 1995 in Western Area - Forcibly conscripted and drugged.
Tortured and forced to participate in an act of cannibalism.

K.K (Male) age 9 - 1999 in Western Area - Forcibly conscripted and drugged.

Tortured.

K.K (Female) age 11 - 1998 in Kono - Displaced and extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Raped.

K.K (Female) age 12 - 1999 in Kambia - Abducted and detained.

Raped.

K.K (Female) age 14 - 1997 in Kono - Displaced.

Forced to labour and sexually enslaved.

K.K (Female) age 14 - 1991 - Displaced.

Raped.

K.K (Female) age 15 - 1999 - Raped.


K.K (Female) age 19 - 1994 in Koinadugu - Displaced.

Sexually enslaved.

K.K (Female) age 20 - 1999 in Koinadugu - Property looted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and raped.

K.K (Female) age 20 - 1999 - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Raped.

K.K (Female) age 21 - 1999 in Port Loko - Displaced.

Forced to labour, sexually enslaved and drugged.

Assaulted, tortured and stripped.

K.K (Male) age 31 - 1996 in Kailahun - Displaced.

Forcibly conscripted.

Assaulted.


K.K (Female) age 36 - 2000 in Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Raped.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 283 L.K (Female) - 1998 in Kono - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and raped.

L.K (Male) - 1998 in Bombali - Forcibly conscripted.

L.K (Male) - 1991 in Kailahun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Forcibly conscripted.

Killed.

L.K (Male) - 1995 in Moyamba - Forcibly conscripted.

L.K (Female) - 1995 in Moyamba - Tortured and raped.
L.K (Female) age 10 - Sexually enslaved.

L.K (Male) age 13 - 1998 in Kailahun - Extorted.

Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

L.K (Male) age 21 - 1991 - Displaced.

Forcibly conscripted.

L.K (Female) age 22 - 1991 in Pujehun - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and raped.

L.K (Male) age 28 - 1991 in Kailahun - Forcibly conscripted.

Assaulted, tortured and stripped.

M.K (Female) - 1992 in Kailahun - Raped.

M.K (Female) - 1999 in Moyamba - Abducted and detained.

Tortured and raped.
Tortured and raped.

Killed.

M.K (Female) - 1991 in Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Raped.

M.K (Male) - Forcibly conscripted.

Killed.

M.K (Female) - 1992 in Kono - Property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Tortured and raped.

M.K (Female) - 1991 in Kono - Displaced.

Assaulted, tortured and raped.

M.K (Female) - 2000 in Kambia - Forced to labour.

Raped.

M.K (Female) - 1999 in Western Area - Abducted and detained.

Raped.

M.K (Male) - 1995 in Kambia - Displaced.

Forcibly conscripted and drugged.


M.K (Female) - 1999 in Port Loko - Forced to labour.

Raped.

M.K (Male) - Displaced.

Forcibly conscripted.

M.K (Female) - 1999 in Kono - Extorted.

Sexually enslaved.

M.K (Female) - Raped.

M.K (Male) - 1998 in Bombali - Forcibly conscripted.

M.K (Female) - Abducted and detained.

Raped.

M.K (Male) - 1999 - Forcibly conscripted.

M.K (Female) - 1999 in Western Area - Raped.

M.K (Female) - 1999 in Bombali - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted.

Raped.
Abducted.

Raped.

M.K (Male) - 1994 in Kono - Forcibly conscripted.

Killed.

M.K (Female) age 8 - 1994 - Forcibly conscripted and sexually enslaved.

Stripped.

M.K (Female) age 8 - 1991 in Pujehun - Abducted and detained.

Raped.

M.K (Female) age 8 - 1996 in Tonkolili - Displaced.

Sexually enslaved.

M.K (Male) age 10 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Forcibly conscripted.

M.K (Male) age 10 - 1995 in Kailahun - Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.
M.K (Female) age 10 - 1994 in Kono - Forced to labour.

Raped.

M.K (Male) age 11 - 1998 in Bombali - Forcibly conscripted.

Tortured.

M.K (Female) age 11 - 1998 in Bombali - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Raped.

M.K (Male) age 12 - 1991 in Kailahun - Displaced.

Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

M.K (Male) age 12 - 1998 in Bombali - Displaced.

Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

Tortured.

M.K (Male) age 12 - 1994 in Kenema - Displaced and extorted.
Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

M.K (Female) age 14 - 1998 in Kono - Sexually enslaved.

Assaulted.

M.K (Female) age 15 - 1998 in Koinadugu - Forced to labour.

Assaulted and raped.

M.K (Male) age 15 - 1999 in Port Loko - Displaced.

Forced to labour, forcibly conscripted and drugged.

Assaulted.

M.K (Female) age 17 - Displaced.

Sexually enslaved.

M.K (Male) age 17 - 1998 in Port Loko - Forcibly conscripted.

M.K (Female) age 18 - 1991 in Kailahun - Property destroyed.
Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and raped.

M.K (Female) age 20 - 1999 in Western Area - Abducted and detained.

Raped.

M.K (Female) age 21 - 1998 in Port Loko - Forced to labour.

Tortured and raped.

M.K (Male) age 23 - 1996 in Bo District - Forcibly conscripted.

M.K (Female) age 24 - 1998 in Bombali - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Raped.

M.K (Female) age 24 - 1991 in Pujehun - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Raped.

M.K (Female) age 29 - 1999 in Western Area - Abducted and detained.
Assaulted, tortured and raped.

M.K (Female) age 36 - 1997 in Tonkolili - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted.

Raped.

M.K (Male) age 39 - 1998 in Kambia - Displaced.

Forcibly conscripted.

Tortured.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 284 M.K (Female) age 44 - 1996 in Moyamba - Tortured, stripped and raped.

M.K (Male) age 47 - 1997 in Moyamba - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

Assaulted and tortured.


M.K (Male) age 52 - 1999 in Kambia - Extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

M.K (Female) age 52 - 1997 in Moyamba - Displaced and property looted.

Assaulted and raped.

M.K (Female) age 59 - 1999 in Port Loko - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Raped.

M.K (Female) age 60 - 1993 in Kenema - Abducted and detained.

Raped.

N.K (Female) - 1998 in Kailahun - Raped.

N.K (Female) - 1999 in Bombali - Abducted and detained.

Raped.
Raped.

N.K (Male) age 8 - 1994 in Bo District - Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

Tortured.

N.K (Female) age 21 - 1999 in Kambia - Abducted and detained.

Raped.

O.K (Male) age 14 - 1995 in Kambia - Forcibly conscripted and drugged.

O.K (Male) age 20 - 1994 in Koinadugu - Property looted and destroyed.

Forcibly conscripted.

O.K (Male) age 30 - 1999 in Kono - Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

Killed.

P.K (Female) age 12 - 1997 in Kailahun - Sexually enslaved.
P.K (Male) age 15 - 1995 in Moyamba - Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

Assaulted.

P.K (Male) age 19 - 1999 in Kono - Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

R.K (Female) - 1999 in Moyamba - Abducted.

Raped.

R.K (Female) - 1994 in Tonkolili - Extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Raped.

R.K (Female) age 14 - 1997 - Abducted.

Raped.

R.K (Female) age 16 - Displaced.

Abducted.

Raped.

S.K (Male) - 1995 in Moyamba - Property looted.

Forcibly conscripted.

Tortured.


S.K (Female) - 1992 in Kono - Sexually enslaved.

S.K (Female) - 1999 in Port Loko - Displaced and property looted.

Sexually enslaved.

S.K (Female) - 1998 in Bombali - Abducted and detained.

Raped.

S.K (Female) - 1999 - Property looted.

Assaulted, stripped and raped.

S.K (Female) - 1998 in Bombali - Raped.

S.K (Female) - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Abducted.

Raped.

S.K (Male) - 1992 - Forcibly conscripted.

S.K (Male) age 9 - 1995 in Moyamba - Displaced.


Forced to labour, forcibly conscripted and drugged.

S.K (Male) age 10 - 1995 in Kambia - Displaced.

Forcibly conscripted and drugged.

S.K (Male) age 10 - 1999 - Forcibly conscripted and drugged.

S.K (Female) age 12 - 1995 in Kambia - Abducted and detained.

Raped.

S.K (Male) age 12 - 1999 - Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

S.K (Female) age 15 - 2000 - Abducted and detained.

Raped.

S.K (Female) age 18 - 1998 - Displaced.


Forced to labour and sexually enslaved.

Assaulted.

S.K (Female) age 18 - Displaced and property destroyed.

Raped.

S.K (Male) age 20 - 1991 in Moyamba - Forcibly conscripted and drugged.

S.K (Female) age 21 - 1991 in Kenema - Abducted.

Raped.

S.K (Female) age 23 - 1992 in Kono - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted.

Assaulted and raped.

S.K (Female) age 26 - 1996 - Property looted.

Forced to labour.

Raped.


S.K (Female) age 29 - 1999 in Port Loko - Displaced.

Sexually enslaved.

S.K (Male) age 30 - 1991 - Forcibly conscripted.

Tortured.

S.K (Female) age 30 - 1993 in Pujehun - Property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Raped.

S.K (Male) age 31 - 1991 in Bonthe - Displaced.

Forcibly conscripted.

S.K (Female) age 34 - Forcibly conscripted.

T.K (Female) age 13 - 1998 in Bo District - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Raped.


U.K (Female) age 13 - 1999 in Tonkolili - Displaced and extorted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and raped.

U.K (Female) age 15 - 2000 - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and raped.

V.K (Male) age 29 - 1991 in Kailahun - Forcibly conscripted.

W.K (Female) - Sexually enslaved.

W.K (Female) age 24 - 1999 - Abducted and detained.

Raped.

Y.K (Female) - 1992 in Kono - Displaced and property looted.

Sexually enslaved.

Y.K (Female) - 1999 in Western Area - Raped.


Y.K (Female) - 1992 in Western Area - Displaced.

Forced to labour and sexually enslaved.

Assaulted and Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 285 tortured.

Y.K (Female) - 1998 in Koinadugu - Forced to labour and sexually enslaved.

Y.K (Female) - 1994 in Koinadugu - Raped.

Y.K (Female) - 1999 in Bombali - Property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Raped.

Y.K (Female) - 1991 in Pujehun - Raped.


Y.K (Female) age 10 - 1995 in Port Loko - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and raped.

Y.K (Female) age 18 - 1998 in Kailahun - Displaced.

Forcibly conscripted.

Tortured, stripped and raped.

Y.K (Female) age 35 - 1999 in Tonkolili - Sexually enslaved.

Z.K (Female) - Forced to labour and sexually enslaved.

Z.K (Female) age 12 - 1999 in Kambia - Forced to labour.

Tortured and raped.
Tortured and raped.

Z.K (Female) age 12 - 1999 in Bombali - Forced to labour, forcibly conscripted and sexually enslaved.

_.L (Female) age 25 - 1992 in Kailahun - Displaced.

Raped.

A.L (Female) age 14 - 1994 in Kenema - Sexually enslaved.

Assaulted.

F.L (Male) - 1993 - Displaced.

Forcibly conscripted.

F.L (Female) age 15 - 1995 in Bonthe - Displaced.

Sexually enslaved.

F.L (Female) age 15 - 1998 in Kono - Displaced.

Sexually enslaved.

Tortured.


H.L (Female) age 20 - 1995 in Bonthe - Displaced and property looted.

Forced to labour and sexually enslaved.

Assaulted and stripped.

J.L (Female) age 29 - 1995 - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured and raped.

Killed.

J.L (Male) age 42 - 1995 in Bo District - Displaced and property looted.

Forcibly conscripted.

K.L (Female) age 13 - 2000 in Kono - Displaced.

Forcibly conscripted.

Raped.

M.L (Female) age 25 - 1995 in Kenema - Property looted.
Sexually enslaved.

M.L (Female) age 25 - 1998 in Kailahun - Displaced and property looted.

Detained.

Assaulted, tortured, stripped and raped.

M.L (Male) age 60 - 1991 in Kailahun - Displaced and property destroyed.

Forcibly conscripted.

Assaulted and tortured.

S.L (Female) age 14 - Displaced.

Forced to labour and sexually enslaved.

Assaulted and tortured.

T.L (Male) age 13 - 1998 in Kono - Forcibly conscripted.

V.L (Male) age 11 - 1991 in Kenema - Displaced.


Forced to labour, forcibly conscripted and drugged.

Y.L (Female) age 22 - 1994 in Kono - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Raped.

_.M (Female) - 1998 in Koinadugu - Displaced and property looted.

Forced to labour.

Raped.

_.M (Female) - 1994 in Bo District - Property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted, tortured and raped.

_.M (Female) - Displaced.

Sexually enslaved.

A.M (Female) - 1995 - Property looted.

Forced to labour.

Raped.


A.M - 1999 in Koinadugu - Sexually enslaved.

A.M (Male) age 7 - Forcibly conscripted.

A.M (Male) age 8 - Forcibly conscripted and drugged.

Assaulted.

A.M (Female) age 10 - 1994 in Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Raped.

A.M (Female) age 11 - 1995 in Kenema - Sexually enslaved.

A.M (Female) age 12 - 1999 in Pujehun - Forced to labour and sexually enslaved.

Tortured.

A.M (Male) age 12 - 1995 in Kailahun - Displaced.

Forcibly conscripted.


A.M (Female) age 13 - 1998 in Kono - Displaced.

Raped.

A.M (Female) age 14 - 1998 in Koinadugu - Displaced.

Forced to labour, forcibly conscripted, sexually enslaved and drugged.

A.M (Female) age 15 - 1998 in Bombali - Forced to labour.

Raped.

A.M (Male) age 16 - 1994 in Pujehun - Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

A.M (Female) age 18 - 1996 in Kenema - Displaced.

Raped.

A.M (Female) age 21 - 1998 in Tonkolili - Displaced and property destroyed.
Forcibly conscripted and sexually enslaved.

A.M (Female) age 24 - 1999 in Western Area - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted, stripped and raped.

A.M (Male) age 30 - 1998 - Displaced.

Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

Tortured.

A.M (Female) age 31 - 1999 in Koinadugu - Displaced and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Raped.

A.M (Female) age 48 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Assaulted and raped.

B.M (Female) - 1998 - Raped.

Killed.


B.M (Female) - 1991 in Kailahun - Property looted.

Sexually enslaved.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 286 B.M (Male) age 9 - 1995 in Bonthe - Forcibly conscripted.

B.M (Female) age 11 - Forced to labour.

Assaulted and raped.

B.M (Male) age 22 - 1991 in Kailahun - Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

B.M (Female) age 23 - 1998 in Bombali - Property destroyed.

Sexually enslaved.

Assaulted.

B.M (Male) age 39 - 1998 - Extorted.


Forcibly conscripted.

Tortured.

B.M (Male) age 52 - 1991 in Kenema - Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

Assaulted.

D.M (Female) - 1999 in Western Area - Abducted and detained.

Raped.

Killed.

D.M (Male) - 1997 in Koinadugu - Forcibly conscripted.

D.M (Female) age 8 - 1995 in Moyamba - Forced to labour.

Raped and limb amputated.

D.M (Male) age 10 - 1998 in Koinadugu - Forcibly conscripted.

Assaulted.
Assaulted.

D.M (Male) age 24 - 1996 in Kono - Displaced.

Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

E.M (Female) - 1999 in Bonthe - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Raped.

E.M (Female) age 27 - 1995 in Western Area - Displaced and property destroyed.

Raped.

F.M (Female) age 13 - 1991 - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Raped.

F.M (Female) age 20 - 1998 in Kenema - Raped.

F.M (Female) age 23 - 1998 in Port Loko - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Raped.


F.M (Female) age 23 - 1998 in Kono - Abducted.

Raped.

F.M (Female) age 26 - 1998 in Koinadugu - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured, stripped and raped.

F.M (Female) age 30 - 1993 in Kono - Displaced and extorted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted, stripped and raped.

F.M (Female) age 33 - Property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and raped.

F.M (Female) age 44 - 1997 - Displaced.

Abducted.

Raped.

Killed.


G.M (Female) - 1991 in Pujehun - Raped.

H.M (Female) - 1995 in Moyamba - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Raped.

H.M (Female) age 10 - 1999 in Pujehun - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and raped.

H.M (Female) age 11 - 1997 in Kono - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Raped.

H.M (Female) age 13 - 1997 in Kono - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Raped.

H.M (Female) age 17 - 1999 in Kono - Forced to labour.

Assaulted and raped.


H.M (Female) age 17 - 1995 in Bonthe - Raped.

H.M (Female) age 30 - 1991 in Bonthe - Displaced and property destroyed.

Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

Assaulted.

I.M (Female) - 1994 in Bo District - Raped.

I.M (Female) - Displaced.

Abducted.

Raped.

I.M (Female) age 15 - 1995 in Bo District - Abducted.

Raped.

I.M (Female) age 21 - 1998 in Kailahun - Forced to labour.

Assaulted and raped.

J.M (Female) - 1995 in Bo District - Displaced.

Abducted.

Raped.
Abducted.

Raped.

J.M (Female) - 1992 in Kailahun - Raped.

J.M (Female) - 1996 in Moyamba - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted, stripped and raped.

J.M (Female) - 1995 in Bonthe - Abducted.

Raped.

J.M (Male) - 1991 in Kailahun - Forcibly conscripted.

J.M (Female) age 10 - 1994 in Bo District - Displaced.

Forced to labour and sexually enslaved.

K.M (Female) - 1995 in Bonthe - Displaced and extorted.

Raped.

K.M (Female) - 1996 in Moyamba - Abducted and detained.

Raped.
Raped.

K.M (Male) age 8 - 1997 in Kailahun - Displaced.

Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

Assaulted.

K.M (Female) age 14 - 1991 - Raped.

K.M (Female) age 16 - 1995 in Bonthe - Displaced.

Sexually enslaved.

Assaulted.

K.M (Female) age 16 - 1997 - Displaced.

Forced to labour and sexually enslaved.

Assaulted.

K.M (Female) age 18 - 1991 in Bonthe - Displaced.

Sexually enslaved.

Tortured.

K.M (Female) age 22 - 2000 in Koinadugu - Raped.

K.M (Female) age 23 - 1998 - Property looted.


Sexually enslaved.

K.M (Female) age 38 - 1998 in Kono - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and raped.

L.M (Male) age 13 - 1998 in Tonkolili - Forcibly conscripted.

L.M (Male) age 14 - 1991 in Kailahun - Extorted.

Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

L.M (Female) age 16 - 1991 in Kailahun - Sexually enslaved.

Killed.

M.M (Female) - 1996 in Moyamba - Raped.


Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 287 M.M (Female) - 1995 in Moyamba - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Raped.

M.M (Female) - 1998 in Bombali - Property looted.

Raped.

M.M (Female) - 1993 in Pujehun - Abducted and detained.

Raped.

M.M (Male) - 1999 in Kambia - Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

Assaulted.

M.M (Female) - 1992 - Displaced.

Raped.


M.M (Female) - 1992 in Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Raped.

M.M (Male) - 1991 in Kailahun - Displaced.

Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

M.M (Male) age 9 - 1997 in Moyamba - Displaced.

Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

M.M (Male) age 10 - 1999 - Forcibly conscripted.

Assaulted.

M.M (Female) age 12 - 1997 in Kailahun - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and raped.


M.M (Female) age 13 - 2000 in Koinadugu - Forced to labour, sexually enslaved and drugged.

Assaulted.

M.M (Female) age 14 - 1991 in Kailahun - Sexually enslaved.

M.M (Male) age 14 - 1999 in Moyamba - Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

M.M (Male) age 15 - 1994 in Koinadugu - Forcibly conscripted.

Tortured.

M.M (Female) age 16 - 1998 in Koinadugu - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Tortured and raped.


M.M (Male) age 17 - 1995 in Moyamba - Forced to labour, forcibly conscripted and drugged.

Assaulted and tortured.

M.M (Female) age 20 - 1994 in Moyamba - Displaced.

Forced to labour and sexually enslaved.

M.M (Female) age 22 - 1999 in Koinadugu - Displaced.

Forced to labour and sexually enslaved.

M.M (Female) age 25 - 1998 - Displaced and property looted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and raped.

M.M (Female) age 27 - 1998 in Koinadugu - Abducted.

Raped.
Raped.

N.M (Male) - 1991 in Kailahun - Forcibly conscripted.

N.M (Male) age 11 - 2000 in Kenema - Displaced.

Forcibly conscripted.

Tortured.

P.M (Female) - 1998 in Koinadugu - Sexually enslaved.

P.M (Female) age 16 - 1998 in Koinadugu - Sexually enslaved.

Assaulted and tortured.

R.M (Female) - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Tortured and raped.

R.M (Female) - 1991 in Bonthe - Raped.

R.M (Female) age 13 - 1994 in Bonthe - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Raped.

S.M (Female) - 1991 in Moyamba - Raped.


S.M (Female) - Extorted.

Abducted.

Assaulted, tortured and raped.

S.M (Male) - 1998 - Forcibly conscripted.

S.M (Female) - 1991 - Displaced.

Raped.

S.M (Female) - 1991 in Pujehun - Forced to labour and sexually enslaved.

Assaulted.

S.M (Female) - 1992 in Kono - Sexually enslaved.

S.M (Female) - 1998 in Koinadugu - Raped.

S.M (Female) age 9 - 1998 in Kono - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and raped.


S.M (Female) age 16 - 1999 in Western Area - Extorted.

Forced to labour, sexually enslaved and drugged.

Assaulted.

S.M (Male) age 17 - 1998 in Koinadugu - Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

Assaulted.

S.M (Male) age 19 - 1999 in Western Area - Forcibly conscripted.

S.M (Female) age 28 - Displaced.

Sexually enslaved.

Assaulted.

S.M (Female) age 38 - 1997 - Property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Raped.


S.M (Female) age 44 - 1992 in Kono - Raped.

S.M (Male) age 46 - 1997 in Koinadugu - Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

Limb amputated.

T.M (Male) age 7 - 2000 - Forcibly conscripted and drugged.

T.M (Male) age 10 - 1998 in Kono - Forcibly conscripted.

Assaulted.

T.M (Female) age 19 - 1992 in Bo District - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured and raped.

V.M (Male) age 14 - 1994 in Kailahun - Forcibly conscripted.

Y.M (Male) - Displaced and property looted.


Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

Y.M (Female) age 17 - Forced to labour.

Raped.

Y.M (Female) age 20 - 1995 in Kailahun - Forced to labour and sexually enslaved.

Tortured.

Z.M (Female) age 12 - 1996 in Bombali - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and raped.

_.N (Female) age 17 - 1991 in Kailahun - Sexually enslaved.

_.N (Female) age 40 - 1997 in Moyamba - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and raped.


F.N (Female) age 15 - 1998 in Kono - Displaced.

Sexually enslaved.

Assaulted.

F.N (Male) age 41 - 1991 in Kailahun - Forcibly conscripted.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 288 H.N (Female) - 1995 in Bo District - Displaced and property looted.

Forced to labour.

Raped.

I.N (Female) - 1992 in Kailahun - Raped.

I.N (Female) - 1997 in Moyamba - Abducted.

Raped.

Killed.

K.N (Female) - 1998 in Kono - Abducted and detained.

Raped.

Killed.
Raped.

Killed.

M.N (Male) age 23 - Displaced and extorted.

Forcibly conscripted.

S.N (Male) age 7 - 1999 in Kono - Displaced.

Forcibly conscripted.

S.N (Male) age 15 - 1998 in Tonkolili - Extorted.

Forcibly conscripted.

S.N (Male) age 42 - 1995 - Forcibly conscripted.

Assaulted.

T.N (Male) age 10 - 2000 in Koinadugu - Forcibly conscripted.

Tortured.

_.P (Female) - Forced to labour.

Raped.

G.P (Female) age 11 - 1995 in Moyamba - Abducted and detained.

Raped.
Raped.

G.P (Male) age 15 - 1994 in Bonthe - Displaced.

Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

Assaulted.

J.P (Female) - Sexually enslaved.

M.P (Female) - Sexually enslaved.

M.P (Female) age 10 - 1992 in Moyamba - Sexually enslaved.

N.P (Female) age 40 - 1995 in Kenema - Abducted.

Raped.

Killed.

S.P (Female) - 1997 - Assaulted and raped.

S.P (Male) - Displaced.

Forcibly conscripted.

R.Q (Female) age 13 - 1998 - Displaced.

Abducted.

Raped.

A.R (Female) age 19 - 1991 - Displaced.

Raped.


K.R (Female) age 13 - 1995 in Moyamba - Sexually enslaved.

M.R (Female) - 1998 - Abducted and detained.

Tortured and raped.

S.R (Female) age 20 - 1999 - Raped.

_.S (Female) - 1995 in Moyamba - Raped.

_.S (Female) - 1995 in Bo District - Raped.

_.S (Female) - Extorted.

Raped.

A.S (Female) - 1995 in Moyamba - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Raped.

A.S (Female) - 1991 in Pujehun - Displaced and extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Raped.


A.S (Female) - 1998 in Tonkolili - Forced to labour.

Raped.

A.S (Male) - 1991 in Kambia - Displaced.

Forcibly conscripted.

Assaulted and tortured.

A.S (Male) age 8 - Forced to labour, forcibly conscripted and drugged.

A.S (Male) age 8 - Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

Assaulted and tortured.

A.S (Female) age 11 - 1998 in Tonkolili - Abducted and detained.

Raped.

A.S (Male) age 12 - 1998 in Port Loko - Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.
A.S (Male) age 12 - 1997 - Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

A.S (Male) age 14 - 1998 - Forcibly conscripted.

A.S (Male) age 14 - 1994 in Kailahun - Forcibly conscripted.

A.S (Female) age 14 - 1998 in Tonkolili - Abducted and detained.

Raped.

A.S (Female) age 18 - 1995 in Kenema - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and raped.

A.S (Female) age 18 - 1998 in Kono - Displaced.

Forced to labour and sexually enslaved.

Assaulted.

A.S (Female) age 20 - 1999 in Kono - Displaced.

Raped.
Raped.

A.S (Female) age 23 - 1995 in Bo District - Extorted.

Forced to labour.

Raped.

A.S (Female) age 46 - Property looted.

Abducted.

Assaulted and raped.

B.S (Male) - 1998 in Tonkolili - Forced to labour, forcibly conscripted and drugged.

B.S (Female) age 12 - 1994 in Kailahun - Displaced.

Forced to labour and sexually enslaved.

Assaulted and tortured.

B.S (Female) age 12 - 2000 in Kono - Displaced.

Raped.
Raped.

B.S (Male) age 13 - 1994 in Kailahun - Forced to labour, forcibly conscripted and drugged.

B.S (Female) age 15 - 1998 in Bo District - Forced to labour.

Raped.

B.S (Male) age 18 - 1991 in Kailahun - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

Assaulted and stripped.

B.S (Female) age 18 - 1992 in Kenema - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Raped.

B.S (Male) age 40 - 1994 - Displaced.

Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

Tortured.
Tortured.

C.S (Female) - 1999 in Tonkolili - Abducted and detained.

Raped.

D.S (Male) - Forcibly conscripted.

D.S (Male) age 11 - 1995 in Bonthe - Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 289 D.S (Male) age 14 - 1995 in Pujehun - Displaced.

Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

Assaulted.

D.S (Male) age 30 - Displaced.

Forcibly conscripted.

Assaulted.

E.S (Female) age 14 - 1995 in Bonthe - Forced to labour and sexually enslaved.

Assaulted.
Assaulted.

E.S (Female) age 14 - 1995 in Bonthe - Extorted.

Forcibly conscripted.

Assaulted and stripped.

F.S (Female) - 1998 in Tonkolili - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and raped.

F.S (Female) - 1998 in Bombali - Raped.

F.S (Female) - 1998 - Sexually enslaved.

Assaulted.

F.S (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Forcibly conscripted.

F.S (Female) - 1999 in Kambia - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Raped.

F.S (Female) age 8 - 1992 in Kailahun - Forced to labour and sexually enslaved.
F.S (Female) age 9 - 1995 in Port Loko - Abducted and detained.

Raped.

F.S (Female) age 10 - 1998 in Western Area - Forcibly conscripted.

Tortured and raped.

F.S (Female) age 11 - 1999 in Kono - Displaced.

Sexually enslaved.

Assaulted.

F.S (Male) age 12 - 1991 in Kailahun - Displaced.

Forcibly conscripted.

F.S (Female) age 13 - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Raped.

F.S (Male) age 20 - 1992 in Bo District - Forcibly conscripted.

F.S (Female) age 21 - 1998 in Kenema - Displaced.

Forced to labour.
Forced to labour.

Assaulted and raped.

F.S (Female) age 44 - 1991 - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted.

Raped.

H.S (Female) - 1992 in Pujehun - Sexually enslaved.

Assaulted and stripped.

H.S (Female) - 1994 in Bo District - Raped.

H.S (Female) - 1999 in Western Area - Sexually enslaved.

H.S (Female) - Displaced.

Forcibly conscripted and sexually enslaved.

Assaulted.

H.S (Female) - 2000 in Port Loko - Abducted.

Raped.

H.S (Female) age 11 - 1992 in Pujehun - Sexually enslaved.
H.S (Female) age 21 - 1999 in Kambia - Displaced.

Raped.

H.S (Female) age 25 - 1997 in Western Area - Assaulted and raped.

I.S (Female) - Raped.

I.S (Female) - 1994 in Bo District - Raped.

I.S (Female) - 1999 in Kambia - Displaced and property destroyed.

Sexually enslaved.

Stripped.

I.S (Male) - 1991 in Kailahun - Forcibly conscripted.

I.S (Female) - 1998 in Kono - Sexually enslaved.

Assaulted.

I.S (Male) age 12 - 1999 in Bombali - Displaced.

Forcibly conscripted.


I.S (Female) age 12 - 1995 in Kailahun - Displaced.

Forcibly conscripted and drugged.

I.S (Female) age 13 - 1999 in Western Area - Sexually enslaved.

I.S (Female) age 25 - 1992 in Kailahun - Property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and raped.

I.S (Female) age 28 - 1999 in Western Area - Forced to labour.

Assaulted and raped.

J.S (Female) - Displaced.

Sexually enslaved.

J.S (Female) - 1992 in Kenema - Displaced.

Raped.

Killed.

J.S (Male) - Forcibly conscripted.


J.S (Female) age 10 - Forced to labour.

Raped.

K.S (Female) - 2000 in Kambia - Raped.

K.S (Female) - 1998 in Kenema - Tortured and raped.

K.S (Female) - 1998 in Bo District - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Stripped and raped.

K.S (Male) age 8 - 1995 in Tonkolili - Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

K.S (Female) age 10 - 1993 in Port Loko - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Raped.


K.S (Male) age 15 - 1998 in Western Area - Forcibly conscripted.

K.S (Female) age 15 - 1994 in Koinadugu - Displaced.

Sexually enslaved.

Assaulted.

K.S (Female) age 21 - 1998 in Kenema - Displaced.

Sexually enslaved.

Assaulted.

K.S (Female) age 23 - 1998 - Displaced.

Sexually enslaved.

K.S (Female) age 25 - 1999 in Bo District - Extorted.

Raped.

Killed.

K.S (Female) age 27 - 1999 in Bombali - Displaced.

Forced to labour and sexually enslaved.

Assaulted.
Assaulted.

L.S (Female) age 14 - 1999 in Western Area - Sexually enslaved.

Assaulted.

M.S (Female) - 2000 in Kambia - Raped.

M.S (Female) - 1995 in Pujehun - Abducted and detained.

Tortured and raped.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 290 M.S (Female) - 1995 in Bo District - Displaced.

Abducted.

Raped.

M.S (Female) - 1995 in Bonthe - Abducted.

Raped.

M.S (Female) age 8 - 1994 in Port Loko - Sexually enslaved.

M.S (Female) age 10 - 1995 in Port Loko - Abducted and detained.

Raped.
Raped.

M.S (Female) age 13 - 1991 in Bombali - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Raped.

M.S (Female) age 13 - 1998 in Tonkolili - Forced to labour and sexually enslaved.

M.S (Female) age 13 - 1994 in Bo District - Abducted and detained.

Raped.

M.S (Female) age 14 - 1994 in Kailahun - Displaced.

Forced to labour, forcibly conscripted and sexually enslaved.

Tortured.

M.S (Female) age 14 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured, stripped and raped.


M.S (Male) age 15 - 1998 in Port Loko - Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

Assaulted.

M.S (Female) age 16 - 1996 in Moyamba - Abducted and detained.

Raped.

M.S (Female) age 17 - 1995 - Sexually enslaved.

M.S (Female) age 23 - 1998 - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted, stripped and raped.

M.S (Female) age 24 - 1991 in Kailahun - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Stripped and raped.

M.S (Female) age 28 - 1997 in Tonkolili - Abducted and detained.
Assaulted and raped.

M.S (Female) age 32 - 1994 in Kenema - Displaced.

Sexually enslaved.

Assaulted.

M.S (Female) age 34 - 1996 in Moyamba - Forced to labour and sexually enslaved.

Assaulted.

N.S (Female) - 2000 in Kambia - Raped.

N.S (Female) - 1999 in Bombali - Raped.

N.S (Female) age 11 - 1995 in Port Loko - Abducted and detained.

Raped.

P.S (Male) age 10 - 1993 in Bonthe - Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

Assaulted.

S.S (Male) - 2000 in Kambia - Property looted.


Forcibly conscripted.

S.S (Male) - 1993 in Kailahun - Forcibly conscripted.

S.S (Male) - Forcibly conscripted.

S.S (Male) - 1999 - Displaced.

Forcibly conscripted.

S.S (Male) age 8 - 1999 in Kambia - Forced to labour, forcibly conscripted and drugged.

Assaulted.

S.S (Female) age 11 - 2000 in Tonkolili - Sexually enslaved.

S.S (Male) age 11 - 1998 in Kono - Displaced.

Forcibly conscripted.

S.S (Female) age 14 - 1999 - Displaced.

Sexually enslaved.
Sexually enslaved.

Stripped.

S.S (Male) age 14 - 1999 in Kambia - Forcibly conscripted.

S.S (Female) age 15 - 1997 in Kailahun - Forced to labour and sexually enslaved.

S.S (Female) age 16 - 1997 - Displaced.

Sexually enslaved.

S.S (Male) age 26 - 1994 in Moyamba - Displaced and property destroyed.

Forcibly conscripted.

T.S (Female) - 1997 in Bombali - Forcibly conscripted.

T.S (Female) age 13 - 1999 in Bo District - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Raped.


T.S (Female) age 16 - 1994 in Kenema - Forcibly conscripted.

Assaulted.

U.S (Female) - 1998 in Port Loko - Displaced.

Raped.

U.S (Male) age 9 - 1995 in Bombali - Forcibly conscripted.

Assaulted.

U.S (Female) age 15 - 1995 in Bonthe - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Raped.

V.S (Male) age 14 - 1992 in Kailahun - Displaced.

Forcibly conscripted.

Assaulted and tortured.

W.S (Female) age 13 - Raped.

Y.S (Female) - 1998 in Kambia - Sexually enslaved.

Killed.
Killed.

_.T (Female) - 1999 in Kambia - Extorted.

Raped.

A.T (Male) - Forcibly conscripted.

A.T (Male) - 1999 - Displaced.

Forcibly conscripted.

A.T (Male) age 7 - 1998 in Bombali - Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

A.T (Female) age 15 - 1999 in Tonkolili - Displaced.

Sexually enslaved.

Assaulted and stripped.

A.T (Female) age 22 - 1995 in Bonthe - Displaced.

Sexually enslaved.

Assaulted.

A.T (Female) age 22 - 1995 in Kailahun - Displaced.

Sexually enslaved.

Tortured.


A.T (Male) age 25 - 1996 in Kono - Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

Tortured.

B.T (Female) - 1994 in Koinadugu - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Raped.

B.T (Female) age 18 - 1995 in Moyamba - Displaced.

Abducted.

Raped.

E.T (Male) age 10 - 1999 in Western Area - Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

Assaulted.

F.T (Female) - Abducted and detained.

Raped.


Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 291 F.T (Female) - 1999 in Tonkolili - Extorted.

Forced to labour.

Raped.

F.T (Female) - Extorted.

Raped.

F.T (Female) age 13 - 1991 in Pujehun - Displaced.

Sexually enslaved.

Assaulted.

F.T (Female) age 17 - 1999 - Sexually enslaved.

F.T (Male) age 18 - 1991 in Pujehun - Forcibly conscripted.

H.T (Female) - 1995 in Bonthe - Forced to labour and sexually enslaved.
H.T (Female) age 16 - 1994 in Tonkolili - Abducted and detained.

Raped.

I.T (Female) age 13 - 1997 in Kambia - Displaced and extorted.

Sexually enslaved.

Stripped.

I.T (Female) age 14 - 1995 in Tonkolili - Abducted and detained.

Tortured and raped.

Killed.

I.T (Female) age 18 - 1999 in Port Loko - Forced to labour.

Tortured and raped.

J.T (Female) - 1991 in Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Raped.

J.T (Male) - Forcibly conscripted.

Killed.


J.T (Male) age 8 - 1998 in Tonkolili - Forcibly conscripted.

J.T (Male) age 10 - 1998 in Kono - Forcibly conscripted.

J.T (Male) age 11 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Forced to labour, forcibly conscripted and drugged.

Tortured.

K.T (Female) - Extorted.

Raped.

K.T (Male) age 9 - Displaced.

Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

K.T (Female) age 16 - 1998 in Tonkolili - Extorted.

Sexually enslaved.

Stripped.


K.T (Female) age 19 - 1995 in Kambia - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and raped.

Killed.

L.T (Male) age 12 - 1999 in Port Loko - Forced to labour, forcibly conscripted and drugged.

Tortured.

M.T (Male) - Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

M.T (Male) - 1999 in Bombali - Forcibly conscripted.

M.T (Male) - Displaced and extorted.

Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

Assaulted.

M.T (Male) age 10 - Forcibly conscripted.


M.T (Male) age 11 - 1995 in Bombali - Forcibly conscripted.

Assaulted.

M.T (Female) age 12 - 2000 in Tonkolili - Forced to labour.

Raped.

M.T (Female) age 14 - 1999 in Port Loko - Displaced.

Sexually enslaved.

Assaulted.

M.T (Male) age 15 - 1998 in Tonkolili - Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

M.T (Female) age 15 - 1998 in Kono - Displaced.

Sexually enslaved.
Sexually enslaved.

M.T (Male) age 16 - 1998 in Koinadugu - Forced to labour, forcibly conscripted and drugged.

M.T (Female) age 18 - 1995 in Moyamba - Property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured and raped.

M.T (Female) age 21 - 1998 in Kono - Property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Raped.

O.T (Male) age 64 - 2000 in Kambia - Property looted.

Forcibly conscripted.

P.T (Female) - 1999 - Raped.

R.T (Female) - 1992 in Kono - Property looted.

Assaulted, stripped and raped.


R.T (Female) age 18 - 1998 in Kono - Property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Raped.

S.T (Male) - 1992 in Pujehun - Displaced.

Forced to labour, forcibly conscripted and drugged.

S.T (Male) age 12 - 1992 in Pujehun - Displaced.

Forced to labour, forcibly conscripted and drugged.

S.T (Male) age 15 - 1999 in Kambia - Forcibly conscripted.

F.V (Female) age 28 - 1991 in Kailahun - Displaced.

Abducted.

Raped.

I.V (Female) age 10 - 1995 in Kenema - Displaced.


Sexually enslaved.

I.V (Male) age 28 - 1991 - Displaced.

Forcibly conscripted.

J.V (Male) age 23 - 1991 in Koinadugu - Forcibly conscripted.

Assaulted.

L.V (Male) age 17 - 1995 in Bonthe - Displaced.

Forcibly conscripted.

N.V (Female) age 15 - 1991 in Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Raped.

T.V (Female) age 24 - 1992 in Kenema - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Stripped and raped.


A.W (Female) age 21 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Raped.

A.W (Female) age 23 - 1995 in Bonthe - Displaced and property looted.

Forced to labour and sexually enslaved.

G.W (Female) age 10 - 1991 in Kailahun - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and raped.

M.W (Female) age 17 - 1991 in Pujehun - Sexually enslaved.

M.W (Male) age 32 - 1996 in Kailahun - Extorted.

Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

Tortured.
Tortured.

N.W (Male) age 10 - 1996 in Kenema - Displaced.

Forced to labour, forcibly conscripted and drugged.

Assaulted.

O.W (Female) age 11 - 1991 in Western Area - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured and raped.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 292 S.W (Female) age 46 - 1998 in Kono - Abducted and detained.

Raped.

Killed.

T.W (Female) - 1991 in Bonthe - Raped.

I.Y (Male) - 1991 in Pujehun - Forcibly conscripted.

I.Y (Female) age 30 - 1991 in Kailahun - Displaced and extorted.
Assaulted and raped.

K.Y (Male) - 1998 in Kono - Forced to labour and forcibly conscripted.

K.Y (Female) age 10 - 1998 in Kono - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Raped.

K.Y (Female) age 12 - 2000 in Kono - Displaced.

Forced to labour and sexually enslaved.

Tortured.

M.Y (Female) - 1995 in Bonthe - Raped.

M.Y (Female) age 35 - 1998 in Kono - Forced to labour.

Assaulted and raped.

S.Y (Male) age 12 - 2000 in Kono - Forcibly conscripted.
T.Y (Male) age 11 - 1999 in Tonkolili - Forced to labour, forcibly conscripted and drugged.

Victims of the Conflict in Sierra Leone, 1991 to 2000 7.

These entries give the names of the victims and their ages where known.

Each entry is followed by the year in which the abuse began and, where possible, the chiefdom and district in which it occurred.

Finally each entry includes a description of the violations perpetrated against each victim.
It should be noted that many victims suffered several violations over a period of several years or in many different locations; however, only the first date and place is stated here.

The age given is the victim’s age at the time when the victim was first abused, but not necessarily the age at which the victim suffered all of the listed violations.

The 1,587 individuals named in confidential statements have been excluded from this list.

10,404 victims are listed here.


Abass, Shede (Male) - 1993 in Peje, Pujehun - Property destroyed.

Abdulah, Borbor (Male) age 15 - 1995 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Killed.

Abdulah, Lansana (Male) age 62 - 1994 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Property looted and destroyed.

Abdulai, Acassah (Male) - Killed.

Abdulai, Aminata (Female) age 19 - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abdulai, Baby (Female) - 1994 in Bagbo, Bo District - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.
Abdulai, Bockarie (Male) age 8 - 1994 in Lugbu, Bo District - Abducted and detained.

Abdulai, Brima (Male) age 73 - 1991 in Wunde, Bo District - Displaced.

Killed.

Abdulai, Joseph (Male) - 1992 in Tankoro, Kono - Displaced and property looted.

Forced to labour.

Tortured.

Abdulai, Kamali (Male) - Killed.

Abdulai, Momoh (Male) age 63 - 1991 in Jiama-Bongor, Bo District - Displaced.

Abdulai, Moriba (Male) - 1994 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Abducted.

Assaulted.

Killed.
Assaulted.

Killed.

Abdulai, Mustapha (Male) age 57 - 1995 in Kissi Teng, Kailahun - Displaced and property destroyed.

Tortured.

Abdulai, Saidu (Male) age 50 - 1995 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted, tortured and stripped.

Abdulai, Sao (Female) - Displaced.

Abdulai, Tenneh (Female) - 1994 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Displaced.

Abducted.

Abdulai, Vandi (Male) age 32 - 1991 in Luawa, Kailahun - Forced to labour.
Abdulai, Wuata (Female) - 1991 - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Abibu, Kenei (Male) - Killed.

Abu, Abdulai Dauda (Male) - 1995 - Displaced.

Abu, Adama (Female) - 1995 in Bonthe - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Abu, Albert (Male) - 1996 in Imperi, Bonthe - Property looted.

Abu, Albert (Male) age 43 - 1997 in Bonthe UDC, Bonthe - Extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Abu, Amie (Female) age 19 - 1999 in Peje West, Kailahun - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.


Abu, Ansuma (Male) - 1998 in Peje West, Kailahun - Killed.

Abu, Brima (Male) - 1995 in Bum, Bonthe - Abducted.

Assaulted.

Killed.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 293 Abu, Brima (Male) age 17 - 1997 in Nongoba Bullom, Bonthe - Extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Abu, Christiana (Female) age 34 - 1995 in Moyamba - Displaced.

Abu, David (Male) age 36 - 1999 in Baoma, Bo District - Abducted.
Abu, Duraman (Male) age 40 - 1995 in Timdel, Moyamba - Displaced.

Abu, Hadima (Female) - 1996 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Displaced and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Tortured.

Abu, Iye (Female) - 1999 in Baoma, Bo District - Abducted.

Assaulted.

Abu, Jenneh (Female) - 1998 in Imperi, Bonthe - Extorted.

Abu, Jestina (Female) age 58 - 1998 in Kamara, Kono - Displaced.

Abducted.

Abu, Joe (Male) - Killed.

Abu, Kadie (Female) - 1995 - Displaced.


Abu, Kumba (Female) age 19 - 1992 in Luawa, Kailahun - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Tortured.

Abu, Lansana (Male) - 1994 in Tonko Limba, Kambia - Property destroyed.

Killed.

Abu, Mariama (Female) - 1997 in Kono - Displaced, extorted and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Abu, Mariama (Female) - 1999 in Peje West, Kailahun - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Abu, Mattu (Female) - Displaced.


Abu, Mattu (Female) age 24 - 1995 in Badjia, Bo District - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Abu, Mohamed (Male) age 13 - Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Abu, Nyalla (Female) - 1996 in Tikonko, Bo District - Abducted.

Tortured.

Abu, Sahr (Male) age 19 - 1995 - Abducted.

Killed.

Abu, Saidu (Male) age 68 - 1995 in Baoma, Bo District - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.


Abu, Sao (Male) - 1996 in Peje West, Kailahun - Killed.

Abu, Senesie (Male) - 1996 in Nongoba Bullom, Bonthe - Killed.

Abu, Sia (Female) - 1998 in Sandor, Kono - Killed.

Abu, Sidi (Male) - 1995 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Displaced.

Assaulted and tortured.

Abu, Solomon (Male) age 30 - 1994 in Bagbo, Bo District - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Abu, Sonah (Male) age 23 - Forced to labour.

Killed.

Abu, Susan (Female) age 28 - 1994 in Kamajei, Moyamba - Detained.
Abu, Tamba (Male) age 15 - 1998 in Kono - Displaced.

Abu, Tamba (Male) age 33 - 1996 in Small Bo, Kenema - Displaced and property looted.

Assaulted.

Abu, Tommy (Male) - 1995 in Badjia, Bo District - Displaced.

Abu, Wahma (Male) - 1999 in Nongoba Bullom, Bonthe - Detained.

Adama, Finda (Female) - Detained.

Tortured.

Killed.

Adamu, Momoh (Male) age 74 - 1994 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced.

Killed.

Agbahun, Lansana (Male) - 1995 in Bonthe UDC, Bonthe - Killed.

Agbateh, Amadu (Male) - Killed.


Aiah, Musa (Male) age 37 - 1998 in Gbense, Kono - Abducted.

Killed.

Alabi, Ayiekeh (Female) age 28 - 1998 in Western Area - Property looted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Albert, Ndomahina (Male) age 58 - 1995 in Kowa, Moyamba - Displaced and property destroyed.

Tortured.

Alfred, Fatu (Female) - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Alfred, Morie (Male) age 43 - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Displaced.
Alfred, Peter (Male) age 44 - 1995 in Nongowa, Kenema - Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Alfred Kaikai, Fukai (Male) age 30 - 1994 in Gorama Mende, Kenema - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Alie, Abdul Raman (Male) - 1995 in Nongoba Bullom, Bonthe - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Alie, Alen (Male) age 2 - 1995 in Nongoba Bullom, Bonthe - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Alie, Andrew (Male) age 37 - 1994 in Gbendembu Ngowahun, Bombali - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Tortured.
Tortured.

Alie, Duraman (Male) age 7 - 1995 in Nongoba Bullom, Bonthe - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Alie, Foday (Male) age 65 - 2000 - Abducted.

Killed.

Alie, Francis (Male) age 45 - 1995 in Tikonko, Bo District - Displaced and property destroyed.

Alie, Hadiatu (Female) age 4 - 1995 in Nongoba Bullom, Bonthe - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Alie, Kamara (Male) age 22 - Assaulted.

Alie, Mariama (Female) - 1996 in Kaiyamba, Moyamba - Killed.
Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 294 Alie, Martha (Female) age 31 - 1995 in Nongoba Bullom, Bonthe - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Alie, Messi (Female) - 1995 in Tikonko, Bo District - Displaced.

Killed.

Alie, Nancy (Female) age 30 - 1998 in Peje West, Kailahun - Killed.

Alie, Sahr (Male) age 26 - 1998 in Sandor, Kono - Displaced.

Alie, Tamba (Male) - 1994 in Badjia, Bo District - Detained.
Alie, Tenneh (Female) age 9 - 1995 in Nongoba Bullom, Bonthe - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Alie, Tommy (Male) age 39 - 1995 in Banta Mokele, Moyamba - Property looted.

Forced to labour.

Alieu, Alhaji (Male) - 1994 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Property looted.

Alieu, Alpha (Male) - 1995 in Kagboro, Moyamba - Killed.

Alieu, Doris (Female) age 44 - 1994 in Valunia, Bo District - Extorted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and tortured.


Alieu, Finda (Female) age 8 - 1999 in Lei, Kono - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Tortured.

Alieu, Iye (Female) - 2000 in Samu, Kambia - Displaced.

Alieu, Jenneh (Female) - Killed.

Alieu, Keni (Male) - 1994 in Tikonko, Bo District - Killed.

Alieu, Kingsley (Male) age 36 - 1992 in Luawa, Kailahun - Property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Alieu, Komba (Male) age 15 - 1998 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced and extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.


Alieu, Komba (Male) age 68 - 1998 in Kamara, Kono - Property destroyed.

Assaulted and tortured.

Alieu, Mariama (Female) age 17 - 1992 in Peje West, Kailahun - Killed.

Alieu, Morie (Male) - 1993 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Assaulted.

Alieu, Morie (Male) age 48 - 1996 in Dodo, Kenema - Displaced.

Alieu, Musu Gabay (Female) age 35 - 1992 in Jawie, Kailahun - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Alieu, Sahr (Male) - 1992 in Nimikoro, Kono - Killed.
Alieu, Sia (Female) age 42 - Assaulted.

Alieu, Tamba (Male) - 1999 in Lei, Kono - Tortured.

Killed.

Alieu, Tangia (Male) - 1991 in Kissi Tongi, Kailahun - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Allieu, Foday (Male) age 54 - 1992 in Makpele, Pujehun - Assaulted and tortured.

Killed.

Alpha, Abu (Male) - 1994 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Abducted and detained.

Alpha, Alhaji Musa (Male) - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.


Alpha, Alieu (Male) - 1997 in Makari Gbanti, Bombali - Displaced and extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Alpha, Bockarie (Male) - 1996 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Killed.

Alpha, Borbor (Male) age 56 - 1991 in Wara-Wara Bafodia, Koinadugu - Displaced.

Assaulted and tortured.

Alpha, David (Male) - Assaulted and tortured.

Alpha, Fallah (Male) age 24 - 1992 in Upper Bambara , Kailahun - Displaced and property looted.
Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Alpha, Fatu (Female) - 1994 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced and property looted.

Assaulted.

Alpha, James (Male) age 35 - 1995 in Kaiyamba, Moyamba - Killed.

Alpha, John (Male) - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Alpha, Kamor (Male) - 1995 in Dodo, Kenema - Killed.

Alpha, Katumu (Female) - 1992 in Malema, Kailahun - Detained.

Alpha, Marie (Female) - 1998 - Forced to labour.

Alpha, Mbalu (Female) - 1995 in Bagbe, Bo District - Assaulted and tortured.

Killed.
Killed.

Alpha, Modibah (Male) - Killed.

Alpha, Musa (Male) - 1992 - Killed.

Alpha, Musa (Male) - 1994 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Property destroyed.

Alpha, Ngaya (Male) - Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Alpha, Ngebeh (Male) age 65 - Property looted and destroyed.

Alpha, Tommy (Male) - 1997 in Nongoba Bullom, Bonthe - Abducted.

Alpha, Yatta (Female) age 15 - 1991 - Displaced.

Alusine, Momoh (Male) - Displaced.

Amadu, Abdulai (Male) age 34 - 1995 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Displaced.
Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 295 Amadu, Bockarie (Male) age 55 - 1994 - Displaced.

Amadu, Elizabeth (Female) age 18 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced and extorted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Amadu, Francis (Male) age 38 - 1996 - Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Killed.

Amadu, Kadiatu (Female) age 11 - 1995 in Bum, Bonthe - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Amadu, Kumba (Female) age 33 - 1998 in Nimikoro, Kono - Displaced.
Amadu, Mudah (Male) - 1994 in Kando Leppeama, Kenema - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Amadu, Musu (Female) age 25 - 1998 in Soa, Kono - Displaced.

Amadu, Patrick (Male) - 1999 in Paki Masabong, Bombali - Property destroyed.

Amadu, Sahr (Male) age 4 - 1998 in Soa, Kono - Killed.

Amadu, Tranie (Male) age 32 - Property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Amadu, Vandi (Male) - 1996 in Jawie, Kailahun - Killed.

Amaka, Sao (Male) - 1991 in Luawa, Kailahun - Assaulted.

Amara, Abu (Male) - Killed.


Amara, Aiah (Male) age 55 - 1992 in Gbane, Kono - Killed.

Amara, Ajuba (Male) age 8 - 1991 in Luawa, Kailahun - Killed.

Amara, Alfred (Male) - 1999 in Paki Masabong, Bombali - Property looted.

Tortured.

Amara, Alhaji (Male) - 1995 in Gallinasperi, Pujehun - Property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Killed.

Amara, Alhaji Fomba (Male) age 75 - 1992 in Luawa, Kailahun - Killed.
Amara, Amadu (Male) age 56 - 1992 in Malen, Pujehun - Displaced and property destroyed.

Amara, Amadu (Male) age 67 - 1999 in Malegohun, Kenema - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Amara, Ambrose (Male) - 1998 in Kakua, Bo District - Property looted.

Amara, Augustine (Male) age 61 - 1997 in Nongowa, Kenema - Displaced and property destroyed.

Amara, Bintu (Female) age 8 - 1999 - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Amara, Bobor (Male) age 46 - 1992 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced.
Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Amara, Borbor (Male) - 1994 in Follosaba Dembelia, Koinadugu - Detained.

Killed.

Amara, Brima (Male) - Displaced.

Amara, Brima (Male) age 25 - 1996 in Wandor, Kenema - Killed.

Amara, Brima (Male) age 35 - 1991 in Luawa, Kailahun - Displaced.

Amara, Brima (Male) age 55 - 1993 in Kono - Abducted and detained.

Stripped.

Amara, Brima (Male) age 63 - 1995 in Yawei, Kailahun - Displaced and property looted.
Amara, Christina (Female) age 35 - 1998 in Sanda Loko, Bombali - Property looted.

Amara, Edna (Female) age 40 - 1992 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced and property destroyed.

Amara, Elizabeth (Female) age 11 - 1999 in Yoni, Tonkolili - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Amara, Fatmata (Female) age 29 - 1991 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Amara, Foday (Male) age 71 - 1991 in Luawa, Kailahun - Property destroyed.
Amara, Gbessay (Male) - 1991 in Luawa, Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Amara, Gloud (Male) - 1994 in Kori, Moyamba - Killed.

Amara, Gumbu (Male) - 1991 - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Amara, Isata (Female) age 41 - 1991 in Jawie, Kailahun - Displaced.

Amara, Isatu (Female) age 28 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced and property destroyed.

Amara, James (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Assaulted.
Amara, Jeneba (Female) age 40 - 1991 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Displaced and property looted.

Amara, Joe (Male) age 67 - 1995 in Small Bo, Kenema - Displaced and property looted.

Forced to labour.

Amara, Joseph (Male) - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Killed.

Amara, Joseph (Male) age 23 - 1994 in Dodo, Kenema - Displaced and property destroyed.

Amara, Junisa (Male) - Displaced.


Amara, Katie (Female) age 33 - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Amara, Kombe (Male) age 43 - Displaced.

Stripped.

Amara, Lahai (Male) - 1996 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Amara, Lahai (Male) - 1994 in Simbaru, Kenema - Displaced.

Amara, Lahai (Male) age 31 - 1991 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Amara, Lamin (Male) - 1995 in Kando Leppeama, Kenema - Displaced.
Abducted and detained.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 296 Assaulted and tortured.

Amara, Mamaalie (Female) age 78 - 1995 in Yawei, Kailahun - Assaulted.

Killed.

Amara, Manie (Male) age 37 - 1993 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Amara, Massah (Female) - 1991 in Peje Bongre, Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Amara, Mattu (Female) age 48 - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.


Amara, Messie (Female) age 64 - 1991 in Gallinasperi, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted.

Assaulted.

Amara, Mohamed (Male) - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Amara, Mohamed (Male) age 18 - 1995 in Nimikoro, Kono - Displaced and property looted.

Killed.

Amara, Mohamed (Male) age 32 - 1995 in Dama, Kenema - Displaced and extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Amara, Moinina (Male) age 56 - 1996 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Killed.


Amara, Morgboi (Male) age 46 - Displaced.

Amara, Musa (Male) - Displaced.

Amara, Mustapha (Male) age 31 - 1992 in Simbaru, Kenema - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Amara, Musu (Female) - 1998 in Kori, Moyamba - Displaced.

Amara, Musu (Female) age 32 - 1996 in Gbane Kandor, Kono - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Amara, Musu (Female) age 40 - 1994 in Dodo, Kenema - Killed.

Amara, Nancy (Female) - 1995 in Kpanda Kemo, Bonthe - Displaced and property destroyed.
Amara, Philip (Male) - 2000 in Baoma, Bo District - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Amara, Saha (Male) age 21 - 1995 - Killed.

Amara, Sahr (Male) age 34 - 1992 in Gbane, Kono - Displaced and extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted, tortured and stripped.

Amara, Saidu (Male) age 32 - 1995 in Gallinasperi, Pujehun - Displaced, extorted and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.


Amara, Samai (Male) - 1991 in Peje West, Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Killed.

Amara, Sata (Female) age 13 - 1995 in Badjia, Bo District - Displaced.

Amara, Sattu (Female) - 1997 in Gbane, Kono - Abducted.

Amara, Sheku (Male) - 1994 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Displaced.

Abducted.

Amara, Sia (Female) age 50 - 1992 in Gbane, Kono - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Amara, Smart (Male) age 54 - 1991 in Gaura, Kenema - Displaced and property destroyed.
Amara, Tenneh (Female) - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Displaced and property looted.

Assaulted.

Amara, Tommy (Male) - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Amara, Wuya (Female) age 38 - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Assaulted.

Amara, Yusu (Male) - 1994 in Luawa, Kailahun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Amidu, Alpha (Male) - Killed.

Amidu, Margaret (Female) - 1995 - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Amidu, Medie - 1995 - Abducted and detained.


Amidu, Wuya (Female) - 1995 - Abducted and detained.

Aminata, Saffa (Male) age 6 - 1996 in Simbaru, Kenema - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Amos, Victor (Male) age 23 - Killed.

Ann, Alpha (Male) age 16 - 1996 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Abducted.

Ansarr, Bai Shebora Tonka (Male) age 76 - 1999 in Samu, Kambia - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Assaulted.

Killed.

Anssumana, Adama (Female) - Killed.


Anssumana, Agnes (Female) age 45 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Anssumana, Aiah (Male) age 40 - 1994 in Gbane, Kono - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Anssumana, Albert (Male) age 27 - 1993 in Baoma, Bo District - Displaced and property destroyed.

Anssumana, Alhaji (Male) - 1995 in Benducha, Bonthe - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.


Anssumana, Aliah (Female) age 38 - 1993 in Upper Bambara , Kailahun - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Anssumana, Bockarie (Male) age 45 - 1998 in Jalahun, Kailahun - Displaced.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 297 Anssumana, Bockarie (Male) age 57 - 1997 in Gorama Mende, Kenema - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Anssumana, Brima (Male) - 1997 in Tikonko, Bo District - Displaced and property destroyed.
Anssumana, Brima (Male) age 28 - 1991 in Panga Krim, Pujehun - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Anssumana, Fayia (Male) - 1993 in Kissi Tongi, Kailahun - Killed.

Anssumana, Foday (Male) age 36 - 1998 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Anssumana, James (Male) age 42 - Displaced and property destroyed.

Anssumana, Jeneh (Female) - Killed.

Anssumana, Jivirah (Male) - 1991 in Luawa, Kailahun - Killed.

Anssumana, John J.
Anssumana, John J.

(Male) age 41 - 1991 in Badjia, Bo District - Displaced and property destroyed.

Anssumana, Joseph (Male) - 1997 in Nongowa, Kenema - Assaulted.

Anssumana, Jothanan (Male) - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Killed.

Anssumana, Jusu (Male) age 51 - 1993 in Western Area - Forced to labour.

Anssumana, Memuna (Female) - 1991 - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Anssumana, Mustapha (Male) age 33 - Displaced and property looted.

Anssumana, Ruben (Male) - 1996 in Sella Limba, Bombali - Displaced.
Anssumana, Sahr (Male) age 24 - 1997 in Kono - Displaced and extorted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and tortured.

Anssumana, Salifu (Male) age 28 - 1997 in Nongowa, Kenema - Property looted.

Assaulted and tortured.

Killed.

Anssumana, Sayoh (Male) - 1998 in Kamara, Kono - Displaced.

Abducted.

Tortured and limb amputated.

Anssumana, Sheku (Male) - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Abducted.

Anssumana, Sylvester (Male) age 47 - 1995 in Kwamebai Krim, Bonthe - Displaced and property looted.
Anssumana, Tamba (Male) age 32 - 1996 - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Anssumana, Tamba (Male) age 75 - 1991 in Gbane, Kono - Abducted.

Killed.

Ansu, Alpha (Male) - 1994 in Badjia, Bo District - Displaced.

Ansu, Fatty (Female) age 25 - 1994 in Badjia, Bo District - Displaced.

Ansu, Hawa (Female) - 1998 in Malema, Kailahun - Killed.

Ansu, Jinnah (Female) age 22 - 1998 - Property looted.

Tortured.
Tortured.

Ansu, Maithias Goddo (Male) age 23 - 1993 in Koya, Kenema - Displaced and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted, tortured and stripped.

Anthony, Foday (Male) age 25 - 1999 in Western Area - Property destroyed.

Assaulted.

Anthony, Francis P. (Male) age 34 - 1995 in Ribbi, Moyamba - Property looted.

Aruna, Adama (Female) age 51 - 1992 in Gaura, Kenema - Displaced and property looted.

Aruna, Amara (Male) - 1991 in Yawei, Kailahun - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.


Aruna, Amara (Male) - 1991 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced and property destroyed.

Tortured.

Killed.

Aruna, Bockarie (Male) age 18 - 1991 in Malema, Kailahun - Displaced.

Abducted.

Aruna, Brima (Male) age 53 - 1991 in Sowa, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Aruna, Jenneh (Female) - 1991 - Assaulted.

Aruna, Joseph (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Property destroyed.

Killed.

Aruna, Joseph (Male) age 47 - Displaced and property destroyed.
Assaulted and tortured.

Aruna, Karu (Male) - 1992 in Jawie, Kailahun - Tortured.

Aruna, Lahai (Male) age 50 - 1991 - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Aruna, Mambu (Male) - 1991 in Malema, Kailahun - Assaulted.

Aruna, Maria (Female) - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Displaced and property destroyed.

Aruna, Massa (Female) - 1992 in Jawie, Kailahun - Assaulted.
Aruna, Michael (Male) age 42 - 1995 in Banta Gbanggbatoke, Moyamba - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Aruna, Mohamed (Male) age 18 - 1996 - Abducted.

Aruna, Morie (Male) - Displaced and property looted.

Forced to labour.

Aruna, Murray (Male) - 1993 in Bagbo, Bo District - Tortured.

Aruna, Noah (Male) age 72 - 1992 in Gaura, Kenema - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted.

Killed.

Aruna, Sabatu (Female) - 1999 in Banta Mokele, Moyamba - Killed.
Aruna, Tamba (Male) age 45 - 1993 in Luawa, Kailahun - Killed.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 298 Aruna, Vandy (Male) age 37 - 1991 in Badjia, Bo District - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Aruna-Amara, Sheku (Male) age 28 - 1995 in Dodo, Kenema - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Asimi, Bobor (Male) age 39 - 1998 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced.

Tortured and limb amputated.

Asimi, Frank (Male) age 33 - 1998 in Western Area - Displaced.

Assaulted and limb amputated.


Ayivi, Bockarie (Male) - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Killed.

Ayuba, Kpamea (Male) - 1991 in Gallinasperi, Pujehun - Property looted and destroyed.

Baadie, Mamadu (Male) - 1997 in Barri, Pujehun - Displaced and property destroyed.

Baba, Fadilu (Male) - 1995 in Yawbeko, Bonthe - Assaulted.

Babo, Gassimu (Male) - 1996 in Badjia, Bo District - Killed.

Badara, Alieu (Male) - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Displaced.

Assaulted and tortured.


Bagolay, Thomas (Male) age 27 - 1991 in Small Bo, Kenema - Forced to labour.

Tortured.

Bah, A.M. (Male) - 1996 in Sanda Tendaren, Bombali - Killed.

Bah, Abu Bakarr (Male) - 1998 - Abducted.

Bah, Abu Bakarr (Male) age 47 - 1991 - Displaced.

Bah, Alhaji Amadu (Male) - 1999 in Bombali Shebora, Bombali - Detained.

Bah, Alimatu (Female) - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Bah, Alpha (Male) age 20 - Displaced.

Tortured.

Bah, Alusine (Male) - 1997 in Bonthe UDC, Bonthe - Killed.
Bah, Amadu (Male) age 45 - 1999 in Western Area - Extorted and property looted.

Abducted.

Bah, Bailor (Male) - 1991 in Nongowa, Kenema - Killed.

Bah, Bailor (Male) age 27 - 1997 in Jiama-Bongor, Bo District - Displaced.

Bah, Brima (Male) age 36 - 1999 in Biriwa, Bombali - Property looted.

Abducted.

Assaulted.

Bah, Chernor (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Bah, Fatmata (Female) age 50 - 1998 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced and property destroyed.
Bah, Fatu (Female) - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Bah, Hawa (Female) - 1991 - Killed.

Bah, Ibrahim (Male) - 1998 in Kakua, Bo District - Displaced and property looted.

Detained.

Bah, Idrissa (Male) age 11 - 1996 in Magbema, Kambia - Assaulted and stripped.

Bah, Isatu (Female) - 1998 in Nimikoro, Kono - Killed.

Bah, Isatu (Female) - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Killed.

Bah, Jenebu (Female) - 1994 in Gallinasperi, Pujehun - Killed.
Bah, Juldeh (Male) - 1991 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Property looted.

Bah, Kadiatu (Female) age 34 - 1994 in Nimiyama, Kono - Displaced and property looted.

Forced to labour.

Bah, Khobbie (Male) age 37 - 1998 in Tonko Limba, Kambia - Displaced, extorted and property looted.

Abducted.

Assaulted.

Bah, Lamrana (Female) age 56 - Displaced.

Bah, Mamadu (Male) age 85 - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Bah, Mariama (Female) - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced and property destroyed.
Assaulted.

Bah, Mohamed (Male) age 8 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Bah, Mohamed (Male) age 25 - 1998 - Assaulted.

Bah, Mohamed (Male) age 26 - 1998 in Kono - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Bah, Mohamed (Male) age 39 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Bah, Mohamed (Male) age 50 - 1992 in Nimikoro, Kono - Displaced and property destroyed.
Bah, Mohamed (Male) age 51 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured and limb amputated.

Bah, Mohamed (Male) age 57 - 1995 in Valunia, Bo District - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured and limb amputated.

Bah, Neneh (Female) age 50 - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Displaced and property looted.

Bah, Saiku (Male) age 70 - 1998 in Nimikoro, Kono - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Bah, Salamatu (Female) age 29 - Displaced.

Tortured.
Tortured.

Bah, Sheku (Male) age 35 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Limb amputated.

Bah, Sulaiman (Male) - 1997 in Jiama-Bongor, Bo District - Assaulted.

Killed.

Bah, Tajah (Male) - 1998 - Abducted.

Bahwa, Abdulai (Male) - 1995 in Sogbini, Bonthe - Forced to labour.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 299 Bai, Komba (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Killed.

Bai, Thullah (Male) - 1999 in Kholifa Mabang, Tonkolili - Displaced and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.
Forced to labour.

Baida, Kadie (Female) - 1996 in Bo District - Displaced and property looted.

Assaulted.

Baigegbaya, Nyoma (Female) - 1996 in Badjia, Bo District - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Bailey, Alpha (Male) - 1991 in Nongowa, Kenema - Killed.

Bailey, Alpha (Male) age 41 - 1991 in Gallinasperi, Pujehun - Displaced.

Bailey, Musa (Male) - Property destroyed.

Bailey, Peter (Male) age 42 - 1994 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.
Bailey, Satta (Female) - 1991 in Malen, Pujehun - Killed.

Bailey, Umu (Female) age 24 - 1997 in Bonthe - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Baima, Brima (Male) age 42 - 1994 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Baima, Thomas (Male) - 1998 in Sandor, Kono - Assaulted and limb amputated.

Baimano, Abigail (Female) age 44 - 1999 in Western Area - Extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Baimba, Fatmata (Female) age 40 - Killed.


Baimba, Jina (Male) - 1993 in Malen, Pujehun - Killed.

Baimba, Jinah - 1991 in Malen, Pujehun - Killed.

Baimba, Keikula (Male) age 21 - 1994 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Displaced.

Abducted.

Baimba, Mualemu (Male) - 1994 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Displaced.

Abducted.

Baimba, Sallay (Female) - 1994 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Displaced.

Abducted.

Baimba, Tommy (Male) - 1996 in Kwamebai Krim, Bonthe - Killed.
Bainda, Alhaji (Male) - 1996 in Bo District - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Tortured.

Killed.

Bainda, Kenni (Male) - Killed.

Baindu Sannoh, Marie (Female) - Killed.

Baingo, Alpha (Male) - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and stripped.

Bainya, Mohamed (Male) age 28 - 1995 - Displaced and extorted.

Assaulted.

Bainya, Sheku (Male) - 1995 - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Baisy, Peter (Male) - 1995 in Bonthe - Displaced.

Killed.
Killed.

Baiwa, Yatta (Female) - 1992 in Peje Bongre, Kailahun - Forced to labour.

Killed.

Bajor, Foday (Male) - 1994 in Bagbo, Bo District - Extorted and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Killed.

Baka, Pieh (Male) - 1995 - Detained.

Killed.

Bakar, Fumie (Female) age 31 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Baker, Moses (Male) - 1995 in Dasse, Moyamba - Property looted.

Killed.
Killed.

Baker, Orlon (Male) age 47 - 1997 in Bonthe - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Bakoh, Aiah (Male) - 1993 - Assaulted.

Killed.

Bakor, Joseph Henry (Male) age 47 - 1992 - Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Bala, Komba (Male) age 68 - 2000 in Malegohun, Kenema - Property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Balenga, Braima (Male) age 70 - 1991 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Killed.


Balenga, Lahai (Male) age 19 - 1991 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced.

Ballay, Mosseray (Male) - 1995 in Banta Mokele, Moyamba - Assaulted.

Killed.

Ballay, Vafoi (Male) age 42 - 1994 in Small Bo, Kenema - Displaced.

Balleh, Hawa (Female) age 30 - 1998 in Kando Leppeama, Kenema - Displaced and extorted.

Balogun, Abdulai (Male) - 1991 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced.

Killed.
Killed.

Balogun, Alhaji Amsusu (Male) age 77 - 1991 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Balugun, Mohamed (Male) - 1991 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced.

Killed.

Bama, Brima (Male) - 1996 in Peje West, Kailahun - Killed.

Bamba, Adams (Female) age 15 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Bamba, Fayah (Male) age 31 - 1992 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced and extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Bamba, Gladys (Female) age 24 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.
Bamba, Jina - 1991 in Malen, Pujehun - Killed.

Bambay, Joe (Male) - Killed.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 300 Bamboh, Sahr (Male) age 38 - 1995 in Nimikoro, Kono - Displaced.

Abducted.

Assaulted.

Bammeh, Kemoh (Male) - 1996 - Tortured.

Bana, Amie (Female) - Killed.

Banada, Komba (Male) age 32 - 1997 in Gbane, Kono - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Bandoh, William (Male) - 1995 in Kagboro, Moyamba - Property looted and destroyed.

Killed.
Killed.

Bangalie, Alie (Male) - 1997 in Timdel, Moyamba - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Bangalie, Allieu (Male) - 1997 in Sittia, Bonthe - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Bangalie, Allieu (Male) - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Bangalie, Allieu (Male) age 23 - 1994 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Assaulted.

Bangalie, Andrew (Male) - 1997 in Tikonko, Bo District - Tortured.
Bangalie, Christiana (Female) - 1994 in Komboya, Bo District - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Bangalie, Hawa (Female) age 30 - Displaced and property destroyed.

Bangalie, Kumba (Female) age 45 - 1998 in Nimiyama, Kono - Displaced.

Bangalie, Malikie (Male) - 1995 in Tikonko, Bo District - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Bangalie, Morie (Male) - 1994 in Simbaru, Kenema - Displaced and property looted.
Bangalie, Musu (Female) age 36 - 1995 in Tikonko, Bo District - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Assaulted.

Bangalie, Sahr (Male) age 12 - 1999 in Western Area - Killed.

Bangalie, Tamba (Male) age 10 - 1999 in Western Area - Killed.

Bangao, Kai (Male) age 48 - 1995 - Property destroyed.

Abducted.

Assaulted and tortured.

Killed.

Bangebah, Sia (Female) age 30 - 1998 in Sandor, Kono - Displaced.

Bangloh, Amidu (Male) - 1994 in Lugbu, Bo District - Property destroyed.

Assaulted.
Assaulted.

Bango, Ansumana (Male) - 1996 in Sogbini, Bonthe - Displaced.

Killed.

Bango, Ansumana (Male) - 1993 in Lugbu, Bo District - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Bango, Isatu (Female) - 1996 in Sogbini, Bonthe - Displaced.

Killed.

Bangura, Abass (Male) - Extorted.

Bangura, Abdul (Male) - 1995 in Ribbi, Moyamba - Assaulted.

Bangura, Abdul (Male) - 1995 in Maforki, Port Loko - Property destroyed.

Detained.

Bangura, Abdul (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.
Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Bangura, Abdul (Male) age 20 - 1997 in Gbonkolenken, Tonkolili - Displaced.

Bangura, Abdul (Male) age 21 - 1995 - Displaced, extorted and property looted.

Assaulted.

Bangura, Abdulai (Male) - 1994 in Kholifa Rowalla, Tonkolili - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and stripped.

Bangura, Abdulai (Male) - 1998 in Loko Massama, Port Loko - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Bangura, Abdulai (Male) - 1997 in Kagboro, Moyamba - Displaced.
Bangura, Abdulai (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Killed.

Bangura, Abdulai (Male) age 12 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Bangura, Abdulai (Male) age 31 - 1997 in Bagruwa, Moyamba - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Bangura, Abdulai (Male) age 34 - 1998 in Koya, Port Loko - Displaced and property destroyed.

Assaulted.

Bangura, Abdulai (Male) age 38 - 1995 in Ribbi, Moyamba - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Bangura, Abibatu (Female) age 23 - Displaced, extorted and property looted.
Bangura, Abibu (Male) age 17 - 1999 in Western Area - Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Bangura, Abie (Female) - 1996 in Ribbi, Moyamba - Killed.

Bangura, Abiebatu (Female) - 1999 in Western Area - Killed.

Bangura, Abu (Male) - 1999 in Koya, Port Loko - Forced to labour.

Bangura, Abu (Male) - 1994 in Wara-Wara Yagala, Koinadugu - Abducted.

Killed.

Bangura, Abu (Male) - 1997 in Masimera, Port Loko - Property looted.

Assaulted.

Bangura, Abu (Male) - 1998 - Killed.


Bangura, Abu (Male) age 25 - 1991 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and stripped.

Bangura, Abu (Male) age 34 - 1998 in Biriwa, Bombali - Property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Bangura, Abu (Male) age 50 - Displaced.

Abducted.

Bangura, Abu (Male) age 50 - 1998 in Western Area - Displaced and property destroyed.
Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 301 Bangura, Abu (Male) age 63 - 1998 in Samu, Kambia - Abducted and detained.

Limb amputated.

Bangura, Abu (Male) age 65 - 1998 in Kakua, Bo District - Displaced and property destroyed.

Bangura, Abu Bakarr (Male) - 1997 in Gbense, Kono - Forced to labour.

Killed.

Bangura, Abu Bakarr (Male) - 1998 in Tambakka, Bombali - Killed.

Bangura, Abu Bakarr (Male) age 15 - 1998 in Kakua, Bo District - Displaced.

Bangura, Abu Bakarr (Male) age 25 - Property destroyed.
Bangura, Adama (Female) - 1998 in Gbanti Kamaranka, Bombali - Displaced and property destroyed.

Bangura, Adama (Female) - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Bangura, Adama (Female) age 25 - Assaulted and tortured.

Killed.

Bangura, Adama (Female) age 37 - 1998 in Buya Romende, Port Loko - Displaced and extorted.

Bangura, Adama (Female) age 55 - 1999 in Koya, Port Loko - Displaced and property looted.

Bangura, Adamsay (Female) age 15 - Displaced and extorted.

Abducted and detained.


Assaulted and limb amputated.

Bangura, Addiatu (Female) - 1998 in Makari Gbanti, Bombali - Displaced.

Killed.

Bangura, Adikalie (Male) age 22 - 1998 in Loko Massama, Port Loko - Property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Tortured and limb amputated.

Killed.

Bangura, Agnes (Female) - 1994 in Sielenga, Bo District - Displaced.

Abducted.

Assaulted and tortured.

Bangura, Albert (Male) - 1998 in Sanda Loko, Bombali - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Tortured.
Tortured.

Bangura, Albert (Male) age 43 - 1995 in Samu, Kambia - Displaced and extorted.

Forced to labour.

Bangura, Alex (Male) - Killed.

Bangura, Alfred (Male) - 1998 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced.

Killed.

Bangura, Alhaji (Male) age 14 - 1998 in Marampa, Port Loko - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Bangura, Alhaji Idrissa (Male) age 56 - 1997 in Gorama Kono, Kono - Displaced, extorted and property looted.

Bangura, Alhassan (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.


Bangura, Ali (Male) age 70 - Displaced and property destroyed.

Bangura, Alice (Female) - 1995 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Property looted and destroyed.

Detained.

Killed.

Bangura, Alice (Female) age 17 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Bangura, Alie (Male) - 2000 in Kholifa Rowalla, Tonkolili - Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Bangura, Alie (Male) - Limb amputated.

Bangura, Alie (Male) age 50 - 1995 in Yoni, Tonkolili - Property destroyed.

Killed.
Killed.

Bangura, Alie (Male) age 63 - 1996 in Dia, Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Bangura, Alimamy (Male) - 1998 in Nimiyama, Kono - Property destroyed.

Abducted.

Killed.

Bangura, Alimamy (Male) - 1998 in Sanda Loko, Bombali - Property destroyed.

Bangura, Alimamy (Male) - Extorted.

Bangura, Alimamy (Male) age 42 - 1998 in Samu, Kambia - Displaced and property looted.

Bangura, Alimamy Abass (Male) age 35 - 1999 in Magbema, Kambia - Displaced and extorted.

Forced to labour.
Forced to labour.

Bangura, Allie (Male) - 1996 in Badjia, Bo District - Killed.

Bangura, Allusine (Male) age 30 - 2000 - Killed.

Bangura, Almie (Female) - 1998 in Gbanti Kamaranka, Bombali - Property destroyed.

Bangura, Alpha (Male) - 1998 in Gbanti Kamaranka, Bombali - Property destroyed.

Bangura, Alpha (Male) - 1999 in Sella Limba, Bombali - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Bangura, Alpha (Male) age 48 - 1995 in Kando Leppeama, Kenema - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.
Bangura, Alpha Yama (Male) age 49 - 2000 - Displaced and property destroyed.

Bangura, Alusine (Male) - 1998 in Gbanti Kamaranka, Bombali - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Assaulted.

Bangura, Alusine (Male) age 35 - 1999 - Property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Tortured.

Bangura, Amadu (Male) - 1998 in Kholifa Rowalla, Tonkolili - Tortured.

Killed.

Bangura, Amadu (Male) - 1998 in Koya, Port Loko - Displaced.

Abducted.

Assaulted.

Bangura, Amadu (Male) - Killed.


Bangura, Amadu (Male) - 1998 in Makari Gbanti, Bombali - Displaced and property destroyed.

Bangura, Amadu (Male) - 1999 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted.

Bangura, Amara (Male) - Limb amputated.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 302 Bangura, Amara (Male) - 1995 in Nongoba Bullom, Bonthe - Displaced.

Killed.

Bangura, Amie (Female) - 1994 in Gbonkolenken, Tonkolili - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.


Bangura, Aminata (Female) - Abducted and detained.

Bangura, Aminata (Female) age 17 - 1999 - Displaced.

Bangura, Aminata (Female) age 32 - 1998 in Briama, Kambia - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Bangura, Aminata (Female) age 65 - 1998 in Western Area - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Bangura, Ann (Female) - 1995 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.
Bangura, Aruna (Male) - 1999 - Extorted and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Bangura, Asona - 1999 - Assaulted.

Bangura, Assana (Male) - 1994 in Gbonkolenken, Tonkolili - Killed.

Bangura, Augustine (Male) - 1998 in Sanda Loko, Bombali - Property destroyed.

Bangura, Augustus (Male) - 1998 in Sanda Loko, Bombali - Property destroyed.

Bangura, Baby (Female) - 1996 in Tane, Tonkolili - Extorted and property looted.
Bangura, Baby (Female) age 26 - 1991 in Dia, Kailahun - Displaced.

Bangura, Balla (Male) - Displaced.

Bangura, Ballay (Female) age 59 - 1999 in Western Area - Detained.

Tortured.

Bangura, Bayo Simah (Male) - 1995 in Sanda Magblonthor, Port Loko - Killed.

Bangura, Benito (Male) age 34 - 1998 in Western Area - Property destroyed.

Bangura, Bintilai (Female) - Displaced.

Bangura, Bockarie (Male) - 1998 - Displaced and property destroyed.
Bangura, Bockarie (Male) age 46 - 1994 in Lugbu, Bo District - Displaced and property looted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Bangura, Brima (Male) - 1996 in Kholifa Rowalla, Tonkolili - Displaced.

Bangura, Brima (Male) - 1994 - Abducted.

Tortured.

Killed.

Bangura, Brima (Male) - 1995 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Property looted and destroyed.

Detained.

Killed.

Bangura, Brima (Male) age 12 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Bangura, Charm (Male) - 1999 in Magbema, Kambia - Assaulted.
Bangura, Chernor (Male) - 1997 in Makari Gbanti, Bombali - Displaced, extorted and property looted.

Detained.

Assaulted.

Bangura, Daniel (Male) age 45 - 1999 in Kalansogia, Tonkolili - Property looted.

Assaulted.

Bangura, David (Male) - 1998 in Sanda Loko, Bombali - Property destroyed.

Bangura, Digba (Female) - 1995 - Displaced.

Bangura, Dura (Male) - 1999 - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Killed.


Bangura, Edward (Male) age 50 - 1999 in Paki Masabong, Bombali - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Bangura, Edward Sorie (Male) age 50 - 1999 in Paki Masabong, Bombali - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Bangura, Ema (Female) age 19 - 1998 - Displaced and property destroyed.

Bangura, Fainkray (Female) - 1999 in Western Area - Killed.

Bangura, Fatmata (Female) - 1999 in Western Area - Extorted and property destroyed.

Assaulted.
Assaulted.

Bangura, Fatmata (Female) - 1999 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted.

Bangura, Fatmata (Female) - 1995 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Property looted and destroyed.

Detained.

Killed.

Bangura, Fatmata (Female) - 1999 in Magbema, Kambia - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Bangura, Fatmata (Female) age 7 - 1998 in Kono - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Bangura, Fatmata (Female) age 12 - 1998 - Displaced.
Bangura, Fatmata (Female) age 47 - 1998 in Western Area - Displaced and property destroyed.

Bangura, Fatu (Female) - Displaced.

Bangura, Fatu (Female) - Property looted.

Bangura, Fatu (Female) age 27 - 1998 in Kalansogia, Tonkolili - Property looted.

Bangura, Fatu (Female) age 33 - Assaulted.

Bangura, Fatu (Female) age 34 - 1999 in Western Area - Property destroyed.

Bangura, Fatu (Female) age 35 - 1995 in Yoni, Tonkolili - Property destroyed.

Killed.
Killed.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 303 Bangura, Finda (Female) age 49 - 1994 in Kalansogia, Tonkolili - Killed.

Bangura, Foday (Male) - 1996 in Ribbi, Moyamba - Killed.

Bangura, Foday (Male) - 1995 in Sanda Magblonthor, Port Loko - Killed.

Bangura, Foday (Male) - 1998 in Sambaia Bendugu, Tonkolili - Limb amputated.

Bangura, Foday (Male) - 1999 in Konike Sande, Tonkolili - Killed.

Bangura, Foday (Male) - 1998 in Sanda Loko, Bombali - Property destroyed.
Bangura, Foday (Male) - Forced to labour.

Bangura, Foday (Male) - 1999 in Tambakka, Bombali - Extorted.

Forced to labour.

Bangura, Foday (Male) - 1992 in Sella Limba, Bombali - Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Bangura, Foday (Male) - 1995 - Displaced.

Killed.

Bangura, Foday (Male) - 1999 in Tonko Limba, Kambia - Displaced.

Bangura, Foday (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Killed.

Bangura, Foday (Male) age 40 - 1998 in Tambakka, Bombali - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Detained.
Detained.

Stripped and limb amputated.

Bangura, Francis Oniaro (Male) age 36 - 1995 in Imperi, Bonthe - Displaced, extorted and property looted.

Tortured.

Bangura, Fuard (Male) - 1997 in Loko Massama, Port Loko - Assaulted.

Killed.

Bangura, Fudia (Female) - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced and property destroyed.

Bangura, Fullah (Male) age 30 - 1998 in Samu, Kambia - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Bangura, Gbarroh (Male) - 1999 in Sella Limba, Bombali - Abducted.

Assaulted.
Assaulted.

Bangura, Gbassay (Male) - 1998 in Samu, Kambia - Abducted.

Killed.

Bangura, Gbessay (Female) - 1999 in Loko Massama, Port Loko - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Bangura, Gbla (Male) age 52 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced and extorted.

Bangura, Gibba (Male) - 1998 in Gorama Mende, Kenema - Killed.

Bangura, Gibril (Male) age 31 - 1998 - Displaced and property destroyed.

Bangura, Haroun (Male) age 65 - 1994 - Displaced and property destroyed.
Bangura, Hassan (Male) - 1994 in Kholifa Mabang, Tonkolili - Property looted and destroyed.

Detained.

Tortured.

Killed.

Bangura, Hassan (Male) - Limb amputated.

Bangura, Hassan (Male) - Tortured.

Killed.

Bangura, Hassan (Male) age 59 - 1999 in Kholifa Rowalla, Tonkolili - Property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and stripped.

Bangura, Hassan (Male) age 76 - 1999 - Extorted and property looted.

Bangura, Hassana (Male) age 49 - 1999 in Samu, Kambia - Property destroyed.
Killed.

Bangura, Hawa (Female) - 1997 in Kaffu Bullom, Port Loko - Abducted.

Limb amputated.

Bangura, Hawa (Female) - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Bangura, Hawa (Female) - 1998 in Makari Gbanti, Bombali - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Bangura, Hawa (Female) - 1998 in Western Area - Displaced and property destroyed.

Bangura, Hawanatu (Female) - 1999 in Western Area - Property destroyed.

Bangura, Ibrahim (Male) - Property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Killed.


Bangura, Ibrahim (Male) - 1998 in Kakua, Bo District - Property destroyed.

Assaulted.

Bangura, Ibrahim (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Bangura, Ibrahim (Male) age 25 - Killed.

Bangura, Ibrahim (Male) age 30 - Detained.

Bangura, Ibrahim (Male) age 53 - 1998 - Property looted.

Forced to labour.

Bangura, Idrissa (Male) - 1999 in Tambakka, Bombali - Abducted and detained.
Bangura, Idrissa (Male) - 1995 in Bombali Shebora, Bombali - Displaced.

Bangura, Idrissa (Male) - Displaced and extorted.

Assaulted and tortured.

Bangura, Idrissa (Male) age 18 - Displaced.

Bangura, Idrissa (Male) age 47 - 1995 in Kaffu Bullom, Port Loko - Displaced and property destroyed.

Bangura, Isata (Female) age 10 - 1999 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced.

Killed.

Bangura, Isatu (Female) - 1996 in Koya, Port Loko - Displaced.

Abducted.

Killed.
Abducted.

Killed.

Bangura, Isatu (Female) - 2000 in Tonko Limba, Kambia - Displaced.

Bangura, Isatu (Female) - 1995 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Property looted and destroyed.

Detained.

Killed.

Bangura, Isatu (Female) - 1999 in Magbema, Kambia - Abducted.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 304 Bangura, Isatu (Female) age 16 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Bangura, Isatu (Female) age 31 - 1997 in Kaffu Bullom, Port Loko - Displaced and property looted.
Bangura, Isatu (Female) age 53 - 1998 in Loko Massama, Port Loko - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Bangura, Isha (Female) age 33 - Displaced and property destroyed.

Detained.

Bangura, Ishmeal (Male) age 36 - 1999 in Western Area - Assaulted.

Bangura, Issa (Male) age 11 - 1998 - Displaced.

Abducted.

Bangura, Issa (Male) age 12 - 1997 - Forced to labour.

Bangura, Issa (Male) age 50 - 1998 in Diang, Koinadugu - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and limb amputated.


Bangura, Jacomo Sorie (Male) age 47 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced and extorted.

Bangura, James (Male) - 1997 in Kaffu Bullom, Port Loko - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Bangura, James (Male) - 1994 in Wara-Wara Yagala, Koinadugu - Property destroyed.

Bangura, James (Male) - 1991 in Badjia, Bo District - Killed.

Bangura, James (Male) age 60 - 1991 in Gbense, Kono - Killed.

Bangura, James K (Male) age 33 - 1999 in Bombali - Extorted.
Bangura, Jimmy (Male) age 36 - 1996 in Kafe Simira, Tonkolili - Displaced.

Bangura, Joe (Male) - 1999 - Killed.

Bangura, Johanis (Male) age 58 - 1995 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Assaulted.

Bangura, Johathan (Male) age 26 - 1998 in Western Area - Displaced.

Bangura, John (Male) age 22 - 1999 in Kholifa Rowalla, Tonkolili - Property looted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Bangura, Joseph (Male) - 1998 in Bombali - Extorted.

Assaulted.
Assaulted.

Bangura, Joseph (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Property looted.

Killed.

Bangura, Julius (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Abducted and detained.

Bangura, Jusu (Male) - 1994 - Killed.

Bangura, Kadiatu (Female) - 1991 in Yoni, Tonkolili - Killed.

Bangura, Kadiatu (Female) - 1999 in Koya, Port Loko - Abducted and detained.

Bangura, Kadiatu (Female) - 1999 - Abducted.

Bangura, Kadiatu (Female) - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced and property destroyed.
Bangura, Kadiatu (Female) age 28 - 1998 in Mambolo, Kambia - Displaced and property destroyed.

Bangura, Kadiatu (Female) age 31 - 1998 in Kholifa Rowalla, Tonkolili - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Bangura, Kadiatu (Female) age 31 - 1998 in Sanda Loko, Bombali - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Assaulted, tortured and limb amputated.

Bangura, Kadiatu (Female) age 43 - 1996 in Koya, Port Loko - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.
Bangura, Kalie (Male) - 1998 in Gbanti Kamaranka, Bombali - Property destroyed.

Bangura, Kamanda (Male) - 1998 in Makari Gbanti, Bombali - Assaulted.

Killed.

Bangura, Kanlu (Male) - Killed.

Bangura, Komrabai - 1999 in Mambolo, Kambia - Killed.

Bangura, Koya (Female) age 15 - 1999 in Sella Limba, Bombali - Abducted.

Assaulted.

Bangura, Lahai (Male) - 1995 in Sanda Magblonthor, Port Loko - Killed.

Bangura, Lamin (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Extorted and property destroyed.

Tortured and stripped.


Bangura, Lamin (Male) age 32 - Displaced and extorted.

Bangura, Lamin (Male) age 60 - 2000 - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Bangura, Lamin (Male) age 71 - 1999 in Samu, Kambia - Property looted.

Abducted.

Bangura, Lamin T (Male) age 40 - 1998 in Koya, Port Loko - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Bangura, Lamina (Male) - 1992 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and limb amputated.


Bangura, Lamina (Male) age 61 - 1999 in Western Area - Property destroyed.

Bangura, Lammoh (Male) - Displaced and property destroyed.

Bangura, Lansana (Male) - 1995 in Ribbi, Moyamba - Killed.

Bangura, Lansana (Male) - 1999 - Property looted.

Killed.

Bangura, Mabinty (Female) age 42 - 1999 in Western Area - Property looted.

Detained.

Bangura, Mabinty (Female) age 61 - 1999 - Displaced.

Bangura, Madieu (Male) age 12 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.
Abducted and detained.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 305 Bangura, Mana (Male) - 1998 in Koya, Port Loko - Property destroyed.

Bangura, Mankey (Male) - 1995 in Loko Massama, Port Loko - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted.

Assaulted and tortured.

Bangura, Mannah (Male) - 1998 in Gbanti Kamaranka, Bombali - Property destroyed.

Bangura, Margaret (Female) age 8 - 1999 in Western Area - Abducted and detained.
Bangura, Mariama (Female) age 23 - Displaced and property destroyed.

Bangura, Mariatu (Female) age 14 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Bangura, Marie (Female) - Displaced and extorted.

Bangura, Marie (Female) - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced and extorted.

Assaulted.

Bangura, Marie (Female) - 1998 in Kambia - Abducted and detained.

Bangura, Marie (Female) age 7 - 1998 - Killed.

Bangura, Marie (Female) age 16 - Displaced.


Bangura, Marie (Female) age 35 - 1994 in Gbonkolenken, Tonkolili - Displaced.

Bangura, Marie (Female) age 36 - 1999 in Samu, Kambia - Displaced and property looted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and tortured.

Bangura, Marie (Female) age 46 - Killed.

Bangura, Mary (Female) - 1999 in Sanda Tendaren, Bombali - Displaced.

Bangura, Mayah (Male) age 90 - 1995 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.


Bangura, Mbalu (Female) - 1999 - Assaulted.

Bangura, Menah (Female) - 1999 in Maforki, Port Loko - Killed.

Bangura, Micheal (Male) age 20 - 1997 in Makari Gbanti, Bombali - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Tortured.

Bangura, Mikailu (Male) age 54 - 1998 in Samu, Kambia - Property looted and destroyed.

Bangura, Minkaila (Male) age 42 - 1998 - Displaced.

Bangura, Mohamed (Male) - 1999 in Koya, Port Loko - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.


Bangura, Mohamed (Male) - 1999 in Koya, Port Loko - Killed.

Bangura, Mohamed (Male) - 1992 in Gbense, Kono - Forced to labour.

Bangura, Mohamed (Male) - 1998 in Gbanti Kamaranka, Bombali - Property destroyed.

Bangura, Mohamed (Male) - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and limb amputated.

Bangura, Mohamed (Male) - 1994 - Abducted and detained.

Bangura, Mohamed (Male) - Displaced and property destroyed.
Bangura, Mohamed (Male) - 1999 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted.

Bangura, Mohamed (Male) - 1998 in Western Area - Displaced.

Killed.

Bangura, Mohamed (Male) age 19 - 1995 in Kholifa Mabang, Tonkolili - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Bangura, Mohamed (Male) age 27 - 2000 in Paki Masabong, Bombali - Assaulted and tortured.

Bangura, Mohamed (Male) age 34 - 1999 in Western Area - Property destroyed.

Tortured.
Tortured.

Bangura, Mohamed (Male) age 44 - 1997 in Langorama, Kenema - Killed.

Bangura, Mohamed (Male) age 47 - 1998 in Magbema, Kambia - Displaced.

Assaulted and tortured.

Killed.

Bangura, Mohamed (Male) age 79 - 1999 in Koya, Port Loko - Property looted and destroyed.

Bangura, Molai (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Assaulted.

Killed.

Bangura, Momodu (Male) - 1998 in Magbaiamba Ngowahun, Bombali - Property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Killed.


Bangura, Momodu (Male) - 2000 in Samu, Kambia - Killed.

Bangura, Momoh (Male) - 1998 in Sanda Loko, Bombali - Property destroyed.

Bangura, Momoh (Male) - 1998 - Detained.

Bangura, Momoh (Male) - Killed.

Bangura, Momoh (Male) age 30 - 1999 in Tonko Limba, Kambia - Displaced and property looted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Bangura, Monday (Male) age 44 - 1999 in Safroko Limba, Bombali - Displaced.

Bangura, Moriba (Male) - 1995 in Sanda Magblonthor, Port Loko - Killed.
Bangura, Morlai (Male) - 1995 in Banta Gbanggbatoke, Moyamba - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Bangura, Morlai (Male) age 32 - 1998 in Sambaia Bendugu, Tonkolili - Property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 306 Bangura, Morlai (Male) age 60 - Killed.

Bangura, Musa (Male) - 1995 - Displaced and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Bangura, Musa (Male) - 1998 in Tambakka, Bombali - Abducted and detained.

Killed.
Killed.

Bangura, Musa (Male) age 39 - 1997 in Kono - Displaced and extorted.

Assaulted, tortured and stripped.

Bangura, Musa (Male) age 67 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced and property destroyed.

Bangura, Musa T (Male) age 43 - 1999 in Western Area - Property looted and destroyed.

Bangura, Mustapha (Male) - 1995 in Tonko Limba, Kambia - Displaced and property destroyed.

Bangura, Mustapha (Male) age 48 - 1991 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Forced to labour.

Assaulted.
Assaulted.

Bangura, Musu (Female) - 1994 in Kholifa Rowalla, Tonkolili - Killed.

Bangura, Musu (Female) - 1995 - Property looted and destroyed.

Bangura, N' (Female) - 1995 in Gbinleh-Dixon, Kambia - Killed.

Bangura, Ngadie (Female) - Displaced.

Bangura, Nma (Female) - 1998 in Gbanti Kamaranka, Bombali - Property destroyed.

Bangura, Nmah (Male) - 1998 in Koya, Port Loko - Property destroyed.

Bangura, Nmah Brima (Male) age 57 - 1999 in Samu, Kambia - Displaced and property destroyed.
Bangura, Omari (Male) age 51 - 2000 in Kholifa Rowalla, Tonkolili - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Bangura, Ousman (Male) - 2000 - Extorted and property looted.

Bangura, Ousman (Male) - Abducted and detained.

Bangura, Ousman (Male) age 26 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted.

Assaulted, tortured and stripped.

Bangura, Ousman (Male) age 42 - Extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.


Assaulted and stripped.

Bangura, Patrick (Male) age 10 - 1995 in Yoni, Tonkolili - Abducted and detained.

Bangura, Patrick (Male) age 18 - 1995 in Western Area - Property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and tortured.

Bangura, Posseh (Female) - 1992 - Property looted and destroyed.

Tortured.

Bangura, Raymond (Male) age 15 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Bangura, Roke (Male) age 35 - 1994 in Gbonkolenken, Tonkolili - Forced to labour.

Tortured.
Tortured.

Bangura, Rosaline (Female) - 1998 in Sanda Loko, Bombali - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted.

Tortured.

Bangura, Rugiatu (Female) - Killed.

Bangura, Rugiatu (Female) - 1999 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted.

Bangura, S. Yunisa (Male) age 54 - 1993 in Tonkolili - Displaced and property destroyed.

Bangura, Sahha (Male) - Killed.

Bangura, Saidu (Male) - 1994 in Gbonkolenken, Tonkolili - Killed.
Bangura, Saidu (Male) - 1999 in Sanda Tendaren, Bombali - Killed.

Bangura, Saidu (Male) - 1995 - Displaced.

Bangura, Saidu (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Killed.

Bangura, Saidu (Male) - 1995 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Tortured.

Bangura, Saidu (Male) age 9 - 1998 in Gorama Mende, Kenema - Displaced.

Tortured.

Bangura, Saimatu (Female) - 1993 in Kono - Killed.

Bangura, Salamatu (Female) - 1999 in Western Area - Killed.

Bangura, Salaymatu (Female) - 1992 - Killed.


Bangura, Sallay (Female) - Displaced.

Bangura, Sallay (Female) age 1 - 1997 in Samu, Kambia - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Bangura, Sallu (Male) age 16 - 1992 in Gbense, Kono - Killed.

Bangura, Sallu (Male) age 52 - 1999 in Makari Gbanti, Bombali - Property looted and destroyed.

Bangura, Sallu (Male) age 55 - 1999 in Sanda Tendaren, Bombali - Extorted and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.


Bangura, Sally (Female) - 2000 in Western Area - Abducted.

Bangura, Samie (Male) - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Killed.

Bangura, Samuel (Male) - 1998 in Biriwa, Bombali - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and limb amputated.

Bangura, Samuel (Male) age 46 - 1998 in Kando Leppeama, Kenema - Abducted and detained.

Bangura, Samura (Male) - 1998 in Sanda Loko, Bombali - Property destroyed.
Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 307 Bangura, Santigie (Male) - 1998 in Koya, Port Loko - Property destroyed.

Bangura, Santigie (Male) - 1999 in Bombali - Abducted.

Killed.

Bangura, Santigie (Male) - 1998 in Magbaiamba Ngowahun, Bombali - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Assaulted.

Bangura, Santigie (Male) - Displaced and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Bangura, Santigie (Male) - Detained.

Bangura, Santigie (Male) - Property looted.

Abducted and detained.


Assaulted and tortured.

Bangura, Santigie (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Assaulted.

Bangura, Santigie (Male) age 35 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced and property looted.

Detained.

Limb amputated.

Bangura, Sarah (Female) - 1999 in Kalansogia, Tonkolili - Displaced.

Tortured.

Killed.

Bangura, Satefu (Male) age 31 - Forced to labour.

Tortured and stripped.

Bangura, Sathem (Male) - Displaced.


Bangura, Sento (Female) - 1995 in Peje Bongre, Kailahun - Displaced and property destroyed.

Bangura, Sethaha (Male) - 1999 in Tonkolili - Assaulted.

Bangura, Sheku (Male) - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Killed.

Bangura, Sheku (Male) age 27 - 2000 - Displaced and property looted.

Bangura, Sinneh (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Killed.

Bangura, Sinneh (Male) age 25 - 1998 in Western Area - Displaced and property destroyed.

Assaulted and stripped.


Bangura, Sombo (Female) - 1995 in Nongoba Bullom, Bonthe - Displaced.

Abducted.

Bangura, Soriba (Male) age 72 - 1999 in Gbinleh-Dixon, Kambia - Displaced and property destroyed.

Bangura, Sorie (Male) - 2000 in Kholifa Rowalla, Tonkolili - Extorted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Bangura, Sorie (Male) - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Killed.

Bangura, Sorie (Male) - 1998 in Tambakka, Bombali - Abducted and detained.

Killed.
Killed.

Bangura, Sorie (Male) age 32 - 1995 in Leibasgayahun, Bombali - Displaced.

Bangura, Sorie (Male) age 37 - 1999 in Neini, Koinadugu - Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Bangura, Sorie (Male) age 37 - 2000 in Samu, Kambia - Assaulted and tortured.

Bangura, Sorie (Male) age 39 - 1998 in Sanda Loko, Bombali - Displaced and property destroyed.

Bangura, Sorieba (Male) - 1998 in Gorama Mende, Kenema - Displaced.

Killed.
Killed.

Bangura, Stanley (Male) age 30 - 1995 in Fakunya, Moyamba - Property looted and destroyed.

Assaulted.

Bangura, Sullay (Male) - 1998 in Gbanti Kamaranka, Bombali - Property destroyed.

Bangura, Taimu (Male) - 1997 in Kenema - Killed.

Bangura, Tamba (Male) age 41 - 1999 in Kalansogia, Tonkolili - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Assaulted.

Bangura, Tamba (Male) age 60 - 1999 in Kalansogia, Tonkolili - Displaced.

Killed.

Bangura, Thabeh Alice (Female) age 29 - 1998 - Displaced.
Bangura, Tommy (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Bangura, Umu (Female) - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Bangura, Umu (Female) age 40 - 1999 in Sanda Tendaren, Bombali - Property looted.

Assaulted.

Bangura, Unisa (Male) age 10 - 1999 in Yoni, Tonkolili - Abducted.

Tortured.

Bangura, Wara (Female) - 1999 in Western Area - Property destroyed.

Tortured.

Killed.

Bangura, Woromah (Male) age 31 - 1998 - Displaced and property destroyed.
Forced to labour.

Tortured.

Bangura, Wusa (Male) - Property looted.

Assaulted.

Bangura, Yagha (Male) age 64 - Displaced.

Bangura, Yallah (Male) - Property destroyed.

Bangura, Yamarie (Female) - 1998 in Loko Massama, Port Loko - Displaced.

Bangura, Yatta (Female) - 1999 in Sanda Magblonthor, Port Loko - Killed.

Bangura, Yeabu (Female) - 1999 in Maforki, Port Loko - Killed.

Bangura, Yeabu (Female) - 1995 in Sanda Loko, Bombali - Displaced.

Bangura, Yeabu (Female) - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.
Killed.

Bangura, Yeabu (Female) age 38 - 1994 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Bangura, Yei (Female) - 1996 in Sella Limba, Bombali - Killed.

Bangura, Yusifu (Male) - 1997 in Buya Romende, Port Loko - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Limb amputated.

Bangura, Yusufu (Male) age 49 - 1999 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 308 Bangura, Zachariah (Male) - Displaced.
Banie, Isatu (Female) age 59 - 1997 in Sandor, Kono - Displaced.

Detained.

Bankolay, Desmond (Male) age 43 - 1996 in Imperi, Bonthe - Displaced.

Bankoley, Gbagbei (Male) age 55 - 1996 in Imperi, Bonthe - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Killed.

Bannah, Brima (Male) - 1991 in Simbaru, Kenema - Killed.

Bannet, Idrissa (Male) - 1999 in Kholifa Rowalla, Tonkolili - Displaced, extorted and property looted.

Bannoh, Jebeh (Female) age 60 - 1991 in Panga Krim, Pujehun - Displaced and extorted.
Bannoh, Vandi (Male) age 17 - 1991 in Panga Krim, Pujehun - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Killed.

Banpewa, Jusu (Male) age 45 - 1992 in Jawie, Kailahun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Banta, Bueh (Male) - 1997 in Bonthe - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Banta, Isatu (Female) age 36 - 1996 in Kando Leppeama, Kenema - Displaced.

Detained.

Bantama, Minkailu (Male) age 36 - 1999 in Kassunko, Koinadugu - Assaulted and tortured.
Banua, Karray (Male) - 1999 in Kholifa Rowalla, Tonkolili - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Banya, Agnes (Female) - 1995 - Displaced.

Banya, Brima (Male) age 68 - 1991 in Peje West, Kailahun - Property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and tortured.

Banya, Jitta (Female) - 1997 - Killed.

Banya, John (Male) age 29 - 1992 in Penguia, Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Killed.

Banya, Lahai (Male) - 1995 - Displaced.

Banya, Mamawa (Female) - Displaced.


Bao, Bockarie (Male) age 17 - 1998 in Nongowa, Kenema - Displaced.

Killed.

Bao, Borbor (Male) age 32 - 1991 in Sowa, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Bao, Fatmata (Female) age 6 - Forced to labour.

Bao, Karmoh (Male) - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Extorted.

Killed.

Bao, Maitta (Female) - 1991 in Pujehun - Assaulted.

Bao, Musa (Male) age 63 - 1991 in Malen, Pujehun - Displaced and property destroyed.

Detained.

Tortured.


Baraytay, Baba (Male) age 32 - 1998 in Tankoro, Kono - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Barker, Abu (Male) - 1999 in Gbanti Kamaranka, Bombali - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted.

Limb amputated.

Barna, Mohamed (Male) - 1995 in Banta Gbanggbatoke, Moyamba - Forced to labour.

Barnett, Albert (Male) age 14 - 1999 in Western Area - Abducted.

Barrel, John (Male) - 1995 in Imperi, Bonthe - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.
Assaulted.

Barrie, Abdul (Male) age 45 - Property looted.

Assaulted.

Barrie, Abdul (Male) age 58 - 1996 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Barrie, Abdulai (Male) age 60 - 1999 in Paki Masabong, Bombali - Killed.

Barrie, Abu (Male) - Killed.

Barrie, Alhassan (Male) - Killed.

Barrie, Alpha (Male) - 1991 in Gallinasperi, Pujehun - Abducted and detained.

Barrie, Alpha (Male) age 42 - 1999 - Extorted.

Barrie, Alphajor (Male) - 1998 in Kassunko, Koinadugu - Killed.
Barrie, Amadu (Male) - 1997 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Barrie, Amadu (Male) age 57 - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Property destroyed.

Killed.

Barrie, Amara Siray (Male) age 7 - 1998 - Abducted.

Tortured.

Barrie, Aminata (Female) age 40 - 1999 in Western Area - Extorted.

Abducted.

Barrie, Augusta (Female) - Displaced and property looted.

Barrie, Chernor (Male) - 1994 in Baoma, Bo District - Displaced and property looted.
Barrie, Fatmata (Female) age 4 - 1998 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced.

Killed.

Barrie, Fatmata (Female) age 9 - 1999 in Western Area - Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Killed.

Barrie, Hadiatu (Female) age 24 - 1995 in Banta Gbanggbatoke, Moyamba - Displaced and property looted.

Barrie, Mariama (Female) age 55 - 1998 in Nimikoro, Kono - Displaced.

Barrie, Massah (Female) age 12 - 1991 in Upper Bambara , Kailahun - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.


Barrie, Mohamed (Male) - 1996 in Kono - Displaced.

Killed.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 309 Barrie, Mohamed (Male) - 1998 in Bombali Shebora, Bombali - Displaced.

Killed.

Barrie, Mohamed (Male) age 34 - 1995 in Banta Gbanggbatoke, Moyamba - Property looted.

Abducted.

Assaulted.

Barrie, Mohamed (Male) age 55 - Displaced and property looted.

Barrie, Mohamed (Male) age 57 - Property looted and destroyed.

Tortured.
Tortured.

Barrie, Sheku (Male) - 1998 in Sanda Magblonthor, Port Loko - Property looted.

Barrie, Sulaiman (Male) - 1995 in Benducha, Bonthe - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Barrie, Sulaiman (Male) age 100 - 1994 in Luawa, Kailahun - Property looted and destroyed.

Assaulted.

Killed.

Barrie, Tejan (Male) - Killed.

Barrie, Thomas (Male) - 1995 in Kamajei, Moyamba - Abducted and detained.

Barrie, Umaru (Male) age 29 - 1992 - Abducted and detained.
Barrie, Yaheh Tharu (Male) age 28 - 1997 in Kakua, Bo District - Property looted.

Barrie, Yayah (Male) age 52 - 1992 - Killed.

Barrie, Yayah (Male) age 57 - Displaced.

Barrie, Zainab (Female) age 3 - 1996 in Kono - Displaced.

Killed.

Bassie, David (Male) age 59 - 1995 in Gallinasperi, Pujehun - Forced to labour.

Bassie, David Ngenda (Male) age 24 - 1996 in Kori, Moyamba - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Tortured.


Bassie, Edward (Male) - 1994 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Bassie, James (Male) - 1995 in Tikonko, Bo District - Abducted and detained.

Limb amputated.

Bassie, Joseph (Male) age 68 - 1995 - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Bassie, Kuna (Female) - 1996 in Jiama-Bongor, Bo District - Killed.

Bassie, Monica (Female) age 26 - 1995 in Moyamba - Abducted and detained.
Bassie, Tamba (Male) - 1998 in Bombali Shebora, Bombali - Displaced and property destroyed.

Tortured.

Bawa, Tommy (Male) - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Killed.

Bawoh, Finda L. (Female) age 42 - 1992 in Gorama Kono, Kono - Displaced and property looted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Bawoh, Musa (Male) age 25 - Displaced.

Tortured.

Killed.

Bawoh, Saffa (Male) - 1991 in Sielenga, Bo District - Killed.

Bawoh, Sato (Male) age 46 - 1993 in Barri, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted.
Bawoh, Satta (Female) age 37 - 1992 in Koya, Kenema - Displaced.

Bawoh, Sattoe (Female) age 35 - 1991 in Dama, Kenema - Killed.

Bawoh, Seidu (Male) age 53 - 1991 in Sielenga, Bo District - Displaced.

Bayoh, Brima (Male) - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Killed.

Bayoh, Daramy (Male) - 1996 - Displaced.

Bayoh, Fatmata (Female) age 17 - 1995 in Kwamebai Krim, Bonthe - Abducted and detained.

Bayoh, Fiamusu (Female) age 49 - 1992 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced.

Tortured.
Tortured.

Bayoh, Hawa (Female) age 48 - 1999 in Western Area - Property destroyed.

Bayoh, Kenneh (Male) - 1995 in Sogbini, Bonthe - Forced to labour.

Bayoh, Kumba (Female) - 1998 in Nimikoro, Kono - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Killed.

Bayoh, Matthew (Male) - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Killed.

Bayoh, Mohamed (Male) - 1999 in Jawie, Kailahun - Abducted.

Assaulted.

Bayoh, Musu (Female) age 51 - 1997 in Kakua, Bo District - Displaced and extorted.

Assaulted.
Assaulted.

Bayoh, Ousman (Male) - 1995 in Bo District - Assaulted.

Killed.

Bayoh, Sam (Male) age 52 - 1994 in Bagbe, Bo District - Killed.

Bayoh, Samuel (Male) - 1997 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Displaced.

Bayoh, Samuel (Male) - 1996 in Peje West, Kailahun - Property destroyed.

Killed.

Bayoh, Sia (Female) age 40 - 2000 in Lei, Kono - Abducted.

Assaulted and tortured.

Bayoh, Tamba (Male) - 1999 - Killed.

Bayoh, Theresa (Female) age 36 - 1995 in Imperi, Bonthe - Displaced.
Bayoh, Titus (Male) - 1995 in Kowa, Moyamba - Killed.

Bayoh, Yei (Female) age 35 - 1998 in Nimikoro, Kono - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Bayoh, Yusuf (Male) age 20 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Tortured and stripped.

Beach, Sundie (Male) age 43 - 1995 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Beachie, Ishmeal (Male) age 42 - 1998 - Extorted.

Beah, Jonathan (Male) age 41 - 1997 in Bonthe UDC, Bonthe - Extorted.
Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 310 Beah, Kapuru (Male) age 63 - 1995 in Kholifa Mabang, Tonkolili - Displaced and property looted.

Beah, Raymond (Male) - 1995 - Assaulted.

Beah, Tommy (Male) - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Displaced and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Beayorma, Sulaiman (Male) age 38 - 1991 in Bagbo, Bo District - Displaced.

Beckley, Alfred (Male) age 26 - 1999 - Displaced and property looted.

Beckley, Momoh (Male) - Displaced.


Bekeh, Joe (Male) - 1991 in Malen, Pujehun - Killed.

Belewa, Alieu (Male) age 36 - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Displaced, extorted and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Belewa, Amidu (Male) - 1996 in Tikonko, Bo District - Killed.

Belgiuah, Joe (Male) - 1999 - Killed.

Belmont, Peter (Male) age 53 - 1997 in Western Area - Displaced.

Tortured.

Bembe, Luseni (Male) - Forced to labour.

Benbay, Komba (Male) age 42 - 1998 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced.
Bendeh, Dwight (Male) - 1998 in Kagboro, Moyamba - Killed.

Bendekoh, Kumba (Female) age 38 - 1998 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced.

Abducted.

Tortured.

Killed.

Bendu, Abdulai (Male) - 1995 in Kori, Moyamba - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Bendu, Allie (Male) age 45 - 1992 in Nimikoro, Kono - Displaced and property destroyed.

Bendu, Aruna (Male) - 1997 in Kagboro, Moyamba - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Bendu, Aruna (Male) - 1995 in Kori, Moyamba - Property destroyed.
Bendu, Hawa (Female) age 16 - 1992 in Nimikoro, Kono - Abducted.

Bendu, Ibrahim (Male) age 9 - 1992 in Nimikoro, Kono - Abducted.

Bendu, Jonathan (Male) age 49 - 1999 in Kagboro, Moyamba - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Bendu, Jurusa (Male) - 1995 in Benducha, Bonthe - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Bendu, Momoh (Male) - 1996 in Barri, Pujehun - Killed.

Bendu, Momoh (Male) - 1991 in Malema, Kailahun - Killed.

Bendu, Yea (Female) - 1998 in Mandu, Kailahun - Extorted.

Assaulted.

Killed.
Assaulted.

Killed.

Benga, Jane (Female) age 47 - 1998 in Western Area - Displaced.

Benga, Maciray (Female) - 1998 in Western Area - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Bengah, Momoh (Male) age 48 - 1997 in Koya, Kenema - Property destroyed.

Killed.

Bengeh, Aruna (Male) age 15 - 1997 in Bagbo, Bo District - Displaced.

Killed.

Benjamin, John (Male) age 38 - 1999 in Western Area - Property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.


Bennie, Kumba (Female) - 1992 in Gorama Kono, Kono - Displaced.

Killed.

Benolu, Sulaiman (Male) age 12 - 1992 in Nimikoro, Kono - Abducted.

Benya, Amara (Male) - 1991 in Kwamebai Krim, Bonthe - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Benya, Amidu (Male) age 60 - 1994 in Small Bo, Kenema - Displaced and extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and stripped.

Benya, Karimu (Male) age 65 - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.


Benya, Lahai (Male) age 34 - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted.

Biaimo, Swaray Yamba (Male) age 17 - 1992 in Malema, Kailahun - Displaced.

Biareh, Thomas (Male) - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Displaced and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Tortured.

Bikie, Gufulo (Male) age 73 - 1993 in Simbaru, Kenema - Displaced and property destroyed.

Bindi, Albert (Male) age 62 - 1995 in Kori, Moyamba - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.


Bindi, Eddison (Male) - 1996 - Forced to labour.

Assaulted and stripped.

Bindi, Joe (Male) age 36 - 1996 in Fakunya, Moyamba - Abducted and detained.

Bindi, Kadia (Female) age 3 - 1996 in Badjia, Bo District - Assaulted and tortured.

Bindi, Martha (Female) age 31 - 1996 in Badjia, Bo District - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Bindi, Mary (Female) - 1996 in Fakunya, Moyamba - Abducted and detained.
Tortured.

Bindi, Ngaiteh (Male) age 35 - 2000 in Moyamba - Assaulted and tortured.

Bindi, Saffa (Male) - 1991 - Forced to labour.

Killed.

Bindi, Sahr (Male) age 26 - 1998 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Bindi, Sarah (Female) age 2 - 1996 in Kori, Moyamba - Killed.

Binkongos, Richard (Male) age 38 - Displaced and extorted.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 311 Bio, Alice (Female) - Forced to labour.
Bio, Hawa (Female) age 43 - 1995 - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Bio, Jenaba (Female) - Displaced and property looted.

Bio, Joe (Male) - 1995 in Peje West, Kailahun - Killed.

Bio, Joesipo (Male) - 1995 in Peje West, Kailahun - Killed.

Bio, Joseph Mohamed (Male) age 80 - 1995 - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Bio, Musa (Male) - 1995 in Sogbini, Bonthe - Abducted and detained.

Bio, Musu (Female) - 1995 in Kpanda Kemo, Bonthe - Displaced.
Bio, Steven (Male) - 1995 in Kpanda Kemo, Bonthe - Displaced.

Bio, Steven (Male) - 1995 - Property destroyed.

Bio, Thomas (Male) age 20 - 1995 - Displaced.

Killed.

Bla, Ibrahim (Male) age 35 - Killed.

Bla, Isatu (Female) age 35 - 1998 in Marampa, Port Loko - Displaced.

Black Kamara, Alhaji Abu (Male) - Property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted, tortured and stripped.

Killed.

Blackie, Theresa (Female) - Displaced.

Blackie, Yatta (Female) - 1995 in Malegohun, Kenema - Displaced.
Abducted and detained.

Blake, Melvin (Male) - Abducted and detained.

Blake, Samuel (Male) age 39 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Blake, Tommy (Male) age 57 - Forced to labour.

Killed.

Boa, Bockarie (Male) - 1993 in Dama, Kenema - Displaced.

Boat, Sonia (Male) - 1997 - Extorted.

Bobor, Baindu (Female) age 33 - 1997 in Makpele, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Bobor, Baindu (Female) age 33 - Displaced.


Bobor, Brima (Male) age 26 - 1995 in Lugbu, Bo District - Abducted and detained.

Bobor, Hawa (Female) age 45 - 1996 - Tortured.

Killed.

Bobor, Joe (Male) - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Property destroyed.

Bobor, John (Male) - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Detained.

Bobor, Lahai (Male) age 19 - 1992 - Displaced and property destroyed.

Assaulted.

Bobor, Miatta (Female) - 1999 in Western Area - Property destroyed.

Assaulted.
Assaulted.

Bobor, Saidu (Male) age 30 - 1998 - Displaced and property looted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and tortured.

Bobor, Vandi (Male) - 1991 in Malema, Kailahun - Killed.

Bockarie, Abu (Male) age 18 - 2000 in Kono - Tortured.

Bockarie, Alfred (Male) - 1994 in Komboya, Bo District - Killed.

Bockarie, Alieu (Male) age 9 - 1994 in Wandor, Kenema - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Bockarie, Amadu (Male) age 39 - 1991 in Luawa, Kailahun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.
Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Bockarie, Amara (Male) - 1991 in Upper Bambara , Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Bockarie, Amara (Male) age 24 - 1993 in Baoma, Bo District - Displaced.

Bockarie, Amara (Male) age 69 - 1993 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Bockarie, Amie (Female) age 20 - Assaulted.

Bockarie, Aminata (Female) - 1991 - Displaced.

Bockarie, Augustine (Male) age 31 - 1991 - Displaced and property looted.

Assaulted.
Assaulted.

Bockarie, Baby (Female) - 1991 in Malen, Pujehun - Abducted.

Killed.

Bockarie, Barbar (Male) age 34 - 1996 - Detained.

Killed.

Bockarie, Bobor (Male) - 1995 in Koya, Kenema - Property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Bockarie, Bondu (Female) age 21 - 1998 - Displaced.

Abducted.

Assaulted.

Bockarie, Brima (Male) - 1999 in Peje West, Kailahun - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Killed.

Bockarie, Charles (Male) - 1997 in Jalahun, Kailahun - Limb amputated.
Bockarie, Daisy (Female) age 28 - 1991 in Jalahun, Kailahun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Bockarie, Dexion (Male) - 1998 in Nongowa, Kenema - Killed.

Bockarie, Elizabeth (Female) age 32 - 1991 in Kissi Tongi, Kailahun - Displaced.

Bockarie, Fatmata (Female) age 10 - Killed.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 312 Bockarie, Fatmata (Female) age 36 - 1999 in Nongowa, Kenema - Displaced.

Bockarie, Foday (Male) - Displaced.


Bockarie, Foday (Male) age 45 - 1996 in Peje Bongre, Kailahun - Displaced.

Bockarie, Fodie (Male) - 1997 in Upper Bambara , Kailahun - Killed.

Bockarie, Francis (Male) - 1994 - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Bockarie, Gbanie (Male) age 87 - 1997 in Gorama Mende, Kenema - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted.

Assaulted.

Bockarie, Hawa (Female) age 18 - 1991 in Kailahun - Displaced and extorted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.


Bockarie, Hawa (Female) age 30 - 1991 in Langorama, Kenema - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Tortured.

Bockarie, Hawa (Female) age 59 - 1991 - Displaced.

Bockarie, Jaia (Male) - 1994 in Pujehun - Killed.

Bockarie, Jaiah (Male) age 31 - 1993 in Jiama-Bongor, Bo District - Property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Bockarie, Jatu (Female) age 8 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Tortured.
Tortured.

Bockarie, Joe (Male) age 32 - 1994 in Simbaru, Kenema - Displaced and property destroyed.

Bockarie, Jusu (Male) age 23 - 1991 - Displaced.

Tortured.

Bockarie, Kain (Male) - 1991 - Assaulted.

Bockarie, Kanneh (Male) age 69 - 1998 in Malema, Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Bockarie, Karmoh (Male) - 1991 - Forced to labour.

Killed.

Bockarie, Karmoh (Male) age 39 - 1991 in Makpele, Pujehun - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.


Bockarie, Kennie (Male) - 1994 in Komboya, Bo District - Killed.

Bockarie, Kini Vandi (Male) - 1991 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Abducted and detained.

Bockarie, Lahai (Male) age 2 - 1996 - Tortured.

Killed.

Bockarie, Lahai (Male) age 30 - 1997 in Upper Bambara , Kailahun - Killed.

Bockarie, Lamin (Male) age 19 - 1994 in Nongowa, Kenema - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Killed.

Bockarie, Lansana (Male) - Killed.


Bockarie, Lansana (Male) age 53 - 1991 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Bockarie, Lansana (Male) age 59 - 1991 - Displaced.

Abducted.

Killed.

Bockarie, Lossie (Male) age 12 - 1991 - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Bockarie, Lucy (Female) age 5 - 1994 - Displaced.

Killed.

Bockarie, Mambu (Male) age 35 - 1996 in Luawa, Kailahun - Displaced.

Detained.

Killed.
Detained.

Killed.

Bockarie, Mary (Female) - 1994 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Abducted.

Bockarie, Micheal (Male) age 43 - 1995 in Bagbe, Bo District - Property looted.

Forced to labour.

Bockarie, Momoh (Male) - 1991 in Malema, Kailahun - Displaced.

Assaulted and stripped.

Killed.

Bockarie, Momoh (Male) age 18 - 1991 in Sowa, Pujehun - Abducted and detained.

Bockarie, Momoh (Male) age 29 - 1991 - Displaced.

Killed.

Bockarie, Moses (Male) - 1994 in Tikonko, Bo District - Displaced.
Bockarie, Mualim (Male) - 1991 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Killed.

Bockarie, Musa (Male) age 14 - 1999 in Jalahun, Kailahun - Tortured.

Bockarie, Musa (Male) age 46 - 1991 in Upper Bambara , Kailahun - Displaced.

Abducted.

Assaulted.

Bockarie, Musa (Male) age 70 - 1991 in Valunia, Bo District - Displaced.

Killed.

Bockarie, Mustapha (Male) age 8 - Killed.

Bockarie, Nansu (Female) - 1991 - Abducted and detained.

Killed.
Killed.

Bockarie, Nineh (Male) age 45 - 1998 in Wara-Wara Bafodia, Koinadugu - Forced to labour.

Bockarie, Saffa (Male) - 1998 in Bonthe UDC, Bonthe - Property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Bockarie, Saffa (Male) age 49 - 1991 - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Bockarie, Sallia (Male) - 1994 in Tikonko, Bo District - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Killed.

Bockarie, Satta (Female) - 1996 in Jalahun, Kailahun - Displaced.

Bockarie, Sheriff (Male) age 1 - 1998 - Assaulted.


Bockarie, Sheriff (Male) age 13 - 1997 - Displaced.

Bockarie, Sidie (Male) age 44 - 1991 in Makpele, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Assaulted.

Bockarie, Tailu (Male) age 45 - 1994 in Kando Leppeama, Kenema - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 313 Bockarie, Tamba (Male) - 1991 in Kissi Tongi, Kailahun - Killed.

Bockarie, Tamba (Male) age 37 - 1998 - Displaced.


Bockarie, Tejan (Male) - 1994 in Bagbo, Bo District - Extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Bockarie, Tenneh (Female) age 30 - 1998 in Upper Bambara , Kailahun - Displaced.

Bockarie, Thomas (Male) age 40 - 1999 in Nongowa, Kenema - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Bockarie, Vandi (Male) age 40 - 1998 in Bonthe UDC, Bonthe - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Bockarie, Vandy (Male) - 1991 in Malema, Kailahun - Property looted.
Bockarie, Watta (Female) - 1991 in Luawa, Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Bockarie, Watta (Female) age 10 - 1991 in Malen, Pujehun - Abducted.

Killed.

Bockarie Forwai, Padenga (Male) - 1991 in Pujehun - Property looted.

Abducted.

Assaulted.

Bodkin, Rosaline (Female) age 42 - 1995 in Western Area - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Boi, Sallay (Female) - 1995 in Bagbo, Bo District - Killed.

Boi, Selo (Female) - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Killed.
Boi, Yea (Female) - 1996 in Badjia, Bo District - Killed.

Boima, Aiah (Male) age 18 - 1994 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced.

Killed.

Boima, Alhaji Ernest (Male) - Extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Assaulted.

Boima, Alpha (Male) - 1997 in Kakua, Bo District - Killed.

Boima, Ernest (Male) - 1994 in Tikonko, Bo District - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Boima, Joe (Male) - 1995 in Bagbo, Bo District - Killed.

Boima, Komba (Male) - 1999 in Kamara, Kono - Forced to labour.

Killed.
Killed.

Boima, Kumba (Female) age 22 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Abducted.

Assaulted.

Boima, Kumba (Female) age 40 - 1997 - Displaced and property looted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and tortured.

Boima, Martin (Male) age 52 - 1991 in Sowa, Pujehun - Property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Boima, Matthew (Male) age 43 - 1991 in Kpaka, Pujehun - Displaced.

Boima, Menie (Female) age 13 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.
Boima, Moigboi (Male) age 71 - 1991 in Malegohun, Kenema - Displaced.

Killed.

Boima, Musu (Female) age 8 - 1992 in Peje West, Kailahun - Forced to labour.

Boima, Patrick (Male) age 20 - 1997 in Malema, Kailahun - Forced to labour.

Boima, Patrick (Male) age 53 - 1991 in Luawa, Kailahun - Extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Boima, Salia (Male) age 55 - 1998 in Luawa, Kailahun - Property looted.

Assaulted.
Assaulted.

Boima, Shaika (Male) age 24 - 1996 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Killed.

Boima, Sheku (Male) - 1991 in Lugbu, Bo District - Displaced and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Boima, Sia (Female) - 1992 in Nimikoro, Kono - Displaced and property destroyed.

Assaulted.

Boima, Tamba (Male) - 1992 in Nimikoro, Kono - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Boima, Tamba (Male) - 1998 - Property looted.

Killed.

Boima, Tamba (Male) age 61 - 1991 in Nomo, Kenema - Displaced.

Abducted.

Killed.
Abducted.

Killed.

Boima, Tenneh (Female) - 1998 - Displaced and extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Boitega, Amadu (Male) - 1997 in Bombali Shebora, Bombali - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Boiweh, Sia (Female) - 1998 - Abducted.

Boko, Fomba (Male) - 1991 - Property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Boko, Hawa (Female) - 1991 in Luawa, Kailahun - Killed.

Boma, Jattu (Female) age 73 - 1993 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Property destroyed.

Killed.
Killed.

Bomboi, Marie (Female) - Assaulted.

Bomboi, Muniru (Male) - Displaced.

Bomdu, Komba (Male) - 1998 in Gbense, Kono - Killed.

Bomoi, Surmana (Male) - 1991 in Western Area - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Bona, Jassie (Female) age 60 - Displaced and property looted.

Limb amputated.

Bona, Sahr (Male) - 1992 in Gorama Kono, Kono - Assaulted.

Killed.

Bondowa, Momoh (Male) - Extorted.

Forced to labour.

Tortured and stripped.

Bonga, Francis (Male) - 1997 - Killed.


Bongi, Masseh (Female) - 1996 in Barri, Pujehun - Killed.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 314 Bongo, Janet (Female) age 60 - 1995 in Western Area - Property looted and destroyed.

Bongo, Kola (Male) - 1998 in Luawa, Kailahun - Killed.

Boni-Moiwo, Sahr (Male) age 44 - 1991 in Kakua, Bo District - Displaced and property looted.

Boni-Moiwo, Tamba (Male) age 14 - 1991 in Kakua, Bo District - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.


Bonjebah, Aiah (Male) - 1998 in Kono - Displaced.

Bonjebah, Sia (Female) age 78 - 1998 in Kono - Killed.

Bonnie, Joe (Male) - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Bonsu, Sahr (Male) age 46 - 1998 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced.

Assaulted and tortured.

Bornor, Joe (Male) - 1995 in Imperi, Bonthe - Killed.

Bounnie, Gassimu (Male) - Killed.

Bowah, Amie (Female) - 1996 in Badjia, Bo District - Killed.

Boyah-Quee, Saffa (Male) - 1994 in Wunde, Bo District - Abducted and detained.
Assaulted.

Killed.

Boyawah, Jamiatu (Female) - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Braima, Hary (Male) - 1992 in Dodo, Kenema - Detained.

Assaulted.

Braima, Kaddie (Female) - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Braima, Morie (Male) age 55 - Assaulted and stripped.

Killed.

Braima, Saidu (Male) age 7 - 1993 in Jalahun, Kailahun - Displaced.

Abducted.

Brainard, Francis (Male) age 35 - 1995 in Kori, Moyamba - Extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.


Brainard, Jonathan (Male) age 25 - 1997 in Imperi, Bonthe - Property looted.

Brewah, George (Male) age 55 - 1995 in Baoma, Bo District - Displaced and property destroyed.

Assaulted.

Brewah, Mildred (Female) - 1995 in Luawa, Kailahun - Displaced.

Brewah, Tommy (Male) - 1995 - Killed.

Briama, Alyssious (Male) age 39 - 1991 in Gaura, Kenema - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.


Briama, Amara (Male) - 1991 in Dama, Kenema - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Detained.

Killed.

Briama, Kalilu (Male) - 1995 in Imperi, Bonthe - Displaced.

Brian, Alhaji (Male) - 1992 - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Brima, Abass (Male) - Tortured.

Killed.

Brima, Abdulai (Male) age 60 - 1991 in Jawie, Kailahun - Killed.

Brima, Alhaji (Male) - 1998 in Jawie, Kailahun - Killed.

Brima, Alhaji Katta (Male) age 54 - Displaced and property looted.

Assaulted.
Assaulted.

Brima, Alhaji Morrow (Male) age 14 - 1995 in Luawa, Kailahun - Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Brima, Alpha (Male) - 1995 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Assaulted.

Killed.

Brima, Alpha (Male) age 68 - 1995 in Bonthe - Property looted.

Assaulted.

Brima, Amadu (Male) age 44 - 1994 in Kando Leppeama, Kenema - Detained.

Brima, Amara (Male) age 13 - 1991 in Upper Bambara , Kailahun - Forced to labour.

Assaulted, tortured and stripped.


Brima, Ansumana (Male) age 30 - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Brima, Aruna (Male) - 1991 in Sowa, Pujehun - Displaced.

Brima, Aruna (Male) age 33 - 1991 in Luawa, Kailahun - Displaced.

Brima, Augustine (Male) age 22 - 1992 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Tortured.

Killed.

Brima, Baindu (Female) - 1991 in Sowa, Pujehun - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Brima, Baindu (Female) age 26 - Displaced.


Brima, Bockarie (Male) age 28 - Displaced.

Brima, Edison (Male) age 23 - 1991 in Kissi Kama, Kailahun - Extorted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and tortured.

Brima, Fatmata (Female) age 28 - 1991 in Malegohun, Kenema - Extorted.

Abducted.

Tortured.

Brima, Fatu (Female) - 1991 - Displaced.

Killed.

Brima, Hawa (Female) age 40 - 1991 in Peje West, Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Brima, Joe (Male) - 1999 - Tortured.


Brima, Joe (Male) age 21 - 1993 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Killed.

Brima, Kadie (Female) - 1992 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Abducted and detained.

Brima, Kadie (Female) - 1991 in Sowa, Pujehun - Displaced.

Brima, Kai (Male) - 1998 - Limb amputated.

Brima, Kaindaneh (Male) age 36 - 1997 in Koya, Kenema - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 315 tortured.

Brima, Kortor (Male) - 1991 - Displaced.

Detained.
Detained.

Brima, Kumba (Female) age 20 - 1992 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced.

Tortured.

Killed.

Brima, Lahai (Male) - Property destroyed.

Brima, Lamin (Male) age 59 - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Brima, Lansana (Male) - 1991 in Peje West, Kailahun - Abducted.

Killed.

Brima, Mariama (Female) age 7 - 1991 in Jawie, Kailahun - Killed.

Brima, Massah (Female) - 1991 in Malen, Pujehun - Killed.

Brima, Massah (Female) age 34 - 1997 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Forced to labour.
Brima, Mohamed (Male) age 16 - 1992 in Jawie, Kailahun - Stripped.

Killed.

Brima, Momoh (Male) - 1991 in Luawa, Kailahun - Abducted.

Assaulted.

Brima, Moriba (Male) age 50 - 1997 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Property looted and destroyed.

Brima, Morie (Male) - 1995 in Jalahun, Kailahun - Displaced.

Brima, Morie (Male) age 48 - 1992 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced.

Brima, Munda (Male) - 1992 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced.

Brima, Musa (Male) - 1991 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Killed.
Brima, Musa (Male) age 15 - 1991 in Luawa, Kailahun - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and tortured.

Brima, Nancy (Female) age 26 - 1992 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Brima, Saffa (Male) - 1991 in Malen, Pujehun - Property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Brima, Sahr (Male) age 33 - Forced to labour.

Tortured.

Brima, Sahr (Male) age 35 - 1992 in Penguia, Kailahun - Displaced.

Brima, Sahr (Male) age 45 - 1995 in Jalahun, Kailahun - Forced to labour.

Tortured.
Tortured.

Brima, Sahr (Male) age 47 - Displaced and property looted.

Forced to labour.

Stripped.

Brima, Satta (Male) age 43 - 1991 in Jawie, Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Brima, Senesie (Male) - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Assaulted.

Brima, Senesie (Male) age 57 - 1994 in Dia, Kailahun - Displaced.

Detained.

Tortured.

Brima, Sheku (Male) age 3 - 1991 in Peje West, Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Brima, Sulaiman (Male) age 4 - 1994 in Kissi Teng, Kailahun - Abducted.

Killed.
Killed.

Brima, Tamba (Male) age 30 - 1998 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted.

Tortured.

Killed.

Brima, Tanu (Male) age 59 - 1991 - Displaced and property looted.

Brima, Wuya (Female) - 1991 in Jawie, Kailahun - Displaced.

Killed.

Brima, Yeati (Female) age 38 - 1991 in Koya, Kenema - Property looted and destroyed.

Brima Fawundu, Mohamed James (Male) age 53 - 1991 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.
Brimah, Fatmata (Female) - Displaced and property destroyed.

Assaulted.

Brorad, Kenny (Male) - Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Browne, Joe (Male) - 1998 in Bonthe UDC, Bonthe - Property destroyed.

Browne, Jonathan (Male) age 26 - 1995 in Badjia, Bo District - Abducted.

Assaulted and tortured.

Browne, Sabainah (Female) - Killed.

Bu, John (Male) - 1991 in Upper Bambara , Kailahun - Detained.

Buduka, Rugiatu (Female) age 58 - 1996 - Property looted.

Assaulted.
Assaulted.

Bulleh, Abdul (Male) - 1995 in Komboya, Bo District - Assaulted and tortured.

Bullie, John Patrick (Male) - 1995 in Kaiyamba, Moyamba - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Bunda, Allieu (Male) - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Bundah, Alhaji Brima (Male) - 1997 in Jiama-Bongor, Bo District - Property looted and destroyed.

Killed.

Bundamy, Tommy (Male) - 1997 in Makari Gbanti, Bombali - Extorted.

Assaulted and tortured.


Bundeh, Alpha (Male) age 41 - 1998 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Extorted and property looted.

Assaulted and stripped.

Bundor, Jusufu (Male) - Property destroyed.

Bundor, Michael (Male) - 1996 in Fakunya, Moyamba - Tortured.

Bundor, Tamba (Male) - Killed.

Bundu, Abdul (Male) age 30 - Extorted.

Bundu, Abu Bakarr (Male) age 46 - 1998 in Loko Massama, Port Loko - Displaced.

Bundu, Alfred (Male) - 1995 in Niawa Lenga, Bo District - Property destroyed.
Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 316 Bundu, Alhaji Bai (Male) age 77 - 1995 in Dibia, Port Loko - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Bundu, Alpha (Male) age 31 - 1999 - Property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Bundu, Aruna (Male) - 1998 in Port Loko - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Bundu, Bairoh age 48 - 1995 in Dibia, Port Loko - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Assaulted.
Assaulted.

Bundu, Brima (Male) - 1994 in Bagbo, Bo District - Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Bundu, Edward (Male) age 18 - 1994 in Jiama-Bongor, Bo District - Extorted.

Abducted.

Bundu, Eva (Female) age 47 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced and property destroyed.

Bundu, Fattu (Female) age 16 - 1996 in Jiama-Bongor, Bo District - Detained.

Limb amputated.

Bundu, Isatu (Female) - 1999 - Killed.

Bundu, James (Male) age 51 - 1999 in Western Area - Property looted and destroyed.
Bundu, Joseph (Male) - 1994 - Displaced and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Stripped.

Bundu, Kadiatu (Female) age 67 - 1999 in Konike Sande, Tonkolili - Displaced and property looted.

Bundu, Keikura (Male) - 1997 - Displaced and property destroyed.

Bundu, Lavai (Male) - 1995 in Niawa Lenga, Bo District - Killed.

Bundu, Mariatu (Female) age 17 - 1999 in Konike Sande, Tonkolili - Displaced.

Bundu, Marie (Female) - Displaced.

Bundu, Missalie (Male) - Displaced.

Killed.


Bundu, Samuel (Male) - 1995 in Kamajei, Moyamba - Property looted and destroyed.

Bundu, Sulaiman (Male) - 1998 in Sanda Tendaren, Bombali - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Bundu, Sulaiman (Male) age 30 - 1994 in Neini, Koinadugu - Displaced.

Bundu, Sultan (Male) - 1999 in Dibia, Port Loko - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Bundu, Surjoh (Male) age 16 - 1995 in Sanda Magblonthor, Port Loko - Displaced.
Bundu, Tamba (Male) age 31 - 1998 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Bundu, Tamba Jonathan (Male) age 47 - 1998 in Gorama Mende, Kenema - Displaced.

Assaulted and tortured.

Bundu, Yusif (Male) age 22 - 1995 in Gbense, Kono - Killed.

Bunduka, Amara (Male) - 1994 in Moyamba - Abducted and detained.

Bunduka, Amara (Male) age 23 - 1991 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced and extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and stripped.


Bunduka, Bockarie (Male) age 30 - 1992 in Upper Bambara , Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Bunduka, Isatu (Female) age 24 - 1995 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Abducted and detained.

Bunduka, James (Male) - 1991 in Mandu, Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Tortured and stripped.

Killed.

Bunduka, Musa (Male) - 1991 in Makpele, Pujehun - Abducted and detained.
Bunduka, Musa (Male) age 19 - 1995 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Bunumbu, Kenie (Male) - 1993 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Killed.

Burreh, Lansana (Male) - Extorted.

Burreh, Saffa (Male) - 1994 in Banta Mokele, Moyamba - Tortured.

Butscher, Aminata (Female) - 1997 in Paki Masabong, Bombali - Displaced.

Butscher, Hindolo (Male) age 52 - 1997 in Paki Masabong, Bombali - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and stripped.


Butscher, James (Male) - 1997 in Wara-Wara Yagala, Koinadugu - Killed.

Campbell, Fatmata (Female) - 1999 - Property looted.

Assaulted and tortured.

Campbell, J (Male) - 1997 in Bonthe - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Campbell, Kaikura (Male) age 40 - Assaulted.

Killed.

Campbell, Magnus (Male) age 62 - 1999 - Property looted.

Assaulted and tortured.

Carew, Kenei (Male) - Abducted and detained.


Carew, Mojama (Female) age 56 - 1999 in Luawa, Kailahun - Displaced and property destroyed.

Carpenter, Brima (Male) - 1994 in Tikonko, Bo District - Assaulted and tortured.

Killed.

Carpenter, Jusu (Male) - 1991 in Panga Krim, Pujehun - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Carpenter, Koroma (Male) age 34 - 1991 in Dia, Kailahun - Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Carpenter, Moinah (Male) - 1991 in Kpaka, Pujehun - Abducted and detained.
Carpenter, Momoh (Male) age 18 - 1991 in Makpele, Pujehun - Displaced, extorted and property looted Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 317 and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Carpenter, Vandi (Male) age 38 - 1991 in Gallinasperi, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Caulker, Cecelia (Female) age 83 - 1997 in Bonthe UDC, Bonthe - Extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted, tortured and forced to participate in an act of cannibalism.
Caulker, Mohamed (Male) age 20 - 1994 in Banta Gbanggbatoke, Moyamba - Abducted and detained.

Caulker, Victor (Male) age 57 - 1997 in Bonthe UDC, Bonthe - Property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured and forced to participate in an act of cannibalism.

Killed.

Cawaley, James (Male) age 59 - 1995 in Dasse, Moyamba - Displaced.

Cawan, Adama (Female) age 71 - 1998 in Western Area - Property looted and destroyed.

Chalkey, Yema (Female) - 1997 - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.


Tortured and limb amputated.

Challx, Dauda (Male) - 1994 in Sogbini, Bonthe - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Chana, Maita (Female) - 1998 in Nongowa, Kenema - Displaced.

Killed.

Charles, Abu (Male) - 1995 - Displaced and property looted.

Charles, Abu (Male) - 1994 in Jiama-Bongor, Bo District - Killed.

Charles, Bockarie (Male) age 53 - Displaced.

Limb amputated.

Charles, Eyaja (Male) - 1998 in Kaiyamba, Moyamba - Tortured.

Killed.
Killed.

Charles, Jeneba (Female) age 56 - 1999 in Dodo, Kenema - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Charles, Julius (Male) age 44 - 1995 in Fakunya, Moyamba - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted.

Tortured.

Charles, Kemie (Male) age 45 - 1998 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Charles, Kenie Lansana (Male) age 46 - 1998 in Upper Bambara , Kailahun - Property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.


Charles, Marian (Female) - Displaced.

Abducted.

Charles, Marie (Male) age 9 - 1993 in Dia, Kailahun - Displaced.

Abducted.

Charles, Momoh (Male) - 1998 in Dia, Kailahun - Abducted.

Charles, Patrick (Male) - 1993 in Baoma, Bo District - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Charles, Prince (Male) age 33 - 1996 - Property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.


Charles, Saidu (Male) - 1994 in Bagbo, Bo District - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Charlie, Charles Ruphus (Male) - 1998 in Ribbi, Moyamba - Abducted and detained.

Tortured and stripped.

Killed.

Charlie, Joe (Male) - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Assaulted, tortured and stripped.

Charlie, Joe (Male) age 26 - 1997 in Sittia, Bonthe - Detained.

Assaulted and stripped.

Charlie, Lahai (Male) - 1997 in Bonthe - Abducted.


Charlie, Mohamed Tommy (Male) age 26 - 1997 in Bagruwa, Moyamba - Displaced.

Charlie, Ramatu (Female) age 18 - 1995 in Bagruwa, Moyamba - Displaced.

Charlie, Umara (Male) age 37 - 1997 in Banta Gbanggbatoke, Moyamba - Extorted.

Detained.

Charlie, Yeama Kaima (Female) age 70 - 1997 in Bum, Bonthe - Tortured and limb amputated.

Chebie, Sahr (Male) - 1998 - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Chebie, Tamba (Male) - 1998 - Detained.


Chendeka, Mohamed (Male) age 20 - 1992 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Clergy, Amara (Male) - 1991 in Langorama, Kenema - Abducted and detained.

Cleveland, Payangula (Male) - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Displaced and property destroyed.

Cobio, Emmanuel (Male) - 1997 in Peje Bongre, Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Coker, Alex (Male) age 23 - 1995 in Kaiyamba, Moyamba - Forced to labour.

Assaulted.
Assaulted.

Coker, Alpha (Male) - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Coker, Ansumana (Male) age 67 - 1994 in Bagbo, Bo District - Displaced and extorted.

Forced to labour.

Coker, Charles (Male) age 50 - Abducted.

Assaulted.

Coker, Francis (Male) age 38 - 1999 in Western Area - Property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Limb amputated.

Coker, Gerald (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced and extorted.

Tortured and stripped.


Coker, Hazah (Female) - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Coker, Kenie Torma (Male) - 1994 in Jiama-Bongor, Bo District - Killed.

Coker, Lucinda (Female) age 20 - 1999 in Western Area - Property looted and destroyed.

Coker, Mambu (Female) age 76 - 1997 in Kakua, Bo District - Displaced and property destroyed.

Tortured Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 318 and limb amputated.
Coker, Marie (Female) - 1996 in Kaiyamba, Moyamba - Killed.

Coker, Moininah (Male) - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and tortured.

Coker, Samuel (Male) age 35 - 1996 in Ribbi, Moyamba - Displaced.

Abducted.

Coker, Sesay (Male) - Assaulted.

Coker, Thomas (Male) age 44 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Coker, Tommy (Male) - 1994 in Bagbo, Bo District - Killed.

Coker, Yeama (Female) age 60 - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.
Cole, Abdul Rahman (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Cole, Alhaji Tejan (Male) age 24 - 1998 in Nimiyama, Kono - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured and stripped.

Cole, Christian (Male) - Killed.

Cole, Edwin (Male) age 34 - 1992 in Western Area - Displaced.

Detained.

Tortured.

Cole, Emmanuel (Male) age 9 - 1997 in Kaiyamba, Moyamba - Displaced.

Killed.
Killed.

Cole, Emmanuel (Male) age 62 - 1997 in Dia, Kailahun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted.

Cole, Fatmata (Female) - 1999 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Cole, Georgiana (Female) - 1997 in Nongoba Bullom, Bonthe - Abducted and detained.

Cole, Jacob (Male) age 24 - 1999 in Western Area - Abducted and detained.

Limb amputated.

Cole, Luseni (Male) age 18 - 1991 in Banta Mokele, Moyamba - Forced to labour.

Assaulted.
Assaulted.

Cole, Moses (Male) - 1994 in Barri, Pujehun - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Killed.

Cole, Siginie (Male) age 25 - Abducted.

Killed.

Cole, Solomon (Male) - 1991 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Property destroyed.

Cole, Tejan (Male) - 1998 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Abducted and detained.

Stripped and limb amputated.

Collier, Alieu (Male) age 24 - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Assaulted.
Assaulted.

Collier, Brima (Male) age 45 - 1991 in Gallinasperi, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted.

Forced to labour.

Collier, Christian (Male) age 32 - 1998 in Paki Masabong, Bombali - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Collier, Sellu (Male) age 51 - 1992 in Malema, Kailahun - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Collings, Eldred (Male) - 1995 in Kaiyamba, Moyamba - Killed.

Comba, Amara (Male) - 1991 - Stripped.

Killed.


Combay, Murray (Male) age 20 - 1996 in Gorama Mende, Kenema - Killed.

Combulah, Lansana Brima (Male) - Killed.

Conjoh, Sarah (Female) age 45 - Tortured.

Conteh, Abdoramam (Male) - 2000 - Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Conteh, Abdul (Male) - Property destroyed.

Tortured.

Conteh, Abdul (Male) - 1998 in Luawa, Kailahun - Property looted and destroyed.

Conteh, Abdul (Male) age 35 - 1999 in Wara-Wara Yagala, Koinadugu - Displaced and property destroyed.
Conteh, Abdul (Male) age 52 - 1999 in Paki Masabong, Bombali - Displaced.

Killed.

Conteh, Abdul Raman (Male) - 1999 in Paki Masabong, Bombali - Displaced.

Killed.

Conteh, Abdulai (Male) - 2000 - Displaced.

Conteh, Abdulai (Male) - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Conteh, Abdulai (Male) - 1996 in Western Area - Displaced and property looted.

Conteh, Abdulai (Male) - 1997 in Samu, Kambia - Killed.
Conteh, Abdulai (Male) age 27 - 2000 in Loko Massama, Port Loko - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Conteh, Abdulai (Male) age 31 - 1996 in Gbinleh-Dixon, Kambia - Displaced.

Conteh, Abdulai (Male) age 32 - 1999 in Bureh, Port Loko - Displaced.

Conteh, Abdulai (Male) age 35 - 2000 in Yoni, Tonkolili - Property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Conteh, Abdulai (Male) age 57 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced and property destroyed.
Conteh, Abu (Male) age 16 - 1997 in Western Area - Abducted.

Killed.

Conteh, Abu (Male) age 27 - 1994 in Kholifa Mabang, Tonkolili - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Detained.

Tortured.

Killed.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 319 Conteh, Abu (Male) age 40 - 1998 in Diang, Koinadugu - Displaced and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Conteh, Abu (Male) age 41 - 1998 in Kakua, Bo District - Displaced and property destroyed.
Conteh, Abu (Male) age 52 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Conteh, Abu Bakarr (Male) - 1998 in Wara-Wara Bafodia, Koinadugu - Displaced and property looted.

Conteh, Abu Bakarr (Male) - 2000 in Magbema, Kambia - Extorted and property looted.

Conteh, Adama (Female) - 1998 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Limb amputated.

Conteh, Adama (Female) - 1999 in Kongbora, Moyamba - Extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Conteh, Adama (Female) - 1998 in Biriwa, Bombali - Killed.
Conteh, Adama (Female) - 2000 in Mambolo, Kambia - Displaced and property destroyed.

Conteh, Adama (Female) age 24 - 1999 in Biriwa, Bombali - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Conteh, Adama (Female) age 34 - 1992 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced and property destroyed.

Conteh, Adama (Female) age 35 - 1999 in Western Area - Property destroyed.

Assaulted.

Conteh, Adama (Female) age 67 - 1999 in Western Area - Detained.

Killed.

Conteh, Ahmed (Male) - 1999 in Biriwa, Bombali - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.


Killed.

Conteh, Ahmed (Male) age 30 - 1994 in Tankoro, Kono - Killed.

Conteh, Aiah (Male) - 1999 - Property looted.

Abducted.

Conteh, Alfred (Male) - 1997 in Bombali - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted.

Conteh, Alfred (Male) age 40 - 1999 in Biriwa, Bombali - Displaced and property looted.

Forced to labour.

Conteh, Alhaji (Male) - 1997 in Western Area - Extorted.

Conteh, Alhaji (Male) - 1991 in Small Bo, Kenema - Killed.
Conteh, Alhaji (Male) age 21 - 1996 in Small Bo, Kenema - Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Conteh, Alhaji B (Male) - 1991 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Killed.

Conteh, Alhaji B (Male) - 1991 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Killed.

Conteh, Alhaji Brima (Male) age 65 - 1991 in Badjia, Bo District - Displaced and property looted.

Killed.

Conteh, Alhaji Mohamed (Male) - 1998 - Displaced and property destroyed.

Detained.

Assaulted.


Conteh, Alhaji Sheku (Male) age 63 - 1996 in Loko Massama, Port Loko - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Conteh, Alice (Female) - 1995 in Sielenga, Bo District - Killed.

Conteh, Alie (Male) age 13 - 1999 in Gbendembu Ngowahun, Bombali - Killed.

Conteh, Alieu (Male) age 16 - 1999 in Kholifa Rowalla, Tonkolili - Displaced and extorted.

Abducted.

Assaulted.

Conteh, Alimamy (Male) - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Conteh, Alimamy (Male) - Extorted.


Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Conteh, Alimamy (Male) - 1999 in Sella Limba, Bombali - Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Conteh, Alpha (Male) - 1992 in Nimikoro, Kono - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Conteh, Alpha (Male) - 1996 in Kholifa Rowalla, Tonkolili - Displaced.

Conteh, Alpha (Male) - 1998 in Tane, Tonkolili - Abducted and detained.

Conteh, Alpha (Male) - 1998 in Western Area - Abducted and detained.
Conteh, Alpha (Male) age 25 - 1998 - Killed.

Conteh, Alusine (Male) - 1998 - Killed.

Conteh, Amadu (Male) - 1998 in Tane, Tonkolili - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Conteh, Amadu (Male) - Assaulted.

Conteh, Amadu (Male) - 1998 in Paki Masabong, Bombali - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Conteh, Amadu (Male) age 19 - 1997 - Property looted and destroyed.

Assaulted.

Conteh, Amadu (Male) age 50 - 1998 in Briama, Kambia - Property destroyed.

Killed.
Killed.

Conteh, Amara (Male) - 1999 in Yoni, Tonkolili - Killed.

Conteh, Amidu (Male) - 1998 in Kholifa Rowalla, Tonkolili - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Conteh, Amie (Female) - 1993 in Niawa, Kenema - Abducted and detained.

Conteh, Aminata (Female) - 1999 in Western Area - Abducted.

Conteh, Amodu (Male) - 1996 - Abducted and detained.

Conteh, Ansumana (Male) age 40 - 1998 in Nimikoro, Kono - Displaced and property looted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and tortured.


Conteh, Aruna (Male) age 6 - 1998 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Displaced.

Conteh, Aruna (Male) age 14 - 1996 in Kenema - Killed.

Conteh, Bai (Male) age 56 - 1999 in Magbema, Kambia - Displaced, extorted and property looted and Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 320 destroyed.

Conteh, Ballay (Female) - 1999 in Maforki, Port Loko - Killed.

Conteh, Bashiru (Male) - 1997 in Jiama-Bongor, Bo District - Killed.
Conteh, Bassie (Male) age 47 - 1994 in Kholifa Rowalla, Tonkolili - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Conteh, Benna (Male) - 1998 in Gbendembu Ngowahun, Bombali - Property looted.

Forced to labour.

Conteh, Bobor (Male) age 39 - 1992 in Nongowa, Kenema - Property destroyed.

Abducted.

Killed.

Conteh, Bockarie (Male) - 1999 in Paki Masabong, Bombali - Property destroyed.

Conteh, Boi (Female) age 35 - 1995 in Western Area - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.
Conteh, Brima (Male) - 1998 in Diang, Koinadugu - Abducted.

Conteh, Brima (Male) - 1994 in Kholifa Rowalla, Tonkolili - Killed.

Conteh, Brima (Male) - 1993 - Killed.

Conteh, Brima (Male) - 1993 in Niawa, Kenema - Displaced and property destroyed.

Conteh, Brima (Male) - 1993 in Dama, Kenema - Displaced.

Killed.

Conteh, Brima (Male) age 30 - 1999 in Paki Masabong, Bombali - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Assaulted.

Conteh, Brima (Male) age 53 - 1993 in Dama, Kenema - Displaced.
Conteh, Brima (Male) age 57 - 1992 in Luawa, Kailahun - Displaced and extorted.

Detained.

Assaulted.

Killed.

Conteh, Brima (Male) age 82 - 1998 in Koya, Port Loko - Property destroyed.

Conteh, C.S.

(Male) - 1991 in Dia, Kailahun - Assaulted.

Conteh, Daniel (Male) age 35 - 1999 in Kafe Simira, Tonkolili - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Conteh, Dawa (Female) - 1999 in Maforki, Port Loko - Killed.

Conteh, Denis (Male) - Forced to labour.


Conteh, Dwadoi (Male) - 1999 - Property looted and destroyed.

Conteh, Edward (Male) age 51 - Displaced.

Limb amputated.

Conteh, Fatmata (Female) - 1999 in Marampa, Port Loko - Displaced.

Conteh, Fatmata (Female) - 2000 in Yoni, Tonkolili - Abducted and detained.

Conteh, Fatmata (Female) age 15 - 1994 - Abducted and detained.

Conteh, Fatmata (Female) age 25 - 1998 in Western Area - Displaced and extorted.

Forced to labour.
Forced to labour.

Conteh, Fatmata (Female) age 28 - 1999 in Paki Masabong, Bombali - Displaced.

Conteh, Fatmata (Female) age 35 - 1998 - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Limb amputated.

Conteh, Fatu (Female) - 1999 in Maforki, Port Loko - Killed.

Conteh, Fatu (Female) - Displaced.

Conteh, Fatu (Female) - Assaulted.

Conteh, Fatu (Female) age 55 - 1994 in Malal Mara, Tonkolili - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Conteh, Foday (Male) - 1994 in Wara-Wara Yagala, Koinadugu - Abducted and detained.
Killed.

Conteh, Foday (Male) age 10 - 1999 in Yoni, Tonkolili - Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Conteh, Francis (Male) - Displaced and property looted.

Forced to labour.

Limb amputated.

Conteh, Frank (Male) - 1992 in Kono - Assaulted.

Killed.

Conteh, Gbessay (Female) age 70 - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted.

Conteh, George (Male) age 25 - 1995 in Komboya, Bo District - Abducted and detained.

Killed.
Killed.

Conteh, Gladys (Female) age 15 - 1997 in Bombali Shebora, Bombali - Displaced.

Abducted.

Conteh, Hassan (Male) - Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Conteh, Hassan (Male) - 1999 in Paki Masabong, Bombali - Property destroyed.

Conteh, Hassan (Male) - 1997 in Jiama-Bongor, Bo District - Killed.

Conteh, Hassan (Male) - 1996 in Western Area - Displaced and property looted.

Conteh, Hassan (Male) age 45 - 1995 in Imperi, Bonthe - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.
Conteh, Hawa (Female) - 2000 in Malal Mara, Tonkolili - Killed.

Conteh, Hawa (Female) - Abducted and detained.

Conteh, Hawa (Female) - 1992 - Killed.

Conteh, Hawa (Female) age 36 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced and extorted.

Conteh, Hawa (Female) age 50 - 1998 in Bombali Shebora, Bombali - Assaulted.

Killed.

Conteh, Ibrahim (Male) - 1996 in Malal Mara, Tonkolili - Killed.

Conteh, Ibrahim (Male) - 1995 in Tikonko, Bo District - Abducted.

Limb amputated.
Limb amputated.

Conteh, Idrissa (Male) - 1995 in Bagruwa, Moyamba - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 321 Forced to labour.

Conteh, Idrissa (Male) - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Conteh, Idrissa (Male) age 6 - 1994 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Killed.

Conteh, Idrissa (Male) age 23 - 1996 in Nongowa, Kenema - Killed.

Conteh, Isata (Female) - 1998 in Tambakka, Bombali - Displaced and property destroyed.
Conteh, Isata (Female) - Displaced.

Conteh, Isatu (Female) - 1997 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Property looted.

Abducted.

Conteh, Isatu (Female) - 1996 in Western Area - Displaced and property looted.

Conteh, Isatu (Female) age 17 - 1998 in Western Area - Killed.

Conteh, Isatu (Female) age 27 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced and property destroyed.

Conteh, Isha (Female) age 24 - 1998 in Western Area - Displaced.

Conteh, Ishmael (Male) age 51 - 1993 in Sowa, Pujehun - Displaced.
Conteh, Issa (Male) - Property destroyed.

Abducted.

Conteh, Issa (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced and property destroyed.

Conteh, Iye (Female) - 1994 in Gbonkolenken, Tonkolili - Displaced.

Abducted.

Conteh, Iye (Female) - Killed.

Conteh, Iye (Female) - 1999 - Displaced.

Conteh, James (Male) - 1998 in Sanda Loko, Bombali - Property destroyed.

Conteh, James (Male) - 1995 in Imperi, Bonthe - Killed.

Conteh, James (Male) age 7 - 1998 in Western Area - Forced to labour.
Conteh, James (Male) age 29 - 1994 in Bombali Shebora, Bombali - Abducted.

Tortured.

Conteh, Jane (Female) - Property destroyed.

Conteh, Jane (Female) - 1995 in Komboya, Bo District - Property destroyed.

Killed.

Conteh, Jebbeh (Female) - 1991 - Displaced.

Conteh, Jebbeh (Female) age 38 - 1991 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Conteh, Jeneba (Female) age 12 - 1997 in Jiama-Bongor, Bo District - Assaulted.
Conteh, Jeneba (Female) age 27 - 2000 in Kambia - Displaced and extorted.

Conteh, Jim (Male) age 29 - 1995 in Komboya, Bo District - Detained.

Killed.

Conteh, John (Male) age 25 - 1999 in Yoni, Tonkolili - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Killed.

Conteh, Joseph (Male) - 1995 in Bumpeh, Moyamba - Displaced.

Killed.

Conteh, Joseph (Male) age 29 - 1994 in Tane, Tonkolili - Forced to labour.

Conteh, Joseph (Male) age 41 - 1998 in Sella Limba, Bombali - Displaced.
Conteh, Kabba (Male) - 1999 in Sanda Magblonthor, Port Loko - Killed.

Conteh, Kabba (Male) age 26 - 1994 in Wara-Wara Yagala, Koinadugu - Displaced and property destroyed.

Conteh, Kabbi (Male) - 1999 in Paki Masabong, Bombali - Displaced.

Tortured.

Conteh, Kaday (Female) - 1993 in Koya, Port Loko - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Assaulted.

Killed.

Conteh, Kaday (Female) - 1998 in Wara-Wara Bafodia, Koinadugu - Forced to labour.
Conteh, Kadiatu (Female) age 27 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced and property destroyed.

Conteh, Kadiatu (Female) age 28 - 1998 in Nimikoro, Kono - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Conteh, Kadiatu (Female) age 35 - 1992 - Killed.

Conteh, Kandeh (Male) age 55 - Extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and stripped.

Conteh, Kanie (Female) - 1994 in Wara-Wara Yagala, Koinadugu - Displaced.
Conteh, Kapru (Male) age 54 - 1996 in Kholifa Mabang, Tonkolili - Displaced and property looted.

Conteh, Karmoh (Male) - 1991 in Sowa, Pujehun - Property looted and destroyed.

Conteh, Kate (Female) - 1998 in Sella Limba, Bombali - Killed.

Conteh, Keifa (Male) age 30 - Abducted.

Killed.

Conteh, Keikuta (Male) age 35 - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and stripped.

Conteh, Kemoh (Male) - 1994 in Komboya, Bo District - Tortured.
Conteh, Kemor Saffa (Male) - 1991 in Pujehun - Abducted.

Conteh, Kewulay (Male) - 1998 in Western Area - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and limb Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 322 Conteh, Koto (Male) - 1999 in Sanda Loko, Bombali - Killed.

Conteh, Lamboi (Male) age 67 - 1999 in Diang, Koinadugu - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Assaulted.
Assaulted.

Conteh, Lamin (Male) age 38 - 1998 in Kassunko, Koinadugu - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Conteh, Lamine (Male) - 1997 - Extorted.

Tortured.

Killed.

Conteh, Lansana (Male) age 61 - Displaced.

Killed.

Conteh, Linda (Female) age 52 - 1998 in Diang, Koinadugu - Abducted.

Killed.

Conteh, Lucy (Female) - 1995 in Kpanda Kemo, Bonthe - Extorted.

Conteh, Mabinty (Female) - 1998 in Kholifa Rowalla, Tonkolili - Displaced and property destroyed.
Conteh, Mabinty (Female) - 1999 in Samu, Kambia - Killed.

Conteh, Mabinty (Female) age 43 - 1996 in Gbonkolenken, Tonkolili - Property looted.

Abducted.

Assaulted.

Conteh, Makai (Female) age 13 - 2000 in Gbinleh-Dixon, Kambia - Killed.

Conteh, Mako (Male) - 1998 in Kalansogia, Tonkolili - Abducted.

Killed.

Conteh, Mamako (Male) age 39 - 1991 in Yakemo-Kpukumu Krim, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Conteh, Manah (Male) age 54 - 1991 - Property looted and destroyed.
Conteh, Mankapru (Male) age 31 - 1992 in Kono - Displaced.

Conteh, Manso (Male) - 1998 in Sanda Loko, Bombali - Displaced.

Conteh, Mariama (Female) - 1999 in Tambakka, Bombali - Displaced.

Conteh, Mariama (Female) - 1993 - Property destroyed.

Conteh, Mariama (Female) age 19 - 1999 in Western Area - Abducted and detained.

Limb amputated.

Conteh, Marie (Female) - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Conteh, Marie (Female) - Property destroyed.


Conteh, Marie (Female) - 1998 in Sella Limba, Bombali - Property destroyed.

Conteh, Marie (Female) - 1997 - Displaced.

Conteh, Marie (Female) age 18 - 1999 in Western Area - Assaulted.

Conteh, Mark Pius (Male) age 47 - 1997 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Property looted.

Conteh, Massah F. (Female) age 65 - 1991 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Abducted.

Killed.

Conteh, Mayiteh (Female) - 1999 in Paki Masabong, Bombali - Forced to labour.

Assaulted.
Assaulted.

Conteh, Mbalu (Female) age 16 - 2000 - Assaulted.

Conteh, Memuna (Female) age 19 - 1991 in Bombali Shebora, Bombali - Killed.

Conteh, Memuna (Female) age 60 - 1998 in Western Area - Displaced and property looted.

Conteh, Michael (Male) age 55 - 1995 in Komboya, Bo District - Property destroyed.

Abducted.

Conteh, Mohamed (Male) - 1994 in Kholifa Rowalla, Tonkolili - Killed.

Conteh, Mohamed (Male) - 1994 in Malal Mara, Tonkolili - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.
Conteh, Mohamed (Male) - 2000 in Sandor, Kono - Displaced.

Tortured.

Killed.

Conteh, Mohamed (Male) - 1999 in Bombali Shebora, Bombali - Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Conteh, Mohamed (Male) - 1997 - Abducted.

Conteh, Mohamed (Male) - Abducted.

Tortured.

Conteh, Mohamed (Male) - 2000 in Samu, Kambia - Property destroyed.

Tortured.

Conteh, Mohamed (Male) age 8 - 1999 in Western Area - Abducted and detained.

Conteh, Mohamed (Male) age 16 - 2000 in Gbinleh-Dixon, Kambia - Abducted.

Killed.
Killed.

Conteh, Mohamed (Male) age 28 - 1999 in Bo District - Displaced.

Conteh, Mohamed (Male) age 35 - 1998 in Buya Romende, Port Loko - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Conteh, Mohamed (Male) age 45 - 1997 in Samu, Kambia - Displaced, extorted and property looted.

Assaulted and stripped.

Conteh, Mohamed (Male) age 48 - Displaced, extorted and property looted.

Forced to labour.

Conteh, Mohamed (Male) age 49 - 1994 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced and property looted.
Conteh, Mohamed (Male) age 50 - 1995 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Conteh, Mohamed Foday (Male) age 52 - 1994 in Upper Bambara , Kailahun - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Conteh, Momodu (Male) - 1998 in Diang, Koinadugu - Abducted.

Conteh, Momoh (Male) - 1999 in Wara-Wara Yagala, Koinadugu - Forced to labour.

Assaulted.
Assaulted.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 323 Conteh, Momoh (Male) - 1994 in Bombali Shebora, Bombali - Killed.

Conteh, Momorie (Male) age 31 - 1999 in Diang, Koinadugu - Property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Conteh, Monday (Female) - 1998 in Sella Limba, Bombali - Property destroyed.

Conteh, More (Male) - 1998 in Diang, Koinadugu - Abducted.

Conteh, Morlai (Male) - 1999 in Sambaia Bendugu, Tonkolili - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.


Conteh, Morlai (Male) age 20 - 1995 in Kono - Property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and limb amputated.

Conteh, Morlai (Male) age 67 - 2000 in Sanda Loko, Bombali - Displaced and property destroyed.

Conteh, Moses (Male) age 14 - 1999 in Timdel, Moyamba - Forced to labour.

Forced to participate in an act of cannibalism.

Conteh, Murray (Male) - 1991 - Killed.

Conteh, Musa (Male) - 1992 in Peje, Pujehun - Displaced.

Abducted.
Abducted.

Conteh, Musa Ibrahim (Male) age 35 - 1991 in Upper Bambara , Kailahun - Displaced and extorted.

Assaulted and tortured.

Conteh, Mustapha (Male) - 1993 in Badjia, Bo District - Killed.

Conteh, Mustapha (Male) age 25 - 1999 in Langorama, Kenema - Tortured.

Conteh, Musu (Female) - 1998 in Biriwa, Bombali - Killed.

Conteh, Musu (Female) age 24 - 1999 - Displaced.

Conteh, Musu (Female) age 47 - Extorted and property looted.

Conteh, Nadeh (Female) age 22 - 1999 in Western Area - Assaulted.
Killed.

Conteh, Nankoh (Male) - 1999 in Paki Masabong, Bombali - Extorted.

Assaulted and tortured.

Conteh, Nbau (Female) - 1994 in Upper Bambara , Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Conteh, Nhoi (Male) - Property destroyed.

Conteh, Nmah (Female) - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Conteh, Ojuku (Male) - Killed.

Conteh, Ousman (Male) age 20 - 2000 in Sandor, Kono - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.


Conteh, Ousman (Male) age 25 - 1992 in Gbane, Kono - Displaced and property looted.

Assaulted.

Conteh, Paul (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Assaulted.

Conteh, Paul (Male) age 13 - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Conteh, Peter (Male) age 35 - 1998 in Sella Limba, Bombali - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Conteh, Polthay (Male) - 1999 in Paki Masabong, Bombali - Property destroyed.
Conteh, Prince (Male) age 24 - 1999 in Western Area - Property destroyed.

Detained.

Conteh, Ramatu (Female) - 1998 in Konike Sande, Tonkolili - Extorted and property looted.

Conteh, Ramatu (Female) - 1998 in Tane, Tonkolili - Abducted and detained.

Conteh, Ramatu (Female) - 1994 in Kholifa Rowalla, Tonkolili - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Conteh, Regina (Female) age 24 - Property destroyed.

Conteh, Sabina (Female) - 1998 in Diang, Koinadugu - Abducted.

Assaulted.
Assaulted.

Conteh, Sai (Female) age 65 - 1999 in Kakua, Bo District - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Conteh, Saidu (Male) - Displaced.

Killed.

Conteh, Sakumba (Male) age 38 - 1999 in Western Area - Property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Conteh, Salieu (Male) age 13 - 1996 in Kenema - Killed.

Conteh, Sampa (Female) - Killed.

Conteh, Sampa (Female) - 1999 in Western Area - Killed.

Conteh, Samuel (Male) - 1994 in Gbonkolenken, Tonkolili - Killed.
Conteh, Samuel (Male) - 1999 - Property destroyed.

Killed.

Conteh, Samuel (Male) age 31 - 1995 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Conteh, Sandaems (Male) - 1998 in Sella Limba, Bombali - Property destroyed.

Conteh, Sandayama (Male) - 1998 in Sella Limba, Bombali - Killed.

Conteh, Sandima (Male) - 1998 in Biriwa, Bombali - Killed.

Conteh, Santigie (Male) - 1998 in Port Loko - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Conteh, Santigie (Male) - 1999 in Sanda Loko, Bombali - Assaulted.

Killed.
Killed.

Conteh, Santigie (Male) - Killed.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 324 Conteh, Santigie (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Killed.

Conteh, Santigie (Male) age 19 - 1999 in Kholifa Mabang, Tonkolili - Extorted and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Tortured.

Conteh, Santigie (Male) age 27 - 1996 in Samu, Kambia - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Conteh, Sao (Female) - 1993 in Niawa, Kenema - Property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.


Conteh, Sarah (Female) - 1998 in Bombali - Property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Conteh, Sarah (Female) age 45 - Displaced.

Conteh, Sarah (Female) age 60 - 1998 in Wara-Wara Bafodia, Koinadugu - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Conteh, Sarjoh (Male) - Killed.

Conteh, Sarjoh (Male) age 26 - 1999 in Marampa, Port Loko - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and tortured.


Conteh, Sarrah (Female) age 42 - 1998 - Property looted.

Conteh, Sasa (Female) - 1998 in Wara-Wara Bafodia, Koinadugu - Property looted.

Forced to labour.

Conteh, Senesie (Male) - 1997 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Property looted.

Abducted.

Conteh, Senesie (Male) age 74 - 2000 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced and property destroyed.

Conteh, Seray (Female) - 1998 in Tane, Tonkolili - Abducted and detained.
Conteh, Sheika (Male) age 32 - 1997 - Extorted and property looted.

Forced to labour.

Limb amputated.

Conteh, Sheku (Male) - 1993 in Koya, Port Loko - Property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Conteh, Sheku (Male) - 1999 in Diang, Koinadugu - Extorted and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Tortured.

Conteh, Sheku (Male) - 1991 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Killed.

Conteh, Sheku (Male) - 1998 in Biriwa, Bombali - Killed.

Conteh, Sheku (Male) - 1991 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Killed.
Conteh, Siaka (Male) age 73 - 1993 - Killed.

Conteh, Sidique (Male) - Assaulted.

Conteh, Sidique (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Abducted and detained.

Limb amputated.

Conteh, Sidique (Male) age 18 - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Conteh, Solomon (Male) age 33 - Displaced and property looted.

Assaulted and tortured.

Conteh, Somgbo (Male) age 58 - 1998 - Abducted.

Tortured and limb amputated.

Conteh, Soner (Male) age 25 - 1998 in Diang, Koinadugu - Abducted.
Conteh, Sorie (Male) - 1999 in Gbonkolenken, Tonkolili - Property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Conteh, Sorie (Male) - 1998 in Biriwa, Bombali - Property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and tortured.

Conteh, Sorie (Male) - 1999 in Safroko Limba, Bombali - Displaced.

Detained.

Killed.

Conteh, Sorie (Male) - 1998 in Jalahun, Kailahun - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Limb amputated.

Conteh, Sorie (Male) age 29 - 1998 in Kamara, Kono - Property looted and destroyed.
Abducted and detained.

Limb amputated.

Conteh, Sorie (Male) age 35 - 1998 in Biriwa, Bombali - Assaulted.

Killed.

Conteh, Sorie (Male) age 43 - 1994 in Wara-Wara Yagala, Koinadugu - Displaced and property destroyed.

Conteh, Sorie (Male) age 45 - 1998 in Sella Limba, Bombali - Displaced.

Tortured and limb amputated.

Conteh, Sorie (Male) age 49 - 1998 in Bombali Shebora, Bombali - Displaced and property destroyed.

Assaulted.

Conteh, Sulaiman (Male) - 1996 - Abducted and detained.
Conteh, Sulaiman (Male) - 1998 - Killed.

Conteh, Sullay (Male) - 1998 in Wara-Wara Bafodia, Koinadugu - Displaced and property looted.

Forced to labour.

Tortured.

Conteh, Sullay (Female) - 1996 in Western Area - Displaced and property looted.

Conteh, Sylvester (Male) age 45 - 1992 in Makari Gbanti, Bombali - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Conteh, Tamba (Male) - Displaced and property destroyed.

Conteh, Tenneh (Female) age 27 - 1994 in Wandor, Kenema - Property looted.
Conteh, Tenneh (Female) age 28 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Assaulted and limb amputated.

Conteh, Titi (Female) - Displaced.

Killed.

Conteh, Umaru (Male) - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Killed.

Conteh, Umaru (Male) age 61 - Displaced and extorted.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 325 Conteh, Vandi (Male) - 1991 in Kwamebai Krim, Bonthe - Property looted.

Conteh, Wandeh (Male) age 10 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Conteh, Wilson (Male) - 1994 in Konike Barina, Tonkolili - Assaulted.
Killed.

Conteh, Yabu (Female) - 1997 in Western Area - Property destroyed.

Killed.

Conteh, Yabundu (Male) - 1999 in Biriwa, Bombali - Displaced.

Tortured.

Conteh, Yaka (Male) - 1999 in Leibasgayahun, Bombali - Killed.

Conteh, Yannoh (Female) - 1999 in Leibasgayahun, Bombali - Killed.

Conteh, Yaother (Female) - 1998 in Sella Limba, Bombali - Killed.

Conteh, Yayah (Male) age 30 - 1999 in Biriwa, Bombali - Property looted.

Abducted.

Stripped.


Conteh, Yeabu (Female) age 30 - 1999 in Western Area - Abducted and detained.

Conteh, Yeanken (Female) - 1999 in Leibasgayahun, Bombali - Displaced and property looted.

Conteh, Yeanoh (Female) age 56 - 1999 in Koya, Port Loko - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Conteh, Yeanor (Female) age 41 - 1998 in Bombali - Killed.

Conteh, Yoyonthor (Female) - 1998 in Biriwa, Bombali - Killed.

Conteh, Zainab (Female) age 20 - 1999 in Western Area - Property destroyed.
Cookson, Alfred (Male) - Displaced.

Killed.

Cookson, Michael (Male) - Displaced.

Killed.

Coomber, Alhaji Mustapha (Male) - 1995 in Western Area - Killed.

Coomber, Aruna (Male) age 53 - 1991 - Property looted and destroyed.

Assaulted.

Coomber, Hawa (Female) age 31 - 1991 in Niawa, Kenema - Displaced.

Coomber, Lansana (Male) age 41 - 1991 in Niawa, Kenema - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Coomber, Lukiatu (Female) age 13 - 1992 in Dodo, Kenema - Displaced.
Killed.

Coomber, Morie (Male) - 1995 in Banta Mokele, Moyamba - Detained.

Killed.

Coomber, Mustapha (Male) - 1991 in Niawa, Kenema - Displaced.

Killed.

Coomber, Musu (Female) age 55 - 1993 in Niawa, Kenema - Displaced and property destroyed.

Coomber, Patrick (Male) age 43 - 1996 in Niawa Lenga, Bo District - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Assaulted.

Coomber, Sheku (Male) age 35 - Property destroyed.

Detained.
Detained.

Coomber, Sounah (Female) age 44 - 1997 in Mandu, Kailahun - Assaulted and tortured.

Cooper, Aruna (Male) - 1991 in Badjia, Bo District - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Cooper, Momoh (Male) - Killed.

Copper, Agnes (Female) - 1994 - Property looted and destroyed.

Corpu, Jaia (Male) - 1991 in Malen, Pujehun - Killed.

Crown, Hassan (Male) - 1991 in Badjia, Bo District - Abducted and detained.

Daa, Nanah (Female) - 1999 in Samu, Kambia - Tortured.
Killed.

Dabani, Slepher age 39 - 1991 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Displaced and extorted.

Forced to labour.

Dabeni, Baindu (Female) age 21 - Displaced and property destroyed.

Dabeni, Joe (Male) age 10 - 1991 in Jiama-Bongor, Bo District - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Dabeni, Kpano (Male) age 13 - 1991 in Kpaka, Pujehun - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Dabenni, Malikie (Male) age 58 - 1991 in Nongowa, Kenema - Abducted and detained.

Killed.
Killed.

Daberrie, Tiangay (Female) age 30 - 1991 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Dabo, Fatimah (Female) - 1999 in Sengbe, Koinadugu - Property destroyed.

Killed.

Dabo, Murrie (Male) - 1998 in Mongo, Koinadugu - Abducted.

Dabo, Numa (Female) - 1997 - Displaced.

Abducted.

Tortured.

Daboh, Alhassan (Male) - 1998 in Upper Bambara , Kailahun - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.


Daboh, Bockarie (Male) age 41 - Property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Daboh, Femusu (Female) age 37 - 1998 in Mongo, Koinadugu - Displaced.

Daboh, Foday (Male) - 1999 - Property looted and destroyed.

Killed.

Daboh, Franklin (Male) age 33 - 1995 in Kowa, Moyamba - Property destroyed.

Abducted.

Daboh, Hawa (Female) - 1998 in Mongo, Koinadugu - Killed.
Daboh, Isata (Female) age 64 - 1998 in Koinadugu - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Daboh, Jenneh (Female) - 1991 in Kenema - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 326 Assaulted.

Daboh, John (Male) - 1995 in Kowa, Moyamba - Abducted.

Assaulted.

Daboh, Kanfata (Male) age 45 - 1998 in Neini, Koinadugu - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.


Daboh, Kelfa (Male) age 29 - 1998 in Diang, Koinadugu - Property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Daboh, Lamina (Male) - 1994 in Barri, Pujehun - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Killed.

Daboh, Mohamed (Male) age 33 - 1998 in Western Area - Property looted.

Daboh, Saio (Female) - Displaced and property looted.

Daboh, Sorie (Male) - 1998 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Abducted and detained.

Stripped and limb amputated.


Dabontah, Marrah (Male) age 46 - 1998 in Diang, Koinadugu - Displaced.

Dabor, Alhaji (Male) - 1994 in Wunde, Bo District - Killed.

Dabor, Alusine (Male) - Assaulted.

Dabor, Fatmata (Female) age 15 - 1998 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Dabor, Finah (Female) age 18 - 1998 in Diang, Koinadugu - Limb amputated.

Dabor, Kumba (Female) age 25 - 1998 in Neini, Koinadugu - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Killed.


Dabor, Leba (Male) age 60 - 1998 in Mongo, Koinadugu - Displaced and property looted.

Dabor, Sarah (Female) age 9 - 1999 in Diang, Koinadugu - Forced to labour.

Tortured.

Dabor, Silatie (Male) age 9 - 1994 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Killed.

Dabor, Sinkarie (Female) age 40 - 1998 in Mongo, Koinadugu - Displaced and property destroyed.

Dabor, Yama (Female) - 1998 in Biriwa, Bombali - Killed.
Dabor, Yayah (Male) age 19 - 1998 in Wara-Wara Yagala, Koinadugu - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Dafie, Tommy (Male) - 1995 in Banta Gbanggbatoke, Moyamba - Property destroyed.

Daiwodeh, Finda (Female) age 30 - 2000 in Sandor, Kono - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Limb amputated.

Killed.

Daiwodeh, Sia (Female) age 1 - 2000 in Sandor, Kono - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Dakbawa, Ansumana (Male) - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Displaced.
Dakoi, Brima (Male) age 43 - 1991 in Makpele, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Dakoi, Kenie (Male) - 1991 in Makpele, Pujehun - Killed.

Dakoi, Lahai (Male) - 1992 in Barri, Pujehun - Detained.

Dakowa, Gbendeh (Male) age 38 - 1994 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Dakowa, Hassan (Male) age 32 - 1993 - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Dakowa, Jeneba (Female) - Property looted.


Dakowa, John (Male) age 12 - 1991 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced.

Detained.

Dakowa, John (Male) age 46 - 1991 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced.

Abducted.

Killed.

Dale, Alfred (Male) age 48 - Displaced and property destroyed.

Dale, Alie (Male) - 1998 in Kassunko, Koinadugu - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Damawah, Jayah (Male) - 1991 in Langorama, Kenema - Abducted and detained.

Damba, Francis (Male) age 61 - Displaced and property destroyed.
Damba, Lansana (Male) - Killed.

Damba, Musa (Male) - Displaced.

Killed.

Damba, Paul (Male) - Displaced.

Tortured and stripped.

Killed.

Damba, Saao (Female) - Killed.

Danda, Wuya (Female) - 1997 in Kaiyamba, Moyamba - Property looted.

Daniel, Fassah (Male) age 9 - 1998 in Nimikoro, Kono - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Dankay, Serry (Male) age 54 - 1998 in Kono - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted, tortured, stripped and limb amputated.


Dankeh, Sheray (Female) - 1998 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Abducted and detained.

Limb amputated.

Danmya, Sahr (Male) - 2000 in Kamara, Kono - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and stripped.

Daramy, Alpha (Male) - Displaced and property looted.

Assaulted.

Daramy, Aminata (Female) age 35 - 1994 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced and property destroyed.
Daramy, Fatou (Female) age 60 - 1996 in Kholifa Rowalla, Tonkolili - Displaced and property destroyed.

Limb amputated.

Daramy, Gibrilla (Male) age 35 - 1992 in Kono - Displaced.

Daramy, Ismile (Male) age 38 - 1996 - Abducted and detained.

Tortured and limb amputated.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 327 Daru, Brima (Male) - 1993 in Jawie, Kailahun - Killed.

Dasahr, Komba (Male) age 36 - 1999 in Sandor, Kono - Displaced.

Tortured and stripped.


Dassama, Vandy (Male) - 1997 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Assaulted.

Killed.

Dauda, Agnes (Female) - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Dauda, Alpha (Male) age 11 - Displaced.

Dauda, Amie (Female) - 1997 in Kaiyamba, Moyamba - Property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Dauda, Ansumana (Male) age 38 - 1995 in Sowa, Pujehun - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Dauda, Baimba (Male) age 63 - 1996 - Displaced.

Abducted.

Killed.
Abducted.

Killed.

Dauda, Bockarie (Male) age 44 - 1996 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Killed.

Dauda, Foday (Male) age 27 - 1998 in Koya, Kenema - Displaced.

Dauda, Ibrahim (Male) age 65 - 1994 in Nimikoro, Kono - Property destroyed.

Abducted.

Assaulted.

Dauda, John (Male) - 1994 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Abducted.

Tortured.

Killed.

Dauda, Juliana (Female) age 26 - 1994 in Jawie, Kailahun - Displaced.

Abducted.

Dauda, Junisa (Male) age 60 - Displaced.


Dauda, Keineh (Male) - 1995 in Banta Gbanggbatoke, Moyamba - Detained.

Assaulted.

Killed.

Dauda, Madio (Male) - 1996 in Bagbe, Bo District - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Dauda, Mafoe (Female) - 1994 in Sielenga, Bo District - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Dauda, Robert (Male) - 1997 in Kaiyamba, Moyamba - Property looted.

Killed.

Dauda, Sahr (Male) - 1998 in Sandor, Kono - Displaced.
Abducted and detained.

Limb amputated.

Dauda, Sallu (Male) age 78 - 1997 in Kaiyamba, Moyamba - Killed.

Dauda, Sia (Female) - 1996 in Gbane, Kono - Abducted and detained.

Limb amputated.

Dauda, Swaray (Male) age 23 - 1991 in Kakua, Bo District - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

David, Jusu (Male) - 1995 in Banta Mokele, Moyamba - Killed.

David, Lahai (Male) - 1991 in Niawa Lenga, Bo District - Killed.
Davies, Alfred (Male) - 1991 in Langorama, Kenema - Killed.

Davies, Christian (Male) - Property destroyed.

Detained.

Assaulted.

Davies, Francis (Male) age 6 - 1999 in Western Area - Assaulted.

Davies, Karri - 1995 in Bonthe - Killed.

Davies, Olive (Female) - 1999 in Western Area - Tortured.

Davies, Regina (Female) age 34 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Davies, Samuel (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Property looted.
Davies, Victoria (Female) age 32 - 1999 in Western Area - Extorted.

Abducted.

Davowa, Amara Fomba (Male) - 1991 in Luawa, Kailahun - Killed.

Davowa, Brima Amara (Male) age 55 - 1991 in Luawa, Kailahun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Davowa, Mou (Male) age 46 - 1993 in Soro Gbema, Pujehun - Displaced and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Daw, Tommy (Male) - 1995 in Banta Gbanggbatoke, Moyamba - Displaced and property destroyed.
Dawa, Lansana (Male) age 21 - 1993 - Displaced.

Detained.

Dawu, Abdul Raman (Male) age 25 - 1998 - Displaced and extorted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted, tortured and stripped.

Dayatu, Maama (Female) - 1991 in Malen, Pujehun - Displaced.

Killed.

Dedewai, Lansana (Male) - Abducted.

Killed.

Deen, Marie (Female) age 52 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced, extorted and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Deen, Sheku (Male) - 1996 in Niawa Lenga, Bo District - Assaulted and tortured.
Deen-Kanu, Marie (Female) - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Defie, Yatta (Female) - 1994 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced.

Deinkeh, Muctarr (Male) - 1995 in Dibia, Port Loko - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Deinor, Ben (Male) - 2000 - Killed.

Demby, Joseph (Male) - 1996 in Kongbora, Moyamba - Killed.

Demby, Kadie (Female) age 23 - 1994 in Komboya, Bo District - Displaced and property destroyed.

Assaulted.

Demby, Karimu (Male) - 1997 - Assaulted.


Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 328 Demby, Yatta (Female) age 45 - 1994 in Tunkia, Kenema - Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Demby, Yatta (Female) age 59 - 1991 in Jawie, Kailahun - Displaced.

Demoh, Luseni (Male) - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Killed.

Deoud, Joseph (Male) age 50 - 1997 - Property looted.

Detained.

Assaulted.

Dick, Gibriel (Male) - 1996 in Fakunya, Moyamba - Tortured.

Dixon, Julius (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Assaulted.
Dixon, Mary (Female) age 41 - 1997 in Western Area - Property looted and destroyed.

Dixon, Torboh (Male) age 33 - 1999 in Western Area - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Dobbeuy, Gbassay (Male) - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Killed.

Dobor, Kallie (Male) age 58 - 1999 in Dia, Kailahun - Property looted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Dodo, Momoh (Male) - 1993 in Malen, Pujehun - Killed.

Dodor, Karim (Male) age 16 - 1998 - Forced to labour.

Tortured.

Dole, Sarah (Female) - Killed.


Dolleh, Ansumana (Male) - 1994 in Badjia, Bo District - Abducted.

Dorkoh, Brima (Male) - Killed.

Dormoi, Lahai (Male) - 1991 in Kagboro, Moyamba - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Dowie, Morray (Male) - 1994 in Simbaru, Kenema - Displaced and property destroyed.

Assaulted.

Dresser, Aiah (Male) - 1998 in Gorama Kono, Kono - Displaced.

Abducted.

Killed.

Dressy, Lahai (Male) age 56 - 1991 - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.
Forced to labour.

Dugba, Abigail (Female) age 18 - Displaced.

Dugba, Aiah (Male) - 1998 in Soa, Kono - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Dugba, Gilo (Female) age 27 - 1992 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Dugba, Jeneh (Female) age 13 - 1997 in Paki Masabong, Bombali - Abducted.

Assaulted.

Dugba, Kula (Female) age 60 - 1993 in Sielenga, Bo District - Property destroyed.

Detained.

Assaulted.

Dugba, Samuel (Male) - Property destroyed.


Dukra, Amara (Male) - Killed.

Dukulay, Ahmadu Fuad Ansumana (Male) age 54 - 1996 in Gaura, Kenema - Displaced.

Dukulay, Kemoh (Male) age 19 - 1991 in Tunkia, Kenema - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Tortured.

Dukulay, Momodu (Male) - 1994 in Badjia, Bo District - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Dukulay, Morie (Male) age 22 - 1995 - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.


Dukulay, Sumaika Bamasie (Male) age 16 - 1991 in Lei, Kono - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Dulli, Hannah (Female) - 1994 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Property looted and destroyed.

Killed.

Dulli, Morie (Male) - 1994 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Dumbuya, A.M. (Male) - 2000 in Sanda Magblonthor, Port Loko - Displaced.

Detained.
Detained.

Dumbuya, Ahmed (Male) age 36 - 1999 in Western Area - Extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Dumbuya, Alpha Momoh (Male) - 1999 in Sanda Loko, Bombali - Assaulted.

Killed.

Dumbuya, Assanatu (Female) age 19 - 1995 in Magbema, Kambia - Displaced.

Dumbuya, Ballie (Male) - 2000 in Tonko Limba, Kambia - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Dumbuya, Brima (Male) - 1999 in Ribbi, Moyamba - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted.

Tortured.


Dumbuya, Fatmata (Female) age 44 - Killed.

Dumbuya, Foday (Male) - 1999 in Sanda Loko, Bombali - Displaced.

Killed.

Dumbuya, Francis (Male) age 33 - 1999 in Sella Limba, Bombali - Displaced.

Dumbuya, Gibrilla (Male) age 28 - 1997 in Kongbora, Moyamba - Abducted.

Dumbuya, Kappru (Male) - Assaulted.

Dumbuya, Komrabai (Male) age 53 - 1998 in Sanda Loko, Bombali - Displaced and property destroyed.
Dumbuya, Lamin (Male) age 23 - 1998 in Sanda Loko, Bombali - Displaced and property looted.

Dumbuya, Mabinty (Female) age 21 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced and property destroyed.

Detained.

Dumbuya, Mafere (Female) age 50 - 1995 in Magbema, Kambia - Displaced and property destroyed.

Dumbuya, Matiatu (Female) - 2000 in Paki Masabong, Bombali - Abducted.

Killed.

Dumbuya, Mbalu (Female) age 49 - 1992 - Displaced and property looted.
Dumbuya, Mohamed (Male) age 20 - 1999 in Sella Limba, Bombali - Abducted.

Killed.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 329 Dumbuya, Mohamed (Male) age 30 - Extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Dumbuya, Mohamed (Male) age 30 - 1998 - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted, tortured and limb amputated.

Dumbuya, Ousman (Male) age 32 - 1996 in Kambia - Property looted and destroyed.

Dumbuya, Saidu (Male) - 1999 in Sella Limba, Bombali - Detained.

Assaulted and tortured.


Dumbuya, Sama (Male) age 44 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced and property looted.

Forced to labour.

Tortured.

Dumbuya, Sanku (Male) age 22 - 1999 in Sella Limba, Bombali - Killed.

Dumbuya, Sheka (Male) age 46 - 1998 in Gbinleh-Dixon, Kambia - Displaced and property looted.

Duwadu, Komba (Male) - 1998 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced.

Killed.

Duwah, Mohamed (Male) age 63 - 1993 in Niawa, Kenema - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.


Duwai, Theresa (Female) - 1998 in Sowa, Pujehun - Abducted.

Dyfan, Sowa (Male) - 1996 in Kamajei, Moyamba - Killed.

Ebb, Solomon (Male) - Property looted.

Eddie, Ensa (Male) - 1991 in Sowa, Pujehun - Displaced.

Edmond, Priscilla (Female) age 71 - 1999 in Western Area - Property destroyed.

Edwards, Franklin Tibome (Male) age 27 - 1995 in Imperi, Bonthe - Killed.

Egula, Robert (Male) - 1995 in Malegohun, Kenema - Property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.


Eku, Edmond (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Property destroyed.

Assaulted.

Ellie, Abdulai (Male) age 21 - 1993 in Kakua, Bo District - Killed.

Ellie, Alpha (Male) age 46 - 1993 in Jiama-Bongor, Bo District - Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Ellie, Ann (Female) - 1994 in Komboya, Bo District - Displaced.

Ellie, Hotta (Male) - 1997 in Sittia, Bonthe - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Ellie, James (Male) - 1991 in Luawa, Kailahun - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.


Tortured.

Ellie, John (Male) - 1994 in Komboya, Bo District - Killed.

Ellie, John Hotaga (Male) - 1995 in Komboya, Bo District - Displaced.

Ellie, Saffi (Female) - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Killed.

Ellie, Sahr (Male) - 1999 in Sandor, Kono - Killed.

Ellie, Sowa (Male) age 40 - Displaced and property looted.

Ellie, Vandi (Male) - Forced to labour.

Ensa, Murana (Male) age 33 - 1991 in Kpaka, Pujehun - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.
Ensa, Vandy (Male) - 1991 - Extorted and property destroyed.

Ensah, Ansu (Male) - 1995 - Property looted.

Ensah, Fattu (Female) - 1994 - Displaced.

Abducted.

Killed.

Ensah, James (Male) age 43 - 1995 in Jiama-Bongor, Bo District - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Limb amputated.

Ensah, Joe (Male) - 1994 - Displaced.

Abducted.

Ernest, Fatmata Mabodo (Female) - 1995 in Yawbeko, Bonthe - Displaced and property looted.

Ernest, Joe (Male) - 1996 in Kori, Moyamba - Displaced.
Ernest, Middie (Female) - 1995 in Banta Mokele, Moyamba - Abducted and detained.

Fabba, Keine (Male) - Extorted.

Fadika, Alieu (Male) - Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Fagara, Gardiru (Male) age 64 - 2000 in Kakua, Bo District - Displaced.

Fahnbulleh, Hamed (Male) age 45 - Extorted.

Detained.

Assaulted.

Fahnbulleh, Ousman (Male) - 1994 in Gallinasperi, Pujehun - Killed.

Fahnbulleh, Taleh - 1994 in Gallinasperi, Pujehun - Killed.

Fahnbulleh, Umaru (Male) - 1994 in Gallinasperi, Pujehun - Killed.
Fallah, Mohamed (Male) - 1996 in Tikonko, Bo District - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Stripped and limb amputated.

Fallah, Musa (Male) - 1991 in Kissi Tongi, Kailahun - Killed.

Fallay, Brima (Male) age 37 - 1992 in Bumpeh, Moyamba - Displaced.

Abducted.

Assaulted.

Fallay, James (Male) age 48 - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Killed.

Fallay, Moiguan (Male) - 1991 - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Killed.


Fallay, Mustapha (Male) age 60 - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Fallon, Kamor (Female) age 54 - 1991 in Makpele, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted.

Fallon, Mohamed (Male) age 60 - 1991 in Makpele, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted and Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 330 destroyed.

Fallow, Alhaji Alieu (Male) age 51 - 1997 in Bonthe UDC, Bonthe - Property looted.

Assaulted.
Assaulted.

Fambuleh, Momodu (Male) age 40 - Displaced and property looted.

Fambuleh, Musa (Male) - 1992 in Gallinasperi, Pujehun - Killed.

Fambuleh, Taweh (Male) - 1992 in Gallinasperi, Pujehun - Killed.

Fambuleh, Umaru (Male) - 1992 in Gallinasperi, Pujehun - Killed.

Fandah, Sia (Female) - 2000 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Displaced.

Abducted.

Fandawayai, Joe (Male) - 1995 in Bonthe - Killed.

Fanday, Francis Foday (Male) age 45 - 1997 in Fakunya, Moyamba - Forced to labour.
Assaulted, tortured and stripped.

Fandewai, Abu (Male) - 1995 in Bonthe - Displaced.

Fandewai, Agnes (Female) age 38 - 1995 in Sogbini, Bonthe - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted.

Fandewai, Brima (Male) - 1995 in Bonthe - Property looted and destroyed.

Fandewai, Margaret (Female) - 1995 in Bonthe - Killed.

Fandewai, Mohamed (Male) - 1995 - Killed.

Fandewai, Mohamed (Male) - 1996 in Sogbini, Bonthe - Displaced.

Fandewai, Muyatu (Female) - 1995 in Bonthe - Killed.
Fandewai, Nancy (Female) - 1995 in Bonthe - Killed.

Fandewai, Regina (Female) - 1999 in Nongoba Bullom, Bonthe - Detained.

Farma, Ansu (Male) age 22 - 1997 - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and tortured.

Farma, Fatu (Female) - 1995 in Fakunya, Moyamba - Abducted.

Farma, Lansana (Male) - 1995 in Badjia, Bo District - Killed.

Farma, Samuel Suma (Male) - 1995 in Imperi, Bonthe - Displaced and property destroyed.

Farma Mahalor, E.C.
Farma Mahalor, E.C.

(Male) - 1991 in Kwamebai Krim, Bonthe - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Farmer, Julius (Male) age 39 - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Farmer, Mohamed (Male) age 30 - 1995 in Banta Gbanggbatoke, Moyamba - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Farrow, Alhaji (Male) age 53 - 1998 in Mongo, Koinadugu - Displaced and property looted.

Farrrawah, Bockarie (Male) age 44 - 1991 in Peje Bongre, Kailahun - Forced to labour.
Fasai, Tommy (Male) age 33 - 2000 in Makpele, Pujehun - Stripped.

Fasukulu, Sullay (Male) age 80 - 1999 in Sanda Loko, Bombali - Assaulted.

Fasuluku, Joseph (Male) age 46 - 1996 in Kaiyamba, Moyamba - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Fatoma, Abdulai (Male) age 53 - 1997 in Wandor, Kenema - Displaced and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Fatoma, Alhaji Sumaila (Male) - 1991 in Makpele, Pujehun - Stripped.

Fatoma, Allieu (Male) age 32 - 1992 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced.

Assaulted.
Assaulted.

Killed.

Fatoma, Ansumana (Male) age 44 - 1991 in Kpaka, Pujehun - Property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Fatoma, Brima (Male) age 20 - 1995 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Killed.

Fatoma, Bundeh (Male) age 75 - 1992 in Kissi Tongi, Kailahun - Extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Fatoma, Jaiah (Male) - 1992 in Wunde, Bo District - Abducted and detained.

Tortured and stripped.

Fatoma, Komba (Male) - Killed.


Fatoma, Marian (Female) - 1994 - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Fatoma, Mohamed (Male) - 1991 in Badjia, Bo District - Property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Fatoma, Patrick (Male) - 1998 in Follosaba Dembelia, Koinadugu - Displaced.

Fatoma, Sulaiman (Male) - 1991 in Lugbu, Bo District - Displaced and extorted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and tortured.


Fatoma, Tiangay (Female) - 1997 in Wandor, Kenema - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Fatta, Alhaji Abdul (Male) age 34 - 1994 in Wara-Wara Yagala, Koinadugu - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Fawundu, David Abu (Male) age 24 - 1991 - Displaced and extorted.

Assaulted.

Fawundu, Koi (Male) age 20 - Assaulted.

Killed.

Fayah, Morrison (Male) - 1994 - Property looted and destroyed.
Fayia, Bockarie (Male) - 1991 in Nongowa, Kenema - Killed.

Fea, Mondeh (Female) - Property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 331 Fea, Tamba (Male) - Property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Killed.

Feika, Bockarie (Male) - 1996 in Makpele, Pujehun - Displaced.

Killed.

Feika, Bockarie (Male) age 25 - 1997 in Dama, Kenema - Displaced.

Killed.

Feika, Braima (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Killed.
Feika, Brima (Male) age 42 - 1994 in Nongowa, Kenema - Displaced.

Tortured.

Feika, Gassimu (Male) age 63 - 1991 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Property destroyed.

Killed.

Feika, Hawa (Female) - Displaced.

Feika, James (Male) - 1996 - Killed.

Feika, Juliet (Female) - 1996 - Killed.

Feika, Lamin (Male) age 60 - Displaced.

Feika, Massa (Female) - 1992 in Bagbo, Bo District - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Feika, Mohamed (Male) age 36 - 1991 - Displaced.

Assaulted.
Assaulted.

Feika, Mohamed (Male) age 39 - 1996 in Jong, Bonthe - Abducted.

Assaulted.

Killed.

Feika, Momoh (Male) age 63 - 1991 in Niawa, Kenema - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted.

Feika, Momoh (Male) age 73 - 1993 in Niawa, Kenema - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Feika, Musu (Female) - 1991 in Malema, Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Feika, Swiaman (Male) age 60 - 1994 in Niawa, Kenema - Displaced.

Abducted.

Assaulted and tortured.


Feika, Umu (Female) age 66 - 1995 in Kaiyamba, Moyamba - Displaced.

Feika, Vandi (Male) - Displaced.

Feingui, Tamba (Male) - 1998 in Sandor, Kono - Abducted.

Tortured.

Fellie, Kenneth (Male) - 1991 in Luawa, Kailahun - Assaulted.

Femba, Tei (Female) age 69 - 1992 in Soa, Kono - Displaced.

Killed.

Fengai, Aiah (Male) age 21 - 1998 in Fiama, Kono - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Assaulted.

Ferba, Bondu (Female) age 58 - 2000 - Killed.


Fessan, Momoh (Male) - 1991 in Malen, Pujehun - Property destroyed.

Filkinger, Monda (Male) - 1995 in Imperi, Bonthe - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Fillah, Mohamed (Male) age 28 - 1991 - Abducted and detained.

Fillie, Aiah (Male) age 23 - 1997 in Gbane, Kono - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Fillie, Francis (Male) - 1995 - Forced to labour.

Killed.

Fillie, Isata (Female) age 39 - 1997 in Gbane, Kono - Displaced and property looted.
Abducted and detained.

Fillie, James (Male) - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted.

Assaulted.

Fillie, Komba (Male) age 14 - 1998 in Sandor, Kono - Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Fillie, Santigie (Male) - Displaced.

Finah, Mango (Male) - 1998 in Mongo, Koinadugu - Abducted.

Finnoh, Joseph B.

(Male) - 1995 in Kowa, Moyamba - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Finnoh, Tamba (Male) age 39 - 1998 in Kono - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Limb amputated.


Finnoh I, Alhaji Kandeh (Male) - 1998 - Displaced.

Finoh, Aminata (Female) age 20 - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Finoh, Dunor (Female) - Abducted and detained.

Fisal, Mohamed (Male) - 2000 in Magbema, Kambia - Forced to labour.

Fllie, Sahr (Male) age 28 - 1998 in Kamara, Kono - Property looted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Fobbie, Joseph M.O.

(Male) age 69 - 1997 in Bumpeh, Moyamba - Property looted.
Focke, Fayia (Male) age 29 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Fodanah, Serray (Male) age 52 - 1998 in Biriwa, Bombali - Displaced.

Foday, Alice (Female) age 23 - 1999 in Kakua, Bo District - Property looted.

Foday, Alpha (Male) age 38 - 1991 in Kono - Displaced.

Foday, Amie (Female) - 1992 in Kakua, Bo District - Abducted.

Killed.

Foday, Aminata (Female) age 6 - 1995 in Dodo, Kenema - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.


Foday, Aruna (Male) age 35 - 1996 in Baoma, Bo District - Displaced and property destroyed.

Foday, Augustine (Male) age 1 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Foday, Baima (Male) age 44 - 1994 in Luawa, Kailahun - Extorted.

Foday, Baindu (Female) age 19 - Assaulted.

Foday, Bockarie (Male) age 16 - 1992 in Kakua, Bo District - Forced to labour.

Foday, Bockarie (Male) age 44 - 1991 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.


Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 332 Foday, Bockarie (Male) age 45 - 1997 - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Foday, Brima (Male) age 45 - 1995 in Jalahun, Kailahun - Displaced.

Foday, Brima (Male) age 50 - 1998 - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Foday, Charles (Male) age 42 - 1995 - Displaced and property destroyed.

Foday, Ensa (Male) - Killed.

Foday, Ensa (Male) age 32 - 1992 in Sowa, Pujehun - Displaced.
Foday, Ernest (Male) - 1995 in Sogbini, Bonthe - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Foday, Fatmata (Female) - 1994 in Jong, Bonthe - Abducted and detained.

Foday, Finda (Female) age 33 - 1999 in Western Area - Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Foday, George (Male) age 50 - Property destroyed.

Tortured.

Foday, Hawa (Female) - Displaced and property looted.

Assaulted.

Foday, Hawa (Female) age 28 - 1998 in Sandor, Kono - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Killed.
Assaulted.

Killed.

Foday, Iye (Female) age 40 - 1998 in Bonthe UDC, Bonthe - Property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Foday, Jebbeh (Female) - Killed.

Foday, Jeneba (Female) age 30 - 1995 in Kwamebai Krim, Bonthe - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted.

Assaulted.

Foday, Joe (Male) age 48 - 1995 in Imperi, Bonthe - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Foday, Joseph (Male) age 25 - 1992 in Nongowa, Kenema - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.


Foday, Juannah (Male) age 18 - 1991 in Upper Bambara , Kailahun - Abducted.

Killed.

Foday, Jusufu (Male) - 1995 in Komboya, Bo District - Assaulted.

Killed.

Foday, Kemoh (Male) age 23 - 1994 in Small Bo, Kenema - Displaced and property looted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and stripped.

Foday, Kennie (Male) - 1991 in Simbaru, Kenema - Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Foday, Kor (Male) age 29 - 1995 - Extorted.

Abducted.

Tortured and stripped.


Foday, Kumba (Female) - 1998 in Fiama, Kono - Displaced.

Foday, Lahai (Male) - 1995 in Dodo, Kenema - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Foday, M.K.

- 1997 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced.

Killed.

Foday, Majoe (Female) - 1995 in Baoma, Bo District - Killed.

Foday, Maltta (Female) - Property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Foday, Mariama (Female) - 1992 in Peje Bongre, Kailahun - Property looted.
Killed.

Foday, Mariama (Female) age 31 - Displaced and extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Foday, Mariama (Female) age 37 - 1995 in Sogbini, Bonthe - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Foday, Matha (Female) - 1999 in Jong, Bonthe - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Foday, Mattu (Female) age 4 - 1995 in Nongoba Bullom, Bonthe - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Foday, Miatta (Female) age 45 - Displaced.

Foday, Mohamed (Male) - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.


Foday, Mohamed (Male) age 20 - 1997 in Kono - Extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Foday, Moinah (Male) - 1991 in Malen, Pujehun - Assaulted.

Foday, Moinya (Male) age 48 - 1994 in Kando Leppeama, Kenema - Killed.

Foday, Momoh (Male) age 61 - 1996 in Barri, Pujehun - Extorted.

Detained.

Tortured.

Foday, Ngadah (Male) age 52 - 1994 in Simbaru, Kenema - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.


Foday, Saffa James (Male) age 42 - 1994 in Banta Mokele, Moyamba - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Foday, Sam (Male) - Killed.

Foday, Sankoh (Male) - Displaced and property looted.

Foday, Sheku (Male) - 1998 in Masungbala, Kambia - Abducted.

Assaulted.

Killed.

Foday, Sheku (Male) - 1997 in Mandu, Kailahun - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Assaulted.

Killed.

Foday, Tenneh (Female) - 1996 in Small Bo, Kenema - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.


Foday, Yei (Female) age 35 - 1998 in Samu, Kambia - Abducted.

Assaulted.

Foday Jr, Sam (Male) age 5 - Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Foday Maah Gbondo, Shurger (Male) age 60 - Displaced.

Foday Musa, Prince (Male) age 27 - 1995 in Jiama-Bongor, Bo District - Displaced and property looted.

Fodaymah, Marjoe (Male) - 1995 in Badjia, Bo District - Killed.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 333 Foddie, Jeneba Jadae (Female) age 64 - 1991 in Niawa, Kenema - Displaced.
Abducted and detained.

Fode, Momoh (Male) age 59 - 1991 in Malema, Kailahun - Killed.

Fodie, Mathia (Male) - 1991 in Malema, Kailahun - Displaced.

Fodie, Watta (Female) age 71 - 1991 - Abducted.

Fofana, Abu Bakarr (Male) - Killed.

Fofana, Alhaji (Male) age 35 - 1998 in Sulima, Koinadugu - Displaced and property destroyed.

Fofana, Alhaji Tejan (Male) - 1995 in Tikonko, Bo District - Property looted and destroyed.

Fofana, Alikalie (Male) age 43 - 1995 in Imperi, Bonthe - Displaced and property looted.
Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Fofana, Fatmata (Female) age 20 - 1997 in Western Area - Displaced.

Fofana, Foday (Male) - 1998 in Kissi Teng, Kailahun - Property destroyed.

Killed.

Fofana, Harding (Male) - 1994 in Follosaba Dembelia, Koinadugu - Detained.

Killed.

Fofana, Ibrahim (Male) age 17 - 2000 in Banta Gbanggbatoke, Moyamba - Assaulted.

Fofana, Ibrahim (Male) age 46 - 1999 in Kholifa Rowalla, Tonkolili - Property looted.

Abducted.

Tortured.


Fofana, Karmoh (Male) - 1996 in Kamajei, Moyamba - Killed.

Fofana, Lahai (Male) - 1993 in Jiama-Bongor, Bo District - Assaulted.

Fofana, Lausana (Male) age 62 - 1992 - Displaced.

Fofana, Mohamed (Male) - Property destroyed.

Fofana, Mohamed (Male) age 23 - 1995 in Moyamba - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Fofana, Mohamed (Male) age 50 - 1993 in Jiama-Bongor, Bo District - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.


Fofana, Morlai (Male) age 60 - 1997 in Barri, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Fofana, Mustapha (Male) - 1998 in Sengbe, Koinadugu - Extorted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Fofana, Saidu (Male) age 47 - Displaced.

Fofana, Samuel (Male) age 49 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Tortured.

Fofana, Umaru (Male) - 1995 in Tikonko, Bo District - Extorted.
Fofanah, Abass (Male) age 15 - 1997 in Wara-Wara Yagala, Koinadugu - Abducted and detained.

Fofanah, Abdulai (Male) age 40 - Displaced and property looted.

Assaulted.

Fofanah, Abdullai (Male) - 1994 in Neini, Koinadugu - Killed.

Fofanah, Abdulson Samuel (Male) age 51 - 1999 in Bombali Shebora, Bombali - Displaced and property destroyed.

Fofanah, Abibatu (Female) - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.


Fofanah, Abu Bakarr (Male) - 2000 in Samu, Kambia - Forced to labour.

Fofanah, Abu Bakarr (Male) age 10 - 1997 in Samu, Kambia - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Fofanah, Abu Bakarr (Male) age 34 - 1998 in Gorama Mende, Kenema - Extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Fofanah, Abukala (Male) age 29 - Displaced.

Fofanah, Ahmed (Male) age 47 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted.

Tortured.


Fofanah, Alhaji (Male) age 6 - 1998 in Biriwa, Bombali - Killed.

Fofanah, Alhaji Ibrahim (Male) - 1995 in Benducha, Bonthe - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Fofanah, Alhaji Tejan (Male) - 1995 in Dodo, Kenema - Property looted and destroyed.

Abducted.

Fofanah, Alhassan (Male) age 37 - 2000 in Yoni, Tonkolili - Forced to labour.

Tortured.

Fofanah, Alie (Male) age 54 - 1994 in Kono - Abducted and detained.
Fofanah, Alieu (Male) age 48 - 1995 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Displaced, extorted and property looted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Fofanah, Alusine (Male) - 1997 in Samu, Kambia - Extorted.

Forced to labour.

Fofanah, Amidu (Male) age 15 - 1999 in Malal Mara, Tonkolili - Killed.

Fofanah, Aminata (Female) - 1995 - Killed.

Fofanah, Aminata (Female) age 39 - 1999 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Fofanah, Aminata (Female) age 65 - 1999 - Displaced.
Fofanah, Brima (Male) - 1995 in Malal Mara, Tonkolili - Killed.

Fofanah, Demaba (Male) - 1998 in Mongo, Koinadugu - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Fofanah, Fatmata (Female) - 1995 in Kagboro, Moyamba - Displaced.

Fofanah, Fatmata (Female) - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 334 Fofanah, Fattu (Female) - 1991 - Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Killed.

Fofanah, Finda (Female) age 15 - 1998 in Sulima, Koinadugu - Killed.
Fofanah, Foday (Male) - 1997 in Mongo, Koinadugu - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Killed.

Fofanah, Foday (Male) - 1994 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Killed.

Fofanah, Foday (Male) age 31 - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Fofanah, Hassan (Male) - 1993 in Bombali Shebora, Bombali - Killed.

Fofanah, Hawa (Female) - 1991 - Displaced.

Fofanah, Ibrahim (Male) - 1995 in Bumpeh, Moyamba - Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Fofanah, Ibrahim (Male) - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.


Fofanah, Ibrahim (Male) age 48 - 1998 in Kamara, Kono - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Fofanah, Isata (Female) age 36 - 1994 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Displaced and property destroyed.

Fofanah, Isatu (Female) age 30 - 1998 in Western Area - Forced to labour.

Fofanah, Jeneba (Female) age 10 - 1998 in Sulima, Koinadugu - Killed.

Fofanah, John (Male) - 1997 in Jalahun, Kailahun - Killed.
Fofanah, Kaday (Female) age 25 - 1998 in Biriwa, Bombali - Killed.

Fofanah, Kadiatu (Female) - 1995 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Fofanah, Kadiatu (Female) age 38 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Detained.

Limb amputated.

Fofanah, Karim (Male) - 1999 in Gbonkolenken, Tonkolili - Killed.

Fofanah, Katumu (Female) - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Property looted.

Fofanah, Keifala (Male) age 41 - Displaced and property looted.
Fofanah, Lamin (Male) - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Displaced.

Fofanah, Lansana (Male) - 1998 in Wara-Wara Yagala, Koinadugu - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Fofanah, Mabinty (Female) age 57 - 1995 in Yoni, Tonkolili - Property looted.

Fofanah, Maseray (Female) - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Displaced.

Fofanah, Mohamed (Male) - 1995 in Bumpeh, Moyamba - Forced to labour.

Killed.

Fofanah, Mohamed (Male) - 1998 in Sulima, Koinadugu - Displaced and property destroyed.
Fofanah, Mohamed (Male) - 1992 - Displaced.

Killed.

Fofanah, Mohamed (Male) - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Killed.

Fofanah, Mohamed (Male) - 2000 in Samu, Kambia - Forced to labour.

Fofanah, Mohamed (Male) age 11 - Assaulted.

Fofanah, Mohamed (Male) age 15 - 1998 in Mambolo, Kambia - Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Fofanah, Mohamed (Male) age 35 - 1997 in Niawa Lenga, Bo District - Forced to labour.

Fofanah, Mohamed (Male) age 39 - 1998 in Kassunko, Koinadugu - Assaulted and tortured.
Fofanah, Mohamed Moseray (Male) age 53 - 1995 in Bumpeh, Moyamba - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Fofanah, Momodu (Male) - 1995 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Killed.

Fofanah, Momoh (Male) age 32 - 1992 in Luawa, Kailahun - Displaced and extorted.

Forced to labour.

Tortured and stripped.

Fofanah, Mulkou Sulaiman Anthony (Male) age 36 - 1995 in Koya, Port Loko - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Assaulted.
Assaulted.

Fofanah, Mustapha (Male) - Abducted and detained.

Tortured and stripped.

Fofanah, Mustapha (Male) - Displaced.

Fofanah, Numkeh (Male) - 1995 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Fofanah, Saffa (Male) - 1992 - Extorted.

Fofanah, Saidu (Male) age 58 - 1999 - Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Fofanah, Saidu (Male) age 60 - 1995 in Malal Mara, Tonkolili - Displaced and property destroyed.

Fofanah, Salieu (Male) age 27 - 1998 in Imperi, Bonthe - Forced to labour.
Assaulted.

Fofanah, Sarah (Female) age 40 - 1998 in Mongo, Koinadugu - Property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Fofanah, Sento (Female) age 15 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Fofanah, Sheku (Male) - 1993 in Sielenga, Bo District - Killed.

Fofanah, Sheriff (Male) - 1999 in Samu, Kambia - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Fofanah, Sunkarie (Male) - Property looted.

Fofanah, Thomas (Male) age 38 - 1998 in Nimiyama, Kono - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.


Fofanah, Umu (Female) - 2000 in Samu, Kambia - Forced to labour.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 335 Fomba, Aiah (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Abducted and detained.

Fomba, Bockarie - 1992 in Mandu, Kailahun - Displaced and extorted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Fomba, Bockarie (Male) - 1991 in Malema, Kailahun - Killed.

Fomba, Kenie (Male) - 1991 in Luawa, Kailahun - Assaulted.
Fomba, Kosia (Male) - 1995 in Upper Bambara , Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Fomba, Kumba (Female) age 17 - 1992 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced.

Fomba, Luna (Female) - 1995 in Upper Bambara , Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Fomba, Mannah (Male) age 38 - 1993 in Lugbu, Bo District - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Detained.

Assaulted.

Fomba, Mustapha K (Male) age 58 - 1997 in Upper Bambara , Kailahun - Extorted and property looted and destroyed.
Fomba, Paul (Male) age 39 - Property destroyed.

Fomba, Sahr (Male) - 1998 in Follosaba Dembelia, Koinadugu - Forced to labour.

Fomba, Sia (Female) age 18 - 1998 in Bombali Shebora, Bombali - Abducted.

Fomba, Yatta (Female) age 19 - 1991 in Peje Bongre, Kailahun - Displaced and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Fomolu, Joseph (Male) - 1991 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Assaulted.

Fomulu, Kenie (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Tortured.

Killed.

Fonnie, Martha (Female) age 20 - Displaced.


Abducted and detained.

Fonuwah, Amara (Male) age 80 - 1994 in Luawa, Kailahun - Displaced and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Foray, Bondo (Female) age 30 - 1994 in Badjia, Bo District - Property looted and destroyed.

Foray, Francess (Female) age 32 - 1994 in Kholifa Rowalla, Tonkolili - Displaced.

Foray, Joseph (Male) - 1991 in Peje Bongre, Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Foray, Komeh (Female) - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.
Foray, Mambu (Male) - 1994 in Badjia, Bo District - Property looted and destroyed.

Killed.

Foray, Mohamed Koroma (Male) age 18 - 1994 - Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Foray, Paul (Male) - 1991 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Foray, Sarah (Female) age 29 - 1994 in Kholifa Rowalla, Tonkolili - Displaced.

Foray, Sullay (Male) age 71 - 1994 in Kholifa Rowalla, Tonkolili - Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Forbie, Kanja (Male) - 1997 in Kamajei, Moyamba - Abducted.

Assaulted.
Assaulted.

Forbie, Lamina (Male) age 46 - 1994 in Jiama-Bongor, Bo District - Property looted.

Forbie, Samuel (Male) age 68 - 1999 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Fornah, Abdulai (Male) - 1998 in Kholifa Rowalla, Tonkolili - Tortured.

Killed.

Fornah, Abdulai (Male) - Property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Fornah, Abdulai (Male) - 1998 in Paki Masabong, Bombali - Killed.

Fornah, Abu (Male) age 11 - 1994 in Malal Mara, Tonkolili - Forced to labour.

Assaulted and tortured.


Fornah, Abu (Male) age 44 - 1998 in Kholifa Rowalla, Tonkolili - Displaced and property destroyed.

Fornah, Adama (Female) age 23 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Fornah, Alie (Male) age 22 - 1999 in Western Area - Property destroyed.

Tortured.

Fornah, Alimamy (Male) age 65 - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Fornah, Alpha (Male) - 1998 in Kholifa Rowalla, Tonkolili - Killed.

Fornah, Amadu (Male) age 48 - 1998 in Kholifa Rowalla, Tonkolili - Property destroyed.
Fornah, Amie (Female) - 1994 in Gbonkolenken, Tonkolili - Forced to labour.

Fornah, Borbor (Male) age 25 - 1999 in Nongowa, Kenema - Killed.

Fornah, Brima (Male) - 1994 in Gbonkolenken, Tonkolili - Displaced.

Fornah, Brima (Male) - 1994 in Sanda Loko, Bombali - Displaced.

Killed.

Fornah, Brima (Male) - 1995 in Western Area - Killed.

Fornah, Demba (Male) - 1998 in Yawbeko, Bonthe - Displaced and property looted.

Forced to labour.

Tortured.


Fornah, Fatmata (Female) - 1998 in Bombali Shebora, Bombali - Killed.

Fornah, Fatu (Female) - 1994 in Malal Mara, Tonkolili - Displaced.

Fornah, Foday (Male) - 1994 - Killed.

Fornah, Gibril (Male) age 26 - 1997 - Abducted and detained.

Fornah, Hassana (Male) - 1998 in Bombali Shebora, Bombali - Killed.

Fornah, Hassana B.

(Male) age 43 - 1994 - Displaced and property looted.

Forced to labour.

Fornah, Hawa (Female) age 53 - 1997 in Kaffu Bullom, Port Loko - Displaced.
Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 336 Fornah, Hawanatu (Female) age 12 - 1999 in Leibasgayahun, Bombali - Displaced.

Fornah, Ibrahim (Male) - 1999 - Displaced.

Killed.

Fornah, Ibrahim (Male) age 57 - 1994 in Bombali Shebora, Bombali - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Fornah, Idrissa (Male) age 58 - 1998 in Kholifa Rowalla, Tonkolili - Displaced.

Fornah, Isatu (Female) age 12 - Abducted and detained.

Fornah, John (Male) age 28 - 1999 in Western Area - Killed.
Fornah, Kadiatu (Female) - 1998 - Tortured.

Fornah, Mabinty (Female) - 1998 in Konike Sande, Tonkolili - Displaced.

Fornah, Maurice (Male) age 11 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Fornah, Maxwell (Male) age 30 - 1999 in Magbema, Kambia - Assaulted.

Fornah, Mbalu (Female) - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Fornah, Memuna (Female) - 1999 in Western Area - Killed.

Fornah, Mohamed (Male) age 14 - Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Fornah, Mohamed (Male) age 16 - 1999 in Gbendembu Ngowahun, Bombali - Abducted.
Assaulted.

Fornah, Ousman (Male) - Displaced and property looted.

Fornah, Rugie (Female) - 1999 in Gbendembu Ngowahun, Bombali - Property looted.

Fornah, Saidu (Male) age 51 - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Fornah, Salier (Male) - 1998 in Bombali Shebora, Bombali - Killed.

Fornah, Salifu (Male) age 16 - 2000 in Wara-Wara Yagala, Koinadugu - Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Fornah, Sampa (Female) - 1999 in Maforki, Port Loko - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Killed.


Fornah, Simbo (Male) - 1991 in Banta Mokele, Moyamba - Killed.

Fornah, Sorie (Male) - 1994 in Malal Mara, Tonkolili - Displaced and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Fornah, Sorie (Male) - Displaced.

Fornah, Sorie (Male) age 36 - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Fornah, Sulaiman (Male) age 31 - 1998 in Makari Gbanti, Bombali - Displaced.

Fornah, Sullay (Male) - 1994 in Kholifa Rowalla, Tonkolili - Property looted and destroyed.
Fornah, Tamba (Male) age 48 - Assaulted, tortured and stripped.

Fornah, Thaimu (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Forced to labour.

Killed.

Fornah, Unisa (Male) age 71 - 1994 in Malal Mara, Tonkolili - Displaced and property destroyed.

Fornah, Yamba (Male) - 1994 in Loko Massama, Port Loko - Killed.

Fornah, Zinab (Male) age 20 - 1993 in Yoni, Tonkolili - Displaced and property looted.

Forni, Aruna (Male) - 1991 in Badjia, Bo District - Displaced.

Killed.
Killed.

Forni, Mahen (Female) - 1991 in Badjia, Bo District - Killed.

Forni, Mohamed (Male) - 1991 in Badjia, Bo District - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Forray, Jeneba (Female) - 1996 in Lugbu, Bo District - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Forray, Tangay (Female) age 29 - 1994 in Tikonko, Bo District - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Assaulted.

Fortune, Alfred (Male) age 27 - 1991 in Jawie, Kailahun - Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Fortune, Bockarie (Male) - Killed.


Fortune, Kadie (Female) - 1992 in Malen, Pujehun - Killed.

Fortune, Koroma (Male) - 1998 in Bonthe UDC, Bonthe - Killed.

Fortune, Luccia (Female) age 70 - 1995 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Killed.

Fortune, Satta (Female) - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Displaced.

Fortune, Vandi (Male) - 1998 in Bonthe UDC, Bonthe - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Foryoh, Sahr (Male) age 45 - 1995 - Assaulted.

Killed.
Killed.

Fowai, Francis (Male) age 40 - Abducted and detained.

Fowai, Jebeh (Female) age 54 - 1996 in Makpele, Pujehun - Displaced and property destroyed.

Fowai, Ousman (Male) age 31 - 1991 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Fowai, Wuya (Female) age 28 - 1991 in Gallinasperi, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted.

Foyoh, Finda (Female) age 27 - 1999 in Western Area - Property destroyed.
Francis, Michael Alie (Male) age 15 - 1995 in Ribbi, Moyamba - Killed.

Francis Fanneh, Allie Kondo (Male) age 49 - 1996 in Kaiyamba, Moyamba - Displaced and property looted.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 337 Franco, Morie (Male) - 1994 in Kamajei, Moyamba - Abducted and detained.

Freeman, Edward (Male) age 40 - 1999 in Western Area - Killed.

Freeman, Ella (Female) - 1997 in Niawa Lenga, Bo District - Forced to labour.
Freeman, Haja Sundie (Female) age 75 - 1995 in Western Area - Property looted and destroyed.

Freeman, Lucinda (Female) age 38 - 1999 in Western Area - Property looted and destroyed.

Freeman, Maada (Male) - 1994 in Gallinasperi, Pujehun - Detained.

Assaulted.

Killed.

Freeman, Mohamed (Male) age 21 - 1991 in Jawie, Kailahun - Killed.

Freeman, Musu (Female) age 27 - 1997 in Barri, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.


Freeman, Vandy (Male) - 1994 in Gallinasperi, Pujehun - Detained.

Assaulted.

Killed.

French, Edward (Male) age 30 - 1991 in Malema, Kailahun - Property looted and destroyed.

Abducted.

French, James (Male) - 1998 - Assaulted.

Fuddie, Hawa (Female) age 23 - 1991 in Niawa, Kenema - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Fuddie, Kosiah (Male) age 30 - 1997 in Upper Bambara , Kailahun - Detained.

Fullah, Abdulai (Male) - 1994 - Displaced and property destroyed.

Killed.
Killed.

Fullah, Abdulai (Male) - 1995 in Western Area - Forced to labour.

Stripped.

Killed.

Fullah, Abdulai (Male) age 65 - 1995 in Gbonkolenken, Tonkolili - Abducted.

Tortured.

Killed.

Fullah, Abu (Male) age 58 - 1999 - Extorted.

Assaulted and tortured.

Fullah, Adama (Female) - Extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Fullah, Amara (Male) - 1994 in Lugbu, Bo District - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted.

Killed.

Fullah, Aminata (Female) - 1993 in Kono - Killed.


Fullah, Aminata (Female) age 25 - 1999 in Western Area - Abducted.

Assaulted.

Fullah, Brima (Male) age 26 - 1999 in Kholifa Rowalla, Tonkolili - Forced to labour.

Tortured.

Fullah, Dauda (Male) age 20 - 1999 in Kholifa Rowalla, Tonkolili - Forced to labour.

Tortured.

Fullah, Fatmata (Female) age 18 - Displaced.

Fullah, Hassan (Male) - 1995 in Western Area - Assaulted.

Killed.
Killed.

Fullah, Hassana (Male) age 63 - 1995 in Gbonkolenken, Tonkolili - Forced to labour.

Killed.

Fullah, Issiaka (Male) age 5 - 1998 in Nimiyama, Kono - Abducted and detained.

Fullah, Iye (Female) age 50 - 1995 in Kholifa Rowalla, Tonkolili - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Fullah, John (Male) - 1994 in Gallinasperi, Pujehun - Killed.

Fullah, Katumu (Male) - 1992 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Killed.
Fullah, Luseni (Male) age 55 - 1991 in Peje, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Stripped.

Fullah, Mamodu (Male) age 64 - 1999 - Property looted and destroyed.

Fullah, Mbalu (Female) - 1998 in Makari Gbanti, Bombali - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Fullah, Mohamed (Male) - 1994 - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Fullah, Mohamed (Male) age 32 - 1999 in Yoni, Tonkolili - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.
Fullah, Santigie (Male) - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and tortured.

Fullah, Santigie (Male) - 1994 - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Fullah, Siaka (Male) - 1994 in Lugbu, Bo District - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted.

Assaulted.

Fullah, Sulaiman (Male) age 30 - 1991 - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Fullah, Sullay (Male) age 64 - 1999 in Kholifa Rowalla, Tonkolili - Property destroyed.
Fullah, Tommy (Male) - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Killed.

Fullah, Yeabu (Female) - 1992 in Gbense, Kono - Forced to labour.

Gaba, Mayah (Male) age 40 - 1991 in Nongowa, Kenema - Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Gabriel, Kehinde (Female) age 21 - 1997 in Kono - Displaced and extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Gailu, Baindu (Female) - Killed.

Gaima, Abu (Male) age 12 - 1996 in Niawa, Kenema - Displaced.

Abducted.

Gaima, Abu (Male) age 45 - 1991 in Dia, Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.
Assaulted.

Gaima, Ayeni (Female) - 1991 in Dia, Kailahun - Killed.

Gaima, David (Male) - 1991 in Dia, Kailahun - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Gaima, Davowa (Male) - 1993 in Dia, Kailahun - Displaced.

Gaima, Gbessay (Male) - 1992 in Dia, Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 338 Gaima, Ibrahim (Male) - 1991 in Dia, Kailahun - Killed.

Gaima, Isatu (Female) - 1991 in Dia, Kailahun - Killed.

Gaima, Kwesha (Male) - 1991 in Dia, Kailahun - Killed.
Gaima, Lahai (Male) - 1991 in Dia, Kailahun - Killed.

Gaima, Momoh (Male) - 1991 in Jawie, Kailahun - Limb amputated.

Gaiwa, Massah (Female) age 71 - 1991 in Niawa, Kenema - Killed.

Gama, Dauda (Male) - 1991 in Dia, Kailahun - Assaulted.

Gama, Vandi (Male) - 1991 in Wunde, Bo District - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Gamanga, Juma (Female) - 1991 in Gallinasperi, Pujehun - Displaced.

Abducted.

Gamanga, Suna (Female) - 1991 in Gallinasperi, Pujehun - Displaced.

Abducted.
Abducted.

Gamanga, Sylvester (Male) age 41 - 1991 in Gallinasperi, Pujehun - Displaced and extorted.

Gamanga, Woma (Female) age 100 - 1994 in Simbaru, Kenema - Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Gamick, Boi (Female) age 33 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Ganawa, Bintu (Female) age 26 - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Ganawa, Brima (Male) age 54 - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Ganawa, Mohamed (Male) age 36 - Displaced and extorted.

Abducted and detained.


Ganda, Bishop (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Abducted and detained.

Stripped.

Ganda, Joseph (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Stripped.

Ganda, Solomon (Male) - 1995 in Kowa, Moyamba - Limb amputated.

Gandi, Abdulai (Male) age 23 - 1994 - Extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Gandi, Brima (Male) - 1991 in Badjia, Bo District - Displaced and property destroyed.

Gandi, Emmanuel (Male) age 27 - 1993 in Baoma, Bo District - Abducted and detained.

Killed.
Killed.

Gandi, Ibrahim (Male) age 25 - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Gandi, Joseph (Male) age 29 - 1992 in Nimikoro, Kono - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Gandi, Konda - Displaced and property destroyed.

Gandi, Moijuel (Male) age 11 - 1993 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Assaulted.

Gandi, Morie (Male) age 30 - 1994 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Tortured.

Gangaa, Sheriff (Male) age 55 - 1995 in Dasse, Moyamba - Displaced.

Gaoja, Bockarie (Male) - 1991 in Jawie, Kailahun - Killed.
Garjin, Mary (Female) - Displaced.

Gassama, Fatorma (Male) - 1994 - Killed.

Gassama, Mannah (Male) age 52 - 1994 in Western Area - Displaced.

Gassama, Sheku (Male) - 1993 in Kono - Killed.

Gazalie Macauley, Ayeshata (Female) age 75 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced and property looted.

Gbabai, Dauda (Male) age 40 - 1994 in Jiama-Bongor, Bo District - Displaced.

Killed.

Gbabamba, Keipula (Male) - 1996 in Nongoba Bullom, Bonthe - Killed.
Gbad, Danda (Male) - 1995 in Bum, Bonthe - Abducted and detained.

Gbajie, Edward (Male) - 1996 in Mandu, Kailahun - Displaced and property destroyed.

Tortured.

Gbaka, Ibraham (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Property destroyed.

Tortured.

Gbaka, Madina (Male) age 7 - 1999 in Western Area - Killed.

Gbaka, Salamatu (Female) age 35 - 1999 in Western Area - Property destroyed.

Tortured.

Gbakima, Kai (Male) - 1994 in Kono - Killed.

Gbakuna, Finda (Female) - 1994 in Kono - Displaced and extorted.
Assaulted.

Gbana, Sampa (Female) - 2000 in Malal Mara, Tonkolili - Killed.

Gbanda, Moinima (Male) age 58 - 1991 in Malen, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Gbandafo, Aiah (Male) age 25 - 1992 in Nimiyama, Kono - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Gbane, Mattu (Female) - 1994 in Bo District - Killed.

Gbaneh, Kai (Male) - 1993 - Assaulted.

Gbanga, Tamba (Male) - Displaced.

Abducted.

Tortured.

Gbangati, Kona (Female) - 1995 in Banta Gbanggbatoke, Moyamba - Killed.
Gbangba, Fudia (Female) age 62 - 1995 in Imperi, Bonthe - Displaced, extorted and property looted.

Gbani, Abdulai (Male) age 50 - 1995 in Kakua, Bo District - Property looted.

Gbani, Angela (Female) - 1995 - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Gbanie, Sao (Male) - 1994 in Bo District - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Gbanyawa, Brima (Male) - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Killed.

Gbanyawa, Christopher (Male) age 67 - 1994 in Komboya, Bo District - Displaced.
Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 339 Gbanyawa, Ernest (Male) - 1994 in Komboya, Bo District - Killed.

Gbao, Bobor (Male) - 1995 in Kpanda Kemo, Bonthe - Abducted and detained.

Gbao, David (Male) - 1997 in Niawa Lenga, Bo District - Forced to labour.

Gbao, Mariama (Female) - 1994 - Property looted and destroyed.

Gbao, Mohamed (Male) - 1998 in Barri, Pujehun - Tortured.

Killed.

Gbao, Moinama (Male) - 1995 - Displaced.

Gbao, Mojama (Female) - Killed.


Gbao, Musu (Female) - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Displaced.

Gbao, Sheku (Male) age 60 - 1992 in Langorama, Kenema - Extorted.

Assaulted.

Killed.

Gbao, Yetngeno - 1995 in Kpanda Kemo, Bonthe - Abducted and detained.

Gbassa, Abdul (Male) - 1991 in Luawa, Kailahun - Killed.

Gbassa, Momoh (Male) - 1998 in Luawa, Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Gbassah, Swaray (Male) - 1995 - Abducted.

Killed.

Gbassay, Alieu (Male) - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Tortured.

Killed.
Killed.

Gbassay, Hawa (Female) age 23 - 1993 in Bagbe, Bo District - Displaced and extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Gbassay, Kpana (Male) - 1993 - Property destroyed.

Gbasy, Momoh (Male) - 1991 - Displaced.

Killed.

Gbata, Finda (Female) age 46 - 1994 in Nimikoro, Kono - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Gbavaneh, Moray (Male) - 1998 - Killed.

Gbawoh, Joseph (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Abducted.

Killed.

Gbeh, Gassumu (Male) age 26 - 1993 - Killed.


Gbeh, Kumba (Female) age 58 - 1998 in Sandor, Kono - Displaced.

Killed.

Gbekeh Gbap, Baoma (Male) - 1991 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Killed.

Gbekie, Kumba (Female) - 1999 in Western Area - Property destroyed.

Gbekie, Rebecca (Female) - 1999 in Western Area - Abducted and detained.

Gbekie, Sahr (Male) age 60 - 1999 in Western Area - Abducted and detained.

Gbekie, Tamba (Male) age 21 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Killed.


Gbeme, Daramy (Male) - 1995 in Kpanda Kemo, Bonthe - Extorted.

Forced to labour.

Tortured and stripped.

Gbemeh, Joe (Male) age 63 - 1996 in Kando Leppeama, Kenema - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Gbemeh, Sombo (Female) age 33 - 1996 in Kando Leppeama, Kenema - Displaced.

Gbenbo, Kinie (Male) - 1996 in Sielenga, Bo District - Abducted.

Tortured.

Killed.

Gbengeh, Tommy (Male) - 1995 in Timdel, Moyamba - Killed.
Gbengeh, Tua (Female) - 1995 in Badjia, Bo District - Property destroyed.

Abducted.

Tortured.

Gbengua, Marie (Female) - 1994 in Simbaru, Kenema - Abducted.

Tortured.

Gberie, Sam (Male) - 1994 in Baoma, Bo District - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Assaulted and tortured.

Gbessay, Momoh (Male) - Property destroyed.

Gbessay, Vandy (Male) - 1991 in Banta Mokele, Moyamba - Killed.

Gbesseh, Tommy (Male) - Killed.


Gbetie, Kennie (Male) - 1994 in Jiama-Bongor, Bo District - Assaulted and tortured.

Gbetuwa, Sia (Female) age 75 - Displaced.

Assaulted and tortured.

Gbewa, Baby (Female) age 26 - 1996 in Dodo, Kenema - Displaced.

Gbewa, George (Male) age 10 - 1995 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Gbewa, Momoh (Male) age 62 - 1992 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Abducted and detained.

Killed.
Killed.

Gbewah, Sahr (Male) age 65 - 1998 in Sandor, Kono - Displaced and property looted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Gbini, Prince (Male) - 1998 in Wunde, Bo District - Assaulted and tortured.

Gbla, Abass (Male) - 1996 in Kafe Simira, Tonkolili - Killed.

Gbla, Abdulai (Male) age 64 - 1994 in Konike Barina, Tonkolili - Killed.

Gbla, Abu S. (Male) age 16 - 1994 in Gbonkolenken, Tonkolili - Displaced.

Gbla, Adama (Female) age 16 - 1994 in Luawa, Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Killed.
Killed.

Gbla, Alhaji (Male) age 12 - 1994 in Luawa, Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Gbla, Amidu (Male) age 71 - 1993 in Malal Mara, Tonkolili - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Gbla, Andrew (Male) age 41 - 1999 in Malal Mara, Tonkolili - Property destroyed.

Assaulted and tortured.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 340 Gbla, Fatu (Female) - 1994 in Gbonkolenken, Tonkolili - Property destroyed.

Killed.

Gbla, John (Male) - 1997 - Killed.


Gbla, John (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Limb amputated.

Killed.

Gbla, Masim (Male) age 64 - 1991 in Tane, Tonkolili - Displaced and property destroyed.

Gbla, Mohamed (Male) - 1993 in Malal Mara, Tonkolili - Displaced.

Gbla, Mohamed (Male) age 48 - 1999 in Malal Mara, Tonkolili - Property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Gbla, Mustapha (Male) - 1995 - Tortured.

Killed.

Gbla, Saidu (Male) - 1994 in Gbonkolenken, Tonkolili - Property destroyed.

Killed.
Killed.

Gbla, Samuel (Male) - 1994 in Malal Mara, Tonkolili - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Assaulted.

Gbla, Sulay (Male) - 1993 in Malal Mara, Tonkolili - Killed.

Gbloh, Kadie (Female) - 1998 in Kongbora, Moyamba - Property destroyed.

Gbobuma, Brima (Male) - Abducted and detained.

Limb amputated.

Gbogaba, Kumba (Female) age 40 - 1998 in Sandor, Kono - Displaced.

Gbogbo, Sheku (Male) - 1994 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Killed.


Gbogn, Thomas (Male) - 1991 in Sowa, Pujehun - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Gboi, Keine (Male) - Extorted.

Gboka, Brima (Male) - 1991 in Peje Bongre, Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Gboko, Markson (Male) - 1993 in Dia, Kailahun - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Stripped.

Gbokumu, Mohamed (Male) - 1995 in Benducha, Bonthe - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Gboleh, Bockarie (Male) - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Killed.
Gbolleh, Saffiatu (Female) - 1995 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Displaced.

Detained.

Gbomda, Lamin (Male) - 1991 in Niawa, Kenema - Displaced and property looted.

Assaulted.

Gbomi, Boi (Female) age 75 - 1998 in Kori, Moyamba - Displaced and property destroyed.

Gbonda, A.S. (Male) - Assaulted.

Gbonda, Alpha (Male) age 67 - 1991 in Malen, Pujehun - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and stripped.


Gbonda, Isata (Female) age 6 - 1997 in Kongbora, Moyamba - Killed.

Gbonda, Jb (Male) age 75 - Killed.

Gbonda, Maada (Male) age 3 - 1997 in Kongbora, Moyamba - Killed.

Gbonda, Mohamed (Male) age 64 - Displaced.

Gbonda, Rebecca (Female) age 61 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Gbonda, S.A.S.

(Male) age 62 - 1991 in Nongowa, Kenema - Property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured and stripped.


Gbonda, Saffa (Male) - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Tortured.

Gbonda, Samuel (Male) - 1991 in Panga Krim, Pujehun - Displaced and extorted.

Assaulted.

Gbonda, Shar (Male) age 55 - Killed.

Gbonda, Sinah (Male) - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Tortured.

Gbondo, Aiah (Male) age 28 - 1998 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced and property destroyed.

Gbondo, Alieu (Male) - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Forced to labour.

Killed.
Killed.

Gbondo, Baby (Female) - 1995 in Imperi, Bonthe - Abducted.

Gbondo, Borbor (Male) age 26 - Extorted.

Assaulted.

Gbondo, Foday (Male) - Killed.

Gbondo, Foday (Male) age 43 - 1995 - Displaced and property destroyed.

Gbondo, Joe (Male) - 1994 in Malegohun, Kenema - Displaced.

Gbondo, Kini (Male) - 1995 in Dasse, Moyamba - Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Gbondo, Komba (Male) - 1998 in Samu, Kambia - Extorted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted, tortured and stripped.

Gbondo, Majo (Female) - Killed.


Gbondo, Manay (Male) - 1995 - Killed.

Gbondo, Marie Theresa (Female) age 19 - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Gbondo, Mary (Female) - 1994 in Komboya, Bo District - Property looted and destroyed.

Gbondo, Mohamed (Male) age 21 - 1998 in Lei, Kono - Abducted and detained.

Gbondo, Momodu (Male) - 1995 - Displaced.

Killed.

Gbondo, Momoh (Male) - Assaulted.

Gbondo, Momoh (Male) - 1991 in Langorama, Kenema - Tortured.

Killed.
Killed.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 341 Gbondo, Prince (Male) - 1995 - Tortured.

Gbondo, Sia (Female) age 32 - 1995 - Property looted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Gbondo, Sundufu (Male) - 1991 in Upper Bambara , Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Gbondo, Tamba (Male) age 30 - 1997 in Sandor, Kono - Displaced, extorted and property looted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Gbondo, Tamba (Male) age 46 - 1998 - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured and stripped.


Gbondo, Toma (Male) age 24 - 1998 - Tortured.

Gbongeh, Mohamed (Male) - 1994 in Jong, Bonthe - Forced to labour.

Gbonghun, Kadie (Female) - 1991 in Badjia, Bo District - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Gbongon, Thomas (Male) - 1991 in Sowa, Pujehun - Property looted and destroyed.

Killed.

Gbonie, Annie Finda (Female) age 45 - 1998 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced.

Gbonie, Jonathan (Male) age 70 - 1998 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced.

Killed.
Killed.

Gbonma, Kamba (Male) - 1995 - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Gborbajihun, Momoh (Male) - 1991 in Sowa, Pujehun - Property looted and destroyed.

Gborie, Aiah (Male) - 1998 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced.

Killed.

Gborie, Aminata (Female) - 1992 in Jalahun, Kailahun - Displaced.

Gborie, Bondu (Female) - 1998 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced and property destroyed.

Gborie, Idrissa (Male) - 1998 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Abducted and detained.
Stripped and limb amputated.

Gborie, Kadi (Female) - 1996 - Property looted.

Abducted.

Assaulted.

Gborie, Kadiatu (Female) age 3 - 1992 in Jalahun, Kailahun - Displaced.

Tortured.

Gborie, Kumba (Female) - Property destroyed.

Killed.

Gborie, Kumba (Female) age 26 - 1994 in Sandor, Kono - Displaced.

Gborie, Kumba (Female) age 64 - 1997 in Gbane Kandor, Kono - Displaced.

Gborie, Sahr (Male) - 1998 in Mandu, Kailahun - Killed.

Gborie, Sulaiman (Male) - Forced to labour.

Assaulted and tortured.


Gborie, Tamba (Male) - 2000 in Lei, Kono - Killed.

Gborie, Vandi (Male) - Displaced.

Gborie, Vandi (Male) - Displaced.

Gborlima, Mustapha (Male) - 1996 - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Gborma, Borbor (Male) age 4 - 1995 in Kowa, Moyamba - Killed.

Gbortu, Edward (Male) - 1995 in Niawa Lenga, Bo District - Killed.

Gbortu, Sao (Male) - 1995 in Niawa Lenga, Bo District - Killed.
Gboto Bangura, Idrissa (Male) - 1996 in Malal Mara, Tonkolili - Forced to labour.

Gbowah, Brima (Male) - Limb amputated.

Gbundema, Maseray (Female) age 50 - 1997 in Bonthe - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Detained.

Gbuway, Brima (Male) - 1992 in Peje Bongre, Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Gebawova, Foday (Male) age 74 - 1994 in Luawa, Kailahun - Abducted.

Gebawova, Senesie (Male) age 44 - 1994 in Luawa, Kailahun - Abducted.

Killed.
Killed.

Geebai, Francis (Male) age 33 - 1997 in Western Area - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Geh, Vandi (Male) - 1991 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Killed.

Geia, Bockarie (Male) - 1993 in Luawa, Kailahun - Killed.

Gendemeh, Allieu (Male) - 1991 in Luawa, Kailahun - Killed.

George, Abram (Male) age 52 - 1998 in Kagboro, Moyamba - Killed.

George, Agnes (Female) - 1996 in Nongowa, Kenema - Killed.

George, Allieu (Male) age 18 - 1992 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced.

Forced to labour.
Forced to labour.

George, Aruna (Male) - Forced to labour.

George, Francis Kelema (Male) age 50 - 1995 in Moyamba - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

George, Gladys (Female) - 1995 in Kamajei, Moyamba - Abducted and detained.

George, Hawa (Female) age 49 - 1997 in Komboya, Bo District - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Tortured.

George, John (Male) age 41 - 1994 in Bagbe, Bo District - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.
Assaulted and tortured.

George, Josephine Elizabeth (Female) age 16 - 1999 in Western Area - Abducted and detained.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 342 George, Mattu (Female) age 61 - 1994 in Dodo, Kenema - Displaced and property destroyed.

George, Morie (Male) - 1994 in Bumpeh, Moyamba - Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

George, Samuel (Male) - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.


George, Samuel (Male) age 52 - 1997 in Bonthe UDC, Bonthe - Displaced, extorted and property looted.

Assaulted.

George, Yamba (Male) age 29 - 1996 in Valunia, Bo District - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Killed.

Gerber, Railatu (Female) age 50 - 1999 - Extorted and property looted.

Detained.

Ghombo, Sarah (Female) age 30 - 1994 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Tortured.


Giama, Momoh (Male) age 39 - 1991 in Dia, Kailahun - Extorted.

Abducted.

Assaulted.

Gibao, Adama (Female) - Displaced.

Assaulted and tortured.

Killed.

Gibao, Adima (Female) - 1996 in Kaiyamba, Moyamba - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Gibao, Monya (Female) - Displaced.

Killed.

Gibateh, Bockarie (Male) - 1998 in Diang, Koinadugu - Limb amputated.

Gibrilla, Gabriel (Male) - 1995 in Niawa, Kenema - Abducted and detained.
Gibrilla, Magai (Male) - 1992 in Penguia, Kailahun - Displaced.

Killed.

Gibrilla, Makue (Female) age 72 - 1992 in Penguia, Kailahun - Displaced.

Gibrilla, Moigboi (Male) - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Ginnah, Momoh (Male) age 30 - 1992 - Property looted.

Ginnah, Tommy (Male) - 1992 - Tortured.

Killed.

Giyeahun, Foday (Male) - 1996 in Barri, Pujehun - Assaulted.

Giyehun, Foday (Male) - 1992 in Malen, Pujehun - Killed.

Goba, Abu (Male) - 1991 - Displaced.

Detained.

Killed.
Detained.

Killed.

Goba, Agnes (Female) age 26 - 1991 in Baoma, Bo District - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Goba, Aruna (Male) age 24 - Killed.

Goba, Baby (Female) - 1991 in Luawa, Kailahun - Killed.

Goba, Brima (Male) - 1991 in Luawa, Kailahun - Killed.

Goba, Francess (Female) age 18 - 1995 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Property looted.

Goba, Joe (Male) - Property destroyed.

Goba, Jonathan (Male) - 1996 in Kakua, Bo District - Abducted and detained.
Tortured and limb amputated.

Goba, Lansana (Male) age 63 - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Displaced and extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Goba, Marie (Female) - 1995 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Property looted and destroyed.

Abducted.

Assaulted.

Goba, Musa (Male) - 1994 - Displaced.

Goba, Rubean (Male) - 1994 - Killed.

Goba, Sallay (Female) - 1995 - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Limb amputated.

Gobio, Fatmata (Female) age 12 - 1992 in Luawa, Kailahun - Abducted and detained.
Killed.

Gobio, Mabel (Female) age 26 - 1992 in Peje Bongre, Kailahun - Property looted and destroyed.

Gofra, Thomas (Male) - 1991 in Sowa, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted.

Detained.

Gogra, Alhaji (Male) - Assaulted.

Gogra, Badiatu (Female) age 51 - 1991 in Peje, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted.

Forced to labour.

Goll, Gina (Female) - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Gombowai, Brima (Male) - 1991 in Malen, Pujehun - Limb amputated.
Gombu, Amara (Male) - 1991 in Luawa, Kailahun - Killed.

Gonda, Braima (Male) age 70 - Killed.

Gonda, Massa (Female) age 62 - Displaced.

Gondama, Vandy (Male) - 1994 in Gallinasperi, Pujehun - Killed.

Gorglow, Maiky (Male) - 1991 in Follosaba Dembelia, Koinadugu - Killed.

Gormoh, Francis (Male) age 36 - 1991 in Kwamebai Krim, Bonthe - Displaced.

Gormoh, Luseni Sundema (Male) age 62 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.
Gosay, Amadu (Male) age 57 - 1995 in Kori, Moyamba - Displaced and property destroyed.

Tortured.

Gottor, Boi (Female) - 1994 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Killed.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 343 Gottor, Jusufu (Male) age 30 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Gowa, Bockarie (Male) - 1993 - Killed.

Gowa, Numa (Female) - 1991 - Killed.

Gudia-Kamara, Fatorma (Male) age 60 - 1991 - Displaced and property destroyed.

Detained.

Assaulted and tortured.


Guerra, Marie (Female) age 64 - 1998 in Briama, Kambia - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Gundema, Komba (Male) - 1998 in Kassunko, Koinadugu - Killed.

Gutu, Hawa (Female) - 1998 in Makpele, Pujehun - Property looted.

Guwei Sama, Amara (Male) - 1991 in Koya, Kenema - Displaced.

Habib, Daniel (Male) - 1997 in Jiama-Bongor, Bo District - Property destroyed.

Hackin, Joe (Male) - 1999 in Timdel, Moyamba - Forced to labour.
Forced to participate in an act of cannibalism.

Hai, Kona (Female) - Displaced and property looted.

Hai, Sesay (Male) - Displaced and property looted.

Hai, Yema (Female) age 70 - Displaced, extorted and property looted.

Assaulted and tortured.

Hakpeh, Sao (Male) - 1994 in Barri, Pujehun - Tortured.

Halaby, Wahid (Male) - 1991 in Sowa, Pujehun - Killed.

Halloway, Christiana (Female) age 29 - Property destroyed.

Hamid, Noella (Female) age 20 - 1999 in Western Area - Property looted and destroyed.
Abducted.

Hammond, Salia (Male) age 30 - 1994 in Baoma, Bo District - Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Harding, Abibatu (Female) age 7 - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Harding, Alfred (Male) age 36 - 1995 in Niawa Lenga, Bo District - Displaced.

Harding, Alieu (Male) - Displaced.

Killed.

Harding, Amara (Male) - 1995 in Bagbe, Bo District - Extorted.

Harding, Aruna (Male) - Property destroyed.

Harding, Joe (Male) - 1995 - Killed.


Harding, Joseph (Male) age 28 - 1995 in Fakunya, Moyamba - Displaced and property destroyed.

Harding, Joseph (Male) age 40 - 1994 in Komboya, Bo District - Displaced and property destroyed.

Harding, Nyawo (Male) - 1996 in Kakua, Bo District - Limb amputated.

Harding, Patrick (Male) - 1995 in Bagbe, Bo District - Displaced and property destroyed.

Harding, Sarah (Female) - Displaced.

Killed.


Harding, Sylvanus (Male) age 35 - 1995 in Kamajei, Moyamba - Property looted and destroyed.

Harding, Tommy (Male) age 48 - 1994 in Simbaru, Kenema - Displaced.

Killed.

Harlow, Lahai (Male) - 1992 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced.

Harlow, Moighoi (Male) age 49 - 1992 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Killed.

Harrison, Jestina (Female) age 49 - 1999 in Western Area - Property destroyed.

Hassan, Abie Mogaba (Female) - 1997 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced.
Tortured.

Hassan, Alpha (Male) age 47 - 1997 in Western Area - Killed.

Hassan, Amie (Female) age 32 - 1995 in Badjia, Bo District - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Helebu, Kennie (Male) - 1994 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Killed.

Higima, John (Male) - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Hindowa, Abu (Male) - 1994 - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Hindowa, Musa (Male) - 1994 in Badjia, Bo District - Displaced.
Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Hindowa, Sandy (Male) - 1994 in Badjia, Bo District - Displaced.

Hinga, Sorba (Male) - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Killed.

Hollise, Desmond (Male) age 33 - 1999 in Western Area - Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Horton, Charles (Male) - 1992 in Kono - Displaced.

Horton, Roland (Male) age 48 - 1992 in Kono - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Killed.

Horton, Sebatu (Female) age 41 - Displaced.

Killed.

Horton, Titty (Female) - 1992 in Kono - Displaced.

Assaulted.
Assaulted.

Humonya, Amie (Female) - Killed.

Humper, Jengbeh (Male) - 1991 in Kwamebai Krim, Bonthe - Killed.

Humper, Jibao (Male) - 1995 in Baoma, Bo District - Displaced and property looted.

Humper, Samuel (Male) - 1995 in Banta Gbanggbatoke, Moyamba - Tortured.

Humper, Thomas (Male) age 51 - 1998 - Abducted and detained.

Humper, Yeama (Female) - 1995 in Baoma, Bo District - Displaced and property looted.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 344 Hunter, Samuel (Male) - Killed.
Huscamp, Anthony (Male) age 6 - 1994 - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Hyde, Borbor (Male) age 35 - 1999 in Western Area - Tortured.

Killed.

Ibrahim, Amie (Female) - Property destroyed.

Ibrahim, Ola (Male) age 32 - 1992 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Killed.

Ibrahim, Sillah (Male) age 17 - 1999 in Western Area - Tortured.

Idrisa, Karimu (Male) age 23 - 1992 - Tortured.

Killed.

Idriss, Alhaji Bockarie (Male) - 1991 in Badjia, Bo District - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.
Abducted and detained.

Idriss, Jeneba (Female) - 1991 in Badjia, Bo District - Displaced.

Killed.

Idriss, Noah (Male) - 1991 in Badjia, Bo District - Displaced.

Killed.

Idriss, Senesie (Male) age 87 - Killed.

Idriss, Sheku (Male) - 1991 in Banta Gbanggbatoke, Moyamba - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Limb amputated.

Idrissa, Kadie (Female) - 1995 in Luawa, Kailahun - Detained.

Idrissa, Mohamed (Male) - 1998 in Kando Leppeama, Kenema - Assaulted.
Idrissa, Murray (Male) - 1997 in Bonthe - Extorted.

Assaulted.

Issa, Abdulai (Male) - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Displaced, extorted and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Issa, Maad (Male) - 1999 in Magbema, Kambia - Assaulted, tortured and stripped.

Issa, Tamba (Male) - 1998 - Abducted and detained.

Issata, Haja (Female) - 1991 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Killed.

Iye, Abdulai (Male) - 1998 in Biriwa, Bombali - Property looted.

Abducted and detained.


Jaba, Henry (Male) age 49 - 1994 in Barri, Pujehun - Displaced and property destroyed.

Jabah, Finda (Female) age 41 - 1994 in Gorama Kono, Kono - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Jabati, Emmanuel (Male) age 30 - 1997 - Tortured and limb amputated.

Jabati, Gbundor (Male) - 1998 in Bonthe UDC, Bonthe - Assaulted.

Jabati, Luke (Male) - 1995 in Badjia, Bo District - Abducted.

Killed.

Jabati, Margaret (Female) - 1995 in Bagbe, Bo District - Displaced and property looted.
Abducted.

Assaulted.

Jabatie, Isatta (Female) - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Abducted.

Jabatty, Bobor (Male) age 17 - 1996 in Bagbe, Bo District - Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Jabba, Samuel (Male) age 10 - 1998 in Tankoro, Kono - Abducted.

Tortured.

Jabbaty, Aminata (Female) - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Jabber, Alhaji Salieu (Male) age 74 - Displaced.

Jabber, Fayier (Male) age 30 - Killed.

Jabber, Tamba (Male) age 25 - Killed.

Jabbie, Amara (Male) age 53 - 1999 in Sandor, Kono - Displaced.
Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Jabbie, Aminata (Female) age 38 - 1993 in Kono - Displaced.

Jabbie, Augustine (Male) - 1998 - Killed.

Jabbie, Dabboh (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Killed.

Jabbie, Fanka (Male) age 20 - 2000 in Neini, Koinadugu - Property looted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Jabbie, Ferenka (Male) age 8 - 1994 in Nimikoro, Kono - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Tortured.

Jabbie, Hassan (Male) age 11 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.
Jabbie, Hawa (Female) - 1991 in Jawie, Kailahun - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Jabbie, Mohamed (Male) - 1993 in Kono - Killed.

Jabbie, Mohamed (Male) - 1993 - Property destroyed.

Killed.

Jabbie, Mohamed (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Jabbie, Mohamed (Male) age 15 - 1998 - Killed.

Jabbie, Mustapha (Male) - 1993 in Kono - Killed.

Jabbie, Sarah (Female) age 11 - 1997 in Nimiyama, Kono - Forced to labour.
Jabbie, Suma (Male) - Killed.

Jabbie, Sumaila (Male) age 63 - 1994 in Kori, Moyamba - Displaced.

Jabbie, Umaru (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Killed.

Jabie, Fanta (Female) age 25 - 1999 - Displaced.

Jabie, Foday (Male) age 50 - 1999 - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 345 Jabura, Tommy (Male) - 1994 in Bagbo, Bo District - Abducted and detained.

Killed.
Killed.

Jackson, Iye (Female) - 1997 in Nimikoro, Kono - Property looted and destroyed.

Killed.

Jacob, Morie (Male) age 16 - 1996 in Fakunya, Moyamba - Detained.

Tortured and stripped.

Jagoma, Yatta (Female) - 1991 in Malema, Kailahun - Killed.

Jaguah, Momoh (Male) - Displaced and property looted.

Assaulted.

Jah, Abdulai (Male) age 58 - 1995 in Dibia, Port Loko - Property destroyed.

Abducted.

Jah, Abu (Male) - 1991 in Dodo, Kenema - Property looted.

Forced to labour.

Tortured and stripped.


Jah, Alimu (Male) - 1991 in Bagbo, Bo District - Killed.

Jah, Amadu Wurie (Male) age 18 - 1999 in Western Area - Extorted and property destroyed.

Forced to labour and drugged.

Tortured.

Jah, Amara (Male) - 1991 in Bagbo, Bo District - Forced to labour.

Jah, Bockarie (Male) age 30 - 1993 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Abducted.

Tortured.

Jah, Brima (Male) - 1997 in Dodo, Kenema - Abducted and detained.
Jah, Fatmata (Female) - 1999 in Western Area - Abducted and detained.

Jah, Fatmata (Female) age 43 - 1991 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Displaced and property destroyed.

Jah, Mohamed (Male) - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Jah, Tanakolo (Male) - 1991 in Dodo, Kenema - Forced to labour.

Killed.

Jah, Umaru (Male) - 1998 in Kakua, Bo District - Property looted and destroyed.

Assaulted.
Assaulted.

Jah, Umaru (Male) age 56 - 1991 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Abducted and detained.

Jah, Watta (Female) age 38 - 1991 in Kpaka, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Jah, Yatta (Female) age 34 - 1991 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Displaced and extorted.

Jahmalanga, Momodu (Male) - 1995 in Banta Gbanggbatoke, Moyamba - Displaced and property destroyed.

Jaiah, Keni (Male) - Abducted.

Assaulted.


Jaiah, Lahai (Male) - 1994 in Badjia, Bo District - Displaced, extorted and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Jainkray, Ibrahim (Male) - 2000 in Gbinleh-Dixon, Kambia - Killed.

Jaisie, Tommy (Male) - 1998 in Kagboro, Moyamba - Killed.

Jajua, Ansu (Male) - 1995 in Nongowa, Kenema - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Jajua, Malikie (Male) - Killed.

Jaka, Jebeh (Female) - 1995 in Imperi, Bonthe - Abducted and detained.
Jaka, Kennie (Female) - 1995 in Imperi, Bonthe - Displaced.

Jakama, Anne (Female) - Killed.

Jakar, Hanna (Female) age 14 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Jakema, Alhaji (Male) - 1991 in Gallinasperi, Pujehun - Tortured.

Jakema, Alhaji Lahai (Male) - 1991 in Pujehun - Assaulted.

Jakema, Brima (Male) - 1991 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Killed.

Jakema, Foday (Male) - 1991 in Nongowa, Kenema - Killed.
Jakema, Mohamed (Male) - 1991 in Gallinasperi, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Tortured.

Jakema, Ngagba (Male) - 1991 in Gallinasperi, Pujehun - Abducted and detained.

Jakietay, Abdul (Male) age 51 - 1998 in Follosaba Dembelia, Koinadugu - Displaced and property looted.

Jallloh, Alpha (Male) - 1996 in Sanda Tendaren, Bombali - Killed.

Jalloh, A.S. (Male) - 1999 - Abducted.

Jalloh, Abdul (Male) age 15 - 1994 - Displaced.

Jalloh, Abdul Raman (Male) - Displaced.

Killed.


Jalloh, Abdulai (Male) - 1994 in Komboya, Bo District - Displaced and property looted.

Forced to labour.

Jalloh, Abdulai (Male) age 51 - Extorted and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Jalloh, Abu (Male) - Killed.

Jalloh, Abu (Male) - Displaced and property looted.

Jalloh, Abu (Male) age 20 - 1995 in Bumpeh, Moyamba - Displaced.

Killed.

Jalloh, Abu Bakarr (Male) - 1998 in Wara-Wara Bafodia, Koinadugu - Killed.
Jalloh, Abu Bakarr (Male) - 1998 - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Killed.

Jalloh, Abu Bakarr (Male) age 30 - 1998 in Western Area - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 346 Jalloh, Abu Bakarr (Male) age 41 - 1999 in Follosaba Dembelia, Koinadugu - Displaced and property destroyed.

Jalloh, Abu Bakarr (Male) age 49 - 1996 in Sanda Tendaren, Bombali - Property looted.
Jalloh, Abu Bockarie (Male) age 35 - 1991 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Killed.

Jalloh, Adama (Female) - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced and extorted.

Jalloh, Adama (Female) age 23 - Displaced.

Jalloh, Ajibu (Male) age 35 - 1999 in Mambolo, Kambia - Displaced and property looted.

Jalloh, Alhaji (Male) - 1998 - Property destroyed.

Jalloh, Alhaji (Male) age 34 - 1998 in Neini, Koinadugu - Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Jalloh, Alhaji Amadu (Male) - Killed.


Jalloh, Alhaji Bailor (Male) age 51 - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Jalloh, Alhaji Momod Allieu (Male) - 1993 in Peje, Pujehun - Property destroyed.

Jalloh, Alie (Male) - 1995 in Dibia, Port Loko - Displaced and extorted.

Forced to labour.

Jalloh, Alieu (Male) age 41 - 1991 in Bagbo, Bo District - Killed.

Jalloh, Alimu (Male) age 3 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Assaulted.
Assaulted.

Jalloh, Alpha (Male) - 1998 in Bumpeh, Moyamba - Property looted and destroyed.

Jalloh, Alpha (Male) - 1999 in Mambolo, Kambia - Property looted.

Abducted.

Killed.

Jalloh, Alpha (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Killed.

Jalloh, Alpha (Male) age 41 - 1994 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Jalloh, Alusine (Male) - 1996 in Ribbi, Moyamba - Killed.

Jalloh, Alusine (Male) age 20 - 1995 in Sanda Tendaren, Bombali - Abducted.

Killed.
Killed.

Jalloh, Amadu (Male) - 1997 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Abducted and detained.

Jalloh, Amadu (Male) - 1991 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Property looted.

Jalloh, Amadu (Male) - 1996 in Kholifa Rowalla, Tonkolili - Killed.

Jalloh, Amadu (Male) - 1997 - Tortured.

Killed.

Jalloh, Amadu (Male) - Killed.

Jalloh, Amadu (Male) age 43 - Displaced and property destroyed.

Jalloh, Amadu Wurie (Male) - 1998 - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Killed.
Killed.

Jalloh, Amara (Male) age 15 - 1997 in Kafe Simira, Tonkolili - Killed.

Jalloh, Amie (Female) age 36 - Displaced.

Killed.

Jalloh, Aminata (Female) age 14 - Assaulted.

Jalloh, Aruna (Male) age 27 - 1998 in Koya, Port Loko - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Jalloh, Atigu (Male) - 1991 in Bagbo, Bo District - Property looted.

Killed.

Jalloh, Bai (Female) - 1996 in Kwamebai Krim, Bonthe - Killed.

Jalloh, Bailoh (Male) - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Abducted and detained.
Killed.

Jalloh, Balla (Male) age 50 - 1999 in Diang, Koinadugu - Displaced, extorted and property looted.

Jalloh, Bambay (Male) - 1998 in Safroko Limba, Bombali - Assaulted.

Jalloh, Barbar (Male) - 1997 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Jalloh, Binta (Female) - 1992 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced.

Killed.

Jalloh, Binta (Female) - 1998 in Wara-Wara Bafodia, Koinadugu - Displaced and property destroyed.

Jalloh, Bobida (Male) age 60 - 1998 in Sandor, Kono - Killed.
Jalloh, Bockarie (Male) - 1998 in Neini, Koinadugu - Killed.

Jalloh, Braima (Male) - 1997 - Property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Jalloh, Brima (Male) - 1998 in Gbanti Kamaranka, Bombali - Abducted and detained.

Jalloh, Brima (Male) age 26 - 1999 in Konike Sande, Tonkolili - Tortured.

Killed.

Jalloh, Chernor (Male) - 1995 in Ribbi, Moyamba - Displaced and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted, tortured and stripped.


Jalloh, Chernor (Male) - 1997 in Gbense, Kono - Property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Jalloh, Dietay (Male) - 1994 in Sambaia Bendugu, Tonkolili - Displaced.

Detained.

Killed.

Jalloh, Fatmata (Female) - 1999 in Kholifa Rowalla, Tonkolili - Displaced.

Jalloh, Fatmata (Female) - 1998 in Mongo, Koinadugu - Displaced, extorted and property looted.

Jalloh, Fatmata (Female) - 1998 in Kassunko, Koinadugu - Abducted and detained.
Jalloh, Fatmata (Female) - 1997 in Bonthe UDC, Bonthe - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Jalloh, Fatmata (Female) - 1999 in Bombali Shebora, Bombali - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Jalloh, Fatmata (Female) age 25 - 1998 - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 347 Jalloh, Fatmata (Female) age 26 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Assaulted.
Assaulted.

Jalloh, Fatmata (Female) age 59 - 1999 in Western Area - Extorted.

Jalloh, Ferenkeh (Male) age 40 - 1994 in Sambaia Bendugu, Tonkolili - Displaced and extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Jalloh, Finah (Female) - 1994 in Sambaia Bendugu, Tonkolili - Displaced.

Abducted.

Jalloh, Frenkeh (Male) age 47 - 1998 - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and limb amputated.

Jalloh, Gballon (Male) - Extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Jalloh, Hassan (Male) - Extorted.


Jalloh, Hawa (Female) - 1997 in Makpele, Pujehun - Displaced.

Killed.

Jalloh, Hawa (Female) - 1998 - Abducted.

Jalloh, Hawa (Female) age 10 - 1994 in Nimiyama, Kono - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Jalloh, Hawa (Female) age 66 - 1998 in Gbendembu Ngowahun, Bombali - Property destroyed.

Assaulted.

Jalloh, Ibrahim (Male) - 1996 in Kholifa Rowalla, Tonkolili - Killed.

Jalloh, Ibrahim (Male) age 11 - 1999 in Western Area - Forced to labour.
Jalloh, Idrissa (Male) - 1995 - Displaced.

Jalloh, Idrissa (Male) - 1996 - Abducted and detained.

Jalloh, Isatu (Female) - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Jalloh, Isatu (Female) - 1997 in Western Area - Killed.

Jalloh, Isatu (Female) age 8 - Abducted and detained.

Tortured and forced to participate in an act of cannibalism.

Jalloh, Isatu (Female) age 9 - 1998 - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Jalloh, Isatu (Female) age 27 - 1998 in Bombali Shebora, Bombali - Displaced.

Assaulted.
Assaulted.

Jalloh, Jang (Male) age 68 - 1995 in Bagruwa, Moyamba - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Jalloh, Jeneba (Female) - 1999 in Western Area - Killed.

Jalloh, Kabba (Male) age 2 - Displaced.

Jalloh, Kabbah (Male) age 40 - 1998 in Tambakka, Bombali - Displaced.

Abducted.

Assaulted, tortured and limb amputated.

Jalloh, Kaday (Female) - 1994 in Sambaia Bendugu, Tonkolili - Displaced.

Jalloh, Kadiatu (Female) - 1998 in Kaffu Bullom, Port Loko - Abducted and detained.
Killed.

Jalloh, Kadiatu (Female) - 1999 in Gbendembu Ngowahun, Bombali - Displaced.

Abducted.

Jalloh, Kadiatu (Female) age 18 - 2000 in Malal Mara, Tonkolili - Displaced and property destroyed.

Jalloh, Kadiatu (Female) age 19 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Assaulted.

Jalloh, Kalie Jaukalay (Male) age 65 - 1998 in Sambaia Bendugu, Tonkolili - Displaced.

Jalloh, Kallie (Male) - 1998 - Killed.

Jalloh, Karimu (Male) - 1996 in Kamajei, Moyamba - Displaced.
Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Jalloh, Keifalla (Male) age 20 - 1998 in Neini, Koinadugu - Property destroyed.

Assaulted.

Jalloh, Konkoro (Male) age 50 - Extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Jalloh, Konya (Male) - Extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Jalloh, Koromakabeh (Male) - 1999 in Sengbe, Koinadugu - Property destroyed.

Killed.

Jalloh, Lamrana (Female) - Displaced and property destroyed.

Jalloh, M.O.

(Male) - 1991 in Malegohun, Kenema - Abducted and detained.
Jalloh, Malador (Female) age 28 - 1994 in Komboya, Bo District - Displaced and property destroyed.

Assaulted.

Jalloh, Mamadu (Male) - 1996 in Kholifa Rowalla, Tonkolili - Killed.

Jalloh, Mamadu (Male) - 1998 in Biriwa, Bombali - Assaulted.

Jalloh, Mankanie (Female) age 26 - 1998 in Mongo, Koinadugu - Killed.

Jalloh, Mariama (Female) - 1992 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced.

Killed.

Jalloh, Mariama (Female) - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.
Jalloh, Marie (Female) age 33 - 1999 in Western Area - Extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Tortured.

Jalloh, Marlie (Female) age 54 - 1999 in Follosaba Dembelia, Koinadugu - Killed.

Jalloh, Mohamed (Male) - 1998 - Property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Jalloh, Mohamed (Male) - 1994 - Forced to labour.

Jalloh, Mohamed (Male) age 11 - 1995 in Valunia, Bo District - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.


Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 348 Jalloh, Mohamed (Male) age 17 - 1999 - Displaced and extorted.

Assaulted and tortured.

Jalloh, Mohamed (Male) age 24 - 1999 in Jalahun, Kailahun - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Jalloh, Mohamed (Male) age 24 - 1999 in Western Area - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Jalloh, Mohamed (Male) age 52 - Displaced and property destroyed.

Limb amputated.

Jalloh, Muctarr (Male) age 17 - 1998 in Paki Masabong, Bombali - Abducted and detained.
Jalloh, Musa (Male) - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Jalloh, Mustapha (Male) - Abducted and detained.

Jalloh, Mustapha (Male) age 20 - 1999 in Western Area - Abducted and detained.

Jalloh, Ousman (Male) age 16 - 1999 in Western Area - Forced to labour.

Assaulted and limb amputated.

Jalloh, Priney (Male) - Extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Jalloh, Ralim (Male) - 1999 in Kholifa Rowalla, Tonkolili - Extorted.

Tortured.

Jalloh, Saidu (Male) - 1998 in Gbanti Kamaranka, Bombali - Displaced.
Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Jalloh, Saidu (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Jalloh, Sallu (Male) age 37 - 1997 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Detained.

Jalloh, Sally (Female) age 4 - 1991 in Western Area - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Jalloh, Salu (Male) age 22 - 1999 - Displaced and property destroyed.

Jalloh, Samba (Male) age 45 - 1999 in Sengbe, Koinadugu - Property destroyed.

Abducted.

Killed.

Jalloh, Santigie (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Assaulted.
Jalloh, Sellu (Male) - 1991 in Bagbo, Bo District - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Jalloh, Sheku (Male) - 1995 in Badjia, Bo District - Displaced.

Jalloh, Sheku (Male) age 46 - 1998 in Sambaia Bendugu, Tonkolili - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Jalloh, Sidie (Male) age 51 - 1992 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced and extorted.

Assaulted and tortured.

Jalloh, Sinkarie (Female) age 50 - 1998 - Property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Jalloh, Sira (Male) - Extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.


Jalloh, Sirah (Female) - 1994 in Sambaia Bendugu, Tonkolili - Displaced.

Jalloh, Sonnah (Female) - 1998 in Mongo, Koinadugu - Killed.

Jalloh, Sorie (Male) - 1999 - Displaced.

Abducted.

Killed.

Jalloh, Sulaiman (Male) - 1998 in Bombali Shebora, Bombali - Abducted and detained.

Jalloh, Sulaiman (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Killed.

Jalloh, Sulaiman (Male) age 31 - 1999 in Bombali Shebora, Bombali - Property looted.

Assaulted.
Assaulted.

Jalloh, Sunkar (Male) - 1994 in Sambaia Bendugu, Tonkolili - Displaced.

Jalloh, Thaluta (Male) - 1998 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Jalloh, Tirmi (Male) - 1998 in Dembelia Sinkunia, Koinadugu - Extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured and stripped.

Killed.

Jalloh, Umaru (Male) - 1998 in Sanda Tendaren, Bombali - Killed.

Jalloh, Umu (Female) age 71 - 1999 in Kakua, Bo District - Displaced and property destroyed.
Jalloh, Wurie (Male) - 1998 in Wara-Wara Bafodia, Koinadugu - Killed.

Jalloh, Wurie (Male) - 1995 in Sanda Tendaren, Bombali - Abducted.

Killed.

Jalloh, Wurie (Male) age 58 - 1998 in Koinadugu - Extorted.

Jalloh, Yarreh (Male) age 49 - Displaced and property looted.

Forced to labour.

Tortured.

Jalloh, Yayah (Male) - 1998 in Sanda Tendaren, Bombali - Displaced.

Jalloh, Yeanoh (Female) - 1994 in Kalansogia, Tonkolili - Property destroyed.
Jalloh, Yegbeh (Female) age 54 - 1999 in Sambaia Bendugu, Tonkolili - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Jalloh, Yeyeh (Female) - 1994 in Sambaia Bendugu, Tonkolili - Displaced and extorted.

Abducted.

Jama, Brima (Male) - 1993 in Jiama-Bongor, Bo District - Stripped.

Jamba, Hassanah (Male) age 43 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Jambai, Fomaie (Male) age 60 - 1995 in Imperi, Bonthe - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.
Jambai, Janet (Female) - 1995 in Imperi, Bonthe - Killed.

Jambai, Yatta (Female) age 53 - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Displaced and property destroyed.

Jambai, Yatta (Female) age 57 - 1995 in Kongbora, Moyamba - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Jambawai, Mariama (Female) - 1998 in Koya, Kenema - Tortured.

Jambawai, Musa (Male) age 43 - 1991 in Malegohun, Kenema - Extorted and property looted.

James, Aiah (Male) age 17 - 1997 in Lei, Kono - Displaced.

Forced to labour.
Forced to labour.

James, Alpha (Male) age 58 - 1994 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced, extorted and property looted.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 349 James, Alusine (Male) age 63 - 1997 - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

James, Easter (Female) age 21 - 1998 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced and extorted.

Abducted and detained.

James, Esther (Female) - 1999 in Western Area - Killed.

James, Feimata (Female) - 1995 in Tikonko, Bo District - Displaced and property destroyed.
James, Gibrilla (Male) age 42 - 1995 in Kongbora, Moyamba - Forced to labour.

James, Gillo (Female) age 29 - 1997 in Dodo, Kenema - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Killed.

James, Joseph (Male) age 31 - Displaced.

James, Kainwo (Male) age 9 - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Displaced and extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

James, Katimu (Female) - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Killed.

James, Komba (Male) age 40 - 1998 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced.
James, Kpanya (Female) - 1995 in Tikonko, Bo District - Abducted and detained.

Limb amputated.

James, Massah (Female) age 35 - 1994 in Dama, Kenema - Displaced.

James, Mboma (Male) age 61 - 1999 in Wandor, Kenema - Displaced.

Detained.

Killed.

James, Michael (Male) - 1996 - Forced to labour.

Killed.

James, Moinama (Male) age 74 - 1994 in Nongowa, Kenema - Displaced and property looted.

James, Musu (Female) age 49 - 1999 in Wandor, Kenema - Displaced.

James, Nemah (Female) - Killed.


James, Sahr (Male) - 1994 in Gbense, Kono - Killed.

James, Satta (Female) - 1992 in Penguia, Kailahun - Displaced.

James, Serah (Male) - 1994 in Gbense, Kono - Killed.

James, Tamba (Male) - 1994 in Gorama Kono, Kono - Forced to labour.

James, Theresa (Female) age 34 - 1999 in Valunia, Bo District - Property looted.

Assaulted.

James, Theresa (Female) age 43 - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Displaced.

Jaminah, Kakie (Female) - 1994 in Kakua, Bo District - Displaced.
Abducted and detained.

Jaminah, Morie (Male) - 1991 in Malema, Kailahun - Tortured and stripped.

Killed.

Janeh, Moses (Male) - 1998 in Nongoba Bullom, Bonthe - Extorted.

Assaulted and stripped.

Janneh, Abs (Male) - 1999 in Samu, Kambia - Property looted.

Janneh, Balu (Female) age 30 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Janneh, Ishiatu (Female) age 26 - Displaced and property looted.
Janneh, Karim (Male) age 15 - 1999 in Sengbe, Koinadugu - Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Jannie, Lussni (Male) - 1991 in Niawa, Kenema - Property looted.

Jar, Momoh (Male) - 1997 - Property destroyed.

Jarka, Alhaji Lamin (Male) age 42 - 1999 in Western Area - Extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Limb amputated.

Jarrie, Amara (Male) - Displaced.

Jaugba, Jinnah (Male) - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Displaced.

Tortured.

Javawa, Moor (Male) - 1991 in Pujehun - Abducted.

Stripped.
Stripped.

Javawamassaquoi, Baindu Munda (Female) age 59 - 1991 in Soro Gbema, Pujehun - Property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Jawara, Amidu (Male) age 27 - 1998 in Follosaba Dembelia, Koinadugu - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and stripped.

Jawara, Fasalie (Male) - Abducted and detained.

Jawara, Fasalie (Male) age 60 - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Jawara, Fatmata (Female) age 53 - 1998 in Follosaba Dembelia, Koinadugu - Displaced.
Jawara, Finah (Female) - 1998 in Sulima, Koinadugu - Forced to labour.

Jawara, Foday (Male) age 51 - 1994 in Wara-Wara Yagala, Koinadugu - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Jawara, Gbemeh (Male) age 19 - 1996 in Kando Leppeama, Kenema - Killed.

Jawara, Kadiatu (Female) age 68 - 1995 in Imperi, Bonthe - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Jawara, Kalie (Male) age 45 - Property looted and destroyed.

Assaulted.
Assaulted.

Jawara, Karamoko (Male) age 55 - 1998 - Displaced and property looted.

Jawara, Kasale (Male) - 1998 in Kissi Teng, Kailahun - Killed.

Jawara, Momodu (Male) age 62 - 1998 in Follosaba Dembelia, Koinadugu - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Jawara, Musa (Male) - Displaced and extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.


Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 350 Jawara, Musa (Male) age 30 - 1998 in Follosaba Dembelia, Koinadugu - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Jawara, Sallu (Male) age 55 - 1999 in Sella Limba, Bombali - Displaced and property looted.

Jawara, Sana (Female) - 1998 in Sulima, Koinadugu - Assaulted.

Jawara, Sarah (Female) age 72 - 1998 in Follosaba Dembelia, Koinadugu - Property destroyed.

Jawara, Sheku (Male) - 1994 in Nongowa, Kenema - Displaced.
Killed.

Jawara, Sundu (Female) - 1994 in Wara-Wara Yagala, Koinadugu - Abducted and detained.

Jawara, Umaru (Male) age 28 - 1998 in Sulima, Koinadugu - Extorted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and tortured.

Jawara, Yarah (Male) - 1998 in Sengbe, Koinadugu - Killed.

Jaward, Abdulai (Male) - 1991 in Malema, Kailahun - Killed.

Jaward, Alhaji Fomba (Male) age 64 - 1991 in Mandu, Kailahun - Displaced and property looted.

Jaward, Bobor (Male) age 13 - 1993 in Tankoro, Kono - Displaced.

Tortured.
Tortured.

Jaward, Foday (Male) - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Killed.

Jaward, Foday (Male) age 63 - 1994 in Nongowa, Kenema - Displaced and property looted.

Jaward, Mariama (Female) - 1991 in Malema, Kailahun - Killed.

Jaward, Nyademoh (Male) age 23 - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Jayah, Bobor (Male) - 1997 - Displaced and extorted.

Abducted.

Assaulted, tortured, limb amputated and forced to participate in an act of cannibalism.

Jayah, Foday (Male) - 1993 in Kenema - Killed.


Jayah, Hawa (Female) - 1999 in Western Area - Killed.

Jayah, Idrisa Francis Anthony (Male) age 60 - 1993 in Wandor, Kenema - Property destroyed.

Jayah, Joseph (Male) - 1994 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Jayah, Kinny (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Property destroyed.

Killed.

Jayah, Mageret Adama (Female) age 25 - 1991 in Langorama, Kenema - Displaced.

Forced to labour.
Forced to labour.

Jayah, Sheku (Male) age 38 - 1994 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced and property destroyed.

Jayah, Tommy (Male) - Displaced.

Killed.

Jeanet, Nyapo (Female) - Abducted and detained.

Jebbeh, Maa (Female) - Killed.

Jebbo, Gassimu (Male) age 46 - 1995 - Displaced.

Jebu, Boi (Female) age 43 - 1995 in Imperi, Bonthe - Property looted and destroyed.

Jegboh, Brima (Male) - 1995 in Kwamebai Krim, Bonthe - Killed.

Jegula, Malikie (Male) - 1991 in Penguia, Kailahun - Killed.
Jeneba, Yeama (Female) - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Property destroyed.

Jeneh, Momoh (Male) - 1991 in Malen, Pujehun - Displaced.

Jeneh, Sheriff (Female) age 15 - 1998 in Koya, Kenema - Tortured.

Killed.

Jengbe, Hassana (Male) - 1994 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Displaced.

Abducted.

Jenjo, Jebbeh (Female) - 1991 - Displaced.

Jerry, Borbor (Male) - 1991 - Abducted and detained.

Jiah, Joseph (Male) age 23 - 1994 in Kando Leppeama, Kenema - Killed.
Jiah, Vandi (Male) age 70 - 1991 in Mandu, Kailahun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Jibateh, Luseni (Male) age 51 - 1998 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Detained.

Assaulted.

Jimbo, John (Male) age 26 - 1996 in Badjia, Bo District - Killed.

Jimisa, Komba (Male) age 27 - 1992 in Kono - Displaced and property looted.

Forced to labour.

Jimmissa, Komba (Male) - 1993 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and stripped.


Jimmissa, Sahr (Male) age 29 - 1993 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced.

Jimmy, Amie (Female) age 48 - 1991 in Jawie, Kailahun - Displaced and property destroyed.

Jimmy, Bockarie (Male) - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Killed.

Jimmy, Francis (Male) age 48 - 1995 in Nimiyama, Kono - Extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Jimmy, Francis (Male) age 48 - 1995 in Wandor, Kenema - Displaced.
Jimmy, Kadie (Female) age 34 - 1991 in Sowa, Pujehun - Displaced, extorted and property looted.

Jimmy, Momoh (Male) - 1991 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Jimmy, Momoh (Male) - 1998 in Wunde, Bo District - Assaulted and tortured.

Jimmy, Momoh (Male) - 1991 in Baoma, Bo District - Killed.

Jimmy, Momoh (Male) age 53 - 1995 in Mandu, Kailahun - Forced to labour.

Assaulted and tortured.


Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 351 Jimmy, Tamba (Male) age 36 - Killed.

Jinah, Kadie (Female) age 47 - 1991 in Malen, Pujehun - Displaced.

Jjakema, Brima (Male) - 1991 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Property looted.

Job, Nabieu (Male) - 1997 in Kenema - Abducted and detained.

Jobo, Mustapha (Male) - 1991 in Wunde, Bo District - Displaced and property looted.

Joe, David (Male) age 45 - 1991 in Badjia, Bo District - Abducted.
Joe, Komba (Male) age 36 - 1992 in Soa, Kono - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Joe, Kumba (Female) - 1996 in Gbane, Kono - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Limb amputated.

Joe, Momoh (Male) - 1996 in Malegohun, Kenema - Killed.

Joe, Njabu (Female) - 1995 - Abducted and detained.

Joebeth, Abdulai Hinga (Male) age 24 - 1994 in Komboya, Bo District - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.


Joebo, Hawa (Female) age 40 - Displaced and property destroyed.

Jogo Turay, Mbalu (Female) age 40 - 1999 in Wara-Wara Yagala, Koinadugu - Displaced.

Johadie, Anna (Female) age 43 - 1995 in Banta Gbanggbatoke, Moyamba - Displaced and property looted.

John, Baindu (Female) age 46 - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted.

John, Brima (Male) - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Killed.

John, Fatorma (Male) - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Killed.
John, Hawa (Female) age 67 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Assaulted and tortured.

John, Jita (Female) - 1995 - Abducted and detained.

John, Lasana (Male) age 28 - 1991 - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

John, Mariama (Female) age 27 - 1998 in Nimikoro, Kono - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted.

Assaulted.

John, Mattu (Female) age 4 - 1996 in Bonthe UDC, Bonthe - Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Killed.

John, Mauawa (Female) - 1997 in Simbaru, Kenema - Abducted.
John, Musa (Male) - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Killed.

John, Patrick (Male) - 1995 in Valunia, Bo District - Killed.

John, Saffa (Male) - Killed.

John, Samuel (Male) age 45 - 1999 in Western Area - Killed.

John, Sorba (Male) - 1996 - Property destroyed.

John, Sorba (Male) age 34 - 1996 in Bonthe UDC, Bonthe - Property looted and destroyed.

John Bull, Banard (Male) age 63 - 1994 - Tortured.

Killed.

John Lavalie, Annie (Female) age 36 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.
Forced to labour.

Johnbull, Aiah (Male) age 74 - 1998 in Kamara, Kono - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and stripped.

Johnbull, Inna (Female) - Displaced.

Johnbull, Saidu (Male) - Killed.

John-Kobu, Foday (Male) age 45 - 1991 in Jawie, Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and stripped.

Killed.

Johnny, Moses (Male) - 1995 in Kori, Moyamba - Killed.

Johnpull, Kalilu (Male) age 35 - 1999 in Badjia, Bo District - Extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.


Johnson, Anetta (Female) - 1997 in Western Area - Tortured.

Johnson, Cole (Male) age 20 - 1997 in Port Loko - Forced to labour.

Tortured.

Johnson, Diana (Female) age 20 - 1991 in Sowa, Pujehun - Displaced.

Abducted.

Johnson, Elkanah (Male) age 27 - 1995 in Bonthe - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Johnson, Fayia (Male) - Killed.

Johnson, J.K. (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.


Johnson, Joseph (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Killed.

Johnson, Ogunade (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Killed.

Johnson, Sahr (Male) age 37 - 1999 - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Johnson, Thomas (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Killed.

Jojo, Wuyata (Female) - 1991 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Abducted and detained.

Jolloh, Ahmadu (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Forced to labour.

Limb amputated.

Joma, Foday (Male) - 1998 in Jawie, Kailahun - Killed.
Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 352 Jombo, Tamba (Male) - 1998 - Killed.

Jonathan, Ansumana (Male) age 46 - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Jones, Esther Isatu (Female) age 43 - 2000 in Kholifa Rowalla, Tonkolili - Property looted.

Jones, Malcolm (Male) age 13 - 1999 in Western Area - Extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Jones, Massa (Female) - 1999 in Western Area - Property destroyed.

Jongo, Borbor (Male) - 1991 in Jawie, Kailahun - Displaced.
Abducted and detained.

Assaulted, tortured and stripped.

Jongo, Murry (Male) age 37 - Displaced.

Tortured.

Jongopi, Momodu (Male) - Killed.

Jonjo, Morie (Male) age 40 - 1998 in Barri, Pujehun - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Jonner, Tenneh (Female) age 25 - 1992 in Tankoro, Kono - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Jonnie, Boima (Male) - 1991 in Malema, Kailahun - Killed.

Joseph, Annie (Female) - 1998 in Lugbu, Bo District - Displaced.

Joseph, Braima (Male) - Abducted and detained.

Killed.
Killed.

Joseph, Brima (Male) age 60 - 1997 in Jong, Bonthe - Property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Joseph, Hawa (Female) age 30 - 1995 in Barri, Pujehun - Displaced.

Joseph, James (Male) - 1994 in Tikonko, Bo District - Killed.

Joseph, Kamah (Female) age 60 - 1997 in Jong, Bonthe - Extorted and property looted.

Assaulted and tortured.

Joseph, Saffiatu (Female) age 15 - Abducted.

Joseph, Tamba (Male) age 38 - 1996 in Gorama Kono, Kono - Displaced and extorted.

Forced to labour.
Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Joseph, Theresa (Female) age 16 - Displaced.

Abducted.

Assaulted.

Josiah, Aiah (Male) age 71 - 1998 in Kono - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted.

Assaulted.

Josiah, Aminata (Female) age 40 - 1995 in Kowa, Moyamba - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Josiah, Francis (Male) - 1994 in Kissi Tongi, Kailahun - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and tortured.

Killed.

Josiah, Kinnie (Female) - 1996 in Bagbe, Bo District - Displaced.
Josiah, Komba (Male) - 1998 in Bombali Shebora, Bombali - Killed.

Josiah, Musa (Male) age 51 - 1991 in Penguia, Kailahun - Killed.

Josiah, Musu (Female) age 10 - 1991 in Luawa, Kailahun - Displaced.

Josiah, Sahr (Male) age 25 - 1997 - Tortured.

Josiah, Sumaila (Male) - 1991 in Penguia, Kailahun - Abducted.

Killed.

Josiah, Sylvester (Male) age 41 - 1995 - Displaced.

Juah-Young, Mannah (Male) age 30 - 1995 in Imperi, Bonthe - Property looted.

Juama, Brima (Male) - 1995 in Benducha, Bonthe - Displaced.
Abducted and detained.

Juana, Bockarie (Male) age 24 - 1992 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Tortured.

Juana, Hawa (Female) age 49 - 1999 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Detained.

Juana, Isata (Female) age 21 - 1992 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced.

Tortured.

Juana, Jusu (Male) - 1993 in Western Area - Detained.

Juana, Kula (Female) age 25 - 1992 - Displaced.

Juana, Tamba (Male) - 1991 in Banta Mokele, Moyamba - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Stripped.
Stripped.

Juba, Sam (Male) - 1997 in Mandu, Kailahun - Tortured.

Killed.

Julia, Lahai (Male) - 1991 in Sowa, Pujehun - Killed.

Julius, Joe (Male) age 10 - Killed.

Juma, Bockarie (Male) - 1994 in Gorama Mende, Kenema - Abducted.

Juma, Brima (Male) age 28 - 1993 in Nongowa, Kenema - Killed.

Juma, Hawa (Female) - 2000 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Killed.

Juma, Mattu (Female) age 3 - 2000 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Killed.

Juma, Musa (Male) - 1991 in Langorama, Kenema - Killed.
Jumah, Adama (Female) - 1994 in Gorama Mende, Kenema - Displaced.

Abducted.

Jumble, Ginnah (Female) - 1992 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Junisa, Abdulai (Male) - 1991 in Follosaba Dembelia, Koinadugu - Property destroyed.

Assaulted.

Junisa, Alpha (Male) - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Assaulted.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 353 Junisa, Jenneh (Female) age 60 - 1995 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Killed.

Junisa, Kalilu (Male) age 32 - 1993 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced.
Junisa, Kia (Female) - 1996 in Bumpeh, Moyamba - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Junisa, Messie (Female) age 51 - 1994 in Mandu, Kailahun - Killed.

Junisa, Momoh (Male) age 73 - 1991 in Follosaba Dembelia, Koinadugu - Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Junisa, Tommy (Male) - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Assaulted.

Junny, Kadie (Female) age 30 - 1996 in Yawbeko, Bonthe - Abducted.

Limb amputated.

Killed.


Jusu, Abdulai (Male) - 1992 in Dodo, Kenema - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Jusu, Alex (Male) age 9 - 1991 in Badjia, Bo District - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Jusu, Alhaji (Male) - 1993 in Dasse, Moyamba - Abducted and detained.

Jusu, Amara (Male) age 67 - 1993 in Jalahun, Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Jusu, Aruna (Male) age 26 - 1998 in Kenema - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Killed.


Jusu, Edward (Male) - 1995 - Displaced.

Jusu, Gbassay (Female) - 1997 in Kaiyamba, Moyamba - Property looted.

Abducted.

Tortured.

Jusu, H.I.S (Male) - 1995 in Banta Gbanggbatoke, Moyamba - Displaced.

Jusu, Henry (Male) age 19 - 1995 in Banta Gbanggbatoke, Moyamba - Displaced.

Detained.

Jusu, Henry (Male) age 61 - 1995 in Imperi, Bonthe - Displaced and property destroyed.

Jusu, Ibrahim (Male) age 38 - Assaulted.


Jusu, Ibrahim Momoh (Male) age 55 - 1995 in Imperi, Bonthe - Displaced and property destroyed.

Jusu, James (Male) age 23 - 1998 in Koya, Kenema - Displaced.

Jusu, John (Male) - 1996 in Sella Limba, Bombali - Displaced.

Jusu, Juana (Male) - 1997 in Mandu, Kailahun - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Jusu, Juliane (Female) age 17 - Displaced.

Jusu, Karmoh (Male) - 1991 in Bagbo, Bo District - Displaced.
Jusu, Kono (Male) age 75 - 1991 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Killed.

Jusu, Lucy (Female) age 59 - 1992 in Dodo, Kenema - Displaced.

Jusu, Mamatu (Female) - 1997 in Mandu, Kailahun - Displaced.

Jusu, Marion (Female) age 28 - 1991 in Luawa, Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Jusu, Mary (Female) age 39 - 1996 in Bo District - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.


Jusu, Massah (Female) age 30 - 1994 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced and property destroyed.

Jusu, Mathew (Male) age 38 - 1995 in Ribbi, Moyamba - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Tortured.

Jusu, Middi (Female) - 1995 in Banta Mokele, Moyamba - Displaced.

Jusu, Mohamed (Male) - 1991 in Malema, Kailahun - Displaced.

Assaulted and stripped.

Jusu, Momoh (Male) - 1997 in Jalahun, Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Killed.
Assaulted.

Killed.

Jusu, Mustapha (Male) - 1992 in Dodo, Kenema - Killed.

Jusu, O.P.J (Male) - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Property looted and destroyed.

Jusu, Saffa (Male) age 50 - 1991 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Jusu, Shaka (Male) age 59 - 1992 in Kailahun - Killed.

Jusu, Simeon (Male) - 1995 in Ribbi, Moyamba - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Jusu, Somaso (Male) age 21 - 1991 in Koya, Kenema - Displaced.

Assaulted and tortured.


Jusu, Steven (Male) age 28 - Displaced and property looted.

Jusu, Tommy (Male) - 1995 in Imperi, Bonthe - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Killed.

Jusu, Tommy (Male) age 18 - 1991 in Kpanda Kemo, Bonthe - Property looted.

Forced to labour.

Jusu, Tommy (Male) age 22 - 1995 - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Jusu Lamboi, Smith (Male) - 1993 in Baoma, Bo District - Abducted and detained.

Jusu Mallay, Alhaji (Male) - 1994 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Killed.
Kaamoh, Gbendne (Male) - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Killed.

Kabanner, Foday (Male) - 1991 in Upper Bambara , Kailahun - Killed.

Kabba, Abu (Male) age 73 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Kabba, Aiah (Male) age 50 - 1999 in Western Area - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Kabba, Alhaji (Male) age 3 - 1998 in Kamara, Kono - Abducted and detained.

Tortured.
Tortured.

Kabba, Alhaji Ibrahim (Male) age 65 - 1995 in Imperi, Bonthe - Displaced and property looted and Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 354 destroyed.

Kabba, Alieu (Male) age 34 - 1995 - Property looted.

Assaulted.

Kabba, Alusine (Male) - 1998 in Kando Leppeama, Kenema - Killed.

Kabba, Brima (Male) - Killed.

Kabba, Fatmata (Female) - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and limb amputated.

Kabba, Fatu (Female) age 41 - 1994 in Kholifa Rowalla, Tonkolili - Displaced and property looted.
Kabba, Foday (Male) age 67 - 1997 - Property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and limb amputated.

Kabba, Hamaro - Limb amputated.

Kabba, Ibrahim (Male) age 31 - 1999 in Leibasgayahun, Bombali - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Tortured.

Kabba, Isata (Female) age 27 - 1994 in Nimikoro, Kono - Property looted.

Kabba, Iye (Female) - 1995 in Ribbi, Moyamba - Displaced.

Killed.

Kabba, Juana (Male) age 27 - 1995 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced.

Tortured.
Tortured.

Kabba, Kai (Male) - 1998 in Kamara, Kono - Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Kabba, Kemokai (Male) age 73 - 1991 in Soro Gbema, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Kabba, Lamin (Male) - 1997 in Imperi, Bonthe - Assaulted.

Kabba, Lamin (Male) age 9 - 1993 - Forced to labour.

Kabba, Marie (Female) - 1996 in Koya, Port Loko - Killed.

Kabba, Musa (Male) - 2000 in Yoni, Tonkolili - Killed.
Kabba, Muskla (Male) - 1996 in Jiama-Bongor, Bo District - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Kabba, Saidu (Male) age 40 - 1994 in Simbaru, Kenema - Displaced and property destroyed.

Kabba, Sayo (Female) age 27 - 1995 - Displaced.

Abducted.

Tortured.

Kabba, Sellu Juana (Male) age 61 - Displaced and property looted.

Assaulted and tortured.

Kabba, Sirah (Female) - 1998 in Gbonkolenken, Tonkolili - Property looted.

Kabba, Steven (Male) - 1992 - Killed.


Kabba, Takueu (Male) age 51 - 1994 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted, tortured and stripped.

Kabbah, Alusine (Male) - 1995 in Ribbi, Moyamba - Killed.

Kabbah, Bangalie (Male) - 1996 - Forced to labour.

Kabbah, Bundu (Male) age 27 - 1999 in Western Area - Assaulted.

Killed.

Kabbah, Mbalu (Female) age 36 - Displaced and property looted.

Kabbah, Mohamed (Male) - 1991 in Nongoba Bullom, Bonthe - Killed.
Kabbah, Mohamed (Male) age 90 - 1995 in Ribbi, Moyamba - Displaced and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Tortured.

Kabbah, Musu (Female) - 1995 in Dibia, Port Loko - Displaced and property looted.

Kabbah, Sallay (Female) age 33 - 1995 - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted.

Assaulted.

Kabbah, Sorie (Male) - 1995 in Ribbi, Moyamba - Displaced.

Killed.

Kabbay, A.I.

(Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Property destroyed.

Kabbia, Abdul (Male) age 38 - 1996 in Tane, Tonkolili - Property looted.
Kabbia, Alhaji (Male) - 1994 - Killed.

Kabbia, Foday (Male) age 45 - 1998 in Fakunya, Moyamba - Displaced and property destroyed.

Kabbia, Ibrahim (Male) - 1999 in Bombali Shebora, Bombali - Extorted.

Forced to labour.

Tortured.

Kabbia, Isaac (Male) age 20 - 1994 - Displaced and property destroyed.

Kabbia, Joseph (Male) - 1994 - Assaulted.

Killed.

Kabbia, Mohamed (Male) - 1994 - Killed.

Kabbia, Mohamed (Male) age 30 - 1998 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced and property destroyed.
Kabbia, Ousman (Male) - 1994 - Forced to labour.

Kabbia, Unisa (Male) age 35 - 2000 in Bombali Shebora, Bombali - Displaced, extorted and property looted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Kabbia, Yabalu (Female) - 1999 in Konike Sande, Tonkolili - Killed.

Kabbie, Alpha (Male) - 1998 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Abducted and detained.

Stripped and limb amputated.

Killed.

Kabbie, Mamawa (Female) age 50 - 1992 - Displaced.

Kabelia, Momodu (Male) - 2000 in Sulima, Koinadugu - Displaced and property looted.
Kabeneh, Foday (Male) age 37 - 1991 in Tunkia, Kenema - Killed.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 355 Kabenque, Sia (Female) - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Kabia, Abdulai (Male) - 1996 in Kafe Simira, Tonkolili - Abducted.

Kabia, Abdulai (Male) age 43 - 1996 in Malal Mara, Tonkolili - Displaced.

Kabia, Abu (Male) - 1996 in Marampa, Port Loko - Killed.

Kabia, Adama (Female) - 1996 in Marampa, Port Loko - Abducted.

Limb amputated.

Kabia, Albert (Male) - 1997 - Stripped.

Killed.


Kabia, Alusine (Male) - 1997 - Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Kabia, Aminata (Female) age 16 - 1991 in Nongoba Bullom, Bonthe - Displaced.

Kabia, Baba (Male) age 34 - 1998 - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Kabia, Bai (Male) - 1997 in Sanda Tendaren, Bombali - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and limb amputated.

Kabia, Bai Lawyer (Male) - Abducted.


Kabia, Bashir A (Male) age 39 - 1997 in Sanda Tendaren, Bombali - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Kabia, Emmanuel Sallieu (Male) age 46 - 1995 in Loko Massama, Port Loko - Property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Kabia, Foday (Male) - 1996 in Western Area - Abducted.

Assaulted and limb amputated.

Kabia, Hawa (Female) - 1997 - Killed.

Kabia, Ibrahim (Male) age 19 - 1994 in Kholifa Rowalla, Tonkolili - Displaced.
Kabia, Ibrahim (Male) age 30 - 1998 in Kalansogia, Tonkolili - Property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Kabia, Ibrahim (Male) age 55 - 1996 in Nimikoro, Kono - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Kabia, Idrissa (Male) - 1996 in Tane, Tonkolili - Property looted.

Kabia, Isatu (Female) - 1999 in Yoni, Tonkolili - Displaced and property destroyed.

Assaulted.

Kabia, Ishmail (Male) age 43 - 1998 in Kono - Displaced.

Kabia, Kadiatu (Female) - 1998 in Sanda Tendaren, Bombali - Displaced.
Kabia, Kadie (Female) age 58 - 1996 - Displaced.

Kabia, Lamina (Male) - 1999 in Kholifa Rowalla, Tonkolili - Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Killed.

Kabia, Mabinty (Female) - 1998 in Marampa, Port Loko - Killed.

Kabia, Mabinty (Female) - 1996 - Abducted.

Kabia, Mohamed (Male) age 18 - 1996 in Malal Mara, Tonkolili - Displaced.

Killed.

Kabia, Ramatu (Female) - 1999 - Displaced.

Kabia, Saidu (Male) - 1996 in Marampa, Port Loko - Killed.

Kabia, Salamatu (Female) age 45 - 1998 in Kono - Displaced.
Kabia, Sallay (Female) age 5 - 1996 - Abducted and detained.

Kabia, Santigie (Male) age 25 - 1999 in Port Loko - Extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Kabia, Saudatu (Female) - Killed.

Kabia, Sheka (Male) age 27 - 1998 in Mambolo, Kambia - Tortured.

Kabia, Suba (Female) age 33 - 1997 - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Kabia, Wolematu (Female) - Killed.


Kabindi, Tamba (Male) age 35 - 1998 in Mandu, Kailahun - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted.

Tortured.

Kabinneh, Mohamed (Male) age 44 - 1994 - Displaced and extorted.

Detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Kadia, Amadu (Male) age 36 - 1994 in Malal Mara, Tonkolili - Displaced and property looted.

Kadie, Lusene (Female) - 1994 in Tikonko, Bo District - Killed.

Kafo, Komba (Male) - 1994 in Gbense, Kono - Killed.
Kafunor, Luseni (Male) - 1994 in Komboya, Bo District - Property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Tortured.

Kagbada, Amadu Fomba (Male) - 1991 in Luawa, Kailahun - Stripped.

Killed.

Kagbadi, Aiah (Male) - 1992 in Gorama Kono, Kono - Displaced and property looted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Kagbendi, Komba (Male) - 1994 in Nimikoro, Kono - Killed.

Kai, Amadu (Male) age 27 - 1997 in Sittia, Bonthe - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.
Kai, Isatu (Female) age 16 - 1998 in Nimiyama, Kono - Displaced.

Kai, James (Male) age 28 - 1998 in Gbense, Kono - Abducted and detained.

Kai, Joe (Male) - 1994 in Badjia, Bo District - Displaced.

Killed.

Kai, Lamin (Male) - 1997 in Bonthe - Abducted.

Killed.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 356 Kai, Lansana (Male) age 39 - 1997 in Bonthe - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Kai, Momoh (Male) - 1991 in Dia, Kailahun - Property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.


Kai, Willie (Male) age 29 - 1998 in Nimikoro, Kono - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Kaida, Momodu (Male) - 1991 in Sowa, Pujehun - Displaced.

Tortured.

Kaigbanja, Aiah (Male) age 31 - 1998 in Gbane, Kono - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Kaigbanja, Komba (Male) - 1998 in Gbane, Kono - Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Killed.

Kaigbanja, Sahr (Male) age 61 - 1995 in Sandor, Kono - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Kaigbanja, Samuel (Male) - 1995 - Killed.


Kaihun, Joseah (Male) age 54 - 1991 in Soro Gbema, Pujehun - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Kaikai, Annie (Female) - 1991 - Displaced and property looted.

Detained.

Kaikai, Ansumana (Male) - 1991 in Luawa, Kailahun - Killed.

Kaikai, Augusta (Female) age 31 - 1998 in Western Area - Displaced and property looted.

Assaulted.

Kaikai, Baby (Female) age 47 - 1992 in Malen, Pujehun - Displaced and property destroyed.
Kaikai, Josie Francis (Male) age 60 - 1991 - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Limb amputated.

Kaikai, Mamako (Female) age 32 - 1993 in Wunde, Bo District - Displaced and property looted.

Kaikai, Modibor (Male) age 33 - 1991 in Malen, Pujehun - Displaced.

Abducted.

Kaikai, Mohamed (Male) age 18 - 1998 in Western Area - Forced to labour.

Kaikai, Mustapha (Male) - 1991 - Killed.

Kaikai, Sarah (Female) age 38 - Displaced.


Kaikai, Susan (Female) - 1991 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Property looted.

Kaikai, Theresa (Female) age 16 - 1998 in Western Area - Displaced.

Kaikordu, Kumba (Female) - 1994 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Property looted.

Kailie, Sia (Female) age 21 - 1992 in Jalahun, Kailahun - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Kailleydambo, John age 18 - 1995 in Badjia, Bo District - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted.

Tortured.


Kailondo, Sallu (Male) - 1995 in Banta Mokele, Moyamba - Property destroyed.

Kaimansa, Bockarie (Male) age 84 - 1994 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced.

Kaimanu, Lavai (Male) - 1995 in Imperi, Bonthe - Property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Kain Challeu, Joe (Male) - 1995 in Gallinasperi, Pujehun - Abducted and detained.

Kainba, Amie (Female) - 1991 in Sowa, Pujehun - Displaced.

Tortured.

Kaindanah, Moinina (Male) age 30 - 1997 in Koya, Kenema - Assaulted.
Kaindaneh, Michael (Male) age 36 - 1995 in Dasse, Moyamba - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Assaulted and tortured.

Kainday, Edmond (Male) - 1995 - Limb amputated.

Kaine, Alieu (Male) - Extorted.

Kaine, Boackrie (Male) age 95 - 1991 - Abducted and detained.

Stripped.

Killed.

Kaine, John (Male) - 1995 in Kpanda Kemo, Bonthe - Displaced.

Kainessie, Alice (Female) - 1995 in Badjia, Bo District - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.
Kainessie, Aye (Female) - 1995 in Badjia, Bo District - Displaced.

Kainessie, Borbor (Male) - 1995 in Badjia, Bo District - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Kainessie, Choko (Female) age 23 - 1997 in Bumpeh, Moyamba - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Kainessie, Janisa (Male) age 30 - Property looted.

Abducted.

Stripped.

Kainessie, Magai (Male) age 64 - 1997 - Displaced and extorted.

Forced to labour.

Tortured.

Kainessie, Mary (Female) - 1996 in Fakunya, Moyamba - Property looted.
Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Kainessie, Tamba (Male) age 44 - 1992 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Tortured.

Kainessie, Yunisa (Male) - 1994 in Fakunya, Moyamba - Limb amputated.

Kairesie, Joseph (Male) age 24 - 1995 in Komboya, Bo District - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Kaisoh, Momoh (Male) - 1992 - Assaulted.

Kaitemoh, Jacob (Male) age 8 - 1995 in Kaiyamba, Moyamba - Forced to labour.

Tortured.
Tortured.

Kaithibie, Regina (Female) - 1995 in Gallinasperi, Pujehun - Abducted and detained.

Kaithibie, Sowo (Female) - 1995 in Gallinasperi, Pujehun - Abducted and detained.

Kaitta, Ibrahim (Male) age 25 - 1999 in Sengbe, Koinadugu - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 357 Kaiwa, John (Male) age 25 - 1995 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Kaiyada, Femusu (Female) age 38 - 1998 in Sandor, Kono - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.
Assaulted.

Kaiyada, Sia (Female) age 28 - 1998 in Sandor, Kono - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Kajua, Fema (Female) age 6 - Assaulted.

Kajue, Albert (Male) age 60 - Displaced.

Kajue, Amie (Female) age 4 - Assaulted.

Killed.

Kajue, Matu (Female) - Displaced.

Kakura, Musa (Male) age 13 - 1999 in Western Area - Abducted.

Assaulted.

Kalahun, Saffa (Male) - 1998 in Luawa, Kailahun - Abducted and detained.
Kalawa, Alhaji (Male) age 50 - 1998 in Koinadugu - Displaced and property destroyed.

Kalawa, Alimamy (Male) - 1998 in Biriwa, Bombali - Property looted and destroyed.

Kalawa, Amadu (Male) age 68 - 1998 in Biriwa, Bombali - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Kalawa, Murray (Male) age 80 - 1998 in Koinadugu - Property destroyed.

Killed.

Kalawa, Samba (Male) - 1998 in Koinadugu - Displaced and property destroyed.

Kalawa, Sebatu (Female) - Displaced.


Kalie, Alieu (Male) - 1995 - Property looted.

Kalie, Mohamed (Male) age 69 - 1999 in Western Area - Killed.

Kalie, Momoh (Male) - 1995 in Benducha, Bonthe - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Kalilu, Mariama (Female) - 2000 in Kakua, Bo District - Tortured.

Killed.

Kalilu, Vandy (Male) - 1991 in Bagbo, Bo District - Forced to labour.

Kallay, Abdul (Male) - 1995 in Ribbi, Moyamba - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.
Kallay, Foday Baimba (Male) age 11 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced and extorted.

Kallay, Hawa (Female) - 1998 - Limb amputated.

Kallay, Kaday (Female) - 1998 in Masungbala, Kambia - Property destroyed.

Kallay, Martha (Female) - 1998 - Abducted and detained.

Kallay, Sanniey (Male) age 38 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced and property destroyed.

Kallie, Eleanor (Female) age 56 - 1995 in Moyamba - Displaced and property destroyed.
Kallie, Marrah (Male) - 1998 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Kallie, Marrah (Male) age 66 - 2000 - Forced to labour.

Tortured.

Kalllon, Sellu (Male) - 1995 - Assaulted and tortured.

Kallon, Abdul (Male) age 33 - 1997 in Sittia, Bonthe - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Kallon, Abdulai (Male) - 1995 in Peje, Pujehun - Property looted and destroyed.

Kallon, Abdulai (Male) - Displaced.


Kallon, Abu (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Killed.

Kallon, Alhaji Abdulai (Male) - Displaced and property destroyed.

Kallon, Allieu (Male) - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Kallon, Amadu (Male) age 68 - 1991 - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Kallon, Amara (Male) age 33 - 1991 in Sowa, Pujehun - Property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Kallon, Aminata (Female) - Displaced.


Kallon, Baby (Female) - 1991 in Soro Gbema, Pujehun - Killed.

Kallon, Baindu (Female) age 26 - 1991 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Kallon, Bashiru Imuran (Male) - 1994 in Pujehun - Property looted.

Killed.

Kallon, Betty (Female) age 70 - 1991 in Yawei, Kailahun - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Kallon, Boakie (Male) - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Displaced and property destroyed.

Assaulted and tortured.


Kallon, Bobor (Male) - 1991 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Killed.

Kallon, Bockarie (Male) - 1996 in Baoma, Bo District - Limb amputated.

Kallon, Bockarie (Male) - 1997 in Malema, Kailahun - Killed.

Kallon, Bockarie (Male) age 60 - 1991 in Sowa, Pujehun – Displaced.

Property looted.

Abducted.

Detained.

Kallon, Borbor (Male) age 24 - 1995 in Bonthe UDC, Bonthe - Displaced.

Kallon, Brima (Male) - 1991 in Sowa, Pujehun - Property looted and destroyed.
Kallon, Brima (Male) - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Kallon, Brima (Male) - 1994 in Badjia, Bo District - Property destroyed.

Abducted.

Assaulted and tortured.

Kallon, Brima (Male) age 25 - 1993 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Displaced.

Property looted and destroyed.

Kallon, Brima (Male) age 29 - 1991 in Malen, Pujehun - Displaced and property destroyed.

Assaulted.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 358 Kallon, Brima (Male) age 37 - 1998 in Gaura, Kenema - Tortured.
Kallon, Brima (Male) age 53 - 1999 in Peje, Pujehun - Extorted and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Kallon, Brima (Male) age 64 - 1994 - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Kallon, Fanta (Female) - Property destroyed.

Killed.

Kallon, Fatorma (Male) - 1994 in Barri, Pujehun - Property looted and destroyed.

Kallon, Faturma (Male) - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Forced to labour.

Killed.
Killed.

Kallon, Foday (Male) - 1991 in Soro Gbema, Pujehun - Assaulted, tortured and stripped.

Kallon, Foday (Male) age 14 - Displaced.

Kallon, Foday (Male) age 17 - 1997 in Koya, Kenema - Displaced.

Kallon, Foday (Male) age 49 - 1991 in Peje West, Kailahun - Property destroyed.

Abducted.

Kallon, Foday (Male) age 73 - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted.

Kallon, George (Male) age 20 - 1997 in Nongowa, Kenema - Assaulted.
Kallon, Gibrilla (Male) - 1996 in Baoma, Bo District - Limb amputated.

Kallon, Hasawa (Male) age 7 - 1991 - Forced to labour.

Killed.

Kallon, Hawa (Female) age 48 - 1993 in Yakemo-Kpukumu Krim, Pujehun - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Kallon, Hawa (Female) age 68 - 1992 in Koya, Kenema - Displaced.

Kallon, Ibrahim (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Forced to labour.

Tortured and stripped.

Kallon, Ibrahim (Male) - 1993 in Nongowa, Kenema - Displaced.

Forced to labour.
Forced to labour.

Kallon, Jebbeh (Female) - 1998 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Extorted.

Tortured.

Kallon, Jeneba (Female) age 30 - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Kallon, Jeneba (Female) age 43 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Kallon, Jeneba (Female) age 45 - 1992 in Soa, Kono - Property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Kallon, Jenneh (Female) age 40 - 1991 in Peje, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.
Kallon, Jitta Musu (Female) - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Killed.

Kallon, Jusu (Male) age 59 - 1991 in Kpaka, Pujehun - Property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and tortured.

Kallon, Kadiatu (Female) age 10 - 1993 in Wara-Wara Yagala, Koinadugu - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Kallon, Kenei (Male) - 1994 in Barri, Pujehun - Property destroyed.

Kallon, Kula (Female) - 1991 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Killed.

Kallon, Kula (Female) - Killed.


Kallon, Kula (Female) - 1993 in Small Bo, Kenema - Killed.

Kallon, Kula (Female) - 1991 in Small Bo, Kenema - Killed.

Kallon, Kula (Female) age 27 - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Kallon, Lahai (Male) age 50 - 1991 in Kagboro, Moyamba - Abducted and detained.

Kallon, Lamin (Male) - 1991 in Kpaka, Pujehun - Killed.

Kallon, Lamina (Male) - 1991 in Gallinasperi, Pujehun - Killed.
Kallon, Lansana (Male) age 19 - 1991 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Assaulted and tortured.

Kallon, Lansana (Male) age 37 - 1993 in Yakemo-Kpukumu Krim, Pujehun - Forced to labour.

Assaulted and tortured.

Kallon, Lappia (Male) age 45 - Displaced and extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Kallon, Mannah (Male) age 18 - 1991 in Kpaka, Pujehun - Displaced.

Tortured.

Killed.

Kallon, Mariama (Female) age 10 - 1991 - Displaced.
Kallon, Mariama (Female) age 12 - 1994 in Badjia, Bo District - Killed.

Kallon, Mariama (Female) age 25 - 1997 in Dasse, Moyamba - Property destroyed.

Kallon, Mariama (Female) age 47 - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Kallon, Martha (Female) - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Kallon, Massah (Female) age 25 - Killed.

Kallon, Massah (Female) age 40 - 1991 in Makpele, Pujehun - Displaced.
Kallon, Matorma (Female) age 30 - 1998 in Nongowa, Kenema - Displaced, extorted and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Kallon, Mohamed (Male) - 1991 in Sowa, Pujehun - Extorted.

Assaulted.

Kallon, Mohamed (Male) - Displaced.

Killed.

Kallon, Mohamed (Male) - Property looted.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 359 Kallon, Mohamed (Male) - 1991 in Sielenga, Bo District - Killed.

Kallon, Mohamed (Male) - 1994 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Property looted and destroyed.

Assaulted.
Assaulted.

Kallon, Mohamed (Male) - 1996 in Baoma, Bo District - Abducted and detained.

Limb amputated.

Kallon, Mohamed (Male) age 21 - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Assaulted and tortured.

Kallon, Mohamed (Male) age 23 - 1992 in Dama, Kenema - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Tortured.

Kallon, Mohamed (Male) age 34 - 1991 in Soro Gbema, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted.

Detained.

Assaulted, tortured and stripped.


Kallon, Mohamed (Male) age 44 - 1997 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Forced to labour.

Tortured.

Kallon, Moigoa (Male) age 49 - 1991 in Gaura, Kenema - Displaced.

Killed.

Kallon, Moina (Male) - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Killed.

Kallon, Momoh (Male) - 1991 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Property looted.

Kallon, Momoh (Male) age 6 - 1991 in Gaura, Kenema - Displaced.

Kallon, Momoh (Male) age 27 - 1992 in Tunkia, Kenema - Property looted.

Forced to labour.
Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Kallon, Momoh Sao (Male) age 54 - 1991 in Koya, Kenema - Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Kallon, Mone (Male) age 33 - 1993 in Small Bo, Kenema - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Killed.

Kallon, Morie (Male) age 56 - 1995 in Baoma, Bo District - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Kallon, Moses (Male) - 1998 in Dema, Bonthe - Property looted and destroyed.

Kallon, Munda (Male) age 38 - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.
Abducted and detained.

Kallon, Musa (Male) age 7 - Displaced and extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Kallon, Musa (Male) age 23 - 1991 in Peje, Pujehun - Property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Kallon, Musu (Female) - Property looted and destroyed.

Kallon, Musu (Female) age 35 - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted.

Assaulted.

Kallon, Ngor Lahai (Male) - 1993 in Sowa, Pujehun - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.


Kallon, Ousman (Male) - 1995 in Moyamba - Property destroyed.

Killed.

Kallon, Ousman (Male) - 1994 in Bagbo, Bo District - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Kallon, Ousman (Male) age 22 - 1992 in Gaura, Kenema - Displaced.

Tortured and limb amputated.

Kallon, Patrick (Male) age 27 - 1997 in Gaura, Kenema - Abducted.

Killed.

Kallon, Saffa (Male) age 60 - 1991 in Kpaka, Pujehun - Abducted and detained.
Kallon, Saidu (Male) - Property looted and destroyed.

Kallon, Saidu (Male) age 11 - 1994 - Displaced.

Kallon, Saidu (Male) age 65 - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Kallon, Sam (Male) age 10 - Displaced.

Tortured.

Kallon, Samoka (Male) - Displaced.

Kallon, Samu (Male) - 1991 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Killed.

Kallon, Satta (Female) age 29 - 1994 in Simbaru, Kenema - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Kallon, Sebatu (Female) age 12 - 1997 - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.


Kallon, Sellu M (Male) age 57 - 1993 in Kenema - Displaced.

Kallon, Shegbe (Female) - 1991 in Sielenga, Bo District - Displaced and property looted.

Killed.

Kallon, Sheku (Male) age 46 - 1991 in Makpele, Pujehun - Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Kallon, Shenge (Male) - 1994 in Gallinasperi, Pujehun - Killed.

Kallon, Sowie (Female) age 29 - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Displaced.

Kallon, Steven (Male) - 1994 in Malen, Pujehun - Tortured.
Kallon, Tenneh (Female) age 22 - Displaced.

Abducted.

Assaulted.

Kallon, Vandi (Male) age 45 - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Kallon, Vandi (Male) age 55 - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Kallon, Vandi (Male) age 70 - 1991 in Jawie, Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Kallon, Yambasu (Male) age 28 - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Killed.

Kallon-Fallay, Amie (Female) age 28 - 1991 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Abducted and detained.
Assaulted and tortured.

Kalokoh, Abdul (Male) - Assaulted.

Kalokoh, Abdulai (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Killed.

Kalokoh, Abu (Male) age 28 - 1997 in Western Area - Property looted and destroyed.

Detained.

Tortured.

Kalokoh, Adama (Female) age 26 - 1997 in Western Area - Property destroyed.

Killed.

Kalokoh, Alimamy (Male) age 19 - 1997 - Displaced and property destroyed.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 360 Kalokoh, Bashiru (Male) - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.
Assaulted.

Kalokoh, Borma (Female) age 66 - 1998 in Bombali - Displaced.

Kalokoh, Brima (Male) age 55 - 1996 in Buya Romende, Port Loko - Abducted.

Killed.

Kalokoh, Fatmata (Female) - 1998 - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Kalokoh, Ibrahim (Male) age 21 - 1998 in Western Area - Killed.

Kalokoh, Issa (Male) - Limb amputated.

Kalokoh, Issa (Male) age 31 - 1992 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced and property looted.
Kalokoh, Mahmoud (Male) age 25 - 1998 in Paki Masabong, Bombali - Displaced and extorted.

Assaulted.

Kalokoh, Mohamed (Male) - 1999 in Kafe Simira, Tonkolili - Displaced.

Kalokoh, Ramatu (Female) age 19 - 1999 in Western Area - Forced to labour.

Kalokoh, Sullay (Male) age 15 - 1999 in Kafe Simira, Tonkolili - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Kama, Morie (Male) age 22 - Property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Kamanda, Abu (Male) - 1995 in Kori, Moyamba - Tortured.
Kamanda, Albert (Male) age 42 - 1995 in Niawa Lenga, Bo District - Displaced.

Kamanda, Alpha (Male) - 1995 in Bagbo, Bo District - Property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Tortured.

Kamanda, Baby (Male) - 1991 in Badjia, Bo District - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Kamanda, Brima (Male) - 1991 in Malema, Kailahun - Displaced and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Kamanda, Fea (Female) age 8 - 1997 in Nimikoro, Kono - Assaulted.
Kamanda, Finda (Female) - 1997 in Nimikoro, Kono - Killed.

Kamanda, Finda (Female) age 11 - Displaced and extorted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Kamanda, Humu (Female) - 1994 in Fakunya, Moyamba - Displaced.

Kamanda, Jeneba (Female) age 28 - 1993 in Dodo, Kenema - Displaced.

Kamanda, Jenneh (Female) - Killed.

Kamanda, Jonathan (Male) age 64 - 1994 in Fakunya, Moyamba - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Kamanda, Joseph (Male) age 45 - 1999 in Western Area - Killed.
Kamanda, Kaddi (Female) - 1996 in Kaiyamba, Moyamba - Killed.

Kamanda, Kai (Male) - 1997 in Nimikoro, Kono - Killed.

Kamanda, Kondewa (Male) - 1995 in Kori, Moyamba - Killed.

Kamanda, Kumba (Female) - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Kamanda, Kumba (Female) age 50 - 1998 in Sandor, Kono - Displaced.

Kamanda, Lucy (Female) age 47 - 1996 - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Kamanda, Mathew (Male) age 16 - Abducted and detained.
Kamanda, Prince (Male) age 7 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Kamanda, Samuel (Male) - 1995 in Dasse, Moyamba - Detained.

Kamanda, Sao (Female) - 1992 in Malema, Kailahun - Displaced.

Abducted.

Assaulted.

Killed.

Kamanda, Sembo (Male) - 1994 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Killed.

Kamanda, Tamba (Male) age 53 - 1994 in Kissi Tongi, Kailahun - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Kamanda, Tamba (Male) age 72 - 1995 in Kono - Displaced and extorted.
Abducted and detained.

Tortured and limb amputated.

Kamanda, Tamba (Male) age 73 - 1995 in Gbense, Kono - Detained.

Limb amputated.

Kamanda, Vic (Male) - 1996 in Kaiyamba, Moyamba - Killed.

Kamanda, Wuya (Female) age 28 - 1991 - Abducted and detained.

Kamanda, Yaya (Male) age 34 - 1992 in Malema, Kailahun - Displaced.

Forced to participate in an act of cannibalism.

Kamanda-Koiriwa, Peter (Male) - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Kamara, A.F.
Kamara, A.F.

(Male) - 1991 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Killed.

Kamara, Abass (Male) - 2000 in Bombali Shebora, Bombali - Killed.

Kamara, Abass (Male) - 1998 in Sanda Loko, Bombali - Displaced and property looted.

Kamara, Abass (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Property destroyed.

Kamara, Abass (Male) age 31 - 1997 in Gbendembu Ngowahun, Bombali - Displaced and property destroyed.

Kamara, Abass (Male) age 61 - 1999 in Koya, Port Loko - Property looted and destroyed.
Abducted and Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 361 detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Kamara, Abdoulaye (Male) - Forced to labour.

Kamara, Abdul (Male) - 1998 in Marampa, Port Loko - Displaced and property destroyed.

Kamara, Abdul (Male) - 1995 - Property looted.

Killed.

Kamara, Abdul (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Extorted.

Killed.

Kamara, Abdul (Male) age 9 - 1997 in Western Area - Limb amputated.

Kamara, Abdul (Male) age 14 - Forced to labour.

Assaulted.
Assaulted.

Kamara, Abdul (Male) age 29 - 1998 in Nimikoro, Kono - Displaced.

Kamara, Abdul (Male) age 34 - 1994 in Bombali Shebora, Bombali - Property destroyed.

Killed.

Kamara, Abdul (Male) age 35 - Property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Kamara, Abdul (Male) age 46 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Kamara, Abdul (Male) age 52 - 1995 in Loko Massama, Port Loko - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.
Kamara, Abdul Rahaman (Male) - 1998 in Tambakka, Bombali - Killed.

Kamara, Abdul Rahman (Male) age 25 - 1991 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced and property looted.

Kamara, Abdul Raman (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Tortured and limb amputated.

Killed.

Kamara, Abdul Saidu (Male) age 30 - 1995 in Koya, Port Loko - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Kamara, Abdulah (Male) - 1998 in Yoni, Tonkolili - Abducted and detained.
Kamara, Abdulai (Male) - 1995 in Kafe Simira, Tonkolili - Forced to labour.

Kamara, Abdulai (Male) - 1999 in Koya, Port Loko - Displaced.

Tortured.

Kamara, Abdulai (Male) - 1993 in Malal Mara, Tonkolili - Displaced.

Kamara, Abdulai (Male) - 1995 in Banta Gbanggbatoke, Moyamba - Property destroyed.

Kamara, Abdulai (Male) - 1998 in Makari Gbanti, Bombali - Displaced.

Killed.

Kamara, Abdulai (Male) - 2000 - Displaced and extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.


Kamara, Abdulai (Male) - 1994 in Bagbo, Bo District - Abducted and detained.

Kamara, Abdulai (Male) - 1996 in Leibasgayahun, Bombali - Abducted.

Kamara, Abdulai (Male) - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Assaulted and tortured.

Kamara, Abdulai (Male) - 1999 - Forced to labour.

Kamara, Abdulai (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Property destroyed.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Abdulai (Male) age 22 - 1998 in Western Area - Displaced and property destroyed.
Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Abdulai (Male) age 28 - 1995 - Displaced and property destroyed.

Kamara, Abdulai (Male) age 31 - 1998 in Maforki, Port Loko - Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Abdulai (Male) age 51 - 1998 in Tambakka, Bombali - Displaced and property destroyed.

Kamara, Abdulai (Male) age 63 - 1998 in Gbonkolenken, Tonkolili - Property looted.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Abdulai (Male) age 66 - 1991 in Niawa, Kenema - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.


Kamara, Abdulai Bobor (Male) age 57 - 1994 in Kholifa Rowalla, Tonkolili - Displaced and property looted.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Abi (Female) age 19 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced and property destroyed.

Kamara, Abibatu (Female) - 1999 in Magbema, Kambia - Displaced.

Kamara, Abibu (Male) age 58 - 1999 in Ribbi, Moyamba - Property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Tortured.

Kamara, Abu (Male) - 1999 in Koya, Port Loko - Tortured.

Killed.
Killed.

Kamara, Abu (Male) - 1998 in Kholifa Rowalla, Tonkolili - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Kamara, Abu (Male) - 1993 in Malal Mara, Tonkolili - Displaced.

Kamara, Abu (Male) - 2000 in Makari Gbanti, Bombali - Displaced and property destroyed.

Kamara, Abu (Male) - Forced to labour.

Assaulted and tortured.

Kamara, Abu (Male) - 1998 in Bombali Shebora, Bombali - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Kamara, Abu (Male) - Displaced.

Assaulted.


Kamara, Abu (Male) - Killed.

Kamara, Abu (Male) - Displaced.

Kamara, Abu (Male) - 2000 in Gbinleh-Dixon, Kambia - Killed.

Kamara, Abu (Male) age 12 - 1996 in Magbema, Kambia - Displaced.

Tortured.

Kamara, Abu (Male) age 16 - 1999 - Displaced.

Tortured.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 362 Kamara, Abu (Male) age 22 - 1998 in Western Area - Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Killed.
Tortured.

Killed.

Kamara, Abu (Male) age 22 - 1997 in Mambolo, Kambia - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Abu (Male) age 25 - 2000 in Gbinleh-Dixon, Kambia - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Kamara, Abu (Male) age 30 - 1999 - Displaced.

Kamara, Abu (Male) age 34 - 1998 - Displaced and property destroyed.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Abu (Male) age 35 - 1994 in Kholifa Mabang, Tonkolili - Abducted.

Assaulted.
Assaulted.

Kamara, Abu (Male) age 38 - 1995 in Gbinleh-Dixon, Kambia - Property looted and destroyed.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Abu (Male) age 42 - 1992 in Nimikoro, Kono - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Kamara, Abu (Male) age 62 - 1998 in Sanda Loko, Bombali - Displaced and property destroyed.

Kamara, Abu Bakarr (Male) - 1997 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced.

Assaulted, tortured and limb amputated.

Kamara, Abu Bakarr (Male) - Extorted.


Kamara, Abu Bakarr (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Killed.

Kamara, Abu Bakarr (Male) age 6 - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Abu Bakarr (Male) age 9 - Displaced.

Abducted.

Assaulted and tortured.

Kamara, Abu Bakarr (Male) age 26 - 1998 in Gbinleh-Dixon, Kambia - Extorted.

Forced to labour.

Kamara, Abu Bakarr (Male) age 30 - 1994 in Jalahun, Kailahun - Displaced and property looted.

Kamara, Abu Bakarr (Male) age 31 - 1999 in Western Area - Extorted.
Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Kamara, Abu Bakarr (Male) age 37 - Extorted.

Kamara, Abu Loko (Male) - 1996 in Kono - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Tortured.

Kamara, Adama (Female) - 1992 in Konike Sande, Tonkolili - Abducted and detained.

Limb amputated.

Kamara, Adama (Female) - Displaced.

Kamara, Adama (Female) - 1999 in Samu, Kambia - Displaced.

Kamara, Adama (Female) - 1998 in Western Area - Abducted.

Kamara, Adama (Female) age 6 - 1999 in Western Area - Assaulted.
Kamara, Adama (Female) age 15 - 1999 in Paki Masabong, Bombali - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Adama (Female) age 17 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced and extorted.

Forced to labour.

Kamara, Adama (Female) age 25 - 2000 in Bombali Shebora, Bombali - Displaced, extorted and property looted.

Kamara, Adama (Female) age 30 - 1998 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Kamara, Adama (Female) age 40 - 1998 in Tonko Limba, Kambia - Displaced and property looted.
Kamara, Adama (Female) age 54 - 1994 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Kamara, Adamsay (Female) - 1996 in Loko Massama, Port Loko - Displaced.

Abducted.

Tortured and limb amputated.

Kamara, Adamsay (Female) - 1999 in Sanda Loko, Bombali - Killed.

Kamara, Adbakakie (Male) age 32 - 1999 in Western Area - Killed.

Kamara, Adekalie Sheku (Male) age 48 - 1995 in Sanda Magblonthor, Port Loko - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.
Kamara, Adikalie (Male) - 1998 in Sambaia Bendugu, Tonkolili - Limb amputated.

Kamara, Adikalie (Male) - Property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Adikalie (Male) - 1995 in Gbinleh-Dixon, Kambia - Killed.

Kamara, Adikalie (Male) age 27 - 1998 in Tambakka, Bombali - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Kamara, Adikalie Amara (Male) age 70 - 1998 in Tambakka, Bombali - Displaced.

Kamara, Adikalie A (Male) - 1998 in Koya, Port Loko - Property destroyed.
Kamara, Ahamdu (Male) age 32 - 1999 in Gbonkolenken, Tonkolili - Extorted.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Ahamed (Male) age 5 - 1999 in Kambia - Displaced.

Kamara, Ahmed (Male) - 1998 - Killed.

Kamara, Ahmed (Male) - 1996 in Nongowa, Kenema - Killed.

Kamara, Albert (Male) - 2000 in Malal Mara, Tonkolili - Killed.

Kamara, Alex (Male) age 55 - 1999 in Bombali Shebora, Bombali - Displaced.

Kamara, Alfred (Male) - 1994 in Komboya, Bo District - Killed.

Kamara, Alfred (Male) age 30 - Killed.


Kamara, Alfred (Male) age 38 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Kamara, Alhaji (Male) - 1999 in Bureh, Port Loko - Killed.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 363 Kamara, Alhaji (Male) - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Kamara, Alhaji (Male) - Killed.

Kamara, Alhaji (Male) age 1 - 1997 in Yoni, Tonkolili - Tortured.

Kamara, Alhaji (Male) age 22 - 1999 in Western Area - Killed.
Kamara, Alhaji Alimamy (Male) - 1998 in Sanda Loko, Bombali - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Kamara, Alhaji Mohamed (Male) age 54 - 1994 in Baoma, Bo District - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Kamara, Alhaji Moyne Musa (Male) - 1999 - Property destroyed.

Kamara, Alhaji Musa (Male) - 1991 in Gallinasperi, Pujehun - Killed.

Kamara, Alhaji Musa (Male) - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Killed.

Kamara, Alhaji Salif (Male) age 40 - 1999 in Benducha, Bonthe - Extorted.
Abducted and detained.

Kamara, Alhaji Sheku (Male) - 1999 in Samu, Kambia - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Alhaji Tellizo (Male) - 1999 in Tambakka, Bombali - Abducted and detained.

Kamara, Alhassan (Male) age 35 - Property looted.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Alice (Female) age 35 - 1998 in Sanda Loko, Bombali - Displaced.

Kamara, Alie (Male) - 1995 in Gbonkolenken, Tonkolili - Assaulted.

Kamara, Alie (Male) - 1999 in Bumpeh, Moyamba - Abducted.
Kamara, Alie (Male) - 1999 in Makari Gbanti, Bombali - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Kamara, Alie (Male) - 2000 in Tonko Limba, Kambia - Property destroyed.

Kamara, Alie (Male) age 15 - Displaced and extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Alie (Male) age 25 - 1998 in Sella Limba, Bombali - Displaced.

Kamara, Alie (Male) age 31 - 1998 in Malal Mara, Tonkolili - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Killed.


Kamara, Alie (Male) age 35 - 1995 in Tonkolili - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Kamara, Alie (Male) age 39 - 1994 in Wara-Wara Yagala, Koinadugu - Displaced and property looted.

Kamara, Alie (Male) age 40 - 1999 - Displaced and property destroyed.

Kamara, Alieu (Male) - 1995 in Paki Masabong, Bombali - Forced to labour.

Killed.

Kamara, Alieu (Male) age 48 - 1998 in Western Area - Displaced and property looted.

Forced to labour.
Forced to labour.

Tortured.

Kamara, Alimamy (Male) - 1994 in Malal Mara, Tonkolili - Killed.

Kamara, Alimamy (Male) - 1993 in Kono - Displaced.

Kamara, Alimamy (Male) - 1999 in Maforki, Port Loko - Property looted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Alimamy (Male) - 1997 in Ribbi, Moyamba - Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Killed.

Kamara, Alimamy (Male) - 1998 in Gbanti Kamaranka, Bombali - Property destroyed.

Kamara, Alimamy (Male) - Displaced.


Kamara, Alimamy (Male) - 2000 - Abducted and detained.

Kamara, Alimamy (Male) - 1991 - Killed.

Kamara, Alimamy (Male) - 1999 in Briama, Kambia - Killed.

Kamara, Alimamy (Male) age 27 - 2000 in Samu, Kambia - Property destroyed.

Kamara, Alimamy (Male) age 27 - 1999 in Western Area - Extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Kamara, Alimamy (Male) age 36 - 2000 in Sulima, Koinadugu - Displaced and property looted.
Kamara, Alimamy (Male) age 40 - 1992 in Samu, Kambia - Killed.

Kamara, Alimamy (Male) age 51 - 1993 in Nongowa, Kenema - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Kamara, Alimamy (Male) age 55 - 1999 in Safroko Limba, Bombali - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Kamara, Alimamy (Male) age 56 - 1996 in Kissi Teng, Kailahun - Extorted.

Detained.
Detained.

Kamara, Alimamy (Male) age 86 - 1998 in Tambakka, Bombali - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Kamara, Allie (Male) - 2000 - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Kamara, Allieu (Male) - 1999 in Makari Gbanti, Bombali - Displaced and property destroyed.

Kamara, Allieu (Male) - 1991 - Killed.

Kamara, Alpha (Male) - 1994 in Malal Mara, Tonkolili - Killed.

Kamara, Alpha (Male) - 1999 in Kaffu Bullom, Port Loko - Displaced.

Kamara, Alpha (Male) - 1995 in Dibia, Port Loko - Abducted.
Kamara, Alpha (Male) - 1998 - Property destroyed.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 364 Kamara, Alpha (Male) - 1995 in Gbanti Kamaranka, Bombali - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Kamara, Alpha (Male) - 1996 - Forced to labour.

Kamara, Alpha (Male) age 18 - 1995 in Gbinleh-Dixon, Kambia - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Kamara, Alpha (Male) age 22 - 1992 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced and property looted.
Kamara, Alpha (Male) age 24 - 1999 in Western Area - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Killed.

Kamara, Alpha (Male) age 40 - 1999 in Bumpeh, Moyamba - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Kamara, Alpha Alie (Male) age 57 - 2000 - Property looted and destroyed.

Kamara, Alpha O (Male) age 55 - 1998 in Bombali Shebora, Bombali - Displaced.

Kamara, Alpha Sullayman (Male) age 64 - 1994 in Malal Mara, Tonkolili - Displaced.

Kamara, Aluba (Male) - Tortured.


Kamara, Alusanie (Male) age 73 - Displaced and extorted.

Kamara, Alusine (Male) - 1999 in Konike Sande, Tonkolili - Property destroyed.

Tortured.

Killed.

Kamara, Alusine (Male) - 1998 in Nimiyama, Kono - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Kamara, Alusine (Male) age 29 - 1997 in Kakua, Bo District - Property destroyed.

Kamara, Alusine (Male) age 34 - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.


Kamara, Alusine (Male) age 35 - 1998 in Leibasgayahun, Bombali - Displaced and property looted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Alusine (Male) age 36 - 1998 in Kono - Displaced and extorted.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Alusine (Male) age 41 - 1999 in Western Area - Assaulted.

Kamara, Alusine (Male) age 67 - 1999 in Banta Mokele, Moyamba - Extorted and property looted.

Forced to labour.

Tortured.


Kamara, Amadu (Male) - 1998 in Sanda Loko, Bombali - Killed.

Kamara, Amadu (Male) - 1992 - Killed.

Kamara, Amadu (Male) age 10 - 1999 in Gbinleh-Dixon, Kambia - Displaced.

Kamara, Amadu (Male) age 13 - 1998 in Maforki, Port Loko - Forced to labour.

Assaulted and limb amputated.

Kamara, Amadu (Male) age 41 - 1999 in Western Area - Killed.

Kamara, Amadu (Male) age 54 - 1999 in Marampa, Port Loko - Assaulted.

Killed.
Killed.

Kamara, Amadu (Male) age 59 - 1999 in Yoni, Tonkolili - Displaced.

Kamara, Amadu (Male) age 60 - 1998 - Extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Kamara, Amadu (Male) age 70 - 1998 in Masungbala, Kambia - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Kamara, Amadu Sorie (Male) age 42 - 1999 in Gbinleh-Dixon, Kambia - Property looted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Amadu Yannkay (Male) - 1999 in Kaffu Bullom, Port Loko - Assaulted.
Kamara, Amara (Male) - 1998 in Tambakka, Bombali - Property destroyed.

Limb amputated.

Kamara, Amara (Male) - 1999 in Samu, Kambia - Killed.

Kamara, Amara (Male) age 15 - 1995 in Marampa, Port Loko - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Kamara, Amara (Male) age 31 - 1995 in Briama, Kambia - Abducted.

Kamara, Amara (Male) age 60 - 1998 in Tambakka, Bombali - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Limb amputated.


Kamara, Amara (Male) age 82 - 1999 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Kamara, Amidu (Male) age 40 - 1998 in Western Area - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Kamara, Amidu (Male) age 47 - Property looted.

Kamara, Amie (Female) - 1997 in Kaffu Bullom, Port Loko - Abducted.

Killed.

Kamara, Amie (Female) - 1998 in Malal Mara, Tonkolili - Forced to labour.

Kamara, Amie (Female) - 1997 in Sowa, Pujehun - Killed.
Kamara, Amie (Female) age 47 - 1992 in Bagbo, Bo District - Displaced and property destroyed.

Kamara, Amie (Female) age 48 - 1994 in Tane, Tonkolili - Displaced and property destroyed.

Kamara, Aminata (Female) - 1994 in Malal Mara, Tonkolili - Displaced and property destroyed.

Kamara, Aminata (Female) - 1996 in Tane, Tonkolili - Displaced.

Abducted.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Aminata (Female) - 1994 in Kholifa Mabang, Tonkolili - Property looted and destroyed.

Detained.

Tortured.

Killed.


Kamara, Aminata (Female) - 1999 in Maforki, Port Loko - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Kamara, Aminata (Female) - 1999 in Koya, Port Loko - Tortured.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 365 Kamara, Aminata (Female) - 1999 in Gbendembu Ngowahun, Bombali - Forced to labour.

Tortured.

Kamara, Aminata (Female) - Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Kamara, Aminata (Female) - Displaced.

Kamara, Aminata (Female) - 2000 - Forced to labour.
Kamara, Aminata (Female) - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Kamara, Aminata (Female) age 7 - 1999 in Samu, Kambia - Displaced.

Kamara, Aminata (Female) age 13 - 1999 in Yoni, Tonkolili - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Kamara, Aminata (Female) age 22 - 1997 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced and extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Kamara, Aminata (Female) age 24 - 1998 in Western Area - Displaced.
Kamara, Aminata (Female) age 28 - 1999 in Ribbi, Moyamba - Property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Kamara, Aminata (Female) age 30 - 1998 in Wara-Wara Yagala, Koinadugu - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Kamara, Aminata (Female) age 30 - 1999 - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Aminata (Female) age 34 - 1998 in Paki Masabong, Bombali - Displaced.

Kamara, Aminata (Female) age 37 - 1991 in Peje Bongre, Kailahun - Displaced.
Kamara, Anaque (Male) - 1998 in Mambolo, Kambia - Property looted.

Kamara, Andrew (Male) age 28 - 1994 in Nimikoro, Kono - Killed.

Kamara, Ansumana (Male) - 1993 in Mano Sakrim, Pujehun - Property looted and destroyed.

Abducted.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Ansumana (Male) - 1998 - Displaced.

Kamara, Ansumana (Male) age 32 - 1996 in Leibasgayahun, Bombali - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Kamara, Ansumana (Male) age 37 - 1991 - Displaced and property destroyed.
Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Ansumana (Male) age 52 - 1991 in Kwamebai Krim, Bonthe - Property looted and destroyed.

Kamara, Ansumana (Male) age 57 - 1996 in Fakunya, Moyamba - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted, tortured and stripped.

Kamara, Aruna (Male) age 36 - 1998 in Gbanti Kamaranka, Bombali - Property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Kamara, Assana (Male) - 1997 in Makari Gbanti, Bombali - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Killed.
Assaulted.

Killed.

Kamara, Augusta M. (Female) - 1999 in Western Area - Property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Aye (Female) - 1998 in Loko Massama, Port Loko - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Kamara, Baalay (Male) age 20 - 2000 in Masungbala, Kambia - Killed.

Kamara, Baba (Male) - 1999 in Bureh, Port Loko - Killed.

Kamara, Baby (Female) age 25 - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Kamara, Baby Jay (Female) age 15 - 1998 in Peje Bongre, Kailahun - Killed.
Kamara, Bai (Male) - 1995 in Sanda Magblonthor, Port Loko - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Kamara, Bai (Male) - 1997 in Bombali Shebora, Bombali - Detained.

Kamara, Bai (Male) age 34 - 1991 in Malema, Kailahun - Killed.

Kamara, Bai Bai (Male) - 1998 in Koya, Port Loko - Property destroyed.

Killed.

Kamara, Bai Bureh (Male) - 1998 in Sanda Loko, Bombali - Property destroyed.

Kamara, Baimba (Male) age 57 - 1997 in Gbendembu Ngowahun, Bombali - Property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.


Kamara, Baimba (Male) age 66 - 1999 in Gbinleh-Dixon, Kambia - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Bainba (Male) - 1998 - Displaced.

Kamara, Baio Serry (Male) age 20 - 1997 in Kassunko, Koinadugu - Displaced and property destroyed.

Kamara, Balla (Male) - 1998 in Mongo, Koinadugu - Property destroyed.

Kamara, Balla (Male) age 53 - 1998 - Property looted.

Abducted.

Kamara, Bampaya (Male) age 25 - 1999 in Magbema, Kambia - Abducted.
Kamara, Bana (Male) age 25 - 1998 in Dembelia Sinkunia, Koinadugu - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and tortured.

Kamara, Bangalie (Male) age 50 - 1998 in Tambakka, Bombali - Property destroyed.

Killed.

Kamara, Baromi (Female) - Displaced.

Kamara, Bassie (Male) - 1999 in Maforki, Port Loko - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Kamara, Benjamin (Male) age 41 - 1998 in Paki Masabong, Bombali - Displaced and property looted.

Kamara, Bockarie (Male) - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Displaced.
Killed.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 366 Kamara, Bockarie (Male) - Killed.

Kamara, Bockarie (Male) age 32 - 1996 in Bonthe - Extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Kamara, Bona (Male) age 52 - 1991 in Kakua, Bo District - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Kamara, Bornoh (Male) age 27 - 1999 in Western Area - Property destroyed.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Bowarah (Female) - 1998 in Sanda Loko, Bombali - Property destroyed.
Kamara, Boya (Male) - Abducted.

Tortured.

Killed.

Kamara, Braima (Male) - 1995 in Dodo, Kenema - Abducted and detained.

Kamara, Brima (Male) - 1999 in Tinkatupa Maka Saffoko, Port Loko - Property destroyed.

Killed.

Kamara, Brima (Male) - 1994 in Kholifa Rowalla, Tonkolili - Killed.

Kamara, Brima (Male) - 1998 in Diang, Koinadugu - Abducted.

Killed.

Kamara, Brima (Male) - 1992 in Peje, Pujehun - Property looted and destroyed.

Kamara, Brima (Male) - 1995 - Displaced.

Abducted.
Abducted.

Kamara, Brima (Male) - Killed.

Kamara, Brima (Male) - 1991 in Peje West, Kailahun - Killed.

Kamara, Brima (Male) - 2000 in Masungbala, Kambia - Extorted and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Kamara, Brima (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced and property looted.

Kamara, Brima (Male) age 2 - 1994 in Simbaru, Kenema - Killed.

Kamara, Brima (Male) age 5 - 1991 in Malema, Kailahun - Killed.

Kamara, Brima (Male) age 18 - 1998 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced.
Forced to labour.

Tortured.

Killed.

Kamara, Brima (Male) age 31 - 1991 - Displaced.

Kamara, Brima (Male) age 37 - 1995 in Gbinleh-Dixon, Kambia - Killed.

Kamara, Brima (Male) age 38 - 1995 in Gbanti Kamaranka, Bombali - Killed.

Kamara, Brima (Male) age 56 - 1999 in Sella Limba, Bombali - Abducted.

Kamara, Brima (Male) age 67 - 1995 in Jawie, Kailahun - Displaced.

Killed.

Kamara, Brima (Male) age 70 - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Displaced.
Kamara, Brima Nuru (Male) age 47 - 1991 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced.

Kamara, Brima Yamba (Male) age 33 - 1999 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Kamara, Bullu (Female) age 55 - 1998 in Follosaba Dembelia, Koinadugu - Property looted.

Kamara, Bundu (Female) - 1999 in Kafe Simira, Tonkolili - Displaced.

Kamara, Bundu (Male) age 49 - 1999 in Western Area - Assaulted.

Kamara, Cecilia (Female) age 51 - 1995 in Kpanda Kemo, Bonthe - Displaced.
Kamara, Charles (Male) - 1997 in Bombali Shebora, Bombali - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Chernor (Male) - 1997 in Sanda Tendaren, Bombali - Displaced and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Kamara, Chernor (Male) - 1999 in Magbema, Kambia - Assaulted and tortured.

Kamara, Chernor (Male) age 62 - 1999 in Sella Limba, Bombali - Displaced and property looted.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Damba (Male) age 6 - 1998 in Diang, Koinadugu - Limb amputated.
Kamara, Danda (Male) age 43 - 2000 in Magbema, Kambia - Extorted.

Forced to labour.

Kamara, Daniel (Male) - 1991 - Extorted and property destroyed.

Kamara, Darba (Female) - 1998 in Sulima, Koinadugu - Displaced.

Kamara, Dauda (Male) - 1999 in Samu, Kambia - Property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Kamara, Dauda (Male) age 59 - 1999 in Kambia - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Kamara, Dauda (Male) age 67 - 1995 in Kenema - Displaced.
Kamara, David Prince (Male) age 36 - 1994 in Wara-Wara Yagala, Koinadugu - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Kamara, Demba (Male) age 55 - 1998 in Mongo, Koinadugu - Displaced and property destroyed.

Kamara, Digba (Female) age 56 - 1998 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Kamara, Dunu (Male) age 36 - 1998 in Biriwa, Bombali - Killed.

Kamara, Earnest (Male) age 41 - 1998 in Western Area - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.


Kamara, Eddie (Male) - 1998 in Gbanti Kamaranka, Bombali - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Kamara, Edmond (Male) age 45 - 1998 in Safroko Limba, Bombali - Displaced and property destroyed.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 367 Forced to labour.

Kamara, Edward (Male) - 1996 in Kaiyamba, Moyamba - Killed.

Kamara, Edward (Male) - 1997 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Killed.

Kamara, Elvis (Male) age 31 - 1999 in Nongowa, Kenema - Killed.
Kamara, Emma (Female) age 26 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Kamara, Emmah (Female) age 40 - 2000 in Samu, Kambia - Property looted.

Kamara, Emmanuel (Male) age 2 - 1998 - Abducted.

Kamara, Emmanuel (Male) age 33 - 1991 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Ernest (Male) age 60 - 1998 in Kono - Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Killed.

Kamara, Esther (Female) - 1994 - Displaced.

Killed.
Killed.

Kamara, Evelyn (Male) age 37 - 1992 in Western Area - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Tortured.

Kamara, Fagberie (Male) age 41 - Displaced and property destroyed.

Kamara, Faiah (Male) - 1998 in Mongo, Koinadugu - Killed.

Kamara, Fakulay (Male) - 1998 in Mongo, Koinadugu - Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Killed.

Kamara, Fanta (Female) age 33 - 1997 - Displaced and extorted.

Kamara, Fatalay (Male) - 1999 in Diang, Koinadugu - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.
Tortured.

Kamara, Fatima (Female) - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Kamara, Fatima (Female) age 14 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Killed.

Kamara, Fatmata (Female) - 1999 in Maforki, Port Loko - Killed.

Kamara, Fatmata (Female) - 1996 in Malal Mara, Tonkolili - Forced to labour.

Kamara, Fatmata (Female) - 1997 in Kaffu Bullom, Port Loko - Abducted.

Killed.

Kamara, Fatmata (Female) - 1996 in Ribbi, Moyamba - Killed.

Kamara, Fatmata (Female) - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Extorted.

Abducted.
Abducted.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Fatmata (Female) - Displaced.

Kamara, Fatmata (Female) - 1998 - Abducted.

Kamara, Fatmata (Female) - 1995 - Extorted.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Fatmata (Female) - 1999 in Gbinleh-Dixon, Kambia - Displaced and property destroyed.

Kamara, Fatmata (Female) - 1999 in Western Area - Killed.

Kamara, Fatmata (Female) - 1992 in Magbema, Kambia - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Kamara, Fatmata (Female) - 1999 in Western Area - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.
Assaulted.

Kamara, Fatmata (Female) age 15 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured and limb amputated.

Kamara, Fatmata (Female) age 20 - 1995 in Diang, Koinadugu - Abducted and detained.

Kamara, Fatmata (Female) age 21 - 1998 in Kaiyamba, Moyamba - Displaced.

Kamara, Fatmata (Female) age 22 - 1998 - Detained.

Kamara, Fatmata (Female) age 24 - Displaced.

Kamara, Fatmata (Female) age 32 - 1995 in Masungbala, Kambia - Displaced and property destroyed.
Kamara, Fatmata (Female) age 39 - 1997 in Samu, Kambia - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Kamara, Fatmata (Female) age 52 - 1995 in Buya Romende, Port Loko - Extorted and property destroyed.

Assaulted and tortured.

Kamara, Fatmata (Female) age 65 - 1992 in Nongowa, Kenema - Displaced and property destroyed.

Kamara, Fatu (Female) age 51 - 1994 in Nimikoro, Kono - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Fayiah (Male) age 27 - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Killed.


Kamara, Ferenkeh (Male) - 1998 - Killed.

Kamara, Filla (Female) - 1998 in Dembelia Sinkunia, Koinadugu - Displaced.

Kamara, Finnah (Female) age 28 - 1998 in Diang, Koinadugu - Property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Limb amputated.

Kamara, Florence (Female) - 1999 in Koya, Port Loko - Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Foday (Male) - 1999 in Koya, Port Loko - Killed.

Kamara, Foday (Male) - 1998 in Sambaia Bendugu, Tonkolili - Limb amputated.
Kamara, Foday (Male) - 1999 in Dibia, Port Loko - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Kamara, Foday (Male) - Extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Foday (Male) - 1998 - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 368 Kamara, Foday (Male) - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Property looted and destroyed.

Killed.

Kamara, Foday (Male) - Killed.

Kamara, Foday (Male) - Property destroyed.


Forced to labour.

Kamara, Foday (Male) - Abducted and detained.

Kamara, Foday (Male) - 1998 in Tambakka, Bombali - Property destroyed.

Limb amputated.

Kamara, Foday (Male) - Displaced and property destroyed.

Killed.

Kamara, Foday (Male) - 1995 in Koya, Kenema - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Kamara, Foday (Male) - 2000 in Magbema, Kambia - Displaced and extorted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.


Kamara, Foday (Male) - 2000 in Gbinleh-Dixon, Kambia - Displaced.

Kamara, Foday (Male) age 15 - Displaced.

Kamara, Foday (Male) age 23 - 1999 - Killed.

Kamara, Foday (Male) age 25 - 1997 in Western Area - Displaced and extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and stripped.

Kamara, Foday (Male) age 28 - 1991 in Malema, Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Kamara, Foday (Male) age 35 - Displaced.


Kamara, Foday (Male) age 35 - 1995 in Briama, Kambia - Property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Foday (Male) age 37 - 1999 in Western Area - Abducted.

Killed.

Kamara, Foday (Male) age 42 - 1994 in Upper Bambara , Kailahun - Displaced and property looted.

Kamara, Foday (Male) age 56 - 1998 - Property looted and destroyed.

Tortured.

Kamara, Foday (Male) age 56 - 1998 in Masungbala, Kambia - Killed.
Kamara, Foday (Male) age 65 - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Kamara, Foday (Male) age 75 - 1999 in Western Area - Killed.

Kamara, Foday Mohamed (Male) - 1999 in Samu, Kambia - Abducted and detained.

Kamara, Foday Saidu (Male) - 2000 in Samu, Kambia - Displaced.

Kamara, Fodie (Male) age 69 - 1994 in Langorama, Kenema - Property looted and destroyed.

Kamara, Fodie Jeneba (Male) age 75 - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Property looted and destroyed.

Abducted.

Kamara, Fodie Momodu (Male) age 80 - Killed.


Kamara, Fomba (Male) age 31 - 1991 in Upper Bambara , Kailahun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and tortured.

Kamara, Fonnie (Male) age 26 - Displaced.

Assaulted and tortured.

Kamara, Francis (Male) age 38 - 1999 in Koya, Port Loko - Forced to labour.

Kamara, Fudia (Female) age 21 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced and property destroyed.

Killed.

Kamara, Fudie (Male) - 1994 in Simbaru, Kenema - Assaulted.
Kamara, Gbassay (Female) - 1999 in Ribbi, Moyamba - Killed.

Kamara, Gbassay (Male) age 13 - 1998 in Bombali Shebora, Bombali - Abducted and detained.

Kamara, Gbassy (Male) - 1998 in Paki Masabong, Bombali - Displaced.

Kamara, Gbenu (Female) age 30 - 1997 in Sowa, Pujehun - Killed.

Kamara, Gbessay (Male) - Abducted and detained.

Kamara, Gbessay (Female) age 30 - 1999 in Maforki, Port Loko - Forced to labour.

Assaulted and tortured.


Kamara, Gboyah (Male) - 1998 in Gbanti Kamaranka, Bombali - Property destroyed.

Kamara, Gibrilla (Male) - Tortured.

Kamara, Gibrilla (Male) age 21 - 1998 in Sanda Loko, Bombali - Property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Kamara, Gibrilla (Male) age 32 - 1999 in Western Area - Killed.

Kamara, Haja Mariama (Female) age 23 - 1998 in Maforki, Port Loko - Forced to labour.

Assaulted and tortured.


Kamara, Hamed B (Male) age 35 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced and property destroyed.

Detained.

Killed.

Kamara, Hanan - 1998 in Gbanti Kamaranka, Bombali - Property destroyed.

Kamara, Hasana (Male) age 49 - 1995 in Kholifa Mabang, Tonkolili - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Hassan (Male) - 1999 in Bumpeh, Moyamba - Killed.

Kamara, Hassan (Male) - 1998 in Follosaba Dembelia, Koinadugu - Forced to labour.
Kamara, Hassan (Male) - 1998 in Western Area - Displaced.

Killed.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 369 Kamara, Hassan (Male) - 1993 in Kakua, Bo District - Killed.

Kamara, Hassan (Male) age 10 - Abducted and detained.

Kamara, Hassan (Male) age 13 - 1998 in Sanda Loko, Bombali - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Tortured.

Kamara, Hassan (Male) age 15 - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Kamara, Hassan (Male) age 21 - 1997 in Maforki, Port Loko - Displaced and extorted.

Forced to labour.
Forced to labour.

Kamara, Hassan (Male) age 32 - 1999 in Koya, Port Loko - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Kamara, Hassan (Male) age 35 - 2000 - Displaced and property looted.

Forced to labour.

Kamara, Hassan (Male) age 35 - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and stripped.

Kamara, Hassan (Male) age 36 - 2000 in Samu, Kambia - Killed.

Kamara, Hassan (Male) age 51 - 1999 in Bombali Shebora, Bombali - Displaced.

Assaulted.
Assaulted.

Kamara, Hassan (Male) age 54 - 1996 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced.

Killed.

Kamara, Hassan (Male) age 56 - 1998 in Tane, Tonkolili - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Kamara, Hassan Mantama (Male) - 1998 in Gbonkolenken, Tonkolili - Property looted.

Kamara, Hassan Y (Male) - Displaced and property looted.

Kamara, Hassana (Male) - 1999 in Konike Sande, Tonkolili - Abducted.

Tortured.
Tortured.

Kamara, Hassana (Male) - 1999 in Kafe Simira, Tonkolili - Displaced and property looted.

Forced to labour.

Kamara, Hassana (Male) - Displaced and property looted.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Hassana (Male) age 28 - 1994 in Malal Mara, Tonkolili - Property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and tortured.

Kamara, Hassana (Male) age 33 - 1999 in Kambia - Forced to labour.

Killed.

Kamara, Hassana (Male) age 58 - 1998 in Gbanti Kamaranka, Bombali - Displaced and property destroyed.
Kamara, Hawa (Female) - 1996 in Kafe Simira, Tonkolili - Displaced.

Abducted.

Killed.

Kamara, Hawa (Female) - 1991 - Displaced.

Kamara, Hawa (Female) - Abducted and detained.

Kamara, Hawa (Female) age 7 - 1993 in Sowa, Pujehun - Abducted.

Kamara, Hawa (Female) age 24 - 1998 - Extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Kamara, Hawa (Female) age 28 - 1999 in Western Area - Property destroyed.

Forced to labour.
Forced to labour.

Kamara, Hawa (Female) age 31 - 1992 in Soro Gbema, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Kamara, Hawa (Female) age 40 - 1991 in Soro Gbema, Pujehun - Displaced and extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Kamara, Hawa (Female) age 47 - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Hawa (Female) age 48 - 1999 in Western Area - Property looted.

Detained.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Henry (Male) age 15 - 1995 - Killed.


Kamara, Heteh (Male) age 61 - 1997 in Gbendembu Ngowahun, Bombali - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Kamara, Hippo (Male) - 1998 in Gbendembu Ngowahun, Bombali - Displaced.

Kamara, Humu (Female) age 15 - Forced to labour.

Killed.

Kamara, Ibrahim (Male) - 1998 in Wara-Wara Yagala, Koinadugu - Abducted and detained.

Kamara, Ibrahim (Male) - Abducted.

Kamara, Ibrahim (Male) - 1998 - Killed.


Kamara, Ibrahim (Male) - 1997 in Bombali Shebora, Bombali - Killed.

Kamara, Ibrahim (Male) - 2000 in Samu, Kambia - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Ibrahim (Male) - 1997 in Tonko Limba, Kambia - Abducted and detained.

Kamara, Ibrahim (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Limb amputated.

Killed.

Kamara, Ibrahim (Male) age 10 - 2000 in Samu, Kambia - Killed.

Kamara, Ibrahim (Male) age 20 - Extorted.

Assaulted.
Assaulted.

Kamara, Ibrahim (Male) age 23 - 1998 in Kakua, Bo District - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Ibrahim (Male) age 24 - 1999 in Marampa, Port Loko - Displaced.

Detained.

Kamara, Ibrahim (Male) age 29 - 1997 in Western Area - Property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Ibrahim (Male) age 29 - 1994 in Tikonko, Bo District - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 370 Assaulted.

Killed.
Killed.

Kamara, Ibrahim (Male) age 30 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced and property destroyed.

Kamara, Ibrahim (Male) age 35 - 1991 in Gallinasperi, Pujehun - Displaced and property destroyed.

Kamara, Ibrahim (Male) age 41 - 1991 in Baoma, Bo District - Forced to labour.

Kamara, Ibrahim (Male) age 50 - 1998 in Kassunko, Koinadugu - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Kamara, Ibrahim Sorie (Male) age 11 - 1995 in Magbema, Kambia - Displaced.
Kamara, Ibrahima (Male) - Property destroyed.

Kamara, Idrissa (Male) - 1994 in Konike Sande, Tonkolili - Tortured.

Killed.

Kamara, Idrissa (Male) age 25 - 1991 in Western Area - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and stripped.

Kamara, Idrissa (Male) age 35 - 1994 in Kholifa Mabang, Tonkolili - Property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Tortured.

Killed.

Kamara, Imam Abu Bakarr (Male) - 2000 - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.


Kamara, Imar (Female) age 36 - 1999 in Ribbi, Moyamba - Property destroyed.

Abducted.

Kamara, Isata (Female) - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Isata (Female) age 20 - 1998 in Paki Masabong, Bombali - Displaced and extorted.

Kamara, Isata (Female) age 21 - 1995 - Displaced.

Kamara, Isata (Female) age 57 - 1992 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Kamara, Isatou (Female) - Displaced.

Assaulted.


Kamara, Isatu (Female) - 1996 in Fakunya, Moyamba - Abducted.

Kamara, Isatu (Female) - 1995 in Kongbora, Moyamba - Killed.

Kamara, Isatu (Female) - 1996 in Gbonkolenken, Tonkolili - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Kamara, Isatu (Female) - 1995 in Konike Sande, Tonkolili - Displaced.

Abducted.

Kamara, Isatu (Female) - Property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Kamara, Isatu (Female) - 1993 - Abducted and detained.
Kamara, Isatu (Female) - 1998 - Displaced.

Kamara, Isatu (Female) - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Kamara, Isatu (Female) - 1999 in Gbinleh-Dixon, Kambia - Displaced and property destroyed.

Killed.

Kamara, Isatu (Female) - 1999 in Luawa, Kailahun - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Isatu (Female) age 10 - Abducted and detained.

Limb amputated.

Kamara, Isatu (Female) age 20 - 1998 in Yoni, Tonkolili - Forced to labour.
Kamara, Isatu (Female) age 20 - 1999 in Samu, Kambia - Property destroyed.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Isatu (Female) age 25 - Killed.

Kamara, Isatu (Female) age 29 - 1999 in Ribbi, Moyamba - Killed.

Kamara, Isatu (Female) age 31 - 1998 in Western Area - Displaced, extorted and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured and limb amputated.

Kamara, Isatu (Female) age 41 - 1998 in Gbonkolenken, Tonkolili - Displaced.
Kamara, Isatu (Female) age 44 - 1991 in Sowa, Pujehun - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Kamara, Ishamel (Male) - Property destroyed.

Kamara, Ishmaila (Male) - 1997 in Kagboro, Moyamba - Property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Kamara, Islam (Male) age 29 - 1999 in Gbinleh-Dixon, Kambia - Displaced and property destroyed.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Ismeah (Male) - 1997 in Bombali Shebora, Bombali - Killed.

Kamara, Issa (Male) - 1998 in Diang, Koinadugu - Limb amputated.
Kamara, Issa Konie (Male) - Property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Kamara, Issata (Female) age 3 - 1992 in Western Area - Displaced.

Tortured.

Killed.

Kamara, Iye (Female) - Displaced.

Abducted.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Iye (Female) - 1995 - Displaced.

Kamara, Iye (Female) - 1992 - Property looted.

Kamara, Iye (Female) - 1994 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Kamara, Iye (Female) age 10 - 1991 in Malema, Kailahun - Abducted and detained.
Kamara, Jacinta (Female) age 11 - 1991 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Displaced and extorted.

Forced to labour.

Kamara, Jaiah (Male) age 40 - 1993 in Dia, Kailahun - Displaced.

Abducted.

Kamara, James (Male) - Displaced.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 371 Kamara, James (Male) age 28 - 1994 in Malal Mara, Tonkolili - Displaced and extorted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted, tortured and stripped.

Kamara, Jariatu (Female) age 64 - 1996 in Koya, Port Loko - Displaced.
Kamara, Jaye (Female) age 15 - 1993 - Abducted and detained.

Kamara, Jebbeh (Female) - 1991 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted.

Forced to labour.

Kamara, Jeneba (Female) - 1991 in Baoma, Bo District - Assaulted.

Kamara, Jeneba (Female) age 41 - 1991 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Kamara, Jenneh (Female) age 80 - 1993 - Displaced.

Kamara, Jerrimaia (Male) age 35 - 1994 in Wara-Wara Yagala, Koinadugu - Property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.
Forced to labour.

Assaulted and tortured.

Kamara, Jestina (Female) age 67 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced and property destroyed.

Kamara, Joe (Male) - 1998 in Western Area - Property looted and destroyed.

Kamara, John (Male) - 1992 - Abducted and detained.

Kamara, John (Male) age 12 - 1996 in Fakunya, Moyamba - Displaced.

Abducted.

Stripped.

Killed.

Kamara, John (Male) age 22 - 1997 in Kono - Displaced and extorted.

Stripped.

Kamara, John (Male) age 26 - Property looted and destroyed.
Assaulted and tortured.

Kamara, John (Male) age 27 - 1998 in Wara-Wara Bafodia, Koinadugu - Displaced and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Kamara, John (Male) age 40 - 1998 in Western Area - Property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Kamara, John (Male) age 42 - 2000 in Gbinleh-Dixon, Kambia - Displaced and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and stripped.

Kamara, John (Male) age 49 - 1998 - Displaced and property destroyed.
Kamara, John (Male) age 72 - 1995 - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Kamara, John Daniel (Male) age 44 - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Displaced and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and tortured.

Kamara, Joseph (Male) - 1998 in Kakua, Bo District - Killed.

Kamara, Joseph (Male) age 12 - 1996 in Fakunya, Moyamba - Displaced.

Abducted.

Stripped.

Killed.

Kamara, Joseph (Male) age 26 - 1994 in Mambolo, Kambia - Displaced and property looted.
Kamara, Joseph (Male) age 34 - 1998 - Displaced.

Kamara, Joseph (Male) age 46 - 1999 in Makari Gbanti, Bombali - Detained.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Juanna (Male) age 60 - 1991 in Simbaru, Kenema - Detained.

Killed.

Kamara, Juma (Male) - Abducted and detained.

Kamara, Jusufu (Male) age 37 - 1991 in Upper Bambara , Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Kabba (Male) - 1998 in Gbanti Kamaranka, Bombali - Property destroyed.
Kamara, Kaday (Female) age 31 - 1994 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Kamara, Kadiatu (Female) - Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Kamara, Kadiatu (Female) - 1999 - Abducted.

Kamara, Kadiatu (Female) - Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Kamara, Kadiatu (Female) - 1998 in Kambia - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Kadiatu (Female) - 1999 in Gbinleh-Dixon, Kambia - Displaced and property destroyed.

Killed.

Kamara, Kadiatu (Female) age 15 - Displaced.


Kamara, Kadiatu (Female) age 15 - 1999 - Displaced.

Killed.

Kamara, Kadiatu (Female) age 18 - 1999 in Western Area - Property destroyed.

Abducted.

Kamara, Kadiatu (Female) age 19 - 1999 in Koya, Port Loko - Displaced and property destroyed.

Kamara, Kadiatu (Female) age 22 - 1992 in Jiama-Bongor, Bo District - Killed.

Kamara, Kadiatu (Female) age 22 - 1999 in Western Area - Property destroyed.

Killed.
Killed.

Kamara, Kadiatu (Female) age 25 - 1998 in Kongbora, Moyamba - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Kadiatu (Female) age 27 - 1998 in Paki Masabong, Bombali - Displaced and property destroyed.

Kamara, Kadiatu (Female) age 31 - 1999 in Sandor, Kono - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Kamara, Kadiatu (Female) age 33 - 2000 in Sella Limba, Bombali - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Kamara, Kadiatu (Female) age 36 - 1994 in Nimiyama, Kono - Displaced and property destroyed.
Kamara, Kadiatu (Female) age 37 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced and property destroyed.

Kamara, Kadiatu (Female) age 40 - 1998 in Bombali - Displaced.

Abducted.

Kamara, Kadiatu (Female) age 40 - 1999 in Jalahun, Kailahun - Property destroyed.

Abducted.

Tortured and limb amputated.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 372 Kamara, Kadiatu (Female) age 42 - 1996 in Kholifa Rowalla, Tonkolili - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.
Kamara, Kadiatu (Female) age 45 - 1996 in Dia, Kailahun - Killed.

Kamara, Kadimodu (Male) - 1999 in Tambakka, Bombali - Displaced.

Kamara, Kainemanu (Male) - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Kalay (Male) age 59 - 1999 in Gorama Kono, Kono - Displaced and extorted.

Abducted.

Tortured and stripped.

Kamara, Kalibah (Male) age 13 - 1999 in Sanda Loko, Bombali - Forced to labour.

Kamara, Kalilu (Male) age 27 - 2000 - Abducted and detained.
Kamara, Kallatu (Female) age 57 - 1995 in Ribbi, Moyamba - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted.

Tortured.

Kamara, Kallay (Male) age 38 - 1998 in Kono - Displaced and extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted, tortured and stripped.

Kamara, Kallon (Male) - 1991 in Upper Bambara , Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Kamara, Kamanda (Male) - Displaced.

Kamara, Kananday (Female) age 65 - 1994 in Malal Mara, Tonkolili - Killed.
Kamara, Kandeh (Male) - 1998 in Koya, Port Loko - Killed.

Kamara, Kandeh (Male) - 1999 in Gbanti Kamaranka, Bombali - Killed.

Kamara, Kanku (Female) age 55 - 1998 in Follosaba Dembelia, Koinadugu - Property looted and destroyed.

Kamara, Kapr (Male) - 1998 in Bombali - Displaced and property looted.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Kapri (Male) - Displaced, extorted and property looted.

Abducted.

Kamara, Karankay (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Abducted.

Killed.

Kamara, Karifa (Male) - 1998 - Abducted.

Killed.


Kamara, Karifala (Male) - 1998 in Wara-Wara Yagala, Koinadugu - Property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Karifala (Male) age 10 - 1998 in Mongo, Koinadugu - Killed.

Kamara, Karim (Male) age 56 - 1995 in Gbonkolenken, Tonkolili - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Kamara, Karmoh (Male) - Limb amputated.

Kamara, Kathy (Female) - 1997 in Western Area - Displaced and property looted.

Assaulted.
Assaulted.

Kamara, Kattie (Male) - 1996 in Gbanti Kamaranka, Bombali - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Kamara, Keh (Male) - 1998 in Sanda Loko, Bombali - Property destroyed.

Kamara, Keifala (Male) age 30 - 1991 in Peje West, Kailahun - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Tortured.

Kamara, Keilei (Male) - 1991 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Killed.

Kamara, Kekura (Male) age 30 - 1991 in Wunde, Bo District - Displaced.

Killed.

Kamara, Kelfala (Male) - 1991 in Jawie, Kailahun - Killed.
Kamara, Kelfalah (Male) age 62 - 1994 in Jawie, Kailahun - Displaced and property looted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Kelpha (Male) - 1998 in Kambia - Abducted and detained.

Kamara, Kesima (Male) - 1994 in Neini, Koinadugu - Killed.

Kamara, Kolakoh (Male) age 58 - 1998 in Kamara, Kono - Killed.

Kamara, Kolanko (Male) age 16 - 1998 - Killed.

Kamara, Kole (Male) age 75 - 1998 in Tinkatupa Maka Saffoko, Port Loko - Property looted and destroyed.
Kamara, Koleh (Male) age 53 - 2000 in Sulima, Koinadugu - Displaced and property looted.

Kamara, Kolleh (Male) age 7 - 1999 in Gbinleh-Dixon, Kambia - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Kamara, Koloneh (Female) age 31 - 1998 in Nimikoro, Kono - Abducted.

Killed.

Kamara, Komrabai (Male) - 2000 in Masungbala, Kambia - Property destroyed.

Killed.

Kamara, Kona (Female) - 1991 - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Kamara, Konbah (Male) - 1998 in Tonkolili - Forced to labour.

Killed.
Killed.

Kamara, Kondeh (Male) - 1998 in Paki Masabong, Bombali - Displaced and property destroyed.

Killed.

Kamara, Konsoh (Female) - 1999 in Kassunko, Koinadugu - Tortured.

Killed.

Kamara, Kortor (Male) - 1991 - Abducted.

Killed.

Kamara, Kortor (Male) age 40 - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Displaced and property destroyed.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Kosaroh (Female) - Killed.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 373 Kamara, Kotor (Male) - 1993 in Barri, Pujehun - Killed.
Kamara, Kula (Female) - 1993 in Badjia, Bo District - Killed.

Kamara, Kumba (Female) - 1998 - Displaced.

Kamara, Lahai (Male) - Killed.

Kamara, Lahai (Male) - 1991 in Wandor, Kenema - Property looted.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Lahai (Male) age 27 - 1991 in Sowa, Pujehun - Displaced and extorted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Lahai (Male) age 49 - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Displaced, extorted and property looted.

Abducted and detained.


Kamara, Lahai (Male) age 54 - 1994 in Jiama-Bongor, Bo District - Displaced.

Kamara, Lamarana (Female) age 37 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced and property destroyed.

Kamara, Lamin (Male) - 1995 in Banta Gbanggbatoke, Moyamba - Property looted.

Kamara, Lamin (Male) age 15 - 1992 in Kakua, Bo District - Displaced.

Kamara, Lamin (Male) age 27 - 1999 in Gbinleh-Dixon, Kambia - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.
Forced to labour.

Kamara, Lamin (Male) age 31 - 1995 in Upper Bambara , Kailahun - Displaced and property looted.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Lamin (Male) age 40 - 1998 in Gbinleh-Dixon, Kambia - Property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Kamara, Lamin (Male) age 42 - 2000 in Masungbala, Kambia - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Kamara, Lamin (Male) age 42 - 2000 in Briama, Kambia - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Kamara, Lamin (Male) age 47 - Displaced.


Kamara, Lamina (Male) - 1996 in Ribbi, Moyamba - Killed.

Kamara, Lamina (Male) - 1996 in Fakunya, Moyamba - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Lamina (Male) - 1998 in Gbanti Kamaranka, Bombali - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Kamara, Lamina (Male) age 16 - Killed.

Kamara, Lamina (Male) age 70 - 1999 in Sella Limba, Bombali - Property looted.

Kamara, Lamina (Male) age 80 - 2000 in Briama, Kambia - Extorted.
Kamara, Lamina Maya (Male) age 70 - 2000 in Masungbala, Kambia - Displaced and property looted.

Kamara, Lamrana (Female) - 1994 in Bombali Shebora, Bombali - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Kamara, Lansana (Male) - 1996 in Ribbi, Moyamba - Killed.

Kamara, Lansana (Male) - 1997 in Loko Massama, Port Loko - Displaced and property looted.

Kamara, Lansana (Male) - 1991 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Killed.
Tortured.

Killed.

Kamara, Limana (Male) age 65 - 1996 in Ribbi, Moyamba - Property destroyed.

Kamara, Loko (Male) - 1998 in Safroko Limba, Bombali - Killed.

Kamara, Loko (Male) - 1995 in Safroko Limba, Bombali - Killed.

Kamara, Lombay (Male) - 1999 in Sella Limba, Bombali - Displaced.

Kamara, Luba (Female) - 1995 - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Lusainie (Male) age 69 - Displaced and property looted.

Kamara, Maama (Female) - Displaced.


Kamara, Mabinty (Female) - 1995 in Bumpeh, Moyamba - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Kamara, Mabinty (Female) - 1993 in Malal Mara, Tonkolili - Killed.

Kamara, Mabinty (Female) - 1996 - Abducted.

Killed.

Kamara, Mabinty (Female) - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Killed.

Kamara, Mabinty (Female) age 30 - 1998 in Western Area - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.
Kamara, Mabinty (Female) age 45 - Displaced and property destroyed.

Kamara, Maboado (Female) age 73 - 1996 in Fakunya, Moyamba - Killed.

Kamara, Mafai (Male) age 47 - 1999 in Western Area - Property destroyed.

Kamara, Mafere (Female) - Displaced.

Kamara, Mafere (Female) - 1999 in Gbinleh-Dixon, Kambia - Assaulted.

Kamara, Mahawa (Female) - Displaced.

Kamara, Mahmoud (Male) - 1999 in Kafe Simira, Tonkolili - Displaced.

Abducted.

Assaulted.

Killed.


Kamara, Mahmoud (Male) - 1999 in Maforki, Port Loko - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Kamara, Mahmoud (Male) - Displaced.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 374 Kamara, Maikaba (Male) age 22 - 1999 in Kambia - Displaced and property destroyed.

Kamara, Mamadu (Male) - 1999 in Maforki, Port Loko - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Kamara, Mamadu (Male) - 1995 in Dasse, Moyamba - Property looted.

Killed.

Kamara, Mamako (Female) - Killed.


Kamara, Mambundu (Male) - 1994 in Dama, Kenema - Abducted and detained.

Kamara, Mamiseh (Female) - 1998 - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Mamoua (Male) - 1999 in Sanda Tendaren, Bombali - Killed.

Kamara, Mamuru - 1998 in Sengbe, Koinadugu - Property destroyed.

Killed.

Kamara, Mane (Male) - Displaced and property looted.

Kamara, Marah (Male) - 1998 in Masungbala, Kambia - Abducted.

Assaulted.

Killed.
Assaulted.

Killed.

Kamara, Marco (Male) - Forced to labour.

Kamara, Mardo (Male) age 10 - 1997 in Mongo, Koinadugu - Forced to labour.

Kamara, Margaret (Female) - 1992 in Malal Mara, Tonkolili - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Tortured.

Kamara, Margrette (Female) - 1998 in Malema, Kailahun - Killed.

Kamara, Mariama (Female) - 2000 in Masungbala, Kambia - Killed.

Kamara, Mariama age 13 - 1992 in Nongowa, Kenema - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Killed.

Kamara, Mariama (Female) age 15 - 1994 - Displaced.
Kamara, Mariama (Female) age 27 - 1999 - Displaced.

Kamara, Mariatu (Female) - 1996 in Loko Massama, Port Loko - Displaced.

Abducted.

Tortured and limb amputated.

Kamara, Mariatu (Female) - 1997 in Kakua, Bo District - Killed.

Kamara, Mariatu (Female) age 12 - 1998 in Safroko Limba, Bombali - Displaced and extorted.

Assaulted and tortured.

Kamara, Mariatu (Female) age 15 - 1999 - Displaced.

Kamara, Marie (Female) - 1999 in Bureh, Port Loko - Killed.
Kamara, Marie (Female) - 1999 in Malal Mara, Tonkolili - Displaced and property destroyed.

Kamara, Marie (Female) - 1995 - Displaced.

Abducted.

Kamara, Marie (Female) - Killed.

Kamara, Marie (Female) - 1998 in Sanda Loko, Bombali - Abducted and detained.

Kamara, Marie (Female) - 1994 in Sanda Loko, Bombali - Displaced.

Tortured.

Kamara, Marie (Female) - 1999 - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Marie (Female) age 37 - 1998 in Leibasgayahun, Bombali - Displaced.

Assaulted.
Assaulted.

Kamara, Marie (Female) age 46 - 1999 in Samu, Kambia - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Kamara, Marie (Female) age 57 - 1995 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced.

Tortured.

Kamara, Marima (Female) - Displaced.

Kamara, Mariray (Female) - 1999 - Abducted.

Kamara, Martha (Female) age 16 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced and extorted.

Forced to labour and drugged.

Tortured.

Kamara, Martha (Female) age 43 - 1995 in Imperi, Bonthe - Displaced.

Kamara, Mary (Female) - Displaced.


Kamara, Mary (Female) age 27 - 1995 in Tunkia, Kenema - Tortured.

Kamara, Masain (Female) - Displaced and property destroyed.

Kamara, Maseray (Female) age 85 - Tortured.

Kamara, Maseray A.

(Female) age 30 - 1998 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced and property destroyed.

Kamara, Massa (Female) - 1991 in Malema, Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Kamara, Massah (Female) age 37 - 1991 in Makpele, Pujehun - Detained.

Assaulted.
Assaulted.

Kamara, Massah (Female) age 65 - 1997 in Dama, Kenema - Displaced and property destroyed.

Kamara, Mathawa (Female) age 40 - Property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Mathew (Male) age 58 - 1994 in Nongowa, Kenema - Property looted and destroyed.

Kamara, Matta (Female) age 52 - 1991 in Simbaru, Kenema - Displaced.

Detained.

Kamara, Mawa May (Female) age 13 - 1991 - Extorted.

Kamara, Maya (Female) age 72 - 2000 in Samu, Kambia - Displaced and property looted.
Kamara, Mbalu (Female) - 1993 in Malal Mara, Tonkolili - Killed.

Kamara, Mbalu (Male) - 1998 in Kambia - Abducted and detained.

Kamara, Mbalu (Female) age 10 - 1998 in Samu, Kambia - Displaced.

Kamara, Mbalu (Female) age 12 - 1998 in Koya, Port Loko - Abducted and detained.

Kamara, Mbalu (Female) age 37 - 1999 in Samu, Kambia - Displaced and property looted.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 375 Kamara, Mbawai (Male) - 1994 in Barri, Pujehun - Killed.
Kamara, Memuna (Female) - 1997 in Bombali Shebora, Bombali - Limb amputated.

Kamara, Memuna (Female) age 24 - 1999 - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Kamara, Memuna (Female) age 39 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Abducted.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Memunatu (Female) - 1997 in Kaffu Bullom, Port Loko - Abducted.

Limb amputated.

Kamara, Memunatu (Female) - 1995 in Masungbala, Kambia - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.
Kamara, Memunatu (Female) age 24 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Kamara, Merra (Female) age 26 - 1998 in Koinadugu - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Messie (Female) - 1995 in Bumpeh, Moyamba - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Kamara, Michael Abu (Male) age 20 - 1995 in Loko Massama, Port Loko - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Kamara, Mimi (Female) - 1995 in Gbendembu Ngowahun, Bombali - Displaced.
Kamara, Mohamed (Male) - 1991 in Makpele, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted.

Kamara, Mohamed (Male) - 1993 in Malal Mara, Tonkolili - Displaced.

Kamara, Mohamed (Male) - 1998 in Sambaia Bendugu, Tonkolili - Abducted.

Kamara, Mohamed (Male) - 1999 in Kaffu Bullom, Port Loko - Displaced.

Kamara, Mohamed (Male) - 1994 in Malal Mara, Tonkolili - Abducted and detained.

Kamara, Mohamed (Male) - Displaced and extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Limb amputated.

Kamara, Mohamed (Male) - Killed.


Kamara, Mohamed (Male) - 2000 - Displaced and property looted.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Mohamed (Male) - 1998 - Property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Kamara, Mohamed (Male) - Killed.

Kamara, Mohamed (Male) - Abducted and detained.

Kamara, Mohamed (Male) - Extorted.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Mohamed (Male) - 1998 in Tambakka, Bombali - Property destroyed.

Limb amputated.

Kamara, Mohamed (Male) - 1997 in Gaura, Kenema - Detained.

Killed.
Killed.

Kamara, Mohamed (Male) - 1994 in Komboya, Bo District - Killed.

Kamara, Mohamed (Male) age 7 - 1992 in Gbane, Kono - Forced to labour.

Kamara, Mohamed (Male) age 7 - 1997 in Kakua, Bo District - Assaulted.

Kamara, Mohamed (Male) age 10 - 1999 in Moyamba - Forced to labour.

Kamara, Mohamed (Male) age 14 - 1997 - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Kamara, Mohamed (Male) age 15 - 1998 in Kakua, Bo District - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Mohamed (Male) age 19 - 1992 in Ribbi, Moyamba - Displaced.
Tortured.

Kamara, Mohamed (Male) age 20 - 1992 in Nimiyama, Kono - Displaced.

Abducted.

Kamara, Mohamed (Male) age 20 - 1996 in Paki Masabong, Bombali - Displaced.

Abducted.

Assaulted and tortured.

Kamara, Mohamed (Male) age 20 - 2000 in Samu, Kambia - Displaced.

Tortured.

Kamara, Mohamed (Male) age 25 - 1998 in Kaffu Bullom, Port Loko - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Kamara, Mohamed (Male) age 25 - Property looted.

Kamara, Mohamed (Male) age 27 - 1999 - Displaced.

Tortured.
Tortured.

Kamara, Mohamed (Male) age 28 - 1995 - Displaced, extorted and property looted.

Kamara, Mohamed (Male) age 30 - Property destroyed.

Kamara, Mohamed (Male) age 30 - 1995 - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Kamara, Mohamed (Male) age 33 - 1995 in Gbanti Kamaranka, Bombali - Displaced and property destroyed.

Kamara, Mohamed (Male) age 33 - 1991 in Gbinleh-Dixon, Kambia - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Tortured.


Kamara, Mohamed (Male) age 34 - 1992 in Yoni, Tonkolili - Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Killed.

Kamara, Mohamed (Male) age 34 - 1998 in Badjia, Bo District - Killed.

Kamara, Mohamed (Male) age 35 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted.

Kamara, Mohamed (Male) age 35 - 1992 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced.

Kamara, Mohamed (Male) age 36 - 1997 - Displaced and property looted.
Kamara, Mohamed (Male) age 36 - 1998 in Mambolo, Kambia - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Kamara, Mohamed (Male) age 38 - 2000 - Displaced and property looted.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 376 Kamara, Mohamed (Male) age 40 - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Mohamed (Male) age 40 - 1998 in Western Area - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Mohamed (Male) age 40 - 1992 in Jalahun, Kailahun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.
Kamara, Mohamed (Male) age 45 - 1995 in Ribbi, Moyamba - Displaced and extorted.

Forced to labour.

Tortured.

Kamara, Mohamed (Male) age 45 - 1998 in Sambaia Bendugu, Tonkolili - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Kamara, Mohamed (Male) age 46 - 1999 in Gbendembu Ngowahun, Bombali - Displaced and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Mohamed (Male) age 48 - 1998 in Tambakka, Bombali - Property looted and destroyed.
Kamara, Mohamed (Male) age 55 - 1997 in Peje Bongre, Kailahun - Property destroyed.

Kamara, Mohamed (Male) age 56 - 1998 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced.

Assaulted and limb amputated.

Kamara, Mohamed (Male) age 76 - 1995 - Displaced, extorted and property looted.

Assaulted and tortured.

Kamara, Mohamed Abu (Male) age 19 - 1999 in Kambia - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Kamara, Mohamed Basir (Male) age 62 - 1998 in Kholifa Rowalla, Tonkolili - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Detained.
Detained.

Kamara, Mohamed Bella (Male) - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Kamara, Mohamed Lamin (Male) age 34 - 1999 in Western Area - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Kamara, Moi Lahai (Male) - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Property looted and destroyed.

Kamara, Moigboi (Male) - 1997 - Property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Kamara, Moigieh (Male) age 36 - 1991 in Malema, Kailahun - Killed.

Kamara, Moigua (Male) age 31 - 1994 in Simbaru, Kenema - Killed.
Kamara, Moijueh (Male) - 1991 in Upper Bambara , Kailahun - Extorted.

Forced to labour.

Kamara, Moikuwa (Female) age 24 - 1991 in Malema, Kailahun - Killed.

Kamara, Moinina (Male) - Displaced.

Tortured.

Kamara, Mojamie (Male) age 90 - 2000 in Samu, Kambia - Abducted and detained.

Kamara, Momodie (Male) - 1998 in Dembelia Sinkunia, Koinadugu - Displaced.

Kamara, Momodu (Male) - 1998 in Sulima, Koinadugu - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.
Forced to labour.

Kamara, Momodu (Male) - 1998 in Follosaba Dembelia, Koinadugu - Assaulted.

Kamara, Momodu (Male) - Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Momodu (Male) - 1998 in Koinadugu - Displaced.

Kamara, Momodu (Male) - 2000 in Baoma, Bo District - Killed.

Kamara, Momodu (Male) age 17 - 1998 in Follosaba Dembelia, Koinadugu - Extorted.

Forced to labour.

Kamara, Momodu (Male) age 27 - 1998 in Wara-Wara Bafodia, Koinadugu - Displaced, extorted and property looted.
Kamara, Momodu (Male) age 29 - 1998 in Western Area - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Kamara, Momodu (Male) age 30 - 1998 in Wara-Wara Bafodia, Koinadugu - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Tortured.

Kamara, Momodu (Male) age 39 - 1999 in Western Area - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Kamara, Momodu (Male) age 43 - 1998 in Tambakka, Bombali - Killed.

Kamara, Momoh (Male) - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Killed.

Kamara, Momoh (Male) - 1998 - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.


Killed.

Kamara, Momoh (Male) - Assaulted.

Kamara, Momoh (Male) - Property looted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Momoh (Male) - 1998 in Gbanti Kamaranka, Bombali - Property destroyed.

Kamara, Momoh (Male) - 1991 in Malema, Kailahun - Property looted and destroyed.

Assaulted and tortured.

Killed.

Kamara, Momoh (Male) age 22 - 1997 in Paki Masabong, Bombali - Abducted and detained.

Kamara, Momoh (Male) age 25 - Assaulted.


Kamara, Momoh (Male) age 35 - 1997 in Western Area - Extorted.

Kamara, Momoh (Male) age 49 - 2000 in Gbinleh-Dixon, Kambia - Extorted and property looted.

Assaulted and tortured.

Kamara, Momoh (Male) age 60 - 1995 in Kori, Moyamba - Property looted and destroyed.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 377 Kamara, Momoh B (Male) age 31 - 1991 in Baoma, Bo District - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured and stripped.


Kamara, Momolie (Male) - 1998 - Abducted.

Assaulted.

Killed.

Kamara, Monday (Female) - 1999 in Maforki, Port Loko - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Kamara, Moray (Male) - 1999 in Follosaba Dembelia, Koinadugu - Property looted.

Kamara, Morlai (Male) - 1996 in Kagboro, Moyamba - Property looted.

Forced to labour.

Tortured.

Kamara, Morlai (Male) - 1998 in Sambaia Bendugu, Tonkolili - Killed.
Kamara, Morlai (Male) - 1999 in Tambakka, Bombali - Assaulted.

Kamara, Morlai (Male) - 1994 - Killed.

Kamara, Morlai (Male) - 1999 in Sanda Loko, Bombali - Killed.

Kamara, Morlai (Male) - 1998 in Tonko Limba, Kambia - Displaced and property destroyed.

Kamara, Morlai (Male) - 1999 in Magbema, Kambia - Abducted.

Kamara, Morlai (Male) age 17 - 1999 in Marampa, Port Loko - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Killed.


Kamara, Morlai (Male) age 30 - 2000 in Samu, Kambia - Displaced and property destroyed.

Kamara, Morlai (Male) age 46 - 1999 - Displaced and extorted.

Kamara, Morlai (Male) age 51 - 1999 in Gbinleh-Dixon, Kambia - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Morlai B.

(Male) - 1998 in Gbanti Kamaranka, Bombali - Property destroyed.

Kamara, Morlai N'mah (Male) age 55 - 1999 - Displaced and property destroyed.
Kamara, Morlia (Male) - 1993 in Kalansogia, Tonkolili - Killed.

Kamara, Morrba (Female) - 1999 in Gbinleh-Dixon, Kambia - Property destroyed.

Kamara, Moses (Male) age 28 - 1998 in Western Area - Property looted and destroyed.

Kamara, Musa (Male) - 1999 in Kassunko, Koinadugu - Tortured.

Killed.

Kamara, Musa (Male) - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Killed.

Kamara, Musa (Male) - 2000 - Displaced.

Kamara, Musa (Male) - Killed.

Kamara, Musa (Male) - Forced to labour.

Tortured.


Kamara, Musa (Male) - 1996 - Displaced and extorted.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Musa (Male) - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Kamara, Musa (Male) - 1991 in Kakua, Bo District - Killed.

Kamara, Musa (Male) age 18 - 1995 in Konike Sande, Tonkolili - Killed.

Kamara, Musa (Male) age 19 - 1998 in Diang, Koinadugu - Displaced.

Tortured.

Kamara, Musa (Male) age 23 - 1991 - Displaced.

Kamara, Musa (Male) age 25 - Property looted.


Forced to labour.

Assaulted, tortured and limb amputated.

Kamara, Musa (Male) age 31 - 1991 in Niawa, Kenema - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Musa (Male) age 36 - 1999 in Lei, Kono - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Tortured.

Kamara, Musa (Male) age 53 - Displaced and property looted.

Kamara, Musa (Male) age 56 - 1999 in Wara-Wara Bafodia, Koinadugu - Extorted.

Abducted and detained.


Kamara, Mustapha (Male) - 1998 in Diang, Koinadugu - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Kamara, Mustapha (Male) - 1991 in Peje West, Kailahun - Killed.

Kamara, Mustapha (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Killed.

Kamara, Mustapha (Male) age 68 - 1991 in Sowa, Pujehun - Displaced and property destroyed.

Kamara, Mustapha B.M.

(Male) age 45 - 1996 in Malal Mara, Tonkolili - Displaced.

Kamara, Musu (Female) - Killed.


Kamara, Musu (Female) - 1995 in Badjia, Bo District - Killed.

Kamara, Musu (Female) age 30 - 1994 in Masungbala, Kambia - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Musu (Female) age 30 - 1991 in Jawie, Kailahun - Displaced.

Killed.

Kamara, Musu (Female) age 40 - 1998 in Briama, Kambia - Displaced, extorted and property looted.

Abducted.

Kamara, Musu (Female) age 57 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.
Kamara, Musu (Female) age 82 - 1994 - Killed.

Kamara, Myindu (Male) - 1997 in Tankoro, Kono - Displaced and property destroyed.

Killed.

Kamara, N Sorie (Male) - 1998 in Kambia - Abducted and detained.

Kamara, Nabie (Male) age 22 - Displaced and extorted.

Assaulted and tortured.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 378 Kamara, Nabie (Male) age 29 - 1995 in Magbema, Kambia - Displaced and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.


Kamara, Nabie (Male) age 36 - 1998 in Tambakka, Bombali - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Kamara, Nadie (Female) age 21 - 2000 - Displaced and property looted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Namisa (Female) - 1994 in Neini, Koinadugu - Killed.

Kamara, Namisah (Female) age 70 - 1998 in Sulima, Koinadugu - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.
Forced to labour.

Kamara, Nanah Soko (Female) age 32 - 1997 in Western Area - Displaced and property destroyed.

Kamara, Nancy (Female) age 35 - 1999 - Extorted.

Kamara, Nanfa (Female) - 2000 - Abducted.

Kamara, Nannah (Female) age 60 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Kamara, Neneh (Female) age 22 - 1998 in Western Area - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Kamara, Ngadie (Female) - 2000 in Gbinleh-Dixon, Kambia - Displaced and property destroyed.
Kamara, Ngaimah (Female) - 1999 in Maforki, Port Loko - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Kamara, Nyallay (Female) - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Omaru (Male) - 1991 - Displaced.

Kamara, Osei (Female) age 47 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced and property destroyed.

Kamara, Ousman (Male) - 1998 in Sambaia Bendugu, Tonkolili - Killed.

Kamara, Ousman (Male) - 1994 in Malal Mara, Tonkolili - Abducted and detained.
Kamara, Ousman (Male) - 1995 in Kori, Moyamba - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Kamara, Ousman (Male) - 1996 in Malal Mara, Tonkolili - Displaced.

Killed.

Kamara, Ousman (Male) - 1994 in Gbonkolenken, Tonkolili - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Ousman (Male) - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Kamara, Ousman (Male) - 1997 in Jong, Bonthe - Extorted.

Kamara, Ousman (Male) - 1998 - Displaced.

Kamara, Ousman (Male) - 1998 in Gbanti Kamaranka, Bombali - Property destroyed.
Kamara, Ousman (Male) age 21 - Extorted and property destroyed.

Kamara, Ousman (Male) age 29 - 1994 - Displaced.

Kamara, Ousman (Male) age 30 - 1998 in Tambakka, Bombali - Killed.

Kamara, Ousman (Male) age 42 - 1999 in Samu, Kambia - Assaulted.

Killed.

Kamara, Ousman (Male) age 53 - 1998 in Makari Gbanti, Bombali - Displaced and property looted.

Kamara, Ousman (Male) age 58 - 1998 in Tambakka, Bombali - Property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.


Kamara, Ousman (Male) age 60 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Kamara, Ousman (Male) age 60 - 1998 in Makari Gbanti, Bombali - Abducted and detained.

Kamara, Pakai Nday (Male) - 1997 in Kassunko, Koinadugu - Property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Kamara, Philip (Male) age 40 - 1998 in Kalansogia, Tonkolili - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Kamara, Ramatu (Female) - 1999 - Displaced and property destroyed.
Kamara, Ramatu (Female) age 57 - 2000 in Gbinleh-Dixon, Kambia - Killed.

Kamara, Razzaq Abdul (Male) age 30 - Displaced.

Abducted.

Kamara, Regina (Female) age 41 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Kamara, Roland Sidikie (Male) age 4 - 1991 in Makpele, Pujehun - Displaced.

Kamara, Rugiatu (Female) age 26 - 1998 in Western Area - Extorted.

Kamara, Rugiatu (Female) age 29 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced and property looted.

Kamara, Rugie (Female) - 1999 in Maforki, Port Loko - Displaced.
Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Kamara, Saffa (Male) - 1991 in Kakua, Bo District - Killed.

Kamara, Saffiatu (Female) age 39 - 1997 in Dodo, Kenema - Displaced and property looted.

Kamara, Saffie (Female) - 1992 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced.

Kamara, Saffie (Female) - 1999 - Assaulted.

Kamara, Saffie (Female) age 36 - 1999 in Paki Masabong, Bombali - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Sahr (Male) age 31 - 1994 in Jalahun, Kailahun - Assaulted.

Killed.
Killed.

Kamara, Said Foday (Male) age 66 - 2000 in Samu, Kambia - Displaced and property looted.

Kamara, Saidu (Male) - 1999 in Sella Limba, Bombali - Abducted and detained.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 379 Kamara, Saidu (Male) - 1999 in Gbinleh-Dixon, Kambia - Tortured.

Killed.

Kamara, Saidu (Male) - 1991 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Kamara, Saidu (Male) age 7 - 1999 in Western Area - Abducted and detained.
Kamara, Saidu (Male) age 14 - 1994 in Konike Sande, Tonkolili - Displaced.

Kamara, Saidu (Male) age 26 - 1997 in Neini, Koinadugu - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Saidu (Male) age 27 - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Saidu (Male) age 29 - 1991 in Pujehun - Abducted.

Kamara, Saidu (Male) age 29 - 1999 in Maforki, Port Loko - Forced to labour.

Assaulted and tortured.


Kamara, Saidu (Male) age 31 - 1999 in Gbinleh-Dixon, Kambia - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Saidu (Male) age 65 - 1995 in Mambolo, Kambia - Extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Kamara, Saio (Male) age 28 - 1998 in Follosaba Dembelia, Koinadugu - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and tortured.

Kamara, Sakartay (Male) age 60 - 1999 in Sulima, Koinadugu - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.
Kamara, Salamatu (Female) - 1996 in Malen, Pujehun - Property looted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and tortured.

Kamara, Salamatu (Female) - 1999 in Western Area - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Salia (Male) age 48 - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Kamara, Salieu (Male) age 24 - 1996 in Gbonkolenken, Tonkolili - Displaced.

Kamara, Salifu (Male) age 13 - 2000 in Kassunko, Koinadugu - Forced to labour.

Assaulted.
Assaulted.

Kamara, Salifu (Male) age 91 - Displaced and property destroyed.

Kamara, Salihu (Male) - 1991 - Killed.

Kamara, Salim (Male) age 58 - 2000 in Samu, Kambia - Displaced.

Kamara, Sallay (Female) age 45 - 1997 in Upper Bambara , Kailahun - Property destroyed.

Assaulted and tortured.

Kamara, Salleu (Female) age 28 - 1998 in Sambaia Bendugu, Tonkolili - Forced to labour.

Kamara, Salllyman (Male) age 27 - 1995 in Buya Romende, Port Loko - Displaced.
Kamara, Sallu (Male) age 87 - 1999 in Mambolo, Kambia - Assaulted.

Kamara, Samah (Male) - Killed.

Kamara, Samba (Male) - 1999 in Gbinleh-Dixon, Kambia - Killed.

Kamara, Samir (Male) age 35 - 1999 in Magbema, Kambia - Abducted.

Kamara, Sampa (Female) age 38 - 2000 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Kamara, Samuel (Male) - 1994 in Malal Mara, Tonkolili - Killed.

Kamara, Samuel (Male) - 1998 - Killed.

Kamara, Samuel (Male) - 1998 in Kando Leppeama, Kenema - Killed.
Kamara, Sana (Female) - 2000 in Baoma, Bo District - Killed.

Kamara, Saneh (Male) age 48 - 2000 in Kassunko, Koinadugu - Displaced and extorted.

Kamara, Sanfa (Male) - 1998 in Kholifa Rowalla, Tonkolili - Tortured.

Killed.

Kamara, Sannie (Male) - Displaced.

Kamara, Sannoh (Male) age 57 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Kamara, Santigie (Male) - 1999 in Koya, Port Loko - Forced to labour.
Kamara, Santigie (Male) - 1998 in Paki Masabong, Bombali - Killed.

Kamara, Santigie (Male) - 1998 in Sanda Loko, Bombali - Displaced and property destroyed.

Tortured.

Kamara, Santigie (Male) - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Kamara, Santigie (Male) - 1996 in Gbanti Kamaranka, Bombali - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Kamara, Santigie (Male) - 1996 in Sanda Tendaren, Bombali - Property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.


Kamara, Santigie (Male) age 12 - 2000 - Displaced.

Kamara, Santigie (Male) age 34 - 1997 in Langorama, Kenema - Displaced.

Kamara, Santigie (Male) age 41 - 1999 in Biriwa, Bombali - Displaced and property destroyed.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Santigie (Male) age 45 - 1999 in Maforki, Port Loko - Displaced and property destroyed.

Kamara, Santigie (Male) age 47 - 2000 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.
Kamara, Santigie (Male) age 53 - 1998 in Mambolo, Kambia - Property looted and destroyed.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 380 Kamara, Sao (Female) age 15 - 1998 in Mongo, Koinadugu - Killed.

Kamara, Sao (Male) age 26 - 1992 in Barri, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Sara (Female) - Property looted and destroyed.

Kamara, Sarah (Female) - 1998 - Displaced.

Abducted.

Tortured.

Killed.

Kamara, Satta (Female) - 1996 - Displaced.


Killed.

Kamara, Satta (Female) age 45 - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Displaced and property destroyed.

Kamara, Saunatu (Female) age 26 - 1994 in Samu, Kambia - Displaced.

Abducted.

Kamara, Sayma (Male) - 1999 in Gbendembu Ngowahun, Bombali - Abducted and detained.

Kamara, Sayo (Male) - 1998 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Abducted and detained.

Stripped and limb amputated.


Kamara, Sayoh Serah-Sain (Male) age 28 - 1994 in Diang, Koinadugu - Displaced and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Kamara, Seinya (Female) - 1994 in Sowa, Pujehun - Displaced.

Killed.

Kamara, Seita (Female) - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Sembeka (Male) age 50 - 1994 - Killed.

Kamara, Sembo (Male) - Abducted and detained.

Kamara, Sembu (Male) - Displaced and property looted.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Sembu (Male) age 47 - 2000 in Kholifa Mabang, Tonkolili - Displaced.
Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Kamara, Senesie (Male) age 39 - 1994 in Mandu, Kailahun - Killed.

Kamara, Sentho (Female) - 2000 - Abducted and detained.

Kamara, Serice (Female) age 61 - 1996 in Malal Mara, Tonkolili - Killed.

Kamara, Seru (Male) - Displaced and property destroyed.

Kamara, Shaka (Male) age 56 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced and property looted.

Kamara, Sharka M (Male) age 35 - 1995 in Banta Gbanggbatoke, Moyamba - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.


Kamara, Sharrac (Male) age 11 - 1997 in Western Area - Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Sheka (Male) - 1999 in Gbinleh-Dixon, Kambia - Displaced.

Limb amputated.

Kamara, Sheka (Male) age 22 - 1999 in Western Area - Property destroyed.

Tortured.

Kamara, Sheka (Male) age 27 - 1995 in Magbema, Kambia - Displaced.

Killed.

Kamara, Sheka (Male) age 67 - 1999 in Wara-Wara Yagala, Koinadugu - Displaced and property destroyed.
Kamara, Sheka (Male) age 77 - 1997 in Bombali Shebora, Bombali - Extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Sheksa (Male) - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Kamara, Sheku (Male) - 1999 in Koya, Port Loko - Property destroyed.

Killed.

Kamara, Sheku (Male) - 1992 in Gbense, Kono - Killed.

Kamara, Sheku (Male) - 1998 in Magbaiamba Ngowahun, Bombali - Property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.


Kamara, Sheku (Male) - 1991 in Kwamebai Krim, Bonthe - Killed.

Kamara, Sheku (Male) - Assaulted.

Killed.

Kamara, Sheku (Male) - 1994 in Wunde, Bo District - Tortured.

Killed.

Kamara, Sheku (Male) - 1991 in Badjia, Bo District - Displaced, extorted and property looted.

Kamara, Sheku (Male) age 19 - 1998 in Biriwa, Bombali - Displaced and property destroyed.

Kamara, Sheku (Male) age 30 - 2000 in Sulima, Koinadugu - Displaced and property looted.

Forced to labour.
Forced to labour.

Tortured.

Kamara, Sheku (Male) age 32 - 1996 - Property looted.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Sheku (Male) age 66 - 1998 in Sengbe, Koinadugu - Displaced and property destroyed.

Kamara, Shekuna (Male) - 1998 in Sambaia Bendugu, Tonkolili - Limb amputated.

Kamara, Shenge (Male) - Abducted and detained.

Kamara, Sheriff (Male) - 1999 in Koya, Port Loko - Forced to labour.

Kamara, Shiaka (Male) age 45 - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.


Kamara, Siaka (Male) age 17 - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Kamara, Siaka (Male) age 20 - 1999 in Western Area - Killed.

Kamara, Sikeh (Male) - 1998 in Bombali Shebora, Bombali - Extorted and property destroyed.

Tortured.

Kamara, Sim Baria (Male) - 1994 in Konike Sande, Tonkolili - Killed.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 381 Kamara, Sinneh (Male) - 2000 in Gbinleh-Dixon, Kambia - Displaced.

Abducted.
Abducted.

Kamara, Sinneh (Male) age 85 - 1995 in Briama, Kambia - Property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Kamara, Siray (Female) - 1998 in Sengbe, Koinadugu - Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Soriba (Male) - 1999 in Samu, Kambia - Abducted and detained.

Kamara, Soriba (Male) age 7 - 1999 in Samu, Kambia - Abducted and detained.

Kamara, Soriba (Male) age 30 - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Kamara, Sorie (Male) - 1995 in Fakunya, Moyamba - Killed.
Kamara, Sorie (Male) - 1994 in Malal Mara, Tonkolili - Killed.

Kamara, Sorie (Male) - 1998 in Yoni, Tonkolili - Abducted and detained.

Kamara, Sorie (Male) - 1999 in Tambakka, Bombali - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Kamara, Sorie (Male) - 1999 in Gbendembu Ngowahun, Bombali - Abducted and detained.

Kamara, Sorie (Male) - 1998 in Safroko Limba, Bombali - Extorted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Sorie (Male) - 2000 in Gbinleh-Dixon, Kambia - Displaced.

Forced to labour.
Forced to labour.

Kamara, Sorie (Male) - 1999 in Samu, Kambia - Displaced and property destroyed.

Kamara, Sorie (Male) age 11 - 1997 in Western Area - Displaced and extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Kamara, Sorie (Male) age 21 - 1998 in Kholifa Rowalla, Tonkolili - Killed.

Kamara, Sorie (Male) age 21 - 1997 in Tankoro, Kono - Displaced.

Kamara, Sorie (Male) age 22 - 1998 - Extorted.

Abducted.

Tortured.

Kamara, Sorie (Male) age 35 - 1998 - Property looted.

Tortured.
Tortured.

Kamara, Sorie (Male) age 47 - 1995 in Briama, Kambia - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Kamara, Sorie (Male) age 48 - 2000 in Baoma, Bo District - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Sorie (Male) age 69 - Killed.

Kamara, Sorie Bobor Cole (Male) age 60 - 1998 in Safroko Limba, Bombali - Property looted.

Kamara, Sorie Morlie (Male) - 1994 in Nimiyama, Kono - Displaced and property destroyed.

Killed.

Kamara, Sorieba (Male) - 1999 - Assaulted.


Kamara, Sorieba (Male) - Assaulted.

Kamara, Sorieba (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Killed.

Kamara, Sowoi (Female) age 50 - Displaced and property destroyed.

Kamara, Sulaiman (Male) - 1998 in Dembelia Sinkunia, Koinadugu - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Kamara, Sulaiman (Male) - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Kamara, Sullay (Male) - 1998 in Yawbeko, Bonthe - Displaced and property looted.

Forced to labour.

Tortured.


Kamara, Sullay (Male) - Abducted and detained.

Kamara, Sullay (Male) - Killed.

Kamara, Sundu (Female) age 37 - Displaced and extorted.

Forced to labour.

Kamara, Sundufu (Male) age 28 - 1992 in Nongowa, Kenema - Displaced.

Kamara, T.L.

(Male) - 1994 in Tonkolili - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Kamara, Taimu (Male) - 1998 - Displaced and extorted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Killed.

Kamara, Tamba (Male) age 36 - Displaced and property destroyed.
Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and limb amputated.

Kamara, Tejan (Male) - 1998 in Gbanti Kamaranka, Bombali - Limb amputated.

Killed.

Kamara, Tejan (Male) - Displaced.

Kamara, Tenneh (Female) - 1993 - Killed.

Kamara, Tenneh (Female) - 2000 in Gbinleh-Dixon, Kambia - Forced to labour.

Kamara, Tenneh (Female) age 45 - 2000 in Wara-Wara Bafodia, Koinadugu - Property looted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Terena (Female) age 47 - 1999 in Western Area - Assaulted.
Kamara, Thaim (Male) age 40 - 1998 in Leibasgayahun, Bombali - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted.

Assaulted and stripped.

Kamara, Thaimu (Male) - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Thaimu (Male) age 23 - 1999 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Kamara, Thaimu (Male) age 45 - 1992 in Gbense, Kono - Killed.

Kamara, Thaimu (Male) age 45 - 2000 in Masungbala, Kambia - Displaced and property destroyed.

Stripped.
Stripped.

Kamara, Thaimu Brima (Male) age 49 - 1999 in Biriwa, Bombali - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 382 Kamara, Thomas (Male) - 1999 in Bumpeh, Moyamba - Displaced.

Kamara, Thomas (Male) - 1998 - Property destroyed.

Kamara, Tina Marah (Female) age 24 - 1998 - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Titi (Female) - 1995 in Sandor, Kono - Property looted and destroyed.

Assaulted.
Assaulted.

Kamara, Tity (Female) age 36 - 1991 in Mandu, Kailahun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Kamara, Tity (Female) age 42 - 1994 - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Tommy (Male) age 54 - 1999 in Samu, Kambia - Displaced and extorted.

Kamara, U. Balu - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Umaro (Male) age 50 - 1999 in Wara-Wara Bafodia, Koinadugu - Property looted.

Kamara, Umaru (Male) - 1998 in Western Area - Abducted.
Kamara, Umaru (Male) age 31 - 1999 in Western Area - Killed.

Kamara, Umu (Female) - 1998 in Gbanti Kamaranka, Bombali - Property destroyed.

Kamara, Umu (Female) age 28 - 1998 in Makari Gbanti, Bombali - Property looted and destroyed.

Killed.

Kamara, Unisa (Male) - 1998 in Koya, Port Loko - Property destroyed.

Kamara, Unisa (Male) - 2000 in Gbinleh-Dixon, Kambia - Abducted.

Killed.

Kamara, Unisa (Male) age 42 - 1999 in Kambia - Displaced.
Kamara, Unisa (Male) age 54 - 1999 in Kaffu Bullom, Port Loko - Property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and stripped.

Kamara, Unissa (Male) age 26 - Property looted.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Vandi (Male) age 21 - 1993 - Killed.

Kamara, Vandy (Male) - 1991 in Baoma, Bo District - Killed.

Kamara, Vandy (Male) age 41 - 1993 in Dia, Kailahun - Displaced.

Kamara, Wahan (Female) age 37 - 1992 in Western Area - Displaced.

Kamara, Watta (Female) age 20 - 1991 in Simbaru, Kenema - Detained.
Killed.

Kamara, Watta (Female) age 34 - 1991 in Malema, Kailahun - Killed.

Kamara, Watta (Female) age 43 - 1992 in Small Bo, Kenema - Property destroyed.

Abducted.

Assaulted and tortured.

Killed.

Kamara, Wazeg (Male) - 1991 in Wandor, Kenema - Assaulted.

Kamara, Will (Male) - 1994 in Jalahun, Kailahun - Displaced.

Kamara, Wulaymatu (Female) - 1999 in Konike Sande, Tonkolili - Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Kamara, Wusu (Male) age 17 - 1996 in Marampa, Port Loko - Forced to labour.

Killed.
Killed.

Kamara, Yabom (Female) age 20 - 1999 in Paki Masabong, Bombali - Displaced.

Kamara, Yabom (Female) age 26 - Assaulted.

Kamara, Yabour (Female) age 80 - 1999 - Killed.

Kamara, Yamakai (Female) - 1999 in Gbinleh-Dixon, Kambia - Property destroyed.

Kamara, Yambo (Female) - 1999 in Maforki, Port Loko - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Kamara, Yande (Female) age 45 - 1993 in Kono - Displaced.

Kamara, Yangie (Female) age 32 - 1994 in Wara-Wara Yagala, Koinadugu - Property destroyed.
Abducted and detained.

Kamara, Yaya (Male) age 31 - 1998 in Masungbala, Kambia - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Kamara, Yayah (Male) - 1995 in Malema, Kailahun - Property looted and destroyed.

Kamara, Yeabu (Female) - 1994 in Malal Mara, Tonkolili - Displaced and property looted.

Assaulted.

Kamara, Yeabu (Female) - 1998 in Tane, Tonkolili - Displaced.

Kamara, Yeabu (Female) - 1995 - Displaced and property destroyed.

Kamara, Yeabu (Female) - 1998 in Bombali Shebora, Bombali - Displaced.
Kamara, Yeabu (Female) - 1998 in Biriwa, Bombali - Killed.

Kamara, Yeahoh (Female) - 1999 in Gbinleh-Dixon, Kambia - Displaced and property destroyed.

Kamara, Yealie (Female) - Displaced.

Kamara, Yeanoh (Female) age 7 - 1999 in Gbinleh-Dixon, Kambia - Displaced.

Kamara, Yeanor (Female) age 32 - 1995 in Magbema, Kambia - Displaced.

Kamara, Yema (Female) - 1991 - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Kamara, Yeyea (Female) age 27 - 2000 - Displaced.

Abducted.

Tortured.


Kamara, Yimalu (Female) - 1998 in Dembelia Sinkunia, Koinadugu - Displaced.

Kamara, Yusufu (Male) - 1998 in Masungbala, Kambia - Displaced and property destroyed.

Kamara, Yusufu (Male) age 32 - 2000 in Magbema, Kambia - Displaced, extorted and property looted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 383 Kamara, Zainab (Female) - Displaced and property looted.

Kamara, Zainab (Female) - 1992 in Magbema, Kambia - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.


Kamara, Zainab (Female) age 31 - 1999 - Property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Kambo, Abdul (Male) - 1993 in Wunde, Bo District - Property destroyed.

Kamie, Boama (Male) age 26 - 1995 in Wandor, Kenema - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted.

Killed.

Kamo, Gibrila (Male) - 1996 in Nongoba Bullom, Bonthe - Killed.

Kamoh, Gbedeh (Female) - 1991 in Kpaka, Pujehun - Killed.

Kamoh, Kenie (Male) - 1994 in Jiama-Bongor, Bo District - Killed.
Kamuwa, Lamin (Male) age 70 - 1991 in Malen, Pujehun - Extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Kana, Mustapha (Male) age 55 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Kanagboi, Fatima (Female) - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Killed.

Kanagboi, Maseray (Female) - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Forced to labour.

Kanagboi, Nabieu (Male) - Killed.

Kanagboi, Nyallay (Female) age 34 - 1995 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Displaced and property destroyed.
Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Kanagbou, Millicent (Female) age 30 - 1995 in Banta Gbanggbatoke, Moyamba - Displaced and property looted.

Kanawa, Tamba (Male) age 16 - 1993 - Assaulted.

Kandeh, Baby (Female) - 1997 in Moyamba - Killed.

Kandeh, Isata (Female) - Forced to labour.

Kandeh, Lahai (Male) age 25 - 1994 in Kando Leppeama, Kenema - Killed.

Kandeh, Mohamed (Male) age 73 - Property looted.

Kandeh, Yatta (Female) age 33 - 1994 in Kamara, Kono - Displaced.

Tortured.
Tortured.

Kandeh, Yatta (Female) age 54 - 1994 in Kando Leppeama, Kenema - Displaced.

Kandgboi, Maseray (Female) age 12 - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Forced to labour.

Kangaju, Lahai (Male) - 1999 in Barri, Pujehun - Killed.

Kangbai, Juliana (Female) age 18 - 1997 in Fakunya, Moyamba - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Kani, Joe (Male) - 1995 in Banta Gbanggbatoke, Moyamba - Displaced.

Kanimeh, Foday Patrick (Male) age 54 - 1994 in Sogbini, Bonthe - Property looted and destroyed.
Kanja, Kumba (Female) age 8 - 2000 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Kanja, Sahr (Male) - 2000 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced.

Killed.

Kanja, Tamba (Male) age 40 - 1998 in Soa, Kono - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Limb amputated.

Kanneh, A.K.

(Male) - 1993 in Kissi Tongi, Kailahun - Killed.

Kanneh, Abdulai (Male) - 1991 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Killed.

Kanneh, Abdulai (Male) - Killed.

Kanneh, Abdulai (Male) age 32 - 1991 in Dodo, Kenema - Killed.
Kanneh, Alhaji Maldieu (Male) - 1991 in Malema, Kailahun - Killed.

Kanneh, Alieu (Male) age 41 - 1991 in Mandu, Kailahun - Abducted.

Kanneh, Amara (Male) - 1991 in Malema, Kailahun - Assaulted.

Kanneh, Ansumana (Male) age 71 - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Property looted and destroyed.

Kanneh, Baindu (Female) age 31 - 1997 in Upper Bambara , Kailahun - Extorted and property looted.

Kanneh, Baindu (Female) age 53 - 1993 in Nomo, Kenema - Displaced.

Tortured.
Tortured.

Kanneh, Bockarie (Male) - 1991 in Malema, Kailahun - Killed.

Kanneh, Doris (Female) - 1996 in Komboya, Bo District - Assaulted.

Kanneh, Fatu (Female) age 18 - 1991 in Gaura, Kenema - Killed.

Kanneh, Fei (Male) - 1991 in Malema, Kailahun - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Kanneh, Foday (Male) - 1991 in Dodo, Kenema - Killed.

Kanneh, Fodie (Male) - 1993 in Small Bo, Kenema - Killed.

Kanneh, Fomba (Male) age 11 - 1998 in Malema, Kailahun - Killed.
Kanneh, Isatu (Female) age 4 - 1991 in Malema, Kailahun - Assaulted.

Kanneh, Isatu (Female) age 27 - 1993 in Upper Bambara , Kailahun - Displaced, extorted and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Kanneh, Jamatu (Female) age 23 - 1991 in Upper Bambara , Kailahun - Displaced.

Abducted.

Kanneh, Jenneh (Female) age 13 - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Kanneh, Jenneh (Female) age 55 - 1991 in Kakua, Bo District - Displaced and property looted.
Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 384 Kanneh, Juana (Male) - 1992 in Penguia, Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Kanneh, Juma (Male) - 1991 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Killed.

Kanneh, Juma (Female) - 1991 in Malema, Kailahun - Assaulted.

Kanneh, Jusu (Male) - 1991 in Badjia, Bo District - Tortured.

Kanneh, Jusu Abudlai (Male) age 51 - 1998 in Malema, Kailahun - Displaced.

Kanneh, Kadijatu (Female) - 1991 - Abducted.

Assaulted.

Killed.
Assaulted.

Killed.

Kanneh, Kemoh (Male) age 20 - 1996 in Upper Bambara , Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Kanneh, Lahai (Male) - 1993 in Barri, Pujehun - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Kanneh, Lansana (Male) - 1991 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Property looted.

Kanneh, Lansana (Male) age 21 - 1997 in Gaura, Kenema - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Kanneh, Lansana (Male) age 64 - 1997 in Dodo, Kenema - Displaced and property looted.
Kanneh, Luseni (Male) - 1991 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Property looted.

Kanneh, Madina (Female) age 24 - 1991 in Malema, Kailahun - Displaced and extorted.

Abducted.

Assaulted.

Kanneh, Malhadieu (Male) - 1991 in Malema, Kailahun - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Kanneh, Mamawah Okiesta (Female) age 35 - 1991 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.


Kanneh, Mariama (Female) - 1996 in Panga Krim, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted.

Kanneh, Mariama (Female) - 1993 in Small Bo, Kenema - Killed.

Kanneh, Mariama (Female) age 40 - 1991 in Bo District - Displaced and property looted.

Detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Kanneh, Marie (Female) - 1991 in Upper Bambara , Kailahun - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Kanneh, Mary (Female) age 50 - 1997 in Kakua, Bo District - Displaced.
Kanneh, Messi (Female) age 26 - 1991 - Displaced and property destroyed.

Kanneh, Mohamed (Male) - 1993 in Small Bo, Kenema - Killed.

Kanneh, Mohamed (Male) age 10 - 1995 in Koya, Kenema - Forced to labour.

Tortured.

Kanneh, Mohamed (Male) age 26 - 1991 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Property looted.

Killed.

Kanneh, Mohamed Babbie (Male) age 40 - 1999 in Paki Masabong, Bombali - Assaulted and tortured.

Kanneh, Moigboi (Male) - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Property destroyed.
Kanneh, Moiguia (Male) - 1991 in Malema, Kailahun - Displaced.

Assaulted and stripped.

Kanneh, Momoh (Male) - Extorted.

Assaulted.

Kanneh, Momoh (Male) - 1991 in Koya, Kenema - Property looted and destroyed.

Tortured.

Killed.

Kanneh, Momoh (Male) age 32 - 1998 in Upper Bambara , Kailahun - Displaced.

Kanneh, Momoh (Male) age 40 - 1995 in Koya, Kenema - Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Killed.

Kanneh, Momoh (Male) age 72 - 1992 in Malen, Pujehun - Killed.

Kanneh, Murray (Male) - Killed.


Kanneh, Musa (Male) age 6 - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Displaced.

Killed.

Kanneh, Musu (Female) - 1991 in Malen, Pujehun - Killed.

Kanneh, Saffa (Male) age 13 - 1993 in Small Bo, Kenema - Killed.

Kanneh, Salia (Male) age 39 - 1993 in Kenema - Displaced and property destroyed.

Kanneh, Samie (Male) age 35 - 1998 in Mandu, Kailahun - Displaced.

Detained.

Assaulted and stripped.

Kanneh, Sandy (Male) - 1991 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Property looted and destroyed.
Kanneh, Sara (Female) age 77 - 1991 in Dia, Kailahun - Property looted and destroyed.

Assaulted.

Kanneh, Sheku (Male) age 38 - 1991 in Malema, Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Kanneh, Tenneh (Female) - Property looted and destroyed.

Kanneh, Umaru (Male) age 41 - 1991 in Dia, Kailahun - Killed.

Kanneh, Vandi (Male) - 1991 - Killed.

Kanneh, Watta (Female) age 40 - 1991 in Makpele, Pujehun - Property looted.

Kanneh, Wuya (Female) - 1994 in Gallinasperi, Pujehun - Tortured.
Kanneh, Zainabu (Female) age 4 - Killed.

Kanu, Abass (Male) age 23 - 1997 in Makari Gbanti, Bombali - Displaced and property destroyed.

Kanu, Abdul (Male) - 1998 in Sanda Loko, Bombali - Property destroyed.

Kanu, Abdulai (Male) age 34 - 1999 in Makari Gbanti, Bombali - Displaced and property looted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Kanu, Abdulai (Male) age 43 - 1999 in Malal Mara, Tonkolili - Displaced and property destroyed.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 385 Abducted and detained.
Assaulted and tortured.

Kanu, Abu (Male) - 1996 - Abducted.

Killed.

Kanu, Abu (Male) - 1998 in Gbendembu Ngowahun, Bombali - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Kanu, Abu (Male) - Limb amputated.

Kanu, Abu (Male) age 58 - 1998 in Safroko Limba, Bombali - Displaced and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Kanu, Adama (Female) age 32 - 1999 in Bombali - Displaced and property looted.

Forced to labour.
Forced to labour.

Kanu, Adama (Female) age 41 - 1999 in Bombali Shebora, Bombali - Property looted and destroyed.

Kanu, Adamsay (Female) - 1999 in Bombali Shebora, Bombali - Property looted and destroyed.

Kanu, Adikalie (Male) age 42 - 1998 in Koya, Port Loko - Abducted.

Tortured.

Killed.

Kanu, Alex (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Killed.

Kanu, Alhaji (Male) - 1996 in Gbense, Kono - Property destroyed.

Killed.

Kanu, Alhassan (Male) age 7 - 1999 in Yoni, Tonkolili - Forced to labour.
Kanu, Alie (Male) - 1995 in Tane, Tonkolili - Property destroyed.

Kanu, Alie (Male) - 1998 in Sanda Loko, Bombali - Property destroyed.

Kanu, Alie (Male) - 1998 in Makari Gbanti, Bombali - Property looted.

Assaulted.

Kanu, Alie (Male) age 31 - 1994 in Wara-Wara Yagala, Koinadugu - Property destroyed.

Kanu, Alie (Male) age 63 - 1996 in Gbonkolenken, Tonkolili - Killed.

Kanu, Alimamy (Male) - 1997 in Port Loko - Displaced.

Kanu, Alimamy (Male) - 1997 in Buya Romende, Port Loko - Abducted and detained.
Assaulted.

Kanu, Alimamy (Male) - 1998 in Biriwa, Bombali - Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Kanu, Alimamy (Male) age 49 - 1999 in Port Loko - Property looted.

Kanu, Alimamy (Male) age 96 - 1999 in Ribbi, Moyamba - Property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Tortured.

Kanu, Alimu (Male) - 1995 in Buya Romende, Port Loko - Killed.

Kanu, Alpha (Male) - 1998 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced.

Limb amputated.

Kanu, Alpha (Male) - 1995 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.
Kanu, Alpha (Male) age 4 - 1998 - Displaced.

Killed.

Kanu, Alusine (Male) age 14 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Kanu, Amadu (Male) - 1995 in Safroko Limba, Bombali - Killed.

Kanu, Amadu (Male) age 53 - 1998 in Masimera, Port Loko - Displaced and property looted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and tortured.

Kanu, Amara (Male) - 1998 in Nimiyama, Kono - Killed.

Kanu, Baba (Male) age 15 - 1999 - Assaulted.

Kanu, Bai (Male) - Displaced.

Kanu, Bai (Male) - 1995 - Displaced and property looted.
Kanu, Bai (Male) age 53 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced and property destroyed.

Kanu, Bassie (Male) - 1998 in Makari Gbanti, Bombali - Killed.

Kanu, Bomo (Male) - 1998 in Makari Gbanti, Bombali - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Killed.

Kanu, Brima (Male) - 1995 in Kori, Moyamba - Abducted.

Tortured.

Killed.

Kanu, Brima (Male) - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and tortured.

Kanu, Brima (Male) age 59 - 1996 - Forced to labour.

Tortured and stripped.


Kanu, Cokapri Simmie (Male) - 1997 in Gbendembu Ngowahun, Bombali - Property looted.

Assaulted.

Kanu, David (Male) age 46 - 1998 in Western Area - Abducted and detained.

Kanu, Degba (Female) - 1999 in Gbendembu Ngowahun, Bombali - Displaced.

Kanu, Fatmata (Female) - 1999 - Abducted.

Kanu, Fatmata (Female) age 23 - 1998 in Buya Romende, Port Loko - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Kanu, Fatu (Female) - 1999 in Luawa, Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Killed.
Killed.

Kanu, Foday 1 (Male) - 1998 in Bombali - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted.

Tortured.

Kanu, Fonty (Male) age 25 - 1995 in Buya Romende, Port Loko - Displaced.

Kanu, Gbassay age 13 - 1998 in Leibasgayahun, Bombali - Abducted and detained.

Tortured and limb amputated.

Kanu, Hassan (Male) - Killed.

Kanu, Hassan (Male) age 41 - 1999 in Kaffu Bullom, Port Loko - Displaced.

Abducted.

Assaulted.

Kanu, Hassan (Male) age 48 - 1994 - Displaced.


Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 386 Kanu, Hassan (Male) age 64 - 1994 in Kholifa Rowalla, Tonkolili - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and tortured.

Kanu, Hassan (Male) age 70 - 1995 - Displaced and property destroyed.

Kanu, Hassan G. (Male) - 1998 in Koya, Port Loko - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Kanu, Ibrahim (Male) - 1996 in Gbense, Kono - Abducted.

Tortured.
Tortured.

Kanu, Ibrahim (Male) age 16 - 1992 in Dia, Kailahun - Forced to labour.

Kanu, Ibrahim (Male) age 48 - 1995 in Maforki, Port Loko - Property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Kanu, Idrissa (Male) age 46 - 1994 in Gbonkolenken, Tonkolili - Displaced and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Kanu, Isatu (Female) - 1998 - Killed.

Kanu, Ishmeal (Male) - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Kanu, Iye (Female) - 1997 - Displaced and property destroyed.
Kanu, Jain (Female) age 38 - 1998 in Kassunko, Koinadugu - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Assaulted.

Kanu, John (Male) - 1998 in Magbaiamba Ngowahun, Bombali - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Kanu, John (Male) age 42 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced and extorted.

Assaulted.

Kanu, Kadiatu (Female) - 1998 in Marampa, Port Loko - Killed.

Kanu, Kadiatu (Female) age 30 - 1995 in Koya, Port Loko - Killed.
Kanu, Kandeh (Male) - 1997 in Port Loko - Displaced.

Killed.

Kanu, Keya (Male) - 1999 - Extorted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Kanu, Komrabai (Male) age 30 - Property destroyed.

Kanu, Kotoh (Male) - 1997 in Bombali Shebora, Bombali - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Kanu, Lamin (Male) - 1995 - Killed.

Kanu, Mabinty (Female) - 1995 - Forced to labour.

Limb amputated.

Kanu, Makaprr (Female) age 42 - 1997 in Yoni, Tonkolili - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.


Kanu, Manu (Male) - 1998 - Displaced and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Kanu, Mariatu (Female) age 13 - 1998 in Dia, Kailahun - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Kanu, Mariatu (Female) age 45 - Extorted and property looted.

Kanu, Marie (Female) - Property looted and destroyed.

Kanu, Marie (Female) - 1998 in Makari Gbanti, Bombali - Killed.

Kanu, Marie (Female) age 31 - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.


Kanu, Marie (Female) age 63 - Displaced and property destroyed.

Kanu, Marie (Female) age 76 - Killed.

Kanu, Mayah (Female) - Displaced.

Kanu, Mbalu (Female) - 1994 in Gbonkolenken, Tonkolili - Killed.

Kanu, Mohamed (Male) - Extorted.

Kanu, Mohamed (Male) age 15 - 1998 in Safroko Limba, Bombali - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Kanu, Mohamed (Male) age 39 - 1998 - Abducted.

Assaulted.

Killed.

Kanu, Mohamed (Male) age 41 - Extorted.

Assaulted and tortured.


Kanu, Mohamed (Male) age 45 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Tortured, stripped and limb amputated.

Kanu, Momoh (Male) - 1998 in Koya, Port Loko - Displaced.

Kanu, Momoh (Male) - 1998 in Kalansogia, Tonkolili - Assaulted.

Killed.

Kanu, Momoh (Male) - 1998 - Abducted.

Tortured and forced to participate in an act of cannibalism.

Killed.

Kanu, Momoh (Male) - 1998 in Gbendembu Ngowahun, Bombali - Displaced and property looted.
Kanu, Momoh (Male) - 1991 in Mandu, Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Kanu, Momoh (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Kanu, Morlai (Male) - 1999 in Yoni, Tonkolili - Property looted.

Assaulted.

Kanu, Morlai (Male) age 2 - 1997 in Kaffu Bullom, Port Loko - Abducted.

Killed.

Kanu, Mustapha (Male) - 1998 in Loko Massama, Port Loko - Tortured.

Killed.

Kanu, Musu (Female) - 1992 in Malal Mara, Tonkolili - Displaced and extorted.

Forced to labour.
Forced to labour.

Tortured.

Kanu, Musu (Female) age 17 - 1999 in Malal Mara, Tonkolili - Displaced.

Abducted.

Tortured.

Kanu, Obai (Male) - 1997 in Bumpeh, Moyamba - Killed.

Kanu, Ousman (Male) - 2000 in Magbema, Kambia - Displaced and property destroyed.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 387 Kanu, Posseh (Female) - 1998 in Magbaiamba Ngowahun, Bombali - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Kanu, Ramatu (Female) - 1996 in Gbense, Kono - Abducted and detained.
Kanu, Roland (Male) - 1994 in Kholifa Rowalla, Tonkolili - Displaced.

Kanu, Saidu (Male) age 19 - 1999 - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Kanu, Saidu (Male) age 29 - 1999 in Western Area - Property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Limb amputated.

Kanu, Salifu (Male) age 45 - Property destroyed.

Tortured and limb amputated.

Kanu, Sama (Female) age 28 - 1994 in Malal Mara, Tonkolili - Displaced and property looted.

Limb amputated.
Limb amputated.

Kanu, Samuel (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Killed.

Kanu, Santigie (Male) - 1999 in Kori, Moyamba - Killed.

Kanu, Santigie (Male) - 1998 in Yoni, Tonkolili - Property looted.

Kanu, Santigie (Male) age 65 - 1998 in Buya Romende, Port Loko - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Kanu, Santigie (Male) age 74 - 1995 in Koya, Port Loko - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Detained.

Assaulted.


Kanu, Sara (Male) age 38 - 1998 in Safroko Limba, Bombali - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Kanu, Sorie (Male) - 1994 in Tane, Tonkolili - Killed.

Kanu, Sorie (Male) age 71 - 1999 in Makari Gbanti, Bombali - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Kanu, Tamba (Male) - Killed.

Kanu, Umaru (Male) age 45 - 1999 in Gbinleh-Dixon, Kambia - Displaced and property destroyed.

Kanu, Umu (Female) - 1996 in Gbense, Kono - Abducted and detained.
Kanu, Yaboi (Female) - 1996 in Sanda Tendaren, Bombali - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Kanu, Yankuba (Male) - 1998 in Safroko Limba, Bombali - Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Killed.

Kanu, Yannoh (Female) - 1998 in Leibasgayahun, Bombali - Limb amputated.

Kanu, Yayah (Male) - Displaced and property looted.

Kanu, Zainab (Female) age 35 - 1994 in Kalansogia, Tonkolili - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Assaulted.
Assaulted.

Kanu Conteh, Emmanuel (Male) age 15 - 1999 in Western Area - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Kanu Li Sesay, John (Male) age 67 - 1999 in Sambaia Bendugu, Tonkolili - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Kanugba, Musa (Male) - 1994 in Tikonko, Bo District - Extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured, stripped and limb amputated.

Kanyako, Andrew Musa (Male) age 18 - 1991 - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Stripped.


Kanyako, Kamaray (Male) age 8 - 1993 in Gallinasperi, Pujehun - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Tortured.

Kanyako, Kamaray (Male) age 40 - 1991 in Western Area - Killed.

Kappoi, Haji (Male) - 1993 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Kapuwa, Sheriff (Male) - 1995 in Dodo, Kenema - Forced to labour.

Kargayobo, Bockarie (Male) age 67 - 1994 in Gaura, Kenema - Killed.

Kargayobo, Musa (Male) age 30 - 1994 in Gaura, Kenema - Displaced.
Kargbendi, Kumba (Female) age 8 - 1994 in Nimikoro, Kono - Tortured.

Kargbeni, Seemah (Male) - 1991 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Displaced and property looted.

Assaulted.

Killed.

Kargbeni, Wudie (Male) - 1991 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Kargbo, Abass (Male) age 9 - Killed.

Kargbo, Abdul (Male) - 1994 in Malal Mara, Tonkolili - Killed.

Kargbo, Abdul (Male) - 1994 - Displaced.

Kargbo, Abdul (Male) - 1997 - Property destroyed.

Tortured.

Killed.
Tortured.

Killed.

Kargbo, Abdul (Male) age 9 - 1999 in Konike Sande, Tonkolili - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Kargbo, Abdul (Male) age 44 - 1994 in Paki Masabong, Bombali - Displaced and extorted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Kargbo, Abdulai (Male) - 1997 in Kaffu Bullom, Port Loko - Abducted.

Tortured and limb amputated.

Kargbo, Abdulai (Male) - 1999 in Leibasgayahun, Bombali - Property looted.

Forced to labour.

Tortured.


Kargbo, Abdulai (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Assaulted.

Killed.

Kargbo, Abdulai (Male) age 23 - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 388 Kargbo, Abdulai (Male) age 38 - 1995 in Bombali Shebora, Bombali - Abducted and detained.

Limb amputated.

Kargbo, Abu (Male) - 1999 in Gbonkolenken, Tonkolili - Displaced.

Kargbo, Abu (Male) - 1999 in Koya, Port Loko - Displaced and property looted.
Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Kargbo, Abu (Male) - Displaced and property destroyed.

Kargbo, Abu (Male) - 1995 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Kargbo, Abu (Male) - 1995 in Western Area - Displaced and property destroyed.

Kargbo, Abu (Male) - 1996 in Badjia, Bo District - Killed.

Kargbo, Abu (Male) age 18 - 1995 in Kholifa Rowalla, Tonkolili - Killed.

Kargbo, Abu (Male) age 42 - 1999 in Sanda Magblonthor, Port Loko - Displaced and property looted.
Kargbo, Abu (Male) age 46 - 1999 in Niawa, Kenema - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Tortured.

Kargbo, Abu B (Male) age 34 - 1999 in Sanda Tendaren, Bombali - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and tortured.

Kargbo, Abu Bakarr (Male) age 14 - 1999 in Kaffu Bullom, Port Loko - Extorted.

Detained.

Assaulted and stripped.

Kargbo, Abu Bakarr (Male) age 24 - 1999 in Western Area - Extorted.

Forced to labour.

Limb amputated.


Kargbo, Abu Bakarr (Male) age 30 - 1998 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Kargbo, Abu Bakarr (Male) age 39 - 1999 - Assaulted.

Kargbo, Adama (Female) - 1999 in Loko Massama, Port Loko - Displaced and extorted.

Forced to labour.

Kargbo, Adama (Female) - 1998 in Gbanti Kamaranka, Bombali - Property destroyed.

Kargbo, Adama (Female) - 2000 in Tonko Limba, Kambia - Displaced.
Kargbo, Adama (Female) age 35 - 1993 in Malal Mara, Tonkolili - Property looted and destroyed.

Kargbo, Adama (Female) age 45 - 1994 - Displaced.

Kargbo, Adikalie (Male) - 1995 in Tane, Tonkolili - Displaced.

Killed.

Kargbo, Ahmed (Male) - 1998 in Western Area - Displaced.

Killed.

Kargbo, Aidakalie (Male) age 30 - 1998 in Tonko Limba, Kambia - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Kargbo, Albert Alimamy (Male) - 1999 in Moyamba - Killed.
Kargbo, Alhaji (Male) age 25 - 1998 in Sella Limba, Bombali - Displaced.

Kargbo, Alhassan (Male) - 1998 in Kakua, Bo District - Property destroyed.

Kargbo, Alice (Female) age 14 - 1997 in Yoni, Tonkolili - Displaced and extorted.

Kargbo, Alie (Male) - 1993 in Tane, Tonkolili - Displaced and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Kargbo, Alie (Male) - 1998 in Gbanti Kamaranka, Bombali - Property looted.

Kargbo, Alie (Male) - 1994 in Kenema - Killed.

Kargbo, Alie (Male) age 29 - 1992 - Displaced.


Kargbo, Alikali (Male) age 41 - 2000 in Sella Limba, Bombali - Displaced and property destroyed.

Kargbo, Alimamy (Male) age 17 - 1995 in Magbema, Kambia - Killed.

Kargbo, Alimamy (Male) age 20 - 1999 in Western Area - Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Kargbo, Alimamy (Male) age 59 - 1999 in Ribbi, Moyamba - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Kargbo, Allie (Male) age 37 - 1997 in Samu, Kambia - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Killed.
Assaulted.

Killed.

Kargbo, Alpha (Male) - 1999 in Sengbe, Koinadugu - Property destroyed.

Assaulted.

Kargbo, Alpha (Male) - 1999 in Tinkatupa Maka Saffoko, Port Loko - Displaced.

Kargbo, Alpha (Male) - 1998 in Sanda Tendaren, Bombali - Displaced and property destroyed.

Kargbo, Alpha M. (Male) - 1998 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Abducted and detained.

Stripped and limb amputated.

Kargbo, Alusine (Male) - 1996 in Koya, Port Loko - Killed.
Kargbo, Alusine (Male) age 24 - 1998 in Jalahun, Kailahun - Property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Stripped.

Kargbo, Amadu (Male) - 1994 in Kholifa Mabang, Tonkolili - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Kargbo, Amadu (Male) age 40 - Property looted.

Tortured.

Kargbo, Amara (Male) - 1995 in Kori, Moyamba - Abducted.

Tortured.

Killed.

Kargbo, Amara (Male) - 1999 in Koya, Port Loko - Killed.

Kargbo, Amara (Male) - Killed.

Kargbo, Amidu (Male) - 1998 in Leibasgayahun, Bombali - Displaced.
Kargbo, Amidu (Male) - Killed.

Kargbo, Amie (Female) - 1992 in Jalahun, Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 389 Kargbo, Amie (Female) age 2 - 1998 - Abducted.

Kargbo, Aminata (Female) age 13 - 1995 in Kori, Moyamba - Abducted.

Tortured.

Killed.

Kargbo, Aminata (Female) age 14 - Displaced.

Kargbo, Aminata (Female) age 16 - 1999 in Sanda Loko, Bombali - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.


Kargbo, Aminata (Female) age 29 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Kargbo, B (Male) - 1998 in Makari Gbanti, Bombali - Assaulted.

Kargbo, Bai (Male) - Property looted.

Kargbo, Balansama (Male) age 46 - 1999 in Sengbe, Koinadugu - Property looted and destroyed.

Kargbo, Balla (Male) age 29 - 1998 in Sengbe, Koinadugu - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.
Kargbo, Bamba (Male) - Displaced.

Killed.

Kargbo, Bambeh (Female) - Property looted and destroyed.

Kargbo, Bayamba (Male) - 1996 in Makari Gbanti, Bombali - Displaced and property destroyed.

Kargbo, Bobor (Male) - 2000 in Wara-Wara Bafodia, Koinadugu - Displaced.

Kargbo, Bockarie (Male) age 55 - 1998 - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Kargbo, Bom-Poroh (Female) - 1995 in Buya Romende, Port Loko - Displaced.

Kargbo, Brima (Male) - 1999 in Konike Sande, Tonkolili - Displaced.
Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Killed.

Kargbo, Brima (Male) - Assaulted.

Killed.

Kargbo, Brima (Male) age 15 - 1999 in Paki Masabong, Bombali - Killed.

Kargbo, Brima (Male) age 21 - 1998 in Kholifa Rowalla, Tonkolili - Displaced, extorted and property looted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and stripped.

Kargbo, Brima (Male) age 29 - 1999 in Loko Massama, Port Loko - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Kargbo, Cento (Female) - 1996 in Ribbi, Moyamba - Killed.
Kargbo, Colleu (Female) age 64 - 1999 in Sambaia Bendugu, Tonkolili - Extorted and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Kargbo, Damba-Kumbayila (Male) age 48 - 1998 in Koinadugu - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Kargbo, Dauda (Male) - 1999 in Makari Gbanti, Bombali - Abducted and detained.

Tortured and limb amputated.

Kargbo, Dauda (Male) age 22 - 1997 in Bombali Shebora, Bombali - Property looted.

Forced to labour.

Limb amputated.


Kargbo, Deborah (Female) age 15 - 1998 in Western Area - Displaced.

Tortured.

Kargbo, Demba (Male) age 56 - 1998 in Neini, Koinadugu - Property looted and destroyed.

Abducted.

Tortured.

Kargbo, Doloba (Female) - 1998 in Sengbe, Koinadugu - Abducted.

Kargbo, Doris (Male) age 10 - 1992 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Kargbo, Dura (Male) - 1998 in Gbanti Kamaranka, Bombali - Property destroyed.
Kargbo, Edward Bassie (Male) age 55 - 1995 in Magbema, Kambia - Displaced and property destroyed.

Kargbo, Ejatu (Female) - 1994 - Displaced.

Kargbo, Emivia (Female) - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced and property looted.

Kargbo, Emma (Female) age 27 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced, extorted and property looted.

Tortured.

Kargbo, Emma (Female) age 30 - 1997 in Western Area - Displaced.

Kargbo, Ernest (Male) - 1997 in Western Area - Property looted.
Kargbo, Esther (Female) age 34 - 1998 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced.

Killed.

Kargbo, Fatmata (Female) - 1998 in Gbonkolenken, Tonkolili - Abducted.

Killed.

Kargbo, Fatmata (Female) age 25 - 2000 in Gbinleh-Dixon, Kambia - Displaced and property destroyed.

Kargbo, Fatmata (Female) age 35 - 1995 in Western Area - Displaced and property destroyed.

Kargbo, Fatmata (Female) age 39 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Kargbo, Fatmata Baby (Female) age 16 - 1998 in Western Area - Forced to labour.
Assaulted and tortured.

Kargbo, Fatu (Female) - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Kargbo, Fatu (Female) - 1998 in Gbanti Kamaranka, Bombali - Property destroyed.

Kargbo, Faty (Female) - 1998 in Makari Gbanti, Bombali - Abducted.

Kargbo, Fekemoh (Male) - 1998 in Sengbe, Koinadugu - Property looted.

Assaulted and tortured.

Kargbo, Fermah (Female) age 32 - 1998 in Koinadugu - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 390 Abducted and detained.
Assaulted.

Kargbo, Finah (Female) - 1997 in Sengbe, Koinadugu - Killed.

Kargbo, Fitha (Male) - 2000 in Tonko Limba, Kambia - Property destroyed.

Kargbo, Foday (Male) age 42 - 1999 in Western Area - Property looted and destroyed.

Kargbo, Foday (Male) age 63 - 1998 - Limb amputated.

Kargbo, Hamidu (Male) - Killed.

Kargbo, Hassana (Male) - 1999 in Koya, Port Loko - Killed.

Kargbo, Hassana (Male) - 2000 - Assaulted.

Killed.

Kargbo, Hawa (Female) age 10 - 1998 - Abducted and detained.

Limb amputated.
Limb amputated.

Kargbo, Hawa Alice (Female) age 40 - 1995 in Ribbi, Moyamba - Displaced and property destroyed.

Kargbo, Haykay (Male) - 1995 in Sanda Magblonthor, Port Loko - Killed.

Kargbo, I.B.

(Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Killed.

Kargbo, Ibrahim (Male) - Limb amputated.

Kargbo, Ibrahim (Male) - 1997 in Jong, Bonthe - Extorted.

Kargbo, Ibrahim (Male) age 11 - 1997 - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Kargbo, Ibrahim (Male) age 26 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced and extorted.
Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Kargbo, Isata (Female) - 1995 in Western Area - Killed.

Kargbo, Isata (Female) age 20 - 1993 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced.

Kargbo, Isatu (Female) - Displaced and property destroyed.

Kargbo, Isatu (Female) - 1997 in Samu, Kambia - Abducted and detained.

Kargbo, Isatu (Female) - 1999 in Western Area - Abducted and detained.

Kargbo, Isatu (Female) age 15 - 1992 - Displaced.

Killed.
Killed.

Kargbo, Isatu (Female) age 22 - 1992 in Bombali Shebora, Bombali - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted.

Assaulted.

Killed.

Kargbo, Isatu (Female) age 35 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Kargbo, Isatu (Female) age 53 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Kargbo, Issa (Male) age 16 - 1999 in Tonko Limba, Kambia - Killed.

Kargbo, John (Male) age 24 - 1992 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced.

Kargbo, John (Male) age 26 - 1999 in Maforki, Port Loko - Detained.
Assaulted and tortured.

Kargbo, John (Male) age 43 - 1997 in Makari Gbanti, Bombali - Displaced, extorted and property looted.

Assaulted, tortured and stripped.

Kargbo, Joseph (Male) age 64 - 1994 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced and property looted.

Kargbo, Julius (Male) - Forced to labour.

Assaulted and tortured.

Kargbo, Junisa (Male) age 28 - 1998 in Kamara, Kono - Displaced.

Abducted.

Tortured.

Kargbo, Jusufu (Male) age 26 - 1997 in Bumpeh, Moyamba - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Tortured.


Kargbo, Kabba (Male) - 1998 in Sella Limba, Bombali - Property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Kargbo, Kabba (Male) - 1999 in Tonko Limba, Kambia - Displaced.

Kargbo, Kabba (Male) age 34 - 1999 in Gbendembu Ngowahun, Bombali - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Kargbo, Kabbie Kandeh (Male) age 67 - 1992 in Kono - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.


Kargbo, Kadae (Female) age 49 - 1999 in Port Loko - Property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Kargbo, Kaday (Female) - 1996 in Kholifa Mabang, Tonkolili - Killed.

Kargbo, Kadiatu (Female) - 1995 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Kargbo, Kadiatu (Female) age 66 - Displaced and property destroyed.

Kargbo, Kallie (Male) age 49 - 1998 in Sengbe, Koinadugu - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.
Kargbo, Kamah (Female) - 1995 in Tane, Tonkolili - Displaced.

Killed.

Kargbo, Kandeh (Male) age 22 - 1995 in Magbema, Kambia - Property looted.

Kargbo, Karmokoh (Male) age 75 - 1995 in Tane, Tonkolili - Displaced.

Kargbo, Kenkoro (Male) - 1994 in Neini, Koinadugu - Killed.

Kargbo, Komrabai (Male) age 55 - 1998 in Western Area - Property looted.

Kargbo, Lamin (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Kargbo, Lamin (Male) age 40 - 1998 - Displaced.


Kargbo, Lamina (Male) age 64 - 1998 in Konike Sande, Tonkolili - Killed.

Kargbo, Maama (Female) age 60 - 1991 in Kpaka, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted and Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 391 destroyed.

Kargbo, Mabinty (Female) - 1998 - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Kargbo, Mabinty (Female) age 39 - Property looted and destroyed.

Abducted.

Kargbo, Mabinty (Female) age 51 - 1997 in Samu, Kambia - Property looted.
Abducted and detained.

Kargbo, Makura (Female) age 5 - 1998 - Abducted and detained.

Kargbo, Mansa Musa (Male) age 41 - 1999 in Sambaia Bendugu, Tonkolili - Property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted, tortured and stripped.

Kargbo, Mariama (Female) - 1998 in Western Area - Displaced.

Killed.

Kargbo, Mariatu (Female) age 15 - 1999 in Western Area - Abducted and detained.

Limb amputated.

Kargbo, Marie (Female) - 1996 in Koya, Port Loko - Abducted and detained.
Kargbo, Marie (Female) - 1996 in Ribbi, Moyamba - Killed.

Kargbo, Marie (Female) - 1998 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Kargbo, Marie (Female) - 1999 - Displaced and property looted.

Kargbo, Marie (Female) - 1998 in Bombali Shebora, Bombali - Abducted and detained.

Kargbo, Marie (Female) age 15 - 1992 - Killed.

Kargbo, Masseray (Female) age 26 - 1991 in Kissi Tongi, Kailahun - Displaced.

Detained.

Assaulted.

Kargbo, Mateneh (Female) - 1995 in Magbema, Kambia - Property destroyed.
Kargbo, Mbayo (Male) - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted.

Assaulted and tortured.

Kargbo, Mende (Male) - Displaced and property destroyed.

Killed.

Kargbo, Mohamed (Male) - 1997 in Malal Mara, Tonkolili - Displaced.

Kargbo, Mohamed (Male) - 1994 in Wara-Wara Yagala, Koinadugu - Property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Kargbo, Mohamed (Male) age 7 - 1995 in Kongbora, Moyamba - Abducted.

Kargbo, Mohamed (Male) age 21 - 1995 in Western Area - Abducted.

Assaulted and tortured.


Kargbo, Mohamed (Male) age 32 - 1998 in Western Area - Displaced and property destroyed.

Kargbo, Mohamed (Male) age 45 - 1997 in Kori, Moyamba - Property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Kargbo, Momodu (Male) - 1996 in Sanda Tendaren, Bombali - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Kargbo, Momoh (Male) - 1998 in Kalansogia, Tonkolili - Extorted and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Tortured.


Kargbo, Momoh (Male) - 1998 in Biriwa, Bombali - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Kargbo, Momoh (Male) - Killed.

Kargbo, Momoh (Male) - 1996 in Tikonko, Bo District - Killed.

Kargbo, Momoh (Male) age 44 - 1996 in Dibia, Port Loko - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Kargbo, Momoh (Male) age 50 - 2000 in Gbinleh-Dixon, Kambia - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.
Kargbo, Morlai (Male) age 34 - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Kargbo, Mosewa (Male) - 1996 in Kongbora, Moyamba - Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Kargbo, Mualen (Male) - 1997 in Makari Gbanti, Bombali - Extorted.

Assaulted and tortured.

Kargbo, Musa (Male) age 32 - 1995 - Displaced and property destroyed.

Kargbo, Musa (Male) age 37 - Tortured.

Kargbo, Musa (Male) age 58 - 1998 in Konike Sande, Tonkolili - Displaced and property looted.
Kargbo, Musu (Female) age 59 - 1991 in Jalahun, Kailahun - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Detained.

Kargbo, Namo (Female) - 1998 in Sella Limba, Bombali - Property destroyed.

Kargbo, Nanah (Female) - Killed.

Kargbo, Nbalii (Male) age 22 - 1999 in Western Area - Property looted.

Tortured.

Kargbo, Ousman (Male) - 1994 in Malal Mara, Tonkolili - Killed.

Kargbo, Ousman (Male) - Displaced.

Kargbo, Ousman (Male) age 49 - 1999 in Gbanti Kamaranka, Bombali - Property looted.
Detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Kargbo, Saffie (Female) - 1997 in Bombali Shebora, Bombali - Forced to labour.

Kargbo, Saio (Male) - 1997 in Sengbe, Koinadugu - Forced to labour.

Killed.

Kargbo, Saliau (Male) age 80 - 1995 in Koya, Port Loko - Displaced and property looted.

Kargbo, Salid A (Male) age 42 - 1998 in Malal Mara, Tonkolili - Displaced and property looted.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 392 Kargbo, Sallay (Female) - 1996 - Killed.
Kargbo, Sallay (Female) - 2000 in Sella Limba, Bombali - Displaced.

Kargbo, Sallay (Female) age 19 - 1996 - Abducted and detained.

Kargbo, Samuel (Male) age 17 - 1999 in Paki Masabong, Bombali - Assaulted.

Killed.

Kargbo, Samuel (Male) age 21 - 1999 in Gbinleh-Dixon, Kambia - Killed.

Kargbo, Samuel (Male) age 28 - 1997 in Western Area - Displaced.

Detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Kargbo, Samuel (Male) age 37 - 1992 in Kholifa Rowalla, Tonkolili - Displaced and property destroyed.
Assaulted and tortured.

Kargbo, Samuel Abdul (Male) age 39 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Killed.

Kargbo, Sanoh (Male) age 18 - 1998 in Tonko Limba, Kambia - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Kargbo, Santigie (Male) - 1999 in Bumpeh, Moyamba - Displaced and property looted.

Killed.

Kargbo, Santigie (Male) - 1999 - Assaulted and tortured.

Kargbo, Santigie (Male) - Displaced, extorted and property looted.

Kargbo, Santigie (Male) - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.


Kargbo, Santigie (Male) age 21 - 1999 in Gbanti Kamaranka, Bombali - Extorted and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Tortured.

Kargbo, Santigie (Male) age 64 - 1998 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Kargbo, Sao (Male) age 62 - 1998 in Sengbe, Koinadugu - Property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Kargbo, Sarah (Female) - 1999 in Safroko Limba, Bombali - Displaced and property destroyed.

Assaulted.
Assaulted.

Kargbo, Sheriff (Male) - 1997 - Killed.

Kargbo, Sheriff (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Kargbo, Sia (Male) age 50 - 2000 in Tonko Limba, Kambia - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Kargbo, Siginba (Female) - 1998 in Koinadugu - Limb amputated.

Kargbo, Sitha (Male) age 63 - 2000 in Tonko Limba, Kambia - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.
Kargbo, Sokoya - 1998 in Biriwa, Bombali - Limb amputated.

Kargbo, Sorie (Male) - 1997 in Sella Limba, Bombali - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted, tortured, stripped and limb amputated.

Kargbo, Sorie (Male) - 1999 in Samu, Kambia - Assaulted.

Kargbo, Sorie (Male) age 9 - 1999 - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Kargbo, Sorie (Male) age 40 - 1998 in Makari Gbanti, Bombali - Displaced and property looted.

Kargbo, Sorkoya (Male) age 42 - 1998 in Biriwa, Bombali - Displaced.
Assaulted.

Kargbo, Sukohya (Male) - 1998 in Sella Limba, Bombali - Property destroyed.

Kargbo, Sulaiman (Male) age 54 - 1991 in Western Area - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Kargbo, Tamba (Male) - 1999 in Safroko Limba, Bombali - Killed.

Kargbo, Thaim (Male) age 41 - 1999 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Kargbo, Todoh (Male) - 1999 in Kassunko, Koinadugu - Tortured.

Killed.

Kargbo, Unisa (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Abducted and detained.

Killed.
Killed.

Kargbo, Yallie (Female) - 1996 in Yoni, Tonkolili - Killed.

Kargbo, Yamba (Male) age 51 - 1993 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Kargbo, Yankay (Male) age 77 - 1997 in Leibasgayahun, Bombali - Displaced and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Kargbo, Yeabu (Female) - 1994 in Sambaia Bendugu, Tonkolili - Property looted.

Kargbo, Yenor (Female) - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Tortured.


Kargbo, Yiran (Male) age 76 - 1998 in Sengbe, Koinadugu - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Kargbo, Yusuf (Male) age 12 - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Kargbo, Zainab (Female) - 1993 in Konike Barina, Tonkolili - Displaced and property destroyed.

Assaulted.

Kargbokanu, Fatu (Female) - 1998 in Safroko Limba, Bombali - Displaced.

Karim, Abdul (Male) - Killed.

Karim, Abu (Male) - 1995 in Bagbe, Bo District - Forced to labour.

Killed.
Killed.

Karim, Abu (Male) age 36 - 1991 in Malen, Pujehun - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 393 Karim, Amara (Male) age 39 - Killed.

Karim, Bockarie (Male) age 85 - Killed.

Karim, Hawa (Female) - Killed.

Karim, Ibrahim (Male) age 24 - 1997 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Tortured.

Karim, Mautor (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Property looted.

Karim, Momoh (Male) age 75 - Killed.

Karimu, Amie (Female) - 1991 - Abducted and detained.

Killed.
Killed.

Karimu, Brima (Male) age 32 - 1997 - Property destroyed.

Karimu, Jebeh (Female) - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Killed.

Karimu, Joseph (Male) age 15 - 1994 in Sielenga, Bo District - Displaced.

Karimu, Mahai (Female) - 1991 - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Karimu, Memuna (Female) - 1995 - Abducted and detained.

Karimu, Musa (Male) age 1 - 1992 in Luawa, Kailahun - Assaulted.

Karimu, Nancy (Female) - 1992 in Luawa, Kailahun - Killed.

Karimu, Pessima (Male) - 1994 in Kakua, Bo District - Killed.
Karimu, Sahr (Male) age 35 - 2000 - Killed.

Karimu, Vandi (Male) age 49 - 1991 in Upper Bambara , Kailahun - Displaced.

Karimu, Vandi (Male) age 60 - Abducted.

Karku, Boe (Female) - 1992 in Soa, Kono - Killed.

Karku, Femba (Female) age 43 - 1998 in Tankoro, Kono - Abducted and detained.

Karmo, Joe (Male) age 70 - 1995 in Lugbu, Bo District - Property destroyed.

Assaulted.

Karmoh, Sheriff (Male) - 1994 in Malen, Pujehun - Displaced, extorted and property looted.

Tortured.
Tortured.

Karteh, Amie (Female) - Tortured.

Karteh, Ibrahim (Male) - 1994 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Killed.

Karteh, Musu (Female) age 30 - 1998 - Property looted.

Kartewu, Bockarie (Male) age 48 - 1991 in Peje Bongre, Kailahun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Kasigbama, Sahr Momorie (Male) age 53 - 1994 in Wara-Wara Yagala, Koinadugu - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.


Kasio, Momoh (Male) - 1996 in Luawa, Kailahun - Tortured.

Kassay, Bockarie (Male) age 37 - 1994 in Jiama-Bongor, Bo District - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Kasse, Unama (Female) - 1994 in Badjia, Bo District - Killed.

Kassigbama, Ali (Male) - 1998 - Tortured.

Kassim, Ramatu (Female) age 77 - 1999 in Western Area - Property looted and destroyed.

Katta, Alhaji (Male) - 1991 in Sowa, Pujehun - Limb amputated.
Katta, Basie (Male) age 49 - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Katta, Fudia (Female) - 1995 - Abducted and detained.

Katta, Idrissa (Male) age 21 - 1998 in Kando Leppeama, Kenema - Displaced.

Katta, Isatta (Female) - 1997 in Western Area - Tortured.

Katta, Jenneh (Female) - 1994 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Abducted and detained.

Tortured and limb amputated.

Katta, Jenneh (Female) age 44 - 1992 - Property looted and destroyed.

Assaulted.
Assaulted.

Katta, Jibrilla (Male) age 72 - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Displaced.

Katta, Joseph (Male) age 71 - 1997 in Western Area - Detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Katta, Mariama (Female) age 27 - 1997 in Western Area - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Kawa, Adu (Male) age 68 - 1999 in Pujehun - Property looted.

Abducted.

Kawa, Amara (Male) - 1991 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and tortured.


Kawa, Amie (Female) age 39 - 1991 in Soro Gbema, Pujehun - Property looted.

Kawa, Bockarie (Male) - Property looted.

Kawa, Fatmata (Female) - 1991 in Kissi Tongi, Kailahun - Displaced.

Killed.

Kawa, Francis (Male) - 1998 in Kaiyamba, Moyamba - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Killed.

Kawa, Francis (Male) - 1997 in Kaiyamba, Moyamba - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Kawa, Gina (Female) age 31 - Displaced.


Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 394 Kawa, Jama (Male) age 60 - 1991 in Soro Gbema, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Kawa, Lamin (Male) age 45 - 1991 in Tunkia, Kenema - Killed.

Kawa, Moiguan (Male) age 20 - 1991 in Sowa, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Kawa, Musa (Male) - 1991 in Malen, Pujehun - Tortured.

Kawa, Musa (Male) - Abducted.

Tortured.


Kawa, Musa (Male) - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Kawa, Musu (Female) - 1999 in Pujehun - Abducted.

Killed.

Kawa, Senesie (Male) - 1993 in Sowa, Pujehun - Killed.

Kay, Alan (Male) - 1996 in Kissi Tongi, Kailahun - Assaulted.

Kayamba, Amara (Male) - Displaced.

Kayamba, Brima (Male) - Displaced.

Kayamba, Gayema (Female) - 1998 in Soa, Kono - Killed.

Kayamba, Haji (Male) - Displaced.


Kayamba, Jusu (Male) - Displaced.

Kayamba, Lissa (Male) - Displaced.

Kayamba, Yamba (Male) - Displaced.

Kayeimba, Dauda (Male) age 50 - 1991 - Tortured.

Killed.

Kayeimba, Mariama (Female) - 1991 in Sowa, Pujehun - Displaced.

Tortured.

Kayeimba, Vandy (Male) age 50 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Kayeimba, Yamba (Male) age 41 - 1999 - Extorted.

Abducted.

Assaulted and stripped.

Kayengeh, Henry (Male) age 36 - 1996 in Koya, Port Loko - Killed.
Kaymawai, Tity (Female) - Killed.

Kebbie, Adama (Female) - Property looted and destroyed.

Kebbie, Agnes (Female) - 1995 in Banta Gbanggbatoke, Moyamba - Displaced.

Killed.

Kebbie, Ansu (Male) age 32 - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Abducted.

Killed.

Kebbie, Augustine (Male) - Tortured.

Kebbie, Brima (Male) - 1991 - Killed.

Kebbie, Brima (Male) age 50 - 1993 in Makari Gbanti, Bombali - Property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Kebbie, Ernest (Male) age 58 - 1997 in Kamajei, Moyamba - Abducted.
Assaulted.

Kebbie, Finda (Female) - 1998 in Gbane, Kono - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Kebbie, Foday (Male) - 1995 in Koya, Port Loko - Killed.

Kebbie, George (Male) - 1991 in Malen, Pujehun - Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Killed.

Kebbie, Hawa (Female) age 26 - 1991 in Malen, Pujehun - Property looted and destroyed.

Kebbie, Jacob (Male) age 37 - 1995 in Luawa, Kailahun - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Kebbie, Janet (Female) - 1995 - Displaced.

Killed.
Killed.

Kebbie, Joseph (Male) age 6 - 1995 in Banta Gbanggbatoke, Moyamba - Displaced.

Kebbie, Josephine (Female) age 8 - 1995 in Banta Gbanggbatoke, Moyamba - Displaced.

Kebbie, Josie (Male) age 71 - 1991 in Lugbu, Bo District - Displaced, extorted and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Kebbie, Kaine (Male) - 1991 in Malen, Pujehun - Killed.

Kebbie, Kismoh (Male) - 1997 in Kamajei, Moyamba - Abducted.

Killed.

Kebbie, Mabinty (Female) - 1998 in Tankoro, Kono - Abducted.

Tortured.

Killed.
Tortured.

Killed.

Kebbie, Manawa (Male) - 1995 - Displaced.

Kebbie, Miake (Male) - 1993 in Malen, Pujehun - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Kebbie, Mick (Male) - 1991 in Malen, Pujehun - Killed.

Kebbie, Mike (Female) - 2000 in Makpele, Pujehun - Killed.

Kebbie, Mimie (Female) - 1995 in Banta Gbanggbatoke, Moyamba - Displaced.

Killed.

Kebbie, Mohamed (Male) age 37 - 1997 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Property looted and destroyed.

Assaulted.
Assaulted.

Kebbie, Saffa (Male) - 1994 in Lugbu, Bo District - Assaulted.

Kebbie, Safula (Female) - Displaced and property destroyed.

Kebbie, Sahr (Male) - 1998 in Tankoro, Kono - Forced to labour.

Killed.

Kebbie, Samai (Male) - 1998 in Dema, Bonthe - Detained.

Tortured and stripped.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 395 Kebbie, Samuel (Male) age 9 - 1998 in Tankoro, Kono - Displaced.

Abducted.

Assaulted and tortured.

Kebbie, Sorba (Male) age 24 - 1997 in Bonthe UDC, Bonthe - Displaced.
Assaulted.

Kebbie, Tenneh (Female) - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Kebbie, Tenneh (Female) age 60 - 1991 in Malen, Pujehun - Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Kebbie, V.B.S (Male) - 1991 in Malen, Pujehun - Property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Kebbie, Victor (Male) - 1991 in Malen, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Stripped.

Kebbie, Watta (Female) - 1993 in Malen, Pujehun - Killed.
Keifalah, Abu (Male) - 1995 in Gallinasperi, Pujehun - Abducted and detained.

Keifalah, Baindu (Female) - 1991 in Kagboro, Moyamba - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Keifalah, Hassan (Male) age 17 - Displaced and extorted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Keifalah, Hawa (Female) - 1991 in Peje, Pujehun - Abducted and detained.

Keifalah, Ibrahim (Male) age 52 - 1994 in Moyamba - Displaced and property looted.
Keifalah, Lansana (Male) age 52 - 1995 in Yawbeko, Bonthe - Displaced and property looted.

Keifalah, Luseni (Male) - 1995 in Gallinasperi, Pujehun - Detained.

Assaulted.

Keifalah, Morie (Male) - 1996 in Jiama-Bongor, Bo District - Killed.

Keifalah, Musa (Male) - 1995 - Property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Keifalah, Ramatu (Female) age 25 - 1995 in Kongbora, Moyamba - Displaced and extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Keifalah, Sanfa (Male) - 1995 - Tortured.


Keifalah, Vandi (Male) - 1998 in Kakua, Bo District - Displaced and property looted.

Assaulted.

Keifineh, Aiah (Male) age 43 - 1999 in Safroko Limba, Bombali - Extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Keikura, Bobor J.T.

(Male) age 25 - 1992 in Gbense, Kono - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Killed.

Keikura, Junisa (Male) - 1999 in Fiama, Kono - Property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.


Keikura, Maada (Male) - 1998 in Kaffu Bullom, Port Loko - Killed.

Keita, Eayo (Female) - 1997 in Wara-Wara Yagala, Koinadugu - Tortured.

Keita, Hawa (Female) age 50 - Displaced.

Tortured.

Keita, Issa (Male) age 13 - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Keita, Kemoh Yughuma (Male) age 29 - 1998 in Western Area - Displaced, extorted and property looted.

Detained.

Stripped.

Kelly, Fafoelee (Male) - 1999 in Paki Masabong, Bombali - Property destroyed.
Kelly, Fayia (Male) - 1992 in Penguia, Kailahun - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Kelly, Finda (Female) age 30 - 1991 in Jalahun, Kailahun - Displaced and extorted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and tortured.

Kelly, Jusu (Male) age 33 - 1995 in Luawa, Kailahun - Killed.

Kelly, Komba (Male) age 17 - 1992 in Soa, Kono - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Kelly, Kumba (Female) age 24 - 1998 in Neya, Koinadugu - Displaced and extorted.

Tortured.
Tortured.

Kelly, Maddi (Female) age 70 - 1998 in Soa, Kono - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Kelly, Mody (Female) - 1998 in Nimikoro, Kono - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted.

Assaulted.

Kelteh, Joseph (Male) - 1996 - Property looted.

Assaulted.

Kema, Yeabu (Female) - 1992 in Malema, Kailahun - Detained.

Kemba, Bockarie (Male) - 1995 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Displaced.

Abducted.

Tortured.

Killed.

Kembe, Ibrahim Maada (Male) - 1996 - Killed.


Kemoh, Abu (Male) age 28 - Displaced and property looted.

Detained.

Assaulted.

Kemoh, Alamatu (Female) age 17 - 1991 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Displaced.

Abducted.

Assaulted.

Kemoh, Bockarie (Male) age 34 - 1998 in Koya, Kenema - Displaced.

Tortured.

Kemoh, Hawa (Female) - 1998 in Kamara, Kono - Assaulted.

Kemoh, Jeneh (Female) age 19 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Detained.

Kemoh, Joso - 1991 in Luawa, Kailahun - Abducted and detained.
Assaulted.

Kemoh, Karmoh (Male) - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Killed.

Kemoh, Lansana (Male) - 1991 in Peje, Pujehun - Displaced.

Kemoh, Mohamed (Male) - 1998 in Koya, Kenema - Displaced.

Kemoh, Mohamed (Male) age 18 - 1991 - Property looted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Kemoh, Munda (Male) age 21 - 1991 in Pujehun - Displaced and extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and stripped.


Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 396 Kemoh, Murana (Male) - 1991 in Kpaka, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Kemoh, Omi (Female) age 30 - 1991 in Kpaka, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Kemoh, Roke (Male) age 35 - 1994 in Konike Sande, Tonkolili - Displaced.

Kemoh, Sahr (Male) age 27 - 1992 in Nimikoro, Kono - Displaced and property looted.
Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Kemoh, Semai (Female) - 1996 in Lugbu, Bo District - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Kemoh - Fawundu, Alimu (Male) age 40 - 1991 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Kemokai, Alpha (Male) - 1995 in Benducha, Bonthe - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Kemokai, Amadu (Male) age 51 - Property looted and destroyed.

Killed.

Kemokai, Amoh (Male) age 42 - 1991 in Pujehun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Assaulted.
Assaulted.

Kemokai, Bendu (Male) age 16 - 1999 in Western Area - Assaulted and stripped.

Kemokai, Bockarie (Male) age 33 - 1991 in Kenema - Displaced and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Limb amputated.

Killed.

Kemokai, Bockarie (Male) age 45 - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Displaced, extorted and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Kemokai, Brima (Male) age 46 - 1991 in Pujehun - Displaced.

Killed.
Killed.

Kemokai, Brima (Male) age 55 - 1991 in Makpele, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Detained.

Tortured.

Kemokai, Gbessay age 68 - 1998 in Makpele, Pujehun - Property looted.

Kemokai, Hawa (Female) age 22 - 1993 - Displaced.

Kemokai, Janneh (Female) age 17 - 1999 in Western Area - Assaulted.

Kemokai, Jassie (Female) age 16 - 1999 in Western Area - Assaulted.

Kemokai, Jeanny (Female) age 50 - 1991 - Displaced and property destroyed.
Kemokai, Jusu (Male) age 30 - 1991 in Koya, Kenema - Displaced.

Assaulted and tortured.

Kemokai, Lahai (Male) age 36 - 1991 in Jalahun, Kailahun - Extorted and property looted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and tortured.

Kemokai, Mariama (Female) age 9 - 1999 in Western Area - Assaulted.

Kemokai, Mariama (Female) age 35 - 1991 in Kailahun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Kemokai, Mariama (Female) age 63 - 1991 in Kpaka, Pujehun - Displaced.

Tortured.
Tortured.

Kemokai, Massah (Female) age 45 - 1991 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Kemokai, Miatta (Female) age 50 - 1991 in Makpele, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Kemokai, Moinama (Male) age 47 - 1992 in Gallinasperi, Pujehun - Abducted and detained.

Kemokai, Momodu (Male) - 1991 in Makpele, Pujehun - Forced to labour.

Kemokai, Momodu (Male) - Killed.

Kemokai, Momoh (Male) - 1991 in Pujehun - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Killed.
Assaulted.

Killed.

Kemokai, Momoh (Male) - 1991 in Makpele, Pujehun - Forced to labour.

Killed.

Kemokai, Munda (Male) age 7 - 1991 in Kpaka, Pujehun - Forced to labour.

Kemokai, Murray (Male) age 45 - Property looted and destroyed.

Kemokai, Pinny (Male) - 1992 - Killed.

Kemokai, Senesie (Male) - 1991 in Pujehun - Displaced.

Kemokai, Simah (Male) - Extorted.

Kemokai, Soromoi (Male) - 1991 in Gallinasperi, Pujehun - Killed.

Kemokai, Sowie (Female) age 60 - Displaced.


Kemokai, Tenneh (Female) - Abducted.

Kemokai, Vandy (Male) age 36 - 1991 in Gallinasperi, Pujehun - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Kendeh, Mabel (Female) age 26 - 1991 in Sowa, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Kenema, Brima (Male) - Displaced.

Abducted.

Assaulted.

Kengefay, Solomon (Male) age 48 - 1995 in Luawa, Kailahun - Property looted and destroyed.

Detained.

Assaulted.


Kengo, Fatmata (Female) age 42 - 1991 in Soro Gbema, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Kengo, Mariama (Female) age 34 - 1991 in Makpele, Pujehun - Property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 397 Kenneh, D.O.

(Male) - 1997 in Jiama-Bongor, Bo District - Abducted and detained.

Kenneh, Jebbeh (Female) age 17 - Killed.


Kenneh, Lamin (Male) age 48 - 1991 in Makpele, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Assaulted and tortured.

Kenneh, Mohamed (Male) - 1995 in Paki Masabong, Bombali - Displaced and property destroyed.

Kenneh, Mohamed (Male) age 31 - 1998 in Upper Bambara , Kailahun - Tortured.

Killed.

Kenneh, Momoh (Male) age 20 - 1991 in Jawie, Kailahun - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and tortured.


Kenneh, Momoh (Male) age 21 - 1991 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Forced to labour.

Kenneh, Moses (Male) age 41 - 1992 in Dama, Kenema - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted.

Kenneh, Saffa (Male) - 1998 - Displaced.

Kenneh, Salia (Male) age 14 - 1992 in Tunkia, Kenema - Killed.

Kennen Locie, Foday (Male) age 39 - 1991 in Upper Bambara , Kailahun - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.
Forced to labour.

Kenny, Gamoh (Male) age 31 - 1993 in Barri, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Kenny, Issa (Male) - 1995 in Sanda Magblonthor, Port Loko - Abducted and detained.

Kenny, Rashid (Male) age 63 - 1994 in Simbaru, Kenema - Displaced.

Kenyeh, Ensa (Male) - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Kenyi, Komba (Male) - 1992 in Soa, Kono - Killed.

Kera, Lansana (Male) age 51 - 1994 in Mongo, Koinadugu - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.
Kesebeh, Amadu (Male) - Abducted.

Killed.

Kessambo, Kelvin (Male) age 43 - 1998 in Dema, Bonthe - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Ketteh, Foday (Male) age 59 - 1995 - Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Ketteh, Foday (Male) age 66 - 1997 in Fakunya, Moyamba - Displaced and property destroyed.

Ketteh, Juliana (Female) age 9 - 1996 in Panga Krim, Pujehun - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Ketteh, Saffie (Female) - 1996 in Panga Krim, Pujehun - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.


Keyamu, Musu (Female) - 1991 - Killed.

Keyia, Kemoh (Male) age 47 - 1992 in Mandu, Kailahun - Property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Khalil, Rhodah (Male) - 1995 in Maforki, Port Loko - Property looted.

Assaulted.

Killed.

Khan, Nafat (Female) - Property destroyed.

Khobie, Kadie (Female) - 1994 - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Khonkuba, Abu (Male) - Property looted.

Kianyeh, Muhalam (Male) - 1994 in Kori, Moyamba - Killed.
Kiazo, Sheku (Male) age 13 - 1997 in Soro Gbema, Pujehun - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Kienkieh, Momoh (Male) age 49 - 1991 in Soro Gbema, Pujehun - Property looted and destroyed.

Killed.

King, Hassan (Male) - 1998 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced.

King, Kadie (Female) - 1995 in Timdel, Moyamba - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

King, Theresa (Female) age 20 - 1995 in Ribbi, Moyamba - Displaced.

Abducted.
Abducted.

Kingsley, Vannah (Female) age 35 - 1991 in Luawa, Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Kingsway, Isata (Female) - Killed.

Kioz, Abioseh (Female) - 1999 in Western Area - Killed.

Kissie, Abu (Male) - 1999 - Assaulted.

Kobba, Abdulai (Male) - 1998 in Samu, Kambia - Displaced.

Kobba, Alimamy (Female) age 20 - 1996 in Tonko Limba, Kambia - Displaced and property destroyed.

Assaulted.

Kobba, Amidu (Male) - 1994 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Displaced.
Kobba, Kandeh (Male) - 1996 in Tonko Limba, Kambia - Killed.

Kobba, Lappia (Male) age 66 - 1994 in Malegohun, Kenema - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Kobba, Mattu (Female) - 1995 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Displaced and property destroyed.

Killed.

Kobba, Shaka (Male) - 1994 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Killed.

Kobolo, Brima (Male) - 1998 in Kassunko, Koinadugu - Killed.

Ko-Fallah, Kadie (Female) - Abducted and detained.


Koggie, Kumba (Female) age 60 - 1998 - Property destroyed.

Killed.

Koguaka, Massah Ne Koroma (Female) age 40 - 1991 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 398 Kohjou, Sao (Male) age 7 - 1993 - Displaced.

Koi, James (Male) - 1993 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Killed.

Koi, Joe (Male) - 1995 in Yawbeko, Bonthe - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Koi, Mayatta (Female) - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Displaced.
Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Killed.

Koi, Nancy (Female) age 62 - 1992 in Luawa, Kailahun - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Koinya, Batto (Male) - 1991 in Jawie, Kailahun - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and stripped.

Koitagba, Momoh (Male) age 41 - 1991 in Niawa, Kenema - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Koitagba, Samu (Male) - 1991 in Niawa, Kenema - Displaced.

Killed.

Koitagba, Siaka (Male) age 28 - 1991 in Niawa, Kenema - Displaced.
Killed.

Kojoe, Amara (Male) - 1991 in Peje West, Kailahun - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted, tortured and stripped.

Kojoe, Joe (Male) - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Killed.

Kojoe, Muda (Male) - 1993 in Bagbo, Bo District - Killed.

Kojoe, Munda (Male) - 1993 in Bagbo, Bo District - Abducted.

Tortured.

Killed.

Kojoe, Sarah (Female) age 64 - 1994 in Kalansogia, Tonkolili - Displaced and property destroyed.

Koker, Gbondo (Male) - 1997 in Kakua, Bo District - Killed.
Kolay, Iye (Female) - 1998 in Sanda Loko, Bombali - Property destroyed.

Kolleh, Alhaji Amara (Male) - 1997 in Dia, Kailahun - Killed.

Kolleh, Momoh (Male) age 60 - 1997 in Dia, Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Koluvoma, Fatmata (Female) - 1994 in Komboya, Bo District - Displaced.

Komba, Aiah (Male) age 11 - 2000 in Sandor, Kono - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Komba, Aiah (Male) age 40 - 1998 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Tortured.
Tortured.

Komba, Alpha (Male) - 1998 - Displaced.

Killed.

Komba, Amara (Male) - 1991 in Luawa, Kailahun - Stripped.

Killed.

Komba, Amara (Male) age 62 - 1997 in Bagbo, Bo District - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and stripped.

Komba, Hawa (Female) - 1998 - Displaced and extorted.

Abducted.

Killed.

Komba, Isatu (Female) age 37 - 1999 in Soa, Kono - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Limb amputated.

Komba, John (Male) age 42 - 1992 in Langorama, Kenema - Displaced.
Komba, Kally (Male) - 1991 in Bumpeh, Moyamba - Killed.

Komba, Koi (Male) - 1998 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Komba, Kumba (Female) age 15 - 1999 in Soa, Kono - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Komba, Kumba (Female) age 65 - 1994 - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Komba, Meiyo (Male) - 1998 in Sandor, Kono - Displaced.

Killed.

Komba, Sahr (Male) - 2000 in Western Area - Killed.

Komba, Sahr (Male) age 22 - 1998 - Forced to labour.
Komba, Sahr (Male) age 42 - 1992 in Nimikoro, Kono - Killed.

Komba, Sia (Female) - 1998 in Sandor, Kono - Killed.

Komba, Sia (Female) age 28 - 1998 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced.

Komba, Tamba (Male) age 40 - 2000 in Lei, Kono - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Komba, Yei (Female) age 50 - 1998 in Sandor, Kono - Displaced.

Kombe, Marian (Female) age 63 - 1995 in Kagboro, Moyamba - Displaced and property destroyed.

Komeh, Alusine (Male) - 1995 - Abducted.

Assaulted.
Assaulted.

Komeh, Aminata (Female) - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Tortured.

Komeh, Hassana (Male) age 53 - 1995 - Extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured and stripped.

Komeh, Idrissa (Male) age 35 - 1997 in Gorama Mende, Kenema - Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Killed.

Komeh, Kaday (Female) age 32 - 1999 - Killed.

Komeh, Kadiatu (Female) - 1994 in Konike Sande, Tonkolili - Displaced and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.
Forced to labour.

Komeh, Lansana (Male) - 1991 in Kpaka, Pujehun - Killed.

Komeh, Mariama (Female) age 33 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Komeh, Mattu (Female) - 1991 in Upper Bambara , Kailahun - Displaced and property looted.

Komeh, Mohamed (Male) - 1998 in Konike Sande, Tonkolili - Killed.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 399 Komeh, Mohamed (Male) age 36 - 1994 in Konike Sande, Tonkolili - Displaced and property destroyed.
Komeh, Sorie (Male) - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Komrabai, Alhaji Sumah (Male) age 95 - 1999 in Samu, Kambia - Displaced, extorted and property looted.

Kondeh, Balla (Male) - 1998 in Diang, Koinadugu - Killed.

Kondeh, Bomba (Male) - 1998 in Mongo, Koinadugu - Killed.

Kondeh, Dauda (Male) age 35 - Extorted.

Detained.

Assaulted.

Kondeh, Finda (Female) age 68 - 1998 in Sandor, Kono - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Kondeh, Kai (Male) - 1992 - Killed.


Kondeh, Kumba (Female) - 1998 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Kondeh, Mohamed (Male) age 33 - 1996 - Forced to labour.

Kondeh, Momodu (Male) age 59 - 1998 in Sulima, Koinadugu - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Kondeh, Moses (Male) - 1994 in Komboya, Bo District - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Kondeh, Neneh (Female) - 1998 - Displaced.


Kondeh, Sahr (Male) - 1992 in Gbense, Kono - Forced to labour.

Killed.

Kondeh, Sahr (Male) age 51 - 1998 - Displaced.

Abducted.

Tortured.

Kondeh, Sahr (Male) age 61 - 1996 in Kamara, Kono - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Killed.

Kondeh, Sia (Female) age 43 - 1996 - Forced to labour.

Kondeh, Sia (Female) age 50 - 1996 in Kamara, Kono - Displaced.

Kondeh, Sia (Female) age 70 - 1992 - Abducted and detained.

Tortured.
Tortured.

Kondo, Abu (Male) - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Abducted and detained.

Kondo, Joe (Male) - 1995 in Imperi, Bonthe - Abducted.

Tortured.

Kondo, Kenie (Male) age 63 - 1993 in Small Bo, Kenema - Displaced and property destroyed.

Kondo, Lahai (Male) - 1995 in Jiama-Bongor, Bo District - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Kondonwa, Baindu (Female) age 55 - 1991 - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.
Kondoqui, Sahr (Male) age 49 - 1993 in Gorama Kono, Kono - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted.

Assaulted.

Kondor, Bockarie (Male) - 1991 - Tortured.

Kondor, Bockarie (Male) - Displaced.

Kondor, Monina (Male) age 38 - 1992 in Kakua, Bo District - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Kondor, Satta (Female) age 40 - 1991 in Makpele, Pujehun - Displaced and property destroyed.

Kondowa, Joe (Male) - 1992 in Bagbo, Bo District - Killed.

Koney, Matha (Female) - 1999 - Killed.


Kong, Joe (Male) - 1996 in Nongoba Bullom, Bonthe - Killed.

Kong, Martha (Female) - 1995 in Kpanda Kemo, Bonthe - Displaced.

Kong, Musa (Male) - 1991 - Extorted.

Kong, Taliu (Male) - 1995 in Kpanda Kemo, Bonthe - Displaced.

Kongla, Albert Jamal (Male) age 29 - 1995 in Kamajei, Moyamba - Property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Kongo, Ellie (Male) - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Property destroyed.
Kongoli, Jibao (Male) age 12 - 1992 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Kongoli, Karimu (Male) age 38 - 2000 in Kaiyamba, Moyamba - Killed.

Kongolie, Joe (Male) - 1991 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Killed.

Koniwa, Abdulai (Male) age 25 - 1994 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Konjo, Abraham (Male) age 19 - 1994 in Bagbo, Bo District - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Konjo, Munda (Male) - Abducted and detained.


Konjor, Fatu (Female) - 1991 in Nongoba Bullom, Bonthe - Property looted.

Assaulted.

Konkoafeh, Tamba (Male) - 1998 in Kenema - Assaulted.

Konkoron, Siro (Male) - Assaulted.

Konkpaka, Koroma (Male) age 61 - 1995 - Forced to labour.

Assaulted and tortured.

Konneh, A.K.

(Male) - 1993 in Luawa, Kailahun - Killed.

Konneh, Abie (Female) - 1994 in Wunde, Bo District - Displaced and property destroyed.
Konneh, Alhaji Ansumana (Male) - 1991 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 400 Konneh, Alpha (Male) age 33 - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Displaced and property looted.

Konneh, Ansumana (Male) age 43 - 1991 in Dia, Kailahun - Displaced.

Abducted.

Assaulted and limb amputated.

Konneh, Bobor (Male) - 1994 in Kakua, Bo District - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and tortured.


Konneh, Bockarie (Male) - 1994 in Wunde, Bo District - Displaced.

Konneh, Brima (Male) - 1991 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Killed.

Konneh, Brima (Male) age 12 - 1991 in Kissi Tongi, Kailahun - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Konneh, Brima (Male) age 43 - 1994 in Wunde, Bo District - Displaced and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Konneh, Brima (Male) age 47 - 1991 in Mano Sakrim, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted.
Konneh, Christopha (Male) - 1991 in Pujehun - Displaced.

Killed.

Konneh, Fanta (Female) age 64 - 1992 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Konneh, Fatmata (Female) - 1994 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Konneh, Foday (Male) - 1994 in Kakua, Bo District - Displaced.

Abducted.

Assaulted.

Killed.

Konneh, Fouad (Male) age 38 - 1999 in Fiama, Kono - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.


Konneh, Iye (Female) age 10 - 1992 in Jiama-Bongor, Bo District - Assaulted.

Konneh, Janga (Female) age 37 - 1998 in Luawa, Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Konneh, Jenneh (Female) age 23 - 1991 in Peje West, Kailahun - Displaced and extorted.

Konneh, Jonah (Male) - 1994 in Wunde, Bo District - Displaced.

Konneh, Joseph (Male) age 15 - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Abducted.

Konneh, Juana (Male) age 54 - 1995 in Gaura, Kenema - Displaced.
Konneh, Lansana (Male) age 46 - 1993 - Displaced.

Abducted.

Tortured.

Konneh, Maijue (Male) - Extorted.

Konneh, Mamawa (Female) - 1994 in Wunde, Bo District - Displaced.

Konneh, Mariama (Female) - 1991 in Sowa, Pujehun - Displaced.

Tortured.

Konneh, Mary (Female) age 15 - 1995 in Banta Gbanggbatoke, Moyamba - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Konneh, Masalatu (Female) - 1991 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.


Konneh, Mohamed (Male) age 39 - 1991 in Badjia, Bo District - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Konneh, Moinah (Male) - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Konneh, Morray Yarjah (Male) age 30 - Killed.

Konneh, Morris Moisa (Male) age 44 - 1991 in Dodo, Kenema - Forced to labour.

Konneh, Mualamu Mustapha (Male) age 10 - 1994 - Abducted and detained.

Konneh, Musa (Male) - 1993 in Gallinasperi, Pujehun - Abducted and detained.

Killed.
Killed.

Konneh, Musu (Female) age 75 - 1997 in Koya, Kenema - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted.

Assaulted.

Konneh, Ousman (Male) - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Konneh, Saffa (Male) - 1991 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Killed.

Konneh, Saffa (Male) age 63 - 1995 in Gaura, Kenema - Killed.

Konneh, Sallay (Female) - 1991 in Malen, Pujehun - Killed.

Konneh, Swahilo (Male) age 15 - 1991 in Makpele, Pujehun - Extorted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.


Konneh, Tamba (Male) age 43 - Displaced.

Konneh, Vandy (Male) age 41 - Forced to labour.

Tortured.

Konneh, Vandy (Male) age 75 - 1994 - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Konneh, Weyatta (Female) - 1991 in Upper Bambara , Kailahun - Killed.

Konneh, Yeawa (Female) - 1994 in Barri, Pujehun - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Kono, Jusu (Male) - 1991 - Killed.

Konoboy, Aiah (Male) - 1994 in Gbense, Kono - Killed.
Konor, Kema (Female) - Killed.

Konta, Makura (Male) - 1998 in Mongo, Koinadugu - Property looted and destroyed.

Konto, Momoh (Male) - Killed.

Konuwa, Abu (Male) age 47 - 1995 in Ribbi, Moyamba - Killed.

Konuwa, Amara Morie (Male) age 9 - 1997 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 401 Tortured.

Konuwa, Ansumana (Male) age 49 - 1991 in Pujehun - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.


Assaulted and tortured.

Konuwa, Aruna (Male) - 1992 in Luawa, Kailahun - Forced to labour.

Stripped.

Killed.

Konuwa, Kiaprr (Male) - Displaced.

Konuwa, Lahai Samuka (Male) age 66 - 1994 in Kenema - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Konuwa, Mbeina (Female) - 1991 in Kakua, Bo District - Killed.

Konuwa, Moiray Amara (Male) age 58 - 1994 in Small Bo, Kenema - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Stripped.
Stripped.

Kordor, Mariama (Female) age 69 - 1994 in Tikonko, Bo District - Displaced.

Korgbai, Sudie (Female) age 62 - 1995 - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Korgbi, Solomon (Male) - 1994 - Property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted, tortured and stripped.

Koroma, A.G. (Male) - 1998 in Magbema, Kambia - Property looted.

Koroma, Aban (Male) - 1996 in Koya, Port Loko - Killed.

Koroma, Abass (Male) age 32 - Displaced.

Koroma, Abdul (Male) age 5 - 1992 in Jalahun, Kailahun - Killed.
Koroma, Abdul (Male) age 10 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Koroma, Abdul (Male) age 12 - 1993 in Paki Masabong, Bombali - Displaced.

Koroma, Abdul (Male) age 15 - 1991 - Killed.

Koroma, Abdul (Male) age 19 - 1995 in Nimikoro, Kono - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Koroma, Abdul (Male) age 22 - 1998 in Kholifa Rowalla, Tonkolili - Displaced and extorted.

Abducted.

Koroma, Abdul (Male) age 48 - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Koroma, Abdulah (Male) - Displaced.


Koroma, Abdulai (Male) - 1993 in Gbense, Kono - Killed.

Koroma, Abdulai (Male) - 1994 in Loko Massama, Port Loko - Killed.

Koroma, Abdulai (Male) age 21 - 1999 - Killed.

Koroma, Abdulai (Male) age 24 - 1999 in Leibasgayahun, Bombali - Killed.

Koroma, Abdulai (Male) age 40 - 1998 in Western Area - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Koroma, Abdulai (Male) age 47 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted.

Tortured.


Koroma, Abu (Male) - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Koroma, Abu (Male) - Forced to labour.

Killed.

Koroma, Abu (Male) - 1998 in Safroko Limba, Bombali - Property destroyed.

Killed.

Koroma, Abu (Male) - 1994 in Lugbu, Bo District - Displaced and property looted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Koroma, Abu Bakarr (Male) age 30 - 1991 in Malen, Pujehun - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Koroma, Adama (Female) - 1993 in Gbense, Kono - Killed.
Koroma, Adama (Female) - 1998 in Nimiyama, Kono - Killed.

Koroma, Adama (Female) - 1995 in Tane, Tonkolili - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Koroma, Adama (Female) - 1994 in Gbendembu Ngowahun, Bombali - Displaced.

Koroma, Adama (Female) - 1997 in Gbendembu Ngowahun, Bombali - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Detained.

Koroma, Adama (Female) - 1994 - Property looted.

Koroma, Adama (Female) - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.
Koroma, Adama (Female) - 1999 in Samu, Kambia - Forced to labour.

Koroma, Adama (Female) age 15 - 1998 in Makari Gbanti, Bombali - Displaced and extorted.

Forced to labour.

Koroma, Adama Fudia (Female) - 1998 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced.

Koroma, Adamsay (Female) age 16 - 1993 in Tane, Tonkolili - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Koroma, Ademah (Female) - Extorted and property destroyed.

Koroma, Agatha (Female) - 1996 in Barri, Pujehun - Abducted and detained.

Koroma, Aiah (Male) - Killed.


Koroma, Aiah (Male) age 33 - Displaced and property destroyed.

Detained.

Tortured.

Koroma, Ajiji (Male) - 1995 - Forced to labour.

Koroma, Albert (Male) - 1999 in Kaiyamba, Moyamba - Tortured.

Killed.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 402 Koroma, Alford (Male) age 54 - 1998 in Kholifa Rowalla, Tonkolili - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Koroma, Alfred (Male) - 1993 in Gbense, Kono - Killed.
Koroma, Alfred (Male) age 39 - 1998 in Gbendembu Ngowahun, Bombali - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Koroma, Alhaji (Male) - 1993 in Gbense, Kono - Abducted and detained.

Koroma, Alhaji (Male) - 1991 - Property looted.

Koroma, Alhaji (Male) - Displaced.

Koroma, Alhaji Brima (Male) - Abducted and detained.

Koroma, Alhaji Idrissa (Male) age 4 - 1999 in Bo District - Displaced.

Koroma, Alhaji Monya (Male) - 1993 in Peje, Pujehun - Property destroyed.
Koroma, Alhaji Sheku (Male) - 1993 in Peje, Pujehun - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Koroma, Alhaji Umaru (Male) - 1997 in Malema, Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Killed.

Koroma, Alhaji Umaru (Male) - 1991 in Malema, Kailahun - Extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted.

Assaulted.

Killed.

Koroma, Alie (Male) - 1994 in Loko Massama, Port Loko - Killed.

Koroma, Alie (Male) age 22 - 1996 in Nongowa, Kenema - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.


Koroma, Alie (Male) age 24 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Koroma, Alie Aliekarthy (Male) age 40 - 1994 in Kalansogia, Tonkolili - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Koroma, Alimamy (Male) - 1994 in Gbonkolenken, Tonkolili - Killed.

Koroma, Alimamy (Male) - 1996 in Bombali Shebora, Bombali - Killed.

Koroma, Alimamy (Male) - 1998 - Property destroyed.

Forced to labour.
Forced to labour.

Koroma, Alimamy (Male) age 10 - 1994 in Kalansogia, Tonkolili - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Tortured.

Killed.

Koroma, Alimamy (Male) age 30 - 1997 - Property looted.

Assaulted.

Koroma, Alimamy (Male) age 59 - 1994 in Konike Sande, Tonkolili - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Koroma, Alimamy (Male) age 65 - 1994 in Kalansogia, Tonkolili - Displaced and property destroyed.

Koroma, Allieu (Male) age 47 - 1994 in Pujehun - Displaced.
Koroma, Alpha (Male) - 1997 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Killed.

Koroma, Alpha (Male) - 1991 in Bagbo, Bo District - Abducted.

Tortured.

Killed.

Koroma, Alpha (Male) age 32 - 1996 in Kongbora, Moyamba - Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Koroma, Alpha (Male) age 74 - 1999 in Yoni, Tonkolili - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Koroma, Alusine (Male) - Extorted.

Koroma, Alusine (Male) - 1998 - Killed.

Koroma, Alusine (Male) - Extorted and property looted.

Assaulted.
Assaulted.

Koroma, Alusine (Male) age 42 - 1995 in Koya, Port Loko - Property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Koroma, Amadu (Male) - 1994 - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Koroma, Amadu (Male) - 1991 in Niawa, Kenema - Displaced and extorted.

Koroma, Amadu (Male) age 37 - 1994 in Neini, Koinadugu - Displaced and property destroyed.

Koroma, Amadu (Male) age 52 - 1994 - Assaulted.

Koroma, Amadu (Male) age 68 - 1995 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced.

Killed.
Killed.

Koroma, Amara (Male) - Displaced.

Koroma, Ambo (Male) - 1999 in Makari Gbanti, Bombali - Killed.

Koroma, Amidu (Male) - 1998 in Koya, Port Loko - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Killed.

Koroma, Amidu (Male) age 12 - 1997 in Koya, Port Loko - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Killed.

Koroma, Amidu (Male) age 45 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Koroma, Amidu (Male) age 60 - 1996 in Koya, Port Loko - Killed.

Koroma, Amie (Female) - 1996 in Koinadugu - Displaced.
Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and limb amputated.

Koroma, Amie (Female) - 1996 in Nongowa, Kenema - Killed.

Koroma, Amie (Female) - 1996 in Wunde, Bo District - Killed.

Koroma, Amie (Female) - 1991 in Kissi Tongi, Kailahun - Displaced and extorted.

Tortured.

Koroma, Amie (Female) age 40 - Killed.

Koroma, Amie (Female) age 53 - 1995 in Kori, Moyamba - Extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 403 Abducted and detained.

Tortured.
Tortured.

Koroma, Amie (Female) age 91 - 1999 in Kholifa Rowalla, Tonkolili - Displaced.

Koroma, Aminata (Female) - 1998 in Mongo, Koinadugu - Abducted and detained.

Koroma, Aminata (Female) - 1991 in Malema, Kailahun - Killed.

Koroma, Aminata (Female) age 15 - 1998 in Western Area - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Koroma, Aminata (Female) age 26 - 1994 - Displaced.

Koroma, Aminata (Female) age 27 - 1997 - Displaced.

Koroma, Aminata (Female) age 52 - 1999 in Koya, Port Loko - Property destroyed.
Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Koroma, Amodu (Male) age 40 - 1992 in Peje, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted.

Koroma, Amodu (Male) age 63 - 1991 in Kakua, Bo District - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Koroma, Andumana (Male) - 1995 in Kori, Moyamba - Displaced.

Tortured.

Killed.

Koroma, Ansumana (Male) - 1997 in Gbendembu Ngowahun, Bombali - Property destroyed.

Koroma, Ansumana (Male) age 10 - 1999 in Western Area - Abducted and detained.
Koroma, Anthony (Male) age 44 - 1998 in Paki Masabong, Bombali - Abducted.

Tortured.

Koroma, Aruna (Male) age 8 - 1994 in Kalansogia, Tonkolili - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Koroma, Assanatu (Female) age 10 - 1998 in Western Area - Tortured.

Koroma, Baby (Female) - Killed.

Koroma, Bai (Male) - Property destroyed.

Koroma, Bai (Male) age 56 - 1999 in Badjia, Bo District - Displaced.

Abducted.

Tortured.

Koroma, Baindu (Female) - Abducted and detained.


Koroma, Baindu (Female) - 1991 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Assaulted.

Killed.

Koroma, Baindu (Female) age 17 - 1999 in Jalahun, Kailahun - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Koroma, Balla (Male) age 50 - 1994 - Killed.

Koroma, Balla (Male) age 65 - 1998 in Mongo, Koinadugu - Displaced and property looted.

Koroma, Bamba (Male) - 1998 in Neini, Koinadugu - Assaulted.

Koroma, Bambay (Male) - 1991 in Gallinasperi, Pujehun - Abducted and detained.
Koroma, Bangalie (Male) - 1991 in Yakemo-Kpukumu Krim, Pujehun - Property destroyed.

Detained.

Killed.

Koroma, Bangalie (Male) - 1991 in Jalahun, Kailahun - Killed.

Koroma, Barba (Male) - 1999 - Property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Killed.

Koroma, Basiru (Male) age 51 - 1997 in Fakunya, Moyamba - Property looted and destroyed.

Koroma, Bindy (Male) - 1998 in Gbendembu Ngowahun, Bombali - Abducted and detained.

Limb amputated.

Killed.


Koroma, Binta (Female) - 1994 in Wara-Wara Yagala, Koinadugu - Abducted.

Koroma, Boakie (Male) - 1993 - Property destroyed.

Koroma, Bockarie (Male) - 1991 in Makpele, Pujehun - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Koroma, Bockarie (Male) - 1991 - Killed.

Koroma, Bockarie (Male) age 25 - 1993 in Kando Leppeama, Kenema - Abducted.

Assaulted.

Koroma, Bockarie (Male) age 42 - 1998 in Bombali Shebora, Bombali - Property looted.
Koroma, Bockarie (Male) age 71 - 1994 in Tikonko, Bo District - Displaced.

Killed.

Koroma, Bockarie Yalla (Male) age 64 - 1994 in Kalansogia, Tonkolili - Property looted and destroyed.

Koroma, Bomba (Male) age 14 - 1997 - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Koroma, Bombalai (Male) - Limb amputated.

Koroma, Bomkaprr (Male) - 1995 in Gbendembu Ngowahun, Bombali - Displaced and property destroyed.

Assaulted.

Koroma, Borbor (Male) - 1991 in Gallinasperi, Pujehun - Property looted.

Killed.
Killed.

Koroma, Braima (Male) - Abducted and detained.

Limb amputated.

Koroma, Brima (Male) - 1991 in Gallinasperi, Pujehun - Property looted and destroyed.

Koroma, Brima (Male) - 1991 in Malen, Pujehun - Killed.

Koroma, Brima (Male) - 1991 in Peje, Pujehun - Killed.

Koroma, Brima (Male) - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Detained.

Killed.

Koroma, Brima (Male) - 1994 - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Koroma, Brima (Male) - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.


Koroma, Brima (Male) - 1994 in Niawa, Kenema - Tortured.

Killed.

Koroma, Brima (Male) - 1997 in Malema, Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 404 Koroma, Brima (Male) age 28 - 1999 in Western Area - Killed.

Koroma, Brima (Male) age 31 - 1991 in Jiama-Bongor, Bo District - Displaced and property looted.

Koroma, Brima (Male) age 35 - 1991 in Peje, Pujehun - Displaced.
Koroma, Brima (Male) age 41 - 1995 in Banta Gbanggbatoke, Moyamba - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Koroma, Brima (Male) age 54 - 1991 in Kpaka, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Assaulted.

Koroma, Brima (Male) age 56 - Property looted.

Koroma, Chernor (Male) age 100 - 1995 - Extorted and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Koroma, Comrabai (Male) age 49 - 1996 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.
Koroma, Dankay (Female) age 63 - 1995 - Abducted.

Assaulted.

Koroma, Dauda (Male) - 1999 in Sengbe, Koinadugu - Property destroyed.

Killed.

Koroma, Dauda (Male) - 1997 in Bombali Shebora, Bombali - Property destroyed.

Abducted.

Assaulted and tortured.

Koroma, Dauda (Male) - 1995 in Kwamebai Krim, Bonthe - Killed.

Koroma, Dauda (Male) - 1997 in Malema, Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Koroma, Dauda (Male) age 33 - 1995 in Kando Leppeama, Kenema - Abducted.

Assaulted.
Assaulted.

Koroma, Dauda (Male) age 37 - 1997 in Diang, Koinadugu - Property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Koroma, Dauda (Male) age 53 - 1998 in Neini, Koinadugu - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Koroma, Dauda (Male) age 74 - 1994 in Jawie, Kailahun - Property destroyed.

Abducted.

Assaulted.

Killed.

Koroma, David (Male) - 1998 in Kholifa Rowalla, Tonkolili - Forced to labour.

Assaulted.
Assaulted.

Koroma, Duwai (Male) - 1999 in Barri, Pujehun - Property looted and destroyed.

Koroma, Edward (Male) - 1994 in Konike Barina, Tonkolili - Killed.

Koroma, Emily (Female) - 1995 in Jiama-Bongor, Bo District - Displaced, extorted and property looted.

Koroma, Fadei (Female) age 48 - 1991 - Displaced.

Koroma, Famor (Male) - Abducted.

Assaulted.

Killed.

Koroma, Farrah (Male) - Tortured.

Koroma, Farrah (Male) age 23 - 1998 - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.


Koroma, Fatmata (Female) - 1998 in Jong, Bonthe - Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Killed.

Koroma, Fatmata (Female) age 17 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Koroma, Fatmata (Female) age 21 - 1999 in Loko Massama, Port Loko - Displaced and extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Koroma, Fatmata (Female) age 21 - 1998 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced and property looted.
Koroma, Fatmata (Female) age 43 - 1998 in Western Area - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Koroma, Fatta (Female) - 1995 in Tikonko, Bo District - Abducted and detained.

Limb amputated.

Koroma, Fattu (Female) age 9 - 1999 in Kholifa Rowalla, Tonkolili - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Limb amputated.

Koroma, Fattu (Female) age 28 - Tortured.

Koroma, Fatu (Female) - 1994 - Displaced.

Koroma, Fatu (Female) - 1998 in Sanda Loko, Bombali - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.
Koroma, Fatu (Female) - 1999 in Makari Gbanti, Bombali - Displaced and property looted.

Assaulted.

Koroma, Fatu (Female) - 1999 in Western Area - Abducted.

Koroma, Fatu (Female) age 33 - Assaulted.

Koroma, Fatu (Female) age 37 - 1995 in Koya, Kenema - Displaced and property destroyed.

Koroma, Fatu (Female) age 56 - Displaced and property looted.

Koroma, Ferenkeh (Male) age 38 - 1998 in Neini, Koinadugu - Property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Tortured.


Koroma, Finah (Female) - 1998 in Mongo, Koinadugu - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Koroma, Finnah (Female) age 35 - 1998 in Koinadugu - Displaced and property destroyed.

Koroma, Foday (Male) - 1998 in Diang, Koinadugu - Displaced.

Koroma, Foday (Male) - 1999 in Ribbi, Moyamba - Displaced and extorted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and tortured.

Koroma, Foday (Male) - 1991 in Makpele, Pujehun - Displaced and property destroyed.
Koroma, Foday (Male) - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Killed.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 405 Koroma, Foday (Male) - 1997 in Nongowa, Kenema - Property looted.

Detained.

Assaulted and stripped.

Koroma, Foday (Male) age 10 - 1991 in Peje Bongre, Kailahun - Abducted.

Koroma, Foday (Male) age 34 - 1992 in Nongowa, Kenema - Property destroyed.

Assaulted.

Koroma, Foday (Male) age 41 - 1998 in Diang, Koinadugu - Property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.
Forced to labour.

Koroma, Foday (Male) age 41 - 1991 in Bagbo, Bo District - Displaced.

Koroma, Foday (Male) age 62 - 1999 - Extorted.

Koroma, Foday Lamin (Male) age 61 - 1995 in Tunkia, Kenema - Forced to labour.

Stripped.

Killed.

Koroma, Fodei (Male) age 68 - 1991 in Makpele, Pujehun - Displaced and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Koroma, Fodi Mustapha (Male) age 33 - 1995 in Tunkia, Kenema - Displaced.
Koroma, Fodie (Male) age 48 - 1991 in Malema, Kailahun - Extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Koroma, Gabriel (Male) age 13 - Forced to labour.

Koroma, Gassimu (Male) - 1993 in Barri, Pujehun - Killed.

Koroma, Gbaara (Male) age 57 - 1999 in Sengbe, Koinadugu - Displaced and property destroyed.

Koroma, Gbagahun (Male) age 79 - 1991 in Nongowa, Kenema - Displaced and property looted.

Killed.

Koroma, Gberie (Male) - 1994 in Baoma, Bo District - Killed.
Koroma, Gbessay (Female) age 54 - 1995 - Displaced and property destroyed.

Tortured.

Koroma, Haja (Female) - 1997 in Malema, Kailahun - Extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Koroma, Haja Inia (Female) age 37 - 1998 in Kholifa Rowalla, Tonkolili - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Koroma, Haja Jeneba (Female) age 62 - 1998 in Nimiyama, Kono - Displaced and extorted.

Assaulted and tortured.

Koroma, Hambo (Male) - 1999 in Makari Gbanti, Bombali - Killed.
Koroma, Hannah (Female) age 25 - 1999 in Makari Gbanti, Bombali - Property destroyed.

Koroma, Harrold (Male) - 1991 in Kpanda Kemo, Bonthe - Forced to labour.

Koroma, Hassan (Male) - 1992 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Koroma, Hassan (Male) age 19 - 1995 in Kholifa Mabang, Tonkolili - Property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Tortured.

Koroma, Hassan (Male) age 41 - 1992 in Kono - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.


Koroma, Hassana (Male) age 27 - 1994 in Gbonkolenken, Tonkolili - Displaced and property destroyed.

Koroma, Hawa (Female) - 1996 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Koroma, Hawa (Female) - 1999 - Displaced and property looted.

Koroma, Hawa (Female) - Displaced.

Koroma, Hawa (Female) - 1991 - Killed.

Koroma, Hawa (Female) - 1999 in Western Area - Property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Tortured.


Koroma, Hawa (Female) age 22 - 1998 in Western Area - Displaced and property looted.

Koroma, Hawa (Female) age 36 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Assaulted.

Koroma, Hawa (Female) age 46 - 1994 in Gbonkolenken, Tonkolili - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Koroma, Hawanatu (Female) age 22 - 1999 in Western Area - Tortured.

Koroma, Ibrahim (Male) - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted.

Assaulted.


Koroma, Ibrahim (Male) - Killed.

Koroma, Ibrahim (Male) - 1991 - Assaulted.

Koroma, Ibrahim (Male) - 1997 in Small Bo, Kenema - Forced to labour.

Koroma, Ibrahim (Male) - 1998 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Abducted and detained.

Stripped and limb amputated.

Koroma, Ibrahim (Male) age 31 - 1999 - Displaced, extorted and property looted.

Koroma, Ibrahim (Male) age 34 - 1998 - Property looted.

Stripped.

Koroma, Idrissa (Male) - Abducted and detained.

Limb amputated.
Limb amputated.

Koroma, Isata (Female) age 7 - 1994 in Dama, Kenema - Killed.

Koroma, Isatu (Female) - 1993 in Gbense, Kono - Killed.

Koroma, Isatu (Female) - 1999 in Koya, Port Loko - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Koroma, Isatu (Female) - 1997 in Malema, Kailahun - Killed.

Koroma, Isatu (Female) age 12 - 1999 in Koya, Port Loko - Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 406 Koroma, Isatu (Female) age 38 - 1999 in Fakunya, Moyamba - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.


Assaulted.

Koroma, Ishmel (Male) age 17 - 1999 in Bombali Shebora, Bombali - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Koroma, Issa (Male) - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Koroma, Iye (Female) - Displaced.

Koroma, Iye (Female) age 11 - 1998 - Displaced.

Killed.

Koroma, Iye (Female) age 50 - 1998 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Displaced and property looted.

Limb amputated.

Koroma, Iye (Female) age 90 - 1995 in Malal Mara, Tonkolili - Killed.
Koroma, J.P. (Male) - 1997 in Bonthe - Extorted.

Koroma, Jamatu (Female) - 1996 in Malegohun, Kenema - Killed.

Koroma, Jatu (Female) age 78 - 1991 in Soro Gbema, Pujehun - Displaced.

Abducted.

Assaulted.

Koroma, Jebbeh (Female) - 1991 in Dia, Kailahun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Koroma, Jeneba (Female) - 1991 in Nongowa, Kenema - Killed.

Koroma, Jeneba (Female) age 23 - Displaced.

Assaulted and tortured.

Koroma, Jenneh (Female) - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.
Koroma, Jinnah (Male) - Killed.

Koroma, Joe (Male) - 1992 in Malen, Pujehun - Killed.

Koroma, Joe (Male) age 47 - 1992 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Killed.

Koroma, John (Male) - 1994 in Loko Massama, Port Loko - Killed.

Koroma, John (Male) - Property looted.

Koroma, John (Male) age 22 - 1994 - Displaced.

Koroma, John (Male) age 23 - 1998 in Konike Sande, Tonkolili - Extorted.

Koroma, Johnny (Male) - Property looted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.


Koroma, Joseph (Male) - 1993 in Malal Mara, Tonkolili - Killed.

Koroma, Joseph (Male) - 1995 in Banta Gbanggbatoke, Moyamba - Abducted and detained.

Koroma, Joseph (Male) - 1998 in Kholifa Rowalla, Tonkolili - Displaced.

Tortured and limb amputated.

Koroma, Joseph (Male) - 1991 - Displaced and property destroyed.

Koroma, Joseph (Male) - 1997 in Gbendembu Ngowahun, Bombali - Property destroyed.

Koroma, Julius (Male) age 51 - 1994 - Displaced.


Koroma, Juma (Male) age 50 - 1993 - Killed.

Koroma, Jusu (Male) - 1992 in Nongowa, Kenema - Assaulted.

Koroma, Kabba (Male) age 25 - 1998 in Bombali - Property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Limb amputated.

Koroma, Kadae (Female) age 2 - 1997 in Gbonkolenken, Tonkolili - Killed.

Koroma, Kaday (Female) - 1998 - Assaulted.

Koroma, Kadiatu (Female) - 1996 in Yoni, Tonkolili - Displaced and property destroyed.
Koroma, Kadiatu (Female) - 1995 in Kholifa Rowalla, Tonkolili - Displaced.

Koroma, Kadiatu (Female) - 1998 in Yoni, Tonkolili - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Koroma, Kadiatu (Female) - 1999 - Displaced and extorted.

Koroma, Kadiatu (Female) - 1998 - Displaced.

Koroma, Kadiatu (Female) - Killed.

Koroma, Kadiatu (Female) - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced and property destroyed.

Tortured.
Tortured.

Koroma, Kadiatu (Female) - 1991 in Upper Bambara , Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Koroma, Kadiatu (Female) - 1991 in Yawei, Kailahun - Killed.

Koroma, Kadiatu (Female) age 16 - Displaced.

Koroma, Kadiatu (Female) age 31 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced and property destroyed.

Koroma, Kadiatu (Female) age 40 - 1999 in Western Area - Abducted.

Koroma, Kadiatu (Female) age 42 - 1998 in Gbane, Kono - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Limb amputated.


Koroma, Kadiatu (Female) age 47 - 2000 in Kholifa Mabang, Tonkolili - Displaced.

Koroma, Kadie (Female) - 1991 in Kakua, Bo District - Killed.

Koroma, Kadie (Female) age 45 - 1991 in Pujehun - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Koroma, Kaeonma (Male) - 1998 in Sella Limba, Bombali - Property destroyed.

Koroma, Kai (Male) age 32 - 1994 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced.
Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 407 Koroma, Kailie (Male) age 51 - 1998 - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Koroma, Kamba (Male) - 1997 in Kongbora, Moyamba - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted.

Koroma, Kanah (Male) age 56 - 1994 in Kalansogia, Tonkolili - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Koroma, Karifa (Male) - 1998 - Displaced.

Killed.

Koroma, Karifadu (Male) - 1997 - Displaced.


Koroma, Karim (Male) - 1997 in Gbendembu Ngowahun, Bombali - Property destroyed.

Koroma, Karimu (Male) age 47 - 1998 in Bonthe UDC, Bonthe - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Koroma, Kathy (Female) - 1998 in Biriwa, Bombali - Killed.

Koroma, Katumu (Female) - 1991 in Nongowa, Kenema - Killed.

Koroma, Kelvin (Male) age 26 - 1995 in Buya Romende, Port Loko - Displaced.
Koroma, Kenee (Female) - 1991 - Killed.

Koroma, Kennie (Male) - 1994 in Wunde, Bo District - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Killed.

Koroma, Kodo (Male) - 1999 - Abducted.

Assaulted.

Koroma, Kona (Female) age 49 - 1994 in Kalansogia, Tonkolili - Property destroyed.

Koroma, Kulako (Female) age 16 - 1998 in Diang, Koinadugu - Abducted and detained.

Koroma, Kumba (Female) age 35 - 1998 - Displaced.

Koroma, Lahai (Male) - 1991 in Kpaka, Pujehun - Abducted and detained.
Koroma, Lahai (Male) - 1991 in Gallinasperi, Pujehun - Killed.

Koroma, Lahai (Male) - 1999 in Peje, Pujehun - Killed.

Koroma, Lahai (Male) - Displaced, extorted and property looted.

Koroma, Lahai (Male) age 42 - Displaced.

Assaulted and tortured.

Koroma, Lahai (Male) age 75 - 1997 in Bonthe - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Koroma, Lahai Ndokoi (Male) age 76 - 1998 in Bonthe - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted.

Stripped.


Koroma, Lamin (Male) - 1996 in Magbema, Kambia - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Koroma, Lamin (Male) age 10 - 1992 in Malen, Pujehun - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Koroma, Lamin (Male) age 18 - 2000 in Soa, Kono - Displaced and property looted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Koroma, Lamin (Male) age 34 - 1999 in Maforki, Port Loko - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Assaulted.
Assaulted.

Koroma, Lamin (Male) age 40 - 1996 in Jong, Bonthe - Displaced and property looted.

Koroma, Lamina (Male) - 1991 in Kpaka, Pujehun - Killed.

Koroma, Lansana (Male) - 1991 in Malen, Pujehun - Killed.

Koroma, Lansana (Male) - 1997 in Malema, Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Koroma, Lansana (Male) age 46 - 1996 in Magbema, Kambia - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Koroma, Lansana (Male) age 47 - 1994 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced.
Koroma, Lemba (Male) age 14 - 1998 in Fiama, Kono - Forced to labour.

Koroma, Lensenie (Male) - 1998 in Koinadugu - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Koroma, M (Male) - 1996 in Nongowa, Kenema - Killed.

Koroma, Mabinty (Female) - 1992 in Gorama Kono, Kono - Killed.

Koroma, Mabinty (Female) age 38 - 1996 in Fakunya, Moyamba - Displaced.

Koroma, Mabinty (Female) age 47 - Displaced and property destroyed.

Koroma, Macus (Male) - 1995 in Tikonko, Bo District - Abducted and detained.
Limb amputated.

Koroma, Mafilla (Female) age 31 - 1999 in Sambaia Bendugu, Tonkolili - Property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Koroma, Magai (Male) - 1999 in Sanda Magblonthor, Port Loko - Abducted.

Killed.

Koroma, Magdalene (Female) age 43 - 1994 in Kori, Moyamba - Displaced.

Koroma, Mahmoud (Male) - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Koroma, Mambu (Male) - Extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Koroma, Manimo-Sheku (Male) - Assaulted.


Koroma, Manseh (Male) age 40 - 1999 in Diang, Koinadugu - Displaced and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and tortured.

Koroma, Manso (Male) - 1999 in Koinadugu - Killed.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 408 Koroma, Manso (Male) age 6 - 1998 in Neini, Koinadugu - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Koroma, Marcus (Male) age 33 - 1994 in Tikonko, Bo District - Limb amputated.
Koroma, Mariam (Female) - 1997 in Koya, Port Loko - Abducted and detained.

Koroma, Mariama (Female) - 1991 in Kakua, Bo District - Killed.

Koroma, Mariama (Female) - 1991 in Western Area - Extorted.

Koroma, Mariama (Female) age 12 - 1994 - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Koroma, Mariama (Female) age 20 - Extorted and property looted.

Tortured.

Koroma, Mariama (Female) age 61 - 1992 in Kpaka, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.
Koroma, Marie (Female) age 44 - 1997 in Bonthe UDC, Bonthe - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Koroma, Marie (Female) age 51 - 1994 in Kholifa Rowalla, Tonkolili - Extorted and property looted.

Assaulted.

Koroma, Marie (Female) age 56 - 1999 in Loko Massama, Port Loko - Extorted.

Tortured.

Koroma, Martha (Female) - 1998 in Leibasgayahun, Bombali - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Koroma, Masia (Male) age 31 - 1998 in Diang, Koinadugu - Forced to labour.
Koroma, Massah (Female) - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Koroma, Massah (Female) age 20 - 1991 in Gallinasperi, Pujehun - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Koroma, Massah (Female) age 61 - 1997 in Sowa, Pujehun - Displaced and property destroyed.

Koroma, Modu (Male) - 1995 in Kongbora, Moyamba - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Koroma, Mohamed (Male) - 1999 in Kaiyamba, Moyamba - Killed.
Koroma, Mohamed (Male) - 1992 - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Koroma, Mohamed (Male) - 1994 - Killed.

Koroma, Mohamed (Male) - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Koroma, Mohamed (Male) - Killed.

Koroma, Mohamed (Male) - 1997 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced.

Koroma, Mohamed (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Koroma, Mohamed (Male) - 1992 in Badjia, Bo District - Assaulted.

Koroma, Mohamed (Male) age 10 - 1993 in Kenema - Killed.
Koroma, Mohamed (Male) age 17 - 1992 in Soro Gbema, Pujehun - Tortured.

Koroma, Mohamed (Male) age 20 - 1994 - Displaced.

Koroma, Mohamed (Male) age 30 - 1991 in Langorama, Kenema - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Koroma, Mohamed (Male) age 34 - 1991 - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Assaulted.

Koroma, Mohamed (Male) age 37 - 1999 in Diang, Koinadugu - Displaced and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.


Koroma, Mohamed (Male) age 37 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Koroma, Mohamed (Male) age 40 - 1994 in Gbonkolenken, Tonkolili - Killed.

Koroma, Mohamed (Male) age 52 - 1998 in Sandor, Kono - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted.

Assaulted, tortured and limb amputated.

Koroma, Mohamed (Male) age 56 - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.


Koroma, Moiguan (Male) - 1991 in Sielenga, Bo District - Killed.

Koroma, Moijoy (Male) age 44 - 1992 in Nomo, Kenema - Property destroyed.

Koroma, Moijue (Male) - 1991 in Sowa, Pujehun - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and tortured.

Koroma, Molie (Male) age 45 - 1999 in Gbanti Kamaranka, Bombali - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.
Koroma, Momodu (Male) - 1998 in Follosaba Dembelia, Koinadugu - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Koroma, Momodu (Male) - 1991 in Makpele, Pujehun - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Koroma, Momodu (Male) - 1997 in Kongbora, Moyamba - Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Koroma, Momodu (Male) - 1998 in Koya, Port Loko - Killed.

Koroma, Momodu (Male) - 1997 in Malema, Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Koroma, Momodu (Male) - 1998 in Western Area - Displaced and property destroyed.
Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 409 Koroma, Momodu (Male) age 45 - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Koroma, Momoh (Male) - 1994 in Gbonkolenken, Tonkolili - Killed.

Koroma, Momoh (Male) - 1999 in Peje, Pujehun - Killed.

Koroma, Momoh (Male) - 1996 in Nongowa, Kenema - Killed.

Koroma, Momoh (Male) - Killed.

Koroma, Momoh (Male) - Killed.

Koroma, Momoh (Male) - 1994 in Tikonko, Bo District - Limb amputated.
Koroma, Momoh (Male) - 1996 in Gaura, Kenema - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Killed.

Koroma, Momoh (Male) - 1991 in Nongowa, Kenema - Killed.

Koroma, Momoh (Male) age 10 - Forced to labour.

Koroma, Momoh (Male) age 52 - 1997 in Kenema - Property destroyed.

Koroma, Momoh (Male) age 56 - 1995 in Banta Gbanggbatoke, Moyamba - Property looted and destroyed.

Koroma, Momoh (Male) age 57 - 1998 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Killed.
Assaulted.

Killed.

Koroma, Momoh (Male) age 62 - 1998 in Konike Barina, Tonkolili - Killed.

Koroma, Momoh (Male) age 64 - 1997 in Gaura, Kenema - Forced to labour.

Assaulted and tortured.

Koroma, Momoh (Male) age 66 - 1997 in Gaura, Kenema - Limb amputated.

Koroma, Momoh (Male) age 70 - 1998 in Briama, Kambia - Forced to labour.

Tortured.

Koroma, Momorie (Male) age 13 - 1994 in Wara-Wara Yagala, Koinadugu - Forced to labour.
Koroma, Monya (Male) age 37 - 1992 in Dia, Kailahun - Property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Koroma, Moriba (Male) age 64 - 1991 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Property looted and destroyed.

Koroma, Morie (Male) - 1993 in Kissi Tongi, Kailahun - Killed.

Koroma, Morray (Male) age 28 - 1994 in Fakunya, Moyamba - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Koroma, Moses (Male) age 41 - 1995 in Banta Gbanggbatoke, Moyamba - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted and detained.


Koroma, Musa (Male) - 1997 in Paki Masabong, Bombali - Abducted and detained.

Koroma, Musa (Male) - Property looted.

Koroma, Musa (Male) - 1991 in Kailahun - Killed.

Koroma, Musa (Male) - 1991 in Peje Bongre, Kailahun - Property looted and destroyed.

Killed.

Koroma, Musa (Male) - 1994 in Kenema - Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Koroma, Musa (Male) - 1992 in Dia, Kailahun - Assaulted.

Killed.

Koroma, Musa (Male) age 10 - 1991 in Kissi Tongi, Kailahun - Killed.
Koroma, Musa (Male) age 19 - 1998 - Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Koroma, Musa (Male) age 25 - 1998 in Diang, Koinadugu - Displaced.

Koroma, Musa (Male) age 28 - 1997 in Small Bo, Kenema - Abducted.

Tortured.

Killed.

Koroma, Musa (Male) age 49 - 1994 in Konike Barina, Tonkolili - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Koroma, Mustapha (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced and property destroyed.

Koroma, Mustapha (Male) - 1993 in Badjia, Bo District - Killed.
Koroma, Mustapha (Male) age 22 - 1992 in Soro Gbema, Pujehun - Assaulted.

Koroma, Mustapha (Male) age 32 - 1991 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Property looted.

Koroma, Mustapha (Male) age 33 - 2000 in Sandor, Kono - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and stripped.

Koroma, Mustapha (Male) age 47 - 1995 in Benducha, Bonthe - Displaced.

Koroma, Musu (Female) - 1999 in Western Area - Extorted.

Koroma, Musu (Female) age 25 - 1998 in Nongowa, Kenema - Displaced, extorted and property looted.
Koroma, Nancy (Female) age 20 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Koroma, Ndiamond (Male) age 71 - 1998 in Gbendembu Ngowahun, Bombali - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Limb amputated.

Koroma, Nfalie (Male) - 1999 in Sambaia Bendugu, Tonkolili - Property looted.

Forced to labour.

Koroma, Nohals (Male) - Abducted and detained.

Koroma, Nyandeamoh (Female) - 1999 in Paki Masabong, Bombali - Displaced and property destroyed.
Koroma, Nyapo (Female) age 45 - 1991 in Gallinasperi, Pujehun - Displaced and extorted.

Koroma, Ousman (Male) - 1999 in Gbonkolenken, Tonkolili - Displaced.

Koroma, Ousman (Male) - 1999 in Diang, Koinadugu - Killed.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 410 Koroma, Ousman (Male) age 33 - 1998 in Leibasgayahun, Bombali - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Koroma, Ousman (Male) age 55 - 1992 in Kholifa Rowalla, Tonkolili - Displaced and property destroyed.
Koroma, Ousman (Male) age 75 - Killed.

Koroma, Paeyoh (Male) - 1999 in Paki Masabong, Bombali - Property destroyed.

Koroma, Patrick (Male) - Extorted.

Tortured.

Koroma, Patrick (Male) age 51 - 1991 - Displaced.

Abducted.

Assaulted.

Koroma, Peter (Male) - 1994 in Kalansogia, Tonkolili - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Koroma, Posseh (Female) - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Koroma, Rashid (Male) age 20 - 1995 in Marampa, Port Loko - Forced to labour.
Koroma, Richard (Male) - 1999 in Bombali Shebora, Bombali - Property looted and destroyed.

Koroma, Rugiatu (Female) - 1994 in Banta Gbanggbatoke, Moyamba - Abducted and detained.

Koroma, Rukor (Female) - 1992 in Gorama Kono, Kono - Displaced.

Killed.

Koroma, Ruth (Female) age 15 - 1994 - Displaced.

Koroma, Saata (Female) age 39 - 1995 - Assaulted.

Koroma, Sad (Male) age 42 - 1997 in Small Bo, Kenema - Property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and stripped.


Koroma, Saffa (Male) - 1991 - Killed.

Koroma, Saffa (Male) age 44 - 1994 in Nongowa, Kenema - Property destroyed.

Killed.

Koroma, Saffa (Male) age 51 - 1991 in Bagbo, Bo District - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Killed.

Koroma, Saidu (Male) - 1997 in Kaffu Bullom, Port Loko - Assaulted.

Koroma, Saidu (Male) - 1998 in Safroko Limba, Bombali - Displaced and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.


Koroma, Saidu (Male) age 22 - Property looted.

Assaulted.

Koroma, Saidu (Male) age 23 - 1999 in Western Area - Killed.

Koroma, Saidu (Male) age 45 - 1996 in Banta Gbanggbatoke, Moyamba - Displaced and property destroyed.

Koroma, Saio (Male) age 25 - 1998 in Koinadugu - Property destroyed.

Abducted.

Killed.

Koroma, Salamu (Male) age 22 - 1995 - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Koroma, Salia (Male) - Killed.


Koroma, Salifu (Male) - 1998 in Gbendembu Ngowahun, Bombali - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Koroma, Sallay - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Koroma, Salln (Male) age 13 - 1998 in Koinadugu - Killed.

Koroma, Sallu (Male) - 1997 in Gbendembu Ngowahun, Bombali - Displaced.

Koroma, Sallu (Male) age 18 - 1991 in Peje, Pujehun - Killed.

Koroma, Sama (Female) age 30 - 1994 in Nongowa, Kenema - Displaced.
Koroma, Samai (Male) age 30 - 1993 in Simbaru, Kenema - Forced to labour.

Assaulted and tortured.

Koroma, Samodu (Male) age 45 - Property looted.

Koroma, Sampha (Male) - 1992 in Kono - Displaced.

Killed.

Koroma, Sampha (Male) - 1994 in Wara-Wara Yagala, Koinadugu - Killed.

Koroma, Samuel (Male) age 44 - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Koroma, Sando (Female) age 46 - Displaced.

Koroma, Sannah (Male) - 1998 - Killed.

Koroma, Santigie (Male) - Property destroyed.

Abducted.

Assaulted.

Killed.


Koroma, Santigie (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Killed.

Koroma, Sao (Male) - 1994 in Barri, Pujehun - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Koroma, Sao (Male) age 35 - 1997 in Gaura, Kenema - Displaced.

Koroma, Saomomoh (Male) - 1992 in Dia, Kailahun - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted, tortured and stripped.

Koroma, Sapham (Male) - 1998 in Biriwa, Bombali - Displaced and property destroyed.

Tortured.
Tortured.

Koroma, Sarah (Female) age 26 - Killed.

Koroma, Sarah (Female) age 53 - 1998 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Koroma, Sassie (Male) - 1993 in Gbense, Kono - Killed.

Koroma, Satta (Female) age 52 - 1993 in Simbaru, Kenema - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 411 Koroma, Sendor (Female) age 5 - 1994 - Killed.

Koroma, Senesie (Male) - 1991 in Nongowa, Kenema - Killed.
Koroma, Senesie (Male) age 54 - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Koroma, Sengbe (Male) age 53 - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Displaced and property destroyed.

Tortured and stripped.

Koroma, Sheka (Male) age 64 - 1999 in Kholifa Rowalla, Tonkolili - Property looted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Koroma, Sheku (Male) - 1991 in Gallinasperi, Pujehun - Property looted.

Koroma, Sheku (Male) - 1995 - Killed.


Koroma, Sheku (Male) - 1997 in Niawa Lenga, Bo District - Forced to labour.

Koroma, Sheku (Male) age 26 - 1999 in Diang, Koinadugu - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Koroma, Sheku (Male) age 35 - Killed.

Koroma, Sheku (Male) age 62 - 1999 in Koinadugu - Displaced and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Koroma, Sheku (Male) age 64 - 1999 in Kafe Simira, Tonkolili - Property destroyed.

Tortured.
Tortured.

Koroma, Sheriff (Male) - 1998 in Diang, Koinadugu - Displaced.

Abducted.

Limb amputated.

Killed.

Koroma, Shiaka (Male) age 26 - 1991 in Badjia, Bo District - Displaced, extorted and property looted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Koroma, Simbo (Male) - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Detained.

Koroma, Smart (Male) age 67 - 1997 in Kenema - Tortured.

Killed.

Koroma, Sokurun (Male) age 82 - 1999 in Diang, Koinadugu - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Tortured.
Tortured.

Koroma, Sondima (Male) age 20 - 1995 in Niawa Lenga, Bo District - Property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Koroma, Sorie (Male) - 1998 in Diang, Koinadugu - Abducted.

Limb amputated.

Killed.

Koroma, Sorie (Male) - 1994 in Kholifa Rowalla, Tonkolili - Abducted and detained.

Koroma, Sorie (Male) - 1998 in Sanda Loko, Bombali - Property destroyed.

Koroma, Sorie (Male) - 1999 in Safroko Limba, Bombali - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.


Koroma, Sorie (Male) age 28 - 1992 in Gorama Kono, Kono - Displaced.

Koroma, Sorie (Male) age 31 - 1999 in Sambaia Bendugu, Tonkolili - Displaced and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Koroma, Sorie (Male) age 36 - 1995 in Imperi, Bonthe - Displaced and property looted.

Koroma, Sorie (Male) age 39 - 1999 in Samu, Kambia - Displaced.

Killed.

Koroma, Sorie (Male) age 57 - 1996 in Leibasgayahun, Bombali - Displaced and extorted.
Koroma, Sudufu (Male) - 1994 in Wunde, Bo District - Property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Koroma, Sukairiatu (Female) age 46 - 1996 in Bo District - Extorted.

Tortured.

Koroma, Sulaiman (Male) - 1994 in Jiama-Bongor, Bo District - Killed.

Koroma, Sulaiman (Male) - 1998 in Kakua, Bo District - Killed.

Koroma, Sulaiman (Male) age 10 - 1991 in Peje, Pujehun - Assaulted.

Koroma, Sullay (Male) - 1998 in Masimera, Port Loko - Extorted.

Abducted.

Assaulted.


Koroma, Sullay (Male) - 1999 - Assaulted.

Killed.

Koroma, Sullay (Male) - 1996 in Malegohun, Kenema - Killed.

Koroma, Sundu (Female) age 45 - 1998 in Mongo, Koinadugu - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Koroma, Symbo (Male) age 19 - 1999 - Displaced and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and tortured.

Koroma, Tamba (Male) - 2000 in Sandor, Kono - Abducted.

Assaulted and tortured.

Killed.

Koroma, Tamba (Male) - 1998 in Diang, Koinadugu - Abducted.
Tortured.

Killed.

Koroma, Tamba (Male) - 1998 in Safroko Limba, Bombali - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Koroma, Tamba (Male) age 53 - 1991 in Nomo, Kenema - Displaced.

Koroma, Tamba Necky (Male) - 1998 in Safroko Limba, Bombali - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Killed.

Koroma, Tenneh (Female) age 57 - 1995 in Nomo, Kenema - Killed.

Koroma, Thaim (Male) - 1998 in Sanda Loko, Bombali - Property destroyed.

Koroma, Theresa (Female) - 1993 in Simbaru, Kenema - Forced to labour.

Tortured.
Tortured.

Koroma, Thomas (Male) - 1998 - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 412 Koroma, Titty (Female) - 1997 in Jong, Bonthe - Property looted.

Tortured.

Koroma, Tity (Male) - 1997 in Bonthe UDC, Bonthe - Assaulted.

Koroma, Tommy (Male) - 1999 in Wara-Wara Yagala, Koinadugu - Property destroyed.

Killed.

Koroma, Tommy (Male) age 30 - 1997 in Bonthe - Property looted.

Koroma, Tumuru (Male) age 51 - 1998 in Koinadugu - Property destroyed.
Koroma, Umara (Male) age 64 - 1998 in Dembelia Sinkunia, Koinadugu - Displaced, extorted and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Koroma, Umaru (Male) - 1995 in Tikonko, Bo District - Killed.

Koroma, Umaru Mohamed (Male) age 36 - 1997 in Malema, Kailahun - Property looted.

Koroma, Unisa (Male) - Killed.

Koroma, Vandi (Male) - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Koroma, Vandy (Male) age 42 - 1994 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Killed.
Assaulted.

Killed.

Koroma, Vandy (Male) age 47 - 1994 in Nongowa, Kenema - Property destroyed.

Koroma, Vandy (Male) age 61 - 1994 in Gaura, Kenema - Property looted.

Koroma, Yankoro (Male) - 1999 in Diang, Koinadugu - Forced to labour.

Koroma, Yatta (Female) age 7 - Abducted.

Assaulted.

Koroma, Yatta (Female) age 40 - 1991 in Nongowa, Kenema - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Koroma, Yeabu (Female) - Tortured.

Koroma, Yebu (Female) - 1998 in Leibasgayahun, Bombali - Displaced.
Koroma, Yegbeh (Female) - 1999 in Sengbe, Koinadugu - Property destroyed.

Killed.

Koroma, Yegbeh (Female) - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Koroma, Yenor (Female) - 1992 in Gorama Kono, Kono - Displaced.

Koroma, Yereh (Male) age 55 - Displaced and property looted.

Koroma, Yusuf (Male) - Assaulted.

Koroma, Zainab (Female) - Killed.

Koroma, Zainab (Female) age 17 - 1996 in Kamajei, Moyamba - Displaced.

Forced to labour.
Forced to labour.

Koromakallon, Yatta (Female) - 1991 in Kpaka, Pujehun - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Koromanyormeh, Bobor Deen (Male) age 70 - 1995 in Fakunya, Moyamba - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Korpeh, Senesie (Male) age 63 - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Displaced and property destroyed.

Korpeh, Surba (Male) - 1995 - Tortured.

Kortu, Julius (Male) age 57 - 1995 in Sanda Loko, Bombali - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.


Kortu, Kenie (Female) - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Property destroyed.

Kortu, Mariama (Female) - 1991 in Nongoba Bullom, Bonthe - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Korwa, Iye (Female) age 30 - 1994 in Tikonko, Bo District - Displaced and property looted.

Korwa, Mustapha (Male) age 15 - 1991 in Makpele, Pujehun - Displaced.

Forced to labour.
Forced to labour.

Kosia, Isata (Female) - 1991 in Luawa, Kailahun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Kosia, Lansana (Male) - 1993 in Peje, Pujehun - Property destroyed.

Kossaba, Daniel (Male) age 22 - Extorted.

Killed.

Kotei, Agbo (Male) - Killed.

Kougoteh, Saffa (Male) - 1995 in Koya, Kenema - Limb amputated.

Kowa, Abu (Male) - 1991 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Killed.

Kowa, Bobson (Male) age 36 - 1996 in Fakunya, Moyamba - Extorted and property looted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.


Kowa, Daniel (Male) age 48 - 1995 in Kaiyamba, Moyamba - Displaced and property destroyed.

Kowa, Fatmata (Female) - Displaced.

Kowa, Haja (Female) - Killed.

Kowa, Haja (Female) - 1997 in Peje Bongre, Kailahun - Property destroyed.

Kowa, Hawa (Female) - Killed.

Kowa, Jattu (Female) age 12 - 1998 in Koya, Kenema - Tortured.

Kowa, Jayia (Male) age 48 - 1995 in Jawie, Kailahun - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.


Kowa, Joe (Male) age 46 - 1991 in Kpaka, Pujehun - Property looted and destroyed.

Assaulted and tortured.

Kowa, Jusu (Male) age 50 - 1993 in Peje, Pujehun - Displaced.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 413 Kowa, Karpou (Male) - 1997 in Peje Bongre, Kailahun - Property destroyed.

Killed.

Kowa, Lucy (Female) age 25 - 1995 - Displaced.

Assaulted and limb amputated.

Kowa, Mariama (Female) - 1997 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Displaced.
Kowa, Mariama Sivia (Female) - 1997 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Kowa, Mohamed Alpha (Male) age 47 - 1994 - Displaced, extorted and property looted.

Kowa, Momoh (Male) - 1992 in Bumpeh, Moyamba - Displaced.

Abducted.

Assaulted.

Killed.

Kowa, Musa (Male) - 1994 in Follosaba Dembelia, Koinadugu - Detained.

Killed.

Kowa, Musa (Male) age 10 - 1998 in Koya, Kenema - Tortured.

Kowa, Musa (Male) age 65 - 1998 in Koya, Kenema - Displaced.
Kowa, Nancy (Female) age 27 - 1997 in Jalahun, Kailahun - Detained.

Killed.

Kowa, Sorgo (Male) - 1994 in Peje Bongre, Kailahun - Killed.

Kowa, Vandi (Male) - 1996 in Barri, Pujehun - Killed.

Kpagoi, John (Male) - Abducted.

Killed.

Kpagoi, Morray (Male) - Abducted.

Killed.

Kpagoi, Nabieu (Male) - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted.

Assaulted.

Kpaka, Abdul (Male) - 1991 in Sowa, Pujehun - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.


Kpaka, Alhaji Alieu (Male) age 39 - 1991 in Sowa, Pujehun - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Kpaka, Alpha (Male) age 55 - 1991 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Kpaka, Amara (Male) - 1991 in Malen, Pujehun - Killed.

Kpaka, Amie (Female) - Displaced.

Abducted.

Kpaka, Amie (Female) age 29 - 1991 - Displaced and property looted.
Kpaka, Ansu (Male) age 20 - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Property looted and destroyed.

Kpaka, Ansumana (Male) - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Property destroyed.

Kpaka, Ansumana (Male) age 17 - 1991 in Kpaka, Pujehun - Forced to labour.

Kpaka, Boakarie (Male) - 1997 in Bonthe UDC, Bonthe - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Kpaka, Bockarie (Male) - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Killed.

Kpaka, Brima (Male) - 1991 in Sowa, Pujehun - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.


Kpaka, Brima (Male) - Property destroyed.

Killed.

Kpaka, Brima (Male) - 1997 in Nongowa, Kenema - Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Kpaka, Celina (Female) - 1995 in Kori, Moyamba - Killed.

Kpaka, Chernor (Male) age 33 - 1997 in Nongowa, Kenema - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Kpaka, Ensa (Male) - 1991 in Kpaka, Pujehun - Killed.

Kpaka, Foday (Male) - 1991 in Pujehun - Killed.

Kpaka, Foday (Male) - 1991 in Kpaka, Pujehun - Tortured.
Kpaka, Foday (Male) - 1998 in Mandu, Kailahun - Killed.

Kpaka, Foday (Male) age 23 - 1991 in Gallinasperi, Pujehun - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Kpaka, Hawa (Female) - 1991 in Sowa, Pujehun - Displaced.

Tortured.

Kpaka, Hawa (Female) age 38 - 1991 in Pujehun - Property looted and destroyed.

Kpaka, Idrissa (Male) - 1991 in Sowa, Pujehun - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Kpaka, Isatu (Female) age 34 - 1991 in Koya, Kenema - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted and detained.


Kpaka, James (Male) - 1991 - Killed.

Kpaka, Joseph (Male) - Displaced.

Killed.

Kpaka, Jusu (Male) - 1997 in Sowa, Pujehun - Tortured.

Kpaka, Jusu (Male) age 73 - 1992 in Soro Gbema, Pujehun - Killed.

Kpaka, Kondagba (Male) - 1995 in Bonthe - Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Kpaka, Lahai (Male) - 1991 - Abducted and detained.

Kpaka, Lahaiwa (Male) age 76 - 1991 in Niawa, Kenema - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.
Kpaka, Lucia (Female) age 47 - 1998 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Kpaka, Lusenie (Male) - Property looted and destroyed.

Kpaka, Mabu (Male) - Property destroyed.

Killed.

Kpaka, Mamanor (Female) - 1991 in Jalahun, Kailahun - Abducted.

Kpaka, Mamawa (Female) - 1991 in Peje, Pujehun - Abducted and detained.

Kpaka, Mana (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Kpaka, Manawa (Male) - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Killed.
Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 414 Kpaka, Mariama (Female) - 1997 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Property looted.

Kpaka, Mariama (Female) - 1995 in Imperi, Bonthe - Abducted and detained.

Kpaka, Maseray (Female) - 1997 in Bonthe UDC, Bonthe - Displaced.

Kpaka, Matthew (Male) age 46 - 1991 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Kpaka, Mattu (Female) - Property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Kpaka, Mendaga (Male) - Displaced.

Abducted.


Kpaka, Mohamed (Male) age 36 - 1991 in Soro Gbema, Pujehun - Property looted and destroyed.

Kpaka, Moinima (Male) age 60 - 1991 in Kpaka, Pujehun - Killed.

Kpaka, Momodu (Male) age 51 - 1991 in Sielenga, Bo District - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Kpaka, Momoh (Male) age 50 - 1991 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Kpaka, Murana (Male) - 1991 in Sowa, Pujehun - Displaced.

Tortured.
Tortured.

Kpaka, Musa (Male) - 1993 in Sowa, Pujehun - Killed.

Kpaka, Musa (Male) age 34 - 1991 in Sowa, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted.

Kpaka, Musa (Male) age 40 - 1991 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Kpaka, Mustapha (Male) age 75 - 1991 in Gallinasperi, Pujehun - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Kpaka, Nabien (Female) - 1998 in Kakua, Bo District - Property looted and destroyed.

Assaulted.
Assaulted.

Kpaka, Ome (Female) - 1993 - Killed.

Kpaka, Saffa (Male) - 1991 in Sowa, Pujehun - Displaced.

Tortured.

Kpaka, Saffa (Male) - 1995 in Makpele, Pujehun - Forced to labour.

Kpaka, Saffa (Male) age 47 - 1998 in Kpaka, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Kpaka, Saidu (Male) - Property looted and destroyed.

Kpaka, Sallay (Female) - 1991 in Sowa, Pujehun - Displaced.

Tortured.

Kpaka, Sao (Female) age 38 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.
Abducted and detained.

Kpaka, Seiyah (Female) - 1991 in Jalahun, Kailahun - Abducted.

Kpaka, Senesie (Male) - 1991 in Kpaka, Pujehun - Killed.

Kpaka, Shegbe (Male) - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Killed.

Kpaka, Shemgbe (Male) - 1994 - Killed.

Kpaka, Shengbe (Male) - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Killed.

Kpaka, Sima - 1991 in Jalahun, Kailahun - Property looted.

Abducted.

Assaulted.

Kpaka, Sombo (Female) - 1991 - Abducted and detained.

Kpaka, Sowoteh (Female) - Displaced.

Assaulted.


Kpaka, Tibo (Male) - 1991 - Abducted and detained.

Kpaka, Vaikai (Male) age 38 - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Kpaka, Vandi (Male) - 1997 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Property looted.

Kpaka, Vandi (Male) - 1995 in Jiama-Bongor, Bo District - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Kpaka, Vandy (Male) age 43 - 1997 in Western Area - Property destroyed.

Kpaka, Wuya (Female) - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.
Abducted.

Assaulted.

Kpaka, Yama (Female) - 1996 in Kwamebai Krim, Bonthe - Killed.

Kpaka, Yeawa (Female) - 1991 in Sowa, Pujehun - Displaced.

Tortured.

Kpakima, Aiah (Male) age 55 - Killed.

Kpakima, Kai (Male) age 51 - 1997 - Property looted.

Abducted.

Assaulted.

Kpakima, Kumba (Female) - Displaced.

Tortured.

Kpakima, Sia (Female) age 25 - 1992 - Assaulted and tortured.

Kpakima, Vandy (Male) age 69 - 1997 in Tunkia, Kenema - Property destroyed.

Kpakra, Hokie (Female) - Displaced.


Kpana, Binta (Female) - 1997 - Displaced.

Kpana, Isata (Female) - 1997 - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Kpana, John (Male) - 1999 in Timdel, Moyamba - Forced to labour.

Forced to participate in an act of cannibalism.

Kpana, Julius (Male) - 1995 in Baoma, Bo District - Displaced and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Kpana, Lamin (Male) age 48 - 1997 - Displaced and property looted.

Kpana, Lansana (Male) - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Abducted.
Kpana, Marian Jebeh (Female) - 1997 in Nongoba Bullom, Bonthe - Property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 415 Kpana, Marie (Female) - 1995 in Yawei, Kailahun - Abducted.

Tortured.

Killed.

Kpana, Satta (Female) - 1997 - Displaced.

Kpanabome, Andrew (Male) age 37 - 1995 in Imperi, Bonthe - Displaced.

Kpanabome, James (Male) age 32 - 1995 in Bagruwa, Moyamba - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.


Kpanabome, Joe (Male) age 57 - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Kpanabome, Junisa (Male) - 1995 - Displaced.

Abducted.

Killed.

Kpanabome, Maseray (Female) age 63 - 1995 in Sella Limba, Bombali - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Kpanabome, Momodu (Male) age 15 - Forced to labour.

Kpanabome, Musu (Female) age 34 - 1995 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.
Kpanabome, Sannah (Male) age 59 - 1997 in Bonthe UDC, Bonthe - Extorted.

Detained.

Kpanabome, Shorgor (Female) - Assaulted.

Killed.

Kpanabome, Tommy (Male) - 1995 in Imperi, Bonthe - Displaced.

Kpanahun, Karimu (Male) - 1995 in Imperi, Bonthe - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Kpanda, Moses (Male) age 26 - 1994 - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Kpandewa, Hannah (Female) age 23 - 1996 in Kono - Property looted.

Abducted.

Assaulted.


Kpandeyenge, Sahr (Male) age 51 - 2000 - Extorted and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Tortured.

Kpangay, Bobor (Male) age 32 - 1995 in Banta Mokele, Moyamba - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Kpangay, Finda (Female) age 48 - 1998 in Sandor, Kono - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Kpangay, Hannah (Female) age 38 - 1998 in Sandor, Kono - Displaced.

Kpangay, Hawa (Female) - 1991 in Badjia, Bo District - Displaced, extorted and property looted.
Kpangay, Lahai (Male) - 1995 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Killed.

Kpangay, Sheku (Male) age 32 - 1998 in Kamara, Kono - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Killed.

Kpangay, Vandy (Male) age 42 - 1991 - Property looted and destroyed.

Kparka, Abdulai (Male) - 1991 in Sowa, Pujehun - Property destroyed.

Killed.

Kpatewai, Vandi (Male) age 55 - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Kpawa, Abu (Male) - 1994 in Jiama-Bongor, Bo District - Killed.
Kpawa, Boackai (Male) - 1995 in Kpanda Kemo, Bonthe - Property destroyed.

Kpele, Musu (Female) - 1991 in Malen, Pujehun - Killed.

Kpembo, Yei (Female) age 19 - 1992 in Fiama, Kono - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Limb amputated.

Kpengba, Mustapha (Male) age 48 - 1994 in Kando Leppeama, Kenema - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Kpengba, Shaka (Male) - 1995 in Kando Leppeama, Kenema - Extorted.

Abducted.

Assaulted.

Killed.

Kpewa, Amie (Female) - 1991 - Assaulted.


Kpewa, Kpawa (Male) age 45 - 1992 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Kpewa, Tommy (Male) - 1991 in Kakua, Bo District - Displaced and property looted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and tortured.

Kpima, Sandy (Male) age 52 - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Kpolie, Mabondo (Female) - 1995 in Imperi, Bonthe - Abducted and detained.

Killed.
Killed.

Kpornike, Aruna (Male) - 1991 in Malen, Pujehun - Limb amputated.

Kposowa, Abdul (Male) age 31 - 1997 in Western Area - Extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Kposowa, Boi (Female) - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Kposowa, Fatmata (Female) age 27 - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Kposowa, Joe (Male) - 1994 in Barri, Pujehun - Displaced.

Kpukumu, Borbor (Male) age 29 - 1993 - Displaced and extorted.
Kpukumu, Kaibene (Male) - 1993 - Property destroyed.

Kpukumu, Lansana (Male) age 47 - Extorted.

Kpukumu, S (Male) age 44 - 1996 in Panga Krim, Pujehun - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and tortured.

Kpukumu, Sao (Male) age 45 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Kpukunu, Kabineh (Male) - Property destroyed.

Kpulun, Abdul (Male) age 37 - Assaulted.

Killed.

Kpulun, James (Male) age 23 - 1999 in Western Area - Abducted and detained.
Tortured and limb Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 416 amputated.

Kromanty, James (Male) age 44 - 1999 in Western Area - Forced to labour.

Killed.

Kuala, Isatu (Female) age 48 - 1992 in Magbema, Kambia - Displaced and property looted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Kula, Mgo (Male) - 1992 - Killed.

Kula Seituah, Kenei (Female) - 1991 in Dama, Kenema - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Kuma, Kaprr (Male) age 72 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.


Kumabeh, Ansumana (Male) age 32 - 1995 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Kumbay, Komba (Male) - Abducted.

Kumbay, Toetoe (Male) - Displaced and extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Kunateh, Abu Bakarr (Male) age 45 - 1998 in Sandor, Kono - Displaced.

Tortured.

Kundema, Komba (Male) - 1998 in Sengbe, Koinadugu - Displaced.

Abducted.
Abducted.

Kunnah, Sorie (Male) - 1998 in Port Loko - Displaced, extorted and property looted.

Forced to labour.

Kutubu, Sahr (Male) age 34 - 1997 in Sandor, Kono - Displaced and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Kuyaleh, Abdulai (Male) - Killed.

Kuyama, Aiah (Male) age 38 - 1998 in Jalahun, Kailahun - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Kuyata, Fatmata (Female) - Abducted and detained.

Kuyateh, Abdul (Male) age 52 - 1994 in Gbonkolenken, Tonkolili - Displaced.
Kuyateh, Alhassan (Male) age 24 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced and property destroyed.

Kuyateh, Alpha (Male) - 1998 - Assaulted and tortured.

Kuyateh, Bashiru (Male) - 1995 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced and property looted.

Forced to labour.

Tortured.

Kuyateh, Foday (Male) age 41 - 1999 in Sengbe, Koinadugu - Property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Kuyateh, Giba (Male) - 1998 in Koinadugu - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Killed.
Killed.

Kuyateh, Isata (Female) - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Extorted and property looted.

Abducted.

Assaulted.

Kuyateh, Korifala (Male) - 1998 - Extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Kuyateh, Kula (Female) age 25 - 1991 in Makpele, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted.

Kuyateh, Manika (Female) - Assaulted.

Kuyateh, Mohamed (Male) age 13 - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Kuyateh, Mohamed A.

(Male) age 24 - 1995 in Nongowa, Kenema - Displaced and property looted.

Forced to labour.
Forced to labour.

Tortured.

Lacoh, Hassana (Male) age 42 - 1994 in Kholifa Rowalla, Tonkolili - Displaced and property destroyed.

Lagah, Joseph (Male) - 1995 in Kaiyamba, Moyamba - Property looted and destroyed.

Lagao, Joseph (Male) age 22 - 1996 in Dodo, Kenema - Displaced and property destroyed.

Assaulted.

Lagao, Margrette (Female) - 1998 in Kaiyamba, Moyamba - Extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and limb amputated.

Lahai, Abdulai (Male) - 1991 in Bagbo, Bo District - Displaced.
Lahai, Abdulai (Male) age 56 - Displaced.

Tortured.

Killed.

Lahai, Abu (Male) age 10 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Lahai, Alhaji Alieu (Male) age 51 - 1994 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Tortured.

Lahai, Alhaji Brima (Male) age 57 - 1995 in Badjia, Bo District - Property destroyed.

Lahai, Alpha (Male) age 20 - 1991 in Wunde, Bo District - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and stripped.


Lahai, Amadu (Male) - 1991 in Malen, Pujehun - Abducted.

Killed.

Lahai, Andrew (Male) - 1991 in Bagbo, Bo District - Displaced.

Lahai, Ansu (Male) - 1991 in Bagbo, Bo District - Displaced.

Lahai, Aruna (Male) - 1991 in Jalahun, Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Lahai, Augustine (Male) - 1991 in Bagbo, Bo District - Displaced.

Killed.

Lahai, Baby (Female) - 1994 in Malen, Pujehun - Abducted and detained.
Lahai, Bangalie (Male) age 60 - 1993 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Killed.

Lahai, Beatrice (Female) - 1991 in Bagbo, Bo District - Displaced.

Lahai, Bendu (Male) age 10 - 1996 in Nimikoro, Kono - Killed.

Lahai, Borbor (Male) age 24 - 1997 - Displaced.

Killed.

Lahai, Brima (Male) - 1994 in Malen, Pujehun - Abducted and detained.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 417 Lahai, Brima (Male) age 40 - 1998 in Luawa, Kailahun - Forced to labour.

Tortured.

Killed.
Tortured.

Killed.

Lahai, Brima (Male) age 44 - 1991 in Bagbe, Bo District - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Assaulted and tortured.

Lahai, Bundeu (Male) - 1991 in Luawa, Kailahun - Killed.

Lahai, Effieda (Female) - 1995 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Abducted and detained.

Lahai, Efrider (Female) - 1995 in Luawa, Kailahun - Displaced.

Lahai, Foday (Male) age 24 - 1991 in Malema, Kailahun - Displaced and property destroyed.

Assaulted and tortured.


Lahai, Francis (Male) - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Lahai, Hawa (Female) age 16 - 1991 in Luawa, Kailahun - Displaced.

Lahai, Isatta (Female) age 60 - 1996 in Kaiyamba, Moyamba - Displaced and extorted.

Tortured.

Lahai, Issa (Male) - 1995 in Baoma, Bo District - Property destroyed.

Lahai, Iye (Female) - 1991 in Bagbo, Bo District - Displaced.
Lahai, Joe (Male) age 44 - 1995 in Imperi, Bonthe - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Lahai, John (Male) age 33 - 1994 - Property destroyed.

Abducted.

Tortured and stripped.

Lahai, Joseph (Male) - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Killed.

Lahai, Joseph (Male) age 24 - Killed.

Lahai, Kadie (Female) - 1997 in Koya, Kenema - Extorted.

Forced to labour.

Lahai, Kadie (Female) age 50 - 1991 in Sowa, Pujehun - Abducted and detained.

Lahai, Luseni (Male) - 1996 - Abducted and detained.

Tortured.
Tortured.

Lahai, Martha (Female) - 1991 in Bagbo, Bo District - Displaced.

Lahai, Mohamed (Male) age 39 - 1996 in Fakunya, Moyamba - Extorted and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Stripped.

Lahai, Momoh (Male) - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Lahai, Morie (Male) age 24 - 1991 in Upper Bambara , Kailahun - Displaced and property destroyed.

Lahai, Musa (Male) - 1997 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Lahai, Musa (Male) - 1993 - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.


Lahai, Nabieu (Male) age 57 - 1994 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced.

Tortured.

Lahai, Nyakeh (Male) - 1991 in Bagbo, Bo District - Displaced.

Lahai, Roland (Male) age 54 - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Lahai, Sahr (Male) - 1993 in Kissi Tongi, Kailahun - Killed.

Lahai, Saidu (Male) age 35 - 1991 in Kagboro, Moyamba - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Lahai, Sallay (Female) age 25 - 1995 in Upper Bambara , Kailahun - Displaced and property destroyed.
Lahai, Sao (Male) age 19 - 1994 in Malen, Pujehun - Displaced and extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Lahai, Satta (Female) - 1993 in Badjia, Bo District - Killed.

Lahai, Saysay (Male) - 1997 in Western Area - Killed.

Lahai, Steven (Male) - Property looted.

Lahai, Tainge (Female) - 1991 in Malen, Pujehun - Abducted.

Killed.

Lahai, Tom (Male) - 1992 in Malen, Pujehun - Killed.

Lahai, Tommy (Male) - 1995 in Yawbeko, Bonthe - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.


Lahai, Vandi (Male) - 1997 in Luawa, Kailahun - Property destroyed.

Detained.

Assaulted.

Lahai, Victoria (Female) - 1997 in Western Area - Killed.

Lahai, Walker (Male) - 1997 in Western Area - Killed.

Lahai, Wuya (Female) age 10 - 1993 in Nongowa, Kenema - Forced to labour.

Lahai, Yatta (Female) age 27 - 1994 in Jawie, Kailahun - Extorted.

Abducted.

Assaulted.

Lahai, Yusufu (Male) age 45 - 1995 in Banta Gbanggbatoke, Moyamba - Property looted and destroyed.
Lahunya, Faya (Female) age 42 - 1999 - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Tortured.

Lahunya, Fayia (Male) age 43 - 2000 - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and tortured.

Lakoh, Abdulai (Male) age 42 - 1994 in Kafe Simira, Tonkolili - Property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Lakoh, Abu Bakarr (Male) - 1999 in Gbendembu Ngowahun, Bombali - Property looted.

Lakoh, Adama (Female) - 1994 in Gbonkolenken, Tonkolili - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.


Lakoh, Alimamy (Male) age 45 - 1995 in Tane, Tonkolili - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Lakoh, Amadu (Male) - 1997 in Paki Masabong, Bombali - Extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Killed.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 418 Lakoh, Amadu (Male) age 24 - 1994 in Kholifa Mabang, Tonkolili - Displaced.

Lakoh, Foday (Male) - 1995 in Tane, Tonkolili - Abducted and detained.

Tortured.
Tortured.

Lakoh, Iye (Female) - 1994 in Kholifa Rowalla, Tonkolili - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Lakoh, Sorie (Male) age 67 - 1999 in Yoni, Tonkolili - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Lamboi, Brima (Male) - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Killed.

Lamboi, John (Male) - 1993 in Baoma, Bo District - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Lamboi, Joseph (Male) age 28 - 1996 in Badjia, Bo District - Property looted.

Stripped.
Stripped.

Lamboi, Mahota (Female) age 35 - 1998 in Kori, Moyamba - Killed.

Lamboi, Solomon (Male) age 42 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Lamin, Aiah (Male) - Detained.

Killed.

Lamin, Allieu (Male) age 43 - 1994 in Nongowa, Kenema - Killed.

Lamin, Ansu (Male) age 48 - 1995 in Banta Gbanggbatoke, Moyamba - Displaced and extorted.

Abducted.

Tortured.

Lamin, Brima (Male) - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.
Lamin, Brima (Male) age 81 - 1991 in Niawa, Kenema - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Lamin, Dauda (Male) - Displaced.

Lamin, David (Male) age 55 - 1992 in Kakua, Bo District - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Lamin, David M (Male) - 1992 in Nongowa, Kenema - Displaced.

Detained.

Tortured.

Lamin, Fomba (Male) age 60 - 1994 in Luawa, Kailahun - Property looted.
Lamin, Henry (Male) - 1994 in Baoma, Bo District - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Lamin, Joe (Male) - 1995 in Kowa, Moyamba - Killed.

Lamin, Jusu (Male) - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Lamin, Lucia (Female) - 1997 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Tortured.

Lamin, Maddi (Male) age 53 - 1994 in Gorama Mende, Kenema - Displaced and property destroyed.

Lamin, Mariama (Female) age 33 - 1991 in Malen, Pujehun - Displaced.

Lamin, Martha (Female) age 33 - 1997 in Bonthe - Property looted.
Abducted.

Assaulted and tortured.

Lamin, Michael (Male) age 48 - 1997 in Sanda Loko, Bombali - Forced to labour.

Killed.

Lamin, Mohamed (Male) age 18 - 1994 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Killed.

Lamin, Moris (Male) age 21 - 1997 in Badjia, Bo District - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Killed.

Lamin, Moses (Male) - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Lamin, Musa (Male) - 1997 in Jong, Bonthe - Displaced and extorted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Killed.


Lamin, Musa (Male) - 1992 in Nongowa, Kenema - Detained.

Tortured.

Lamin, Musa (Male) age 53 - 1994 in Nongowa, Kenema - Displaced.

Lamin, Musa (Male) age 74 - 1994 in Niawa, Kenema - Property destroyed.

Killed.

Lamin, Pieh (Male) - 1995 in Bonthe UDC, Bonthe - Killed.

Lamin, Sahr (Male) age 28 - 1994 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced and property looted.

Lamin, Sahr (Male) age 76 - 1998 in Jong, Bonthe - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.


Assaulted.

Lamin, Surman (Male) age 15 - 1992 in Malen, Pujehun - Abducted and detained.

Lamin, Tamba (Male) - Detained.

Killed.

Lamin, Umu (Female) - Killed.

Lanford, Joe (Male) - 1997 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Lansana, Abibatu (Female) age 12 - 1998 in Nongowa, Kenema - Abducted and detained.

Lansana, Albert (Male) - 1996 in Niawa Lenga, Bo District - Assaulted.
Lansana, Alpha (Male) age 21 - 1991 in Kissi Teng, Kailahun - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Assaulted.

Lansana, Baby (Female) - 1997 - Killed.

Lansana, Baindu (Female) age 38 - 1993 in Badjia, Bo District - Displaced.

Lansana, Edward (Male) - 1996 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Lansana, Fatmata (Female) age 13 - Displaced.

Lansana, Foday (Male) age 25 - 1996 in Niawa Lenga, Bo District - Extorted.

Assaulted.
Assaulted.

Lansana, Fodie (Male) age 55 - 1993 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Lansana, Hawa (Female) age 4 - 1991 in Nongowa, Kenema - Abducted and detained.

Lansana, Hawa (Female) age 22 - 1994 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced and property destroyed.

Lansana, Iye (Female) age 15 - 1996 in Badjia, Bo District - Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 419 Lansana, James (Male) - 1998 - Killed.
Lansana, James (Male) age 58 - 1991 in Bagbo, Bo District - Displaced and extorted.

Forced to labour.

Lansana, Jaunua (Male) age 65 - 1992 - Displaced.

Abducted.

Assaulted and tortured.

Lansana, Jenneh (Female) age 52 - Property looted.

Lansana, Jiah Federic (Male) age 49 - Abducted.

Assaulted and tortured.

Lansana, John (Male) age 23 - 1997 in Wara-Wara Yagala, Koinadugu - Property looted.

Assaulted and stripped.

Lansana, Kamoh (Male) - 1994 in Barri, Pujehun - Displaced.
Lansana, Keni (Male) - 1991 in Kagboro, Moyamba - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Lansana, Mariama (Female) age 48 - 1991 in Malen, Pujehun - Property destroyed.

Lansana, Massa (Female) - 1999 in Luawa, Kailahun - Killed.

Lansana, Mattia (Male) - Forced to labour.

Lansana, Maulemu (Male) age 32 - 1993 in Small Bo, Kenema - Displaced, extorted and property looted.

Abducted.

Assaulted.

Lansana, Mimmoh (Male) age 44 - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Displaced and property looted.
Lansana, Mohamed (Male) age 37 - 1993 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced.

Lansana, Momoh (Male) - 1993 in Peje, Pujehun - Killed.

Lansana, Momoh (Male) - 1994 in Nongowa, Kenema - Abducted.

Assaulted and tortured.

Killed.

Lansana, Morie (Male) - Killed.

Lansana, Mualemu (Male) - 1991 in Niawa, Kenema - Assaulted.

Lansana, Saidu (Male) age 62 - 1992 in Malegohun, Kenema - Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Lansana, Samuel (Male) age 42 - 1998 in Gaura, Kenema - Property destroyed.
Lansana, Sao (Male) - 1993 - Property destroyed.

Killed.

Lansana, Soh (Male) - Abducted and detained.

Lansana, Swalay (Female) - Property destroyed.

Lansana, Thomas (Male) - 1996 - Abducted.

Lansana, Tity (Female) - 1996 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Property looted and destroyed.

Lansana, Tommy (Male) - 1994 in Malen, Pujehun - Abducted and detained.

Lansana, Vandy (Male) - 1991 in Bonthe - Killed.

Lansana, Yatta (Female) - Killed.


Lansana Jobbie, Thomas (Male) age 46 - 1995 in Bagruwa, Moyamba - Forced to labour.

Lansanwo, Gbogbowai (Male) age 42 - 1994 in Yawei, Kailahun - Displaced and property looted.

Killed.

Lappia, Amie (Female) age 19 - 1995 - Displaced.

Lappia, Diema (Male) age 45 - 1994 in Jawie, Kailahun - Displaced and property looted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and tortured.

Lappia, Jusu (Male) - 1995 in Kpaka, Pujehun - Property looted.

Assaulted.

Killed.
Assaulted.

Killed.

Lappia, Thomas (Male) age 51 - 1995 in Kpaka, Pujehun - Displaced and property destroyed.

Larbey, Mariama Marie Sannoh (Female) age 49 - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Lassayo, Henry D.B.

(Male) age 60 - 1995 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Lassayo, Sandy (Male) - 1995 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Killed.

Lassayo, Tenneh (Female) age 45 - 1991 in Sowa, Pujehun - Property destroyed.
Lassie, Lamin (Male) - 1995 in Ribbi, Moyamba - Killed.

Lassie, Safula (Female) age 49 - 1994 in Simbaru, Kenema - Displaced and property destroyed.

Lassie, Seidia (Female) age 79 - 1997 in Simbaru, Kenema - Displaced and property looted.

Lassiz, Anthony (Male) age 35 - Displaced and extorted.

Lavalie, Agnes (Female) age 48 - 1996 in Bo District - Displaced and property looted.

Lavalie, Dora (Female) - 1995 - Abducted.

Lavalie, Emmanuel (Male) age 56 - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.


Lavalie, Fatmata (Female) age 34 - 1994 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced and property looted.

Lavalie, Gardie (Female) age 14 - 1994 - Displaced.

Lavalie, Gborie (Male) - 1994 in Badjia, Bo District - Displaced.

Killed.

Lavalie, Joe (Male) - 1994 - Killed.

Lavalie, John (Male) - 1995 in Bagruwa, Moyamba - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Lavalie, Kai (Male) age 33 - 1995 - Detained.

Killed.

Lavalie, Komba (Male) age 39 - 1995 - Displaced.

Abducted.
Abducted.

Lavalie, Momba (Male) - 1995 in Imperi, Bonthe - Property destroyed.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 420 Lavalie, Musa (Male) - 1995 in Imperi, Bonthe - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Lavalie, Musu (Female) - 1994 - Killed.

Lavalie, Neima (Female) - 1994 in Badjia, Bo District - Displaced and extorted.

Assaulted.

Lavalie, Sundiama (Male) age 20 - 1999 in Kaiyamba, Moyamba - Displaced and extorted.

Assaulted.
Assaulted.

Lavalie, Yoyui (Female) age 25 - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Displaced.

Lawonday, Farah (Male) - Assaulted.

Killed.

Leaf, Brima (Male) - 1993 in Kissi Tongi, Kailahun - Killed.

Lebbie, Adama (Female) - 1994 in Lugbu, Bo District - Assaulted.

Killed.

Lebbie, Aiah (Male) age 21 - 1996 - Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Lebbie, Alfred (Male) age 48 - 1995 in Kowa, Moyamba - Tortured.

Killed.

Lebbie, Amie (Female) - 1996 in Kori, Moyamba - Abducted and detained.

Tortured.
Tortured.

Lebbie, Amodu (Male) - 1994 in Badjia, Bo District - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Killed.

Lebbie, Brima (Male) - 1994 in Lugbu, Bo District - Killed.

Lebbie, Emmanuel (Male) - 1995 in Kowa, Moyamba - Property looted and destroyed.

Lebbie, Fea (Female) age 39 - 1999 - Displaced.

Lebbie, Finda (Female) age 13 - 1998 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Tortured.

Lebbie, Finda (Female) age 15 - 1998 in Sandor, Kono - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.


Lebbie, Florence (Female) age 33 - 1993 in Baoma, Bo District - Property destroyed.

Lebbie, Hawa (Female) - 1994 in Sandor, Kono - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Killed.

Lebbie, Joe (Male) - 1994 in Jong, Bonthe - Displaced.

Abducted.

Lebbie, Junisa (Male) - 1997 in Timdel, Moyamba - Property destroyed.

Lebbie, Kona (Female) age 37 - 1995 in Imperi, Bonthe - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Lebbie, Laghenyor (Male) - Killed.


Lebbie, Mandi (Female) - Property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Lebbie, Mark (Male) age 36 - 1997 in Bonthe UDC, Bonthe - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and stripped.

Killed.

Lebbie, Mary (Female) age 35 - 1993 in Komboya, Bo District - Displaced and property destroyed.

Lebbie, Mohamed (Male) - 1995 - Killed.

Lebbie, Moses (Male) - 1995 in Niawa Lenga, Bo District - Displaced and property looted.

Forced to labour.
Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Lebbie, Moses (Male) age 44 - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Lebbie, Nieru (Male) - 1997 in Kagboro, Moyamba - Displaced.

Lebbie, Robert (Male) - 1996 in Kori, Moyamba - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Lebbie, Saffa (Male) - 1994 in Lugbu, Bo District - Killed.

Lebbie, Sahr (Male) age 41 - 1992 in Sandor, Kono - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Lebbie, Sahr (Male) age 60 - 1998 in Nimikoro, Kono - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted.

Assaulted and tortured.


Lebbie, Sahr (Male) age 60 - 1998 - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Lebbie, Samu (Male) age 17 - 1994 in Lugbu, Bo District - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Lebbie, Samuel (Male) - Property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Killed.

Lebbie, Shar (Male) - 1998 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Abducted and detained.

Stripped and limb amputated.

Lebbie, Sia (Female) - 1999 in Safroko Limba, Bombali - Displaced.
Lebbie, Sia (Female) age 34 - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Lebbie, Solomon (Male) age 41 - 1995 in Kpanda Kemo, Bonthe - Displaced, extorted and property looted.

Lebbie, Sulaiman (Male) - 1993 in Bagbo, Bo District - Killed.

Lebbie, Tamba (Male) age 45 - 1992 in Sandor, Kono - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Lebbie, Thomas (Male) age 49 - 1995 in Kamajei, Moyamba - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Lebbie, Wusein (Male) - 1995 in Niawa Lenga, Bo District - Killed.
Lebbie, Yei (Female) - 1999 - Abducted.

Assaulted.

Legg, James (Male) - Abducted.

Lehdoe, Brima (Male) - 1991 in Peje Bongre, Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Lehleh, Manu (Male) age 72 - 1995 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Leigh, Fayah (Male) - 1992 in Nimikoro, Kono - Displaced.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 421 Lelie, Musu (Female) - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Lengor, Jenneh (Female) - 1994 in Tikonko, Bo District - Killed.
Lengore, Baby (Female) - 1992 in Jawie, Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Lessie, Brima Wat (Male) - 1998 - Killed.

Lewis, Augustine (Male) - 1999 - Killed.

Lewis, Betty (Female) - 1998 in Bonthe - Displaced.

Lewis, Betty (Female) - 1996 in Badjia, Bo District - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Lewis, Donald (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Killed.

Lewis, Erric (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Killed.

Lewis, Isaac (Male) - 1999 - Extorted and property looted.

Detained.
Detained.

Lewis, Mariatu (Female) age 26 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced and property looted.

Lewis, Ousman (Male) age 90 - 1997 in Timdel, Moyamba - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Lewis, Subu (Female) - Property looted.

Lewis, Thomas (Male) age 40 - 1997 in Imperi, Bonthe - Extorted and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Lewis, Victoria (Female) age 37 - 1999 - Displaced, extorted and property looted.
Lewis, Yakuba (Male) - 1995 in Timdel, Moyamba - Abducted.

Lewis, Yakuba (Male) - 1997 in Bonthe UDC, Bonthe - Abducted and detained.

Lewis, Yanqube (Male) - 1997 in Timdel, Moyamba - Abducted and detained.

Liggeh, Jonathan (Male) age 42 - 1995 in Imperi, Bonthe - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Limba, Hassan (Male) - 1997 in Niawa, Kenema - Abducted.

Assaulted.

Killed.

Limbo, Kabba (Male) - 1999 in Mambolo, Kambia - Killed.
Lisah, Bockarie (Male) age 54 - 1994 in Niawa, Kenema - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted.

Assaulted.

Lissa, Charles (Male) - 1995 in Sogbini, Bonthe - Abducted.

Lissa, Hannah (Female) age 24 - 1997 in Moyamba - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and tortured.

Lissa, Jacob (Male) - 1995 in Banta Gbanggbatoke, Moyamba - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Lissa, Lahai (Male) - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Killed.
Lissah, Daniel (Male) age 51 - 1995 in Imperi, Bonthe - Displaced, extorted and property looted.

Tortured.

Lofty, Tamba (Male) - 1998 in Sandor, Kono - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Loko, Momoh (Male) - 1991 in Luawa, Kailahun - Killed.

Lombe, Wlilliam (Male) age 80 - Displaced and property destroyed.

Looper, Andrew (Male) age 22 - 1995 - Property looted.

Assaulted and limb amputated.

Lorlon, Tamba (Male) - 2000 in Lei, Kono - Tortured.

Lossie, Alhaji (Male) - 1998 in Jawie, Kailahun - Killed.
Loue, Agnes (Female) age 47 - Displaced and property destroyed.

Loue, Satta (Female) - Killed.

Loya, Bai (Male) - Limb amputated.

Lugbu, Momoh (Male) - 1995 - Displaced.

Lukalay, Adama (Female) age 53 - 1991 in Langorama, Kenema - Displaced and property destroyed.

Assaulted.

Luke, Jabaty (Male) age 51 - 1996 in Badjia, Bo District - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Killed.

Lukulay, Abdul (Male) - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted.

Lukulay, Abdulai (Male) - Displaced.


Lukulay, Alhaji (Male) - 1991 - Displaced.

Lukulay, Allieu (Male) - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted.

Lukulay, Aruna (Male) age 6 - 1991 in Sowa, Pujehun - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Lukulay, Baindu (Female) age 26 - 1994 in Koya, Kenema - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted.

Killed.

Lukulay, Bintu (Female) - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Property looted.
Lukulay, Bockarie (Male) age 30 - 1996 in Nongowa, Kenema - Displaced.

Lukulay, Jeneba (Female) age 35 - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted.

Lukulay, Karmoh (Male) age 50 - 1991 - Displaced and property looted.

Lukulay, Manuwah (Male) age 31 - 1993 in Niawa, Kenema - Property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 422 Lukulay, Momoh (Male) age 29 - 1997 - Killed.

Lukulay, Moriba (Male) age 28 - Killed.


Lukulay, Musa (Male) - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted.

Lukulay, Mustapha (Male) - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted.

Lukulay, Sheku (Male) - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Property looted.

Lukulay, Sowei (Female) - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Property looted.

Luleh, Saffa (Male) age 19 - 1991 - Abducted.

Assaulted.

Killed.

Luleh, Sallay (Female) age 25 - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.


Lumbeh, Patrick (Male) - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Abducted.

Lumeh, Momoh (Male) - 1999 in Baoma, Bo District - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Luseni, Abu (Male) - 1997 in Bonthe UDC, Bonthe - Extorted.

Tortured.

Luseni, Baindu (Female) - 1994 in Kakua, Bo District - Killed.

Luseni, Bockarie (Male) - 1993 in Bagbo, Bo District - Killed.

Luseni, Jeneba (Female) - 1992 in Tikonko, Bo District - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.
Abducted and detained.

Luseni, Jiah (Male) age 79 - 1991 in Mandu, Kailahun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Luseni, John (Male) - 2000 in Jong, Bonthe - Property looted and destroyed.

Luseni, Mariama (Female) - 1994 - Displaced.

Luseni, Marian (Female) age 26 - 1998 in Nimikoro, Kono - Displaced.

Luseni, Matthew (Male) age 29 - 1994 - Displaced.

Luseni, Moray (Male) age 38 - 1998 in Nimikoro, Kono - Killed.

Luseni, Mustapha (Male) - 1994 in Komboya, Bo District - Assaulted.
Luseni, Patrick (Male) age 59 - 1994 - Displaced and property destroyed.

Luseni, Tejan (Male) age 34 - 1994 in Komboya, Bo District - Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

M, Brima (Male) - 1998 in Paki Masabong, Bombali - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Maa Kai, Satta (Female) - 1997 in Nongoba Bullom, Bonthe - Displaced.

Maada, Sevali (Male) - 1994 in Tikonko, Bo District - Killed.

Maah, Majoe Foday (Male) - 1995 in Dema, Bonthe - Killed.

Maama, A.B.
Maama, A.B.

(Male) - 1991 in Makpele, Pujehun - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Mabey, Ellie (Male) age 17 - 1991 in Luawa, Kailahun - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and tortured.

Mabina, Kain (Male) - 1996 in Kwamebai Krim, Bonthe - Killed.

Mabinty, Kamanda (Male) - 1998 in Sandor, Kono - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Mabuyeh, Aiah (Male) - 1998 in Fiama, Kono - Displaced.

Mabuyeh, Jeneba (Female) - 1998 in Fiama, Kono - Displaced.

Mabuyeh, Sahr (Male) - 1998 in Fiama, Kono - Limb amputated.
Mabuyeh, Tamba (Male) age 76 - 1998 in Fiama, Kono - Displaced and property looted.

Assaulted.

Macakui, Keine (Male) - 1997 - Killed.

Macanaky, Lusene (Male) - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Macarthy, J.P. (Male) - Displaced.

Macarthy, Victor (Male) age 24 - 1995 in Western Area - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Macarthy, Yei (Female) - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Macauley, Emmah (Female) - 1997 - Killed.

Macauley, Hajah (Female) age 45 - 1997 in Western Area - Property looted.
Macauley, Millicent (Female) age 21 - 1999 in Western Area - Extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Macauley, Sheku (Male) - 1997 in Mandu, Kailahun - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Assaulted and tortured.

Macauley, Sheku (Male) - 1997 in Mandu, Kailahun - Killed.

Macavoray, Isatu (Female) - 1995 in Baoma, Bo District - Displaced.

Macavoray, Momoh (Male) - 1995 in Kakua, Bo District - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Killed.


Macfoi, Juana (Male) age 18 - 1991 - Displaced and property looted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Madde, Boi (Female) - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Property destroyed.

Maddui, Amara (Male) - 1996 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Property destroyed.

Madebo, Sahr (Male) age 65 - 1998 in Sandor, Kono - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 423 tortured.

Madigba, Sallay (Female) - 1994 in Luawa, Kailahun - Killed.
Maferren, Isatu (Female) - 2000 in Samu, Kambia - Displaced.

Tortured.

Mafinda, Aiah Amadu (Male) age 41 - 1998 - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Mafinda, Finda (Female) age 12 - 1998 in Kakua, Bo District - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Mafinda, Mabel (Female) age 17 - 1998 - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Mafindor, Finda (Female) - Displaced.

Killed.

Magao, Lahai (Male) - 1995 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Magbindi, Kadie (Female) - 1995 - Killed.


Magbity, Joseph (Male) age 24 - 1998 in Western Area - Assaulted.

Magbo, Patrick (Male) - 1994 in Malegohun, Kenema - Displaced.

Killed.

Magona, Alhaji (Male) - 1993 in Mandu, Kailahun - Assaulted.

Magona, Amie (Female) - Assaulted.

Magona, Ella (Female) age 31 - 1993 in Dodo, Kenema - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Magona, Haja Naa (Female) age 47 - Displaced and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Tortured.


Magona, Momoh (Male) age 19 - Assaulted.

Killed.

Mahalor, Ernest (Male) - 1991 in Kwamebai Krim, Bonthe - Property looted and destroyed.

Killed.

Mahoi, Bampia (Male) age 22 - 1999 in Ribbi, Moyamba - Displaced and property destroyed.

Tortured.

Mahoi, Haji (Male) - 1991 in Jawie, Kailahun - Assaulted.

Mahoi, Ousman (Male) age 15 - 1998 in Yoni, Tonkolili - Killed.

Mahular-Farma, Earnest B.

(Male) - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Killed.

Mahulo, Earnest (Male) - Killed.


Maiah, Nancy (Female) age 19 - 1995 in Kamajei, Moyamba - Displaced and property looted.

Maiguha, Munda (Male) - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Property destroyed.

Assaulted.

Maillah, Nasoko (Female) age 38 - 1994 in Konike Barina, Tonkolili - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Majinda, Sosoka (Female) age 31 - Abducted and detained.

Makah, Sinkarie (Female) age 17 - 2000 in Samu, Kambia - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.


Malal, Fenti (Male) age 64 - 1994 in Yoni, Tonkolili - Property looted.

Abducted.

Tortured.

Killed.

Maleh, Sasay (Male) - 1993 in Tonkolili - Killed.

Malen, Sahn (Male) - 1991 in Malen, Pujehun - Killed.

Maleu, Tommy (Male) - Displaced.

Tortured.

Maligie, Nahen (Female) - 1995 in Imperi, Bonthe - Abducted.

Mallah, Alhaji (Male) - 1994 in Gorama Kono, Kono - Killed.

Mallah, Bockarie (Male) age 39 - 1991 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Displaced.
Mallah, Brima (Male) - 1991 in Pujehun - Killed.

Mallah, Jama (Male) age 30 - 1991 in Dia, Kailahun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Assaulted.

Mallah, Lahai (Male) - 1994 in Gorama Kono, Kono - Killed.

Mallah, Lamin (Male) age 70 - 1991 in Makpele, Pujehun - Property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and stripped.

Mallah, Mariama (Female) - 1994 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Displaced.

Mallah, Mohamed (Male) age 32 - 1991 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Displaced.

Forced to labour.
Forced to labour.

Mallah, Musu (Female) age 25 - 1998 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Assaulted.

Mallah, Nyamoh (Female) age 40 - 1991 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Displaced.

Mallah, Saffa (Male) - 1994 in Gorama Kono, Kono - Killed.

Mallo-Yernie, Joseph (Male) age 42 - Extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Mamadu, Joe (Male) age 63 - 1995 in Bonthe - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Mamakon, Tauhyon (Female) age 24 - 1995 in Imperi, Bonthe - Displaced.
Mambu, Amie (Female) age 47 - 1992 in Peje West, Kailahun - Displaced and property destroyed.

Mambu, Betty (Female) - 1991 in Sowa, Pujehun - Property looted and destroyed.

Mambu, Brima (Male) - 1992 in Mandu, Kailahun - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Killed.

Mambu, John (Male) - 1995 in Nongoba Bullom, Bonthe - Killed.

Mambu, Keifa (Male) - 1993 in Bagbo, Bo District - Displaced and property looted.

Mambu, L (Male) - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.
Assaulted.

Mambu, Mohamed (Male) - 1992 in Peje West, Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Mambu, Patrick (Male) age 40 - 1995 in Bagbe, Bo District - Killed.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 424 Mambu, Sergbe (Male) - Tortured.

Mambu, Tamba (Male) age 50 - 1998 in Soa, Kono - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Mambu, Vanjo (Male) age 27 - 1996 in Kakua, Bo District - Displaced.

Assaulted.
Assaulted.

Mami, Forwai (Male) age 24 - 1991 in Panga Krim, Pujehun - Displaced and property destroyed.

Mamie, Abu (Male) - 1997 in Bonthe - Abducted.

Mamie, Amidu (Male) - 1997 in Nongoba Bullom, Bonthe - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Mammah, Lawrence (Male) age 66 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced and property destroyed.

Mammy, Baindu (Female) age 43 - 1999 in Western Area - Extorted and property destroyed.

Assaulted.
Assaulted.

Mammy, Lansana (Male) age 48 - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Assaulted.

Mammy, Peter (Male) age 48 - 1997 in Kakua, Bo District - Abducted and detained.

Stripped.

Manah, Konta (Male) age 1 - 1998 in Mongo, Koinadugu - Abducted.

Manasaray, Abdulai (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Manasaray, Musa (Male) age 66 - 1998 in Kakua, Bo District - Property looted and destroyed.
Manasaray, Sundufu (Male) - Displaced and extorted.

Assaulted.

Manbu, Haja Massa (Female) age 26 - 1993 in Luawa, Kailahun - Displaced.

Mandeh, Amos (Male) age 32 - 1994 in Bagbe, Bo District - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Mando, David (Male) age 39 - 1993 in Mano Sakrim, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted.

Assaulted and stripped.

Mando, Lansana (Male) - 1996 in Kwamebai Krim, Bonthe - Killed.
Mando, Philip (Male) age 28 - 1993 in Mano Sakrim, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted.

Mando, Saidu (Male) - 1995 in Banta Gbanggbatoke, Moyamba - Property destroyed.

Killed.

Mando, Vandi (Male) - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Tortured.

Killed.

Manga, Ansumana (Male) - 1997 in Makari Gbanti, Bombali - Extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Manga, Henry (Male) - 1993 in Malegohun, Kenema - Displaced and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Tortured.


Manga, Jestina (Female) - 1993 in Malegohun, Kenema - Abducted.

Manga, Julius (Male) age 71 - 1994 in Luawa, Kailahun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Mangebu, Iye (Female) - 1994 in Tikonko, Bo District - Assaulted and tortured.

Killed.

Mani, Mustapha (Male) - 1991 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Killed.

Mani, Sumsiama (Male) age 85 - Killed.

Mani, Tamba (Male) - 1998 in Sandor, Kono - Abducted and detained.
Assaulted.

Manika, Abu (Male) - 1999 in Samu, Kambia - Displaced and property destroyed.

Mankie, Foday (Male) - 1999 - Forced to labour.

Killed.

Mankoreh, Brima (Male) - Tortured.

Mannah, Denis (Male) - Detained.

Mannah, Henry (Male) - 1993 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Abducted and detained.

Mannah, Kadie (Female) - Forced to labour.

Mannah, Lansana (Male) age 23 - 1996 in Banta Gbanggbatoke, Moyamba - Assaulted, tortured and stripped.

Manneh, Lahai (Male) - 1997 in Nongoba Bullom, Bonthe - Killed.
Mano, Feamusu (Female) age 40 - 1998 in Gbane, Kono - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Mansaray, Abdul Raman (Male) - 1996 in Sanda Loko, Bombali - Killed.

Mansaray, Abibatu (Female) age 25 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Mansaray, Abu (Male) - Property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Mansaray, Abu (Male) age 5 - 1997 in Sengbe, Koinadugu - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.


Mansaray, Abu (Male) age 23 - 1993 in Tunkia, Kenema - Displaced and property destroyed.

Mansaray, Abu Bakarr (Male) - 1998 in Baoma, Bo District - Displaced, extorted and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Mansaray, Adama (Female) - 1999 in Dasse, Moyamba - Displaced and extorted.

Mansaray, Adama (Female) - 1998 in Safroko Limba, Bombali - Displaced.

Mansaray, Adama (Female) - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.
Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 425 Abducted and detained.

Mansaray, Adama (Female) age 29 - 1996 in Buya Romende, Port Loko - Displaced.

Mansaray, Adikalie (Male) age 45 - 1998 in Tambakka, Bombali - Property looted and destroyed.

Abducted.

Mansaray, Adu (Male) - Property looted and destroyed.

Mansaray, Alhaji (Male) - Displaced.

Mansaray, Alhaji (Male) age 39 - 1994 in Western Area - Displaced and property destroyed.

Mansaray, Alhaji Abu (Male) age 22 - 1998 in Biriwa, Bombali - Killed.
Mansaray, Alhaji Alpha (Male) age 75 - 1998 in Biriwa, Bombali - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Mansaray, Alhaji Alpha Amadu (Male) age 69 - 1998 in Western Area - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Mansaray, Alhaji Amadu (Male) - 1998 in Biriwa, Bombali - Property looted.

Mansaray, Alhaji Mohamed (Male) age 9 - 1991 - Displaced and extorted.

Forced to labour.

Mansaray, Alhaji Salloh (Male) - 1998 in Biriwa, Bombali - Property looted.
Mansaray, Alhassan (Male) age 25 - 1998 in Tinkatupa Maka Saffoko, Port Loko - Extorted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted, tortured and stripped.

Mansaray, Alie (Male) - 1998 in Bombali - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and limb amputated.

Killed.

Mansaray, Alie (Male) - 1999 in Safroko Limba, Bombali - Displaced and extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Mansaray, Alilic (Male) age 47 - 1991 in Gallinasperi, Pujehun - Abducted and detained.

Stripped.
Stripped.

Mansaray, Alimamy (Male) - 1994 in Nimikoro, Kono - Killed.

Mansaray, Alimamy (Male) age 22 - 1999 in Western Area - Assaulted.

Mansaray, Alimamy (Male) age 57 - 1999 in Dembelia Sinkunia, Koinadugu - Property looted and destroyed.

Mansaray, Alpha (Male) - 1998 - Killed.

Mansaray, Alphajor (Male) - 1999 in Kassunko, Koinadugu - Tortured.

Killed.

Mansaray, Alusine (Male) - 2000 in Small Bo, Kenema - Property looted and destroyed.

Mansaray, Alusine (Male) age 12 - Abducted and detained.
Tortured.

Mansaray, Alusine (Male) age 43 - 1998 in Sandor, Kono - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Abducted.

Assaulted and tortured.

Mansaray, Alusine (Male) age 55 - 1999 in Bumpeh, Moyamba - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Mansaray, Amadu (Male) - 1998 in Wara-Wara Bafodia, Koinadugu - Property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Limb amputated.

Mansaray, Amadu (Male) - 1998 in Bombali - Killed.

Mansaray, Amadu (Male) - 1993 - Property looted.

Tortured.
Tortured.

Mansaray, Amadu (Male) age 40 - 1998 in Koya, Port Loko - Displaced and extorted.

Tortured.

Mansaray, Amadu (Male) age 48 - 1999 - Displaced and property looted.

Assaulted.

Mansaray, Amara (Male) - 1996 - Abducted and detained.

Mansaray, Amara (Male) age 54 - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Displaced and property destroyed.

Mansaray, Amara (Male) age 59 - 1999 in Wara-Wara Yagala, Koinadugu - Displaced.

Mansaray, Amidu (Male) - 1997 - Limb amputated.


Mansaray, Amidu (Male) age 23 - 1999 in Wara-Wara Bafodia, Koinadugu - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and stripped.

Mansaray, Amie (Female) - Property looted.

Assaulted.

Mansaray, Amie (Female) age 31 - 1991 in Malema, Kailahun - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Mansaray, Aminata (Female) age 25 - 1995 in Marampa, Port Loko - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.


Mansaray, Aminata (Female) age 58 - 1999 in Follosaba Dembelia, Koinadugu - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Mansaray, Arafan (Male) age 30 - 1998 in Wara-Wara Yagala, Koinadugu - Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Mansaray, Babakku (Male) - 1991 in Makpele, Pujehun - Displaced and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Mansaray, Baindu (Female) age 57 - 1998 - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Mansaray, Balia (Male) age 38 - 1994 in Kando Leppeama, Kenema - Displaced and extorted.
Abducted and detained.

Mansaray, Balla (Male) - 1998 in Mongo, Koinadugu - Displaced and property destroyed.

Mansaray, Balla (Male) - 1998 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 426 Mansaray, Balla (Male) age 23 - Displaced and property destroyed.

Mansaray, Ballansama (Male) age 65 - 1998 - Property destroyed.

Assaulted and tortured.


Mansaray, Bangalie (Male) age 37 - 1999 in Samu, Kambia - Displaced, extorted and property looted.

Detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Mansaray, Bassie (Male) - 1999 in Paki Masabong, Bombali - Killed.

Mansaray, Bintu (Female) - 1991 - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Mansaray, Bockarie (Male) - 1994 in Pujehun - Killed.

Mansaray, Bockarie (Male) - Killed.

Mansaray, Bockarie (Male) - 1991 in Malema, Kailahun - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.
Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Killed.

Mansaray, Bockarie (Male) - 1996 in Nongowa, Kenema - Killed.

Mansaray, Bockarie (Male) age 65 - Killed.

Mansaray, Borbor (Male) - 1995 - Forced to labour.

Mansaray, Brima (Male) - 1991 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Killed.

Mansaray, Brima (Male) - 1998 in Sengbe, Koinadugu - Forced to labour.

Killed.

Mansaray, Brima (Male) - 1994 - Abducted and detained.

Mansaray, Brima (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Killed.
Killed.

Mansaray, Brima (Male) - 2000 in Gbinleh-Dixon, Kambia - Abducted.

Killed.

Mansaray, Brima (Male) - 1991 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Property looted.

Killed.

Mansaray, Brima (Male) - 1991 in Small Bo, Kenema - Killed.

Mansaray, Brima (Male) age 57 - 1994 in Kpaka, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted.

Mansaray, Brima-Alhaji (Male) - 2000 in Gbinleh-Dixon, Kambia - Killed.

Mansaray, Cecilia (Female) - 1995 in Bum, Bonthe - Abducted and detained.
Mansaray, Danda (Male) age 34 - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Killed.

Mansaray, Dauda (Male) age 55 - 1995 in Bagbe, Bo District - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Mansaray, David (Male) age 38 - 1998 in Kassunko, Koinadugu - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Mansaray, Fasalie (Male) - 1998 in Sengbe, Koinadugu - Displaced and property destroyed.

Assaulted.

Mansaray, Fatmata (Female) - Abducted and detained.

Mansaray, Fatmata (Female) - Killed.


Mansaray, Fatmata (Female) - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Mansaray, Fatmata (Female) age 12 - 1998 in Yoni, Tonkolili - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Mansaray, Fatmata (Female) age 15 - 1992 in Nimikoro, Kono - Displaced.

Mansaray, Fatmata (Female) age 18 - 1991 in Gallinasperi, Pujehun - Displaced, extorted and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Mansaray, Fatmata (Female) age 33 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.
Mansaray, Fatu (Female) age 35 - 1995 in Bumpeh, Moyamba - Killed.

Mansaray, Fatu Yeama (Female) age 44 - 1999 - Property looted.

Assaulted.

Mansaray, Feckha (Male) - 1995 in Western Area - Displaced and property destroyed.

Killed.

Mansaray, Ferenkeh (Male) - 1998 in Sengbe, Koinadugu - Killed.

Mansaray, Ferenkye (Male) age 36 - Property looted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Mansaray, Finah (Female) - Killed.

Mansaray, Finnah (Female) age 50 - 1998 in Koinadugu - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.
Assaulted.

Mansaray, Foday (Male) - 1998 - Killed.

Mansaray, Foday (Male) - Displaced.

Tortured.

Mansaray, Foday (Male) - Detained.

Mansaray, Foday (Male) age 40 - 1998 in Tambakka, Bombali - Displaced.

Mansaray, Foday (Male) age 43 - 1998 in Neya, Koinadugu - Forced to labour.

Mansaray, Foday (Male) age 46 - 1999 in Biriwa, Bombali - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Mansaray, Forah (Male) - 1998 in Sengbe, Koinadugu - Forced to labour.
Mansaray, Gasimu (Male) age 41 - 2000 in Magbema, Kambia - Extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Mansaray, Gladys (Female) - 1999 in Western Area - Property looted and destroyed.

Mansaray, Habibu (Male) age 12 - 1999 - Assaulted and tortured.

Mansaray, Haja (Female) - Displaced.

Mansaray, Haja Jakka (Female) - 1998 in Biriwa, Bombali - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.
Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 427 Mansaray, Hassan (Male) age 16 - 2000 in Wara-Wara Bafodia, Koinadugu - Forced to labour.

Mansaray, Hassan (Male) age 42 - 1995 in Kongbora, Moyamba - Property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Mansaray, Hassana (Male) - 1994 in Paki Masabong, Bombali - Property looted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Mansaray, Hawa (Female) - Displaced.

Mansaray, Hawa (Female) - Displaced.

Abducted.

Killed.
Abducted.

Killed.

Mansaray, Hawa (Female) age 26 - 1997 - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted.

Mansaray, Hawa (Female) age 29 - 1991 in Jawie, Kailahun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Mansaray, Hawanaatu (Female) - 1999 in Bombali Shebora, Bombali - Displaced.

Killed.

Mansaray, Ibrahim (Male) - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Mansaray, Ibrahim (Male) age 14 - 1998 in Baoma, Bo District - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Mansaray, Ibrahim (Male) age 29 - 1994 in Tane, Tonkolili - Displaced.
Mansaray, Ibrahim (Male) age 52 - 1995 in Bumpeh, Moyamba - Displaced.

Mansaray, Idrissa (Male) - 1999 in Samu, Kambia - Displaced and property destroyed.

Mansaray, Idrissa (Male) age 34 - 1995 in Kori, Moyamba - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Mansaray, Isata (Female) age 18 - 1992 - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Mansaray, Isatu (Female) - 1999 - Displaced.

Mansaray, Isatu (Female) - 1999 in Western Area - Killed.
Mansaray, Isatu (Female) - 1999 in Western Area - Property looted and destroyed.

Mansaray, Issa (Male) - 1991 in Malen, Pujehun - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Mansaray, J.R. Samai (Male) - 1994 - Killed.

Mansaray, Janet (Female) age 40 - 1995 in Bum, Bonthe - Displaced and property destroyed.

Mansaray, Jebbeh (Female) - 1992 - Extorted and property looted.

Killed.

Mansaray, Jebbeh (Female) age 35 - 1993 in Sielenga, Bo District - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.
Mansaray, Jeneba (Female) age 15 - 1998 in Biriwa, Bombali - Killed.

Mansaray, Jeneba (Female) age 22 - 1991 - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Mansaray, Jeneba (Female) age 35 - 1991 in Langorama, Kenema - Displaced and property looted.

Mansaray, Jeneba (Female) age 50 - 1991 in Sowa, Pujehun - Displaced and property destroyed.

Mansaray, Jeneba (Female) age 50 - 1998 in Bonthe UDC, Bonthe - Property looted and destroyed.

Mansaray, Jeneh (Female) age 37 - 1991 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Displaced.
Abducted.

Mansaray, Jimmy (Male) age 9 - 1998 in Fiama, Kono - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Tortured.

Mansaray, John (Male) - 1995 in Safroko Limba, Bombali - Killed.

Mansaray, John (Male) - 1998 in Bombali - Killed.

Mansaray, John (Male) - 1997 in Bombali Shebora, Bombali - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Mansaray, John (Male) - 1997 in Samu, Kambia - Property destroyed.

Assaulted.

Mansaray, John (Male) age 20 - 1999 in Western Area - Killed.
Mansaray, John (Male) age 60 - 1998 in Mongo, Koinadugu - Extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Mansaray, Joseph (Male) age 42 - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Mansaray, Joseph (Male) age 45 - 1999 in Western Area - Killed.

Mansaray, Junu (Male) - 1998 in Biriwa, Bombali - Killed.

Mansaray, Kaday (Female) - 1998 in Western Area - Property destroyed.

Killed.
Killed.

Mansaray, Kadiatu (Female) - 2000 in Wara-Wara Bafodia, Koinadugu - Forced to labour.

Mansaray, Kadiatu (Female) - Displaced.

Mansaray, Kadiatu (Female) - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Mansaray, Kadiatu (Female) - 1997 in Jiama-Bongor, Bo District - Abducted and detained.

Mansaray, Kadiatu (Female) age 13 - 1998 in Biriwa, Bombali - Forced to labour.

Assaulted.
Assaulted.

Mansaray, Kadiatu (Female) age 18 - 2000 in Kassunko, Koinadugu - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Mansaray, Kadiatu (Female) age 38 - 1998 in Wara-Wara Yagala, Koinadugu - Displaced and property destroyed.

Mansaray, Kadie (Female) - 1994 in Kenema - Property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Mansaray, Kadie (Female) age 65 - 1991 in Jawie, Kailahun - Killed.
Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 428 Mansaray, Kallie (Male) - 1998 in Neini, Koinadugu - Forced to labour.

Mansaray, Kallie (Male) age 57 - 2000 in Wara-Wara Bafodia, Koinadugu - Property looted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and tortured.

Mansaray, Kamadou (Male) age 28 - 1998 in Sengbe, Koinadugu - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Mansaray, Karainkay (Male) - 1998 in Koinadugu - Displaced.

Mansaray, Karifa (Male) age 20 - 1998 in Sengbe, Koinadugu - Extorted.

Forced to labour.
Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Mansaray, Karmokoh (Male) - 1998 in Tambakka, Bombali - Killed.

Mansaray, Katty (Female) - 1998 in Wara-Wara Bafodia, Koinadugu - Forced to labour.

Mansaray, Keifala (Male) - 1994 - Abducted and detained.

Mansaray, Kekulah (Male) age 45 - 1994 in Kakua, Bo District - Displaced and property destroyed.

Tortured.

Mansaray, Kolleh (Male) age 75 - 2000 in Gbinleh-Dixon, Kambia - Property destroyed.

Mansaray, Kruto (Female) age 15 - 1998 in Biriwa, Bombali - Killed.
Mansaray, Kula (Female) - 1991 - Extorted.

Mansaray, Kumba (Female) - Killed.

Mansaray, Kutta (Male) age 5 - 2000 in Wara-Wara Bafodia, Koinadugu - Assaulted.

Mansaray, Kwfai (Female) age 41 - 1998 in Fiama, Kono - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Mansaray, Lahai (Male) - 1998 in Mongo, Koinadugu - Property looted.

Killed.

Mansaray, Lamin (Male) age 49 - 1999 in Western Area - Assaulted.

Mansaray, Limina (Male) age 41 - 1994 in Wara-Wara Yagala, Koinadugu - Extorted and property destroyed.
Detained.

Assaulted.

Mansaray, Lovetta (Female) age 35 - 1999 in Western Area - Extorted.

Mansaray, Lusaine (Male) age 57 - 1999 in Magbema, Kambia - Extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted, tortured and stripped.

Mansaray, Mabinty (Female) - 1994 in Wara-Wara Yagala, Koinadugu - Displaced.

Mansaray, Mabinty (Female) age 33 - 1999 in Marampa, Port Loko - Property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Mansaray, Mahmoud (Male) age 35 - 1999 in Biriwa, Bombali - Displaced.
Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Mansaray, Mahmoud (Male) age 41 - 1999 in Sulima, Koinadugu - Property destroyed.

Tortured and limb amputated.

Mansaray, Mallia (Female) - 1991 in Nongowa, Kenema - Killed.

Mansaray, Manso (Male) - 1999 in Sambaia Bendugu, Tonkolili - Tortured.

Mansaray, Marco (Male) - Killed.

Mansaray, Margaret (Female) age 42 - 1999 in Western Area - Tortured.

Mansaray, Mariama (Female) - 2000 in Tonkolili - Abducted and detained.
Mansaray, Mariama (Female) - 1993 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced and property looted.

Mansaray, Mariama (Female) age 23 - 1995 in Bagbe, Bo District - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Mansaray, Mariama (Female) age 26 - 1991 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Mansaray, Mariama (Female) age 35 - 1993 in Barri, Pujehun - Property looted and destroyed.

Assaulted.

Mansaray, Mariama (Female) age 36 - 1998 in Konike Sande, Tonkolili - Displaced and property looted.
Mansaray, Mariama (Female) age 42 - 1991 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted.

Mansaray, Marie (Female) - 1991 in Makpele, Pujehun - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Mansaray, Marie (Female) age 41 - 1999 in Wara-Wara Bafodia, Koinadugu - Forced to labour.

Mansaray, Marie (Female) age 69 - 1999 - Extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Mansaray, Mary (Female) age 18 - 1997 in Western Area - Displaced.
Mansaray, Mary (Female) age 43 - 1995 in Banta Gbanggbatoke, Moyamba - Displaced and property destroyed.

Mansaray, Maseray (Female) - 1995 - Displaced.

Mansaray, Massa (Female) - 1993 in Tunkia, Kenema - Property destroyed.

Killed.

Mansaray, Massah (Female) - Displaced.

Killed.

Mansaray, Massah (Female) age 28 - 1991 in Makpele, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Mansaray, Massah (Female) age 36 - 1993 in Small Bo, Kenema - Displaced.
Mansaray, Massah (Female) age 45 - 1993 in Koya, Kenema - Displaced and property looted.

Forced to labour.

Mansaray, Mbedu - Abducted and detained.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 429 Mansaray, Memorie (Male) - Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Mansaray, Modie (Male) - 2000 in Gbinleh-Dixon, Kambia - Property looted.

Forced to labour.

Tortured.

Mansaray, Mohamed (Male) - 1998 - Displaced and property looted.

Assaulted.

Mansaray, Mohamed (Male) - 2000 - Displaced and property destroyed.
Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Mansaray, Mohamed (Male) - Tortured.

Killed.

Mansaray, Mohamed (Male) - Killed.

Mansaray, Mohamed (Male) - 1994 - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Mansaray, Mohamed (Male) - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Mansaray, Mohamed (Male) age 14 - 1998 in Bombali Shebora, Bombali - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and tortured.

Mansaray, Mohamed (Male) age 22 - 1998 in Kailahun - Forced to labour.
Mansaray, Mohamed (Male) age 25 - 2000 in Kassunko, Koinadugu - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and tortured.

Mansaray, Mohamed (Male) age 41 - 1991 in Tunkia, Kenema - Displaced and property looted.

Mansaray, Mohamed (Male) age 42 - 1992 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced and property destroyed.

Mansaray, Mohamed (Male) age 55 - 1998 in Nimiyama, Kono - Extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Mansaray, Mohamed (Male) age 71 - 1991 in Gaura, Kenema - Displaced.

Killed.
Killed.

Mansaray, Momodu (Male) - 1998 in Wara-Wara Bafodia, Koinadugu - Forced to labour.

Tortured.

Mansaray, Momodu (Male) age 40 - 1994 in Wara-Wara Yagala, Koinadugu - Property destroyed.

Mansaray, Momoh (Male) - 1998 in Tonkolili - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Mansaray, Momoh (Male) - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Mansaray, Momoh (Male) - Forced to labour.

Killed.

Mansaray, Momoh (Male) age 31 - 1991 - Displaced and extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.


Mansaray, Momoh (Male) age 48 - 1991 in Langorama, Kenema - Abducted.

Killed.

Mansaray, Momoh (Male) age 55 - 1994 in Sandor, Kono - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Mansaray, Momorie (Male) - Property looted.

Mansaray, Moriba (Male) - 1995 in Bum, Bonthe - Abducted and detained.

Mansaray, Muctarr (Male) - 2000 in Wara-Wara Bafodia, Koinadugu - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and tortured.

Killed.

Mansaray, Musa (Male) age 38 - Displaced.


Mansaray, Musah (Female) - 1998 in Wara-Wara Bafodia, Koinadugu - Property looted.

Mansaray, Mustapha (Male) age 24 - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Mansaray, Musu (Female) age 27 - 1999 in Malen, Pujehun - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Mansaray, Nancy (Female) - Abducted and detained.

Mansaray, Ngadie (Female) - Abducted and detained.


Mansaray, Niara (Female) age 18 - 1998 in Biriwa, Bombali - Killed.

Mansaray, Omaru (Male) - 1996 - Tortured.

Killed.

Mansaray, Osama (Male) age 19 - 1999 in Western Area - Killed.

Mansaray, Ousman (Male) - 1999 in Marampa, Port Loko - Displaced.

Mansaray, Ousman (Male) - 1998 - Assaulted.

Mansaray, Ousman (Male) age 26 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and limb amputated.


Mansaray, Paul Abraham (Male) age 31 - 1997 in Western Area - Displaced, extorted and property looted.

Mansaray, Paul K (Male) age 34 - 1994 in Kakua, Bo District - Displaced, extorted and property looted.

Forced to labour.

Tortured.

Mansaray, Ramatu (Female) - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Mansaray, Rukeh (Female) - 1998 in Paki Masabong, Bombali - Killed.

Mansaray, Saidu (Male) age 45 - 1999 in Sella Limba, Bombali - Forced to labour.
Assaulted and tortured.

Mansaray, Saidu (Male) age 51 - 1998 in Wara-Wara Bafodia, Koinadugu - Displaced, extorted and property looted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and tortured.

Mansaray, Saio (Female) - 1998 in Mongo, Koinadugu - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Mansaray, Saio (Male) age 62 - 1998 in Neini, Koinadugu - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Mansaray, Salfu (Male) age 30 - 2000 in Diang, Koinadugu - Displaced and property looted.

Tortured.
Tortured.

Mansaray, Salia (Male) - 1995 in Yawbeko, Bonthe - Property destroyed.

Mansaray, Salifu (Male) age 18 - 1999 in Wara-Wara Bafodia, Koinadugu - Property looted.

Forced to Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 430 labour.

Assaulted.

Mansaray, Salifu (Male) age 19 - 2000 in Kassunko, Koinadugu - Forced to labour.

Mansaray, Salifu (Male) age 45 - 1996 in Wara-Wara Bafodia, Koinadugu - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and tortured.


Mansaray, Salitu (Male) age 30 - 1998 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Mansaray, Sallay (Female) age 33 - 1999 in Samu, Kambia - Displaced and property destroyed.

Mansaray, Sallu (Male) age 17 - 1993 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Mansaray, Samai (Male) age 16 - 1994 - Displaced.


Mansaray, Samai (Male) age 50 - 1993 in Tunkia, Kenema - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Mansaray, Sanfa (Male) age 53 - 1995 - Property destroyed.

Killed.

Mansaray, Santigie (Male) age 27 - 1998 in Kono - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Mansaray, Sara (Female) - Killed.

Mansaray, Sarah (Female) - 1998 in Sambaia Bendugu, Tonkolili - Forced to labour.
Mansaray, Sarah (Female) - 1992 in Nimikoro, Kono - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Mansaray, Sarah (Female) - 1998 - Killed.

Mansaray, Sarah (Female) - 1998 in Bagbo, Bo District - Property looted.

Assaulted.

Mansaray, Sarifu (Male) - 1998 in Komboya, Bo District - Abducted.

Limb amputated.

Mansaray, Sheka (Male) - 1996 in Magbema, Kambia - Killed.

Mansaray, Sheka (Male) age 28 - 1999 in Loko Massama, Port Loko - Displaced and property destroyed.
Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Mansaray, Sheku (Male) - 1999 in Wara-Wara Yagala, Koinadugu - Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Mansaray, Sheku (Male) - Killed.

Mansaray, Sheku (Male) - 1991 - Extorted and property destroyed.

Abducted.

Mansaray, Sheku (Male) age 16 - 1998 in Leibasgayahun, Bombali - Displaced.

Mansaray, Sheku (Male) age 32 - 2000 in Gbinleh-Dixon, Kambia - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.
Mansaray, Sheku (Male) age 38 - 1997 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Mansaray, Sheku (Male) age 40 - 1991 in Jawie, Kailahun - Displaced.

Mansaray, Sheku (Male) age 70 - 1998 in Koinadugu - Extorted and property destroyed.

Abducted.

Mansaray, Shevuba (Male) age 12 - 1998 in Wara-Wara Yagala, Koinadugu - Abducted and detained.

Mansaray, Sidia (Male) - 1995 in Sogbini, Bonthe - Killed.
Mansaray, Sidie (Male) age 30 - 1998 in Yakemo-Kpukumu Krim, Pujehun - Displaced, extorted and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Mansaray, Sidikie (Male) age 51 - 1999 in Dembelia Sinkunia, Koinadugu - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Abducted.

Mansaray, Sidikie (Male) age 80 - 1998 - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Mansaray, Sima (Male) - 1991 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Assaulted.
Mansaray, Sima (Male) age 68 - 2000 in Wara-Wara Bafodia, Koinadugu - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Mansaray, Sinakatta (Male) - 1991 in Kakua, Bo District - Killed.

Mansaray, Sinkina (Male) - 1998 in Sengbe, Koinadugu - Forced to labour.

Killed.

Mansaray, Sinoh (Female) - 1998 in Sengbe, Koinadugu - Forced to labour.

Killed.

Mansaray, Sirah (Female) - 1998 in Sengbe, Koinadugu - Killed.
Mansaray, Sisnduko (Female) age 55 - 1998 in Dembelia Sinkunia, Koinadugu - Displaced and property destroyed.

Mansaray, Sorie (Male) - 1994 in Nimikoro, Kono - Displaced.

Killed.

Mansaray, Sorie (Male) - 1999 in Sella Limba, Bombali - Displaced.

Killed.

Mansaray, Sorie (Male) age 19 - 2000 in Wara-Wara Bafodia, Koinadugu - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and tortured.

Mansaray, Sundufu (Male) age 30 - 1991 - Killed.


Mansaray, Tadi (Female) - 1998 in Wara-Wara Yagala, Koinadugu - Abducted and detained.

Mansaray, Taiwo (Male) age 29 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced and property looted.

Mansaray, Tamba (Male) age 65 - 2000 in Soa, Kono - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 431 Mansaray, Tejan (Male) - 1994 in Bagbo, Bo District - Extorted and property looted.

Mansaray, Thaima (Male) age 38 - 1998 in Maforki, Port Loko - Displaced.
Forced to labour.

Tortured.

Mansaray, Theresa (Female) age 33 - 1991 in Sowa, Pujehun - Extorted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Mansaray, Tiange (Female) - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Mansaray, Tinda (Female) age 45 - 1999 in Wara-Wara Yagala, Koinadugu - Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Killed.

Mansaray, Tolo (Female) age 60 - 1991 in Western Area - Displaced and property destroyed.
Mansaray, Vandi Ngebeh (Male) age 43 - 1995 in Peje Bongre, Kailahun - Displaced and property destroyed.

Mansaray, Watta (Female) age 2 - 1993 in Nomo, Kenema - Tortured.

Mansaray, Wuya (Female) age 16 - 1991 in Dia, Kailahun - Displaced.

Detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Mansaray, Yaliba (Female) age 70 - 1998 in Baoma, Bo District - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Mansaray, Yarie (Female) - 1998 in Sengbe, Koinadugu - Killed.
Mansaray, Yayah (Male) - 1998 in Wara-Wara Bafodia, Koinadugu - Assaulted.

Mansaray, Yayah (Male) - Killed.

Mansaray, Yeabu (Female) age 32 - 1994 in Wara-Wara Yagala, Koinadugu - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Mansaray, Yeama (Male) - 1997 in Makari Gbanti, Bombali - Extorted.

Assaulted and tortured.

Mansaray, Yirah (Male) - 2000 - Abducted.

Mansaray, Zainab (Female) age 33 - 1999 in Marampa, Port Loko - Forced to labour.

Assaulted and tortured.


Manso, Katimu (Female) age 33 - 1997 in Bonthe - Displaced.

Manso, Kpana (Male) age 55 - 1997 in Bonthe - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Killed.

Mansu, Olive (Female) age 42 - 1997 in Kono - Displaced and extorted.

Abducted.

Assaulted.

Manyeh, Aminata (Female) age 35 - 1995 in Baoma, Bo District - Displaced and property destroyed.

Manyeh, Betty (Female) - 1996 in Wunde, Bo District - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.
Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Manyeh, Bockarie (Male) age 31 - 1991 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Assaulted.

Manyeh, Brima (Male) - 1992 in Dia, Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and stripped.

Manyeh, Brima (Male) - 1993 in Wunde, Bo District - Displaced and property destroyed.

Assaulted.

Manyeh, Iye (Female) age 17 - 1994 - Displaced.

Maobia, Ernest (Male) - 1995 in Banta Mokele, Moyamba - Displaced and property looted.
Marah, Abu (Male) - 1997 in Jawie, Kailahun - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Marah, Aminata (Female) age 20 - 1998 in Koinadugu - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and tortured.

Marah, Baionsama (Male) - 1998 in Sengbe, Koinadugu - Property looted.

Forced to labour.

Marah, Balla (Male) age 55 - 1998 in Mongo, Koinadugu - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.
Marah, Ballansama (Male) - 1998 in Sengbe, Koinadugu - Displaced and property destroyed.

Marah, Balua (Male) - 1998 in Mongo, Koinadugu - Forced to labour.

Marah, Bockarie (Male) - 1998 - Property destroyed.

Marah, Bundu (Male) age 55 - 1998 in Sengbe, Koinadugu - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Marah, Chernoh (Male) - 1998 in Sengbe, Koinadugu - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.


Marah, Dagbweh (Male) - 1998 in Diang, Koinadugu - Assaulted.

Marah, Damba (Male) - 1998 in Mongo, Koinadugu - Displaced and property destroyed.

Marah, Demba (Male) age 59 - 1999 in Koinadugu - Displaced and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Marah, Dusu (Female) - 1997 in Sengbe, Koinadugu - Killed.

Marah, Famareh (Male) - 1998 in Sengbe, Koinadugu - Forced to labour.

Killed.

Marah, Fawuda (Male) - 1999 in Koinadugu - Displaced.
Marah, Ferenkeh (Male) - 1998 in Sambaia Bendugu, Tonkolili - Forced to labour.

Marah, Ferenkeh (Male) age 66 - 1999 in Diang, Koinadugu - Displaced and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Marah, Ferenkye (Male) age 56 - 1999 in Neini, Koinadugu - Displaced, extorted and property looted and Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 432 destroyed.

Marah, Finah (Female) - Abducted and detained.

Marah, Foray (Male) age 21 - 1999 in Diang, Koinadugu - Forced to labour.

Assaulted.
Assaulted.

Marah, Hassana (Male) - 2000 in Wara-Wara Yagala, Koinadugu - Forced to labour.

Assaulted and tortured.

Marah, Hawa (Female) - 1998 in Wara-Wara Yagala, Koinadugu - Displaced and property destroyed.

Marah, Ibrahim (Male) - Extorted.

Marah, Ibrahim (Male) age 35 - 1998 in Mongo, Koinadugu - Extorted and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Marah, Kadiatu (Female) - Displaced.

Marah, Kadiatu (Female) - 1997 in Jalahun, Kailahun - Killed.
Marah, Kamara (Male) age 51 - 1998 in Mongo, Koinadugu - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Marah, Karimu (Male) - 1998 in Sengbe, Koinadugu - Property looted and destroyed.

Assaulted.

Marah, Kekurah (Male) - Abducted and detained.

Marah, Konkoro (Male) age 38 - 1998 in Neini, Koinadugu - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Marah, Kumba (Female) - Abducted and detained.

Marah, Lahai (Male) - 2000 in Tonkolili - Abducted and detained.
Marah, Lansana (Male) - 1998 in Mongo, Koinadugu - Property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Marah, Lansana (Male) age 57 - 1998 in Masungbala, Kambia - Extorted.

Marah, Manteneh (Female) - 1998 in Koinadugu - Property looted and destroyed.

Assaulted.

Marah, Masseh (Female) - 1998 in Follosaba Dembelia, Koinadugu - Forced to labour.

Marah, Mohamed (Male) - 1998 in Mongo, Koinadugu - Abducted and detained.

Killed.
Killed.

Marah, Mohamed (Male) age 21 - 1999 in Neini, Koinadugu - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Marah, Mohamed (Male) age 42 - 1999 in Tambakka, Bombali - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Marah, Mohamed (Male) age 70 - Displaced and property looted.

Marah, Musa (Male) age 25 - 1998 - Extorted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Marah, Musu (Female) - 1998 in Mongo, Koinadugu - Displaced and property looted.

Marah, Nyalay Konta (Male) - 1998 in Mongo, Koinadugu - Killed.
Marah, Saio (Male) age 46 - 1998 in Mongo, Koinadugu - Property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Tortured.

Marah, Saio Masinah (Male) age 22 - 1998 - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Marah, Saio Morie (Male) - 1998 in Mongo, Koinadugu - Property destroyed.

Marah, Sameh (Male) - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Marah, Samuel (Male) age 17 - 1992 in Nimikoro, Kono - Displaced.

Killed.

Marah, Sheku (Male) - 1998 in Paki Masabong, Bombali - Displaced.
Forced to labour.

Marah, Sheku (Male) age 28 - 1998 in Mongo, Koinadugu - Extorted and property looted.

Forced to labour.

Marah, Sheku (Male) age 52 - 1998 in Neini, Koinadugu - Displaced and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Marah, Sirah (Female) - 1994 in Sambaia Bendugu, Tonkolili - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Marah, Sonnoh (Female) - 2000 - Abducted.

Marah, Sorie (Male) - 2000 in Kholifa Rowalla, Tonkolili - Forced to labour and drugged.

Assaulted and stripped.


Marah, Sorie (Male) age 6 - 1998 in Mongo, Koinadugu - Killed.

Marah, Sundu (Female) - Abducted and detained.

Marah, Sundu M. (Female) age 75 - 1998 in Koinadugu - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Marah, Tenneh (Female) age 42 - 2000 in Tonkolili - Extorted and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and tortured.

Marah, Yakuba (Male) - 1998 in Koinadugu - Property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.
Forced to labour.

Marah, Yibah (Male) - 1998 in Mongo, Koinadugu - Property looted and destroyed.

Assaulted.

Marah, Yilah (Male) age 40 - 1998 in Mongo, Koinadugu - Killed.

Marcarthy, Robert (Male) age 55 - 1995 in Western Area - Property destroyed.

Abducted.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 433 Mare, Tamba (Male) age 47 - 1992 in Gbense, Kono - Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Margai, Karimu (Male) - 1992 in Peje West, Kailahun - Abducted and detained.
Margai, Mustapha (Male) - 1994 in Wunde, Bo District - Assaulted.

Margao, Musa (Male) - 1996 in Kakua, Bo District - Killed.

Margena, Pelai (Male) - 1991 - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Marh, Manteneh (Female) - Assaulted.

Mariama, Sheku (Male) - 1998 in Biriwa, Bombali - Property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Mario, Fc (Male) - 1998 in Sanda Loko, Bombali - Abducted and detained.

Marju, Ansuma (Male) age 55 - 1996 in Jalahun, Kailahun - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.


Marrah, Abu (Male) age 17 - 1998 in Western Area - Detained.

Marrah, Amadu (Male) - Assaulted and limb amputated.

Marrah, Bondu (Female) - 1998 - Abducted.

Marrah, Fandaya (Male) - 1998 - Displaced.

Marrah, Foday (Male) age 45 - 1998 in Neini, Koinadugu - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Marrah, Foday (Male) age 48 - 1998 - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and limb amputated.


Marrah, Isha (Female) age 5 - 1998 in Koinadugu - Displaced.

Marrah, Kallie (Male) age 46 - 1998 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Marrah, Kewullay (Male) - 1998 in Mongo, Koinadugu - Property destroyed.

Marrah, Lamin (Male) - 1998 in Western Area - Killed.

Marrah, Mabinty (Female) - 1998 in Diang, Koinadugu - Limb amputated.

Marrah, Mabudu (Male) - 1994 in Wunde, Bo District - Extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Killed.


Marrah, Manseh (Male) - 1998 in Diang, Koinadugu - Killed.

Marrah, Mohamed (Male) - 1999 in Timdel, Moyamba - Forced to labour.

Forced to participate in an act of cannibalism.

Marrah, Mohamed (Male) age 19 - 1998 in Wara-Wara Yagala, Koinadugu - Displaced.

Assaulted and limb amputated.

Marrah, Morgboy (Male) - 1998 in Mongo, Koinadugu - Property destroyed.

Marrah, Musa (Male) - 1998 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Abducted and detained.

Stripped and limb amputated.


Killed.

Marrah, Musu (Female) age 29 - Killed.

Marrah, Saidu (Male) age 20 - 2000 in Mongo, Koinadugu - Forced to labour.

Marrah, Simeon (Male) age 55 - Displaced and property destroyed.

Marrah, Sinkarie (Female) age 25 - 1998 - Displaced and extorted.

Abducted.

Assaulted.

Marrah, Sundu (Female) age 46 - 1998 in Neya, Koinadugu - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Martyn, I.D.

(Male) age 53 - 1998 in Western Area - Property destroyed.
Masaquoi, Massa (Female) - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Abducted.

Masaquoi, Musa (Male) age 29 - 1993 in Barri, Pujehun - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Massa, Jaia (Male) age 47 - 1993 in Nongowa, Kenema - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Massah, Yea (Female) - 1991 in Malema, Kailahun - Killed.

Massaley, Abdulai (Male) age 36 - 1998 in Kongbora, Moyamba - Displaced and extorted.

Killed.

Massaquoi, Abu (Male) age 20 - 1991 - Killed.


Massaquoi, Abu (Male) age 48 - 1991 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Displaced and property destroyed.

Massaquoi, Albert (Male) age 43 - 2000 in Tikonko, Bo District - Extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Massaquoi, Alfred (Male) - 1993 - Killed.

Massaquoi, Alhaji (Male) - 1995 in Jiama-Bongor, Bo District - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Massaquoi, Alhaji Vandi (Male) age 41 - 1996 in Nongowa, Kenema - Extorted.

Detained.

Tortured.


Massaquoi, Alieu (Male) - 1993 in Barri, Pujehun - Killed.

Massaquoi, Allieu (Male) age 70 - 1996 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced.

Killed.

Massaquoi, Alpha (Male) - 1991 in Wunde, Bo District - Displaced.

Tortured.

Massaquoi, Amara (Male) - Displaced.

Massaquoi, Amara (Male) age 68 - 1993 in Gallinasperi, Pujehun - Extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Massaquoi, Ambulai (Male) - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Killed.
Massaquoi, Aminata (Female) age 31 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Massaquoi, Amoelu (Male) - 1992 in Makpele, Pujehun - Property looted and destroyed.

Abducted.

Killed.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 434 Massaquoi, B.S.

(Male) - 1997 in Nongowa, Kenema - Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Killed.

Massaquoi, Baimba (Male) age 38 - 1991 in Dia, Kailahun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Assaulted and stripped.


Massaquoi, Baindu (Female) age 30 - 1998 in Makpele, Pujehun - Property looted and destroyed.

Massaquoi, Betty (Female) - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Killed.

Massaquoi, Bobson (Male) age 32 - 1996 - Extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Massaquoi, Bockarie (Male) age 50 - 1994 in Koya, Kenema - Property destroyed.

Massaquoi, Bockarie (Male) age 73 - 1991 in Dama, Kenema - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Assaulted.
Assaulted.

Massaquoi, Braima (Male) - 1997 in Kenema - Assaulted.

Massaquoi, Brima (Male) - 1991 in Gallinasperi, Pujehun - Assaulted.

Killed.

Massaquoi, Brima (Male) age 13 - 1991 in Gorama Mende, Kenema - Extorted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Massaquoi, Brima (Male) age 68 - 1991 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Property destroyed.

Killed.

Massaquoi, Christiana (Female) age 18 - Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Massaquoi, Desmond (Male) age 11 - 1994 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Displaced.
Massaquoi, Dibor (Male) - 1994 in Lugbu, Bo District - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Killed.

Massaquoi, Dominic (Male) age 31 - 1991 in Gallinasperi, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Detained.

Assaulted.

Massaquoi, Edward (Male) age 34 - 1994 in Nimiyama, Kono - Displaced and extorted.

Forced to labour.

Massaquoi, Farmah (Male) - 1991 in Gallinasperi, Pujehun - Killed.
Massaquoi, Foday (Male) age 51 - 1991 in Gallinasperi, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Massaquoi, Foday (Male) age 53 - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Abducted.

Massaquoi, Foday (Male) age 65 - 1993 in Sowa, Pujehun - Property looted and destroyed.

Killed.

Massaquoi, Foday Fofie (Male) - 1991 in Makpele, Pujehun - Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Massaquoi, Fodei (Male) age 66 - Property looted.


Massaquoi, Francis (Male) age 25 - 1991 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Displaced.

Massaquoi, Gassimu (Male) - 1995 in Dodo, Kenema - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Massaquoi, Gbessay (Male) age 55 - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Massaquoi, Hawa (Female) - 1991 in Makpele, Pujehun - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Massaquoi, Hawa (Female) age 16 - Displaced.

Assaulted.
Assaulted.

Massaquoi, Hawa (Female) age 28 - 1998 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Extorted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Massaquoi, Hawa (Female) age 47 - 1995 in Kando Leppeama, Kenema - Displaced.

Massaquoi, Ibrahim (Male) - 1993 in Barri, Pujehun - Killed.

Massaquoi, Idrissa (Male) - 1993 - Killed.

Massaquoi, Iye (Female) - 1999 in Western Area - Extorted.

Massaquoi, Iye (Female) age 38 - 1991 in Dama, Kenema - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.
Massaquoi, Jariah (Male) - 1991 in Pujehun - Assaulted.

Massaquoi, Jayah (Male) - 1997 in Nongowa, Kenema - Displaced and extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Killed.

Massaquoi, Jebbeh (Female) - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Tortured.

Killed.

Massaquoi, Jebeh (Female) - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Killed.

Massaquoi, Jeneba (Female) - 1993 in Sielenga, Bo District - Displaced.

Killed.

Massaquoi, Jenneh (Female) age 50 - 1991 in Kpaka, Pujehun - Property looted.
Massaquoi, Jima (Male) - 1991 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Killed.

Massaquoi, John (Male) age 38 - 1991 in Badjia, Bo District - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Massaquoi, Joseph (Male) - 1995 - Displaced.

Massaquoi, Joseph P.S.

(Male) age 57 - 1997 in Soro Gbema, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted.

Forced to labour.

Massaquoi, Junisa (Male) age 35 - Displaced.

Massaquoi, Kabba (Male) - 1991 - Displaced.

Killed.
Killed.

Massaquoi, Kadiatu (Female) - 1994 in Kakua, Bo District - Displaced, extorted and property looted.

Assaulted.

Massaquoi, Kadiatu (Female) age 24 - 1997 in Nongowa, Kenema - Displaced.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 435 Massaquoi, Kadie (Female) age 50 - 1991 in Soro Gbema, Pujehun - Property looted and destroyed.

Assaulted.

Massaquoi, Kannie (Male) - 1995 - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Massaquoi, Katumu (Female) - 1996 in Nongowa, Kenema - Killed.
Massaquoi, Kpana (Male) - 1991 in Gallinasperi, Pujehun - Detained.

Killed.

Massaquoi, Kpana (Male) - 1997 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Killed.

Massaquoi, Kpana (Male) - Killed.

Massaquoi, Kula (Female) age 34 - 1991 in Jawie, Kailahun - Displaced.

Massaquoi, Lansana (Male) age 11 - 1992 in Bagbe, Bo District - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Massaquoi, Mambu Ngeyawaa-Tamoi (Male) age 55 - 1991 in Makpele, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.
Massaquoi, Mariama (Female) - 1995 - Displaced.

Massaquoi, Marie (Female) age 50 - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Massaquoi, Maseray (Female) age 40 - 1991 in Small Bo, Kenema - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Massaquoi, Massah (Female) - 1991 in Peje, Pujehun - Abducted and detained.

Massaquoi, Mathew (Male) - 1993 - Property destroyed.

Massaquoi, Mattia (Female) - 1995 - Abducted.

Assaulted.

Massaquoi, Mohamed (Male) - 1995 in Bo District - Displaced.

Assaulted.
Assaulted.

Massaquoi, Momoh (Male) - 1993 in Gallinasperi, Pujehun - Abducted and detained.

Massaquoi, Momoh (Male) - Killed.

Massaquoi, Momoh (Male) - 1991 in Jalahun, Kailahun - Killed.

Massaquoi, Momoh (Male) - 1991 in Dia, Kailahun - Property destroyed.

Massaquoi, Momoh (Male) age 30 - 1994 in Jawie, Kailahun - Detained.

Killed.

Massaquoi, Momoh (Male) age 50 - Property looted and destroyed.

Massaquoi, Morray (Male) age 39 - 1993 in Bagbo, Bo District - Displaced and extorted.

Forced to labour.
Forced to labour.

Massaquoi, Moses (Male) age 31 - 1991 - Extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Massaquoi, Mustapha (Male) - 1997 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Massaquoi, Mustapha (Male) - 1995 in Banta Gbanggbatoke, Moyamba - Displaced and property looted.

Massaquoi, Mustapha (Male) - 1993 - Killed.

Massaquoi, Mustapha (Male) age 33 - 1991 in Gallinasperi, Pujehun - Displaced.

Forced to labour.
Forced to labour.

Massaquoi, Musu (Female) - Abducted and detained.

Massaquoi, Nyapo (Female) age 29 - 1991 in Gallinasperi, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Assaulted and tortured.

Massaquoi, Peter (Male) age 29 - 1991 in Gallinasperi, Pujehun - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Massaquoi, Ramatu (Female) - 1995 - Abducted.

Assaulted.

Massaquoi, Saffa (Male) age 49 - 1992 in Nomo, Kenema - Killed.

Massaquoi, Saidu (Male) age 11 - 1995 - Displaced.

Forced to labour.
Forced to labour.

Massaquoi, Samu (Male) - 1991 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Killed.

Massaquoi, Sandy (Male) - 1993 - Property destroyed.

Massaquoi, Satta (Female) age 27 - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Massaquoi, Senesie (Male) - 1991 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Forced to labour.

Killed.

Massaquoi, Shengbe (Male) age 30 - 1991 in Sowa, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.


Massaquoi, Shiaka (Male) age 27 - 1991 in Gallinasperi, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Massaquoi, Shiaka (Male) age 50 - 1991 in Dia, Kailahun - Property looted and destroyed.

Killed.

Massaquoi, Sullay (Male) - 1991 in Soro Gbema, Pujehun - Killed.

Massaquoi, Tenneh (Female) - 1992 in Makpele, Pujehun - Property looted and destroyed.

Abducted.

Killed.
Abducted.

Killed.

Massaquoi, Tenneh (Female) age 60 - 1991 in Soro Gbema, Pujehun - Property looted and destroyed.

Massaquoi, Tom (Male) - 1995 in Pujehun - Displaced.

Massaquoi, Tonia (Female) age 21 - 1991 in Gallinasperi, Pujehun - Property looted.

Massaquoi, Vandi (Male) - 1998 in Lugbu, Bo District - Displaced.

Killed.

Massaquoi, Vandi (Male) age 50 - 1991 in Pujehun - Displaced and extorted.

Forced to labour.
Forced to labour.

Massaquoi, Vandy (Male) age 60 - 1991 in Makpele, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Assaulted and tortured.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 436 Massaquoi, Wuya (Female) - 1991 in Gallinasperi, Pujehun - Property looted and destroyed.

Massaquoi, Wuya (Female) - 1994 - Property destroyed.

Killed.

Massaquoi, Wuyata (Female) age 33 - 1991 in Soro Gbema, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Tortured.
Tortured.

Mator, Allieu (Male) - 1996 - Extorted and property destroyed.

Matthew, Ensa (Male) age 17 - 1991 in Simbaru, Kenema - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Mattia, Abu (Male) - 1991 - Displaced and property destroyed.

Mattia, Alhaji (Male) - 1991 in Lugbu, Bo District - Extorted.

Mattia, Allieu (Male) - Property looted.

Mattia, Daniel (Male) age 43 - 1995 in Kaiyamba, Moyamba - Displaced, extorted and property looted.

Tortured.
Tortured.

Mattia, Fatu (Female) age 35 - 1991 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Mattia, Haja Isata (Female) age 63 - 1991 in Badjia, Bo District - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Mattia, Joe (Male) - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Mattia, Joseph (Male) age 50 - 1995 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Displaced.

Assaulted, tortured and stripped.


Mattia, Kainessie (Male) age 30 - 1994 in Baoma, Bo District - Displaced and property looted.

Mattia, Kamor (Male) - Assaulted.

Mattia, Kini (Male) - 1997 in Bagruwa, Moyamba - Extorted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Mattia, Lahai (Male) age 25 - 1991 - Displaced, extorted and property looted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted, tortured and stripped.

Mattia, Mariama (Female) - 1997 - Displaced.

Forced to labour.
Forced to labour.

Mattia, Matter (Female) age 61 - 1998 in Sandor, Kono - Killed.

Mattia, Memuna (Female) age 52 - 1995 in Bagbo, Bo District - Property destroyed.

Tortured.

Mattia, Moinina (Male) - 1991 in Badjia, Bo District - Property looted.

Mattia, Munda (Male) - 1995 in Jiama-Bongor, Bo District - Displaced.

Assaulted and limb amputated.

Mattia, Mustapha (Male) age 35 - 1991 in Badjia, Bo District - Abducted and detained.
Mattia, Nancy (Female) age 65 - 1994 in Simbaru, Kenema - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted.

Mattia, Peter (Male) - 1995 in Bagbo, Bo District - Killed.

Mattia, Richard (Male) - 1996 in Bumpeh, Moyamba - Tortured.

Mattia, Saidu (Male) - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Killed.

Mattia, Sheku (Male) age 38 - Displaced.

Mattia, Sia (Female) - 1999 in Sandor, Kono - Killed.

Mattia, Sia (Female) age 21 - 1996 in Nimikoro, Kono - Displaced.

Assaulted and tortured.


Mattia, Tommy (Male) age 62 - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Displaced and property destroyed.

Mattia, Yei (Female) age 21 - 1999 in Sandor, Kono - Forced to labour.

Assaulted and tortured.

Matturie, Kai (Male) - 1997 in Kono - Displaced and property destroyed.

Tortured.

Matturie, Kumba (Female) age 16 - 1997 in Kono - Displaced.

Matturie, Samuel (Male) age 14 - 1999 in Luawa, Kailahun - Displaced.

Forced to labour.
Forced to labour.

Matturie, Tamba (Male) age 28 - 1998 in Sandor, Kono - Displaced and property destroyed.

Assaulted.

Mava, Joseph (Male) age 26 - 1994 in Follosaba Dembelia, Koinadugu - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Tortured.

Mava, Mbalu (Female) age 3 - 1994 in Badjia, Bo District - Abducted.

Mawibu, Amie (Female) - 1995 in Kpanda Kemo, Bonthe - Killed.

Mawoh, Massah (Female) age 45 - 1993 in Kakua, Bo District - Property looted and destroyed.
Mayah, Brima (Male) - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Forced to labour.

Killed.

Maye, Sima (Female) - 1991 in Malema, Kailahun - Killed.

Mayer, Fatmata (Female) - Abducted.

Mayie, Simah (Female) - 1996 in Barri, Pujehun - Killed.

Mbagbumeh, Isata James (Female) age 32 - 1997 in Kaiyamba, Moyamba - Displaced.

Tortured.

Killed.

Mbaimba, Alimamy (Male) age 61 - 1999 in Koya, Port Loko - Detained.

Mbaka, Amara (Male) - 1991 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced.
Mbatoma, Musu (Female) - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Killed.

Mbawa, Baindu (Female) age 42 - 1993 in Small Bo, Kenema - Displaced.

Mbawa, Bockarie (Male) age 37 - 1994 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced and extorted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and stripped.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 437 Mbawa, James (Male) - 1992 in Penguia, Kailahun - Property destroyed.

Mbawa, Momoh (Male) - 1991 in Langorama, Kenema - Killed.

Mbawa, Wudia (Male) - 1995 in Bagbe, Bo District - Displaced and extorted.
Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Mbawah, Jonathan (Male) - 1995 in Yawbeko, Bonthe - Property looted.

Mbawah, Surh (Male) - 1991 in Western Area - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Mbaya, Joe (Male) - 1994 in Sielenga, Bo District - Property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Mbayo, Adu (Male) - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Mbayo, Aiah (Male) - 1991 in Luawa, Kailahun - Tortured.

Mbayo, Dauda (Male) - 1994 in Sielenga, Bo District - Property destroyed.
Mbayo, Fatu (Female) age 20 - 1994 in Sielenga, Bo District - Property destroyed.

Killed.

Mbayo, Foday (Male) - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Mbayo, Iye (Female) - 1996 in Nimikoro, Kono - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Mbayo, Musu (Female) - 1995 in Sogbini, Bonthe - Killed.

Mbayo, Nancy (Female) - 1995 in Sogbini, Bonthe - Killed.

Mbayo, Thomas (Male) - 1991 in Lugbu, Bo District - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.


Mbogba, Jayah (Male) age 52 - Displaced.

Mbogba, Tommy (Male) - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Displaced, extorted and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Mboka, Lamin Bagie (Male) age 59 - 1995 in Imperi, Bonthe - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Mbolowah, Joe (Male) age 33 - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Mboma, Fabbah (Male) age 4 - 1994 in Tikonko, Bo District - Abducted and detained.

Killed.
Killed.

Mboma, Jebson (Male) - Killed.

Mboma, Joe (Male) - 1994 in Niawa Lenga, Bo District - Property destroyed.

Killed.

Mboma, Madio (Male) - 1996 in Bagbe, Bo District - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Mbosa, Mohamed (Male) age 15 - 1998 in Nongoba Bullom, Bonthe - Abducted and detained.

Tortured and stripped.

Killed.

Mbowa, Sharkah (Male) - 1996 in Nongoba Bullom, Bonthe - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Mccalister, Fr.

Felix (Male) - 1992 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Killed.
Meama, Amara (Male) - 1995 in Koya, Kenema - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Meama, Joe (Male) age 68 - 1995 in Koya, Kenema - Displaced and property destroyed.

Mei, Komba (Male) age 14 - 1998 in Samu, Kambia - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Mei, Mohamed (Male) age 18 - 1997 in Kowa, Moyamba - Displaced.

Meikeh, Lahai (Male) - 1997 - Detained.

Assaulted.

Meima, Ramatu (Female) age 30 - 1998 in Benducha, Bonthe - Assaulted and tortured.
Meimoh, Sharka (Male) - 1995 in Imperi, Bonthe - Property destroyed.

Mendemahun, Brima (Male) - 1996 in Jawie, Kailahun - Killed.

Mendemahun, Sam (Male) age 77 - 1997 in Wandor, Kenema - Assaulted.

Killed.

Mendewa, James (Male) - 1994 in Komboya, Bo District - Killed.

Mendi, Abdul Mohamed (Male) age 23 - 1999 in Western Area - Extorted.

Mendi, Mohamed Manso (Male) age 55 - 1999 in Western Area - Property destroyed.

Menikeya, Aiah (Male) - 1998 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced and property looted.
Forced to labour.

Killed.

Menima, Fatmata (Female) - 1994 in Nongowa, Kenema - Killed.

Menjor, Komba (Male) age 40 - 1992 in Gorama Kono, Kono - Displaced.

Killed.

Menssah, Finda (Female) age 35 - 1999 in Fiama, Kono - Displaced.

Menssah, Kai (Male) age 33 - 1999 - Displaced.

Menssah, Kumba (Female) - Abducted.

Assaulted and tortured.

Menssah, Sahr (Male) age 54 - 1999 - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Menssah, Tamba (Male) age 6 - 1992 - Displaced.

Metzeger, M.K.
Metzeger, M.K.

(Male) - 1991 in Nongowa, Kenema - Killed.

Mewa, Samai (Male) - Displaced and property destroyed.

Killed.

Mewah, Moiwai (Male) age 61 - 1992 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Mewah, Vandy (Male) age 51 - 1991 in Langorama, Kenema - Killed.

Miatta, Vandi (Male) age 48 - Displaced.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 438 Miccar, Felix (Male) age 75 - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.
Michael, Amos (Male) age 31 - 1995 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Michael, Baindu (Female) age 20 - 1991 in Kwamebai Krim, Bonthe - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Killed.

Michael, Charles (Male) - 1997 - Extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Michiwa, Abu (Male) age 15 - 1997 in Kono - Displaced and extorted.

Miimore, Baindu (Female) - 1991 in Malen, Pujehun - Killed.
Millo-Yemie, Joseph (Male) age 42 - 1995 in Jiama-Bongor, Bo District - Property destroyed.

Detained.

Minah, Joe (Male) - 1997 in Yawbeko, Bonthe - Extorted.

Assaulted.

Minah, Lahai (Male) age 38 - 1991 in Peje West, Kailahun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Mnaga, Edmond (Male) - 1994 in Luawa, Kailahun - Killed.

Modu, Adikalie (Male) - 1998 in Port Loko - Killed.

Modu-King, Nathaniel (Male) age 54 - 1998 in Western Area - Displaced and property destroyed.
Mohalamu, Kpaka V. (Male) - Property looted and destroyed.

Mohamed, Alie (Male) age 19 - 1993 in Kaiyamba, Moyamba - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Mohamed, Ibrahim (Male) - Forced to labour.

Assaulted and tortured.

Mohamed, Isatu (Female) age 13 - 1993 in Western Area - Displaced.

Killed.

Mohamed, Kadie (Female) age 19 - 1997 in Kowa, Moyamba - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Mohamed, Mariama (Female) age 42 - 1992 in Luawa, Kailahun - Forced to labour.

Tortured.
Tortured.

Mohamed, Marjo (Female) - Displaced.

Mohamed, Sajiyatu (Female) - 1993 in Gorama Kono, Kono - Detained.

Mohamed, Tamba (Male) age 27 - 1993 in Gorama Kono, Kono - Abducted.

Tortured.

Killed.

Moi Foray, Raymond (Male) - 1997 - Abducted.

Assaulted.

Killed.

Moi Kallon, Saffa (Male) - Displaced.

Moiforay, James (Male) - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Property looted and destroyed.

Moiforay, Mariama (Female) age 18 - 1994 in Badjia, Bo District - Displaced and extorted.
Moiforay, Massah (Female) - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Moiforay, Sambo (Female) - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Moiforay, Sofy (Female) - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Tortured.

Moigba, Kadie (Female) age 51 - 1991 in Malegohun, Kenema - Displaced.

Moigboi, Ansumana (Male) age 26 - 1991 in Malegohun, Kenema - Displaced.

Tortured and stripped.

Moigboi, Momoh (Male) age 39 - 1992 in Nongowa, Kenema - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.


Moigboi, Saffa (Male) age 35 - Killed.

Moigua, Braima (Male) age 44 - 1994 in Luawa, Kailahun - Displaced.

Moigua, Dauda (Male) - 1991 in Langorama, Kenema - Abducted.

Moigua, Hawa (Female) age 42 - 1997 in Paki Masabong, Bombali - Displaced.

Detained.

Moigua, Kpukuwa (Male) - 1992 in Jalahun, Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Moigua, Massah (Female) - 1991 in Langorama, Kenema - Displaced.
Moigua, Saffea (Male) age 39 - 1998 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Moiguah, Amara (Male) - 1994 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Killed.

Moiguah, Andrew (Male) - 1995 in Gallinasperi, Pujehun - Killed.

Moiguah, Aruna (Male) age 70 - 1996 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced.

Killed.

Moiguah, Foday (Male) age 53 - 1998 in Dodo, Kenema - Displaced.

Killed.

Moiguah, Mohamed (Male) age 18 - 1998 in Dodo, Kenema - Displaced.
Moiguah, Sengbeh (Male) age 27 - 1992 in Langorama, Kenema - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Moijneh, Keni-Briama (Male) - 1991 - Displaced.

Killed.

Moijueh, Bobor (Male) age 13 - 1991 in Luawa, Kailahun - Displaced.

Abducted.

Moijueh, Maada (Male) age 63 - 1991 in Jawie, Kailahun - Displaced and property looted.

Forced to labour.

Moijueh, Sarah (Female) age 42 - 1998 in Mambolo, Kambia - Displaced.

Moilona, Bockarie (Male) - Abducted.


Moinah, Benya (Male) age 30 - 1995 in Small Bo, Kenema - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Moinah, Betty (Female) age 37 - 1994 - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Tortured.

Moinenah, Messie (Female) - 1991 in Fakunya, Moyamba - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 439 tortured.

Moinina, Lahai (Male) - 1991 - Extorted and property destroyed.

Moinina, Sannoh (Female) - 1997 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Assaulted.
Moinina, Sao (Male) age 22 - 1997 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Moinjeh, Sahr (Male) - 1998 in Sandor, Kono - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Moino, Brima (Male) - 1991 in Luawa, Kailahun - Assaulted.

Moiqula, Hannah (Female) age 44 - 1995 - Abducted and detained.

Limb amputated.

Moiwa, Amara (Male) age 13 - 1992 in Peje West, Kailahun - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Moiwa, Bockarie (Male) age 29 - 1994 in Mandu, Kailahun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.
Moiwa, Brima (Male) - 1991 in Bo District - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Moiwa, Joseph (Male) - Displaced, extorted and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Moiwa, Margaret (Female) age 17 - 1998 in Sandor, Kono - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Moiwa, Mariama (Female) age 26 - 1997 in Bonthe UDC, Bonthe - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Moiwa, Saffa (Male) age 17 - 1993 - Killed.


Moiwa, Sia (Female) age 29 - 1992 in Jawie, Kailahun - Displaced and property looted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Moiwa, Tamba Augustine (Male) - 1998 in Sandor, Kono - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Moiwo, Aruna (Male) age 11 - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Forced to labour.

Moiwo, Bockarie (Male) age 44 - 1991 in Malema, Kailahun - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Abducted.

Assaulted and tortured.


Moiwo, Brima (Male) - 1991 in Malema, Kailahun - Assaulted.

Killed.

Moiwo, Enssa (Male) age 45 - 1991 - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Moiwo, Lukay - Killed.

Moiwo, Moinima (Male) age 59 - 1997 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Moiwo, Momoh (Male) - 1994 in Kakua, Bo District - Killed.

Moiwuna, Saffa (Male) - 1994 in Sowa, Pujehun - Abducted and detained.

Killed.
Killed.

Molia, Mamawa (Female) - 1995 in Badjia, Bo District - Killed.

Momobie, Sahr (Male) age 41 - 1998 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced.

Momodu, Julius (Male) - Killed.

Momodu, Marah (Male) age 67 - 2000 in Wara-Wara Bafodia, Koinadugu - Displaced.

Killed.

Momodu, Mohamed (Male) age 9 - 1993 in Western Area - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Momodu, Sheku (Male) - 1991 in Lugbu, Bo District - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Momodu, Wuyata (Female) - Abducted and detained.


Momoh, Abdulai (Male) age 60 - 1991 in Jawie, Kailahun - Killed.

Momoh, Adima (Female) age 63 - 1996 in Kaiyamba, Moyamba - Abducted.

Assaulted and tortured.

Momoh, Alhaji (Male) age 17 - 1998 in Mandu, Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Momoh, Alhaji Saidu (Male) age 67 - 1996 in Upper Bambara , Kailahun - Displaced and extorted.

Abducted.

Assaulted.

Momoh, Aliah (Female) age 29 - 1995 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced.

Assaulted and tortured.


Momoh, Alpha (Male) - 1997 in Bumpeh, Moyamba - Displaced and property destroyed.

Momoh, Amara (Male) - 1991 in Peje Bongre, Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Momoh, Aminata (Female) age 20 - 1997 in Jalahun, Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Momoh, Andrew (Male) - Killed.

Momoh, Aruna (Male) age 34 - 1992 in Luawa, Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted, tortured and stripped.

Killed.


Momoh, Baby (Female) - 1991 in Sowa, Pujehun - Abducted and detained.

Momoh, Baindu (Female) - 1995 in Jawie, Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Momoh, Bockarie (Male) age 31 - Displaced.

Killed.

Momoh, Bockarie (Male) age 44 - 1991 - Tortured.

Momoh, Boima (Male) age 27 - 1992 in Penguia, Kailahun - Displaced and extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Momoh, Brima (Male) age 50 - 1992 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced.
Momoh, Brima (Male) age 53 - 1993 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced.

Momoh, Cyril (Male) - 1994 in Kakua, Bo District - Killed.

Momoh, Fatmata (Female) - Displaced and extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Momoh, Fiassah (Male) - 1991 in Small Bo, Kenema - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 440 Momoh, Fissah (Male) age 41 - 1991 in Small Bo, Kenema - Displaced and property looted.

Tortured.

Momoh, Foday (Male) - 1998 in Sambaia Bendugu, Tonkolili - Limb amputated.
Momoh, Foday (Male) - 1998 in Jawie, Kailahun - Killed.

Momoh, Foday (Male) age 58 - 1992 in Sowa, Pujehun - Extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Momoh, Fomba (Male) - Property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Momoh, Francis (Male) - 1995 - Killed.

Momoh, Fuddi (Male) - 1995 in Banta Mokele, Moyamba - Killed.

Momoh, Gbessay age 56 - 1996 - Tortured.

Killed.

Momoh, George (Male) - 1997 in Timdel, Moyamba - Abducted and detained.

Momoh, Guwulah (Male) - Killed.


Momoh, Hawa (Female) - 1996 in Tikonko, Bo District - Killed.

Momoh, Hawa (Female) age 23 - 1991 in Jawie, Kailahun - Displaced and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Tortured.

Momoh, Hawa (Female) age 53 - 1991 in Fiama, Kono - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Momoh, Hawa (Female) age 59 - 1997 - Displaced.

Momoh, Iye (Female) age 6 - 1994 in Simbaru, Kenema - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Momoh, Jabio (Male) - 1995 - Killed.


Momoh, James Saidu (Male) - 1995 in Kagboro, Moyamba - Limb amputated.

Killed.

Momoh, Jattu (Female) - 1995 in Barri, Pujehun - Displaced.

Momoh, Jebbeh (Female) - 1992 in Barri, Pujehun - Killed.

Momoh, Jebbeh (Female) age 34 - 1995 in Kaiyamba, Moyamba - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Momoh, Jeneba (Female) - 1991 in Luawa, Kailahun - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Momoh, Jeneba (Female) age 13 - 1997 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Displaced.
Momoh, Jenneh (Female) age 30 - 1991 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced.

Momoh, Jita (Female) age 36 - 1995 in Banta Gbanggbatoke, Moyamba - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Momoh, Joe (Male) - 1995 - Killed.

Momoh, John (Male) - Killed.

Momoh, Jojo (Male) age 63 - 1991 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Momoh, Joseph (Male) age 42 - 1991 in Nongowa, Kenema - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.
Forced to labour.

Tortured and stripped.

Momoh, Joseph (Male) age 45 - 1995 in Barri, Pujehun - Displaced.

Killed.

Momoh, Joseph Saidu (Male) age 30 - 1995 in Kagboro, Moyamba - Assaulted and limb amputated.

Killed.

Momoh, Juana (Male) - 1992 in Dia, Kailahun - Assaulted.

Momoh, Juana (Male) age 29 - 1997 in Nongowa, Kenema - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Momoh, Julius (Male) - 1991 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Forced to labour.

Assaulted.
Assaulted.

Momoh, Kadie (Female) - 1996 in Peje West, Kailahun - Property destroyed.

Killed.

Momoh, Kai (Male) - 1993 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced.

Killed.

Momoh, Katimu (Female) age 47 - 1991 in Malema, Kailahun - Displaced.

Momoh, Lahai (Male) age 41 - 1991 in Malema, Kailahun - Property looted and destroyed.

Tortured.

Momoh, Mattis Maliebah (Male) age 36 - 1994 in Upper Bambara , Kailahun - Extorted.

Detained.

Assaulted.

Momoh, Mbaimba (Female) - 1991 - Abducted and detained.

Killed.
Killed.

Momoh, Moiguhan (Male) - 1998 in Sowa, Pujehun - Killed.

Momoh, Morie (Male) - Property destroyed.

Tortured.

Momoh, Morie (Male) - 1996 in Jawie, Kailahun - Killed.

Momoh, Morie (Male) age 31 - 1992 in Kakua, Bo District - Assaulted and tortured.

Momoh, Muana (Male) - 1995 in Kori, Moyamba - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Momoh, Musa (Male) - 1995 in Mandu, Kailahun - Forced to labour.

Killed.

Momoh, Musa (Male) age 48 - 1997 in Dodo, Kenema - Abducted.
Assaulted.

Momoh, Nyande (Female) - 1997 in Timdel, Moyamba - Abducted and detained.

Momoh, Saidu (Male) - 1997 in Jiama-Bongor, Bo District - Displaced.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 441 Momoh, Satta (Female) - 1997 in Jalahun, Kailahun - Detained.

Killed.

Momoh, Satu (Female) - 1995 - Killed.

Momoh, Sheku (Male) age 30 - 1994 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced.

Momoh, Sheriff (Male) age 30 - 1998 in Koya, Kenema - Tortured.

Killed.
Killed.

Momoh, Syril (Male) - 1997 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and stripped.

Momoh, Tamba (Male) age 19 - 1991 in Luawa, Kailahun - Property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Momoh, Tamba (Male) age 31 - 1998 in Gbane, Kono - Abducted.

Tortured.

Momoh, Tamba (Male) age 34 - 1999 in Nimikoro, Kono - Displaced and property looted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and tortured.

Momoh, Tenneh (Female) - 1995 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Abducted and detained.
Momoh, Yankuba (Male) age 48 - 1991 - Killed.

Momoria, Tamba (Male) age 54 - 1994 in Lei, Kono - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Momorie, Sesay (Male) age 30 - 1998 in Sengbe, Koinadugu - Abducted.

Killed.

Mondeh, Aiah (Male) age 71 - 1998 in Kamara, Kono - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Limb amputated.

Killed.

Mondeh, Komba (Male) - 1998 in Gbense, Kono - Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Killed.

Mondeh, Komba (Male) - Property looted.

Abducted and detained.


Mondeh, Komba (Male) age 56 - Abducted.

Assaulted and tortured.

Killed.

Mondeh, Sahr (Male) age 29 - 1998 in Sandor, Kono - Extorted and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and tortured.

Mondeh, Sahr (Male) age 57 - 1994 in Niawa, Kenema - Displaced.

Abducted.

Assaulted, tortured and stripped.

Mondo, Sharka (Male) - 1995 in Kwamebai Krim, Bonthe - Killed.

Monica, Kadiatu (Female) age 33 - 1998 - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.
Monjaduwa, Amara (Male) - 1995 in Jiama-Bongor, Bo District - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Monrovia, Emmanuel (Male) age 41 - 1995 in Kowa, Moyamba - Displaced and property destroyed.

Monrovia, Nat (Male) - 1996 in Kaiyamba, Moyamba - Killed.

Monrovia, Samuel (Male) - Abducted and detained.

Limb amputated.

Moore, Alfred (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Moore, Elenor (Female) - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Moore, Fatu (Female) - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.
Moore, James (Male) age 45 - 1999 in Western Area - Killed.

Moore, Mojama (Female) - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Moore, Sunny (Male) - 1998 in Bombali Shebora, Bombali - Displaced and property looted.

Moore, Thomas (Male) age 56 - 1995 in Kongbora, Moyamba - Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Moray, Konna (Female) - 1996 in Baoma, Bo District - Displaced.

Assaulted and limb amputated.

Moray, Sam A.

(Male) age 55 - 1993 in Gorama Kono, Kono - Abducted and detained.

Tortured and stripped.


Morgne, Aiah (Male) - 1992 - Killed.

Moriba, Andrew (Male) - 1997 - Displaced and property looted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Moriba, Bockarie (Male) - 1995 in Badjia, Bo District - Displaced and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Moriba, Brima (Male) - Abducted.

Killed.

Moriba, Henry (Male) age 41 - 1998 in Kakua, Bo District - Property looted and destroyed.

Assaulted.

Moriba, Janet (Female) age 33 - 1998 in Fakunya, Moyamba - Displaced.
Moriba, Jatu Giba (Female) - 1996 in Bo District - Displaced.

Killed.

Moriba, Jilo (Female) - Abducted and detained.

Moriba, Joseph (Male) - 1995 in Bagbe, Bo District - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Killed.

Moriba, Joseph (Male) age 70 - 1998 in Fakunya, Moyamba - Property destroyed.

Killed.

Moriba, Kadiatu (Female) - Displaced.

Killed.

Moriba, Kamadu (Female) - 1994 in Badjia, Bo District - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted.
Abducted.

Moriba, Kannie (Male) - 1994 in Badjia, Bo District - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted.

Moriba, Kele (Female) - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Moriba, Kemoh (Male) - 1997 in Makari Gbanti, Bombali - Extorted.

Assaulted and tortured.

Moriba, Mariatu (Female) - Forced to labour.

Moriba, Marie (Female) - Killed.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 442 Moriba, Momoh (Male) - Displaced.

Moriba, Moody (Male) - 1995 in Gallinasperi, Pujehun - Abducted and detained.
Moriba, Peter (Male) age 33 - 1995 in Sielenga, Bo District - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Moriba, Samking (Male) - 1996 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Moriba, Samuel (Male) - Property looted.

Killed.

Moriba, Sidique (Male) - Extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Moriba, Solomon (Male) - 1994 in Imperi, Bonthe - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Moriba, Sulaiman (Male) age 55 - 1997 in Imperi, Bonthe - Assaulted and tortured.
Moriba, Swarray (Male) age 24 - 1991 in Kowa, Moyamba - Tortured.

Moriba, Tenneh (Female) - 1994 in Badjia, Bo District - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted.

Morie, Amara (Male) age 89 - 1992 in Jalahun, Kailahun - Displaced.

Abducted.

Tortured.

Morie, Batu (Female) age 24 - 1994 - Killed.

Morie, Kanneh (Male) age 35 - Killed.

Morie, Mohamed (Male) age 15 - 1994 in Kando Leppeama, Kenema - Killed.

Morie, Sahr (Male) age 24 - 1992 in Jawie, Kailahun - Displaced and property looted.
Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Morison, Brima (Male) - 1992 in Luawa, Kailahun - Assaulted.

Morison, Ginneh (Female) - 1993 in Luawa, Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Morison, Jenneh (Female) age 21 - 1997 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Morison, Jinnah (Female) age 30 - 1992 in Kissi Tongi, Kailahun - Extorted and property looted.

Detained.

Tortured.

Morison, Jusu (Male) - 1997 in Kenema - Abducted and detained.
Morkoi, Momoh (Male) age 22 - 1993 in Kissi Teng, Kailahun - Tortured.

Morlai, Mamawa (Female) - 1995 in Baoma, Bo District - Killed.

Morlai, Sarah (Female) - Forced to labour.

Morovia, James (Male) - Killed.

Morovia, Mohamed (Male) - Killed.

Morovia, Nancy (Female) - Abducted and detained.

Morovia, Nat (Male) - Killed.

Morsay, Christiana (Female) age 23 - 1992 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced.

Morsay, Doris (Female) age 4 - 1992 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.


Morsay, Finda (Female) age 13 - 1998 in Kamara, Kono - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Morsay, Komba (Male) - 1998 in Kenema - Killed.

Morsay, Sahr (Male) age 9 - 1998 in Kono - Displaced.

Morsay, Sahr (Male) age 46 - 1992 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Morsay, Tamba (Male) - Killed.

Morsay, Tamba (Male) age 43 - 1999 in Sandor, Kono - Displaced.
Mosema, Kafoo (Male) - 1997 in Kongbora, Moyamba - Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Moseray, Abu (Male) - 1996 in Tikonko, Bo District - Killed.

Moseray, Amu (Female) - 1995 in Yawbeko, Bonthe - Abducted.

Moseray, Bondu (Female) age 42 - 1992 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced.

Moseray, Christiana (Female) age 21 - 1995 in Dasse, Moyamba - Displaced and property destroyed.

Moseray, Doris (Female) age 9 - 1992 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.


Moseray, Fea (Female) - 1998 in Gbense, Kono - Forced to labour.

Moseray, Foday (Male) - 1997 - Assaulted.

Moseray, Foday (Male) - 1995 in Nongoba Bullom, Bonthe - Displaced.

Abducted.

Killed.

Moseray, Hawa (Female) - 1995 in Yawbeko, Bonthe - Assaulted.

Killed.

Moseray, Jestina (Female) age 40 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced and property destroyed.

Moseray, Kigba (Female) - Abducted and detained.

Moseray, Kinie (Male) - 1995 - Property looted.


Moseray, Moses (Male) age 44 - 1996 in Valunia, Bo District - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and tortured.

Moseray, Sahr (Male) - 1998 in Fiama, Kono - Killed.

Moseray, Solomon (Male) age 22 - 1995 in Banta Mokele, Moyamba - Forced to labour.

Assaulted and tortured.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 443 Moseray, Thoronko (Male) - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.


Moseray, Tommy (Male) - 1995 in Kpanda Kemo, Bonthe - Property looted and destroyed.

Moses, Aminata (Female) - 1997 - Displaced.

Moses, James (Male) - 1994 in Baoma, Bo District - Killed.

Moses, Maude (Female) age 39 - 1991 in Kissi Teng, Kailahun - Displaced and property destroyed.

Mosima, Karfo (Male) - 1996 in Bumpeh, Moyamba - Assaulted.

Muahamu, Alhaji (Male) - 1995 in Komboya, Bo District - Killed.

Muawoma, Samu (Male) - 1991 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Killed.
Mudu, Alpha (Male) - 1991 in Jawie, Kailahun - Killed.

Mujtabah, Mohamed (Male) - 1998 in Western Area - Property destroyed.

Abducted.

Tortured.

Killed.

Mulai, Musu (Female) age 30 - 1996 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Mulbah, John B (Male) age 29 - 1994 - Displaced.

Muna, John (Male) age 47 - 1996 in Gbanti Kamaranka, Bombali - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Munda, Albert (Male) age 36 - 1994 - Killed.


Munda, Ibrahim (Male) - 1991 in Malen, Pujehun - Killed.

Munda, Lucy (Female) - 1991 in Malen, Pujehun - Abducted.

Killed.

Munda, Musa (Male) - 1991 in Soro Gbema, Pujehun - Property destroyed.

Tortured.

Munda, Musa (Male) age 35 - 1991 - Displaced and property destroyed.

Munda, Senesie (Male) age 33 - 1991 in Soro Gbema, Pujehun - Property looted and destroyed.

Munu, Adama (Female) - 1998 - Abducted and detained.

Limb amputated.
Limb amputated.

Munu, Amadu (Male) - 1997 in Sanda Tendaren, Bombali - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Munu, Brima (Male) age 25 - 1995 in Gbanti Kamaranka, Bombali - Property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Munu, Gbako (Male) - 1997 - Abducted.

Tortured.

Munu, Hassan (Male) age 33 - 1997 - Displaced and property destroyed.

Detained.

Assaulted.

Munu, Issa (Male) - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted.

Assaulted.

Munu, Morua (Male) age 27 - 1998 - Killed.


Munu, Ousman (Male) age 18 - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Munu, Santigie (Male) - 1997 in Sanda Tendaren, Bombali - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Munya, Shekuba (Male) age 21 - 1999 in Kamara, Kono - Assaulted.

Killed.

Munyah, Yei (Female) age 46 - 1999 in Kamara, Kono - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Murana, Idrissa (Male) age 48 - 1991 - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.


Murana, Kadie (Female) - 1995 in Luawa, Kailahun - Assaulted.

Murana, Kelfala (Male) - Killed.

Murana, Kinie (Male) - Killed.

Murana, Lahai (Male) age 39 - 1991 - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Detained.

Murana, Musa (Male) age 50 - 1991 in Makpele, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted.

Murana, Sulaiman (Male) - 1991 in Malema, Kailahun - Killed.

Murana, Tiangay Jusu (Female) - Killed.


Murana-Momoh, Sama Konso (Male) age 49 - 1997 in Makpele, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted.

Muray, Haja Mariama (Female) age 13 - 1993 in Small Bo, Kenema - Displaced.

Murray, Baindu (Female) - 1991 in Malema, Kailahun - Killed.

Murray, Brima Morie (Male) age 40 - 1998 in Nongowa, Kenema - Tortured.

Murray, Fatmata (Female) age 17 - 1996 in Tunkia, Kenema - Killed.

Murray, Joe (Male) age 57 - 1996 in Jong, Bonthe - Killed.
Murray, Lahai (Male) - 1997 in Bonthe UDC, Bonthe - Abducted and detained.

Murray, Lansana (Male) - 1993 in Small Bo, Kenema - Displaced.

Murray, Sheriff (Male) age 44 - 1995 in Yawbeko, Bonthe - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Musa, Abu (Male) - 1995 - Killed.

Musa, Adama (Female) - 1995 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Abducted and detained.

Musa, Ajiji (Male) - 1995 in Sogbini, Bonthe - Abducted.

Musa, Alfred (Male) - 1995 - Forced to labour.


Musa, Amara (Male) - 1991 in Koya, Kenema - Displaced.

Detained.

Tortured.

Musa, Amie (Female) age 7 - 1991 in Koya, Kenema - Displaced.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 444 Musa, Aminata (Female) age 12 - 1999 in Luawa, Kailahun - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Musa, Bainda (Male) - 1997 in Western Area - Extorted.

Killed.

Musa, Baindu (Female) - 1992 in Luawa, Kailahun - Killed.
Musa, Bethy (Female) age 25 - 1995 in Fakunya, Moyamba - Displaced.

Musa, Bockarie (Male) - 1994 in Baoma, Bo District - Displaced.

Musa, Borbor (Male) age 56 - 1992 in Malegohun, Kenema - Displaced.

Killed.

Musa, Daniel (Male) age 32 - 1996 in Kori, Moyamba - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Assaulted.

Musa, Esther (Female) age 46 - 1997 in Upper Bambara , Kailahun - Displaced and extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Musa, Fanta (Female) - 1999 in Gbense, Kono - Abducted and detained.
Assaulted.

Musa, Fatmata (Female) age 26 - 1991 in Koya, Kenema - Displaced.

Killed.

Musa, Fatu Jebe (Female) - 1992 - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Musa, Faya (Male) - Property looted and destroyed.

Killed.

Musa, Foday (Male) - 1994 - Abducted.

Musa, Fodie Morie (Male) - 1991 in Jawie, Kailahun - Property destroyed.

Musa, Francis (Male) - Killed.

Musa, Francis (Male) age 34 - 1991 in Jalahun, Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Tortured.
Tortured.

Musa, Francis (Male) age 63 - 1994 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Displaced and property looted.

Musa, Frank (Male) age 40 - 1998 in Wandor, Kenema - Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Musa, Frank (Male) age 63 - 1997 in Dodo, Kenema - Extorted.

Abducted.

Tortured.

Musa, Gagba (Male) - 1996 - Tortured.

Killed.

Musa, Gbessay (Female) age 73 - 1991 in Kissi Teng, Kailahun - Displaced, extorted and property looted.

Assaulted.

Musa, Gladys (Female) - 1997 in Dodo, Kenema - Killed.
Musa, Hawa (Female) - Abducted and detained.

Musa, Hawa (Female) age 12 - 1991 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Abducted and detained.

Musa, Jebbeh (Female) - 1995 in Banta Mokele, Moyamba - Extorted.

Abducted.

Tortured.

Killed.

Musa, Jeneba (Female) age 12 - 1995 in Nongoba Bullom, Bonthe - Displaced.

Musa, Joe (Male) - 1995 in Bonthe - Displaced.

Musa, Joe (Male) - Detained.

Musa, Joe (Male) - 1991 in Jong, Bonthe - Displaced, extorted and property looted.

Forced to labour.
Forced to labour.

Musa, Joe (Male) - 1998 - Abducted.

Musa, Joseph (Male) age 35 - 1991 in Jawie, Kailahun - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted, tortured and stripped.

Musa, Joseph (Male) age 56 - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Displaced and extorted.

Forced to labour.

Tortured.

Musa, Josiah (Male) - 1991 in Luawa, Kailahun - Killed.

Musa, Junisa (Male) - 1994 in Kando Leppeama, Kenema - Killed.

Musa, Junisa (Male) age 19 - 1991 in Peje Bongre, Kailahun - Killed.
Musa, Junisa (Male) age 35 - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Musa, Kadie (Female) - 1995 in Kpanda Kemo, Bonthe - Forced to labour.

Musa, Kai (Male) - 1998 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced and extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Musa, Kallay (Male) age 15 - 1995 - Forced to labour.

Musa, Lahai (Male) - 1992 in Luawa, Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Musa, Luba (Female) - Killed.

Musa, Mamamyon (Female) - 1995 in Koya, Kenema - Abducted.
Killed.

Musa, Mambu (Male) - 1992 in Jawie, Kailahun - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and stripped.

Killed.

Musa, Mary (Female) age 37 - 1999 in Western Area - Property looted and destroyed.

Musa, Massah (Female) - 1991 in Peje Bongre, Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Musa, Miata (Female) - 1991 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced.

Abducted.

Musa, Miata (Female) age 60 - 1998 in Jawie, Kailahun - Abducted and detained.
Musa, Mohamed (Male) - 1995 in Kpanda Kemo, Bonthe - Abducted and detained.

Musa, Moinina (Male) age 34 - 1991 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Tortured.

Musa, Moiwa (Male) - Assaulted.

Musa, Moiwa (Male) - Forced to labour.

Tortured.

Killed.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 445 Musa, Momoh (Male) - 1994 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced.

Killed.

Musa, Musu (Female) - Assaulted.

Killed.

Musa, Nabieu (Male) - 2000 in Gbinleh-Dixon, Kambia - Displaced.
Musa, Nasu (Female) age 18 - 1992 in Jalahun, Kailahun - Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Musa, Nemah (Female) - 1992 in Luawa, Kailahun - Killed.

Musa, Saatu (Female) age 76 - Displaced.

Musa, Saffa (Male) age 58 - 1992 in Malegohun, Kenema - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Musa, Sahr (Male) - 1994 in Kando Leppeama, Kenema - Displaced, extorted and property looted.

Musa, Sahr (Male) age 13 - 1999 in Sandor, Kono - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.


Musa, Sallay (Female) - 1997 in Badjia, Bo District - Killed.

Musa, Sam (Male) age 77 - 1993 in Baoma, Bo District - Displaced and property destroyed.

Musa, Sao (Male) - 1991 in Peje Bongre, Kailahun - Displaced.

Killed.

Musa, Satta (Female) - 1995 in Kpanda Kemo, Bonthe - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Musa, Satta (Female) age 12 - 1998 - Extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.


Musa, Satta (Female) age 42 - 1991 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Abducted and detained.

Musa, Senesie (Male) age 55 - 1998 in Kagboro, Moyamba - Displaced and property destroyed.

Assaulted and tortured.

Musa, T.J. (Male) age 47 - 1994 in Jiama-Bongor, Bo District - Displaced.

Musa, Tamba (Male) age 19 - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Musa, Tommy (Male) - Property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Musa, Vandy (Male) - 1998 in Luawa, Kailahun - Killed.
Musa, Yatta Solimalibea (Female) age 34 - 1992 in Jawie, Kailahun - Displaced and property looted.

Mustapha, Abai (Male) age 24 - 1994 in Kando Leppeama, Kenema - Killed.

Mustapha, Alhaji Shek (Male) - 1998 in Western Area - Killed.

Mustapha, Alieu (Male) - 1998 in Banta Gbanggbatoke, Moyamba - Extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Killed.

Mustapha, Alusine (Male) age 50 - 1994 in Tonko Limba, Kambia - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.


Mustapha, Fatmata (Female) - 1995 in Malema, Kailahun - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Mustapha, Hawa (Female) age 26 - 1999 in Kenema - Displaced.

Mustapha, John (Male) age 30 - 1994 in Barri, Pujehun - Property destroyed.

Mustapha, Kemoh (Male) age 27 - 1991 in Koya, Kenema - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Mustapha, Mahmoud (Male) age 45 - 1994 in Jiama-Bongor, Bo District - Displaced and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.


Mustapha, Marie (Female) age 19 - 1993 in Baoma, Bo District - Killed.

Mustapha, Mohamed (Male) - 1997 in Sella Limba, Bombali - Displaced.

Tortured.

Mustapha, Mohamed (Male) age 56 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced and property destroyed.

Mustapha, Solomon (Male) - 1995 in Bumpeh, Moyamba - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Tortured.

Mustapha, Zaccariah (Male) - 1997 in Sella Limba, Bombali - Displaced.

Limb amputated.
Limb amputated.

Musu, Joe (Male) - 1995 in Sogbini, Bonthe - Forced to labour.

Myokor, Aiah (Male) - 1992 in Soa, Kono - Killed.

Nabbie, Abu (Male) - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Nabbie, Jaia (Male) - 1991 in Malen, Pujehun - Killed.

Nabbie, Jaia (Male) age 42 - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted.

Killed.

Nabbie, Jaiah (Male) - Killed.

Nabbie, Kinie (Male) - 1995 in Valunia, Bo District - Killed.
Nabbie, Musa (Male) age 67 - Displaced and property destroyed.

Nabbie, Sahr (Male) age 63 - 1993 in Luawa, Kailahun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Nabieu, Aruna (Male) - 1997 in Imperi, Bonthe - Displaced and property looted.

Forced to labour.

Nabieu, Edward (Male) - 1998 in Koya, Kenema - Displaced.

Nabieu, Gbessay (Male) age 25 - 1991 in Penguia, Kailahun - Abducted.

Tortured.

Killed.

Nabieu, James (Male) - 1995 in Kongbora, Moyamba - Tortured.

Killed.
Killed.

Nabieu, Jinnah (Female) - 1991 in Penguia, Kailahun - Displaced.

Nabieu, Kadiatu (Female) age 8 - Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 446 Nabieu, Musa (Male) age 68 - Killed.

Nabieu, Musu (Female) age 12 - 1997 in Kenema - Displaced and extorted.

Abducted.

Nalli, Tommy (Male) - 1993 in Bagbo, Bo District - Killed.

Nallie, Anthony (Male) - 1995 in Kakua, Bo District - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Killed.


Nallo, Alieu (Male) - 1993 in Lugbu, Bo District - Killed.

Nallo, Amidu (Male) - 1991 in Lugbu, Bo District - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Nallo, Brima (Male) - 1994 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Assaulted.

Nallo, Janet (Female) age 25 - 1995 in Kissi Tongi, Kailahun - Displaced, extorted and property looted.

Forced to labour.

Nallo, Joe Jusu (Male) - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.


Nallo, Joseph (Male) - 1994 in Kamajei, Moyamba - Killed.

Nallo, Kadie (Female) - 1994 in Lugbu, Bo District - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Nallo, Mohamed (Male) - 1994 - Limb amputated and forced to participate in an act of cannibalism.

Nallo, Momoh (Male) - 1993 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Killed.

Nallo, Sandufu (Male) - 1992 in Bagbo, Bo District - Abducted and detained.

Nallo, Sundufu (Male) - 1993 in Bagbo, Bo District - Extorted.
Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Nallo, Yatta (Female) - 1995 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Nambi, Jaia (Male) - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Killed.

Nanah, Nga (Female) age 56 - 1999 in Samu, Kambia - Property looted.

Killed.

Nanoh, Sahr (Male) - 1992 in Nimikoro, Kono - Displaced.

Abducted.

Assaulted.

Nanoh, Sia (Female) age 19 - 1998 in Sandor, Kono - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Nanor, Vaii age 32 - 1999 in Fiama, Kono - Displaced and property destroyed.
Nasuwa, Kerry (Male) - Killed.

Navo, Joe (Male) age 55 - Extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Assaulted.

Navo, Musu (Female) age 24 - 1997 in Nongowa, Kenema - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Navo, Umaru (Male) - Abducted and detained.

Nboma, Lissa (Male) age 20 - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Killed.

Nboma, Silvalie (Male) age 69 - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

N'dama, Alie (Male) - 2000 in Briama, Kambia - Displaced.
Ndanema, Baindu (Female) age 25 - 1995 in Kowa, Moyamba - Property looted and destroyed.

Killed.

Ndanema, John (Male) age 45 - 1995 in Kowa, Moyamba - Property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Ndanema, Lassayo (Male) - Displaced and property looted.

Ndanema, Vandy (Male) - 1996 in Fakunya, Moyamba - Killed.

Ndangima, Mohamed (Male) age 48 - 1992 in Barri, Pujehun - Property looted.

Forced to labour.

Ndeyila, Mustapha (Male) age 7 - 1995 - Assaulted.


Ndimawa, Alieu (Male) - 1999 - Property destroyed.

Ndimawa, Alieu (Male) - 1996 in Nongoba Bullom, Bonthe - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Ndimawa, Vandi (Male) - 1996 in Kakua, Bo District - Extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Ndimawa, Vandy (Male) age 27 - 1991 in Nongoba Bullom, Bonthe - Displaced and extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Ndiyah, Saffie (Female) age 12 - 1995 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Tortured.
Ndoeka, Brima (Male) age 39 - 1991 in Koya, Kenema - Extorted.

Ndoinje, Larua (Male) - 1996 in Fakunya, Moyamba - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Ndoinyanie, Foday (Male) - 1994 in Badjia, Bo District - Displaced.

Ndoko, Jeneba (Female) age 11 - 1995 in Jiama-Bongor, Bo District - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Ndoko, Peter (Male) age 55 - 1995 in Banta Gbanggbatoke, Moyamba - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Ndokoi, Lohoi (Male) - Extorted and property looted.

Assaulted.
Assaulted.

Ndomahina, Bangalie (Male) - 1995 - Abducted and detained.

Ndomahina, Joe (Male) - 1995 - Abducted and detained.

Ndomahina, Kadie (Female) - 1995 - Abducted and detained.

Ndomahina, Margaret (Female) - 1995 in Kando Leppeama, Kenema - Killed.

Ndomahina, Smart (Male) age 72 - 1995 in Kando Leppeama, Kenema - Displaced and extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 447 Ndomboi, Iye (Female) age 7 - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Displaced.
Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Neekah, Mustapha (Male) age 95 - 1991 - Extorted.

Neima, Jenneh (Female) - 1991 in Luawa, Kailahun - Killed.

Neima, Yeabu (Female) - 1991 in Luawa, Kailahun - Killed.

Nello, Yema (Female) age 9 - 1992 in Bagbo, Bo District - Abducted and detained.

Nemaloma, David Gibao (Male) age 56 - 1998 - Extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Nemghun, Ansu (Male) - 1991 in Luawa, Kailahun - Killed.
Nessie Amadu, Nesie (Female) age 38 - 1993 in Koya, Kenema - Displaced and property destroyed.

Ngabai, Samuel (Male) age 69 - 1997 in Bumpeh, Moyamba - Extorted and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and stripped.

Ngabai, Slena (Female) - 1995 in Kpanda Kemo, Bonthe - Killed.

Ngagba, Aiah (Male) age 54 - 1991 in Gbane, Kono - Displaced.

Ngagba, Edith (Female) age 30 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced and property destroyed.
Ngagba, Jibao (Male) age 30 - 1991 in Langorama, Kenema - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Ngagba, Kamaoh Quee (Male) age 73 - 1996 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced.

Ngagba, Kobatie (Male) age 26 - 1997 in Gaura, Kenema - Extorted.

Forced to labour.

Ngagba, Kumba (Female) age 40 - 1992 in Barri, Pujehun - Displaced.

Ngagba, Micheal Quee (Male) age 58 - 1996 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Killed.

Ngagba, Moses (Male) age 12 - 1998 in Western Area - Displaced.

Forced to labour.
Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Ngagba, Musu (Female) - 1995 - Abducted and detained.

Ngagba, Sahr (Male) age 16 - 1999 in Gbense, Kono - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Ngagba, Sarrah (Female) - 1994 in Badjia, Bo District - Displaced.

Ngagba, Seminjeh - 1995 - Abducted and detained.

Ngagba, Solomon (Male) age 52 - Killed.

Ngagba, Tamba (Male) age 64 - 1992 in Gorama Kono, Kono - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Ngagba, Wusanie - 1995 - Abducted and detained.


Ngaima, Tamba (Male) age 38 - 1998 in Kamara, Kono - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Ngaina, Andrew (Male) age 15 - Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Ngaluee, Joe (Male) - 1995 - Abducted and detained.

Nganda, Tommy (Male) - 1997 in Bonthe - Killed.

Ngandi, Sina (Female) - Killed.

Ngaujah, Kai (Male) age 30 - 1998 in Fiama, Kono - Displaced and property looted.

Tortured.

Ngaujah, Musa (Male) age 34 - 1994 in Gbane, Kono - Displaced.

Killed.
Killed.

Ngaujan, Theresa (Female) age 14 - 1999 in Maforki, Port Loko - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Ngawe, Berry (Female) age 69 - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Displaced and property destroyed.

Ngawe, Jebeh (Female) - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Abducted and detained.

Ngawe, Luncinda (Female) age 13 - 1995 - Abducted.

Ngawe, Samuel (Male) - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Killed.

Ngawul, Isamuez (Male) - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Tortured.

Killed.
Killed.

Ngboya, Adama (Female) age 20 - 1994 in Wunde, Bo District - Displaced and property looted.

Ngebeh, Foday (Male) age 49 - 1998 in Peje Bongre, Kailahun - Displaced and property destroyed.

Ngebeh, Vandi Alieu (Male) age 81 - 1997 in Peje Bongre, Kailahun - Property destroyed.

Ngebu, Hatta (Male) - 1997 in Timdel, Moyamba - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Ngebuna, Mariama (Female) age 36 - 1996 in Gorama Kono, Kono - Extorted.

Forced to labour.
Forced to labour.

Ngebuva, Betty (Female) age 10 - 1995 in Jawie, Kailahun - Displaced.

Abducted.

Tortured.

Ngebuva, Frank (Male) age 5 - 1995 in Jawie, Kailahun - Displaced.

Abducted.

Tortured.

Ngebuva, Mabel (Female) age 4 - 1995 in Jawie, Kailahun - Displaced.

Abducted.

Tortured.

Ngebuva, Matu (Female) age 5 - 1995 in Jawie, Kailahun - Displaced.

Abducted.

Tortured.

Ngekia, Tamba Yombo (Male) age 39 - 1992 in Kamara, Kono - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Tortured.


Ngele, Jusu (Male) - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted.

Ngele, Marie (Female) - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted.

Ngeva, Foday (Male) age 60 - 1991 in Malen, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Ngiema, Aruna (Male) - Abducted and detained.

Limb amputated.

Ngiema, Juana (Male) - 1993 in Dama, Kenema - Killed.
Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 448 Ngiema, Murana (Male) - Limb amputated.

Ngihun, Foday (Male) - 1996 in Barri, Pujehun - Killed.

Ngnajah, Finda (Female) age 75 - 1998 in Sandor, Kono - Killed.

Ngoajia, Mohamed (Male) - 1995 in Ribbi, Moyamba - Killed.

Ngoatia, David Kuray (Male) age 47 - 1995 in Ribbi, Moyamba - Abducted.

Ngoba, Mustapha (Male) - 1994 in Wunde, Bo District - Killed.

Ngoba, Saata (Female) age 51 - 1991 in Simbaru, Kenema - Abducted and detained.
Ngobeh, Bakkie - 1991 in Jawie, Kailahun - Tortured.

Killed.

Ngobeh, Sahrco (Male) - 1995 - Killed.

Ngoboi, Paul (Male) - Tortured.

Killed.

Ngolovo, James (Male) - 1995 in Kamajei, Moyamba - Abducted.

Ngombeh, Sylvester (Male) - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Ngombu, Amara (Male) - 1992 in Penguia, Kailahun - Killed.

Ngombu, Mustapha (Male) age 50 - 1991 - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.
Forced to labour.

Ngombukila, Joe (Male) age 52 - 1995 in Kpanda Kemo, Bonthe - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Ngomor, Momoh (Male) - 1991 in Peje Bongre, Kailahun - Property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Ngonima, Joe (Male) - Killed.

Ngunyahun, Amara (Male) age 52 - 1998 in Sowa, Pujehun - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Nguyei, Moray (Male) - 1998 in Bagbo, Bo District - Killed.
Nicol, David (Male) age 55 - 1997 in Kaiyamba, Moyamba - Property looted.

Detained.

Assaulted.

Nicol, Samuel (Male) age 20 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced and property destroyed.

Assaulted.

Nicol, Shar Me-Meh (Male) age 28 - 1999 in Western Area - Property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Niekah, Umaru (Male) age 50 - 1995 in Banta Gbanggbatoke, Moyamba - Displaced and extorted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Niko, Kambo (Male) - 2000 in Lei, Kono - Tortured.


Njai, Musu (Female) - 1995 in Gbendembu Ngowahun, Bombali - Displaced.

Tortured.

Njamu, Messie (Female) - 1998 - Assaulted.

Killed.

N'jangba, Joe (Male) - 1995 in Yawbeko, Bonthe - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Njegeh, Sahr (Male) - 1997 in Banta Gbanggbatoke, Moyamba - Property destroyed.

Njorlia, Vandy (Male) - 1998 in Sowa, Pujehun - Killed.

Noah, Konima (Female) - 1997 - Displaced.

Killed.


Nonie, Magdaline (Female) age 33 - 1995 in Kaiyamba, Moyamba - Property destroyed.

Norgon, Musu (Female) - 1991 in Sowa, Pujehun - Property looted and destroyed.

Norman, Marie (Female) - 1991 in Simbaru, Kenema - Abducted and detained.

Norman, Prince Abdulai (Male) age 32 - 1997 in Kakua, Bo District - Tortured.

Killed.

N'sama, Sahr (Male) - 1998 - Assaulted.

Killed.


Nune, Elizabeth (Female) age 45 - 1991 in Panga Krim, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Nuwaka, Adama (Female) age 24 - 1991 in Bagbo, Bo District - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Nuyaba, Joe (Male) - 1997 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced.

Killed.

Nyaama, Finda (Female) age 33 - 1997 in Sandor, Kono - Displaced.

Tortured.
Tortured.

Nyabeh, Musu (Female) age 34 - 1992 in Upper Bambara , Kailahun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Nyaboa, Hawa (Female) - Killed.

Nyadndemoh, Magbendi (Female) age 55 - 1994 in Nimikoro, Kono - Killed.

Nyahaminah, Shegbey (Male) age 21 - 1994 in Koya, Kenema - Property destroyed.

Killed.

Nyahayepeh, Hawa (Female) - 1996 - Displaced.

Nyahayepeh, Isata (Female) age 24 - 1996 in Fakunya, Moyamba - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.


Nyaka, Sahr (Male) age 26 - 1999 in Kono - Extorted.

Detained.

Tortured.

Nyakoi, Kamoh Muadee (Male) age 65 - 1993 in Kenema - Displaced and property destroyed.

Nyallay, Ahmadu (Male) - 1991 in Bagbo, Bo District - Displaced and extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and stripped.

Nyallay, Amodu (Male) - 1992 in Wunde, Bo District - Tortured and stripped.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 449 Nyallay, Lahai (Male) age 43 - 1991 in Tunkia, Kenema - Killed.
Nyallay, Momodu (Male) age 34 - 1991 in Luawa, Kailahun - Displaced and extorted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Nyallay, Vandy (Male) age 49 - 1997 in Koya, Kenema - Killed.

Nyama, Jeneba (Female) age 26 - Abducted and detained.

Nyamba, Momoh (Male) age 45 - 1991 - Abducted and detained.

Stripped.

Killed.

Nyambe, Brima (Male) - 1995 in Kpanda Kemo, Bonthe - Killed.

Nyamimor, Sia (Female) age 16 - 1994 in Barri, Pujehun - Killed.

Nyamo, Eddison (Male) - Displaced and property looted.
Nyamuko, Finda (Female) age 54 - 1998 in Fiama, Kono - Displaced.

Abducted.

Assaulted and tortured.

Killed.

Nyandebo, Alfred (Male) age 34 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Nyandebo, Komba (Male) age 16 - 1998 in Nimikoro, Kono - Killed.

Nyandebo, Tamba (Male) age 70 - 1992 in Gorama Kono, Kono - Property looted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Nyandebo, Tommy (Male) - 1995 in Timdel, Moyamba - Abducted.

Nyandemoh, Augustine (Male) age 39 - 1991 in Kamara, Kono - Assaulted and stripped.
Nyandemoh, Jeneba (Female) age 7 - Assaulted.

Nyandemoh, Kai (Male) age 63 - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Nyawa, Musa (Male) - 1991 in Peje West, Kailahun - Killed.

Nyawa, Saffa (Male) - 1992 in Dia, Kailahun - Tortured.

Nyawulo, Feimata (Female) - 1993 in Dia, Kailahun - Displaced.

Abducted.

Killed.

Nyeteh, Tamba (Male) age 9 - 1998 in Nimikoro, Kono - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Nylander, George (Male) - 1997 in Bonthe UDC, Bonthe - Abducted and detained.
Nylander, Margaret (Female) - 1992 - Displaced.

Nyohine, Ibrahim (Male) age 37 - 1994 in Badjia, Bo District - Displaced and property looted.

Forced to labour.

Nyoma, Sahr (Male) age 3 - 1991 in Luawa, Kailahun - Forced to labour.

Killed.

Nyujaba, Eric (Male) - 1994 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Nyuma, Tamba (Male) age 11 - 1991 in Western Area - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Nyuyaba, Patrick (Male) - 1995 - Killed.

Ojo, Maada (Male) - 1995 in Imperi, Bonthe - Displaced.
Okala, Taju Deen (Male) age 22 - 1999 in Western Area - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Okes, Sao (Male) - 1991 in Luawa, Kailahun - Assaulted.

Omaru, Alhaji Alpha (Male) - 1991 in Lugbu, Bo District - Detained.

Tortured.

Osho, Victoria (Female) - 1999 in Western Area - Assaulted.

Ousman, Thomas (Male) - Killed.

Ova, Saffa (Male) age 38 - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and stripped.

Killed.

Ovas, Ever (Female) age 26 - 1998 in Bombali Shebora, Bombali - Displaced and property looted.
Pabai, Sombo (Female) age 38 - 1991 in Dama, Kenema - Displaced and property destroyed.

Pabai, Tennyson (Male) age 43 - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Displaced, extorted and property looted.

Palmer, Philip (Male) - 1996 in Luawa, Kailahun - Abducted.

Tortured.

Palmer, Tommy (Male) - 1997 in Bonthe UDC, Bonthe - Property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Panda, George (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Extorted and property destroyed.

Killed.

Paray, Abu (Male) - 1993 in Malal Mara, Tonkolili - Killed.
Passay, Bockarie (Male) age 48 - 1991 in Gallinasperi, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Passay, Jattu (Female) age 32 - 1992 in Soro Gbema, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Killed.

Patrick, Njabu (Female) age 10 - 1996 in Small Bo, Kenema - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Patrick, Sam (Male) age 42 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Paye, Momoh (Male) age 49 - 1991 in Luawa, Kailahun - Displaced and property destroyed.
Pearce, Lilian (Female) age 62 - 1999 in Western Area - Property destroyed.

Killed.

Peku, Curtis (Male) age 39 - 1991 in Kwamebai Krim, Bonthe - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Pennyikie, Shamanga (Male) age 27 - 1997 - Abducted.

Tortured.

Penyikie, Kaimyande (Male) - 1991 in Kwamebai Krim, Bonthe - Killed.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 450 Perryombo, Jainee (Female) - 1991 in Sowa, Pujehun - Displaced.

Tortured.
Tortured.

Pessima, Alice (Female) age 24 - 1992 in Nimikoro, Kono - Displaced.

Pessima, Ansumana (Male) age 35 - 1997 in Fakunya, Moyamba - Displaced and property destroyed.

Pessima, Francis (Male) age 44 - Tortured.

Pessima, Isata (Female) age 58 - 1998 in Sandor, Kono - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Pessima, Lahai (Male) age 35 - 1995 in Kaiyamba, Moyamba - Forced to labour.

Pessima, Lahai (Male) age 55 - 1994 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted.

Assaulted.


Pessima, Michael (Male) age 42 - 1995 - Displaced and property destroyed.

Pessima, Mohamed (Male) age 32 - 1994 in Nongowa, Kenema - Property looted.

Tortured and limb amputated.

Pessima, Momoh (Male) age 25 - 1994 in Niawa, Kenema - Abducted.

Assaulted and stripped.

Killed.

Pessima, Safea (Male) - 1991 in Tankoro, Kono - Assaulted.

Killed.

Pessima, Sahr (Male) age 55 - 2000 in Lei, Kono - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and tortured.


Pessima, Saidu (Male) - 1994 in Fakunya, Moyamba - Killed.

Pessima, Tamba (Male) age 27 - 1997 in Jawie, Kailahun - Displaced and property looted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Petoll, Tommy (Male) - 1996 in Nongoba Bullom, Bonthe - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Petus, Amara (Male) - 1998 in Luawa, Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Pewa, Safula (Female) age 35 - 1993 in Langorama, Kenema - Displaced.
Pewa, Sengbe (Male) age 52 - 1993 in Langorama, Kenema - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted.

Assaulted and tortured.

Pewah, Sahr (Male) age 54 - 1994 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Killed.

Pexombo, Brima (Male) age 16 - 1991 in Sowa, Pujehun - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Peyemba, Momoh (Male) - 1997 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Property looted.

Peyembo, Brima (Male) - 1997 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Property looted.
Philie, Morray (Male) - Forced to labour.

Pieh, Jebbeh (Female) - 1998 in Bonthe UDC, Bonthe - Abducted and detained.

Pimpy, Nengban (Male) - 1999 in Diang, Koinadugu - Assaulted.

Pisie, Musa (Male) age 58 - 1991 - Displaced and property destroyed.

Piyeh, Amara (Male) age 63 - 1991 in Lugbu, Bo District - Displaced and property destroyed.

Poro, Momoh (Male) - 1991 - Abducted and detained.

Porreh, Mareh (Female) age 35 - 1998 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.


Assaulted and tortured.

Potho, Abdul (Male) age 29 - 1998 in Samu, Kambia - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Powers, Ajua (Female) age 66 - 1999 in Western Area - Property destroyed.

Powers, Samuel (Male) age 21 - 1999 in Western Area - Property looted.

Killed.

Pratt, Emmanuel (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Pratt, Hellen (Female) - 1994 - Displaced.


Pratt, Remikeh (Female) age 51 - 1998 in Western Area - Property destroyed.

Preneh, Abu (Male) - Property looted.

Pujeh, Amara (Male) - 1995 in Bumpeh, Moyamba - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Pujeh, Kama (Female) - 1995 in Jiama-Bongor, Bo District - Property destroyed.

Killed.

Pujeh, Kona (Female) - 1995 in Kwamebai Krim, Bonthe - Killed.

Pujeh, Lamin (Male) age 22 - 1995 in Imperi, Bonthe - Displaced and extorted.
Pujeh, Mamakanah (Female) - 1995 in Benducha, Bonthe - Killed.

Pujeh, Massah (Female) - 1992 in Peje Bongre, Kailahun - Killed.

Pumai, Jebeh (Female) - 1994 in Kakua, Bo District - Killed.

Pumbu, James (Male) - Limb amputated.

Punyandeh, Komba (Male) age 31 - 1992 - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Tortured.

Puvande, Albert Abu (Male) age 72 - 1997 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Puvande, Joseph (Male) - 1995 in Niawa Lenga, Bo District - Extorted.
Pyne, Albert (Male) - 1995 in Imperi, Bonthe - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Quee, Aiah (Male) - 2000 - Killed.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 451 Quee, Dalinton (Male) age 67 - 1995 in Kowa, Moyamba - Property looted and destroyed.

Abducted.

Assaulted.

Killed.

Quee, Fatmata (Female) - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Assaulted.

Quee, J.W.

(Male) - 1995 - Displaced and property destroyed.


Quee, James (Male) age 70 - 1995 in Kowa, Moyamba - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Quee, Janet (Female) age 8 - 1994 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Killed.

Quee, Joe (Male) age 32 - 1994 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Quee, Joseph (Male) age 20 - 1994 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Killed.
Assaulted.

Killed.

Quee, Joseph (Male) age 75 - 1996 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced and property destroyed.

Quee, Michael (Male) age 39 - 1995 in Kowa, Moyamba - Killed.

Quee, Musa (Male) age 52 - 1994 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Quee, Philip (Male) age 55 - 1995 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Extorted.

Quee, Sahr (Male) - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Quee, Sahr (Male) - 1999 in Valunia, Bo District - Detained.
Quee, Samuel (Male) age 3 - 1994 - Killed.

Radder, Jojo - 1991 in Badjia, Bo District - Killed.

Rahman, Abdul (Male) - 1998 in Port Loko - Killed.

Rahman, Abdul (Male) - 1999 in Mambolo, Kambia - Displaced.

Rashidu, Musu (Female) age 23 - 1995 in Nongowa, Kenema - Property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Reason, Soa (Male) - Displaced.

Reid, Agnes (Female) age 60 - 1999 in Western Area - Property destroyed.

Abducted.

Reid, Micheal (Male) age 34 - 1999 in Western Area - Abducted.
Robbinson, Ema (Female) age 40 - 1998 in Diang, Koinadugu - Displaced and property destroyed.

Roberts, Agnes (Female) - 1992 in Nongowa, Kenema - Displaced.

Roberts, Amie (Female) age 17 - 1994 in Kissi Tongi, Kailahun - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Roberts, Charles (Male) - 1994 in Malegohun, Kenema - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Roberts, Daniel (Male) age 46 - 1995 - Displaced.

Roberts, E.J.B.

(Male) age 71 - 1992 in Gaura, Kenema - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.
Assaulted.

Roberts, Ekutami (Male) age 69 - 1997 in Western Area - Property looted.

Roberts, Francis (Male) age 53 - 1995 - Displaced and property destroyed.

Roberts, Mattu (Female) - 1994 in Kakua, Bo District - Displaced and extorted.

Roberts, Samuel (Male) - Killed.

Roberts, Samuel (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Killed.

Roberts, Sarian (Female) - 1999 in Western Area - Property destroyed.

Rofers, Safula (Female) - 1991 in Peje, Pujehun - Displaced and property destroyed.
Rogers, Abdulai (Male) - Property looted and destroyed.

Rogers, Agatha (Female) - 1995 in Banta Gbanggbatoke, Moyamba - Abducted.

Rogers, Agnes (Female) age 22 - Assaulted.

Rogers, Alhaji Senesie (Male) age 79 - 1991 in Kpaka, Pujehun - Property looted.

Rogers, Alusine (Male) age 23 - 1991 in Kando Leppeama, Kenema - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted.

Rogers, Amadu (Male) - 1991 in Nongowa, Kenema - Killed.

Rogers, Amadu (Male) age 18 - 1991 - Displaced and property destroyed.
Rogers, Amie (Female) - 1991 in Peje, Pujehun - Displaced.

Rogers, Andrew (Male) age 75 - 1995 in Banta Gbanggbatoke, Moyamba - Killed.

Rogers, Aruna (Male) - Killed.

Rogers, Brima (Male) - 1993 in Kpaka, Pujehun - Tortured.

Killed.

Rogers, Brima (Male) age 34 - 1991 in Soro Gbema, Pujehun - Displaced and property destroyed.

Assaulted.

Rogers, Ensa (Male) - 1994 in Barri, Pujehun - Killed.

Rogers, Fatmata (Female) age 30 - 1991 in Dodo, Kenema - Displaced.

Forced to labour.
Forced to labour.

Rogers, Foday (Male) - 1995 in Barri, Pujehun - Tortured.

Rogers, Hassan (Male) age 26 - 1991 in Jawie, Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted, tortured Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 452 and forced to participate in an act of cannibalism.

Rogers, Imamy (Male) age 33 - 1991 in Malen, Pujehun - Displaced and extorted.

Stripped.

Rogers, Isata (Female) - 1991 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Displaced and property destroyed.
Rogers, Isatu (Female) - 1991 in Sowa, Pujehun - Displaced.

Tortured.

Rogers, Jattu (Female) - 1991 in Peje, Pujehun - Displaced.

Rogers, Jeneba (Female) - Property destroyed.

Rogers, Jestina (Female) - 1999 in Jalahun, Kailahun - Displaced and property looted.

Rogers, Joseph V (Male) age 49 - 1991 in Peje, Pujehun - Displaced and extorted.

Forced to labour.

Rogers, Kadiatu (Female) age 45 - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Rogers, Koniema (Female) - 1997 in Bum, Bonthe - Killed.
Rogers, Maada (Male) age 18 - 1991 in Dodo, Kenema - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Stripped.

Rogers, Manso (Male) - 1991 in Peje, Pujehun - Killed.

Rogers, Mariama (Female) age 60 - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Displaced.

Rogers, Mark (Male) - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Rogers, Mohamed (Male) - 1991 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Killed.

Rogers, Mohamed (Male) age 21 - 1991 in Sowa, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Assaulted.
Assaulted.

Rogers, Mohamed (Male) age 31 - 1991 in Kando Leppeama, Kenema - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Rogers, Mohamed (Male) age 35 - 1991 in Kagboro, Moyamba - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted.

Rogers, Mohamed (Male) age 58 - 1999 in Western Area - Abducted.

Assaulted.

Rogers, Momodu (Male) - 1991 in Sowa, Pujehun - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Rogers, Momodu (Male) - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Property destroyed.
Killed.

Rogers, Momoh (Male) - 1991 in Malen, Pujehun - Killed.

Rogers, Momoh (Male) - 1991 in Sowa, Pujehun - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Rogers, Muktaru (Male) - Extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Rogers, Mustapha (Male) age 27 - 1991 in Sowa, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Assaulted.

Rogers, Mustapha (Male) age 39 - 1998 - Abducted.

Rogers, Musu (Female) age 35 - 1994 in Badjia, Bo District - Displaced.
Rogers, Ramatu (Female) age 23 - 1991 in Kpaka, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Rogers, Salia (Male) - 1991 in Sowa, Pujehun - Displaced.

Rogers, Sheku (Male) age 40 - Extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Rogers, Shengbe (Male) - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Rogers, Sonny (Male) - 1994 - Tortured.

Killed.

Rogers, Square (Male) - 1991 - Killed.

Rogers, Swamaa (Male) age 62 - 1991 in Kpaka, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.
Forced to labour.

Rogers, Vakai (Male) - 1991 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Rogers, Vandi (Male) - 1991 in Sowa, Pujehun - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Rogers, Yatta (Female) - 1991 - Abducted and detained.

Roy Bangura, John (Male) age 22 - 1992 in Gbense, Kono - Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Rukor, Bai (Male) - 2000 in Briama, Kambia - Killed.

Saaba, Boakie (Male) - 1994 in Baoma, Bo District - Killed.

Saahun, Jebbeh (Female) - 1991 - Displaced.


Saama, Peter (Male) age 19 - 2000 in Kamara, Kono - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Saccoh, Abdulai (Male) - 1991 in Badjia, Bo District - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Assaulted.

Saccoh, Abdulai (Male) age 64 - 1999 in Biriwa, Bombali - Displaced and property looted.

Saccoh, Alhaji (Male) - 1997 in Paki Masabong, Bombali - Detained.

Saccoh, Amie (Female) - 1994 in Bagbo, Bo District - Killed.
Saccoh, Ibrahim (Male) age 38 - 1998 in Koinadugu - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Saccoh, Mariatu (Female) age 40 - 1997 in Marampa, Port Loko - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Saccoh, Mohamed (Male) age 26 - 1996 in Bombali Shebora, Bombali - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 453 Saccoh, Sao (Male) - Killed.

Saffa, Alfred (Male) age 46 - 1991 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Property destroyed.
Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Saffa, Alie (Male) age 24 - 1998 - Abducted.

Saffa, Amie (Female) - 1994 in Simbaru, Kenema - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Saffa, Aruna (Male) - 1991 in Sowa, Pujehun - Property destroyed.

Saffa, Aruna (Male) - 1996 in Nongowa, Kenema - Property destroyed.

Saffa, Baindu (Female) - 1991 in Upper Bambara , Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Saffa, Bockarie (Male) age 40 - Killed.

Saffa, Bockarie (Male) age 49 - 1992 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Property looted.
Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Saffa, Bondu (Female) age 52 - 1998 - Forced to labour.

Assaulted and tortured.

Saffa, Feimata (Female) - Displaced, extorted and property looted.

Assaulted.

Saffa, Hawa (Female) - Displaced and extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Saffa, Hawa (Female) age 53 - 1996 in Nongowa, Kenema - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Saffa, Idriss (Male) age 24 - 1994 - Extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.


Saffa, Jattu (Female) age 18 - Displaced.

Saffa, John (Male) age 27 - Property looted.

Killed.

Saffa, Joseph (Male) age 35 - 1992 in Western Area - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Saffa, Jusu (Male) age 28 - 2000 in Dia, Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Saffa, Kona (Female) age 40 - 1995 - Killed.

Saffa, Kula (Female) age 10 - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Assaulted.

Killed.

Saffa, Lahai (Male) - 1991 in Sowa, Pujehun - Property looted and destroyed.
Saffa, Lahai (Male) age 49 - 1997 - Displaced.

Saffa, Mamanie (Female) age 72 - 1991 in Malema, Kailahun - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Saffa, Mambu (Male) - 1994 in Simbaru, Kenema - Assaulted.

Killed.

Saffa, Miatta (Female) - 1996 - Extorted and property destroyed.

Killed.

Saffa, Morie (Male) - 1991 in Upper Bambara , Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Saffa, Musa (Male) - 1994 in Simbaru, Kenema - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Killed.

Saffa, Musa (Male) age 35 - 1999 in Western Area - Killed.
Saffa, Musa (Male) age 53 - 1993 - Displaced and property destroyed.

Saffa, Patrick S (Male) age 43 - 2000 in Banta Gbanggbatoke, Moyamba - Extorted and property looted.

Assaulted.

Saffa, Samu (Male) - 1991 in Yawei, Kailahun - Extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Killed.

Saffa, Senesie (Male) - 1991 in Luawa, Kailahun - Killed.

Saffa, Tamba (Male) - Displaced.

Saffa, Vandi (Male) age 45 - 1992 in Nongowa, Kenema - Displaced and extorted.

Detained.

Tortured.


Saffa, William (Male) age 75 - 1991 in Malema, Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Sagba, Francis (Male) - 1998 in Gbense, Kono - Abducted.

Killed.

Sahbeh, Aiah (Male) - 1992 in Nimikoro, Kono - Killed.

Sahr, Aruna (Male) age 34 - 1992 in Western Area - Displaced.

Limb amputated.

Sahr, Fatmata (Female) age 21 - 1994 in Jalahun, Kailahun - Extorted.

Sahr, Fatu (Female) age 30 - 1992 in Yawei, Kailahun - Displaced and property looted.
Sahr, Lansana (Male) - 1992 in Malema, Kailahun - Killed.

Sahrefea, Finda (Female) age 14 - 1994 in Nimikoro, Kono - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Saidu, Amara (Male) age 16 - 1997 in Jiama-Bongor, Bo District - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Saidu, Baindu (Female) - 1992 in Langorama, Kenema - Killed.

Saidu, Emmanuel (Male) age 25 - Displaced and property destroyed.

Saidu, Fatu (Female) age 63 - 1991 in Langorama, Kenema - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.
Saidu, James Gbessay (Male) age 46 - 1993 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Displaced and extorted.

Forced to labour.

Saidu, Katta (Male) age 12 - 1997 in Jiama-Bongor, Bo District - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Saidu, Michael (Male) age 27 - 1999 in Western Area - Forced to labour.

Limb amputated.

Saidu, Mohamed (Male) age 15 - 1997 in Jiama-Bongor, Bo District - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 454 Killed.
Saidu, Mohamed Alpha (Male) age 33 - 1995 in Banta Mokele, Moyamba - Displaced and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Saidu, Musa (Male) age 23 - 1991 - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Saidu, Tom (Male) - 1999 - Abducted and detained.

Limb amputated.

Saio, Simbelie (Male) - Assaulted.

Sakilla, Tamba (Male) - Killed.

Sakoh, Fanta (Female) - 1994 in Fakunya, Moyamba - Abducted.

Sakoh, Massima (Male) - 1994 in Fakunya, Moyamba - Killed.
Sakoh, Memuna (Female) age 25 - Abducted.

Sakoh, Mohamed (Male) - 1994 in Fakunya, Moyamba - Killed.

Sakoh, Sheku A.G. (Male) age 58 - 1994 in Fakunya, Moyamba - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Sakpa, Abdulai (Male) - 1991 in Sowa, Pujehun - Killed.

Sakpa, Bockarie Boakie Gbengie (Male) age 66 - 1991 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Sakpa, Foday (Male) - 1994 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Killed.

Sakpa, Massah (Female) - 1991 - Tortured.


Sakpa, Mathew Brima (Male) age 22 - 1997 in Kakua, Bo District - Abducted and detained.

Sakpa, Miata (Female) - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Assaulted and tortured.

Sakpa, Momoh (Male) age 32 - 1994 in Nongowa, Kenema - Displaced.

Sakpa, Momoh (Male) age 67 - Displaced.

Tortured.

Sakpa, Munda (Male) age 60 - 1991 in Malen, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted.

Assaulted.


Sakpa, Musu (Female) age 34 - 1995 in Banta Gbanggbatoke, Moyamba - Displaced.

Sakpeps, Mattu (Female) - 1991 - Property looted.

Sakpu, Momoh (Male) - 1994 in Banta Mokele, Moyamba - Killed.

Salame, Momoh (Male) - 1991 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Abducted and detained.

Salia, Everry (Male) - 1996 in Jiama-Bongor, Bo District - Killed.

Salia, George (Male) - 1991 in Luawa, Kailahun - Extorted and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Killed.


Salia, Isata (Female) - 1991 in Luawa, Kailahun - Property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Salia, Joseph (Male) - Displaced and property destroyed.

Salia, Mohamed (Male) age 25 - 1997 in Western Area - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Salia, Momoh (Male) - 1994 in Kakua, Bo District - Killed.

Salia, Saffa (Male) age 42 - 1996 in Jiama-Bongor, Bo District - Displaced.
Salia, Safula (Female) - 1994 in Tikonko, Bo District - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Killed.

Salia, Sama (Male) age 41 - 1991 in Malen, Pujehun - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Salieu, Baby (Female) - 1997 - Forced to participate in an act of cannibalism.

Killed.

Sallieu, Fatie (Female) age 39 - Displaced.

Sallieu, Fatu (Female) age 45 - Killed.

Sallieu, Joe (Male) - 1993 in Bagbo, Bo District - Assaulted.
Sallieu, Joe (Male) - 1995 in Jiama-Bongor, Bo District - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Sallieu, Lansana (Male) - Abducted.

Sallieu, Massa Baby (Female) - Displaced and property destroyed.

Sallieu, Morray (Male) - 1995 - Displaced.

Abducted.

Sam, Aiah (Male) - 1998 in Mandu, Kailahun - Abducted.

Sam, Aiah (Male) age 22 - 1991 in Penguia, Kailahun - Displaced.

Sam, Anthony (Male) - 1994 in Badjia, Bo District - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Killed.


Sam, Bobor (Male) age 23 - 1995 in Kamajei, Moyamba - Displaced.

Abducted.

Sam, Bockarie (Male) age 50 - 1997 in Wandor, Kenema - Displaced and property destroyed.

Sam, Finda (Female) age 17 - 1998 in Lei, Kono - Displaced.

Sam, Janneh (Female) age 26 - Forced to labour.

Sam, Jebbeh (Female) - 1994 in Wunde, Bo District - Displaced.

Sam, Jeneba (Female) age 42 - 1994 in Bagbe, Bo District - Displaced.

Sam, Joseph (Male) - 1994 - Killed.


Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 455 Sam, Khon (Male) - Killed.

Sam, Kong (Male) - 1997 in Kando Leppeama, Kenema - Killed.

Sam, Margaret (Female) - 1992 in Gbense, Kono - Property looted.

Assaulted.

Sam, Margaret (Female) - 1994 in Komboya, Bo District - Abducted and detained.

Sam, Mary (Female) - 1994 in Komboya, Bo District - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Sam, Mary (Female) age 33 - 1991 in Penguia, Kailahun - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.


Sam, Morlai (Male) - Assaulted and tortured.

Killed.

Sam, Moses (Male) - 1996 in Bumpeh, Moyamba - Tortured.

Sam, Musa (Male) age 55 - Displaced.

Tortured.

Sam, Peter (Male) - Displaced.

Sam, Sahr (Male) age 24 - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Sam, William (Male) age 11 - 1994 - Forced to labour.

Sam King, Kanneh (Male) - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Sama Jebea, Samai (Male) age 24 - 1997 in Makpele, Pujehun - Property destroyed.
Samai, Abu Bakarr (Male) - Killed.

Samai, Abu Bakarr (Male) age 9 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Samai, Alhaji (Male) age 66 - 1997 in Makpele, Pujehun - Killed.

Samai, Allieu (Male) age 17 - 1992 in Simbaru, Kenema - Extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Samai, Alphan (Male) age 62 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Samai, Ansumana (Male) - 1991 in Makpele, Pujehun - Property looted and destroyed.

Samai, Augustine (Male) age 44 - 1994 in Jiama-Bongor, Bo District - Displaced.
Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Samai, Belewa (Male) age 11 - 1992 in Jalahun, Kailahun - Displaced and extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Samai, Bobor (Male) - 1995 in Banta Mokele, Moyamba - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Samai, Brima (Male) - 1992 in Makpele, Pujehun - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Killed.

Samai, Brima (Male) - Property looted and destroyed.

Samai, Brima (Male) age 58 - 1991 in Makpele, Pujehun - Displaced and extorted.

Assaulted.
Assaulted.

Samai, Fatmata (Female) age 22 - 1993 in Yawei, Kailahun - Abducted.

Samai, Foday (Male) - Abducted and detained.

Samai, Haja (Female) age 90 - 1998 - Killed.

Samai, Hawa (Female) age 19 - 1993 in Dama, Kenema - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Samai, Janneh (Female) age 51 - 1998 in Mandu, Kailahun - Displaced and extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Samai, Jaria (Female) - 1998 in Makpele, Pujehun - Killed.

Samai, Jebbeh (Female) - 1991 in Kwamebai Krim, Bonthe - Property looted.
Samai, Jonathan (Male) - 1995 - Abducted and detained.

Samai, Joseph (Male) - 1998 - Property destroyed.

Samai, Jumu (Male) - 1994 in Malen, Pujehun - Detained.

Samai, Jusu (Male) - Killed.

Samai, Keifa (Male) age 60 - 1991 in Pujehun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Samai, Lansana (Male) - Property destroyed.

Samai, Massah (Female) age 65 - 1994 in Nomo, Kenema - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Samai, Memuna (Female) age 26 - 1996 in Dodo, Kenema - Displaced.

Killed.
Killed.

Samai, Momoh (Male) - 1991 in Makpele, Pujehun - Forced to labour.

Samai, Momoh (Male) age 64 - 1996 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced.

Samai, Momoh (Male) age 72 - 1991 in Tunkia, Kenema - Property looted.

Killed.

Samai, Musa (Male) - 1991 in Makpele, Pujehun - Forced to labour.

Samai, Mustapha (Male) age 19 - 1991 in Pujehun - Extorted.

Forced to labour.

Stripped.

Samai, Nasu (Female) age 56 - 1993 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Killed.


Samai, Noah (Male) - 1997 in Nongowa, Kenema - Killed.

Samai, Safiatu (Female) age 23 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Samai, Vandi (Male) - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Tortured.

Samai, Vandi (Male) - 1998 in Malema, Kailahun - Killed.

Samai, Vandi (Male) - 1998 in Mandu, Kailahun - Abducted.

Assaulted and stripped.

Killed.

Samai, Watta (Female) age 55 - 1991 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.
Detained.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 456 Assaulted.

Samai, Wuya (Female) age 35 - 1998 in Wandor, Kenema - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Samai, Wuyah Kema (Female) age 58 - 1994 in Luawa, Kailahun - Displaced and property destroyed.

Samatu, Munda (Male) - 1995 in Malegohun, Kenema - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Samawa, James (Male) - 1995 in Kakua, Bo District - Assaulted.

Samaya, Lamin (Male) - Displaced.


Samba, Abu (Male) - 1998 in Bonthe - Killed.

Samba, Borbor (Male) - 1994 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Killed.

Samba, Chernor (Male) - 1998 in Kakua, Bo District - Killed.

Samba, Ibrahim (Male) age 40 - 1993 in Mafindor, Kono - Property looted.

Tortured.

Samba, Juana (Male) - Detained.

Samba, Kenie (Male) age 37 - 1992 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Samba, Komba (Male) - 1998 in Gbane, Kono - Abducted and detained.
Killed.

Samba, Mabinty (Female) - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced and property looted.

Samba, Messie (Female) age 27 - 1992 in Luawa, Kailahun - Displaced, extorted and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Samba, Momodu (Male) - 1994 in Baoma, Bo District - Killed.

Samba, Samuel (Male) - 1994 in Komboya, Bo District - Killed.

Samba, Tamba (Male) - 1999 in Nimikoro, Kono - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Killed.


Samking, Mussay (Male) age 47 - 1994 in Bagbe, Bo District - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and tortured.

Sam-King, Bobor (Male) - 1997 - Displaced and property destroyed.

Samodu, Jusu (Male) - 1991 in Kpaka, Pujehun - Property looted and destroyed.

Samokia, Junisa (Male) - 1991 in Kwamebai Krim, Bonthe - Assaulted.

Sam-Robbin, Margrette (Female) age 32 - 1996 - Assaulted.

Sam-Robbin, Missam (Male) age 60 - 1996 - Killed.


Samu, Augustine (Male) age 32 - 1999 in Bagbo, Bo District - Displaced.

Samu, Bockarie (Male) age 35 - 1994 in Kando Leppeama, Kenema - Tortured.

Samu, Brima (Male) - 1994 in Tikonko, Bo District - Displaced and property destroyed.

Samu, Kenia (Female) age 13 - 1996 in Niawa, Kenema - Abducted.

Samu, Sulaiman (Male) - 1999 in Bagbo, Bo District - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Limb amputated.

Killed.


Samuels, Abu Karfoh (Male) age 42 - 1995 in Kamajei, Moyamba - Property looted and destroyed.

Samuels, Munda (Male) age 34 - 1995 - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Limb amputated.

Samuels, Saffa (Male) - 1991 in Yawei, Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Samuels, Sallieu (Male) age 13 - Abducted.

Assaulted.

Samuka, Abu (Male) - 1998 - Killed.

Samuka, Joseph E.S.

(Male) age 43 - 1995 in Kpanda Kemo, Bonthe - Displaced and property looted.
Samura, Abdulai (Male) - 1999 - Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Killed.

Samura, Abu (Male) - 1999 - Property looted.

Samura, Alhaji (Male) - 1998 in Baoma, Bo District - Forced to labour.

Samura, Alibunafan (Male) age 42 - 1996 in Kaiyamba, Moyamba - Displaced and property looted.

Samura, Alifu (Male) - 1998 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted.

Samura, Allieu (Male) - 1991 - Abducted and detained.

Samura, Andrew (Male) - 1998 in Biriwa, Bombali - Abducted.

Killed.
Killed.

Samura, Assan (Male) age 24 - 1998 in Sulima, Koinadugu - Displaced and property looted.

Samura, Bockarie (Male) - 1998 in Sengbe, Koinadugu - Tortured.

Samura, Bockarie (Male) age 12 - 1991 in Dama, Kenema - Displaced.

Abducted.

Samura, Brima (Male) - 1998 in Baoma, Bo District - Forced to labour.

Samura, Danser (Male) age 50 - 2000 in Sulima, Koinadugu - Displaced and property looted.

Samura, Dantilie (Male) age 35 - 1998 in Dembelia Sinkunia, Koinadugu - Displaced.
Samura, Demba (Male) - 2000 in Sulima, Koinadugu - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Assaulted.

Killed.

Samura, Fasineh (Male) age 37 - 1998 in Sulima, Koinadugu - Displaced and property looted.

Samura, Fasineh (Male) age 50 - 1998 in Baoma, Bo District - Displaced and property looted and Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 457 destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Samura, Fatmata (Female) age 23 - 1998 in Sulima, Koinadugu - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.
Samura, Foreh (Male) - 1998 in Sulima, Koinadugu - Displaced.

Samura, Foreh Sewa (Male) age 56 - 1998 in Sulima, Koinadugu - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Assaulted.

Samura, Hassan (Male) age 40 - 1998 in Sulima, Koinadugu - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Samura, Isatu (Female) - 1999 - Displaced.

Abducted.

Samura, Issa (Male) - 1999 in Sulima, Koinadugu - Displaced and property looted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.


Samura, Jeneba (Female) age 38 - 1998 in Sulima, Koinadugu - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Samura, John (Male) age 24 - Extorted.

Assaulted.

Samura, Kaday (Female) - 1999 in Follosaba Dembelia, Koinadugu - Assaulted.

Samura, Kadiatu (Female) - 1995 - Assaulted.

Samura, Kadie (Female) - 1998 in Sulima, Koinadugu - Displaced and property destroyed.

Samura, Kalifa (Male) - 2000 in Sulima, Koinadugu - Property destroyed.
Samura, Karifala (Male) age 44 - 1999 in Sulima, Koinadugu - Displaced and extorted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and tortured.

Samura, Karijala (Female) age 43 - 1998 in Sulima, Koinadugu - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Samura, Kindo (Female) age 24 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced and property destroyed.

Samura, Kumba (Female) age 40 - 1998 in Follosaba Dembelia, Koinadugu - Property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.


Samura, Kuriya (Female) age 60 - 2000 in Sulima, Koinadugu - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Samura, Mahmoud (Male) age 15 - 1999 in Sulima, Koinadugu - Forced to labour and drugged.

Assaulted.

Samura, Mohamed (Male) - 1998 in Sulima, Koinadugu - Displaced.

Samura, Momodu (Male) age 47 - 1998 in Sulima, Koinadugu - Extorted and property looted.

Forced to labour.
Forced to labour.

Samura, Momodu (Male) age 63 - 1999 in Sulima, Koinadugu - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Samura, Mordie (Male) age 60 - 1998 in Sulima, Koinadugu - Displaced and property looted.

Samura, Mustapha (Male) age 32 - 2000 in Sulima, Koinadugu - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Samura, Ousman (Male) - 1998 in Sengbe, Koinadugu - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Samura, Percy (Female) - 1998 in Sulima, Koinadugu - Displaced.

Assaulted.
Assaulted.

Samura, Saidu (Male) age 46 - 1999 in Masungbala, Kambia - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Samura, Saio (Female) age 36 - 2000 in Sulima, Koinadugu - Tortured.

Samura, Saio (Male) age 43 - 1998 in Sulima, Koinadugu - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Samura, Salifu (Male) - 1998 in Paki Masabong, Bombali - Displaced.

Samura, Salifu (Male) age 53 - 1999 in Sulima, Koinadugu - Property looted.
Samura, Sama (Male) age 35 - 1999 in Koya, Port Loko - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Samura, Sana (Male) - 1998 in Sulima, Koinadugu - Tortured.

Samura, Santigie (Male) age 37 - 1998 in Baoma, Bo District - Property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Samura, Sawmie (Male) - 1998 in Sulima, Koinadugu - Forced to labour.

Samura, Sheriff (Male) - 1998 in Sulima, Koinadugu - Abducted.

Killed.

Samura, Sierrah (Female) - 1999 in Sulima, Koinadugu - Abducted and detained.
Samura, Sorie (Male) - 1999 in Briama, Kambia - Property destroyed.

Killed.

Samura, Sorie (Male) - 1998 in Baoma, Bo District - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Samura, Sulaiman (Male) age 25 - 1998 in Sulima, Koinadugu - Displaced.

Samura, Suma (Male) age 51 - 1998 in Sulima, Koinadugu - Displaced, extorted and property looted.

Forced to labour.

Samura, Tadie (Female) age 9 - 1998 in Sulima, Koinadugu - Assaulted.

Killed.

Samura, Tommy Adn (Male) - 1994 in Simbaru, Kenema - Killed.
Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 458 Samura, Umaru (Male) - 1998 in Wara-Wara Yagala, Koinadugu - Property destroyed.

Abducted.

Assaulted.

Killed.

Samura, Yelli (Female) - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted.

Tortured.

Samura, Yereh (Male) - 2000 in Neini, Koinadugu - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Samura, Yereh (Male) - 1998 in Sulima, Koinadugu - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.
Samura, Yereh (Male) age 59 - 1998 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Samura, Zainab (Female) - 1996 in Western Area - Limb amputated.

Sanbola, Foday (Male) age 68 - Killed.

Sanda, Bockarie (Male) - 1992 in Malen, Pujehun - Killed.

Sandi, Abdulai (Male) - 1995 in Komboya, Bo District - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Sandi, Adama (Female) - 1992 in Fiama, Kono - Abducted and detained.
Sandi, Adama (Female) - 1997 in Bonthe UDC, Bonthe - Abducted and detained.

Sandi, Agnes (Female) age 21 - 1998 in Gbense, Kono - Forced to labour.

Tortured.

Sandi, Aiah (Male) - 2000 in Soa, Kono - Killed.

Sandi, Anthony (Male) age 54 - 1994 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced.

Killed.

Sandi, Brima (Male) age 10 - 1991 in Luawa, Kailahun - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Sandi, Duramany (Male) age 10 - 1995 - Displaced.


Sandi, Fatmata (Female) age 31 - 1995 in Timdel, Moyamba - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Sandi, Fea (Female) - 1992 in Fiama, Kono - Abducted and detained.

Sandi, Finda (Female) - 1992 in Fiama, Kono - Abducted and detained.

Sandi, Francis (Male) - 1994 in Tikonko, Bo District - Killed.

Sandi, Inatorma (Female) age 32 - Displaced and property destroyed.
Sandi, James (Male) age 47 - 1994 in Tikonko, Bo District - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Sandi, Jane (Female) - 1995 in Kpanda Kemo, Bonthe - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Sandi, Jeneba (Female) age 38 - 1997 in Sittia, Bonthe - Displaced and property looted.

Sandi, Komba (Male) - Displaced.

Sandi, Kumba (Female) age 28 - 1992 in Fiama, Kono - Forced to labour.

Tortured.

Sandi, Mohamed (Male) age 3 - 1998 in Koinadugu - Abducted.

Tortured.
Tortured.

Sandi, Momoh (Male) - 1998 in Koya, Kenema - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Sandi, Momoh (Male) age 34 - 1991 in Bonthe - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Sandi, Musa (Male) - 1991 in Sowa, Pujehun - Property looted and destroyed.

Sandi, Saffa (Male) age 30 - 1998 in Koya, Kenema - Abducted and detained.

Sandi, Saffia (Male) age 35 - 2000 in Soa, Kono - Displaced.

Tortured.
Tortured.

Sandi, Sahr (Male) - 1992 in Fiama, Kono - Abducted and detained.

Sandi, Sallu (Male) age 46 - Property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Sandi, Sia (Female) - 2000 in Soa, Kono - Killed.

Sandi, Sorh Francis Jaba (Male) - 1995 in Yawbeko, Bonthe - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Sandi, Surma (Male) age 38 - 1995 - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Killed.

Sandi, Susana (Female) - 1992 in Fiama, Kono - Abducted and detained.

Sandi, Tamba (Male) - Displaced.


Limb amputated.

Sandi, Tamba (Male) age 34 - 1998 - Extorted and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Sandi, Tamba (Male) age 55 - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Sandi, Vandi (Male) - Killed.

Sandi, Yei (Female) - 1992 in Fiama, Kono - Abducted and detained.

Sandifu, Morie (Male) age 15 - 1991 in Luawa, Kailahun - Displaced.

Sandola, Mariama (Female) age 52 - Displaced.

Sandu, Maasudu (Male) - 1998 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced.
Sandy, Alieu (Male) - 1991 - Extorted and property destroyed.

Sandy, Amadu (Male) age 33 - 1997 in Kenema - Assaulted.

Killed.

Sandy, Amara (Male) - 1993 in Sowa, Pujehun - Abducted.

Sandy, Baindu (Female) age 25 - 1998 in Peje Bongre, Kailahun - Killed.

Sandy, Foday (Male) - 1992 in Jalahun, Kailahun - Killed.

Sandy, Fofana (Male) - 1997 in Badjia, Bo District - Forced to labour.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 459 Sandy, Joe (Male) age 35 - 1999 in Western Area - Property destroyed.
Killed.

Sandy, Joseph (Male) age 111 - 1991 in Sowa, Pujehun - Killed.

Sandy, Juma (Male) age 51 - 1992 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced and extorted.

Tortured.

Sandy, Kienre (Male) - 1995 in Baoma, Bo District - Property looted.

Sandy, Lahai (Male) - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Sandy, Lamin (Male) - Property destroyed.

Sandy, Marie (Female) age 43 - 1994 in Koya, Kenema - Displaced and property destroyed.

Sandy, Momoh (Male) age 47 - Extorted.

Assaulted.


Sandy, Moses (Male) - 1998 in Follosaba Dembelia, Koinadugu - Forced to labour.

Sandy, Nabieu (Male) age 40 - 1995 in Baoma, Bo District - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Sandy, Saffiatu (Female) age 27 - 1994 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted.

Tortured.

Sandy, Sam (Male) - 1997 in Simbaru, Kenema - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.


Sandy, Samuel (Male) - 1997 in Kakua, Bo District - Assaulted.

Sandy, Sharka (Male) - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Sandy, Sia (Female) age 76 - 1998 in Nimiyama, Kono - Abducted.

Killed.

Sandy, Simore (Male) - 1997 in Badjia, Bo District - Forced to labour.

Sandy, Smart (Male) - 1992 in Sowa, Pujehun - Extorted.

Forced to labour.

Sandy, Yelie (Female) age 42 - 1991 in Sowa, Pujehun - Displaced and property destroyed.

Sandy, Yirah (Male) - Tortured.


Sangarie, Fatmata (Female) age 50 - 1994 in Wara-Wara Yagala, Koinadugu - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Sangarie, Sheku (Male) - 1994 in Wara-Wara Yagala, Koinadugu - Killed.

Sangeh, Momoh (Male) - 1992 in Malen, Pujehun - Killed.

Sangie, Massaih (Female) - 1995 - Abducted and detained.

Sani, Abraham (Male) - 1997 in Makari Gbanti, Bombali - Extorted.

Assaulted and tortured.

Sanjawali, Tommy (Male) - 1994 in Kakua, Bo District - Killed.
Sankarie, Lamina (Male) - 2000 in Wara-Wara Bafodia, Koinadugu - Assaulted.

Sankoh, Abdul (Male) age 29 - 1999 - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted.

Tortured and limb amputated.

Sankoh, Abdulai (Male) - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted.

Assaulted.

Sankoh, Abdulai (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced and property destroyed.

Sankoh, Abdulai (Male) age 38 - 1995 in Ribbi, Moyamba - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.


Sankoh, Abdullai (Male) age 53 - 1999 in Kholifa Mabang, Tonkolili - Property looted.

Assaulted and stripped.

Sankoh, Abu (Male) - 1995 in Gbinleh-Dixon, Kambia - Killed.

Sankoh, Abu (Male) - 1994 in Tikonko, Bo District - Killed.

Sankoh, Abu (Male) age 36 - 1997 in Port Loko - Displaced and property destroyed.

Sankoh, Abu (Male) age 50 - 2000 in Kholifa Rowalla, Tonkolili - Tortured and stripped.

Sankoh, Abu Bakarr (Male) - 1998 in Maforki, Port Loko - Displaced.
Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Sankoh, Abu Bakarr (Male) age 28 - 2000 in Safroko Limba, Bombali - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Sankoh, Adama (Female) - 1997 in Samu, Kambia - Property looted.

Sankoh, Alhaji (Male) age 54 - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Sankoh, Alimamy (Male) age 16 - 1999 in Jalahun, Kailahun - Extorted.

Abducted.

Tortured.

Sankoh, Alpha (Male) - Abducted and detained.

Sankoh, Alusine (Male) - Displaced and property looted.

Forced to labour.
Forced to labour.

Sankoh, Alusine (Male) - 1998 - Abducted.

Tortured.

Killed.

Sankoh, Alusine (Male) - 2000 in Gbinleh-Dixon, Kambia - Displaced and property destroyed.

Sankoh, Alusine (Male) age 36 - 1999 in Samu, Kambia - Property looted and destroyed.

Sankoh, Amadu (Male) age 25 - 1994 in Kholifa Mabang, Tonkolili - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Killed.

Sankoh, Amadu (Male) age 44 - 1994 in Yoni, Tonkolili - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.
Sankoh, Amadu (Male) age 75 - 1995 - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Sankoh, Amidu (Male) - Displaced and extorted.

Sankoh, Amidu (Male) - 1999 - Displaced and extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 460 Sankoh, Amidu (Male) - Forced to labour.

Sankoh, Aminata (Female) - Displaced.

Sankoh, Bockarie (Male) - 1991 in Gallinasperi, Pujehun - Property looted.

Sankoh, Brima (Male) age 44 - 1994 in Konike Sande, Tonkolili - Displaced and property destroyed.
Sankoh, Brima (Male) age 74 - 1994 - Killed.

Sankoh, Dankeh (Female) age 23 - 1996 in Malal Mara, Tonkolili - Displaced.

Sankoh, Fatmata (Female) - Abducted and detained.

Sankoh, Fatmata (Female) age 17 - 1995 in Banta Gbanggbatoke, Moyamba - Forced to labour.

Sankoh, Foday (Male) age 8 - 1997 in Jiama-Bongor, Bo District - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Sankoh, Fudia (Female) age 62 - 1999 in Western Area - Property destroyed.

Killed.
Killed.

Sankoh, Gassimu (Male) age 34 - 1994 in Kando Leppeama, Kenema - Displaced.

Tortured.

Sankoh, Ibrahim (Male) age 21 - 1995 in Loko Massama, Port Loko - Property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Sankoh, Ibrahim (Male) age 39 - 1997 - Displaced and extorted.

Assaulted.

Sankoh, Isatu (Female) - 1997 in Kholifa Rowalla, Tonkolili - Extorted.

Sankoh, Isatu (Female) age 45 - 1998 in Western Area - Displaced and property destroyed.
Sankoh, Issa (Male) age 7 - 1999 in Sanda Magblonthor, Port Loko - Assaulted and tortured.

Sankoh, Iye (Female) age 65 - Displaced and extorted.

Sankoh, James (Male) age 30 - 1991 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Displaced and extorted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Sankoh, Jeneba (Female) age 50 - 1995 in Kpanda Kemo, Bonthe - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted.

Tortured.

Sankoh, John (Male) - Assaulted.


Sankoh, Kadiatu (Female) - 1995 in Gbinleh-Dixon, Kambia - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Sankoh, Karimu (Male) age 2 - 1997 in Marampa, Port Loko - Tortured.

Killed.

Sankoh, Komrabai (Male) - Property looted and destroyed.

Assaulted.

Killed.

Sankoh, Lamina (Male) age 70 - 2000 - Extorted and property looted.

Forced to labour.

Sankoh, Lansana (Male) - Forced to labour.

Killed.
Killed.

Sankoh, Mabinty (Female) age 56 - 1998 in Western Area - Killed.

Sankoh, Marie (Female) - 1999 in Koya, Port Loko - Displaced.

Sankoh, Marie (Female) - 1999 in Ribbi, Moyamba - Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Killed.

Sankoh, Marie (Female) - Displaced and property looted.

Sankoh, Marie (Female) - 1998 in Kambia - Tortured.

Killed.

Sankoh, Marouf (Male) age 20 - 1998 - Forced to labour.

Assaulted and tortured.


Sankoh, Maulimu (Male) age 41 - 1991 in Soro Gbema, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Sankoh, Mohamed (Male) - 1997 in Bombali Shebora, Bombali - Forced to labour.

Sankoh, Mohamed (Male) - 1995 in Baoma, Bo District - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Killed.

Sankoh, Mohamed (Male) - 1998 in Western Area - Killed.

Sankoh, Mohamed (Male) age 41 - 1998 in Banta Mokele, Moyamba - Displaced and property destroyed.
Sankoh, Mohamed (Male) age 42 - 1999 - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Assaulted and tortured.

Sankoh, Mohamed (Male) age 77 - 1999 - Displaced and property destroyed.

Sankoh, Mohamed Moray (Male) age 43 - 1996 in Magbema, Kambia - Property destroyed.

Sankoh, Mohawa (Female) - 1994 in Kaffu Bullom, Port Loko - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Sankoh, Morlai (Male) age 16 - Abducted.

Sankoh, Morlai (Male) age 57 - 1999 in Samu, Kambia - Abducted and detained.
Sankoh, Musa (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Detained.

Sankoh, Ousman (Male) - Forced to labour.

Sankoh, Ousman (Male) - Forced to labour.

Sankoh, Rashid (Male) - 1994 in Tikonko, Bo District - Limb amputated.

Killed.

Sankoh, Roke (Male) - 1999 in Kholifa Rowalla, Tonkolili - Killed.

Sankoh, Roke (Male) age 60 - 1995 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Sankoh, Rugie (Female) age 12 - 1999 - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Sankoh, Saidu (Male) - Abducted.

Killed.


Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 461 Sankoh, Saidu (Male) age 27 - 1996 in Kenema - Killed.

Sankoh, Salamatu (Female) - 1996 in Magbema, Kambia - Assaulted.

Killed.

Sankoh, Salieu (Male) age 25 - Killed.

Sankoh, Sampha (Female) - 1994 in Sanda Loko, Bombali - Abducted and detained.

Sankoh, Sanda (Male) age 34 - 1998 in Gbanti Kamaranka, Bombali - Extorted and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.
Forced to labour.

Sankoh, Sellu (Male) - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Displaced.

Sankoh, Shekman (Male) - 1992 in Konike Sande, Tonkolili - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Sankoh, Soko (Male) - 1997 in Samu, Kambia - Property looted.

Killed.

Sankoh, Sonkemo (Female) - Property looted and destroyed.

Killed.

Sankoh, Sorie (Male) - 1999 in Kholifa Rowalla, Tonkolili - Property looted and destroyed.

Sankoh, Sulaiman (Male) age 35 - Displaced.

Sankoh, Tejan (Male) - Tortured and stripped.


Sankoh, Usif (Male) - 1999 - Abducted.

Tortured.

Sankoh, Yealee (Female) age 61 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Sankoh, Yusuf (Male) age 50 - 1992 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced, extorted and property looted.

Forced to labour.

Sankoh Yillah, Kadijatu Kubra Madam (Female) age 60 - 1999 in Mambolo, Kambia - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Sannah, Boakie (Male) - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Property destroyed.
Sannah, Masseh (Female) - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Displaced.

Sannoh, Abdulai (Male) age 44 - 1991 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Sannoh, Abu (Male) - 1993 - Property destroyed.

Killed.

Sannoh, Abu (Male) - 1991 in Small Bo, Kenema - Killed.

Sannoh, Alhaji Baimba (Male) age 34 - 1996 in Wunde, Bo District - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.


Sannoh, Aminata (Female) - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced and property destroyed.

Sannoh, Aminata (Female) age 26 - 1998 - Detained.

Sannoh, Arma (Male) age 50 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Sannoh, Bintu (Female) - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Property looted and destroyed.

Sannoh, Bintu (Female) - 1991 in Mandu, Kailahun - Displaced.

Sannoh, Brima (Male) - 1994 in Kando Leppeama, Kenema - Abducted and detained.

Killed.
Killed.

Sannoh, Brima (Male) age 40 - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted.

Sannoh, Brima (Male) age 65 - 1991 in Koya, Kenema - Killed.

Sannoh, Dibor (Male) - 1993 in Barri, Pujehun - Killed.

Sannoh, Emmanuel (Male) age 37 - 1995 in Benducha, Bonthe - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Tortured.

Sannoh, Foday (Male) - 1991 in Gallinasperi, Pujehun - Abducted and detained.

Sannoh, Foday (Male) age 11 - 1998 in Wara-Wara Yagala, Koinadugu - Displaced.
Abducted and detained.

Sannoh, Foday (Male) age 28 - 1998 in Wara-Wara Yagala, Koinadugu - Displaced.

Sannoh, Foday (Male) age 45 - 1993 in Kenema - Displaced.

Sannoh, Gladys (Female) age 25 - 1996 in Bagbo, Bo District - Displaced and property looted.

Killed.

Sannoh, Hawa (Female) - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Displaced.

Sannoh, Hawa (Female) age 31 - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.


Sannoh, Hawa (Female) age 44 - 1994 in Kando Leppeama, Kenema - Extorted.

Forced to labour.

Sannoh, Jebeh (Female) - Assaulted.

Sannoh, Juana (Male) age 30 - 1997 in Makpele, Pujehun - Displaced and property destroyed.

Sannoh, Kemoh (Male) age 37 - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Sannoh, Lahai (Male) - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Property destroyed.

Sannoh, Lahai (Male) age 28 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Tortured.
Tortured.

Sannoh, Lahai K (Male) - 1991 in Upper Bambara , Kailahun - Killed.

Sannoh, Lamin (Male) - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Killed.

Sannoh, Lansana (Male) age 45 - 1996 in Bagbo, Bo District - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted.

Tortured and stripped.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 462 Sannoh, Lansana (Male) age 47 - 1991 in Koya, Kenema - Property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.


Sannoh, Lansana (Male) age 50 - 1993 in Dama, Kenema - Displaced and extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Sannoh, Luseni (Male) age 46 - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted.

Sannoh, Maddi (Female) age 35 - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Sannoh, Mariama (Female) age 18 - 1998 in Mongo, Koinadugu - Property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Sannoh, Massah (Female) - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Killed.
Sannoh, Mattia (Male) - 1997 in Dama, Kenema - Extorted and property looted.

Sannoh, Mohamed (Male) - 1993 in Barri, Pujehun - Killed.

Sannoh, Mohamed (Male) - 1998 in Wara-Wara Yagala, Koinadugu - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Sannoh, Mohamed (Male) age 22 - 1994 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Displaced.

Tortured.

Sannoh, Mohamed (Male) age 56 - 1998 in Jalahun, Kailahun - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and stripped.


Sannoh, Mohamed Fonigei Jawia-Moi (Male) age 34 - 1991 in Nongowa, Kenema - Abducted and detained.

Sannoh, Momoh (Male) - 1997 in Makpele, Pujehun - Displaced.

Killed.

Sannoh, Moriforay (Male) age 48 - 1998 in Neini, Koinadugu - Displaced.

Sannoh, Moses (Male) - 1997 in Sittia, Bonthe - Detained.

Sannoh, Munda (Male) - 1997 in Nongoba Bullom, Bonthe - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.


Sannoh, Mustapha (Male) - 1993 in Barri, Pujehun - Displaced and extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Sannoh, Mustapha (Male) age 61 - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Extorted and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Sannoh, Satia (Male) - 1998 in Wara-Wara Yagala, Koinadugu - Displaced and extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Sannoh, Siallah (Male) - 1991 in Upper Bambara , Kailahun - Displaced.
Sannoh, Tejan (Male) - 1994 in Tikonko, Bo District - Property looted and destroyed.

Sannoh, Tenneh (Female) - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Displaced.

Sannoh, Tiange (Female) age 25 - 1997 in Nongoba Bullom, Bonthe - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Sannoh, Tommy (Male) - 1997 in Nongoba Bullom, Bonthe - Abducted.

Sannoh, Vandy (Male) - 1991 - Abducted.

Killed.

Sannoh, Wiata (Female) age 19 - 1999 in Western Area - Extorted and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.


Sannoh, Wuya (Female) age 57 - 1993 in Dama, Kenema - Killed.

Sannoh, Wuya (Female) age 65 - Killed.

Sanoh M., Henry (Male) age 43 - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Santigie, Gbassay (Female) age 26 - 1995 in Banta Mokele, Moyamba - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Santigie, Tity (Female) age 39 - 1997 in Imperi, Bonthe - Extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.


Sanu, Abie (Female) age 32 - 1994 in Simbaru, Kenema - Displaced.

Sanu, Daniel (Male) age 68 - 1998 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced and extorted.

Forced to labour.

Sanu, Fatmata (Female) age 13 - 1998 in Koya, Port Loko - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured and limb amputated.

Sanu, Santigie (Male) - 1998 in Leibasgayahun, Bombali - Killed.

Sao, Francis (Male) - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and limb amputated.


Sao, Hawa (Female) - Displaced and property looted.

Assaulted and tortured.

Sao, Momoh (Male) - 1992 in Barri, Pujehun - Detained.

Sapateh, Ramatu (Female) age 48 - 1998 in Maforki, Port Loko - Displaced.

Tortured.

Sapawato, Tommy (Male) - 1991 in Malen, Pujehun - Killed.

Sapha, Margrette (Female) - Abducted and detained.

Sapha, Vandi (Male) - 1995 in Koya, Kenema - Forced to labour.

Sargie, Tom (Male) age 49 - 1998 in Kaffu Bullom, Port Loko - Displaced.
Sarmu, Umaru (Male) - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Sarty, Baindu (Female) - 1991 in Jawie, Kailahun - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted.

Killed.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 463 Saruqe, Sandy (Male) age 33 - 1992 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced.

Satic, Sakpa (Male) - 1991 in Malema, Kailahun - Displaced and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and tortured.

Satta, Konna (Female) age 50 - Displaced and property looted.
Satta, Lansana (Male) - 1994 in Yawei, Kailahun - Displaced and property looted.

Killed.

Saudi, Adama (Female) - 1997 in Timdel, Moyamba - Abducted and detained.

Saw, Kadiatu (Female) age 29 - 1995 in Bonthe - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Sawaneh, Bambay (Male) age 15 - 1998 - Displaced.

Limb amputated.

Sawaneh, Foday (Male) age 29 - 1997 in Loko Massama, Port Loko - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and tortured.


Sawaneh, Ibrahim (Male) age 51 - 1999 in Western Area - Extorted and property destroyed.

Assaulted.

Sawaneh, Kainawova (Male) - 1991 in Sanda Loko, Bombali - Property looted.

Forced to labour.

Killed.

Sawaneh, Musa (Male) - 1994 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Property looted and destroyed.

Sawaneh, Tiangeh (Female) age 7 - 1991 in Western Area - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Sawyer, Anthony (Male) age 15 - 1991 in Gallinasperi, Pujehun - Displaced.
Sawyer, Bainatu (Male) - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Assaulted.

Sawyer, Fean (Male) - 1998 in Western Area - Abducted and detained.

Sawyer, Henry (Male) - 1991 - Displaced and extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Sawyer, Matilda (Male) age 40 - Displaced and property looted.

Sawyerr, Joseph (Male) age 16 - 1999 in Western Area - Forced to labour.

Sedekei, Sahr (Male) age 33 - 1999 - Displaced.

Abducted.

Assaulted.

Sefoi, Alie (Male) - 1995 in Kori, Moyamba - Killed.
Sei, Baby (Male) - 1995 in Kagboro, Moyamba - Displaced.

Abducted.

Sei, Brima (Male) age 32 - 1992 in Niawa, Kenema - Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Sei, Brima (Male) age 40 - 1991 in Nomo, Kenema - Property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Sei, Duramani (Male) - 1995 in Imperi, Bonthe - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Sei, Eric (Male) age 36 - 1993 in Nongowa, Kenema - Displaced and extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Sei, Joe (Male) - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Killed.


Sei, Momoh (Male) age 45 - 1992 in Niawa, Kenema - Abducted and detained.

Sei, Ousman (Male) age 53 - 1995 in Imperi, Bonthe - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Killed.

Sei, Tommy (Male) age 35 - 1995 in Gbendembu Ngowahun, Bombali - Displaced.

Sei Rogers, Momoh (Male) age 55 - 1991 in Pujehun - Property looted and destroyed.

Killed.

Seigeh, Momoh (Male) age 30 - 1991 in Malen, Pujehun - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Killed.


Seita, Wuya (Female) - 1997 in Makpele, Pujehun - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Seitua, Brima (Male) - 1991 in Jalahun, Kailahun - Killed.

Seitua, Foday (Male) age 47 - 1997 in Makpele, Pujehun - Displaced and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Seitua, Hanasan (Male) age 51 - 1991 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Assaulted.

Seitua, Jinnah (Male) age 24 - 1991 in Makpele, Pujehun - Property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.


Seitua, Jusu Kono Boy (Male) age 31 - 1992 in Makpele, Pujehun - Displaced and extorted.

Forced to labour.

Seitua, Mariama (Female) age 19 - 1991 in Makpele, Pujehun - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Seitua, Momoh (Male) age 64 - 1997 in Makpele, Pujehun - Killed.

Seitua, Sai (Male) age 84 - 1991 in Makpele, Pujehun - Property destroyed.

Assaulted.
Assaulted.

Seituah, Sengbe (Male) age 50 - 1991 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Seiwoh, Mattu (Female) - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Killed.

Seiyah, Joseph (Male) - 1995 in Kowa, Moyamba - Displaced.

Sekua, Saffa (Male) - 1991 - Tortured.

Sellu, Abel (Female) - 1997 in Dodo, Kenema - Displaced.

Sellu, Alhaji (Male) - 1991 in Jawie, Kailahun - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted.

Tortured and stripped.

Killed.


Sellu, Amara (Male) age 31 - Displaced, extorted and property looted.

Tortured.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 464 Sellu, Amara (Male) age 68 - 1996 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced and extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Sellu, Aminata (Female) - Displaced and property looted.

Assaulted and tortured.

Sellu, Brima (Male) - 1995 in Kpanda Kemo, Bonthe - Killed.

Sellu, Brima (Male) age 32 - 1995 in Peje West, Kailahun - Displaced.
Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Sellu, Fanta (Female) age 43 - 1996 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Sellu, Joe (Male) - 1995 in Imperi, Bonthe - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Sellu, John (Male) - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Displaced and property destroyed.

Sellu, Karimu C.Y.

(Male) age 38 - 1995 in Imperi, Bonthe - Displaced and property looted.

Detained.

Assaulted.

Sellu, Kula (Female) - 1991 in Soro Gbema, Pujehun - Killed.
Sellu, Kumba (Female) age 27 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced and property destroyed.

Detained.

Sellu, Kurah (Female) - 1998 in Bonthe UDC, Bonthe - Abducted and detained.

Sellu, Mattu (Female) - 1995 in Ribbi, Moyamba - Displaced, extorted and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Sellu, Mooray (Male) - 1995 in Dodo, Kenema - Abducted and detained.

Sellu, Ngaijeh (Male) - 1997 in Mandu, Kailahun - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Assaulted.

Killed.
Assaulted.

Killed.

Sellu, Sama (Male) age 30 - 1994 in Peje Bongre, Kailahun - Displaced.

Tortured.

Sellu, Samuel (Male) age 42 - 1996 in Bagbe, Bo District - Property destroyed.

Sellu, Sheku (Male) age 8 - 1991 in Jawie, Kailahun - Displaced.

Abducted.

Sellu, Susan (Female) age 23 - 1999 in Western Area - Property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Sellu, Tommy (Male) - 1997 in Paki Masabong, Bombali - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.


Sema, Jinnah (Female) - 1991 in Jalahun, Kailahun - Assaulted.

Semah, Duba (Male) - 1999 in Sanda Magblonthor, Port Loko - Killed.

Semah, Jinnah (Female) - 1991 in Peje Bongre, Kailahun - Killed.

Sembe, Yeama (Female) - 1995 in Sogbini, Bonthe - Displaced.

Semeeh, Gabriel (Male) - 1994 in Kakua, Bo District - Killed.

Semendu, Sahr (Male) - 1999 in Gbense, Kono - Killed.

Senedah, Mohamed (Male) age 17 - 1997 in Bo District - Tortured.
Senese, Keine (Male) - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Killed.

Senesie, Adama (Female) age 37 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced and property destroyed.

Senesie, Brima (Male) - 1996 - Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Killed.

Senesie, Digba (Male) age 38 - 1995 in Kono - Displaced and extorted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Senesie, Finda (Female) age 13 - 1999 in Fiama, Kono - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Senesie, Fomba (Male) - 1991 in Luawa, Kailahun - Killed.
Senesie, Franklyn (Male) age 26 - 2000 in Western Area - Tortured.

Senesie, Gassimu (Male) - 1996 - Abducted.

Senesie, Kenie (Male) - 1996 - Abducted and detained.

Senesie, Kennie (Male) age 42 - 1996 in Wandor, Kenema - Displaced.

Senesie, Kona (Female) - 1991 - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Senesie, Lippia (Male) - 1996 in Niawa Lenga, Bo District - Killed.

Senesie, M.A.

(Male) age 59 - 1994 in Nongowa, Kenema - Displaced.
Senesie, Mabinty (Female) age 30 - 1995 in Dasse, Moyamba - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Senesie, Momoh (Male) age 57 - 1995 in Kwamebai Krim, Bonthe - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted.

Senesie, Patrick (Male) - 1995 in Dasse, Moyamba - Tortured.

Senesie, Sahr (Male) age 33 - 1991 in Penguia, Kailahun - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Senesie, Sao (Male) age 30 - 1991 in Penguia, Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Killed.
Tortured.

Killed.

Senesie, Tongowa (Male) - 1994 in Jiama-Bongor, Bo District - Abducted and detained.

Senesie, Vandy (Male) - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Killed.

Senesie, Woudie (Male) - 1991 in Malen, Pujehun - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Senessi, Aiah (Male) - 1998 in Gorama Kono, Kono - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted.

Killed.

Senessi, Fatu (Female) age 33 - 1992 in Yoni, Tonkolili - Displaced and property looted.
Senessi, Kumba (Female) age 48 - 1998 in Gorama Kono, Kono - Displaced and property looted and Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 465 destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Senessi, Steven (Male) age 46 - 1992 in Yoni, Tonkolili - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Senessie, Aiah A (Male) age 28 - 1997 in Soa, Kono - Killed.

Senessie, Emmanuel (Male) age 10 - 1998 in Sandor, Kono - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Senessie, Komba (Male) age 15 - 1997 in Nimikoro, Kono - Displaced.
Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Senessie, Mohamed (Male) - 1995 in Imperi, Bonthe - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Senessie, Moray (Male) age 30 - 1991 - Killed.

Sengbe, Ibrahim (Male) age 47 - 1994 in Dodo, Kenema - Displaced and property destroyed.

Sengbeh, Keikula (Male) - 1991 in Malen, Pujehun - Property destroyed.

Sengbeh, Satta (Female) - 1991 in Malen, Pujehun - Assaulted.

Sengeh, Abu (Male) age 23 - 1991 in Malen, Pujehun - Displaced.
Sengeh, Dauda (Male) - 1994 in Kakua, Bo District - Killed.

Sengeh, David (Male) - 1991 in Lugbu, Bo District - Killed.

Sengeh, Foday (Male) - 1994 in Malen, Pujehun - Killed.

Sengeh, Lansana (Male) age 44 - 1991 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Sengeh, Massah (Female) age 29 - 1991 in Malen, Pujehun - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Sengeh, Mohamed (Male) - Abducted and detained.

Sengeh, Momoh (Male) - 1991 in Malen, Pujehun - Killed.
Sengeh, Sumani (Male) - 1992 in Barri, Pujehun - Killed.

Seray, Alpha (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Assaulted and stripped.

Serray, Aruna (Male) - Extorted.

Serry, Alie (Male) age 46 - 1998 in Kholifa Mabang, Tonkolili - Displaced.

Serry, Amadu (Male) - 1999 - Extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Serry, Amie (Female) age 38 - 1994 in Malal Mara, Tonkolili - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Serry, Aruna (Male) - 1998 - Displaced.


Serry, James (Male) age 24 - 1992 in Gbense, Kono - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Serry, Mabinty (Female) age 17 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced.

Serry, Ramatu (Female) age 11 - 1999 in Yoni, Tonkolili - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Serry, Ramatu (Female) age 24 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Serttia, Momoh (Male) age 45 - 1991 in Makpele, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted.
Abducted.

Sesay, Abass (Male) - 1999 in Kassunko, Koinadugu - Tortured.

Killed.

Sesay, Abass (Male) age 13 - 1998 - Forced to labour.

Killed.

Sesay, Abass (Male) age 31 - 1994 - Displaced and property destroyed.

Assaulted and tortured.

Sesay, Abdul (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Sesay, Abdul (Male) age 3 - 1998 - Displaced.

Sesay, Abdul (Male) age 25 - 1999 in Western Area - Property destroyed.
Sesay, Abdul (Male) age 27 - 1999 in Gbanti Kamaranka, Bombali - Displaced and property looted.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Sesay, Abdul (Male) age 34 - 1996 in Fakunya, Moyamba - Displaced and property destroyed.

Assaulted.

Sesay, Abdul Rahman (Male) - 1999 in Fakunya, Moyamba - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Sesay, Abdul Rahman (Male) - 1998 in Koya, Port Loko - Property destroyed.

Sesay, Abdulai (Male) - 1997 - Extorted.

Sesay, Abdulai (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Property looted.
Sesay, Abdulai (Male) age 7 - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Sesay, Abdulai (Male) age 20 - 1994 in Western Area - Displaced and property destroyed.

Sesay, Abdulai (Male) age 37 - Displaced and property looted.

Sesay, Abdulai (Male) age 40 - 1998 in Samu, Kambia - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Sesay, Abu (Male) - 1995 in Sanda Magblonthor, Port Loko - Killed.

Sesay, Abu (Male) - 1999 in Marampa, Port Loko - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.
Assaulted.

Sesay, Abu (Male) - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Property looted and destroyed.

Sesay, Abu (Male) - 1996 - Property looted.

Killed.

Sesay, Abu (Male) - Killed.

Sesay, Abu (Male) - 1998 in Gbendembu Ngowahun, Bombali - Abducted and detained.

Tortured and limb amputated.

Killed.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 466 Sesay, Abu (Male) - 1999 in Paki Masabong, Bombali - Displaced.

Killed.

Sesay, Abu (Male) - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Killed.


Sesay, Abu (Male) age 1 - 1999 in Western Area - Limb amputated.

Sesay, Abu (Male) age 16 - 1991 in Sanda Loko, Bombali - Displaced.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and stripped.

Sesay, Abu (Male) age 45 - 1998 in Follosaba Dembelia, Koinadugu - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Sesay, Abu (Male) age 67 - 1994 in Neini, Koinadugu - Displaced and property destroyed.
Sesay, Abu Bakarr (Male) - 1997 in Bombali - Displaced and property destroyed.

Sesay, Abu Bakarr (Male) age 28 - 1995 in Kaiyamba, Moyamba - Property destroyed.

Killed.

Sesay, Adama (Female) - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Property looted and destroyed.

Abducted.

Sesay, Adama (Female) - 1999 - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Tortured.

Sesay, Adama (Female) - 1998 - Limb amputated.

Sesay, Adama (Female) - 1999 in Gbinleh-Dixon, Kambia - Property destroyed.
Sesay, Adama (Female) age 23 - 1999 in Western Area - Assaulted.

Sesay, Adama (Female) age 35 - 1998 - Displaced.

Sesay, Adama (Female) age 46 - 1996 - Displaced and property looted.

Sesay, Adikalig (Male) - 1999 in Tonko Limba, Kambia - Displaced, extorted and property looted.

Sesay, Albert (Male) age 37 - Displaced.

Sesay, Alhaji (Male) - 1991 in Makpele, Pujehun - Abducted and detained.

Sesay, Alhaji (Male) - Tortured.

Sesay, Alhaji (Male) - 1998 in Kakua, Bo District - Property destroyed.
Sesay, Alhaji Ibrahim (Male) - 1991 - Property looted and destroyed.

Sesay, Alhaji M.l.

(Male) - 1991 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Property destroyed.

Sesay, Alhaji Mohamed Lamin (Male) age 79 - 1991 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Sesay, Alhaji Monya (Male) - 1998 in Jawie, Kailahun - Killed.

Sesay, Alice (Female) age 22 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced and property looted.
Sesay, Alie (Male) - 1995 in Kori, Moyamba - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Sesay, Alie (Male) age 22 - Killed.

Sesay, Alie (Male) age 61 - 1999 - Property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Sesay, Alimamy (Male) - 1999 in Sanda Magblonthor, Port Loko - Killed.

Sesay, Alimamy (Male) - 1999 in Maforki, Port Loko - Displaced and property looted.

Sesay, Alimamy (Male) - 1998 in Gbanti Kamaranka, Bombali - Property destroyed.
Sesay, Alimamy (Male) - 1999 in Leibasgayahun, Bombali - Extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Sesay, Alimamy (Male) - Killed.

Sesay, Alimamy (Male) - Displaced and property destroyed.

Sesay, Alimamy (Male) age 18 - 2000 in Samu, Kambia - Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Sesay, Alimamy (Male) age 27 - 1999 in Gbendembu Ngowahun, Bombali - Displaced.

Sesay, Alimamy (Male) age 40 - 1998 in Dembelia Sinkunia, Koinadugu - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.
Sesay, Alimamy (Male) age 58 - 1997 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced.

Sesay, Allie (Male) - 1996 in Kongbora, Moyamba - Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Sesay, Alpha (Male) - 1997 in Kholifa Rowalla, Tonkolili - Killed.

Sesay, Alpha (Male) - 1998 in Kaffu Bullom, Port Loko - Abducted and detained.

Sesay, Alpha (Male) - 2000 - Displaced.

Sesay, Alpha (Male) - 1999 - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Sesay, Alpha (Male) - 1994 in Yawei, Kailahun - Abducted and detained.
Sesay, Alpha (Male) age 9 - 1999 in Loko Massama, Port Loko - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted.

Sesay, Alpha (Male) age 20 - Killed.

Sesay, Alpha (Male) age 43 - 1998 in Nongoba Bullom, Bonthe - Displaced and extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Tortured.

Sesay, Alpha (Male) age 45 - 1998 - Killed.

Sesay, Alpha (Male) age 55 - 1999 in Western Area - Property destroyed.

Tortured.

Sesay, Alpha (Male) age 78 - 1991 in Barri, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted.
Sesay, Alpha Bedor (Male) age 26 - 1999 in Western Area - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 467 and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.

Sesay, Alpha Taimu (Male) age 47 - 1994 in Lower Bambara, Kenema - Displaced and property looted.

Sesay, Alusine (Male) - Abducted and detained.

Stripped.

Sesay, Alusine (Male) - 1995 in Jong, Bonthe - Killed.

Sesay, Alusine (Male) age 18 - 1996 in Sella Limba, Bombali - Displaced.
Sesay, Alusine Juana (Male) age 45 - 1997 in Mandu, Kailahun - Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Sesay, Amadu (Male) - 1999 in Koya, Port Loko - Abducted and detained.

Limb amputated.

Sesay, Amadu (Male) age 65 - 1995 in Maforki, Port Loko - Forced to labour.

Assaulted and tortured.

Sesay, Amadu (Male) age 66 - 1999 in Bombali Shebora, Bombali - Killed.

Sesay, Amara (Male) age 23 - 1992 in Gbense, Kono - Property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted, tortured and stripped.


Sesay, Amara (Male) age 54 - 1991 in Makpele, Pujehun - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.

Sesay, Amie (Female) - 1997 - Displaced.

Tortured.

Sesay, Amie (Female) - 1997 in Kando Leppeama, Kenema - Abducted and detained.

Sesay, Amie (Female) age 65 - 1994 in Nimiyama, Kono - Displaced and extorted.

Sesay, Aminata (Female) - 1998 - Property destroyed.

Detained.

Sesay, Aminata (Female) - 1999 - Extorted.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and tortured.


Sesay, Aminata (Female) - Displaced.

Forced to labour.

Assaulted and forced to participate in an act of cannibalism.

Sesay, Aminata (Female) - 1999 in Western Area - Killed.

Sesay, Aminata (Female) age 32 - 1999 in Western Area - Assaulted.

Sesay, Aminata Baromie (Female) age 49 - 1994 in Kalansogia, Tonkolili - Displaced and property destroyed.

Sesay, Aruna (Male) - 1996 - Assaulted.

Sesay, Assana (Male) - 1998 in Kagboro, Moyamba - Killed.
Sesay, Babber (Male) - Killed.

Sesay, Baby (Female) - 2000 in Malal Mara, Tonkolili - Killed.

Sesay, Bai (Male) age 31 - 1998 in Magbema, Kambia - Displaced.

Assaulted.

Sesay, Baimba (Male) age 18 - 1991 in Western Area - Displaced.

Tortured.

Sesay, Baindu (Female) - 1991 in Bumpeh, Bo District - Killed.

Sesay, Bala (Male) age 34 - 1998 - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted.

Sesay, Balie (Male) - 1994 in Gbense, Kono - Killed.
Sesay, Balla (Male) age 44 - 1997 in Mambolo, Kambia - Displaced and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Limb amputated.

Sesay, Balla (Male) age 56 - 1998 in Western Area - Property destroyed.

Assaulted.

Sesay, Bambeh (Female) - 1998 in Sengbe, Koinadugu - Abducted and detained.

Sesay, Bangeya (Male) - 1998 in Biriwa, Bombali - Abducted and detained.

Killed.

Sesay, Barica (Male) - 1992 in Gorama Kono, Kono - Displaced.

Sesay, Bockarie (Male) - 1997 in Simbaru, Kenema - Killed.
Sesay, Bockarie (Male) - 1999 in Western Area - Property destroyed.

Killed.

Sesay, Bomkapr (Male) - 1998 in Sanda Loko, Bombali - Property destroyed.

Sesay, Borbor (Male) - 1999 - Displaced.

Sesay, Borwoh (Male) - 1999 in Paki Masabong, Bombali - Property destroyed.

Sesay, Brima (Male) - 1998 in Konike Sande, Tonkolili - Displaced, extorted and property looted and destroyed.

Sesay, Brima (Male) - 1995 in Ribbi, Moyamba - Displaced and property looted and destroyed.
Sesay, Brima (Male) - 2000 in Malal Mara, Tonkolili - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Assaulted and stripped.

Sesay, Brima (Male) - 1997 in Kwamebai Krim, Bonthe - Extorted and property looted.

Detained.

Sesay, Brima (Male) - Displaced, extorted and property destroyed.

Abducted and detained.

Sesay, Brima (Male) - Killed.

Sesay, Brima (Male) - 1991 in Dodo, Kenema - Killed.

Sesay, Brima (Male) age 56 - Displaced and property destroyed.
Sesay, Brima Josephous (Male) age 50 - 1991 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Property looted.

Sesay, Brima Saio (Male) age 41 - 1999 in Bombali Shebora, Bombali - Displaced and property destroyed.

Forced to labour.

Vol Two Chapter Five List of victims Page 468 Sesay, Brima Siaka (Male) - 1991 in Panga Kabonde, Pujehun - Property looted.

Killed.

Sesay, Collier (Male) age 55 - 1991 in Peje West, Kailahun - Displaced and property looted.

Sesay, Combor (Male) - Killed.


Sesay, Dakoh (Male) age 40 - 1998 - Displaced, extorted and property looted.

Assaulted.

Sesay, Damba (Male) - 1999 in Tambakka, Bombali - Abducted and detained.

Sesay, Dauda (Male) - 1996 in Jong, Bonthe - Displaced.

Sesay, David (Male) age 26 - 1999 in Tonkolili - Displaced and property looted.

Abducted and detained.

Sesay, Digba (Female) - Killed.

Sesay, Emma (Female) age 44 - 1997 - Displaced and property destroyed.