Source document: https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1698077364201.pdf (Guyana)
I I I I I I 11 I I I I I I I I I I I I Submission on Agriculture to the Guyana Sugar Corporation Commission of Inquiry.

OCTOBER 2015 .

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"-' 'l;l I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Page 2 Page 5 Page 6 Page 22 Page 31 Page 39 Page 47 Page SO Page 55 Page 61 Page 63 Page 68 Guyana Sugar Industry Commission of Inquiry- Agriculture Report Table of Contents Sections Executive Summary 1-lntroduction 2-0verview and Current Situation 3-Recommended Actions and Medium Term Prospects 4-Cane Farming Issues 5-Progress and Prospects for Mechanisation 6-Agriculture Procurement 7-Research and Development 8-Weather and Climate Change 9- Environmental Matters 10-0pportunities for Diversification 11-0bservations and Recommendations Bibliography Appendix 1- Industry Production Trends Appendix 2 -Agriculture Operating Costs and Capital Appendix 3 Cane Farming Records Appendix 4 -Agriculture Policy Matters Appendix 5 - Historical Rainfall and Climate Appendix 6 - Tillage, Planting and Machine Utilization 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Guyana Sugar Industry Commission of Inquiry - Report Agriculture The Guyana Sugar Industry is in a significant decision making phase, following successive years of financial loss, that have required subventions from the Central Government in 2013, 2014 and 2015.
These subventions have been used mainly to service debt and do not reflect any long term investment in the Business.

The Agriculture Report is a component of a wide-ranging Commission of Inquiry appointed by the Central Government and tasked with identifying the root causes underlying the Industry's poor performance, and to chart a way forward towards a more financially viable and sustainable future.
The Agriculture sub-Committee comprises Dr. Harold Davis and Mr. John Piggott, both of whom have had extensive experience within the sugar industry of Guyana and several other countries.

Executive Summary Agriculture is the basis of production for the sugar industry and the single largest contributor to operating cost.

The Industry has faltered financially over the past 7 years and this can be attributed largely to poor yields.
The members of the Agriculture sub- Committee of the Commission visited and held in-depth discussions with each operating estate and Service Department during the initial 8 weeks of the Study.

This reports reflects views from the estates' technical and managerial staff as much as the views and experience of the writers.

Average cane yields have plummeted since 2009 on most estates.
Blairmont and Albion estates have maintained some respectability in production, but even on these estates, the performance has been well below their potential.

Poor production has been highlighted by unacceptable plant cane yields on each estate.

Ratoon maintenance and productivity has also been poor.
Several contributing factors were identified for these yields, most of which could be linked to estates and support staff falling short of fundamental agronomic and agriculture management standards, including quality of tillage, timing of planting, shortages of inputs, chronic weed competition and in too many cases, harvesting canes out of season.

In 2015, over 5000 hectares of First Crop canes had yet to receive fertiliser in August.
While the fertilizer has since been delivered, there will be an undetermined impact on the 2016 production.

Skeldon Estate has been a special consideration throughout the exercise.

This estate received considerably more inputs in agriculture and factory than other estates but has not produced at the projected efficiencies since the commissioning of the new mill.
From the Agriculture perspective, cane quality has continued to be compromised by a high percentage of over age cane in each crop compounded by delays in crop start leading to machine harvesting in wet and consequent high percentages of extraneous matter and muds delivered to the factory.

These conditions combined with delays in delivery to the mill have resulted in consistently very poor sugar recoveries since the new mill was commissioned in 2009.
Skeldon has experienced relatively low average rainfall since 2008, but the external drainage for the expanded cultivation is inadequate.

A new 340 TPM drainage pump has been sited on the banks of the Canje that will substantively address this issue.

The NOIA is expected to complete the required 2 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 6Km canal to link the pump to the estate's drainage system at Sookram's Cross.
This project is sufficiently important for Guysuco to consider undertaking the drain on its own, should financial approval from the NOIA be subject to delays.

The report offers guidance on the management and technical interventions that will promote better yields that if achieved would result in improvements in sustainable productivity by 2020.
Unfortunately, projected costs of production for agriculture will probably not be low enough for the industry to be profitable at prices projected for the European Market where the bulk of Guyana's sugar is sold after 2017.

The recommendation from this report is that the Industry needs to add other revenue streams in addition to raw sugar.

Since all factories will have to cope with increasing volumes of machine loaded or harvested canes, it is inevitable that changes in Boiler plant will be required.
It is proposed that the opportunity be taken to design the operations for export of seasonal power.

A suggestion is also made to consider the manufacture of food grade plantation white sugars by a new involving u ltrafiltration.

technology Mechanization is increasingly important to sugarcane production in Guyana.
Although progress has been made with the development and operation of equipment and results indicate the potential for significant cost efficiencies not only in harvesting but for crop agronomy and maintenance.

It has been a disappointment that although the Bell Loader has been accepted as the preferred mode of operation by cane harvesters, who are more productive with less physical effort, the operation has not resulted a cost incentive to the Industry.
It is proposed here that the Union work with Guysuco to eliminate additional payment for "obstacles and other extras" from the cut and stack operation that already includes a built in compensation of 15% for these factors.

3 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Mechanization of sugarcane harvesting has been accompanied by several challenges to agriculture management and operations in the factories that receive significant volumes of these canes.
The importance of achieving Kill to Mill intervals of under 24 hrs is imperative for billeted canes if unacceptable cane quality is to be avoided.

Agriculture Managers have not recognised the opportunity mechanized harvesting offers for early release of punts from harvesting fronts and recycling from mill reception that can contribute to efficient utilization of punts and also significantly reduce Kill to Mill intervals.
The importance of Cane Farming to the future production for the sugar industry is considered.

It is however noted that apart from the new farmers at Skeldon, the Berbice region has seen an overall decline in cane farming.

The prospects for developing these as independent operators will have to be encouraged.

It is also proposed that the concept of a "farmer owned" cane supply for Wales Estate should be studied as a production model for that estate.
The importance of system development and continued innovation is recognized for mechanization and in research and development.

The appointment of a mechanization Coordinator is proposed.

This individual would be provided with the resources to focus on addressing critical issues such as land levelling, haul-out improvements, irrigation and cane It is also recognised that Research and delivery management for a mechanized industry.
Development has a vital role to play in maintaining agronomic standards, resolving problems as they arise, and finding technical solutions to potential areas of concern.

The support of senior management will be vital if the effectiveness of this unit is to be preserved.

This report is presented in 11 sections.

The first 4 relate to the current production issues on Estates and Farmers cultivations, including cost and medium term productivity Improvements.
Sections 5 to 7 address the development issues mechanization, research and also avenues for improving procurement.

Strategies for managing current and predicted climatic events and the environment are discussed in sections 8 and 9.

Opportunities for Diversification are addressed in Section 10.

Section 11 summarizes significant findings and recommendations.
4 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1-lntroduction 1.1 This assignment is being undertaken at a time when the state owned Guyana Sugar Corporation appears to be at a significant crossroads, having for the past 3 years been forced to seek subventions rising from G$5B in 2013 to G$12B in 2015, from the Government to cover an increasing debt that has accumulated to G$82B, a figure that is anticipated to increase, particularly when the sugar supply contracts between the ACP countries and the EU refineries are re -negotiated after 2017.
1.2 -Agriculture is the largest component of operating expenditure in the sugarcane industry and also provides the largest opportunity for cost efficiencies and improved productivity.

The Agriculture team members have visited each estate and have paid attention to critical areas of the Guysuco and Cane Farmers cultivations in order to assess growing conditions, infrastructure and the effectiveness of operations, including the coordination with the Factories.
In depth discussions were held with Estates management and with and with the Central Technical staff of the Agriculture Services, Research, Factory Operations and Materials Control Depts.

A special session was also held with the Engineering and Operational staff who have been active in mechanization development.

Guysuco has also provided detailed records of historical and current production, environment and cost data which were reviewed to show the way forward.
1.3 -The majority of these visits were made together with the Factory team members and both teams were thus enabled to develop a common perspective of the critical issues as they relate to cane supply, quality and operational issues in both field and factory.

5 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 2 -Overview and Current Situation 2.1 Sugarcane and sugar production from the Guyana Industry have experienced significant changes over the 16 years from 2000 to 2015.
Production from the first seven years of the period reflected the efforts made across the Industry to operate within the set guidelines of an Agriculture Improvement Programme that was formally launched in 2000 to improve relatively stagnated productivity of the 1990s This programme was developed by and coordinated by the Central Agriculture Depts and entailed investments in prime movers and implements and emphasized strict adherence to guidelines for tillage and to established agronomic standards that were common during the 1970's.
2.2 These efforts produced consistent satisfactory cane of the order of 3.4 million tonnes annually.

It appeared perfectly reasonable to anticipate in excess of 4 million tonnes of cane after the expanded cultivation from Skeldon contributed to production.

In 2005, intense prolonged rainfall and severe floods, particularly in Demerara disrupted agriculture operations for 2005 and 2006.
An apparent recovery in agriculture performance in 2007 proved to be short lived as heavy rainfall in 2008 again disrupted operations and resulted in depressed yields.

Consistently poor productivity since 2010 cannot be simply attributed solely to adverse weather, as average growing conditions have prevailed since 2009.

It is apparent that the operating principles established for the preceding years may have been quickly forgotten.
2.3 The Board and Management of Guysuco had recognised the continuing problems and have published reviews of the Industry Strategic Plan in 2009, 2013 and 2014.

These reviews have recognized the deficiencies ·in the Industry performance and its technical and operating shortcomings, all of which are evident today.

Unfortunately none of these plans have resulted in tangible measures to retrieve the production decline.
2.4 Records and accounts suggest that planting outside of the recommended windows, non adherence to tillage standards and poor timing of inputs have been frequent.

The imposition of ill-advised and technically unsound directives on agriculture practices were also a disturbing and unfortunate feature particularly over the past three years.
2.5 Difficulties with cash availability and credit have been experienced since the delay in commissioning the new Skeldon Factory and the continuing high expenditure on the project.

Agriculture was significantly affected.

In 2012, with the objective of reducing costs, the rates of fertiliser N was reduced by 25% and the percentage of the cheaper source urea was also increased.
The ratio of ammonium sulphate to urea in the recommended fertiliser mix is effective in minimising volatilisation of N from urea.

At the same time potash fertiliser was curtailed.

The subsequent year 2013, cane and sugar yields were the lowest since 1992.

2.6 The reductions in fertil'iser were not justified by the available technical information nor the Research Dept.

The fertiliser regime was eventually restored after June of 2013.
Although the reduction in production should not be attributed to this sole cause, the measure is symptomatic 6 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I of a willingness to compromise agriculture standards.

Previous history in the Guyana Industry (1970s) has demonstrated the need for caution before making adjustments to fertiliser policy.

2.7 The very poor production year in 2013 was followed by panic bringing forward of canes in 2014 to produce more acceptable gross results.
This was short term thinking at best that did not address the fundamental causes of the poor yield that have since continued.
The practice of Bringing Forward immature canes to the preceding crop, not only sacrifices the potential production that may have resulted from harvesting those canes at maturity, it also risks from those areas by exposure of the young compromising the subsequent development rainfall and in some cases having adverse physiological developing stools to end of season impacts for subsequent crops.

This practice appears to have become institutionalised as a standard practice over the past 5 years.
Year 2011 i 2012 ~ 2013 .

2014 1 2015 ____ 741 1913 1718 3237 - - - - -----·-- ------------------- 0 budgeted '948 2032 1813 --~-----·------- i Total - Ha_ ' 2721 ..,.

i 2654 I 2663 - - - - - - - .

5269 1813 to date Table 2.1 - Progressive Brought Forward Areas 2011 -2015 2.8 Successive seasons of poor performance have forced the Industry to seek subventions from the Central Government, that have been made at increasing levels in 2013, 2014 and 2015 when $12B were approved.
Despite this, unavailability of cash during the production periods has led to shortages of fertilizers and agrichemicals at critical crop development stages.

I 2005 i 2002 .

4852 ' 348806 41907 4871 2012 43616 5387 2004 1 45213 , 5081 '2oo7 ·--, 2008 i 44262 , 4035 • Year lH·.;-·Estates.

""141295 · 39758 : Ha Farms .

4317 ' T cane Estates ' 3322456 I 3394983 I 2738299 i 28612S3-T2S54288""2~40~5-8_S_3+-2~1"'6-'-38_8_9_._25~1-3_7_4~1 r-- ' 237927 ' T cane Farms .
264723 r Tc/Ha Estates I 80.5 ~-72_,0_ 65.3 I 12.11 TC/TS Estates 1 11.2 1· 11.55 ' 54.4 ~}__ .

52.6 ; 71.9 TC/Ha Farms -+ 24604_7_.

)._2_66481 _;22.~7_0 ___ 218007 • 331052 _ _32_5303 T Sugar I 13.24 ' 12 6 TC/TS Farms 1 1773 I 2484 Rainfall (mm) 55.8 186755 '"216361- 14.89 : 13.l 14.22 -;~--- --1827-r-lS07 Table 2.2 Cane and Sugar production Trends 2002 to 2014 303517 55.2 12 23 __ j__l_228_ 56.3 - ' 212281 57.7 j 12.16 2013 I 40676 1 5287 14.53 _ 1802 __ _ !
325303 · 75.1 j_.5_3,2 ______ 5_5_.s_~ 2014 45302 : 12.6 , 2554 12.95 54.2 12.85 1990 307074 294836 ' 5667 .

67.7 11.37 ---- 2.9 These disturbing trends have suggested that without planned subsidies from the Government, this industry would be unable to sustain itself.

This is clearly unacceptable for an Industry that has been developed as a business required to produce profitable returns for its shareholders.

2.10 All estates have recorded lower efficiencies and poor output during the past 5 years.
It is apparent that these impacts have been generally more severe on the Demerara Estates than in 7 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Berbice.

However any conclusion on the inherent weakness in Demerara relative to Berbice, should be viewed with caution, as preference ·,s commonly given to the Berbice region when there is competition for resources.
2.11 -The actual causative factors to the present poor agriculture productivity are several and complex, but the observations and data outlined are symptomatic of poor or weak management.

Senior agriculture personnel and managers have admitted being aware of the pitfalls of some of the measures that were implemented but themselves felt helpless to voice their concerns in the environment in which they were operating.
The team has observed and taken note of the following: • High turnover of managerial and supervisory staff for various reasons including migration • Managers in many instances are transferred between estates before coming to grips with issues on their present estate • High and increasing frequency of Bringing Forward canes (including the 2015 First Crop) rising to over 5000ha in 2014 • Low yield of plant cycle cane, inclusive of flood fallowed fields (Appendix 6) attributed to poor land preparation and late season planting • Plant fields established from older ( 3R) cycles seed cane is increasing • Increasing occurrence of renewed planting older, less productive varieties e.g.
DB 66113 and 07761 • Short, weakly developed stalks in several areas including early cycles.

This can be to some extent attributed to soil compaction resulting from traffic of cane loaders and trailer over fields in damp conditions.

• Steep decline of cane yield between cycles • Approximately 30% -35% improvements in tillage and planting achievement from 2009 to 2011 produced disappointing results in subsequent seasons' productivity, calling into question the quality of output attained.
The GuySuCo tillage fleet is insufficient in numbers and serviceable condition to achieve a 20% replant programme in an typical Crop period.

The important criteria should therefore be on the quality of tillage rather than the quantity of land disturbed and planted.

Evidence of poor crop husbandry and maintenance as indicated by large gaps in field and prolific weed growth.

• Labour shortages in crop maintenance e.g.


weeding, chemical weed control • Poor condition of estate infrastructure including access roads, bridges, canals and revetment.

This has to a large extent impacted adversely on the condition of the punt fleet, that although presently adequate for all estates does incur high expenditure for repairs and re-bottoming.
• Lack of discipline in field labour, evidenced by prolonged disputes and excessive demands for" extras" payment 8 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I • Unwillingness of some agricultural management to display init iat ive in principled settling of disputes • Staff not forthcoming with responses to queries raised on issues 2.12 All of these direct and indirect factors will probably pose a challenge in the present environment to precisely replicate the efforts of the 2000 to 2005 period that had placed emphasis on intensive field assessment and timely interventions.
The increasing absence of institutional memory through migration of experienced Field practitioners will be a significant factor, which will have to be addressed by a robust training and mentoring programme.

2.13 Estates would also have to work towards increasing the extent of mechanisation for as many crop maintenance operations as possible.

In this regard, the awareness of the capacity limitations of field machinery is very limited among many agriculture senior and and supervisory staff.
This deficiency in non-specialist staff can be addressed by formal and informal training by the Agriculture Engineers and other staff members who have been exposed to machine operation and management.

There has been a noticeable improvement in urgency and commitment displayed in the Industry since the commencement of the team's visits and interactions with Estates' and Head Office Staff.
We would like to hope that our advice and encouragement may have contributed to the current improvements in performance now being observed in the Industry.

2.14.-The changes in relative productivity in cane for individual estates are summarised in the discussion following 110 104.

"2 100 94.2 77.
"2 100 94.2 77.

14.9 • 2000-2002 2003-2005 2006-2008 2009-2011 • 2012-201S PLANTS lR 2R 3R 4R SR+ Farmers Fig 2.1 Cycle Productivity Trends Skeldon - 2000 to 2015 90 80 70 60 so 40 30 20 10 9 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 2.14.-1 Initial impressions of the Skeldon cultivation were that the most of the current crop appeared to be in an active growth phase, although stalks are relatively short in relation to the stated physiological ages of the areas inspected.
A high proportion of the Skeldon crop (inclusive of the farmers' canes) will be harvested as carry over acreage.

The estate's plan is to harvest all the available canes for delivery to the mill that is reportedly in a sounder condition for continuous operation.

The Estate proposes to commence rehabilitation of the cultivation with attention on establ.1shing field gradients and in field drainage with the land levelling equipment.
It is also expected the external drain linking the estate from Sookram's Cross to the new Manarabisi/ No.66 Creek drainage pump at the Canje River would be completed before the end of 2015.

It is anticipated that this measure should impact on the responsiveness of the Skeldon cultivation to drier conditions.

The No.66 drain is included among proposals for funding and execution by the National Drainage and Irrigation Authority (NDIA).
However it will be critical to the Skeldon Agriculture Operations and as such Guysuco should be prepared to finance its construction should the project evaluation process experience delays.

2.14.2 Concern must be expressed over the significant decline in plant and ratoon cycle yields since 2008.

Average Plant cycle yield for the years 2006 to 2008 was 91 tons cane per ha that declined to under 70 tons cane per ha after 2009.

Relative ratoon productivit'1es were similarly affected.
2.14.3 For successive seasons, Skeldon has experienced difficulty in harvesting its standing crop because of restricted access to fields and forced harvesting in wet soil conditions.

The principal cause was the unreliability of the Factory that influenced late starts.

The result has been increasing areas of over-age canes in both the estate' and farmers' cultivations.
2.14.4 200 hectares of Plant canes in the Estate Expansion Blocks 10 and 13 were ploughed in during 2011 and 2012, after being judged as un-harvestable.

During the same period a further 50 ha of first ratoon canes were also abandoned from Manarabisi Block 2.

Previously In 2009, a flash flood in the Manarabisi section forced the loss of 209 ha.

This incident was a consequence of the drainage canal to the No 19 pump not being completed.
2.14.5 Traffic of heavy machines over wet soils has contributed to soil compaction and stool losses that are reflected in the pronounced yield decline and depressed yields 2.14.6 These problems have as much to do with the inadequate drainage capacity and the fundamental error made at the onset of the expansion programme in which only cursory attention was paid to land levelling for establishing the required field gradients.
This was further compounded in the succeeding tillage and replant cycles in which tillage could only be conducted well past the recommended cut-off periods with the risks of early exposure to heavy rainfall.

10 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 2.14.7 Discussions with estate personnel did not provide reassurance that they have fully appreciated the consequences of the late season planting, these may be symptoms of a combination of inexperience and unclear decision making over the recent years.
The present plan to utili se the precision levelling equipment is a welcome change, but these good intent ions will not produce the desired results unless the operators and supervisory personnel are adequately trained in the pre levelling surveys and operating plans for each field.

100 90 80 70 60 so 40 30 20 10 0 81.


1 6"4.2 • 2000-2002 2003-200S 2006-2008 2009-2011 • 2012-2015 r ____ _ __ ....,....... _ _ ._ T - - - - l__ __ PLANTS l R 2R 3R 4R SR+ Farmers Fig 2.2 Cycle Productivit y Trends Albion 2000 to 2015 2.

14.8 Cane yield decline since 2008 ha s also been recorded at Albion Estate.

Average cane yield has also not been stable over the same period.

This estate has recorded a very high occurrence of repeated " bringing forward" of canes since 2009.
The impact on productivity is reflected in a 15% decline in yield from the 151 to the 2nd ratoon cycle.

The colour of several areas of the latter harvested section s of the 2015 first crop, appear pale.

These areas much of which were brought forward had not received fertilizers.
2.14.9 Albion has been a relatively stable Estate but still suffered tremendous ly in the First Crop 2013 w ith a production of 10,127 tonnes sugar primarily from a combination of Bringing Forward Canes and a fertili ser adjustment programme in 2012.

11 ~ - T I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Table 2.3 ALBION First Crop 2002 to 2015 Year ha sugar cane tc/ha · ts/h tc/ts _2_0_0_2_·_3_~,2_4_0_.o_,1 2~314_255,6~~~8.90 7.81 3,327.9 • 24,789 -.-227,26_7_68_29_,_• _7_.4_5~_9._17 241,092 74.03 .
7.09 3,256.5 : 23,077 10.45 , - - +-------~--------- 191,730 55.15 4.66 .

11.83 16,206 2003 2004 2005 .

3,476.7 --- --- ·- t .

10.10 .

-----.

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -+ - - - -.

- - -1 - - - 2006 3,485.1 .

2007 .

3,427.0 : 24,370 ------+- 2008 4,297.6 .

26,299 ~--- - · - - - - - - - - - - - 3,413.4 - , --- t------+-~- 3,285.6 _,,17,785 4,315.8 2009 2010 2011 21,849 +23_1,005 i§_6,~6.2?

,_1057 .

244,738 .

71.41 _.__.______.

____ ----+--+- -~- 297,319 .

69.18 ----------r--- -·-- !


17,140 : 182,57.?_ ' 53.49 : 5.02 7.11 ·.

10.04 11.31 - - - 10.65 6.12 183,868 !

55.96 i 5.41 ' 10.34 11.68 ' 2012 3,420.4 .

2013 ' 2,513.4 '2014 3,040.8 27,~~ .... _324,112 .

75.10 : 6.43 16,140 10,127 16,918'184,343 60.62 172!59~20.4.§j_ 4.72 ,l_l_0.69 11.70 10.90 ' --+---------r---- ' 2015 .

3,376 8 I 21,386_ 2~~823 66.87 i 6.33 · 10.56 · i 118,501 .
47.15 ' 4.03 5.56 - ~-- ----------- 2.14.10 Starting with Carry Over canes from 1039 Ha in Second Crop 2010 to the First Crop of 2011 followed by Bringing Forward 747 Ha in the Second Crop of 2011 triggered a serious juggling of the crop ratios.

An attempt to balance the First Crop 2012 had 208 Ha Brought forward from the Second Crop 2012 but that was further aggravated by another 794 Ha being brought forward from the First Crop 2013.
2.14.11 The 2013 First Crop only harvested 2,513 Ha producing an all-time low of only 10, 127 tonnes sugar even though 174 Ha was Brought Forward from the Second Crop of 2013.

2.14.12 The 2014 First Crop had another 547 Ha brought forward from the Second Crop 2014 which was intended to re-balance the two crops in any one year.

2.14.13.
2.14.13.

The "policy" of Bringing Forward cane into the First Crop 2015 from the Second Crop in 2015 was restricted to only 118 Ha and there is no budgeted Brought Forward cane to be made in the Second Crop 2015.

2.14.14.

Notwithstanding these deficiencies, the cultivation at Albion appears closer to what might be expected in a managed situation than most of the other estates.

This has been reflected in the early results of the 2015 Second Crop in cane production and factory recoveries.
Albion has managed to maintain its access roads in a reasonable state of repair, permitting staff to access the cultivation and make time crop maintenance decisions.

It is our view that this estate should be in a position to return to a productive and relatively cost 12 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I effective operation with modest capital intervention and provision of timely agronomic inputs and equipment spares.

2.14.15.
2.14.15.

The Agriculture Department of Albion is at present, capable of satisfying the factory demand but only with the use of Bell Loaders.

The Estate is not confident that the status quo will remain , as labour availability is a critical issue each year.

A programme of continuing field conversion to prepare for mechanised crop maintenance and eventually harvesting is a sensible measure.
81.3 100 90 80 70 60 50 57.S • 2000-2002 2003-2005 2006-2008 2009-2011 • 2012-2015 PLANTS lR 2R 3R 4R SR+ Farmers Fig 2.3 Cycle Pro d uctivit y Trends Rose Hall 2000 to 2015 2.14.16 Rose Hall Estate like Albion has ma intained its cultivation access roads in fair condition .

However the cane yields in all cycles have declined significantly particularly after 2011, when Plant Cycle average yield fell from 81 tons cane per Ha to just 65 tons cane per Ha.
The prime ratoon cycle yields were also averaged only 60 tonnes of cane per ha falling to 50 tons cane per ha at the third ratoon cycle.

The estate has acknowledged that these conditions reflect poor su pervision of tillage and crop establishment.

Large sections of the developing 2015 First Crop appeared weak.

It was claimed that this may have been due to non-application of fertilizers.

2.14.17 There are signs of modest improvements in crop development for the Second Crop of 2015.
Rose Hall has reported an increased labour turnout and recruitment for the early part of the crop.

It remains to be seen whether th is would be sustained .

13 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Table 2.4 Rose Hall First Crop 2002 to 2015 ---- --·------..----------.,,.--··----- tc/ha Yea!~_ha __ 2002 : 21210 ' 14,78.2 __ 150,077 ts/h i sugar_.

,._c_a_n_e_,__~-~ 6.97 6.82 ·- ' 70.76 161,387 66.12 .rtcL~ 10.15 ' I - - - - , - - - -1 - - - - 2003 ' 2440.8 16,637 -~-- 9.70 I , 2Q'.

!4 !

2007 !
!4 !

2007 !

2329.4 240_2_._6~_14~,_6_93_ 18!,202.

75,,'12~2 ,_g~_ 181,859 7155 i 159,932 ' 62.62 2005 , 2541.8 14,231 - - - -+ - - - - 2006 ' 2554.2 ' 13,509 13,800 5.60 I 12.78 ---~ ------- ' !

1184 !

5 29 160,494 ~68.90·--5:92T11.63- i2oo8 I, 26'lo.3 5.22 11.89 167,086 62.11 .------- -----r----- ·- - !

123,984 55.58 i 4.64 11.98 !

2009 2230.7 .--------~.-·- -------;------ ' 2010 1846,0 12.28 3 90 5.56 i 13.33 I 2011 •.
2466.~,_?il2_W8.s~~1~_4._o_4~ _ __,_ 2012 I 2177.7 4.54 I 12.42 ', ,__--i -------- - 2.80 i 14.32 !

2013 !

1812.4 72,791 2014 , 2090.0 i 8:599 T lll,575 i 53.39 r4~11 • 12 93 l 2015 2018.5, 8,290 ~i_i3.

}71 _56,~4.11"13.65 - , 122,888 ', 56.43 40.16 14,047 10,347 7,201 9,896 5,082 : 47.90 88,425 ---r--··-·---~ - ------r--- 2.14.18 Rose Hall Estate suffered similar First Crop imbalances from Brought Forward cane between 2011 and 2015 with the largest manipulation in First Crop 2014 having 446 Ha.
This was followed by 459 Ha in the Second Crop 2014 totalling 905 Ha for the year 2014.

2.14-19 Rose Hall has produced for several seasons poorer cane quality that the neighbouring estates Albion and Blairmont.

The reasons for this are not obvious.

The maturity sample data do appear consistent with mature canes of the varieties under test.

However the factory has continued to experience steam generation problems that have at various times been attributed to muds in Bell Loaded cane.
The team's visit to the Roy Hanoman cultivation where the Bell Loader fleet was at work, did indeed see evidence that the cutting was not done to the required standard, with poor stacking and significant quantities of extraneous matter being picked up with bundles_ This could only be attributed to poor supervision that is disappointing given that Rose Hall has had the longest Industry experience with the Bell Loaders.
14 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 120 110 105.2 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 t__ • 2000-2002 2003-2005 2006-2008 2009-2011 • 2012-2015 PLANTS lR 2R 3R 4R SR+ Farmers Fig 2.4 Cycle Productivity Trends Blairmont 2000 to 2015 2.14.20 Blairmont Estate has for several years recorded the highest cane yields in Guysuco.

Average cane yields of early cycle cane have declined significantly since 2011.

The estate has however maintained its older cycle yields at around 60 tons cane per ha.
This would indicate that while work standards in ratoon maintenance on the estate have been maintained, the underlying causes for reduced Plant cane productivity will have to be further investigated.

One possible cause that cannot be ignored is the impact of forced tillage, particularly during years of 2010 to 2011, when the emphasis appears to have been on attaining the new acreage at all cost.
To ve rify this would require on site investigations that would not be possible during the time permitted by thi s Inquiry.

2.14.21 Access to the cultivation was good permitting staff the opportunity to effectively undertake crop maintenance tasks.

Some sect ions of the 2015 First Crop were beginning to display obvious symptoms of lack of fertiliser.

Thi s was more apparent in the blocks that had been Brought Forward during the preceding crop's campaign .
15 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Table 2.5 Blairmont First Crop 2002 to 2015 I r ~ ha sugar : Year ts/h ; tc/ts ; r-------·----------.. - ----+---- ' 2()02_ _2_,J,1_~ l7,629_+_1-~1,4~_i~91_+_~_3~ ~1~2_9~ ------.--- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- .
-··----------~---------~----- 186,220 ' 81.09 2,296.6 19,024 tc/ha 2003 cane 8.28 9.79 2004 2,316.2 19,511 204,039 88.09 8.42 10.46 2005 2,191.5 15,280 180,513 82.37 -- ---- ---- --~ 6.97 11.81 -~06 __ 2_,313.l_,__!1361 __ ~?~559_~8.12_ __ 5}_8 _ __ll79 _ 7.10 10.62 - -------- ----"·---- --~--- 12.88 5.95 193,678 76.64 153,689 75.38 2,527.2 2,038.9 15,040 14,474 2008 2007 2011 ---------~------- ~ 135,111 64.26 6.13 10.49 2009 ~_2_,1_02c6_j_l_2_,8~ _ _?OlD_ 2,05~1_- 12,111 17,611 2,396.7 122,425 59.48 ~5:8~~:t_Oll__ 205,787 ' 85.86 ~ 7.35 ,_2_Cl_12_.
?~21_6...:?-j_1_2_,8_01_.

149,134 ' 67.291 5.78 : 2013 2014 11.65 45.88.:__3.49_+_1_3_:16 1,802.9 ' 6,286 10,776 1,887.2 82,726 11.69 ~ 12_1,048 ~ 64 14 • 5.71 - 11._23__ 160,249 74.04 11.71 6.32 2015 2,164.3 13,681 2.14.22 Blairmont did not escape the consequences of Bringing Forward of cane and the fertiliser adjustment programme of 2012 as can be seen in the 6,286 tonnes production in the First Crop 2013.
The reduced harvested area of 1,803 Ha and the extremely low 46 tonnes cane per hectare contributed to that record low production.

2.14.23 Blairmont has sufficient cane harvesters for a cut and stack operation.

A visit to the operations in field to observe the operation, highlighted that the cane was properly stacked and that the operators were achieving good results despite the damp soil conditions.
The tyres on the Bell Loaders were not the recommended Trellborg that Guysuco now considers very expensive.

The fitted tyres though of low ground pressure specification will not match the Trellborgs that can be deflated to 6psi in wet conditions.

Under the conditions of the operation the repeated passes of the Bells were leaving depression on the soil surface.
These, it is anticipated will self-repair once the soil dries but there is a measurable risk for soil compaction that will contribute to reduced ratoon vigour.

2.14.24 Like Albion, it would be prudent to prepare for the eventual necessity for more dependence on machines in other areas of operation.
Bell loader on damp soil 16 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 110 104.1 100 70.0 60.l If--- - • 2000-2002 2003-200S 2006-2008 2009-2011 • 2012-201S PLANTS lR 2R 3R 4R SR+ Farmers Fig 2.5 Cycle Productivity Enmore 2000 to 2015 109.9 87.S 69.7 72 .4 • 2000-2002 2003-200S 2006-2008 2009-2011 • 2012-2015 90 80 70 60 so 40 30 20 10 0 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 so 40 30 20 10 PLANTS lR 2R 3R 4R SR+ Farmers Fig 2.6 Cycle Productivity la Bonne Intention 2000 to 2015 0 .,.
17 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 2.14.25 -The East Demerara cultivation comprising the Enmore and LBI Estates is still in transition towards being integrated into a single operating unit, following the closure of the LBI factory.

This has been an area of the coast where labour availability has been problematic for several years.

Yield decline across cycles has been chronic, more so in LBI.
Both sections are dependent on machine loading and the management has reported that the acquisition of two Case 8800 Combine Harvesters in 2014 enabled East Demerara to take off its entire crop for the first time since 2010.

East Demerara has some of the better contoured "broad bed" converted fields in the Industry, having commenced their conversion programmes around 2000 Harvested Broad Bed Weedy canal and field ,"" -, .

~" " ,.

!

- ' ··~ ..... ~ • 2.14.26.


Unfortunately, it is difficult to enter any section of the cultivation without gaining the impression of neglect and that staff are either not visiting or are not making the effort to maintain sanitation.

The cultivation is threatened by the spread of the Antidesma ghesaembilla shrub and guinea grass, both of which will have to be subjected to an aggressive campaign with an eradication objective.
It is fortunate that Enmore has recently been able to recruit persons to weed control and spray gangs, both of which were under strength for several seasons.

Table 2.6 ENMORE & LBI Cultivations First Crop 2002 to 2015 EHP 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 ha 1,519.0 1,711.2 1, 745.3 1,092.7 1,250.7 1,630.4 1,645.0 1,569.2 1,560.3 2,011.4 1,297.8 1,348.8 2,306.5 sugar cane 126,284 10.683 10.809 109,189 123.
708 12,619 63,679 5,344 78,935 7,666 121,539 12,078 95,545 9,377 101,163 9,731 7,810 79,781 9,435 6,116 3,565 8,734 137,515 72,760 60,013 113,552 tc/ha 83.14 63.81 70.88 58.28 63.ll 74.55 58.08 64.47 51.13 68.37 56.06 44.49 49.23 ts/h 7.03 6.32 7.23 4.89 6.13 7.41 5.70 6.20 5.01 4.69 4.71 2.64 3.79 2015 1,598.8 7,164 88,169 55.15 4.48 tc/ts 11.82 10.10 9.80 11.92 10.30 10.06 10 19 10.40 10.21 14.57 11.90 16.83 13 00 12.31 ha cane sugar LBI 1,933.l 73S 83,310 70,178 84,361 5,346 6,307 7,647 7,596 58,923 30,097 5,903 7,858 3,673 2,262 1,035.9 1,622.4 2,607 5,278 44,566 71,159 2013 2014 2015 tc/ha 77.27 62.09 68.12 43.26 54.18 63.20 53.19 45.45 53.61 56.47 39.52 43.02 43.86 ts/h 6.53 5.80 5.86 3.48 4.85 5.84 4.85 3.82 4.99 3.52 2.97 2 52 3.25 tc/ts 11.84 10.71 1163 12.45 11.18 10.82 10.97 1189 10.74 16.04 13.30 17.09 13.48 970.3 3,148 38,450 39.63 3.24 12.21 2.14.27 East Demerara like the Berbice Estates followed a similar decline in production in the First Crop of 2013.
The two estates then brought forward 1824 Ha in the Second Crop 2014 which produced 5880 tonnes sugar.

Adding the relatively small 107 tonnes from the 2014 First Crop, that Brought Forward total of 5987 tonnes sugar out of the East Demerara production of 18 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 30,933 tonnes sugar is a significant 19%.
This high percentage of brought forward sugar production must have contributed to the lower First Crop 2015 Estates' production of 10,312 tonnes which included 909 tonnes of sugar from 252 Ha of cane Brought Forward from Second Crop 2015.

Since 2011 both Enmore and LBI had been unable to harvest the crop area and had consistently carried over approximately 1500 ha annually.

This would also have contributed to t he estates' low productivity and also poor recoveries each year until 2013.
No Estate has a budget for any Brought Forward cane in the Second Crop 2015 and barring any unforeseen adverse conditions ought to be achieved.

2.14.28 The East Demerara senior staff have morale issues, having in the past year dismissed a group of workers who were found guilty of dumping fertilizers instead of performing their task.

These persons were reinstated on the instruction of Senior Management.
This is a dangerous precedent as it undermines the management on the ground and has led to feelings of insecurity over their authority.

There is also the possibility that similar incidents and other poor work practices will continue on this estate, unless management is given the firm support required .

2.14.29 Accessibility within the cultivation is restricted and this has probably contributed to the proliferation of aquatic vegetation within the canals.
A mechanical weed cleaner has been constructed and introduced and is reported to be coping with this problem.

100 90 80 70 60 so 40 30 10 0 • 2000-2002 2003-2005 2006-2008 2009-2011 • 2012-2015 PLANTS lR 2R 3R 4R SR+ Farmers __J Fig 2.7 Cycle Productivity Wales 2000 to 2015 2.14.30 Wales Estate has also reported very steep productivity drop between successive cycles, particularly since 2008.
These effects are compounded by an intractable infestation by 19 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Tanner grass.

Apart from the weed infestation, there is also growing evidence of rodent incursions that is linked to prolific weed growth and poor sanitation in the fields.

2.14.31 The weed problems at this estate did not develop overnight and is evident from the successive years of poor productivity over which alarms appear not to have been ra ised.
The Wales Management Accounts reveal very high expenditure on repeated applications of herbicide that seemingly are not effective.

Large sections of the estate appear to have been abandoned.

These include the Eccles and Powell's Polder sections that are known to comprise some of the most productive soils on the estate.

The Wales area accountability record does not list any area as either Temporary (TAB) or permanently abandoned.
However 421 ha or 12.5% of the estate cultivation was identified as Untitled Out of Cane, this was an increase of 122 ha since December 2014 (Append ix 6) Rodent Damage Tanner Grass Infestation 2.14.3 The Weed s Agronom ist is supporting the Estate with its efforts and the Management has also initiated an investigation into whether the large quantities of herbicide issued from the Chemical Weed Control Bond are actually being used in the Estate Cultivation.
Farmers' plots within the cultivation do not appear to be as seriously affected.

69.0 100 ITT: 90 j l .

?

80 l 84.7 70 60 so 40 30 20 10 0 • 2000-2002 2003-2005 2006-2008 2009-2011 • 2012-2015 PLANTS lR 2R 3 R 4R SR+ Farmers Fig 2.8 Cycle Productivity Uitvlugt 2000 to 2015 2.

14.33 Uitvlugt Estate has also reported very poor average yield s across all cycles since 2011.
This estat e has also recorded a sharp exodus of field labour and has been making serious efforts 20 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I to prepare for mechanization for which a project document from the Caribbean Development Bank is in circulation.

The risk to this project is the high rainfall in Uitvlugt.
2.14.34 Analysis of the distribution of rainfall on the estate (Section 8) suggests that a significant input from mechanised harvesting would have to be planned around a crop duration not exceeding 24 weeks.

2.14.35 Cane yield in sections of the cultivation are compromised by significant infestation with the noxious weed Tanner grass and also Antidesma ghesaembrilla.

The Weeds Agronomist is working with the estate on an eradication strategy for these weeds.
Uitvlugt has embarked on a field conversion programme to a machine adaptable layout from their English cambered bed fields.

The cane growth in these blocks has been very satisfactory in comparison with the other sections of the estate that are characterised by large gaps and dense weed growth.

2.14.36 Notwithstanding, Uitvlugt has persisted with the practice of Bringing Forward sections of its cultivation every production season.
This practice is not consistent with any attempt at improving the cultivation.

2.14.37 In 2104 the estate leased 1496 ha of its cultivation to Farmers, 284 ha have been developed It is intended that this "new" farmers' cultivation will be machine adaptable.

After the release of this land, the estate still has 676 ha or 14.6 of the reduced cultivation out of cane.

21 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 3.


Recommended Actions and Medium Term Prospects 3.1 Sugar estates are currently on a very restricted expenditure regime.

Productivity will however only improve by judicious expenditure on areas that can reduce constraints.

The availability of fertilizers at the appropriate times is an essential and first measure that should be guaranteed.

The same consideration applies to agrichemicals, specifically herbicides.
It is advisable to have the requisite supply of these materials, available for the commencement of each forthcoming crop.

3.2 This planning measure would ensure that the first steps in agronomic management are not compromised.

Estates' fertiliser bonds were designed with the capacity to store and supply stock for each crop.

The Industry's traditional suppliers have been more than willing to hold consignment stock of agrichemicals once tenders have been approved.
3.3 Having ensured the availability to the fundamental inputs, estates would be well advised to adhere as closely as is practical to the established operational guidelines for sugarcane.

The following measures should be addressed as priority areas: 1.

Field Workshops to work towards 100% availability in optimal working condition of all prime movers, tillage implements, ditchers, excavators, cane loaders, harvesters and associated equipment, and crop maintenance equipment.

2.
2.

Conduct regular equipment assessment to effectively plan maintenance and spares requirements and where necessary determine obsolescence and programme replacement.

3.

Negotiate for consignment stores of essential equipment spares with agricultural machinery suppliers.

4.
4.

Plan and adhere to determined ma·1ntenance schedules for estate roads and civil infrastructure, including sluices, drainage pumps and water management structures S. Update and re-issue the Guysuco Agriculture Operations Manual as a technical reference and for training.

6.

Continuous training in all agriculture practices for staff and workers, including mentoring by more experienced persons.

7.
7.

Tillage to be conducted only at soil moisture and friability range established as suitable for specific soils and individual operations.

8.

Planting to cease by established "cut off" dates March 31" for the First Crop and November lS'h for the Second Crop, unless determined by environmental conditions in which case appropriate advice would be provided from the Centre.

9.

Re-establish effective primary, secondary and commercial seed cane nursery programmes on all estates.

10.
10.

Seed cane to be drawn only from certified commercial seed fields in accordance with individual estate variety development programme agreed with the Breeding and Selection Unit of the Agriculture Research Centre (ARC).

22 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 11.

Cultivation status reports projected daily work programme to be discussed by Field supervisory and senior staff each afternoon.

12.
12.

Crop surveillance including surveys and nutrition monitoring (foliar and soil sampling) to guide agriculture planning and actions, that would include as appropriate members of the Central Technical Staff.

13.

Development and Implementation of CANEPRO Cultivation Management support System with the Information Systems Department (ISD).

3.4 In addition to the above listed general measures, the follows interventions will be immediately critical to specific estates.
These include: (a) The completion of the 6.4 km main drain linking Sookram's Cross to the Manarabisi/No66 Pump station at the Canje River.

(b) Laser levelling of graded Ridge and Furrow and Broad bed fields at Skeldon and East Demerara that are scheduled for rehabilitation.

(c) Eradication programme for Guinea grass and Antidesma ghesaembi//a at East Demerara.

(d) Eradication programme for Tanner Grass at Wales.

(e) Rodent control at Wales.


(f) Eradication Programme for Tanner Grass and Antidesma ghesaembilla at Uitvlugt.

(g) Conversion programme to machine adaptable layouts for Albion, Rose Hall, Blaimont and Uitvlugt estate.

3.5 The practice of flood fallow would be utilised to the greatest extent that is practical on fields with responsive soils.

The benefits of the practice on eliminating seed banks of noxious weeds and for control of pests and pathogens are well established.
Flood fallow also promotes structure development and relieves subsoil compaction in some clay soils.

Unfortunately increasing labour shortages for the more manual operations, point to the increasing role of semi-mechanized and mechanized planting.

Flood fallow is not a practical option for either operation as the soil is required to be dry.

3.6 On fields that have been converted to machine adaptable layouts, alternative fallow methods such as legume fallow would be practised when required i.e.
land settlement after conversion, to manage, pests, weeds and soil pathogens or for topsoil improvement.

3.7 The Guysuco Estates and Agriculture Dept have identified Capital requirements for 2016 to 2020 of G$21B or US$102M.

Of this sum GS 13.9B or US$ 68.lM (Appendix 2 ) should be spent between 2016 to 2018, to restore and secure estates at a satisfactory operating condition.
The expenditure is distributed among Civil Works - $15.5; Accessibilty and Cane Transport $15.SM, Mechanisation $21.BM, Tillage Equipment$4.7M and Drainage and Irrigation requirements $4.4M.

Based on the information that only critical requirements can be funded, we have identified projects valued at G$5.5B or US$ 26.lM highlighted in table 3.1 as critical.
It is recognised that the reduced investment will impact on the attainment of performance and 23 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I production targets, and unless the full investment is made, estates will remain vulnerable to increased operational costs.

ESTATE Description AGRIC CAPITAL G$M CRITCAL AGRICULTURE CAPITAL ITEMS - - - - - - - - · - - - - - - -- 2016 .
2017 2018 TOTAL ~- - - - - - ------ -+ - - - - ACCESSIBILITY & CANE TRANSPORT -- ----··--~----+-- 54.0 150.0 150.0 Skeldon CIVIL STRUCTURES -------- .

DRAINAGE & IRRIGATION r---------· i MECHANIZATION - - - - - - - 75.6 .

118.0 118.0 0 .

20.0 ----------- 153.8 153.8 35 : 20.0 • .

------- -t '· TILLAGE &PLANTING i SKELDON .

TOTAL - - - -+1 0 164.6 17.9 459.7 17.9 - - - 459.7 ----+-·-------------------- ___ ... , .... · ACCESSIBILITY & CANE .
TRANSPORT ALBION , CIVIL STRUCTURES : MECHANIZATION 34.8 100.0 -----------··· 100.0 78.0 --- ---- 20.3 150.0 : 150.0 70.0 70.0 • TOTAL US$ - , 354.0 i r::;.> os: 40.0 342.6 ------ --- +-- -- 35.8 :-!~.i2 0 '7 l 3(ii -: .-.

:~s- 1,084.0 5,238,768 234.8 i l ;j1f 22 378.0 L __ ._'.'.

;) BS-' !

160.3 ·::-:1.ss2 - - - - - t - - - - - - · · · ' .

TILLAGE &PLANTING - - -1 - - - - - - - - · · · - - - - ---------------------...- ----------i----------__,_-------1 133.1 !

335.5 .
335.5 .

335.5 ALBION 0 15.5 15.5 31.0: : :l :Jc':2 TOTAL - ·--------rAc-C-ES_S_IB_l_Ll_TY __ &_C_A_N_E_ ----- -- -------+----- --- -~------ j TRANSPORT -• CIVIL STRUCTURES ______ 48.8 -)~D~ 50.0 138.8 ' ·-- ----~-------·------t-- 48 7 ~- !20 o--+-_1_2_0_.0 __ 288.1 , ROSE HALL DRAINAGE & IRRIGATION 19.9 ,i ~---+----- 0 i MECHANIZATION - .

- - - - - -+ - - 25.7 65.0 0 19.9: .


------- ------ t 65.0 155.7 --j--------~------~ TILLAGE &PLANTING ----------- -- ------------------+------ ---+- 0 18.9 : 18.9 TOTAL '• ROSE HALL 143.1 .

253.9 : 253.9 . '

-- 37.8_~ l«; :_4)'• ·, 650.9 !

3,126,790 Blairmont i ACCESSIBILITY & CANE !

TRANSPORT Blairmont CIVIL STRUCTURES Blairmont !

MECHANIZATION Blairmont • TILLAGE &PLANTING TOTAL ' Blairmont --~ !------~---- - ----·--· ACCESSIBILITY & CANE TRANSPORT · CIVIL STRUCTURES East Demerara 24 .
---------------~-----j 35.8 36.3 58.3 60.0.

60.0 85.0 85.0: 100 O_'.__ 100.0 I o.

16.5 • 26.5 I 1304 +-------2§!5 l- 261.5 3,138,490 .

- - - - - - - - - - - - ~ - - 49.5 28.2 60.0 .

60.0 .

---+----- 50.0 50.0 '1 ------~ 159.5 128.2 --------~ 62~)_:14~-- I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I DRAINAGE & IRRIGATION MECHANIZATION TILLAGE &PLANTING 0 24.0 0 0 0 ---- 80 0 153.7 , --.

7 '· -------- ------~· - - - - 19.0 .

.

.


2 -~ - 257.7 19 0 38.0 TOTAL East Demerara 101.7 282.7 2,846,210 I - ' Wales Wales Wales Wales WALES TOTAL · - --T- ------ -- --------r-------- -- - - - - - t ACCESSIBILITY & CANE TRANSPORT - --·----------- CIVIL STRUCTURES - - - - - · - - - - - - - .

.
.

_____ ., __ ,_ ---- --- DRAINAGE & IRRIGATION --------- MECHANIZATION - - - - - - - - - - - - - --- 0 : 10.0 17.2 ----- - 0 -~- 265 20.0 53.0 26.5 - - - - -- .. ---- 57.2 20.0 - :, ~ - ~ 0 0 · - - - - - - - - - - - ·-- - - - - 0 0 0 0 1 - - - - - - TILLAGE &PLANTING 25 0 .

- - - - --------- ---·---~---------- 71.S 38.7 25.0 11.7 WALES 71.5 i r ACCESSIBILITY & CANE TRANSPORT CIVIL STRUCTURES 1--- 28.8 - - - - - - - - --- - --- 35.0 35.0 24.1 30.0 30.0 61.7 i 838,450 88.8 ' 84.1 ·.
:._ Uitvlugt ORAINAGE & IRRIGATION 0 0 MECHANIZATION TILLAGE &PLANTING - - - - - - - - 0 .

1.8 t· - - - 0 '· 52.9 14.7 81.5 Uitvlugt, Albion, Rose Hall -- ----- - -----~-------------.---- __ lJitvl Ugt TOTAL COB Equipment --------+-- -------- - INUSTRY TOTAL 0 0 - - - - - 14.0 15.8 ~- 14.0.

28.7' 1,060,310 6 900,000 5,609.S 2.


Table 3.1 Recommended Essential Agriculture Capital 3.8 The areas of critical investment are directed primarily to Infrastructure, cane transport, improving staff access to the cultivation, securing the progress of Mechanised Operations at Skeldon, East Demerara and layout conversion at Albion, Rose Hall and Blairmont.
We have also recognised that the CDB has approved a soft loan of $12.0M for the mechanisation support to Albion, Rose Hall and Uitvlugt, $6.9M of this loan is directed to harvesting and levelling equipment.

We recommended that this offer should be taken advantage of.

3.9 On the assumption that these Capital inputs are made and that there are no restrictions to timely supply of fertilizers and herbicides, production projections were developed for the period 2015 to 2020.
These are summarised in Tables 3.2 to 3.4 25 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Estate j Skeldon Estate Ha 8040 - -+ ------- ., _____ - - - - - Farm Estate Farm cane (T) TC/Ha Ha -~---,-:-5-7'_-1-~· 2-4-08~27444 --------".

- -+------- - ' ', 6305 L_Albi~n ___ 8965 T-'~---+-'----i-· _65_.7 · R. Hall 57.7 :-Blairmont i 5732 __ ._4_02878_+ 3587_2 ___ 7_0.3 52.9 ' 230388 · Enmore • LBI : 47.4 : Wales i 4356 ': 2699 · 2717 !

17999 C - - - - - - - - -+ - - - - - 647 : 119_ ·+ 6480 39513 .

····--· 4773 .
····--· 4773 .

3640 119 82 --+----14-8.3 · 21_i_6_T1i79si -;9290·-__ -5_5_.S_·-.-1~9~7~8_8 ___ _ 'UiM.

;gt- : Industry .I.

3933 - ; .

- - - 1.

42745 ·- .... _______ 5_8.Q ____ 5786 • 4_4_4 __ 2!

!_5 __ !

_24_2_08_ ' 325538 j_11!47 : 23929 ___ 5_6l ___ 22_30_64__ 15506 85 Table 3.2 Estimated Cane and Sugar Production 2015 Farm 1 sugar 8455 • 518 Sugar Farm TC/Ha .

(T) --,-52.8-38816 --+------------r-· ... l 51.4_ j 5_4352 30189 304l _ _uI,1 .

.
.

_________ • _3_5_87_2_ 40 367 -- -----·----+----- ----···--- 44.3 270 18366 10175 ------ - - - - - - .

Estate Estate .

Cane (T Estate : Ha Estate .

sugar Estate TC/Ha Farm Ha Farm Farm Cane (T) • sugar Farm TC/Ha Sugar (T) !

Skeldon : Albion ~--- --- ----·---t- ---- I R. Hall ' Blairmont En more F-------~----:--·-- ; 8582 .. ..J-=.

... ' 9002 : 6314 i 5493 I 4472 2699 !

2833 l----· .

3933 I 43378 - · - ; - - - - - · ; 2408 • 150 680 130032 8550 ·----------- 43160 ·------ 1.
40472 61.3 526135 -+-··-·--· I 59302 I 622672 69.2 I 29976 60.8 t 383699 :_ 38237 72.4 397688 - 20076 56.6 252956 ·--------- 11248 52.5 141720 ----- ,-13464 57.9 166957 - ---.------ ---- 50.8 15858 199815 T-;0---· .

.

- I 2691622 62.1 ' 228624 Table 3.3 Estimated Cane and Sugar Production 2017 .

6562 .

3240 i 136400 I 57600 119 81 .

2220 .

800 384544 • - - - - - - r • 6438 ' ' 9632 684 3243 513 249 10740 !

4751 : 29633 ~I 1 Wales I Uitvlugt Industry !

54 i 57 .

62 55 40 62 ; 72 !


62.1 : 50104 I 59986 33220 38237 _20588 14433 24204 20430 .

258266 -- ~ ---------- -~ I ---j -' "--~-- --- ---------+--------------- - - - - - - - - - - - · · - - - - ·--------· Estate Estate -+---~-- e-----~---+ Farm Cane 156800 Estate Ha ,_ ---- - 1 Skeldon 8532 1 Albion •.

9002 - - - -+ - 6314 : R. Hall • Blairmont ; 5493 ·En more -i.BI ___ ti 2699 , 2915 Wales Uitvlugt • 3984 -l-n-du-s~try'---1.-4'-3-4_1_1.

~c..30_8..c._3461 r-26~4_6_3_1..._,.1 _7_1._0 ___ 732L.
::4-5-45_5_o_-:-_35_7_55-~' -6--2.-1--i:-3-0-0-38-6-1 Estate Sugar -+ - - ' - - - - - j 61745 : 49683 --+--........, .

66898 I 11600 \ 65970 -+---~--- 59 --:37836 ·1 34702 40120 .

I 40375 5320 ' 14184 u' 66.2 ---:-~-3240-249 ~-=~-1-44-33~ : Cane .

626008 ' 679488 437245 419895 3_0_7_10_2_+_ -2-47_6_6--+ 68.7 - · 95 1 178720 : 201050 +l§_21_4-+_69_._o __ 2_4_7_0 __ 1_65470 72000 ' 233953 Farm Ha -r I 2800 · - - - , .

- · '1 200 ' 680 Estate · TC/Ha 73.4 ·, 75.5 69.3 .

76.4 i Farm , Sugar .

12062 .


928 40375 .,.

25182 - I 29243 i 24874 i 13029 : 5806 - - - r - - - - - r - · ~-62__ : 72 I 4472 i : Sugar .

(Tl Farm TC/ha : 56 ·.

58 ' 18867 -~-----+-----.,- 1000 3134 58.7 409 56 Table 3.4 Estimated Cane and Sugar Production 2020 3.10.

It is forecast that the Industry cane production by incremental steps would attain to the level of 3.SM tonnes by 2020.

Sugar output is projected at around 300,000 tonnes.
On the assumption that these production indicators are met by 2020, it is expected that investments in critical areas would be increased with emphasis on cost saving and efficiency measures.

3.11 At the projected production levels in 2020 it is to be noted that the cane supply to Uitvlugt will only last 21 operating weeks while Wales would have 26 weeks of cane, as 26 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I opposed to typical crop budgets of 32 weeks.
This observation su pports the opportunity for expanding the contributions of private cane farmers to the Uitvlugt factory.

The Enmore factory on the other hand, would have canes available for 33 weeks at present milling rates.

Since it is antici pated that approximately 40% of the Enmore factory canes would be derived from combine harvesting, t he En more milling rate cou ld be increased to 120 tonnes cane per hour to com plete the crop in an efficient 27 week period.
3.12 The attainment of these production objectives should be closely monitored on individual estat es that would be considered as separate cost centres.

Estates Managers and their teams would be held accou ntable for attain ment of the progressive productivity goals.

It is recognised that there are limitations of experience within Estates that will require support and operational guidance from a strong Central Technical Team .
In this regard, it is recommended that a Head of Agriculture be appointed at the top Executive level i.e.

Director.

This individual would hold ultimate accountabil ity for the Agriculture programme objectives and with his team of senior technical personnel provide the necessary leadership in adaption to change that the envisaged programmes w ill require.

3.13 Most of the operating units on the estates would function effectively with the current management structure.
Since the 1990' s there have been several attempts to change the Field senior staff structure and functions only to return to roles that have been consistent since the 1980's.

In effect there have been changes in names but not substantive function .

3.14 With the increasing importance of mechan ization in agricultural operations, the opportunity should be taken to recruit Mechanical Engineering graduates into the technical operating streams of the Estates.
On estates with a high level of Mechanization, the following modified structure is proposed .

~ A"g11cultur,.

MJOJ(!l'I - --· !

J t111.t•• .. ·•111t: f\o' ,, I I.

••I ~~~.,..

~~·~t'W"'r'"l9~~ ... lia111i'~trnr.. Tiii.lg•'.


I odd Wool, - - - - - - - - - - Wl•l~\hoo M.11\ilf,N - - - - - ~~ [rOp\ M.111,11:•·1 - - - - - - - ~·~ \..ldjl M<1111tt1ncJ11r.-!, Ag1011ou1y W.tt°"'r Mana1:('ment - - ---- 3.15 This structure would simplify the current Field structure to two senior managers reporting to the Agriculture Manager.
The Engineering Manager would be an experienced Agricu lture Engineer and would through his reports hold responsibility for both combine harvesting and machined loading and cane transport, as well as for tillage and maintenance of the estates' infrastructure.

The Crop Manager's responsibilities would be simi la r those of the current Crop 27 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Production Managers.
They would also be required to be conversant with the application of machines to crop management such as plantings, application of fertilizers and agrichemicals and cultivation.

Most modern agriculture and agronomy training programmes are structured around machine use and operation.

3.16 Mainta·1ning the same guidelines for inputs and investment, production is projected to attain 3.8M tonnes of cane and 326,000 tonnes of sugar by 2025.
This should be regarded as indicative of "steady state" production, with similar output levels forecast to 2030.

These production estimates are consistent with those independently developed by Guysuco for the same period.

The additional investments of US$1.1M (each year) in 2016 and 2017 for tillage machines and implements would enable the annual achievement of at least 20% quality land preparation and planting from 2017.
These measures would accelerate the attainment of a 3.SM tonnes of cane to 2019 and a steady state production of 3.8M tonnes of cane by 2022.

It is our recommendation that the tenders for these additional equipment be prepared as a priority before the end of 2015.

The projected agriculture cost summary data for Production year 2020 are highlighted in Table 3.5.
Details together with those of Production Years 2014, 2017, 2025 are included in Appendix 2 Table 3 5 Summary of Industry Agriculture Costs 2020 Agne Units '.

Skeldon I; Albion Harvest Hectares 8.582 : 9,002 i !

6,314 Rose Hall Blairrnont ESTATE HECTARES 8,903 : 9,616 .• 6,689 I s,493 ' 5,808 ·.

Enmore ' LBI ; ~v dies U1tvlugt Industry 4,472 2,699 2,915 : 3,894 43,461 ' 4,693 ' 2,988 3,356 i 4,500 46,553 i Tonnes Cane Estate 626,008 !
679,488 ' 427,245 419,895 307,102 178.720 201,050 233,953 i 3,073,481 ' Tonnes Cane per Ha 73 75 68 76 69 66 69 59 71 Sugar Sugar TONNES 49.G83 ----- 12,063 65,970 -~ 926 i 37,055 3, 134 i ! '

' 40.375 ' ---+ 24, 766 416 .

i -f ' 14, 184 lG.214 18,867 ~ ------ ------+--- 249 13.020 ; 5.806 267,114 35,613 I !

61,745 ' 66,896 !

40,189 40,375 25,182 '· 14,433 29,234 i 24,673 : 302,727 1,925 1,780 940 1,355 -----+-----------+--·----...---- 940 1, 780 1,355 !
1,925 l, 162 1.162 '1 600 67 2 +-------+------------ ' 672 ' 600 900 !

900 - ----------.--·----- ------- $8,193 : 57,104 $8,253 $G.

793 $7,966 : $8,426 ' $14,017 !
$11.111 -----,--- - 583,067 $72,157 ----------- --- $87,738 $72,518 $97.145 $104,336 $96,397 s105,3s5- -: sS~.1;;-J --------- $501,959 $576,127 I $527,191 $504,112 -------- $521 258 $503,978 $839.683 $577,654 $S53,776 ' Tonnes Estate Tonnes farmers Ha Tilled TOTAL SUGAR - t ,-- - GS per Ha 28 Ha Planted __ - - - - GS per Tonne Sugar I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I us¢/ lb sugar 20¢ 17¢ 21¢ 18¢ 23¢ 25¢ 23¢ 25¢ 21¢ 3.17 The unit cost data highlight that Field production costs across the Guyana Sugar Industry though significantly improved from 27 US(/: per pound, reported in the 2014 accounts, will remain high.
The major cost components are harvesting, crop maintenance, and overheads.

In developing these estimates, it was recognised that integration of the agriculture units of LBI and Enmore into a single unit is still incomplete.

It is anticipated in the projections that this process would be completed before 2017.
This immediate impact on field operations will be the elimination of duplication of the Workshop, and stores as well as rationalisation of the tillage, harvesting and crop husbandry sub departments into single units.

This measure would result in a 33% reduction of Field Management cost.
3.18 The data also indicate that this business would not be viable if the income is based solely on raw sugar and molasses exports even for the lower priced producers, Albion and Blairmont, particularly if sales are dominated by prices pegged to the World Market.

Once Factory and Administrative costs are added to the field costs, only those two estates would appear to be close to a breakeven position.
3.19 For the Guyana sugar Industry to prosper even under efficient management in the future, it is readily apparent that other income earning streams will have to be added.

The most stable prospect with constant demand will be power.

While it is unfortunate that the experience with Cogeneration at the Skeldon factory has not been encouraging, there are poss·1bil"if1es for power export from the smaller mills during the production seasons.
The investment would require at the onset changes to existing obsolete boiler plant and other equipment to enhance the efficiency of dealing with mechanically loaded canes.

This was the approach initially followed by Mauritius (Lau, Kong Win Chang and Guiness, 2003) before power evolved as the principal income stream for that Industry.
In Guyana's case the introduction of hydropower as the country base load would be compatible with power generation from bagasse during the dry season when output from the dams is reduced.

The availability of second hand 45 and 68 bar boiler plant from closed mills in Brazil and Hawaii would seem to be "low hanging fruit" if this approach is pursued.
3.20 Another interesting possibility is the production of refined sugar quality plantation white sugar in a raw factory, using ultrafiltration technology (Chou et al, 2003).

This process should at least be investigated as it seems to offer opportunities for access to the food grade white sugar market within the region at a lower investment and energy consumption cost than a conventional refinery.

3.21 These potential projects will require significant investment.
These sums cannot be generated within the Industry at this time, nor is the possibility of these coming from the 29 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I State's reserves likely.

This implies that the rational way forward would be to seek private investment into this industry.

3.22 There are two other areas of interest that have emerged from the cost data examination, the first is the lower harvesting cost on the estates that have significant combine harvesting.
This offers a significant incentive to pursue and refine mechanization to impact on a wider range of agriculture operations.

The introduction of machines to load hand cut canes has gained wide acceptance by cane harvesters as it is less onerous and can offer greater rewards than the traditional "cut and load".

The practice unfortunately, has not had impact on reducing cost.
a significant It is recommended that Guysuco's management engage the support of the Union and work towards an agreement in which the added costs for "obstacles and extras" could be removed from consideration in Machine ( Bell ) loaded canes.

3.23 The cost for Field Management at Skeldon and Wales includes cane purchases that are incurred while maintaining a complete Agriculture establishment.
Wales high cost for production of cane is not reflected in the estate's "cost per pound of sugar" that has a favourable benefit from low priced farmers' sugar.

3.24 A detailed study in the first instance should be conducted to examine the impact on cost by supplying all of Wales cane requirements from farmers.

At present, approximately 50% of the cane is from this source.

This of course suggests the possibility of operating by the Belize Industry Model.
The study will have to determine the true costs of "farmers" production at Wales.

This study should also explore the option of a single production entity in West Demerara., supplied mainly by independent cane farmers.

A number of cane farmers and other persons in West Demerara have already expressed interest in expanding involvement with cane farming to approximately 5,000 hectares.
These applications should be carefully vetted in order to ascertain the support these individuals would require to successfully manage larger areas.

(Appendix 3) 30 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 4 Cane Farming Issues 4.1 The National Cane Farm·1ng Committee Act Chapter 69:04 of the Laws of Guyana prepared a formal contract between the Cane Farmer and the Sugar Factories referred to as the "manufacturer".
4.2 The Guyana Sugar Corporation Inc. now has the responsibility and functions of the "manufacturer" as detailed in the NCFC Act and has maintained that relationship with the Cane Farmers in accordance with the Act.

4.3 Traditionally Cane Farmers have produced 10% of Annual Sugar Production from the early 1970s with gradual increases up to 13% and a peak of 15% when the Estate Production was affected in 1977 as a result of Industrial unrest.
Table 4.1 Industry Sugar Production ' ·Total Year Farmers Estate + ------·----- 1974 337,604 39,464 ( 298,140 ··--··· ' 1975 36,818 -~·29~,761 ' 261,943 .

294,596 1976 330,075 ' 35,479 ' 205,582 ~726_ 241,307 1977 · - - · -....+---·--· ' 285,179 1978 I 35,2?8~ 323,437 ~- - -----·- ___ ._.
~--- % 12% 12~ ' 11% .___, , I --·- - -< ' 12% 4.4 Cane Farmers' annual production of over 30,000 tonnes of sugar was consistent during the years 1971to1983 and then declined rapidly to under 20,000 tonnes for nine years followed by a resurgence which has settled to just over 20,000 tonnes representing 10% of the current Industry production.

Table 4.2 Industry Sugar Production 1 Year ' 2010 ------+---- Estate Farmers , Total !

% ·+---·-------+·-----+----~ ' 196,158 ' 24,660 : 220,818 !

11% . '
11% . '

--- - r : - 2011 • 2012 1 212,244 I 24,261 ····-+- .

196,665 i 21,343 ~---------r----- ·t - : 236,505 : 10% !

218,007 : 10% .

2012___~~6_6J23 L!_~,797 r 1s5,520.

11% -3.Q.1_'1 .

.

:_!._9~2~1,133 .

216,35~110% ... 4.5 Wales Estate, as an example, depends heavily on Cane Farmers to meet its production targets when 10,000 tonnes Farmers' Sugar represented 30% of the production in the early 1970s while today that same 10,000 tonnes is 50% of Wales' total.
31 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Table 4.3 Wales Sugar Production Year Estate Farmers Total % ---------·-- --- --------- 2010 11,538 - - - - - - - - - - - --· 11,079 2011 - - - - - ·- -- -- 9,967 2012 10,149 10,880 21,687 47% 21,959 50% 9,286 19,254 48% 2013 2014 12,742 10,004 9,457 9,441 22,746 44% -·-·-- - - - - - - - 50% 18,898 ~---------+---- 2015 10,2.14 ' 11,009 21,223 ----.-----·- S2% Act 1 ''Crop + 2°" Crop Budget .
-- ···-·--~ 4.6 This historical and current 10,000 tonnes sugar production from the Wales Cane Farmers is unlikely to go much higher although some Cane Farmers have already been offered and have started to grow their own cane on Wales Estate Temporary Abandoned Lands.
4.7 There is an assumption that a Cane Farmer will produce higher tonnages of Cane per hectare and of a better quality than the Estate, an assumption which is not unreasonable at this time since the 2014 Wales Estate productivity is at an all-time low of 44 TC/Ha while the Farmers have maintained a cane yield of SS TC/Ha over several years.
4.8 Wales Cane Farmers should be able to increase their Tonnes Cane per Hectare from its present 55 TC/Ha to 65 TC/Ha which will in the long term provide the Factory with 146,000 tonnes cane capable of producing 11,230 tonnes sugar at 13 TC/TS.

4.9 This matches a similar initiative at Uitvlugt Estate where Cane Farmers have been allocated Temporary Abandoned Blocks in the Cultivation for the purpose of growing their own cane.
Uitvlugt Estate Factory services its own cultivation as well as that of Leonora after the Leonora Factory was closed in 1982.

Both Uitvlugt and Leonora Factories were supplied by Cane Farmers between 1964 tol988, with a peak production of 15,053 tonnes in 1979.
4.10 Since the commissioning of the new Skeldon Factory in 2009, there has been renewed emphasis on Skeldon Cane Farmers to supply cane to produce 36,000 tonnes sugar annually, representing 33% of the rated capacity of the new 110,000 tonne Factory.

4.11 This Skeldon Cane Farming initiative was significantly different from previous efforts in that it required a completely different approach geared towards mechanized field operations from planting to harvesting.
4.12 The challenges for mechanized field operations were no different from those evolving on the Estate cultivations starting with specific field layouts and precise land preparation of new lands with its appropriate levelling and gradients for drainage.

32 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 4.13 Unfortunately many "shortcuts" were adopted and there was no real attempt to establish levels and gradients compatible with mechanized operations.
4.14 The traditional Cane Farmers at Skeldon in the 1970s consisted of relatively small units in the form of 2 Cooperatives and 2 Individuals totally about 300 Hectares.

They were consistently more efficient than the Estate producing 2,500 tonnes sugar which was a respectable 9% of the Estate production.

4.15 The last time traditional Skeldon Farmers produced over 2000 tonnes sugar was 1985 and then it vacillated between 1,300 to 1,800 tonnes until 2004.
Table 4.4 Skeldon Sugar Production Year Estate Farmers Total % - - - - ------~-·---- -- r - - · · - - - - - - · · · _2_00_0 _ _;_~~,656 __ , 1.444 1,575 .

34,719 !
34,719 !

35,100 36,924 4% ____ _ 4% 2001 ---- - - - · - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ------+---------- - - · - - - - - - · - · - - - · - · 2003 31,917 1,353 33,280 4% ~---- -+ - - - - - - - - - - - · - - · - · 2004 35, 119 1,397 36,516 3.80% 4.16 In 2005 original Skeldon Cane Farmers only produced 962 tonnes sugar further declining to 599, 497 and 778 tonnes in 2006, 2007 and 2008 respectively.
4.17 Since the New Skeldon Cane Farming expansion started in 2008/2009 there has been a rapid production increase of Cane Farmers' Production.

The Cane Farming Cultivation expansion was accompanied by the Estate also expanding in lands adjoining the original 4955 hectare cultivation.

Table 4.5 Expansion of Skeldon Estate & Farmers Hectares ESTATE Ha FARMERS Ha Prior to SSMP .
:33-~ 3;_ t_ ~ EXPANSION 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 TOTAL Expansion Total Cultivation: Old + Exp To Be Brought in Cane 2838.7 1336.2 766.2 289.3 0 53.4 0 0 334 7 6 8902.6 737.4 831.1 285.l 180.3 163.4 0 0 2 7~t, 1 3102.7 1883.9 33 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 4.18 This expansion of cultivated land resulted in adjustments in the Sugar Production ratios between the Estate and Cane Farmer from 4% to 24% without increasing total production which is yet to reach the 38,000 tonnes produced in 2002.
Table 4.6 Skeldon Sugar Production Year Estate Farmers Total - -------·-----.-- - - - - - - - 2009 2010 3,009 8,123 25,727 I 33,250 · - - - -T·-------: % 12% 24% ------~ i 2011 ---e-----~~--r----------2_7_%_, __ _____ J !-- 2012 2013 I 2014 r------+-----·--------,_._ 29,410 33,264 25,544 i 35,890 7,993 8,130 6,321 6,993 I 24% 24% 19% 22% [Actual First Crop & Budgeted Second Crop] 2015 30,360 8,454 !

38,814 2 :)( 2 ·.

if,) l.:+3S 3 .8.


------ --~ -- :, 7 22,718 25,127 21,417 25, 134 19,223 28,897 4.19 This significant reduction in Estate sugar production from the record 38,957 tonnes in 2002 to under 30,000 tonnes in spite of the additional 3,900 hectares put under cane is a result of a combination of lower Cane Yields from 88 Tonnes Cane per Hectare to 55 TC/Ha and lower quality Canes from 11 Tonnes Cane per Tonne Sugar to 16 TC/TS.
Table 4.7 Skeldon Cane Farmers Production Summary 1999 to 2014 Sugu - +-1_6"7_8_ ~ 1:.±±.f__ \c:ir llcc1>1n•, Can<' TC/Ila !

TS/Ila TC/l"S ., 7-1.60 i~s~ _; ~L-13 _J 1.999 .

302.0 ~~,QSJ_O __ ._31.QJJ l1.001_ ~!_3_0_4_.0 ___ _,_1_.575 ___ ,~2,_8}_1_ 12.002 .

298.0 f-2.00~ -+-~!5.2 !

30-1.8 22.530 '.

2_().08~ ___ _;_6_-1.

]9 75.23 72.99 68.03 2.00-1 5.18 • 4.82 --- -+----------------+------------- I 4.-17 c.!

:~0- __ 13.91 1-1.52 15.16 15.23 j L-1~5 ?1,7~~- 20.763 1.363 IJ_9_7 _____ 13.073 17.683 .
](l~OO·l- .

8.479 !

962 I 599 -- - + ' 497 ; 777 +------- ·- -- .

-i .

.,.

--------~------ 175_:]()___:_ -1.

5 8 ___ l{) 5 2 ~ __,__60 93 -'-: _,_'._3_1 ___ 1_8_3_8_ ·-' : -16.-10 2.78 • 73.60 67.59 • 17.06 15.35 16.70 -- ---- -------- ----r-----------.----------+-------- -------· 11.930 --+-------~-------~-~ -+-------~--- ,_~.005 I 2.006 -t~9()~ - I 215.6 -· .
2.007 • 2,008 - - - - - 2.009 -- -+---- ------ 115.2 176.5 690.2 I J.009 • 56.556 ---------.-------- - - + : 8.123 7.993 1.438.1 2.119.6 I 2,01 () : -io11 ~ • 2.011 __ j_l_.4_1_6_.

7 _ ___,1_8_.

_I :_,2 __ ~1_-10_._7_8_1 --+:_5_8_.2_5_-+--3_.

:_,6_.i --+--1_7_.

3_1~ 118.613 117.511 • 119.4 ···-~ 6.312 !

6.993 ---·---.-------------- --~--- B6.669 150.732 .

55.97 !

-19.4-!

2.013 I 2.014 2.98 · 2.94 18.79 16.8() 2.376.7 i 4.31 i 4.40 !
4.36 i 5.65 3.77 81.9-1 : 95.03 '71.11 18.80 16.82 18.86 34 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 4.20 These fundamental issues affected the Skeldon Cane Farmers in no small way as the figures in Table 4.

7 above show.
7 above show.

4.21 The lower quality Canes was a direct of:- • Cane being harvested well beyond their Peak Maturity • Excessive Burning to Grinding Intervals • Questionable Factory Performance 4.22 The less than satisfactory performance of the Cane Farmers' Cultivation led to several letters referring to the manner in which the Cane Quality parameters were administered in the Factory.
Without going into the tedious exercise of a Financial Analysis of each Cane Farmer it was shown that the Skeldon Cane Farmers were paid substantial sums at the end of each year's transactions Table 4.8 Total Amount Paid to Skeldon Farmers for the Last Five Years 2009 2010 20ll GS 2012 20U 2014 Tc~a, GrO'>I '.Jl'.e~ L~ !hf' F.~1-nec1 for tr.e Yea' 1o· ~ane1 ::.

.. opl t.'J 2..i:-: .


.f,'i8 B~ S-l5,54:.tl63 lfo,:::db.3!1: 82-l.2 lJ p.s:: 7\G 752.C94 'i~S 0~5.5Sl Le>> Expe"se' deCu~l:e~1 113,ll2,-:.2J 1G4,76S.

":9 253.

798,352 222.443.339 l).'.348.


!02 162.317.667 Net Paid to the ~armers for the Year for Canes Supplied % of income deducted for e11:penses 135,525,811 380,774,944 482,897,429 601.789,520 .... ""' .... 27% 564,403,992 372,727,884 21% - 4.23 There is no doubt that there may be some cash flow problems arising from the payment schedule and corresponding deductions as Cane is delivered.

The traditional method of payment is by advances for canes delivered especially during the First Crop.
The Final Payment is not due until the 31'' March the following year.

4.24 All payment for the Skeldon Cane Farmers is made through their respective Bank Accounts.

The Estate retains 30% of each payment made and sends the balance to the respective Banks.

4.25 Those Cane Farmers who had Bank Loans were responsible for whatever deductions were made by their respective Banks.
4.26 The Loans that were negotiated with the Bank were paid direct to the Farmers based on Certificates of the %age of work that was completed JOintly by the Skeldon Estate Equipment & Personnel and the Farmer 4.27 All the development work done by the Skeldon Estate on behalf of the Cane Farmers was held in the respective Farmers' debtors account and amortised over four -five years period after harvesting of the plant canes.
There is no interest charged on these sums and the Estate 35 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I started the recovery of those development sums after the Cane was Harvested and Sugar made.

4.28 None of the sums drawn down from the Bank Loans by the respective Cane Farmers was paid to Skeldon Estate or GuySuCo during the developmental land preparation phases and subsequent husbandry and Harvesting operations.
4.29 The Skeldon Cane Farmers currently owe the Corporation over G$1.4B for rout"ine operational work to date since the sums incurred for developmental works were subsequently recovered.
4.30 The total value of Sugar produced by Skeldon Cane Farmers from 2009 to 2014 is G$3.607BThe total expenses deducted by Skeldon Estate was G$1.069B, which is 30% of gross earnings, leaving a net paid into the Cane Farmers' respective Bank Accounts of G$2.538B 4.31 While this special interest in Cane Farmers exists at Skeldon, there has been a loss of Cane Farmers from the Industry over the years representing about 1400 hectares especially at Albion & Rose Hall Estates.
4.32 The converse is the newer developments at Wales and Uitvlugt Estates where temporarily abandoned blocks [TAB] of land in the respective cane cultivations have been offered to Cane Farmers to produce cane.

Both Wales and Uitvlugt Factories suffer from very low cane deliveries as a result of relatively poor cane cultivations.

4.33 Between Wales and Uitvlugt Factories, it has been noted that one Factory with some investment should be able to process all the cane now done by the two.
Wales Factory has 50% of its cane supply delivered by private Cane Farmers and their production has been at a stable 10,000 tonnes sugar with indications that some cane farmers have already started to put other crops on their cane lands.

This assessment is in progress and the actual acreage involved is being compiled.

4.34 The Wales Cane Farmers supply of cane for 2015 has been given as 139,000 tonnes which at 12.70 TC/TS can produce 10,600 tonnes sugar.
The projected supply of cane for 2016 is 135,000 tonnes.

4.35 Uitvlugt Estate was able to attract some of Wales' Cane Farmers to plant sections of the estate cultivation which were temporarily abandoned [TAB] for a number of years.

The Uitvlugt cultivation was not under full production because of the inability to harvest its cane.
4.36 In 2013 the Cane Farmers started their investment in the Uitvlugt [TAB] cultivation and delivered 3,130 tonnes cane in the First Crop of 2014 that produced 243 tonnes sugar, In the second Crop 2014 some 4,182 tonnes cane produced 301 tonnes sugar making the total of 544 tonnes sugar for 2014 at an overall quality of 13.44 tonnes cane per tonne sugar (TC/TS).

As plant cane crop, that 71.3 hectares had very good productivity of 102.55 tonnes cane per hectare (TC/Ha) which was budgeted at 80 TC/Ha.
36 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 4.37 Those Uitvlugt Cane Farmers delivered 17,562 tonnes cane in the first Crop of 2015 that produced 1,317 tonnes sugar at 13.33 tonnes cane per tonne sugar (TC/TS).

The budget for the Second Crop 2015 is 12,900 tonnes cane to be delivered, which at 13.20 tonnes cane per tonne sugar (TC/TS) can produce 982 tonnes sugar.

The Uitvlugt Cane Farmers have increased their production from 544 tonnes sugar in 2014 to 2,299 tonnes in from 30,525 tonnes cane 2015.
The 2015 field productivity at 86.52 tonnes cane per acre reflects satisfactory husbandry practices.

4.38 The Cane Projections for 2016 from those Cane Farmers is 19,500 tonnes in the First Crop and 23,700 tonnes in the Second Crop totalling 43,200 tonnes cane producing 3,186 tonnes sugar for the year.

These results are summarised in the tables below 2014 - First Crop ----·--------- - +-- ' Ha sugar cane ......-- ··- -·- ---:------.
----- ·-··~ tqt~J!cfha 3,130 ts/ha 101.95 ' 7.92 12.88 30.7 243 ------~-- --+-----------·· Second Crop --···-·--- --- YEAR - - · - - - - - ' 40.6 301 4,182 13.89 : 103.01 .

7.41 71.3 : 544 7,312 13.44 102.55 : 7.63 ~------~-------~~--~ 2015 Ha ·-------+--.. ----·+-·---· - --- sugar First Crop : 200.3 · 1,317 --------~-+··--------+---.

Second Crop i 152.5 982 .

cane ' · - - - - - - - - - - - - : ts/ha - ---------------+----------+-----· 17,562 .
tc/ha : 87.68 tc/ts 13.33 6.58 - -+ - - - - - - - - - - ' - - - - - - 12,963 13.20 85.00 !

6.44 YEAR ' 352.8 ' 2,299 30,525 13.27 86.52 ' 6 52 - - - - - - 2016 .

Ha First Crop ~ , sugar : cane ----- -----r---· 19,500 250.0 1,477 t~l~ ... __ tc/ha _ +.!!

;/~a~, 13.2 78.00 ' 5.91 ~---t---- Second Crop 289.6.

1,708 23,700 .• 13.9 81.83 YEAR - - - - -+ .


539.6 • 3,186 43,200 5.90 · - , - - - - ' 5.90 13.58 80.06 ------------ these field productivity results will be Unless new replanting takes place after 2017 compromised.

4.40 The reality facing these Cane Farmers is their cost of production, and the price being paid for their sugar produced will determine how much further expansion can take place.
There is much doubt that at this point in time there is any incentive for rehabilitation of the current 540 Ha cultivation to maintain the 80TC/Ha or improve it.

37 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 4.41 The Basic Average Price for Sugar in 2013 was G$136,472 per tonne to which molasses is added and a transport differential is deducted leaving a gross of 70% for the farmer of about G$103,000 per tonne sugar.
4.42 In 2014 that Basic Average Price dropped to G$91,297 per tonne which gave the cane farmers an average of G$72,000 per tonne sugar 4.43 It has been projected that for 2015 the Cane Farmer should not expect more that G$62,000 per tonne sugar.

4.44 The Uitvlugt Cane Farmer initiative will be under the microscope in 2016 as the Estate Factory continues to struggle for a reliable supply of cane.
The Cane Farmer is a business enterprise no different from any other and if the revenue stream is lower than the projected cost of production there will be no incentive to invest in either rehabilitation or expansion.

4.45 While every effort can be made to keep the present Cane Farmers' part of the Uitvlugt cultivation producing cane, it cannot be done if the Farmers are incurring losses.
An important part of the "contract" with those Uitvlugt Cane Farmers is that they were required to convert the land for mechanised operations which can eventually lead to billet harvesting.

One Cane Farmer has invested in a billet harvester which is being modified to a whole stalk harvester with the expert assistance of the John Deere Agents.

4.46 The higher rainfall experienced at Uitvlugt has traditionally excluded the development of mechanised operations.
As this mechanised option is being developed, there has to a conscious effort to start those mechanical operations, especially harvesting, at the beginning of the dry season and accelerating it to finish before the onset of the rains.

4.47 The result of the same initiative at Wales Estate cultivation with Farmers cultivating Estate land has not been as dramatic and while some more sugar can be produced, the net result of other farmers going out of cane production is showing nothing positive.
Production from the Estate land leased to the Co-ops is being shown in the respective Co-operative gross returns and will be separated for future analysis.

4.48 Further the Lands leased from Wales were not converted for any mechanical operations and the formal lease document has not been completed as some members of the Co-op have refused to put their respective signatures.

The Estate is prepared to assist those Cane Farmers who may request Bell Loader support.
4.49 The proposal for handing over the Wales Estate cultivation to Cane Farmers, lock stock and barrel, needs to be studied very carefully since the primary object'1ve is to have a sustained increase in the supply of cane to the Factory.
38 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I S Progress and Prospects for Mechanisation 5.1 Development Stages and Background 5.1.1 Sugar cane cultivation in Guyana has over 300 years developed as a bedded culture that effectively removes water from around cane roots during periods of intense rainfall and once well maintained has been demonstrated to support high yields.

These beds either extend along the length (380m) - English cambered beds or width (115m) - Dutch cambered beds of each field.
This system is adapted to only manual agricultural practices.

Increasing labour costs have placed considerable pressure on improvements in productivity.

the Industry to remain competitive despite genera 5.1.2 The first serious attempt at commercial scale mechanisation in Guyana was in 1976 when 128 ha of former cambered bed fields were levelled and converted to Louisiana type ridge and furrow at Diamond estate.
In this project, canal areas were filled in to facilitate traffic from within the fields to a trans-loading site.

The harvest system comprised a tracked whole stalk harvester, a R6 Continuous Loader, tracked infield tipper transporters and an elevator for trans loading the R6 billets into punts.

Subsidence in former canal sites was a major restriction.

Traffic was severely limited by soft soil conditions.
The tracked equipment experienced excessive undercarriage wear, probably because of the difficult soil conditions.

This programme was discontinued in 1985.

An important and lasting development from the period has been the dumper, by which a punt could lifted out of the water and the contents tipped onto the mill feed table 5.1.3 The deficiencies in the Diamond Project, were linked to the attempt to superimpose a layout on land without sufficient recognition of the existing topography and drain sites).
From 1986 to 1990, a programme of phased conversion to Louisiana banks on wide (22m to 33m) beds, on which harvesting equipment comprising soldier (S30 and S32) Harvesters and slewed SP1800 Loaders operated in-field.

The whole-stalk cane was transferred into punts with a grab trans-loader.

This equipment worked satisfactorily at close to their rated potential of 24 to 30 tonnes per hour, when conditions were favourable.
East Demerara, Blairmont and Skeldon were the main operating sites for this programme.

The return of Field workers to estates in the early 1990's after removal of pay restrictions, resulted in a management decision to cease commercial mechanized harvesting.

5.1.4 During the 1990s, emphasis was placed on adapting machinery to the impacts of traffic on soft soils.
One study indicated very clearly that improved flotation combined with weight transfer between prime mover and loaded trailer could reduce wheel slip and soil deformation Given the limited opportunity time available for land development and the extensive work that would be entailed in changing field layouts to land forms more amenable to mechanised harvesting, it was desirable to consider any system that increase the productivity of labour (average 2.5 tonnes per man day).
The Bell tricycle loader was introduced in 1992 and was demonstrated to significantly improve the productivity of labour working on standard "Dutch" 39 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I cambered beds.

The ability to operate at low ground pressures(< 80 kPa), when equipped with the appropriate (750mm) Trellborg tires, and manoeuvrability of these machines can extend their function on damp soils.
The advantage of these mach·ines in the "Dutch" camber system ·rs that because of the short distances to loading sites, the machines are able to traverse from cane windrow or bundle to load directly into cane punts without any intermediate stage.

Cutting and Stacking of cane for loading by the Bell Loader has become the preferred and predominant mode of harvest in the Industry.

In 2014, 1,356,799 tonnes of a total 2,536,206 tonnes of cane harvested across the Industry were loaded by the Bells.
This accounts for 53% of cane loaded.

Reports from the management of each estate, indicate that the proportions of machine loaded canes continue to increase.

5.1.5 Notwithstanding the usefulness of the Bell Loaders as an intermediate stage for mechanized loading, the capacity to benefit fully from technology developments in land flexibility of agriculture systems to management and agriculture engineering requires accommodate field machinery.
Thrs requires modifying field layouts to forms less restrictive to traffic.

Guysuco and expatriate technical personnel have expended considerable effort from the mid-1990s to the early 2000s in conceptualizing and evaluating layouts that would facilitate Two approaches were adopted, .
The first applied to mechanization for sugar estate lands, "English cambered bed" fields that have been converted to wider cambered beds of widths varying from 30 m to 45 m. The selection of the design bed width is influenced by the topography and land elevation.

Cane is planted in flat culture along the length of these beds.

Surface runoff is shed across the camber into lateral drains that discharge directly into the main drainage canal via discharge tubes.
., •.· ,_, .. ,-,_• Fig 5.1 Wide camber bed layout 40 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 5.1.6 The second approach was encouraged for new land development for sugar cane, primarily on the Skeldon Expansion areas.

These fields are in ridge and furrow with the design grade to a slope of 1:500.
The design distance for drain flow through the furrows is 170m to shallow machine crossable trace drains that discharge through a small culvert into a parallel collector leading to the main drainage canal over a flow distance of SOOm at a 1:1000 slope.

Attainment of the stipulated gradients is critical to effective runoff of these fields.

This layout offers few restrictions to the movement of field machinery, provided the design specifications are achieved.

Fig 5.2 Graded Ridge and Furrow Layout 5.1.7.


During construction much of these new lands did not receive the benefit of laser land levelling because of operational difficulties w·rth the equipment and when these issues were finally resolved, the equipment was not effectively utilized.

This added to the anticipated problems of soil settlement that exacerbated the occurrences of low spots and localized water logging within sections of the fields.
These issues would have to be addressed in the present cycle of land rehabilitation, when full use must be made of this Technology.

The broad bed fields will also require laser levelling in the direction of the discharge to the side line drains.

5.1.8 A potential risk is that Guysuco currently has only two persons who possess more than basic training for pre-construction surveys and cut-fill design for precision levelling.
One of them on leave pursuing an engineering degree, the other is in a Senior Management position.

It would be advisable to conduct further intensive on-site training by the laser equipment suppliers when tillage has actually commenced.

Guysuco should also identify with some urgency suitable persons who can be trained to conduct and interpret the pre levelling surveys.
5.1.9.1 The decision to proceed with a fully mechanised option for the expanded Skeldon cultivation only arose because the evidence as early as 2002 was that labour was increasingly difficult to attract.
For mechanised harvesting in the Guyana environment, it was recognised that several potential challenges have to be faced: 41 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) Foreign exchange for machines, spares and fuel; Training of mechanics and re-equipping agriculture workshops; Purchase of spare parts; High mud in cane when harvesting in wet conditions; High extraneous matter levels; Reduced harvesting season length to reduce risk of wet weather harvesting; Reduced ratoon yields; Infield cane losses; Increased deterioration of chopped cane as opposed to whole stalk cane; Social and political difficulties if willing labour was displaced.
5.1.10 System development work spearheaded by the Research Dept with support from the Booker Tate Agriculture Engineers and Project Team, addressed most of the technical issues that has culminated with the specifications of the current harvesting fleet.

Each harvesting unit comprises a billet or combine harvester, three haul-out trailers with prime movers and a billet cane elevator.
In the first instance the ground contact pressure under the harvester could be significantly reduced to less than lOpsi by fitting wide 600 mm track plates of and extending the track frames to the rear.

These features were installed on the first fleet of John Deere 3510 machines.

Neither John Deere nor Case have been willing to apply this modification to the more recently supplied machines, indicating that the small size of the orders could not justify this deviation from their production lines.
Both the John Deere 3520 and Case 8880 machines are however lighter than the original John Deere 3510 harvesters and were supplied with 550 mm wide track plates.

They have performed satisfactorily in damp conditions.

- I \· ; Night Loading with Elevator 5.1.11 The Billet cane Elevators and haul out wagons are fabricated in Guyana from a collaborative Agric Research/Australian design.
The haul outs also feature a weight transfer hitch developed in the ARC to more evenly distribute load between the haul out and the haulage tractor rear wheels.

Trellborg low ground-pressure tyres are a standard feature on these haul outs.

The rear axles on the haul out have been further modified to a more flexible design that permits greater manoeuvrability at the canal edge loading areas.
The Research 42 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Centre also developed a cultivation implement that is very effective in alleviating soil damage caused by the traffic of loaded trailers.

5.1.12 While these efforts can be considered successful, there continues to be the need for system development with the mechanized harvesting fleet, in the light of the problems that have manifested with the operation, must of which were predicted.
Under these circumstances, the decision in 2010 to effectively disband the collaborating group of Engineers and Technical staff of the Research and Agriculture Services Depts.

and assign them to principal roles unrelated to mechanization was very premature.

5.1.13 The new cane cultivation culture that has been developed for mechanized agriculture also provides an opportunity for reviewing alternative and more water conserving irrigation practices than the traditional flood irrigation methods.
Winch operated travelling "rain gun" equipment were evaluated very extensively in the Skeldon project.

The issue with this approach was non uniform distribution of water that affected the relative rates of emergence and early development in different sections of the fields.

A variant of the winch operated system with the rain gun nozzles replaced by a linear move sprinkler has been proposed.

A flexible hose furrow irrigation system has also demonstrated good potential in the ridge and furrow fields.
Flood irrigation has continued to the dominant practise because of cost and ready availability of water.

5.2.

Current Operating Issues 5.2.1 The early campaigns with the Skeldon Harvesting fleet was associated with several machinery failures many of which were attributed to neglect of maintenance guidelines and poor decision making by supervisory staff who did not fully appreciate and still struggle with the complexities of handling a fleet of machinery.
In efforts to satisfy cane supply to the factory after late crop starts, arising from factory unreliability, from 2010 to 2012, the machines worked in very wet infield conditions.

This resulted in major damage to the fleet and the fields.

Large sums were expended to rehabilitate the machines.

A major effort has commenced to correct the situation in the fields.
The interventions from the Dealer supported by personal interest from Guysuco's Field Engineers enabled several training sessions at the John Deere facilities and on site.

These have effectively developed a core team of competent operators and mechanics who seem alert to the capabilities of their equipment and appear to be largely self-monitoring.

The operators and mechanics of the new machines at Enmore were given hands on exposure to the Skeldon operation before the delivery of these new machines.
5.2.2 The Harvesting fleet as seems to be common in many areas of the Industry is at risk because of availability of spares.

One of the machines is temporarily out of service.

Fortunately the John Deere dealer on his own initiative and on the word of Guysuco's Agriculture Services Manager, has acquired the spares and is holding them in consignment stock.

Guysuco is required to pay to uplift them.


The present fleet 8 billet harvesters is capable of satisfying the 43 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I supply of cane from both farmers and estate cultivations at the present factory processing rate of 250 tonnes cane per hour.

On attainment of the factory design capacity of 350 tonnes cane per hour another two harvesting units will be required.

5.2.3 The conditions under which the Skeldon Harvesting fleet have operated since have been very poor.
Ground conditions have been wet for most of each year despite the lower rainfall regime relative to the other estates.

The Installed drainage capability on the expanded estate is insufficient to effectively maintain a cultivation of this size that is further exacerbated by long conveyance path from the Manarabisi sections to the Block 19 Pump station.

The importance of activation of the pump station at the Manarabisi/ No 66 cannot be overemphasized.
5.2.4 The harvest"ing environment for the Skeldon operation was also ·influenced by factory unreliability that has caused the late start and shorter crop duration in successive seasons.

This has led to the accumulation of over age canes in both the Estate and Cane Farmers' cultivations 5.2.5 Harvesting operations in wet conditions starts the cycle of pronounced ratoon decline that can be attributed to soil compaction especially in the Billet harvested and Bell Loaded areas.
Additional efforts at correcting this soil deterioration are done but these are never 100% effective, particularly in severe cases of soil deformation.

5.2.6 Invariably where ever Mechanical or Semi Mechanical harvesting is being done in adverse conditions, excessive soil will be delivered to the Factories with the cane.

This will affect Factory Performance as the existing equipment is not designed for high percentages of extraneous matter.
5.2.7 Damp conditions and relatively short operating seasons arising from a combination of weather impacts and factory unreliability have contributed to a high percentage of overage canes that in many cases have lodged and exacerbated the problems with mud and high extraneous matter contents delivered to the factory.

Reactions to the new operation at En more have also been very focused on extraneous matter and mud.
The generally negative conversation has unfortunately not been helpful for the overall impressions of mechanization in the industry that has positive features and cost implications that have tended to be overlooked -------~----~-------- --~l 371 per tonne _ca_n_e _______ _ Unit Cost GS $2155 per tonne cane $ 2139 per tonne cane Operation Manual Harvesting Cut & Stack- Machine Loaded Combine Harvesting Manual Plantin_g_ _________ _ $66000 per Ha $ 55000 per Ha Semi - Mechanical Planting $ 5290 per Ha Manual Fertilizing ~M_e_c_h_a_ni_c_a_IF_e_rt_i_li_zi_n~g ________ =~-345ilperha :.
$ 3810 per Ha !

$ 2700 per Ha Chemical Weed control (Knapsack) Chemical Weed Control (Boom spray) Table 5.1 Indicative Costs of Main Agriculture Operations- Guyana 44 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " +- ------------------ ------------~--.. ---- ----~ I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 5.2.8 Mechanized harvesting has become the principal strategy for Skeldon and is anticipated to expand in East Demerara over the next 4 years.

It is therefore necessary that the Agriculture and Factory Operations Depts.
collaborate on strategies that would maintain cane deliveries, reduce the extent of extraneous matter and to manage the inevitable increased soil load of canes delivered to the factories.

5.3 Harvest Management and Cane Deliveries 5.3.1 Mechanized harvesting and loading are not subject to the same restrictions of waiting for individual punts to be loaded for payment assignments as is manual cane cutting.
These operations permit punts to be hauled to the mill as soon as the requisite numbers for a haulage train have been loaded.

This facilitates the recycling and reuse of punts and would allow for significant impacts on reducing Kill to Mill intervals.

This opportunity has not been fully appreciated by harvesting managers who continue to plan their operations for traditional manual operations.
Mechanised harvesting is also continuous over 24 hours, and once efficiently managed and coordinated will reduce the requirement for accumulating a large dock of punts before early cane deliveries, prior to grinding.

- - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 Estate ~-------.,----·- - - - - - - -+ - - - - - - - - - - - - - : Skeldon i Enmore 85,483 tonnes 152, 065 tonnes • Cut & load 209,405 tonnes 62,795 tonnes, , Cut & Stack .
+ - , Combine Harvested : 177,424 tonnes 56,096 tonnes Table 5.2 Cane distribution to factories with combine harvesting -2014 5.3.2 Mechanized farming will increase in importance in the Guyana Sugarcane Industry.

The positive impacts on costs of operation have already been demonstrated.

There are however constraints and areas for improvements that cannot be underestimated.
Many of these issues will have technical and managerial solutions that need to be addressed with appropriate urgency and technical support.

The programme should be coordinated by a very senior and experienced Engineer or Manager, with the necessary support who would have authority to co-opt as required individuals with the required expertise to address system and technical development issues that will arise as this programme develops.

Areas that require priority attention at this time include: 1.
Development of expertise in survey techniques, cut fill design and planning for precision levelling.

Precision land levelling for ridge and furrow and Broad bed fields.

Planning and monitoring of Field rehabilitation of fields involved in mechanized harvesting, particularly at Skeldon.

Identify and introduce a fertilizer blend suitable for effective dispensing by mechanical band and placement applicators.

Develop and evaluate alternatives to flood irrigation.
Coordinate and guide Field Conversion programme.

Develop a conversion sequence for Dutch layout fields.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

45 8.

Coordinate regular discussion and training sessions on cane loading and delivery for estates' management.

9.

Development and testing (with ISD) of a cane delivery and optimised harvesting scheduling schedules.

10.

Revisit and test alternate modes of cane transport including road and also a hydraulically driven propeller tug prime mover.

11.
11.

Address extraneous matter cane quality issues in collaboration with Factory Operations Technical staff.

12.

Further evaluation and testing of low ground pressure haul out equipment including tracked options for effective operation in damp conditions.

13.

Development of punt restraint and punt movement system to improve efficiency at field loading sites.

14.

Introduction and evaluation of precision farming including agronomic inputs, weed control and controlled tillage.
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 46 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 6 AGRICULTURE PROCUREMENT 6.1 The Guyana Sugar Corporation Inc. established a Procurement Policy which is second to none.

6.1.1 It requires a system of three quotations from which to choose a qualified supplier in accordance with the specifications provided in the bid documents.

6.1.2 Over the years.


with increasing operational deficits, the Corporation has developed a special relationship with some suppliers who would provide goods and services in spite of delayed payments.

6.2 Fertiliser 6.2.1 The process of bidding for fertilisers has morphed into those who would bid to supply the major supplies such as Fertiliser requiring about US$4M per year.
6.2.2 The inability to negotiate adequate supplies particularly of Fertiliser has developed a chronic field problem of relatively poor cane nutrition with the resultant lower cane yields and corresponding higher levels of weed infestation.

6.2.3 The lower cane yields has had a deleterious effect on controlling harvesting costs with escalating demands for "extras" usually paid for conditions which reduce the rate at which the Cane Harvester is expected to perform.
6.2.4 Demands for "extras" are accompanied by unfavourable industrial relations which invariably escalate into prolonged strike action in all areas of harvesting including those not requiring "extras".

6.2.5 This unstable state of industrial affairs is often accelerated by the prolonging of the crop into the unfavourable wet season as the time lost earlier in the crop forces continued operations in order to achieve the production targets.
6.3 AGRO CHEMICALS 6.3.1 The aftermath of the financial crisis has reduced the number of credible suppliers to three which in its own right is a blessing in disguise.

6.3.2 The quality of the Agrochemicals with respect to unacceptable levels of contaminants has been maintained because the regular suppliers have avoided manufacturing sources that do not comply with the standard specifications in the order.
6.4 STEEL PLATES 6.4.1 There has been much concern expressed by all the Estates on the timely acquisition of the quantity of Steel Plates ordered for punt fabrication, repairs and re-bottoming.

The standard quarter inch steel plate which in metric terms is six delta two millimeters and this specification is clearly stated on the orders.

The suppliers have been delivering the metric equivalents of quarter inch plate that are approximately 6 mm thick.

steel plates.
steel plates.

47 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 6.4.2 The re-bottoming programmes have not been in keeping with the respective planned schedules and therefore repairs have escalated .

This has had some negative effects on the Estates' harvesting programmes because of the numbers of unserviceable punts in the fleets.

6.4.3 While the physical mea surements of the steel plates supplied can confirm the thickness deficiencies the question of the quality of the steel is still being questioned.
In re-bottoming a punt, one of the observations is the ease with which the band of steel can be bent to fit the round areas at the front and back of the punt without using clamps.

The need to re-bottom " new" punts because of unusual wear cannot be the result only of steel quality as there is evidence of poor maintenance of navigation canals and associated structures.

This is further accompanied by undesirable operational Issues such as the number of punts being pulled in a single train.
6.4.4 There is no doubt that additional wear and deformation of the punt fleet is being experienced on all locations and there is a reluctance to admit that in the wetter conditions, the larger horsepower tractors are used to deliver the cane from the fields to the factories and far longer punt trains than the standard 35 punts are being used without regard for the eventual problems being fa ced today.
6.4.S The visibly poor state of more than ha lf the punt fleet which forms a key part of the assets of the Corporation displayed significant elongation and other forms of structural deformities.

Elongated Punts Ripped Punt Head 6.4.6 The Corporation, to its credit, recognised the dire state of its punt fleets and established a Punt Management Review.
The May 2015 report identified a Punt Age durability Analysis which will put into place an improvement in punt record keeping and its correspond ing asset register of over 4,300 punts.

All these initiatives are being supported by the Information Systems Department which is constantly visiting the Estates refining the forms and supporting documents.

6.4.7 The expenditure for punt repairs for the last 10 years, (2005 to 2014), was G$1,378.96M, ranging from as low as G$108.38M in 2009 to G$202 .20M in 2014.
6.4.8 Over the same 10 year period punt re-bottoming expenditure was G$1,185.56M for 1,643 punts.

The rate and consistency of re-bottoming over the years varied considerably and was dependent on the availability of steel plates.

6.4.9 A hydraulic press has been fabricated at Skeldon which can press out the punt sides in just 10 minutes.
48 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 6.4.10 The Budgeted 2014 fabrication of 400 new punts were completed in August 2015 as only 290 were completed at the end of 2014.

Steel Plate for the Budgeted 2015 fabrication of 350 new punts has not been approved to date.

6.5 MACHINERY SPARES 6.S.1 The Field machinery fleet continues to expand as more specialised equipment especially for Mechanised Harvesting develops.
The range of equipment is often influenced by the agencies providing the funding which adds to the maintenance spares woes.

6.5.2 The ability to pay for spares with the orders cannot be maintained in the present production and financial crisis, resulting in maintenance and repairs delays and increased fleet unavailability.

None of the Estates can complete its tillage programme with the availability and efficiency state of the current fleet of tillage equipment.
6.5.3 The local agents for some of the specialised equipment.

for example the John Deere Harvesters, recognised the critical state of some of their equipment and have been providing training modules for both the operators and maintenance personnel resulting in higher availability and better reliability of those machines.
49 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 7 Research and Development 7.1 In a technology dependent Industry, an effective research and development function is an asset to its sustainability.
The Guyana Sugar Corporation's Research Development Departments have contributed to technological change and adaptation to environmental conditions in several areas: • A robust variety development programme that has an independent capability for breeding as well as very strong linkage to the West Indies Central Sugarcane Breeding Station • A well-established Integrated Management Programme for insect pests and weeds, which includes effective biological control for the ubiquitous moth borer Diatraea Sp.
Most other insect pests are controlled by cultural methods with minimal chemical intervention.

• A mammalian pest management strategy, the principles of which have been successfully adapted by other Industries • Soil Management and Cane Nutrition policy that has been responsive to changes in the environment since its formal institution in the 1960's.
• Established a robust Industrial Environmental Monitoring Capability • Climate change assessment and adaptation strategies • A lead role in mechanization system development within the Caribbean region • Sugar cane and sugar chemistry analytical capability for supporting cane quality and process studies • Lead role in Sugarcane for Energy Studies for Caribbean Industries.

• Regionally recognised Analytical Laboratory.


7.2 Most of the Department's established programmes including the Laboratory analyses continue to be executed.

However there has been little interest or major actions emanating from the Dept.

's initiatives on the estates over the past 6 years.

Th'1s a distinct variation from the previously established role of the Dept.
when it was clear that the Industry Agriculture Policy emanated from the Department and the Scientists and Technical Officers were representatives of the Director and were acting on his authority when visiting estates.

The subtle change in the recent past implies that estates could look elsewhere for the authority on guidance given by the Dept.

and are in fact free to ignore it should they not agree with or understand the information.

7.3 Morale in the Dept.


is low and more than one member of the group has expressed uncertainty over the Dept's future.

7.4 Subscriptions to Technical Journals and for Professional Memberships have been curtailed.

7.5 Likewise there are no budget allocations for research and development projects initiated by the Department.
50 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 7.6 The tractors that were used to service the Breeding and Selection Cultivation and trials were removed after the Field Engineering section of the Department was closed.

The ARC is dependent on LBI estate for support for cultivation and trials.

Requests have not always been given priority by the estate.

7.7 The current Head of Research also admits to being insecure.

He has not been confirmed in his position despite having acted in the role for 6 years.
Apart from having an uncomfortable relationship with the executive management, he also seems to be conscious of having to justify his status to the group he leads as he has not been a practising researcher.

7.8 It has also been claimed that the executive management and Board of the day have also foisted projects onto the Dept.

over the objections of the scientists.


Recent examples of this have been an attempt to adjust the crop fertilizer regime without previous investigation and an ill-advised large scale research programme to introduce a "Biofertilizer" of uncertain origin into the crop nutrition programme.

The Company has risked US$14S,260 in purchase of this material.

The researcher assigned to the project has expressed unease over the inadequate information on technical specifications for the material.
The depressed production from the 2013 crop has indicated the pitfalls of arbitrary changes in agronomic practices.

The latter trials are currently being harvested but the observations in field have not been favourable to the material.

7.9 There seems to have been no consistent appraisal of the nutritional status of the growing crop in order to adequately correct any deficiencies to optimise yield potential.
The frequent episodes of inadequate fertilizer applications at the standard recommended times have further aggravated the downward trend in cane productivity.

The Central Laboratory has however maintained as far as possible the programs set up to monitor Crop Nutrition trends.

The data though limited, are beginning to highlight the occurrence of minor nutrient deficiencies and also that the average foliar N values have declined in recent years.
These are important indicators and should warrant further investigations 7.10 These and other examples highlight the pitfalls of the temptation to disregard the evidence of accumulated knowledge in the interest of desirable financial objectives.

7.11.

The Dept.

has had a vacancy for an experienced Soil Scientist/Crop Nutrition Scientist for several years.

This deficiency may contributed to the confusion that have influenced the attempted adjustments to fertiliser regimes.
Efforts must continue to fill this vacancy or train an individual who has the aptitude and interest in the discipline.

7.12 Most of the issues raised in relation to plant nutrition have been addressed.

There is documentation in the Research Dept.

that can offer guidance at this time.

In the absence of an incumbent scientist, recourse to these reports and recommendations should be sought.
51 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Table 7.1 COMMERCIAL VARIETIES Variety ARC % as i 2007 revised July 2009 ' 0 1S841 5.

10 ' 6.9 0 7661 1.

5 10 8 2008 i 2009 ; 2010 ' 2011 Mean TS/H per i variety .

since 2008 Mean TC/H ( !

Pl - SR+ ) per variety from i 2008 to 2011 ' 5.0 61 ·---:----- ~·--· 9.9 ; 9 1 i 7.0 !

4.2 !

3.2 i 6.0 4.55 ', 56.7 4.95 57.S .

0-89-1-38--·----.c-5---1-0--.

-15-.-7 ----1-2.3---9.B- --------+------.

.,.


- - - - - - · - - - ' 7.4 4.6 i 4.525 55.3 :,_ ---.--·-----+-------+-------- - I 0 9017 15 20 i 9,1 9.5 12 1 12 7 : 13.8 5187 64.5 i - - - - - - - - - : D 93222 _ , - - - - ' 0 93409 "'-----+--- - - - - -+ - ·----~-------------~~ 1-S ' 3.5 i -+- '3.2 -c------- ------·· '; 6.3 5 10 '1.1 6,2 3,7 5.2 2.4 7 5 5.212 ---+--------- i 71.5 ' ,5375 i66.9 i 0866113 1 - 2· 3 6 ~----- ' 087S159 ' 15 - 20 I 6 3 2,8 ' 64 7.3 ---1-- ----- L7 ',21 7.6 79 11 7.6 ' 4 3 .
"-4518 58.9 59.2 25.

30 35 7 ~ 34.6 i 32.6 27.7 29.9 089314 .. - - - - - - - - -+ - - - S· 10 01 !

0.5 i 089633 15·20 1.5 5,8 0 7 90 ·----~ l 3 ' 2 4 i 4.84 I, 584 -----t- 5.8 ' 72,7 16.6 --------t 18.4 : 5.98 72 1 R S70 I 14 L __ - -----~------·-----·-----'-- - - - - - - - .

.

; - - -.

.

- 11 LS ------··---1----- ···---+----- 0.8 ~-------+---------- 4.6 ' 55.1 7.13.

The relationship with the West Indies Central Sugarcane Breeding Station has been maintained.
The Dept has also continued the Demerara Breeding Programme that is based at LBI.

The recent acquisition of Belize Sugar Industries by the American Sugar Refiners has enabled an expanded relationship of the WICSCBS with the USDA station at Canal Point.

This, it is anticipated will strengthen the regional sugarcane breeding effort.

7.14 No variety has attained commercial status since 2008 when DB 9314 and DB9633 were released as commercial.
These two and D93409 appear to be the most productive varieties in general cultivation.

However the Department has recommended the withdrawal of D93409 because of smut and as a temporary measure two older varieties D7661 and DB66113 have been recommended for limited extension.

This is unfortunate because neither variety is as productive as D 93409.

7.15 Since 2007, 27 varieties have been released to estates have had released for Stage 5 and Stage 6 evaluation.
The Industry should be in a good position to find new commercials in a short time, if both parties exert the effort to pursue these evaluations purposefully.

The varieties D 9584 and 098633 have had sufficient evaluation to justify extension for Industry wide pre- Commercial trials and factory testing.

These should proceed without further delay.


52 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I The releases DB 98209, DB 9854 and D 98281 should also be given priority for accelerated trials as the data from Stage 4 and 5 trials indicate their superior pol %cane.

.

Table 7.

2 Varieties Recommended for Stage VI !


Year j released Status i VARIETY - - - - - - - --------1---- ISSCT INDEXED VALUES PARENTAGE RATING TC/H Pol% Cane TS/H '098241 D98490 HR 101 - - ' - ------- 102 L __ --------- D89190 x Poly C ------·-· - - - -+ - - - - - - - - - - - - 100 99.5 R - · - - - - - - - - --- _ __j___ ________ - - - - - - 104 99 ~ D98122 T ____ ,.., _W_a_s--.-D-9181 x P-oiye-.. 1 withdr !

awn r---------------t------~------· -· -----------+--·--+--------+------ !
DB9925 ~ , D899126 i DB75159 x Poly C f - , D875159 x Poly C March/Ap ril 2009 In Trials -- , R .

···-t'---·~ R 102 112 D875159 x D8415 - --'---- ' >---------i , ; DB99590 r - - - - -1 i D99460 DB9984 ~----·---- -: ; • D89969 f ' j D96308 ' i D96261 ' I DB9SSS-j D899269 ~-------- DB9420 x Poly C _._ - : 885342 x Poly C i 890505 x Poly C D9119 x Poly C D87932 7 x Poly C ' BT65282 x C8751 1 885342 x Poly C · - - - · - .
- - - - - - - --t HR 97 105 102 "-~----......L ... __ _ 98 92 ' 100 102 -------~- - - - - - - · - - - - 103 110 99 104 ---+---- .. ' 100 --------- 100 ____, -----------; ___ _____._ -------- - 110 99 101 i 113 - ------ --------+------ - - - - - - i ' 112 96 109 101 116 114 108 ------ 102 ·-- R R s R R HR MR R i .L_ 97 109 111 117 106 113 ------+------:-----·-------- [ D98225 ~-~ I ' • •.. - 53 : ' D89158 x Poly C VHR -- ------~-- 99 105 ____ ...... --~--- -,--· I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 098239 Mar/ '.
089192 x Poly C DB99176 April 2011 B89666 x Poly C DB94109 x Poly C DB9486 x Poly C R R R R -- , _______ ·- -- 95 _.__ - - - - - - - - ~--- 102 109 105 104 ------~ 106 101 110 107 103 104 - -------- - - - - 111 101 95 102 08601 x Poly C MR r - - - - - - - - - - • OB93117 x Poly C r - - - - - - · - 08921 x Poly C 08494 x Poly C VHR 119 --~-------------+----- ------------ - - 118 100.2 117 121 HR 99 --- MR --~- 109 r ; ______ L 104 112 099192* D99187* --------- 098602 - - - - 098623* ~- - - - - - - 099325 ~--------- : OB99367 7.16 Productivity data are now being obtained from Co 8602 that had been introduced as tissue culture plantlets from India.
The objective reports on this variety indicate that it is comparable to the standard DB7869 ·in quality and gross yield, but that it may have a semi-recumbent habit that is an undesirable agronomic trait.

The variety has been recommended for inclusion at the Stage VI trials for evaluation against the other varieties listed as promising.

7.17 The Research Department does indeed continue to generate helpful information that the industry is well advised to take advantage of.
The Department must build on its strengths to enhance its image and relevance to the estates.

In present circumstances support from the Executive Management will be necessary to emphasise the Dept's continuing value to the Industry.

54 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 8 Weather and Climate Change 8.1 Agriculture on coastal Guyana is very influenced by climatic variations.
The country's sugarcane crop is grown under predominantly rain-fed conditions and the quantity, intensity and distribution of precipitation has a significant impact on the productivity of the sugar cane crop.

The average growing environment for sugarcane can be described as moderate rainfall for Skeldon in the eastern coast (Mean Annual Rainfall 1615 mm) rising to 2693mm in the west at Uitvlugt.

The quantity of rainfall is variable and is rarely consistent in successive years.
The infrastructure for drainage and water management in the sugar estates has been developed to cope with the extreme events of heavy and deficient rainfall, both of which can adversely influence the growth of sugarcane.

Excessive rainfall is more damaging as prolonged flooding, when this occurs will kill young cane stools.

Wet conditions during harvesting create conditions for long term damage to soil physical properties.
8.2 During the past two decades increasing concern has been expressed over Global climate change.

Guyana's low elevation coastal zone is acknowledged to be among the more vulnerable environments to progressively rising sea levels and unstable climatic variations.
8.3 A recent (2009) report to the United Nations Framework for Climate Change (UN FCC) that was developed from data collected from Vulnerability Climatic Assessment Studies in 2008 has indicated from the application of two Atmospheric Oceanic Global Circulation Models (A OGCM) that the medium term trend would be for a decreasing rainfall in coastal Guyana, with more intense storms during the "wet seasons" and extended droughty conditions in the drier seasons.
During the same period higher tide levels and storm surges are predicted.

The study has pointed to the importance of strengthening the coastal defence infrastructure to minimise risk to the country's major population centres and productive areas.

8.4 The implied risk to sugarcane can however be turned to an advantage by practising more effective water management including replacing high volume surface irrigation methods with more conservative drip or low volume overhead methods.
8.5 Guysuco maintains and monitors rainfall and climatic trends and collaborates with the Hydrometeorology Dept in the interpretation of medium term climatic trends.

The Industry has coped with severe drought and flood events.

In both cases risks and management responses for each estate have been well documented.

8.6 This material is used as resource material for training and strategy planning sessions that are conducted whenever a risk of an extreme weather event is indicated.
This practice should continue.

The Industry's Climatologist and Hydraulics Engineer would be the responsible individuals.

8.7 There has however been little evidence for any definitive climatic change trend affecting the sugar industry, despite frequent assertions that these have been occurring over the recent years.

Weather on the coast has always been very variable, particularly during the months of SS I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I January and February.
The mean rainfall over the past 20 years has been consistent with the historical pattern, although it is evident that the past decade has been a period of above average rainfall for which there is also a precedent.

8.8 Uncertainty of rainfall or climate probably causes greater concern today because there is more dependence on machinery for agricultural operations during the cropping periods.
Wet conditions restrict access to fields and will risk damage to the soil and crop by compacting effects of machinery traffic.

The established custom in Guysuco is to plan for a combined operating crop period of 32 weeks in situations more dependent on machinery, it would be appropriate to determine and plan for the driest available weeks.
Rainfall distributions can be analysed to highlight this as follows: Fig 8.1 SKELDON ESTATE Monthly Precipitation Totals (mm) 1995 - 2014 :::;; :::;; 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 ):1 >' i; r;t ., JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC MEAN 132.04 117.04 94.87 117.2 237.95 208.63 190 32 115.88 41.82 78.17 72.21 17726 MAX MIN 415 418.2 486.9 254 1 511.6 389.6 402.3 232.3 170.7 396.9 147.2 558.6 20.5 2 22 27.7 42.7 92 2 81 23 5 1.3 7.2 14.2 60.2 56 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Table 8.1 Summary of wet months SKELDON ESTATE 199S -2014 % Incidence> 100 mm % Incidence > 150 mm % incidence> 200 mm 45% - - - -= - - - ' - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 25% Month -=~::..:..!.
__ :_: -- ------ -- January February March 50% 20% .

April ___ _,__60o/o__ _ ____ _ -- ----~- ---·· ---------+----- 5% + -- - 85% 80% .
70% -------- -----·-- __ J 30_0 _Vo __ --------------------- --;- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - " · · · - - - - - - - - - - - - --~--------- - - - - - - - - - 30% 10% 25% 5% 5% 0% 45% 15% 15% 10% 65% 45% 35% 5% 0% 0% 0% 25% Fig.2 ALBION ESTATE Monthly Precipitation Totals (mm) 1995 - 2014 "May : June ' July August 95% 95% 95% 55% _September 5% 20% October November 30% 65% December 900 800 700 600 ::;; 500 ::;; 400 300 200 100 b {~ 0 '~ ;.~ '.~ 'i' JAN FEB MAR APR c: """'· tr MAY /v ~ '.• JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC MEAN 198.75 131.64 81.16 149.9 25614 251.79 230.12 163.92 59.73 60.52 73 76 221.27 MAX MIN 468 433.3 323.3 273 486 9 505.2 417.6 337.6 202 2 2314 223.6 775.6 30 33 19.9 185 53 91 99.l 60 1 1.5 0.5 46. l 57 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Table 8.2 Summary of wet months ALBION ESTATE 1995 -2014 [_Month i January I · % Incidence > 100 mm · % Incidence> 150 mm % incidence> 200 mm .
70% -- -r--·"··-·--- • 40% : 60% i February ~h-~-~-5-% ___ _ , 45% April f----------'- :May.

June , 60% i 90% , 90% - - - - - - - - - - - - - - LJUl)' ___ 95% - --------· .

August .

i 35% : 10% ' 55% ·-·-------·-- • 75% • 85% i 80% I 55% · 70% September : 15% October J ?Oo/o November · 30% i 5% I 5% !

15% -~-----------" ---+-~-----·- - - - - - · - - - - + · - - - - - ' - · · -.. --------1 l ~-----------+ December 75% I 50%.
-- - - - - - - - -+ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - •----·-----~-----------·---------- ---- • 25% .

45% 65% 65% 1 70% i 30% I 5% I 5% .

5% !

35% Fig 8.3 ENMORE ESTATE Monthly Precipitation Totals (mm) 1995 - 2014 ;:!

; ;:!
; ;:!

; 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG MEAN 217.6 115.3 85.9 146.3 264.1 2S4.7 227.5 158.7 MAX MIN 710.2 3515 397 316 560.6 393 405 387.5 16 10 15.5 1.3 66.9 85 70.5 9.9 58 SEP so 233 0 OCT NOV DEC SS 132.4 264.6 207 271.2 1068.4 3.6 4.6 45.9 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Table 8.3 Summary of wet months ENMORE ESTATE 1995 -2014 % Incidence> 100 mm : % Incidence> 150 mm Month ----------------- 65% January : 55% - - - - - , - - - - - - ··---·---________ j ____ _ .
30% : 10% • 40% .

25% February March % incidence> 200 mm '50% 20% --------- ------------t- : 45% : 80% 70% '85% ; April .May ____________ ~ ___ _j_ 95% ---- ________ .

'._95%_____ i 90% , July 80% _ _______ i August .

65% _____ __ __ ' 80% i September · 10% !

5% 5% 10% · October ' 40% November : 60% i December !

65% 70% - - - - - - - - - - - - - - · - - - t - - - - - - - ' 5% .

5% '25% 50% - - - 10% ' 20% __________ }?


'JI,_ _______ _ ' 70% 60% - -------··----- _ ____ 20_% ___________ ~ ---------~------ ---------------~---- --------~ Fig 8.4 UITVLUGT ESTATE Monthly Precipitation Totals (mm) 1995 - 2014 1200 1000 800 :!

: 600 :!
: 600 :!

: 400 200 0 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC •·MEAN 297.2 150.6 117.7 183.7 373.2 397.7 307.3 177.9 102.4 117.4 182 323.7 MAX MIN 801.7 437.4 477.9 398.8 637.8 914 428.3 392 225.8 264.7 465.3 1036 9 26.9 13 13.9 1.8 72.9 104.7 157 55.l 28 9 12.4 35.5 68 59 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Table 8.4 Summary of wet months UITVLUGT ESTATE 1995 -2014 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - % Incidence> 100 mm , % Incidence> 150 mm % incidence> 200 mm - - - - - - 65% t 5S_%_ .
Month I J~~uar_y ___ 8-0% February March 50% 50% ~--- April May __ June 1 July 70% 95% 100% 100% 80% ~August j September i 40% r2ctobe_r_ __ +-29'%.

.

November 70% 85% - - - - - - December - - - - - - - - ------ - - - 30% 15% 40% 25% ·--~-------- 60% 95% .

95% 100% - - - - - - - - - 45% I 15% --- -- ----- - - - - - - - - 30% !

5% .
5% .

10% 45% 85% 80% 90% 40% ----------- - - - - - - - - - __ _J._, __ - - - - - - - - ------~ ------- - ---l~-~------- ------ - , ___ 30_% _, 7?~ _ _;___"72_%_ 8.9 On the assumption that a monthly rainfall under 150mm would be sufficiently dry to permit harvesting in most cases, this analysis strongly suggests that with the dry month restriction the "Second Crop" harvest campaign should not commence before August on the majority of estates.
In Uitvlugt with a 45% occurrence of August rainfall exceeding 200mm, would commence later than the other estates.

This rainfall distribution does warrant consideration of a harvest campaign lasting from mid- August of one year through to the end of April of the succeeding year, with a short break during December and January.
It would probably be advisable to keep factories in a state of readiness to resume operations as soon as conditions permit, following the year end rainfall, that is commonly unpredictable and perform major maintenance from May to July.

8.10 Skeldon is the only estate where conditions are indicated to be dry enough to consider an end of July start.

The present conditions are at variance with this observation.
It has been determined that the installed Skeldon external drainage is well below the design requirements.

The activation of the new Manarabisi/No66 pump and drainage link should impact on this deficiency.

However similar wet conditions prevail in the Crabwood Creek and Molsen Creek cane farming areas.

The drainage infrastructure in these areas should be assessed and an appropriate plan prepared without further delay.
60 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 9 Environmental Matters 9.1 The Guyana Sugar Industry has carefully established a sound reputation for responsible environmental stewardship.

The Industry had made significant progress towards certification under the ISO 14001 by 2008.

Unfortunately the process has not been completed following the departure by migration of the former Manager of Analytical and Environmental Services who was the sponsor of the programme.
9.2 Notwithstanding the systems of monitoring by analyses of effluents and discharges from Factories and Agriculture activities has continued.

The Guyana Environment Protection Agency has been coordinating this programme with full support from the Guysuco Analytical Services Section.

9.3 There have been no reports of water bourne diseases or health hazards on GuySuCo's estates.

Good quality of potable water is supplied at all times to field labour.
9.4 Crop Protection for the Industry is based on an Integrated Management approach that emphasises the use of agrichemicals, biological control and cultural practices as appropriate.

Agrichemical usage is predominantly herbicides.

There is minimal use of insecticides.

Fipronil is usually recommended for treatment of termites although Chlorpyryphos has also been used as an alternative.

Guidelines for agrichemicals usage, storage, and disposal were published by the Agrichemical Safety Committee in 1996.
These continue to be followed.

In 2008 the Agriculture Research Dept.

published a Manual on rodent control, emphasising surveillance, prevention and baiting strategies.

Both publications have been found useful as reference by other Industries 9.5 Aerial spraying is the method of choice for broadcast application of herbicides.

This method ensures uniform cover and treatment, accuracy is guaranteed by the SATLOC GPS system.

Large areas are achieved in a single day.


This practice also minimise exposure of humans to chemicals there are strict rules governing aerial spraying.

These include the proximity to housing areas and non-sugar cultivations.

Increasing urban spread particularly in Demerara and farming in Berbice restricts the extent to which the equipment can be used.

Care is taken to contain washings from spray aircraft, knapsack and boom spray equipment.
These ae treated in containment ponds that are tested prior to release.

9.6 The majority of the chemicals used on sugar estates are low dose chemicals of short life cycle or that are readily degraded.

Two of the widely used a chemicals in the Sugar Industry, glyphosate and 2,4D amine have recently (2015), been placed on the WHO's International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) list of possible carcinogens.
There is however considerable evidence that does not support a link with cancer for either chemical.

9.

7 In 2007, the US EPA issued a ruling that the available evidence does not support a link between 2,4D exposure and cancer in humans.

The EPA reinforced this conclusion in 2012, 61 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I stating that new studies and the Agency's comprehensive review leads to the conclusion that 2, 4-D tolerances were safe at "normal" exposure levels.
The European Food Safety Authority has also concluded in in a 2011 ruling that residue limits of 2,4D were not expected to be of concern to European consumers.

This is however widespread agreement that the more volatile ester forms of 2,4D could constitute environmental hazards.

9.8 The IARC published risk with Glyphosate has generated considerable discussion which is to be expected, given the chemical's widespread use as a broad spectrum non selective herbicide.
Most regulatory agencies have not endorsed the IARC position.

The comprehensive Agriculture Health Study of the United States has found no evidence for association of glyphosate with the incidence of cancer among the large sample population of applicators (De Roos etal, 2005).

The USA EPA is currently conducting a detailed review of the available data on glyphosate toxicity and epidemiology.
The German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment published in 2013 a detailed Review of the toxicology of glyphosates that concluded that the available data did not support any labelling of glyphosates as carcinogens.

9.9 Small Sugar Industries such as Guyana will have to act in their best interest if they are to remain competitive.

This includes using cost effective agronomic technology.
The Industries should not panic over the recent alleged disclosures on its main herbicides but will have to remain vigilant on the growing evidence either for or against a cancer link over the next few years.

In the meantime the Research Dept.

will have to investigate the efficacy and cost implications of alternatives to these agrochemicals.
62 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 10 Opportunities for Diversification 10.1 The implications from market prospects suggest that Industries dependent on raw sugar exports will face an uncertain future unless they have access to favourable bilateral trade arrangements and can maintain low costs.
While there is scope for significant cost reduction mainly by improved productivity in the Guyana sugar estates, these are unlikely to be sufficient to make this Industry profitable under a single commodity production model.

10.2 It is therefore necessary to explore alternative options for economic activity from the lands under sugarcane cultivation.
During the 1970's and 1980's, in existing plant and consequence of reduction of the available quota from the USA, the Guyana Industry had embarked (with grant funding from the USA) on an ambitious programme of diversifying agriculture production.

Several programmes were evaluated with varying levels of economic and productivity success.

The more prominent were dairy cattle (for cheese), rice, aqua-culture and field grains.
In the decades following with more emphasis on the core activity - sugarcane production, a number of studies were conducted on options for vertical diversification within the sugar cane crop.

10.3 ETHANOL 10.3.1 Between 2002 and 2006, in depth studies were conducted in Guysuco to assess the feasibility of Fuel ethanol (Davis et al, 2005).

This was followed by a formal assessment of the scope of this work by an ECLAC consultant (Horta and Coviello, 2008).
That report endorsed the findings of the Guysuco assessment that had concluded that while there was no cost incentive to substitute sugar production by ethanol, conversion of surplus molasses to fuel ethanol should be a cost effective measure to provide 11.3 M liters of anhydrous ethanol for blending into a 10% mix with gasoline.
Productivity indices from this study are summarised in Tables 10.1 Table 10.1 Alternatives for modernization of a sugar mill in Guyana (2005) Alternative -----.......------- Sugar Molasses production production (tons) (tons) Ethanol production (thousands of litres) -- - - - - - Electric power generation (MWh) .

Original situation 80, 182 32,073 Sugar only ---· ------------ ' Sugar and ethanol from exhausted molasses Sugar and ethanol from rich molasses 63 73,409 29,364 .
25,200 73,409 (14,098) 11,300 25,200 56,283 11,300 25,200 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 able 10.2 Cost of production of ethanol from molasses (2005 study) Component --------- I r-- ; Raw material (molasses) · Energy (steam and electric power) r - - - - - !

Chemicals Estimated cost (US$/litre) 0.1731 0.0196 0.0303 - - - - - - - - - - - -----··-----+-------------- - ; Wages ' Maintenance .
Other fixed costs Total 0.0097 0.0082 0.0051 0.2461 - - - --------------------- ------~---- ---------~ 10.3.2 At the time this work was undertaken the analyses indicated that at a price of under US$320 per tonne of sugar, the production of ethanol could be price competitive.

This would be the projected price of sugar after 2017.
However the price of oil has also fallen significantly and at current prices of US$.28 per liter (equivalent to $45 per Barrel) the price received for sugar would have to fall below $170 per tonne for fuel ethanol from cane to offer an alternative to sugar.

These prices are moreover significantly below the Guyana Sugar Industry cost of production.
10.3.3 The ECLAC and Guysuco analyses also indicated that at the extant price of fuel, production of fuel ethanol from molasses (after consideration of contract commitments) would be an advantageous value added prospect.

The 2014 price received for molasses was US$ 121 per tonne.

This would be equivalent to a value of $0.46 per liter converted to ethanol.

At current fuel prices, further processing to fuel ethanol is not justified.
10.4 COGENERATED POWER 10.4.1 Over the production plan period, an increasing proportion of cane supplied to factories will be derived from machine harvested and loaded canes.

This will inevitably require investments in the factories of the necessary equipment to cope with higher levels of extraneous matter and mud.

Replacement of aging Boiler plant is projected in most cases.
Estates should take advantage of this requirement to install high or medium pressure boilers 64 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I and perform the necessary modifications to the drives and process that will reduce power requirements and enable the export of power from each mill during the cropping season.
10.4.2 The Indicative cost for an Installed Boiler and Turbine Alternator equipment is US$ 11.M The export of power was indicated to be a significant contributor to income in previous industry studies including the ECLAC (2008) study.

Seasonal (6month) supply would enable the Utility to rest and service generating equipment in a phased predicable manner.
The generation of power from bagasse will also be compatible with a base power production based on hydro-power that may be the likely medium term development plan for the Guyana Utility Company.

The design of these projects and export potential would have to be determined in a detailed feasibility study.
- - - - ------~------------- Boiler Pressure 31 Bar ---··Operating Temperature 440 Degrees C Export potentia~------- 76 kwh/t c~11_e _ _,_-------~~-----j > - - - - - - - - - - - -------- -· -------- +- -- ----- -- ---- -------- ~a!__ · 82 Bar --1-~4_Q_Degrees C 1 525 Degrees C - - - - - - - - - - - - ----~J.......::::..= ________ _,_______ r 92kv.1hf!~ane , 143 kwh/t cane Table 10.3 Benchmarked Boiler and Power EKport Indicators - Mauritius _J_ __________ - - - - - - - - ---- -- ~ ----- _J 10.
5 WHITE SUGAR 10.

5.1.

Construction of a refinery is a medium term consideration in the Guysuco Strategic Plan.

A lower cost alternative would be the production of plantation white sugar in a raw sugar factory using Ultra Filtration and poly anions processing aids.

This technology was developed in the first decade of the 21" century and is claimed to have energy and environmental advantages over more conventional sulphitation, carbonation and"Blanco Directo" processes.
This grade of sugar would satisfy the requirements of most food processers but not bottlers.

The Factory Team has recommended evaluation of this option as well as that of a conventional refinery.

10.6 Several presentations sought to offer options for diversification of the field operations in the event of any factory closures.

The options were classified as CROPS, LIVESTOCK and AQUACULTURE.
10.7 CROPS 10.7.1 The only other Crop that has the scale of land use similar to the Sugar Industry is Rice which has low labour requirements relative to the evolving Sugar Industry.

The low labour input in rice cultivation is not attractive as an alternative to the operations in the cane fields.

10.7.2 The National Agriculture Research & Extension Institute is evaluating other crops that may have commercial potential for coastal agriculture.
These include maize, soybeans, passion fruit and other orchard crops, Meringa and Quinoa among others.

Some Wales Cane Farmers are also major suppliers and exporters of pineapple.

65 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 10.7.3 The product of any other crops on an extended scale will suffer from prices influenced by seasonal oversupply unless some form of processing is integrated in the production cycles.
10.7.4 It would be foolhardy to plan for any extensive farming that requires abundant labour which is one of the main reasons why the Cane Cultivation at Uitvlugt is so unproductive with a factory that can only work every other day.
10.8 LIVESTOCK 10.8.1 Proposals for Beef Cattle Units that can mature within 10 years have been considered, but to replace all the cane cultivation land in phases will require capital investments outside the scope of this inquiry and points once more to the involvement of private investment.

: Parameters 3 ·~c~a~lv~in~g~R~a=te~(~%L) __ .. _.

-_--_· -_--_]'60 =-60 _-.-6Q_ ' 2 1 -----~----~·-· ' 4 .
S ' 10 60~_,__7_0_+-, ~70'-~· _1~0-~l _1_0 __ 1_s_~1_s_ · 8 i 7 9 6 .------------~---------- ; 10 ~ 10 : 0 i 10 _l.

!~_____l__!~-->--' _10_--+-i _10 __ 1_0_ : Calf Mortality(%) _ ~!ling Cows(%) ' 7 _,_!0.._~_10._+· ~l~O-~l=0- O 1 Culling Heifers (2-3 yrs.
)(%) 0 ~--0--~·---+' -'-0-~i--'O-+-_o'--i--o'-_·,__: o'---+-'-0- 33 r-' ~0--+-i _o_+i--'o---,-'~~---"'-3_3_+-I _33_ ' Culling Bulls (%) Ii--~M~o~rt~al~ityL(~9--'·2~4_m_t_hs~J~l%~J __ ~---"·10 10 __ s __ : s +'s'---- s s I Mortality (Adult) (%) 1:30 ~_ul_l:_A~_~ltfemales 33 .

_'._~ U-i .

s 5 j--'s'---'----c--c-s ,--,--_,.'

--,s--,-,--i 1:30 : s _____ f_!=~~-+-!.


:~-~-~ l_~_O_~ _1:30 ' 5 ; 1:30 : 1:30 _ _ · O 10 0 I O , s : 10 s s O S -~-~---- !~~-1_1_:3_0 _; 1 ~:~:COMPOSITION ___ '_O _ _,__i _l_~---~--_ _!

__ .II ---+--S---·-+, -6--7--lc-S-----+--~ i 10 9 I ---- : 7 i1 : Breeding Bulls _ _ ________ L_ : 51 Breeding Cows (purchased) Male Calves Female Calves Bulls/Steers (1-2 yrs.)

Bulls/Steers (2-3 yrs._)_ Bulls/Steers (3-4 yrs.)

_H_!i_~r~!_l;2yr,s.)

Heifers (2-3 yrs.)


Total herd Total Animal Units (au)* 8 ' 7 : 6 : 6 49 I 46 --------+ __ _.__5!_,_ 49 : 46 _L.

___ .

_ _ o __ .~_4_6 ·.

44 ~ O i O ---;-41 - -- j_.~li ·:a--· o 10 12 6 7 ] 9 I 200 i 190 ; 180 : 171 194 , 212 ' 221 : 235 i 273 !

311 1352 5j'--,- ~ 70 __ J_z.s_ 88 ' 121 ' 107 !

io7 - ·-iii~ 88 ' 70 53 71 ' 64 44 ' 84 ·52-l67 1 47 ,· 42 i 61 ~ 41 : 60 : 41 _l_o_ __ _'.~-+~-~i 50 !64 _,.~ 71 , 81!

67 62 · o ---+--- L?.~11_ ~-~?6-.+44D_l S20 !


577 631 I 692 • 784 · 898 102 1 79 --! '

66 '.102 79 i 1034 i 75 i 66 : 60 47 ' 67 so ' 41 i 42 ' 42 I 41 ' 60 ' 41 47 o i 156 1.__l!ll_~ 259 323 ' 348 · 377 , 418 ~-4?

?_~~-534 .. ) 61.!_j As a general comment, the physical land area would pose no problem for beef cattle development on areas already not producing harvestable cane.
It is not envisioned that any cane cultivation would be closed to accommodate diversification of the land not in actual cane production.

The unit of 1,000 beef animals would require 650 hectares of land with the assumption that controlled rotational grazing would be the primary management system.

66 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I If feedstock has to be developed, other sugar industries have a broiler production capability utilizing bagasse as litter.
The bagasse chicken litter is collected and stored, to be later mixed with molasses and fed to the cattle.

Those broiler units can be contract farms supplying chicken to a processing entity like Bounty Farms.

Other options for livestock development would not utilize the land assets now under cane or temporarily abandoned lands and will require serious feasibility studies.
The contentious issue of the INVESTMENT required, points to the need for other agencies or private individuals having a stake in these diversification proposals.

10.9 AQUACULTURE 10.9.1 The Sugar Industry layout with fields surrounded by dam beds is considered an ideal opportunity for the development of aquaculture.

10.9.2 The intensive system which requires relatively dense fish populations will have to include feeding regimes to support those populations.
10.9.3 It has been posited that the water quality will have be improved by forms of aeration requiring energy demanding options.

Not enough detailed studies have been done so far to determine the variations in the water quality and the means by which it can be improved to acceptable high stock production levels.
10.9.4 Tractor powered PTO driven units have been offered as suitable means of achieving the optimal oxygen levels in the initial stages and could evolve into the more sophisticated aeration systems.

The harvesting operations may dictate that there should be actual modification of the existing bed layout used for cultivating sugar cane and may become more attractive as the expansion proceeds.
10.9.S Fortunately the supply of water or the drainage of the production ponds ought not to be critical factors as has been experienced in other aquaculture enterprises.

Like the livestock proposals, sections of the cultivations temporarily abandoned especially in the Demerara Estates can be started as pilot projects preferably with private investment proposals.

67 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 11- Summary - Significant Observations and Recommendations 11.1.
General 11.l.2 Since 2009 there has been a precipitate decline in cane yield and sugar output.

Unsettled weather has not been a factor.

11.1.3 Restricted cash flows and poor credit arising from high expenditure on issues associated with the new Skeldon factory have led to reduced spending on inputs for agriculture.

11.1.4 There were reports of several instances of deviation from established guidelines for sound agricultural management.
These have included, superficial tillage, planting outside of the recommended planting windows, and late timing of inputs.

11.1.6 -Attempts made to adjust fertilisation policy by reducing the rates of basal fertiliser contributed to a significant yield reductions in the succeeding seasons.

11.1.7.
11.1.7.

Severe weed infestation in East Demerara, Wales and Uitvlugt Estates have occurred because of poor management of inputs and neglect of the cultivation 11.1.8 The practice of bringing forward canes to achieve production targets, appears to have become institutionalised as a standard practice over the past 5 years.
This practice not only sacrifices the potential production that may have resulted from harvesting those canes at maturity, it also exposure of the young developing stools to end of season risks compromising the subsequent development from those areas by rainfall and in some cases having adverse physiological impacts for subsequent crops.

11.1.9 Shortage of cash resulted in non- availability of fertilizer for over 6000 ha after completion of the 2015 F·irst Crop 11.1.10.
Subventions totalling G$12B were allocated from the Central Government to support the Sugar Industry operating expenses.

11.1.11 Central Government support will be necessary in the foreseeable short term, it is recommended the level of support should be agreed far the commencement of the production yeor and expenditure an agriculture should be linked ta the attainment of progressive targets for a plan of improved production on each estate.
11.1.12 Emphasis of this programme will include adherence to agriculture guidelines on timing of operations and inputs, work quality, training and experience sharing, feedback from field for daily work programmes, inspection and surveillance resuscitation of seed nurseries and adherence to variety distribution agreed with the Breeding and Selection Dept.
in planning included ta be 11.1.13 Estates' management will be accountable for attainment of production targets for individual estate 68 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 11.1.14 The appointment of a Director of Agriculture is recommended.

This individual would be ultimately accountable for attainment of the agriculture production objectives.
The Director and his team would identify and address weaknesses in estates' efforts, including training, and will provide the leadership for the necessary changes required to modernize the Guyana Sugar Industry 11.2 Production and Cost 11.2.1.

With the information that financial support would continue to be provided for operating expenditure and justified critical capital, estimates of cane and sugar production were projected up to 2025.
The projected expenditure US$ 29M is significantly less than the requirement of US$ 68 M. It is forecast that 3.5M tonnes of cane and 300,000 tonnes of sugar should be 11.2.

2. produced by 2020.

This would increase to 3.8M tonnes of cane and 326,000 tonnes of sugar by 2025.

Acquisition of new tillage equipment in 2016 and 2017 would enable the attainment of 3.SM tonnes of cane by 2019.

The production of 3.8M tonnes of cane should be viewed as an indicator of steady state production.
These estimates are of the same order of magnitude as those submitted by Guysuco.

11.2.3.

Analyses of the production cost indicated that by 2020, average Industry agriculture cost of production should be 20¢ per pound of sugar.

In this scenario, even the lower cost Albion and Blairmont estates at 17¢ and 18¢ per pound respectively would not be profitable in the post 2017 European market for raw sugar.

11.2.3.
11.2.3.

It is concluded that the production of raw sugar for export would not guarantee a sustainable future for the Guyana Sugar Industry 11.2.3 It was recommended that the production of power for export should be considered for each factory.

It is envisaged that the exported power would be seasonal.

This project would require commitment on a Feed In Tariff {FIT) from GPL.
11.2.4 The production of food grade Plantation white sugar using a new technology, Ultra Filtration is also recommended for further consideration.

There is a potential market of 200,000 tonnes for white sugar in CAR/COM 11.2.5 The 2020 production cost data also indicated that at prices for raw sugar, it would be cheaper for the Wales factory to purchase cane from farmers than to cultivate its own cane.

11.2.
11.2.

6 It is also evident from the cane production estimates that there would be insufficient cane in West Demerara to satisfy the complete requirements for two factories.

11.2.7.

On this evidence, it is recommended that a formal evaluation of the financial implications for Guysuco and the farmers of transferring all of the Wales cane supply to farmers.

The actual cost of production for farmers' canes would be an important factor for 69 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I this work.
The evaluation should also consider the feasibility of rationalising the West Demerara cane production around one factory.

11.3.

Cane Farming 11.3.1 The development of mechanised Cone Forming ot Skeldon from 2007 has had more than its fair share of challenges combined with new Factory technology.

This initial investment by private Cane Farmers was plagued by harvesting schedules way outside the original plan and by a relatively chronic erratic Factory Performance.

11.3.2.
11.3.2.

Other forms of private Cane Farmers investment initiated at Wales and Uitvlugt Estates in 2011 encouraged farmers to plant cane on the Estate temporary abandoned lands (TAB) and this should be analysed for the economic and financial returns.

11.4 Skeldon Issues 11.4.1.


Skeldon has experienced difficulty in harvesting its standing crop because of restricted access to fields and forced harvesting in wet soil conditions for successive seasons, with consequent soil compaction and damage to cane stools Unreliability of the Factory has influenced late starts and reduced the crop durat'1on.

As a result has been increasing areas of over-age canes in both the estate' and farmers' cultivations.
11.4.2 These problems were influenced by inadequate drainage capacity for the expanded area and the fundamental error made from the onset of the programme in which only cursory attention was paid to land levelling.

11.4.3.

In 2015 a 340 TPM drainage pump was installed by the NDIA on the banks of the Canje to drain the Manarabisi sections of the cultivation.

The drainage canal to the estate at Sook ram's Cross remains to be completed.

11.4.4.
11.4.4.

It is recommended that Guysuco actively pursue the construction of the canal during the 2015 dry season and undertake the task if there is a delay in approval for funding from theNDIA.

11.4.5.

Land levelling will be conducted on all fields scheduled for rehabilitation commencing the Second Crop of 2015.

Guysuco has been advised to arrange for on-site training on operation and survey methods and interpretation by the loser system supplier.

11.5- Mechanisation 11.5.1..


Mechanical loading of hand cut cane has been widely accepted by labour and is now the main contributor to the supply of cane.

The task allows for greater harvesting productivity 70 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I and potential earnings.

The rate of compensation for the practice has overestimated the effort and time involved for the output.

11.5.2 An additional 15% of the set cut and load rate is paid to compensate for stacking that This hos been overlooked in practice.
It is was intended to include field difficulties.

recommended that Guysuca should work with the Union ta eliminate the additional payments for obstacles and extras still incurred in cut and Stack 11.5.3.

Progress has been made with the development of a commercial combine harvesting operation.

At the commencement of operations at Skeldon, there were unfortunately several breakdowns and mechanical failures that could have been avoided if the mechanization support term had not been disbanded.

11.5.4.
11.5.4.

The advent of mechanically harvested and loaded canes has proven a challenge to the factories.

Extraneous matter and excess soil from the field cause major problems with steam generation and processing.

11.5.5.

Machine traffic in wet soil results in soil compaction, stool loss and inevitably has impacted on yield decline on fields so affected.

11.5.6.
11.5.6.

These problems and other issues will have to be solved and managed for this mode of operation to be adapted to the conditions that will prevail in coastal Guyana.

11.5.7.

The appointment of an experienced senior Agricultural Engineer os Mechanisation Coordinator is recommended.

This individual would ca-apt as required, competent persons within the several technical and system development areas required for a robust and sustainable mechanised industry.
the Industry to work with him in addressing 11.5.8.

The beneficial cost impacts of mechanization an various operations are already being reflected in the Industry Management Accounts.

The transformation of the Industry to one in which the mechanized opt1an becomes the method of choice will largely depend on the adaptability of the Management and Supervisory staff.

It is recommended that the Industry seeks to recruit Mechanical Engineering graduates into the Field technical streams.
On estates with a high extent af mechanization the following structure is proposed for the senior Agriculture organization: 71 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ~1: ~!

.. --.

j • ·:_ f · · Agnc.

:ultural ':.

.

Mant1ge1 .... ; · lfn.gi~eer111g' 1-1_ Milnagt~r -~ :i'~.... .

-:·.

;: .

l Crops Manager · • .

- - - - - - - ~ 1H.1rvesti11g, Till<1sc.


~ Workshop Manager rield Works ~.roP rvi.11n 1 ena•~G-Gi:., 'J\gronomy, Water Management This structure simplifies the current Field Management structure and places greater emphasis on technology than people management.

The Engineering Manager would be an experienced Agriculture Engineer and would through his reports hold responsibility for harvesting tillage and maintenance of the estates' infrastructure.
The Crop Manager would also be required to be conversant with the application of machines to crop management such as planting, application of fertilizers and agrichemicals and cultivation .

.

11.

6 Agriculture Procurement 11.6.1 The main agricultural item s were identified as Fertiliser, Steel Plates mechanical spares, and Agrochemicals.

The tender system is not really competitive as the number of compliant bids t hat satisfy the Corporat ion's payment terms rarely exceeds two.
Those agencies remai ning have been sym pathetic to the financial constraint s of the Corporation but still require payment upfront before delivery of the orders.

11.6.2 Unfortunat ely t he delays in supplies have compromised too many of the routine operations which have been manifeste d by a combinat ion of desperate alternatives in order to maint ain sugar in the bag.

11.

7.

Research 11.7.1.

The value of the Resea rch Dept.


and its pot ent ial for cont ribution to the operations of t he Industry in a difficult period has bee n largely ignored.

Support for capacity building such as su bscriptions to journals an d professional associations for the Technical st aff were withdrawn 11.7.2 There has been no new commerci al variety released t o the industry since 2008, although 27 varieties have been released to estates for Stage VI eval uation.
A major variety 093409 is being withdrawn from cultivation because of the smut disease.

Two older varieties DB66113 and 07661 have been re-introduced t o replace it.

This is not a posit ive development.

72 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 11.7.3 It is recommended that the Dept.

and estates progress the pre-commercial and factory response evaluations an D 9584 and D 98633.

One or bath of these could gain acceptance within the cultivation as commercial canes.

11.7.4 This Dept.
11.7.4 This Dept.

will need strong support from the Executive management if it is ta effectively discharge its role.

It is anly fair that a decision be taken an the status af the Head af Research wha has been acting far the past six years.

11.8 Weather 11.8.1 Global Climatic Trends predict a drier climate for coastal Guyana, with more intense rainfall events in the wet seasons and extended draughty conditions in the dry seasons.
The sugar industry has been a collaborator in the work leading to these predictions.

The Industry and crop would be in a position to adapt to these changes 11.8.2.

Analyses af rainfall trends aver the past twa decades indicates that the middle af August wauld be the appropriate time far Estates ta commence aperatians in the "Secand Crap".

In arder ta take advantage af the driest weeks af the year, a praductian schedule extending fram mid-August ta the end af April cauld be evaluated.
Praductian wauld stap fram the late December and January, but factories wauld be kept in readiness far continued aperatians as soan as the weather permits 11.9.

Environment 11.9.1.

The International Agency for Research on Cancer (!ARC) of the World Health Organisation (WHO) has listed 2,40 Amine and Glyphosate as possible carcinogens.

These are the two most widely used agrichemicals in the Guyana Sugar Industry.

11.9.2.
11.9.2.

The !ARC findings on both chemicals have been disputed by several independent scientific studies and are not supported by the Environmental Regulatory Agencies of major Agricultural countries including the USA and Europe.

The controversy will very likely continue for the next several years.

11.9.3 Small Industries like Guyana will have ta act in their best Interests and keep a clase eye on these developments.

The available evidence on oil positions should be made available to interested parties.
In the meanwhile the Research Dept.

would be required ta search far and evaluate effective replacement chemicals.

11.10.

Diversification 11.10.1.

The production of fuel ethanol was considered using the production parameters of previous studies in 2005 and 2008.

The Jaw prices of ail and its related products at this time are not in favour of substituting sugarcane nor molasses ta fuel ethanol production.

11.10.2.

Power export by cageneratian is the mast stable value added product from sugarcane.
The example of Mauritius is considered an example of a sugar Industry that has 73 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I been trans/armed ta a majar pawer generatian campany.

This project is discussed in Section 13 of the Factories Report.

11.10.3.

The production of other crops on an extended scale will not engage the Field labour that is likely ta be displaced by any form of contraction of field operations on any estate 11.10.4.
Livestock in the form of Beef herds can be a viable option especially for estate cultivations with temporary abandoned lands without compromising the residual sugarcane production and factory supply.

Aquaculture could be considered similarly but will require further feasibility study far a commercial operation.

11.11.

Overall Recommendation This study cansiders that with dedicated management and attentian ta detail, agriculture autput will imprave ta acceptable levels.
Ta secure stable agriculture perfarmance additianal Capital investment af US$76.3M has been identified in additian ta rautine capital and maintenance requirements.

The State has clearly stated that it will be unable ta sustain subsidisatian at these levels.

The cast analyses far agriculture praductian indicate that na estate would be prafitable at prajected prices far raw sugar.

It wauld there/are be necessary far ecanamic value added praductian far a viable and sustainable future.
Our study recagnises the patential value af Cageneratian and pawer expart as well as the appartunities that faad grade white shauld present far markets within the regian.

These prajects wauld entail significant capital investment that will be unavailable /ram the public funds.

We there/are canclude that private investment and awnership is the way farward ta trans/arming the Sugar Industry inta a madern pragressive business.
74 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Bibliography: Autrey, J.C. (2004) The re-engineering of the Mauritius Sugar Industry.

Proceedings 28'h WIST, Barbados Autrey, J.C (2004) Co-generation plants in Mauritius.

Proceedings 28'h WIST, Barbados Caribbean Development Bank (2014) Appraisal Report of Sugar Industry Development project Guyana Davis, H, Stuart, Land Bhim, P (2005) Potential for Fuel Ethanol 'in Guyana.
Proceedings ISSCT 25th Congress, Guatemala Davis, H.B., Friday, N.W and Dey, A.D (2005) Progress with mechanising field operations in the Guyana Sugar Industry.

Proceedings ISSCT 25th Congress, Guatemala.

De Roos, A.J, Blair, A, Ruseicki, J.A, Hoppin, J.A, Svec, M, Dosemici, M, Sandler, D.P and Alavanja, M.C (2005)Cancer Incidence among Glyphosate exposed pesticide applicators in the Agricultural Health Study.

Environmental Health Perspectives 113, 49-54.


GUYSUCO Agriculture Research Dept., (2008) Rodent Management manual GUYSUCO Agrichemicals Safety Committee (1996) The safe use of pesticides GUYANA-Second National Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), (2012), ~Y.

'iV'>llifQSR9.~,gy Health Canada - Pest Management Regulatory Agency (2013) Re-evaluation update 2,4-D Horta, L.A, and Coviello, M (2008) Biofuels in Guyana.
Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) International Agency for Research on Cancer (!ARC) 2015 - Evaluation of five organophosphate insecticides and herbicides.

!ARC Monograph 112.

Kier, L.D and Kirkland, D.J (2013) Review of genotoxicity of glyphosate and glyphosate based formulations.

Critical Reviews in Toxicology 43:4, 283-315.

Lau A.F, Kong Win Chan, K.T.F, and Guiness, D (2003) Factors influencing surplus electricity produced in cogeneration plants.
ISSCT Co-Products Workshop, Sao Paulo, Brazil Mcsweeney C, New, Mand Lizcano, G (2012) UNDP Climate Change Country Profile - Guyana, http://country-profiles.geog.ox.ac.uk Panday, V (2013) Probable Issues affecting cane yield.

Guysuco Report Schinasi, Land Leon M.E, (2014) Non Hodgkin Lymphoma and occupational exposure in agricultural pesticide chemical groups and active ingredients- a systemic review and meta analysis.

Int.
J. of Environmental Research and Public Health 11 (4) 4449 -4527 75 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 76 Appendix 1 Industry Production Trends I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Estetes , .. ,,, Skeldo<i IAlboon Ror.eHal1 Bia.,, non I 1-umrrrf' '"' Wales U1t~lugt Eat&IH '" :s~et<lon A•boon R<.>~Hitll Bla1rmoni fmnorn Lbl V\'ale~ UrMu111 I Esl•tes ,_ ·" S~eklon iAltllOI\ - - - - - - - - - Elllle - - F•nnen Harvest are• (hill Tonne a MIQ&r Tonne-s c•ne tclh• ta.lh• I I tells Harve•t aroa !ha) Tonllea •uu•r Tonne• c•ne lcltUI - - - - - - - - lnd.islry T ot•I Harvest ere.11 {ha) Tonne• •ug•r Tonne1 '"~ 1Clhl """' '""' 80396 303601 4~y3;,sl 8 "" 5 b 305 1 "'13] 3 431\YSI .z69J!ll N:l!J6 'l9:J48 ~3311 58S074I :.
!888-4 35152 3b44L3 '40:?873 18918 231484 100001 1210461 10214 13396 124730 17-4816 ~;141 fi5r1i :>/&J 702(1 ,,7;4 47161 4~Y; -4443 ~/Bl 6llfif 451:1 61) 4'.\1 :it'1I :113 340 15131 10841 1262 1146 1223 1263( 12?1 1305 240811 84~1 i2;-7c,1f 1209!

6463 6:?41 3069 81141 40694 1276 6681 ?.lB:.

'8 3528 396 261!

5072 :is11:il 11000 U!J014 :>:•99 '.1052-4 C.784] t>/fiil 53781 ~84 H052 -is1I 5'61 -475 310 3991 466 652 15051 10447/I J8t<14 '.>flll 64H 13101 \o<OR~41 'ALo~.5] ~(''.981 1326 69!
"!14 57323 1268 4'>11:1 13-461 ;i15ool 1263 1328 ~i107-4 -42816 319'.>3 j',1'>7 1!•.lJ4 w:i;iil /J:!/,I 1~,G~J!

:> 40'.,'1.'
:> 40'.,'1.'

40)~{3 !~'lf,501> 1:«Jt>41I :'h:11t>4 70:,,3-40 ~ '~ 5S73I Stl78 IJ?H 5236 41J;il 5169 4189 ""'" tclt• 30 fiO~ 460 613 428 314 416 '.\Gli 1 ~) ' 1 10 Ill 17f>6 114b 1;' ;1~ 1; 1-1r- U4:J 13 Of' H•rvest are• lh•I Tonnes suoar Tonnes "~ tclh• ..... le/ts Harvest 1re• !h•I Tonnes sUQ•r Tonnes c•ne tc/ha Est•le Farmers ..... """ H;1n1esl I Tonnes are1 lh•I &UQar Industry T ot•I Tonnes "~ """ '""' tells 8 3'.XJ ?

9JJ{JOI t;:J14'.

'> ':d;t°lb!

47f!


'J'.,I ?6591 )\1344 4011>111 337'.>41 -48808'1 ~96<!1 31007 33180 16964!

9934 11468 156251 6160921 3955~1 38~~2 2218261 141652 144036 20'>8621 :.t:i39I f>R71I 6lM IIB45 '>171J 5327 490'l '>1~·~1 41J4I f,O\<I 4\J; 'ifl(.

:1S-.5l :174 :1,,1 .Hl'll 14 46 11 ?1 12 74 1169 13081 1'426 1256 13181 2 564 I 1;7"' ""'' 183">1 ~30 23701 :dtibl 8671 630 /\<17 1~!,1 :112 7ttll1 li">l.»l6 601'11 94 1Clf'i11 .

!18?
!18?

[ H.>46 13~5 1}'4164 4J.14\J ~421 61fl~'I ~1100 4'>41'.l ;",(Xl ""66 tlO p, .

:.0361 -4YJI 4::.0 15 001 12501 1288 1J~234I g1519!

'i9616 56662 4,'.l(',j '"-'''"'·I J'PJ:4 ]'l H<O IJ1.

,•\•\<I u;>:i~;jl ~0....'.. !f'i /l4,' 3 31 1373 -44/30 1!0.

'2 ;>~(·172 ' '6 '" ~ 00 1417!

1270 13581 li121I 53045 4?5641 101)/,I ;>/O.

'~• rn~1GI ,4_.\J,.,I ;'i~B[)(I ;'401111 :.t:i.

'>21 68131 6221 6b4~ ">'46 ~:·ol :'>;'~£ ~£7!

j8fl 607 -4R8 fi66 Jfl:J 3IOI 416 401 14 ~' • 1 :?

1.
1.

'/~ 1 169 1.110 142fi 1763 u;'-4 Estate H•rvesl area lhal Tonnes SUQU Tonnes "~ le/ha lslh• Harvest area fh.al Tonn ea SUQlr Tonnes cane tclh• ts/ha tells Han1est area !ha) Tonnes sugar Tonnes cane tclha ,.,..

tclts Farmers ln<1os1ry Total ~ Blaoml\J11!

t nrnOI" LB' Wale~ !Jotvlugt fl -41'1.'

0 \l 001 6 6 11-4 <) ') 493' -4 4i!


J 7 ''oil 0 '°'" " 110 0 390/ :,1432 )1203 34125 19943 """ 1379-4 17189 ~28 J48 626 010 41'.J 032 36551~ l43 }('5 15083~ 166 \J11 220 018 62 29 f_,9~ 6'.J i:_> ~a 20 S4 F-<j """ """ 53 '>3 -4fi1 ,, " '.> :_>(, 1, /1 4 4t '" '"' ' rn 24080 1280 6'60 4l&l 63, 29~<i 1:\f1\H:1 1936 11\?f.,O 12 20 12 ?O 12 10 12 80 181 5 '50 ~j()(J 0 ;ooo f,:v; '" 10)).'
39i7 fl 0;4 1 si:-5 1)H 800 52 !>OD '>4110 h) ()() 60 00 44 [)() 1'>00 "600 "00 :n!E "" '5'J 'l-415 ) 69 "' 5 68 14 00 12 50 13 10 12 70 1300 1260 13 20 10 890 0 ~ 12\l \) 6 "60 ' 5 493 1 "b5'.J I'!

2 1'.1-13 Q 5 }41 1 "810 0 4fl 4)', h'Vl JllU 6f 46 ')ft{)f:J/ t;:u~, .

'6 161 '4 17'> 4'>1 ('I) :1.li'>fi1'> ~l0.:.,Yt-_.

:_:i, :Jl~I 1':>77'02 12~>12 2401/1 )~/', 1~1 21 1661 272 516 !h44 "~ 19 I 53 8'JI ( 20 'A:;1 5~3.

'I 56 66 44?1 6361 519/ Fl )1 4 42/ -445 4501 4401 1360 1092 1~·~~ 11 '!.
() 1) ;"I 1;:'1 1JJ1 1:?B8 .... 13 50 10 90 ~ 11 30 E•t•te Farmers Industry Total Estate• • ' ,, ,., 1.

Sk0kJur, AllJKJr1 ~ose Hull ~----· fllaorn10,11 fnmorf' LB< Wa~s Uitvluot Han1es1 ue• lh•I Tonnes soaar Tonnes .

:::ene t.:::lha '""'' le/ts H•n1es1 uea fhal Tonnes auaar Tonnes cane lclh• IC/tS Harvest are.

lh•I Tonnes so au Tonnes cine '""'• 8 4H2 U 9 001 6 h J14 8 ~J -493 1 4.-4n 3 2 19tl u 3066' 4 1600 433JO 5938:'> 3"°"6 ](i133 2Htl"9 13434 1'>589 '8893 !

)6.1 .
)6.1 .

?Bt: 647 300 431603 397~ 263 7'>~ 161 206 187017 238 051 6641 11 91 6~ j() r; .

'If- 58;; 51 61 fi1()1 :,; XJ.

~ 11 fifiO 5" 6 ~6 .f!

!1 '80 "' '5' 13 00 1090 12 50 11 00 12 00 12 00 1?

00 1260 ;>~OO 1 U1Hfi 1'.ll ~00 128 0 6460 6lti 198;' 1808 Jl:l/60 183 0 550 7100 () 8~J 63' 112 1 0104 "08 8 052 2.200 171!

fl()() 61 200 ~,t, 00 61 00 60 00 "00 '°OD ""'~ "' 00 4 t),' '86 "' j 46 3'3 '" 5"' 13 50 12 50 13 00 12 70 12 80 1?

50 13 00 10.!Jfl'.'

0 '1.129 6 6,9609 ) 48J 1 4 65:.


3 2 8~3 0 S,366 1 ~.010 (I :'>.i ~.

1 '.> 60 010 31 990 lfi1'.

!.1 .12 611 13 600 :!•, tl9~ ;_>J fi.01 - roo ;84 655 HIB 476 363 \\j" 46!

"l Ii' f!04 163 406 11~ 8.

";> /\l':J ))1 "'"• """ tell a ')3 81 11 ,'6 58" '2 36 58 39 57 28 ""' )9 73 '81 6 ~7 5'6 b 58 • 86 -4 77 ''3 4 71 13 1() 1() 9/ 11 ~ " 00 12 Q;' 1l 01 12 20 1 ;i &I - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Estates y,.,1, .
'!>\' Harve•t area lh<I• Tonnes ''"'·" Est1te Toone• cine tclh1 ""'' ",.. H.rvest area Ouil Tonnes suaar Tonne a une tcfha Fillrmers 8 532 0 90016 6 314 9 5.493, 4,472 3 2,/980 30911 4,1900 4671 7 610&!

36630 ~9197:?
665.8!>0 457 877 39168 430 851 23807 14393 11214 20189 283 303 171 280 204 841 252 300 70 09 73 Yl 72'>1 18 43 53 35 61 r2 66 2l 6023 5'8 6 ;9 5 80 '13 5 32 514 5 57 482 12 BO 1090 12 50 11 00 11 90 11-90 11 90 12 50 2.600 128 0 6460 95 0 55 0 2300 0 1.0000 10947 625 2982 3\:!2 173 10')13 53<9 145,600 7806 38160 '9-10 2 200 131,100 69.000 5600 61 ()() 6000 52 00 <O 00 s1 on c;oo tens H1rves1 1re11na1 Tonnes sun.ar Tonne• cane It/hi ts/ha tc::/ts Industry Total 13 30 12 50 13 00 12 60 12.70 12 40 12.90 11 137 0 91296 69609 !J 493 1 4~13 2.8530 !
:>.\(l11 5 1000 57 664 61,11?

39.612 3g 168 24 199 14,'.-6.'

1{ 78(; 25.538 143512 6/3664 496637 430 &51 288.243 1 i:i.480 13~>.9-41 321.366 66 80 13 19 71 35 /8 43 53 11 f-0 81 62 31 C1 9?

5'8 6 76 569 .'

13 5 :10 "' 5 15 4 9?

12 89 10 92 ,, "" 11 00 11 91 , , 91 1209 12 58 '""'' "' 488 4 52 4 13 315 4 60 5" Est1te Fanners Industry Total Harvest area lh1I Tonoes sunlf Toone& c1oe w ...

I """' "'"' Harvest lrt!I (ha) Toooes SUQU Toooes cine (C/ha il 532 u 9 001 6 6 314" 5 493 1 4 472 3 ",I /!
:181) 3111 1 4 230 0 <"891 621 !O 3i /02 40441 25751 1~12 11!

)93 21384 625 fl05 61/.653 411 211 444 851 301 28fl 183 402 214 117 2137 300 73 35 /5 28 14 63 "'" 67 37 65 55 68 82 63 19 5 13 6 91 5 91 7 y, 5 76 ~- 51 ~ 78 5 06 1280 1090 12 50 11 00 11 70 11 90 11 90 12 50 2600 1280 5'60 950 5!.>0 23000 '0000 10947 61< 2982 397 173 10513 ')349 145600 7680 38760 '9'0 2200 1.
)1 100 69000 'iOOO 6000 50 00 52 00 <000 "' 00 6900 ""'" 4 21 '80 462 ' 13 315 <GO 5 35 1Cft5 H1rvest are1 {ha) Tonnes sug.u Toones caoe lc/h1 ts/hil lefts 13 30 12 50 13 00 12 60 12 70 12 40 12 90 , 1 13} 0 9 1296 69609 5493 1 4 ~13 ",I 853 0 5-1' 1 1 5 230 0 '>9 8:IB 6:< /!M 40,683 40,441 26 143 15 58~.

28 '_J;(, /6 73:; 711.405 68~ 333 510 031 444 851 306.228 1fl5602 ]-1~.211 336.300 69 30 l'> O?

1327 8091:!

67 05 5:, Ofi (\'.\ 80 6'30 5 38 6 88 5 84 I 36 5 72 5 "6 ~ 28 '11 12 89 10 9?
12~ 11 uo 11 71 11 91 12 ()9 17 f:>fl H•rve11 are1 fh.11 Tonnes SUGar Tonoes caoe tcltw blh• ICltS Harvest afl!1 /h1I Tonnes sunar Tonnes caoe tc/ha •• 11 .. lefts H.arvest 1re1 lh1\ Tonnes 5UG1r Toooes c1oe lc/h1 Esta le Farmers Industry Total B 532 U 9001 6 6 314 9 5 493 1 4.4123 2 /91:10 3111 1 4,230 0 t>Q14:1 6:o.667 3805' b41 H24 687 '>99 4/5,404 42516 459 178 2<3832 15964 18411 225S8 313 932 Hl99/0 219 !113 277 460 .

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:J ifi 39 15 28 83 59 70 19 67 89 7061 65 59 6 88 ;o; 6 !2 ,,.

6 00 5:.
6 00 5:.

'1 "' 5 33 12 BO 10 BO 12 30 1080 11 70 11 90 11 90 12 30 } 700 128 0 6460 9;o 550 23000 1 1000 11..,/ 1 1:.3900 "' 3005 7600 38760 39?

173 11129 5976 49'0 2200 138000 15900 '700 fiO 00 6000 52 00 <000 6000 6900 '" <BO '65 ' 13 3" "" 5 '3 13 30 12 50 12 90 12 60 12 70 12 40 12 70 11 232 0 9.129 (i 6 9€-0 9 .., 4g3 1 4 5137 j 2.853 0 5 411 1 ') 330 0 61 114 6-1 ?
!l 1 41 GfJ~, 42 516 21 224 16 13-1 29606 ni!>'.14 795, 1?4 fi95 "1?9 514 164 4')9 178 J18.8?2 HJ} 110 357 813 ~!>3 :>.60 70 84 /(; 1fi '386 83 59 69 82 or 36 5C 14 &'m Esl1te Farmers H•rvest 1realh•I Toones sun1r Tonnes cane lcih• """' tclts Harvest irt!I Iha!
Tonrtes sun.ar Tonoes c1oe tclha ""'' '""" Industry Total Harvest 1re1 th•\ Toooes sun1r Tonnes uoo tc/h1 !1532 0 9001 b 6.314 \I 5 493 1 4 472 0 ~'.798 0 3111 1 50148 64022 38996 43165 21501 1G415 18755 649 !.>74 691 432 479 646 472.658 321 760 19'.i 344 223184 76 13 76 81 75 95 S6 05 71 95 69 8j il 74 5 9!> ~ 1 ~ 6 18 l YI 6 15 ~ffi" 60'.I 12 80 10 80 1230 10 B~ 1170 11.901 11 901 2 800 12" 0 6460 950 '5" 2300 (lj 12000 159 500 614 3005 1600 JB/60 392 HJ 111'.
'91 4940 2.?00 1'.\R 0001 fll 00 6000 6000 ,}00 40 00 r,o :ml "' '80 465 41'.I 3 1')1 <Ml 13 30 12 50 1290 1260 12 701 12 401 , 1.332 (I 9 129 fi 6 960 9 ') 493 1 4 56/ 0 J 1"53 {J 5 411 1 62 /48 Mf;Jf) 8U9 '14 f.99 11:• 4?000 518.40b 43 765 47?.6513 7/.893 16589 29884 326 700 197.~4 361' 184 /1 41 16 ~ 14 4/ 86 05 71 53 6\1.
'4 1)6 7:, "'"' lefts 549 7 04 f:> 98 I 1' 6 96 "'° !> 47 5 35 12 89 10 82 17 '.~4 10 80 11 11 11 91 12 09 12 38 '""'' !cits 0"" "" 6 03 7 97 611 "' ~, 52 12 9{) 10 82 12 34 1080 11 71 11 91 12 09 Skeldon Al"°" kose Hall B1a1rmont E:nmo1e L8i Wales U!!Vlug!

Est.lea <1 I' /IJ' Skeldon Albton Rose Hall Bla,rmon!
FnmorP '"' WW<.ls U1tv1ug1 Estltes 'f1 ,H ,(>, Skeidon_ Albion Rose Hall 8lairmon1 E:nmore '"' Wale~ Unvlu9t Eslltes ,,,,,, .·u.-~ S1<.e•don Alb.on Rose Hall B!airmont Enmore l"' Wales - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - UttviJg1 4 2300 ;>:;· .~9 7MA~ n: :'A ., 4.'

1?

30 11{)()() '>97h '~ Qf.

(l f\!1 J(J •, 4:1 12 70 s:noo ;;91:l!

'> ·w: 1•..ri h!tifl ., 4:' , 2 '.IB EJllleli y' ·'' •'')' S~e!Oon A.lb1on Ros1: ~iall l:lla11rno111 f-r>rnore '" w ... , UIMugl Eat1tes ' ' '' .
''-' • Skeklon I Ail.ol(llo Ro~ Hall Bla1nnon1 ~ nu•ur .. '"' Wa1e~ l11Mug1 Estlles :• •.

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:>1<eidun Altllon Rose Ha~ 1 01a11T11rn1t F-nmorP '"' !Wates U1t~1U\j1 Huveat illlll lhlll Tonne& --.. E&tate Tonne• c•ne tcnia .,.. '"""

farmers Hlrve&t Arel fh.m\ Tonne& suoar Tonne& cine lc"1a .
.... H 532 0 9 001 0 6 314 <; b 4'13 1 4•F20 2 /9tl 0 ]111 1 4 230 0 51012 64014 """" 4319'J 277'.>9 """" 1883) 652 948 691 494 479 646 473030 324 l82 191 592 224 135 23630 290 650 16 53 16 flfl 15 9'> '""' 12 f.'.l 70 b2 12 04 61l71 ~ 9B "1/ f>HI 12 80 10 80 12 30 2.950 178 0 6460 1286S ~71, 100 6'4 300~J 7660 38/f)Q ,:')'' 1080~ 6 ,, 950 392 11 70 11 90 11 90 12 30 'l~n 1; O'i '> 59 '>SO 23000 1 1000 H3 11129 5\176 4 940 ) ]00 13ll 000 "900 ~00 60 00 6000 52 00 40 ()() f,(J 00 69 ()() • 36 4 HO 4 fi~ 4U J 1 ._, '" '> 43 ""' 13 30 12 50 12 90 1260 17 70 12 40 12 70 lndu&try Total Hi1rve11t are& lh;O Tonnes liUDilf Tonne& cine tclh• llilhil tells 114820 63 876 8?4 048 9 129 0 f, 9609 '.> 493 1 4 '>f;/ 0 ~· 853 0 ~ 411 1 ., 330 0 64 f,llf!
"000 43 7('9 28 151 16 778 79 964 """' fi996/4 ~,lfl 4(11> 41:1 o:m "129 ;7;; 14., 7'-.J/ JI",} U'> 366'>~ /1 ;, ff, fi4 14 4 i lifi11 ; / )0 ili uJ l)fi '12 68 !j " ~,(j IO!J 6 03 ?

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)09 "38 H1rvest 1re1 (hll Tonnl!ll ..... Estate Tonnes .. ~ fl •J]J 0 9 001 (j 6 '114 9 '> ~93 1 4 412 0 J i9fl 0 3111 1 4_:.no o '>1~1?

64074 38996 43799 J?002 'f;i597 18(!4_< 23/tL' 65;;> "4fl 691 >194 4 l9.f>46 473030 326.220 19S 632 Z.
'4:<'J!o 292 580 fanne~ Industry TOlll '""' :6 ~'.l ~5 fl.H ,.., q~, '""' ,·2w, .

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'300(l 1,1000 13530 614 1005 1799~ "'''° 38760 3\0 1n 4 940 J 700 11129 138 (!
(JO ~916 15 000 0900 GOOO 6C 00 "00 40 00 r,o oo fi9 00 ..... ""' ''" '" 4 13 ' " "" 043 tcfl• Hilrvesl 1re1 (h1I Tonne• !.UQlr Tonnes cane 1cni1 13 30 12 50 1290 12 60 1?

70 1240 1?

70 '1 '.>82 (; 9 1~'9 0 f-i 9609 ~ 493 1 4 561 0 7w,:;o ~ 411 1 ~ 330 0 64 ~; 1!3:'tl9R &> '"" 4l f>OC 43 19'.< 2B 274 1fi 86~ 29 \ll!

29 763 6'JYf,.

'4 <,111 40fi 4/:l 0)0 331 11\0 2rx1 wq J62 ;']', 1611 ~80 ,., ,, /b "4 /4 4/ Hh 11 ;;••.1 m:i« """" 69 l'.l ..... lefts.
•, ~; - O'J r, c:; ,, "1'1 •,c,1 5~ 5 •,.a 12 00 10 Al "" W80 • 1 1' ·1c;1 t;>O\I 12 3A Esl.ille fanners Harve&t 1re1 Iha) Tonnl!ll &UOflt Tonne• "M tcfl'11 tslh• tclt• H11Vel5t are1 (hi) Tonnes &UQU Tonne• cine lcll'la ..... le/ts H1rvrM 1re11n1J '1 '>'l2 OI '1001 OI b.l14"I ,, 493 1 4 47;;> 0 / i'jfj -J 3111 1 4 230 0 510121 6<10?41 3l1996I 43 !9'1 2'"'8 16113 18f\43 73'8i 6~2 9481 fi9~ 99-41 ;13 ~1 :nAA 4'96461 '~"!

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3:?65201 1981'1821 224 23'>1 ?925801 73011 :1001 ·~Of\ 591/ ., 911 -,: ,,.!

;9, Fil4 ~9,' ""' ~ b; 12 80 10 80 12 30 10 80 11 70 11 90 11 90 12 30 3 100 12A 0 6'60 95 0 55 0 ;>3000 1 1000 ,3~52 182 [f()(l "' "'°' 392 1 i3 7N<0 3<Y60 '940 ~· ;;ioo 11129 13e 000 ~9/6 75 900 ~,!J 00 >O 00 ""00 "00 40 00 'iO 00 69 00 '" '"'' 4 b~· 4 1"i 3 1 ~ "" !> ~3 13 30 1?

50 12 90 1?60 12 70 1240 12 70 '1 632 0 « 079 0 6 StiQ 9 ~ 493 1 4 S67 0 ;> 853 0 s 411 1 :.
:noo Tonne• ·-· fA ;(;3 t).I f;f\8 42 (_){)() 43 -99 ?8300 '68M 79 97C 29 163 lodu&try Total Tonnes cilne tcltlil 83'> f\48 fi¥.• fi?4 71 fl6 'f-, h4 i4 41 8ti 11 ~ 47:l 0 l(l .111 400 20 l OB/ '¥>/ 2J~J 36B 4H(l Ii <,p.

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270000 5600 280000 5600 - ...... ~K.I ,_ 4~N!l 1 :......._ 11 ~l(HIO 11.l>bl \J t1I 74~ 71 <77l~Js4 ~I ID 7 2177 1019140 80196 2 408 lll.447 70 8 5R1 0 2 4 08 10'191 ()(I 8 582 0 1403 10 'l'IO()(l R '120 2 (J(JO 11 ll1 00 8 5110 2 700 11 :noo 8 ,110 ~800 11.lll 00 472 \07 117 SI I 'llll018 .

'K.K'H (1,Yi>l l,.~'111 459 365 127 ~44 586609 10 '"' H4\\ lH Hin 4'18Rll 110 032 028 K43 l'\.b.::!'}
M'lhW • .• '\97 52!1115 1 lUUl2 6Sn IC>7 .au .n: 11(11.1 '0.ltll 501 110 143 000 704 HO 41 K\.I IO \~n ,4 Ht, 595 262 ISi 200 746462 .. (l ~II'\ 11 ~1K1 '1 71)'i 54 05 lb 2Q S\81 17(1~ 5621 1644 56 15 IS 11 57 21 14 Ill S'171 11 IO 63 27 I~ 0-4 6()46 12 04 626008 ISO KOO 782.808 .N ,bXl l.:'.Oh.

:' ~I 1·1' 000 b'JOR 12 c.8 '1$0(1 Ill I)() 15 ()() 1000 !>50(1 5800 76 98 83 00 14S l.SO O 1417400 111 5<XI 0 124 b(JOO 8\ 4 7\ 0 ~ 12600 Mt>7'11 171000 1110 191 00 79()<) WQI tn c,•.

tot·,-.
tot·,-.

l;t__c.CJ l:!MJ 2 KOOO<J (l100 :LJ~1_;__?_ 11.')b;!

(() (\' "~ _:1 R.Sl2 0 1800 II 13200 <>Sti 7'11 1nooo KlOWI , .. l.2°h 1 l 4'thl h5(~'' 000 71 2l!

I.'.!

b4 <l7(10 MllO 7700 7 1 00 l><•llO 5800 71146 8100 148 41 00 149 520 0 137 ()(>O 0 1 2~ J!IOO "!> ll>() 0 II 711>00 (\(\Q44h 182000 ~1114()00 7 1'41 21 S<l 1oc.•.

- IU•,., , _~_ '"~ 1:.
)h) 2 HOOOO C>5 ()(I '\_l~lOttl I J.~ IK '~ t>.~ Hll •X R 5110 ~.800 11 332 llO t#) 44() 182 000 K~I 44" 001 "·' '' I I ,I.., ~ h7 '·'' ' ( 0001 75 14 12 b4 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Appendix 2 Agriculture Operating Costs and Capital Requirements I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ACCfSSJBlllTY & CANE TRANSPORT INVESTMENTS Quantity Unit Prict US$ Cost USS Colt GSM L'QG)Q l()OOOW 25 ?OC 3G w .lC-0 DfSCritlbOn Wne Punt; 45/66 irdrtor •S All weottier ro~d Mel°' fvue Motcr r:1,,e $~Ho Tr~ct~r MO!CH('CIP Al!.
WEATHER ~QA'.

); CANf PVNTS ' lSC 4~/66 Tractor ;o &l '> /O()J '·' lRC J 19') l50 ~ 5 !

l24 4 5S 1 " 4~ 0 4!

D 280 0 s 'J l~l 8 JOO~ 149 l 25 c ' ' 61 ~ , 600 '-1 124 4 ' IGC C 380 ~' lOO C .

'80 01 300 0 1 I I H') l I 199 6•J ;• !

4C ,"JI .

'~ 0 I I / s I :'i'l " OoHtrimlOfl Qu1ntitv ICM Uni!

Price US$ Co.1 USS (OSI G$M ALL WO.THfR ROADS ' ESTATt 'Skeldor IBIA r"lont ~-----·-· ~_w .. •tO~· 'O~d f;<ob1 >~ ng ~~" '•·'" -~., ~-<l u 1 ESTA TE ALBION '" O..scrh>rion Cane Punts i ;oooo 97~6-.
2427 2 3000-000 2926830 606800 25 3~ lS JS 50C·00 750000 153 ~ __ c'c't-------"'o'·c"c't--- --'"'""'"°''!'

------'1 ~'.'

_ii '"I I 200COc· CANE PUNTS ).

)() 1~0 Uni!


P11Ce USS Cost USS Co.I GSM 4~13 3414600 ~8:'8 48/B 4390 l/OHOO 1463400 l '16)84C i ' I ESTA TE Oescriotion 4~/1%1rMtOrJD Quaru;lr,.Euh Ur><t Pnct US$ cost US$ 1Co$t G$M e'"'"''"Oc'-----t'"'c"c''ci"''cO"i-' -----+-------~:'+'------~---'-'"-!~-- c''"u""c"c'u·c'----f"c'c"""-'"c''c'"c'cMc•c"c"'c'c''c'c"u'c'''-+------"J+,----~'u'c"u'+-- 'l-'O~BI ;~ JN80tll ROSE hA<l 4~/hl>; •a:!Or ;!)

4'>!6& T'ocior .-D l'-'lSC 33'J8C 45/f,6 T r•rtor ID TOTAL 19~ I:' 33980 ;951.
'2 3391100 :o " TUGS I I I !STATE 10.saiouon IUnitPriceUSS ICostUSS lcostGSM TOTAL I I ~ Sf n;!

!\ I 36590\ · I ESTATE RO\f H4:< TOTAL ESTATE W•le> TOTAL \DHcriotiOfl IMo!<>•r.,.,.~, I IDllSl:riotion ?U"AP LORRY GRADER IOu•ntlty Each I DUMPlORRV I Quantity Each I VfiiiCLH I Unit Pnce US$ ,, ,, IC<m USS ICDStGSM ~;J~rl i <j/()8!1 . '

I lunrt ~rice US$ ICosl US$ ICo.tGSM i ' 30000i 300001 ' TOTAL EST AT£ MOTOR C'!
'CLES Q,..ntity Each Unit Prlu USS Cost USS Cost G$M >'"''"""o"'-----+M"o"i"o'c'"'""""--~----l---~--c'"''-----·~ tSOO A_lllON Mutor (V(ll' 30 ~O~E HM: a·a,,rno~l ta.i Qefnl'r3'~ Wale< Mo!or ~vde Moto• (un~ Mote>' (vd• lO lSOO lSOO :soc 14SOO - 71 .

/Co'!tGSM I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ESTATE Ske don Ske·don Ske'dor.
Ske don Ske den ALBION A.SIGN AL810N ALS'ON ALB' ON ROSE HALL ROSE HALL ROSE HALL ROSE rlAL~ ROSE --+AL .. Blairmont Bla.rmont ara,rmont Bla1rmont Bla,rmont CIVILS INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTS ' Description High brod11.e' AqueduCTs t--ea11v duty revetment· Meters He;iv· dut, '""etm.-nt Me: er; L.i.h!

duty revetment Meters H,Rh ~ridges Aque:focl~ Hea•v du!y re•etmenr.
Meters 'l1e<111~ du:v revetment Mee er~ L111:ht duty revetment Meters Heavy duty revetment - Meter> Heavy du!~ revetment - Meters , Llllhl d<ity <t>Vl'!mf.>rlt ·Mf.>tl"rs Quan tit\' lb ' lC-00 lGOO lLlOOD lb s 2000 lOOC 1200C 1500 1200 i:ooo Unit Price US$ Cost USS b8293 46341 Cost GSM 1092688 32438 !

830000 BJOO'.JO !62000C 1092688 170728 166000C 83000C 1944000 1145000 99600C 1182000 830 810 1E2 b8l';l3 46341 330 830 162 830 830 162 '· I .
::heck Sluice> to contro 111ate• 111ow !y•1g arP~s llr.stal -.n1l 1woworm1 at E\' a.id Ga, ~·1u1ce; Hea.-; dut~ re•etr1ent Mete·5 L,;.>:ht dutv re;etmer!

Me!er> Aqueduct H•l!h brid11P1 SIJ1Ce F~~t Oemer<ir<i Modif1cJt1on of b<wold1n1?/ fae-!1t1es E<1st Demerara Adm1n bu1ld1ne East Demerara Fert1li1er bond 8u1ld1n11 East Demerara H11!h 8nd11es - Concre!e East Demer<1ra Fla!

Br1d11.es Concrete f<1s!

Demer<1ra L111.ht dut~ revetmen!

alor.11.
CNC lv'e!ers ~;ist Demerar<1 Repi;icement of aqueduct Wale~ Wales W<1les U1tvlu11t Uotulu11t ' FLAT8RiDGES LIGHT DU:Y rPvetment Me~er; 'i1GH SRIDGE~ H111h 811d"e~ Aqueducts !C 194: 7 194170 ' 1000 10000 4 lJ ' " '° 8000 3 3 GOOO 8 10 6 7282 83J :62 146141 68293 146341 58S3 7 24390 162 l4S341 48780 162 5853 7 70000 100000 14564 810000 1620000 58<;366 b82YJU 146341 91561 195122 195122 702439 243902 1296000 4390~4 l '1512 2 912000 292683 '00000 600000 224 0 6b 'l' 170 l 110 2 332 I 21~ ('' '6J 3-lC 3 170 l 398 5 255 l 204 2 3b~ 3 39 8 I I 3 c: 170:' 3 ~.i 1 120 c 1400 3C 0 )0 0 40 0 40 O' 144 8 30 0 265 7 90 0 40 0 199 J 60 O• 143 5 123.0 .
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ESTATE Skeldon ALBION Biairmont East Demer<ira East Demer;;ra Wales W«les Uitvlut!
't TOTAL ESTATE Skeldon ALBION Blaormont Description Hie:h brodees Hu1h brid11es Hu;?h br1d1!€S H111h Br1dl?e$ - Concrete Flat Br1dii:€S Corcrete FLAT BRIDGES HIGH BRIDGES H1eh Bridees Description Aqueducts Aaueducts Aqueduct EiiSl Demerar;i Renlacement of aaueduct Aaueducts OVILS INFRACTURE INVESTMENTS av TYPE BRIDGES Quantity Unit Price USS Cost USS CostG$M so 0 400 60.0 143 s 1025.S AQUEDUCT Quantitv Unit Price USS Cost US$ CostG$M 7 s 4 3 6 28 46341 46341 146341 146341 100000 324387 370728 585366 439024 6"0000 231950S Description Quantity Unit Price USS Cost USS CostG$M REVETMENT Heavy duty re11etment - Meters Hea11y duty revetment Meters L101ht dutv re11etment Meter> He;w\l dul)I revetment - Meters Heavy duty revetment Meters li&:ht dt;!V revetment Meters Hea11y duty revetment - Meters Heav11 duty revetment:- Meters l111:ht duty revetment·- Meters Heavv dutv revetment Meters Ught duty revetment Meters ·~ill.ht d<Jty revetonem <1lonR CNC Meters LIGHT DUTY revetment Mete's 1000 1000 10000 2000 1000 11000 1500 1200 11000 !OOC 10000 8000 6000 65700 I I SLUICES 830 830 162 830 830 162 830 830 162 830 162 162 162 830000 830000 1620000 166"000 830000 1944000 124SOOO 996000 1782000 830000 1620000 1296000 972000 16455000 3373.3 ESTATE Descriotion Quantltv unit Price U5S Cost USS Cost GSM ROSE HALL Check Sluices to control water in low :y1n01 areas
 lnstallonil two worms at EV and GBL Sluices Sluice DescriMIOO Mod1f;c<1t1on of building/ lac•l1f1e> Admin bu1ldmg Fertilizer bond Building 10 2 1 13 19417 194170 7282 146341 14S64 146341 3S5075 BUILDINGS Quarttity Unit Price US$ C1»t US$ (01tG$M 97561 19Sl22 19Sl22 487805 DescriptJOn Quantity Unit Price USS Cost USS Cost GSM Uitvl.,gt TOTAL ESTATE Skeldon Skeldon Skeldon ALB10N ALB1DN ALB10N ROSE HALl ROSE HALL ROSE HALL Blaormont Bla1rmon1 East Demerara wales TOT Al ROSE HALL Bl;iormont TOTAL ESTATE fa>t
 Demerar;i fast Demerara f;ist Demerara TOT Al ESTATE 66.5 76.0 120 0 90 0 123 0 475.5 170 2 170 2 332 1 340 3 170 2 398 s 255.2 204.2 36S 3 170.2 332 1 26S.7 199 3 39.B 30 300 72.8 200 40 0 40 0 100.0 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I DRAINAGE & IRRIGATION INVESTMENTS ESTATE Skeldon ROSE HALL ROSE >-iALL ROSE: HALL East Demerara \,\lales Li1cv!ugt J•tv i.;gt Description Overhead lrnli!dtcr~ lrn2dtor Self dr1~en darn bed punip~- rrii;:ators 'rrtiz<itor/Tuli!S Dra1nali!e Ec:o.ca·watcr Drainage· Exld'l'dt;::r Dra.nage Pun1ps l1r.g.Hors Quantity Unit Pri<:e US$ Cost US$ Cost GSM ' 10 9 6 6 6 2 10 97S61 72815 48541 48500 170732 170732 6'>0000 soooo 780488 728150 416887 291000 682927 682927 13DCOCC JOCOOC .. 160 149.3 89.6 597 140.0 :40.0 266 5 :02 5 DRAINAGE & IRRIGATION INVESTMENVS BV MACHINE TYPE IRRIGATORS ESTATE )keldon ROSE rlAll ROSE MA~L ROSE HALL U1tvlugt TOTAL Description Oveorhead 1rr,i;:a:ors Irr Ji:d!OI <,p•f-dr•ve>r dani bed pumps 1rr,2a~0rs 1rr:-'!.ator/Tur.s trrig,Hur~ Quantity unit Prke uS,$ Cost US$ Cost GSM 8 IO 9 6 10 43 97561 72815 48543 48500 50000 780488 728150 436887 291000 500000 2736525 160.0 149 3 89.6 597 102 s 561.0 ESTATE Description East Demerara Wales Ora1nage ·Excavator Dra,nave ·Excavator EXCAVATOR Quantity unit Price USS Coit US$ Coit GSM 6 6 12 170712 ll0712 582927 682927 136S854: 140 140 280 DRAINAGE PUMPS Description Dra•rage Pun'ps Quantity Unit Price USS Cost US$ Cost GSM 2 2 650000 1100000 1300000 266 s 266.5 Oeicriotion
 Quantit~ Unit f>rk:e u~S Cost USS cost G$M TOTAL ESTATE Uitvlugt TOTAL I ESTATE ... ' I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ESTATE Skeldon Skeldon Skeldon Skeldor Skeldon Skeldon 51:.eidon 51:.e·don Ske don Ske·don Ske:dor Ske1don Ske'don Skeidon Skeldon 5ke1don Skeldon Skeldon Skeldon Skeldon Skeldon ALBlON ALBION ALBION ALBION ALBION ALBION ALBION ALBION ALBION ALBION ALBION ALBION ALB: ON AL Bi ON ALB: ON ALB:ON ALB-ON ALB.ON ALB: ON ALB!ON AlB,ON ALB!ON AL8'0N ALB' ON ALB'ON AlB';QN ALB-ON ALB;ON ALB,ON
 ALBION ALBION ALBION ALBION I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Description All weathe( road~ C.ine Punts 45/66 Tractor JD 55 HP tractors With Wine~ Vehicles Motor Cycle ,.
:.,, _;' l ;,,', '<';, ',·_,' : H1Joih bridges AqLieducts Heavy duty revetment Meters Heavy duty revetment Meters Light duty revetment Meter:; ' •' - ~' ' Ove(head k•1gators '<c:.

:.

'·,: e. (._,.

,.

---- Ha(vesters and associated equ1prrent ExcavatO(S Tactors - Ferthsin" 8oom Sprayer lmrlement Land Conversion Bell Loader '• ,,,,.

:.·, Til!age tractors Traihna Final Harrow Plows _l_,t ::.-- ,.

45 HP Tractor Cane Punts Paddle tuli!


Enii:ines All weather road Vehicles Motor Cycle • • ' ' : (: High bridges Aqueducts ',•, ··•'•' ,' Heavv duty revetment - Meters Heavy duty revetment Meters Li.llhl duty revetment Meters . '

.
.

,-,: Super long (each excavator Sprrno:r Tones Implement Plant•nll trailer Implement furrow coverer Implement Harvester~ ;ond associated equipment Tractors LGRP Spreader lGRP SPREADER 1n1plemer:t Land Conversion Dump lorry- 10 Ton Tools Trolly iack- 20 ton Tools fW5 Service unit Tools Portable weldrnil plant Tools lathe Tools Oistillinli!

unit Tools Heaw duty tool kit Tools Floor crane Toob Air compressor Tools Lighting plant Tools Bell Loader .,·<··:..·,•:;.'
160 HP Tractor Trailin2 final Harrow P!ows Tractor lOOhp ., -.

'- :.'")

l'.i' ,•.
·,· ''«: Quantity Unit Price USS Cost US$ CostG$M 25 700 3 12 10 30 16 7 1000 1000 10000 ' 120000 4878 33980 70000 30000 1500 68293 46341 830 830 162 3000000 3414600 271840 840000 300000 45000 1092688 324387 830000 830000 1620000 Cot 615 ACC 699.993 ACC SS 7272 ACC 172.2 ACC 615 ACC 9 225 AC( ' '' 1 224.00104 CV 66 499335 CV 170.15 CV 170.15 CV 332 1 CV '' ' '', 97560.97561 /80488 160 01 I I ' l 2 6 3 12 10 10 10 615 MECH 290.0 MECH 168-4 MECH 72 MECH 615.0 MECH 46.1 1 129.15 TP 17 913105 TP 13 9113 TP ,, 149 272B ACC 379 9962 ACC 7 50095 ACC 600.000lS ACC 6.lS ACC 9.225 ACC .-1 ' 224 00104 CV 7S 99924 CV 340.3 CV 170.15 CV 39B.S2 CV ).
"_;, .. - -0 290.0 MECH 80 MECH 10 0 MECH 6,0 MECH 320.0 MECH 135 l MECH 25.0 MECH 307.S MECH 19 5 MECH 3 5 MECH 14.9 MECH 0,9 MECH 5,0 MECH 04 MECH 4,0 MECH - - '° MECH 1.5 MECH 10.B MECH 750000 l 768SO 3000000 1414797 B2142.B5714 moo 1500 75000 82142B.S714 35000 3000000 225000 70000 9709 7540 4B544 4B7B 731B 97561 3000 1500 6B293 46341 830 330 162 630000 B73Bl 67860 72B160 18S3640 36590 2926830 30000 45000 109268B 370728 1660000 B30000 1944000 l 76849.6B42 9709 12135 14563 78048B 1414 797 4 74 3BB36 4B540 29126 1560976 B2390 33333 659122.6667 121950 1500000 95121 17072 72816 4368 24212 1951 19512 19Sl2 7804 52580 24390 1500 31707 B536 72815 21B4 24272 1951 2439 19512 3902 B7BO 75000 SB252 9709 7540 3BB3S 225000 46.l 699024 97090 7S400 3BB350 ".
143.29992 TP 19.90345 TP 15 4S7 TP 79.6117S TP Quantity Unit Price USS Cost US$ i .

i I 2 350!
i I 2 350!

10: '· 25' 10 JC !SOO 1200 11000 10 2 10 9 6 I l ' 2000 7 1 l l ' ' ' l l l l 6 2 l l ' 10 10 8 l ' 48~4 4878 31980 9108 r 1-1272 lOOO l>OC 83C 8l0 162 19417 7282 72815 48~3 48500 48544 9109 38835 : soc 1768-19 6842 '.21360 58252 582'..2 1213~ 7282 14503 48 55C 72815 3883S 72816 19420 l4l!O 24272 97Q<l l>UW U.81-' 9709 9709 121360 29:2s - · 97088 1707300 339800 91087 506800 30000 ,5000 :2-15000 996000 1782000 194170 14564 ···--· 728: 50 436887 291000 .

339808 2912 7 155340 3000000 123194!


!8Y 121 ~60 174756 ~ !4756 48S40 29178 S8l">l 48550 72815 38835 72816 l 1652C 48540 }4171 29127 300000 !l81'>0 97090 77672 171360 116500 Cost G$M cat 19.90304 ACC 349 9965 A(( 69 659 ACC 19 90283'> A(( 12.4.39-l :..cc 6 lS ACC 9.225 ACC .
255 115 CV 204.18 CV 365 31 CV 39 80485 CV 2 98562 CV .. 149 27075 DI 89 561835 DI 59 655 DI ' I ' · - • 69 7 MECH 6 0 MECH 31-8 Mf(H 615.0 MECH 253.8 Mf(H "9 MECH 35.8 MECH 35 8 MECH 10 ~; MECH 6C MECH 11 9 MECH 10 0 MECH 14.9 MECH 8 0 MECH 14.9 MECH 23.9 MECH 10.0 MECH 5.0 MECH 6.0 MECH 61 s 149 27075 TP 19 90345 TP 15.92276 TP 24 B 788 TP 23.6825 TP ···> ESTATE ROSE HAll ROSE HALl ROSE ,_,A~L ROSE >1AL~ ROSE .-!Ale ROSE >1ALL ROSt _,AL ROSO HALL R05~ HALL ROSE HALL ROSE HALL ROSE HAL'.
ROSE HALL ROSE HALL ROSE HALL ROSE HALL ROSE HALL ROSE HAll ROSE HALL ROSE HALL ROSE HAU ROSE HALL RQSf HALL ROSE HAU ROSE HALL ROSE HALL ROSE HALL ROSE HAll ROSE HALL ROSE HAl~ ROSE HAL'c ROSf HALL ROSf HALL ROSE HAll ROSE HAL l ROSE HALL ROSE HALL R05E HALL ROSE HALL Description Prime 'Vlo•er-M.ihendrd "'.

"ractvr Cane P.,nn 45/(15 ~ractcr ;D Motor GrJde' A;I weather road Vehicles Motor Cycle Heavy J,.t,.
revetmpnt ' Veter~ HeavydL..ty revetment L<.t'ht dut1 revetment - Me:ers ~'eter~ (heck Sluices to control Wdter m low lying dreas 1nstall1ni!

twc wo11'1~ .it f'/ <1nd G8L Sluices .

.. lrrilloltor Self-dnven dam bed pump1- lmgators 1rri2ator/Tu2s .... lDO HP tractor .

Spring Tmes implement 80/66 Tractor JD Land conver~.on CL..lttvdt•t!!'
E~cav<1tO• LR Front e'lO loader Fertilizer applicator Implement LGPL sprNder Implement Plantonii: tr<i•ler Implement F:Jrrow opener Implement FuPOw coverer lmplf'rrenr Tvre rep.i1r rr<1ch1ne Tools Tre1ch cle.iner Tr;icwr 8<ickhoe E(c.iv;nor FWS Service unit Tools Port.io1e weldine: plant Electr1ca1 Tools Port<ible weldina plant Portable Tools lathe Tools Boom Sprave1 lrnolernent 8ell Loader 180 HP Tr<ic!or MolJICI Board Plow TanOerf' Hi!rro,., lo"' bed trailer 10/32 mvened '1arrow ' I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Quantit\I Unit Price US$ Cost US$ JOO 2S 8 4 ) 25 1000 10000 4 10 1 2 4 l l 3 1056.74 6 3 10 10 s 10 10 lO : 280 8 26 12 10 8000 l b ll 6 s 6 1 l l 12 s 10 ll 4878 24272 1463400 606800 33980 24390 2439 271840 97560.97561 3000 1500 21000 37500 830 162 1463414634 6819.:3 146341 4634 8.:30000 1620000 585365.8537 0829.:30 i46341.4634 CostG$M Cu 299.997 ACC 124.394 A(( 55 7272 ACC 20 ACC 4.305 ACC 7 6875 ACC .
170 15 CV 332.1 CV 120 CV 140.00065 CV 30 CV .. · .
780488 80085 24390 9756 4878 1500 J8537 75000 5000 58252 9709 7S40 19511 61789 200000 4878 3000 1500 1560976 320341 73171 29268 14634 1585110 351220 225000 50000 582.520 77672 7540D 19S122 18S3659 200000 1365840 24000 39000 97560.97S61 195121 9512 19S:21.951l 702439 243902 1296000 439024 58536.58537 24390.2439 162 1-16341.4634 l/0!31.7073 682926.8293 320 MECH 65.7 MECH 1 s.o MECH 6.0 MECH 30 MECH 324.9 MECH 12.0 MECH 46. l 10 2S TP 119 4166 TP lS.922 76 TP lS.457 TP ,,, •>o·- 40 ACC lSO ACC 41 AC( 279.9972 ACC 4.92 AC( 7_995 ACC ' 10 CV 40 CV 40 CV l44 CV - - 50 CV 265 68 CV 90 CV ' i 140 °' •' 80038 960455 196.9 MECH 82927 B7805 81927 73171 750000 75000 82926.82927 68292.68293 9709 497561 702439 497561 73171 2250DOO 225000 995122 546341 97090 82926.82927 1078049 102.0 MECH 144.0 MECH !02 0 MECH 15.0 MECH 461.3 MECH 46.1 " 204 TP 112 TP 19.90345 TP 221 TP 'le, ESTATE Biairmont B:airmont B:airmont Blairmont Biairmont 81a1fmont Blairmont Blairmont Bla1rmont Blairmont Blairmont Bla•rmont Bl;mmont 81airmont Blairmont Blai'mont 81aicmont Blatrmont Blairrnont Blairrnont Bla1'rnont 81ai'mont .
Description Cane Punts All weather ro<id 45/66 Tractor JD SS Hp Traltop Vehicles Motor ('/Cle " Heavy duty revetment Meters .,, __ --- ·.

:..·- ' - ,; o; light duty revetment Meter$ Aoueduct H1i':h br;dges Sluice .. .

Han1ester5 and as;ouated eqi...1pnent Tractors LGRP Spreader LGRP SPREADER lmclement Boom Sprayer Implement Fertiliier Hopper implement land Development (840 Ha) Conver>1on 110 Hp Trd00' Bell toader ,,, ~ Dundi Ditcher 160 HP Tractor Tra1l-ng Final Harrow PIOW$ c ·,, ?
-- ;:,_ - " E~st Demerara Cane Transport - 45 hp tractor East Demerara All weather roads East Demerara Establish1ne new link rear end of LB1 East Demerara Punts East oemerara Vehicles East Oemerara Motor Cycle ,, .,_., . '
' East Oemerara Modification of bu1ldine/ facil1t1es East Demerara East Demerara Admm building Fertilizer borid Building East Demerara HiJ<:h Bridges - Concrete East oemerara Hat Brid2es Concrete East Oemerara l111ht duty revetment along CNC Meters East oemerara Replacement of aqueduct East Dernerara .• East Demerara last Demerara East Oemerara ' '.

Drama11:e - E~c.avator '' ;.

; ~ r,:. "

' ;;. '


- J .. Croo Care - 100 hp Tractor - Renair work crop Care - too hp -t boom spraye1 lmp1enient Crop Care· 100 hO + dond1 1molement East oemerara 100 hp +fert1lirer hopper Implement fa~t Oemerara East oemerara Retooling of FWS Tools Harvestf'rs and associated equipment Beil Loader '/~'~A'1.''

... ' Ea5t Demerara Tilla11:e - 100 hp Tractor with dondi East Demerara 100 hp Tractor East Oemerara Mould BoMd Plow East oernerara Tillage ·150 np tractor ' ~.
:,-:; 0 ' ..

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Quantity Unit Price US$ cost USS 15 180 1 10 6 20 8 6000 8 6 7 ' 8 7 7 300 JO 10 5 8 "' 10 6• 2 10 15 4 6 6 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 1 1 l 12 3 10 6 6 I I I 50000 4390.243902 30000 19512 19512 1000 1500 750000 790244 30000 :95122 18000 30000 48780.4878 162 58536.58537 195121.9512 972000 292682 9268 CostG$M Car 153.
75 ACC 161 ACC 6.15 ACC 40 ACC 3.69 ACC 6.15 ACC ' 40 CV 199.26 CV 60 CV 170732 682927 140 DI 6992195122 489453.6585 100.338 MECH 5000 58252 9709 7540 40000 466016 67963 52780 ' ;; 8.2 TP G'is:n2s TP 13.932415 TP 108199 TP 4878 24272 33980 1463400 728160 339800 24390.2439 1219512195 3000 lSOO 70000 100000 650000 50000 15000 176850 70000 10000 69922 12000 70000 70()() 70000 sooo 7'i0000 35000 1000000 75000 70000 80000 5000 70000 20000 24000 34500 700000 600000 1300000 500000 225000 707399 420000 60000 2 79688 4800C 280000 28000 280000 20000 2]50000 35000 1000000 225000 ",)· .. 840000 /40000 soooo 420000 120000 .
299.997 ACC 149.2728 ACC 69.659 ACC 25 ACC 4 92 ACC 7.0725 ACC 143.5 CV 12l CV : .. · 266.S O• 102.5 0• 46.1 MECH 145.0 MECH 86.1 MECH 12.3 MECH 57.

3 MECH 9 8 MECH 57.4 MECH 5.7 MECH 57.4 MECH 4 1 MECH 461 3 MECH 7 2 MECH 205 0 MECH 46.

1 .. 172.2 TP 492 TP 10.25 TP 86.1 TP 24.6 TP ; .

.

Description All WEATHER ROADS CANE PUNTS DUMP LORRY Cane Transport - 45 hp tra:tor Vehicle~ Motor Cycle '· '· .

•.

,.

:, ___ :• -_\, FLAT BRIDGES i IGHT DUTY revetment Meters HIGH BRIDGES .

.

.
.

.

Dramage - Excavator ..... .. 110 Hp Tractor '-':: ' \ '• :.,- Ound1 Ditcher ' .

.·.

160 HP TraCtof Tra1lm" Final Harrow Plows - ,\ •,.

; .·,··, ·-,_ Cane Punts All weather road 45/66 Tractor JD 55 Hp Ti act op Vehicles Motor Cyrle i ·, ·:.· Hii?h 8r1d1?es Acqueducts ... ' ' ·.-.

·;. '

. '

.

,, Drainage Pumps lmRators ;;.

·-.. ·' '· ,, ,, Implements· Tillaf,e Excavators - Tractors - LGRP Spreaders · LGRP Implement Tractors· Fert1lisinl!
Hoppers/Spreaders - Fertdosing implement Tractors - Spraying Boom 5prayers · Snrav1ng Implement Tractors - Inter Row Cultivation Implements - Inter Row Cult1vat1on Harvesters with associated eau1pment Laser Leveling Implement Extension and Upgrade of Workshop Bell Loader "" ... Tractors· Plantin2 Sell loaders • Plant1ne: Trailers - Planting Dond1 Tractors - Planting Dond1 D1tchers - Plantins: ~ '' .\.,,i $._,, .
ESTATE Wales Wales Wales Wales Wales Wales Wales Wales Wales \'Vale~ tiVale~ \\tales Wales Wales Wales U•tvlwzt UitvluP1 Uitvluin Uitvlurt Uitvlu~ U1tvluin U•tvlun Uitvlu!l;t Uitvlugt Uitviuirt Uitviugt Uitv·uirt U1tv·uirt U1tv,u11t U1tv'uirt U1tv:ultt Uitviulrt Uitviul"I Uitvlu.o<t Uitvlue-t Uitv1u11t U1tvlulrt Uitvlugt .

Uitvlul(t U•tvluci U1tvlulrt U1tvluirt Uitvlul!t .


I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ESTATE Ske don Sk.e don Skeldon A~BCN A.BON A,B ON ALB ON ALBIO"i ALBION ALBION ALBION ALBION ALBION ALB:CN ALBION ROSE HALL ROSO HALL ROSE HALL ROSE HALL ~OSE HA~~ ROSE HA,L 11.ost HA.c ROSE HAcL ROSE HAL'.. ROSE hALL ROSE HALL ROSE HALL R05f HAU R05f HAu ROSE hALc ROSE !

"'All ROSE I-ALL ROSE 1-<ALL s1a1rmon!

8111.rmont swrmont Eal!
Dell"erara East Oernerard East Demerara East Oe,.,,erara Wale> Uitvlu1n I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I MECHANIZATION INVESTMENTS Quanti"' Unit Price USS Cost US$ Descri~tlon E:«:avators Boom Sp,a·,er •mpleme~t Tre!tv ad- 2C 1c,o Toi;:i Portat:ie Neid'"g pla~.1 TPOIS Heavv duty~'"" ••t Too' Bel~ Loader SC/66 :ractor JD Frcnt enc ,oaaer hcavator Ferr.l,1er appl•Calor :mplemeni >vnow operer IMple'Ttem 'WS 5.erv.ce Un<\ :ools :>onable we::1.n11 oiant £tectrica Toc~s Lathe Tools Boom Sprayer :mplemen\ Bell Loaoer LGRP 5PREAOER .m;ilement Soorr> Spr~ver iTTplement Land Oeve.opme~!
.,840 Hai Conv,.rs,or: '.056 74 Sell Loader Crop Care Crop Care 100 h:> • do'1d1 lrl'plerr>er!

l'.lC '1P • beom sprayer :mp1e,..,,.n: Retoo\mtol FWS Too·rs 8el: ~oader 110 He Tractor hcavators Tractors LGRP Spreaders - LGRP '""P:eme"-t Trac:ors - Ferttl.s•nil Trac\o's.

5praytng Boom 5prav•v• - Spray,n11 impierrent Implements· Inter Row Cwlt!Vat1on .aser Le~e:.n11 :mplel'T'e~t ~~ten..or- ~"" ·-orrade of Wcrkihep Bel• Loader ~ ::.
:oc 2000 ' ' 7500CO 176850 75000 17~850 9709 12135 14563 780.:68 l439-J 15C·J 317C7 853S 72816 24272 1951 243!
19512 3901 878C 7500G 48544 9709 38iBS 1500 l 7685J 121360 58252 5825: 12135 7282 14S63 48550 72815 3883S 24272 9709 7500( 780488 80085 2a39C 9756 4878 1500 S8537 75000 80038 829.17 87805 7500CO 75000 15000 1768~0 70000 lCQOO 69922 7(};}00 7000 70000 5000 750000 35000 100000;) 75000 3000COC 35JOO 3000)CC 1414757 38836 48540 1.560976 659L23 l2: 950 :sococo l 7072 1951 !9512 l9512 '804 225000 339808 29127 3000000 1237948 1747S6 174756 48540 58.152 48S50 72815 38835 728Hi ll552C 48S40 29127 300000 !560976 320341 73171 29268 1585~1C 351220 nso:ia 497S61 702439 497551 7317!
nsoooc 22.SOOC 4894°'4 225000 707 399 6VCOC "79688 48000 ::soooo 28000 280000 lOOOO 2250000 15000 1000000 225000 ·--- --- 615 .

?9C.G 158 4 290;; 10 0 32C 0 BS 1 25 0 307 5 3 5 14.9 :.

:.9 5 J 04 lC B 46 l 69 7 6:5 c 24 9 35 8 l:J 0 6 0: lO 0 14 9 ~o o 5 0 6.0 65 7 15 0 72 c "' 196 9 144 0 tC2 0 15 0 lOC 3 "' '" '" 5'3 " 57' 461 3 u 105 c 46 1 .

MECHANIZATION INVfSfMfNf5 BY MACHINE TYPE 81UET HARVESTERS & ASSOC IA TEO fQUIPMfN f ESTATE Ske>:io" AcB:or.
81i!H<norit Eil5t Der'1Ciilril UoN:.>gt TOTAL Description Hac11e•ters and a;soc:a[ed e"l<!pl"enl l1ar11e;t.,rs and usoc1ated eQwp"lent Har·•estfr~ and aHvc1ated eqw"Me"~ Har·1este•s and assvc·.atec!

ea":pmer!

Ha•veltet~ wit~ associated equoptn""' Qullntlty Unit Prkc US$ Cost US$ 1CostG$M ' 2 2 3 ; " 750000 780488 780488 750000 750000 3000000 1560976 1550976 22sooco 2250000 m 32Q G 320 0 46'.
3 46l 3 1062t952 2177.S ESTATE Description Quantity Unit Pnce USS Cost USS CostGSM EXCAVATOR E•cava!c•s S;Jpe• onQ ,.,~c~ "'"a'a~or EAcavator cR ~1ort er>c "Jad"r :i>cavator Ba~~hoe hrnvator hcavator'>.

ROSE rlA~L ROSE HA.L TOTAL 8 ' " l/685·J 176850 176850 :2136U 38ll35 176850 1414757 14'-4797 1237948 121360 38835> 707399 493S136 E1TAT£ Description Quantity Unit Pnc• USS Cos!

US$ Cost GSM TRACTORS RCSE ._,ALL ROSE HAlc ROS£ hALL TDTAL ESTATE Skeldo~ ALBiO~ ALBION Adl:ON ROSE HAU.

ROSE HALc ROSE HAL.
ROSE HALc ROSE HAL.

ROSE HAL.

ROSE HAL ROSE HAL.

S1a,rmont ~r.,noi~ Cert"'~"" -ractor~ :.GRP S!lreader 'rnoiement '.00 H~ Hactor 80/66 Tractor JO •rench deane-r Tractor Trartor; cGRP Sveade' 110 Mo Tractor Crop ~rf - 100 hp Tractor · Repair INC'~ 110 H~ T'actcr T;actOfS LGRP Trac1ors - Fertoi,>•ro Tractc'~ Sprav.
"11: •ratters - Inter Row C~ltrvat>on Description eoom Sprayer ,rrp1emert Piant•nll: tra :e• irT'plemert ~urrow coverer ;mplemen lGRP SPREAOtR l<np ement PJant.ria tta<1er im lem,.nt LGRP SPREADER lrf'olement Boorn Sprayer impbeme~t Eas: Demerara East Oemerara Uitvlun l.m:vlullt 1,ntvlugt.

TOTAL c-op car ... 100 hp• dond• lrnp•,.rre'>t Snreodero - ~GRP '.mplemf'nt lrnpiements - rnter Row Cwlt1uat1c~ Laser Leve,1nl!
.rnpieme~t 10 .. " 82143 8239C 41))44 38835> 7~815 80085 $8537 80038 69922 70000 69922 70000 70000 821429 659123 339808 gs340 !28!5 320341 35122J 960455 489454 4(0000 279688 280000 280-000 5429672 IMPLEMENTS unit Price USS !Cost USS cost GSM s 6 8 15 700CI 9709 :2135 l4S63' 24390' 9709 582S2 s8:s2 1213S 7282 14563 9709 2439C '1756 4878 82927 87805 829.27 15000 1:)000 l200C 7000 5000 35000 3SOOO 38836 4854-D 29U6 121950 19117 174756 1747Sf 48';40 29128 582S2 2912 7 73171 29251:> 14634 4:07S6: 702439 497561 nsooo 60000 48000 28000 2000C 35000 3047772 " __ --2.Q 10 0 60 is o " 35 8 35 8 10_) 6l 11 9 6.0 15 0 60 ;o 102 0 144.C ioz a 46.l 1: 3 98 ~-' " " 624.!
29C 8 29C 0 253 s ~4 9 80 145:; tOll.7 168 4 135.1 697 "8 1'9 657 72 0 1%9 100 3 86 1 57 3 57' '" llll.l I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ESTATE s~ .. ,dc·, A. B·::>" RCS~~;.._, a10 '"'Or'!

TOT Al ESTATE ,l,.3 C-'j ,l, .. :.

c~ ,,.,;i,c; .. ALS10~ ,;,_a1or.

A·.B·CI\ A.BIOi\ .l.LB10"- A'.810~ A.B10N ~0'.>E HAL'.

A:JSf H.\L, ~OSC HALL ROSE HAcl ROSE ~.i.,L £as: De"'~'i'a TOT Al ESTATE S•e oor .l,6,0::I\ R:JSE ,...,:.,.

~ 8;a,...,o~t EastOe"'e'"• .,1 .. ·.r.


TOTAL Dtscrlpuon .ard (()r•e'< 0" .•rd :::o·•"'"'"'r .•r-d _(lr'"''S on :::u!!,.•!

C" ,.,rd J ....... oo~ .

.,-~ .

:s.i: '"'•~ G;:r·~·;,c- Otscription Jurrp 0'"'{· :~ T:-n 'OQ•\ "ro1iy ac~ 20 <on 'o.

: s fWS ""'"'"' .. nt':oo'• Portab ...... e-c."I!

~1a~t 7"c 1 L•the ioo;1 '-111!1 !1n~ _.n,l '"O'l ""avy dLtv too: ~1• Tools 'loor ccan .. roo:i A" comn-.. s1nr °'.
"()ols ,111:1'1t1n11 pla~t Too•s Tv•e 'l!Pa·r m~cl11"" T""'I rws :;.e,,.,,e unit rooi; Fo,tao•e Nl!ld·'1~ p1ant E.ect ,,3 l'ortable Neld1"~ ~1ant - Pc-tdb'" ~co s _at~e )"oo's ;;'(J.S ~etoo'·"i o' F WS • oo•> Ducnption s..-,: .oad~' S..-1', .oaoe· S..-11 Loade· Be:: L;:iade· s..-.1 .oa<le" ~:.
;:ia<le' lANO CONVERSION Qu•nlity Unit Pr1tt USS \Cost USS ICost GSM :'SOC l:JOC 2G0C :J~t: 74 "" lSVJI 15DC• :soot :~GCI I 300C·XC : 500JC0' 300V:X:0 1sas::J 9015110 '00L5 Quantity Unit Price USS Cost USS CostGSM I 317~71 ss1c: 'JS:& 2:s.i 24:72 1951 l439 '.9~t7 390~ 878J 4855J nB:6 :94~J "4:'7J :'4272 73: 71 95121 J 7G7i ns:& "" 24272 !
;S: 195:2 19Sl; 7804 52680 48S50 728C6 116520 48~4'.J 24:7' 7317: 698977 &Ell LOADERS Quantlf"./ Unrt Pnce US$ Cost USS ConGSM 750C-C 7)C'OC 75,)QC 7SOCO 75(~}0' '5C•CG 22S~OC 225COC lOOCTX nsooc 225:.XX ;:2sooc 142SOOO &:~::: 30' s 6:5 3:4 s 1162.4 :9 s " 14., (J "· 5 J• "' '°' " 4 G• 10 B; 10 01 14 9 23 gl 1: oi 5 QI .

;S ~i tU.31 4ii: 46 ~ 61 5 46: 46: "1 292.1 I .·.

·.

fSTA TE U1tv1Ujt TOTAL ID•Ucriplion fE•ll!

"l>1<ln and Jpgrade ol ',\,'orKi.~<lp I jQuantitv I I !Unit Price USS 11 I !Cos!
USS iCostGSM :0000001 I lJOOOOcl 10000001 ns 205.0 FIHO WORkSHOP UPGRADE I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ESTA.TE Description 2016 2017 AGRIC CAPlT Al GSM 2019 2018 TOTAL US$ 2020 TOTAL TOTAL G$M AGRICULTURE CAPITAL INVESTMENT ACCtSSIBILITY & CANE TRA'ISPORT Skeldon CIVIL STRUCTURES DRAINAGE & IRRIGATION MECHANIZATION TILLAGE &PLANTING TOTAL SKELDON Albion ACCESSIBklTY & CANE TRAN:iPOH !
CIVIL STRUCTURES MECHANIZATION TILLAGE &PLANTING TOTAL ALBION Rose Hall ACCESSIBILITY & CANE rRANSPDRT CIVIL STRUCTURES DRAINAGE & IRRIGATION MECHANIZATION TILLAGE &PLAN71NG TOTAL ROSE HALL Slairmont ACCESSl81LITY & CANE TRANSPORT CIVIL STRUCTURES MECHANIZATION TILLAGE &PLANTING TOTAL Blairmont ACCESSIBILITY & CANE TRANSPORT East Demerara CIVIL STRUCTURES DRAINAGE & IRRIGATION MECHANIZATION TILLAGE &PLANTING East Demerara TOT Al ACCESSl81UTY & CANE TRANSPORT Wales CIVIL STRUCTURES DRAINAGE & IRRIGATION MECHANIZATION flLLAGE &PLANTING WALES TOTAL ACCESSIBILITY & CANE TRANSPORT CIVIL STRUCTURES Uit'v'lugt DRAINAGE & IRRIGATION MECHANIZATION TILLAGE &PLANTING Ultvluo:rt TOTAL ACCESSIBILITY & CANE TRANSPORT CIVIL STRUCTURES INDUSTRY DRAINAGE & IRRIGATION MECHANIZATION T1LLAGE &PLANTING TOTAL 322.7 192 6 32 0 348.3 32.2 927.8 230 4 241.8 242.S 51 7 766.3 119 a 173.S 59 7 2SO 9 46.8 650.8 102.4 158 s 170.S 32.2 463.6 lSD 8 129 .9 28 0 213.5 111.4 633.6 74 3 599 2B.0 20.l 2S.7 208.0 111 2 S3.3 738 240 2 68.5 S46.9 1111.7 1009.4 221.S 1486.0 368.4 4197.Q 322 7 192 5 32.0 348 3 32 .2 927.8 230 4 241 8 242.5 51 7 766.3 119 a l !3.5 59.
7 2S0.9 46 g 6S0.8 102.4 1 SB 5 170.5 32 2 463.6 150 B 129 9 260 213.S 111.4 633.6 74 3 59 9 28.0 20.1 25 7 208.0 111 2 53 3 73.!

240 2 68.S 546.9 322 7 192.b 32.0 348 3 32.2 927.8 230 4 241-8 242 5 51 7 766.3 119 8 173 s S9.7 2S0.9 46 8 6S0.8 102 4 158 5 170 s 32.2 463 6 lSO 8 129.9 28.0 213.S 111.4 6~3.6 74 l S9.9 28 0 20 1 2S.7 208.0 111 2 53 3 73 8 240.2 68 5 546.9 322 7 192 6 32.0 348 3 322 927.8 230.4 241.8 242.5 SL?

766.3 119 8 173.S 597 2S0.9 46.8 6S0.8 102 4 158.


5 170.S 32.2 463 6 150.8 129.9 28.0 213.S 111 4 633.6 74.3 S9.9 28.0 20.

1 2S.

7 208.0 111 2 53 3 73 8 240.2 68 5 S46.9 322 7 192.6 32.0 348 3 322 927.8 230 4 241.8 242.5 Sl.

7 766,3 119.8 173 5 S9.7 2S0.9 46.

6S0.8 102.4 158.S 170,S 32.2 463.6 1so a 129 9 28.0 213.S 111.4 633.6 74 l 59 9 28.0 20.1 257 208.0 111 2 S3.

3 73.8 240.2 68.S 546.9 1111.


7 1009.4 221.S 1486.0 4197.0 1111 7 1009 4 2 21.S 1486.0 368.4 4197.0 1111 7 1009 4 221.S 1486.0 368.4 4197.0 1111 7 1009 4 221.s 1486.0 368 4 4197.0 1613.6 962.9 160.0 1741.7 161.0 1152.l 1209.0 1212.3 258.3 S99.2 867.5 298.S 12S4.7 233.9 512.1 7923 852.7 161.0 7S3.9 649.7 140.0 1067 .3 SS6.9 3167.8 371.7 299.3 140.o 100.3 128.5 1039.8 SSS.9 266.S 369.0 1200.9 342.4 2734.7 5558.7 5047.1 1107.S 7429.9 .

.... 22&30470 lS-871108 I .

'.

Q '.· ; I : ' . "

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,'S'' 3 jl,,)--'\ '-~' '~ :!

')011110 1 - ,l 3 1 !.-'.

: s 101<:1 a J(') :; ; ~ :s .

't'.

13339899 273-4.7 ---.,_;,: :.

; : .,~ ',;) ·.l,.

l·~ : ;_ .1 h '.

- SS'.
':.8.7 5047.1 1107.S 7429.9 1841.9 ---'-~'~'~;~:~"· f--~'~"'='·"I' 20985.1 102!66299 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I TILLAGE & PLANTING INVESTMENTS Estate Skeldon Skeldon Skeldon ALBION ALBION ALBION ALBION ROSE HALL ROSE HALL ROSE HALL ROSE HALL ROSE HALL Blairmont Blairmont Blairmont Blairmont Description Tillage tractors Trailing Final Harrow Plows 160 HP Tractor Trailing Final Harrow Plows Tractor lOOhp 180 HP Tractor Mould Board Plow Tandem Harrow Low beo trailer 10/32 inverted harrow Dundi Ditcher 160 HP Tractor Trailing Final Harrow Plows East Demerara East Oemerara East Demerara Tillage - 100 hp Tractor with dondi 100 hp Tractor Mould Board Plow East Demerara Tillage -150 hp tractor Wales Wales wales wales Uitvlugt Uitvlugt Uitvlugt Uitv!ugt Uitvlugt : ;::_ .
..- .1 _ Dundi Ditcher 160 HP Tractor Trailing Final Harrow Plows Tractor~ - Planting Bell Loaders ·Planting Trailers - Planting Dondi Tractors - Planting Dondi Oitchers · Planting Quantity Unit Price USS Cost USS Cost G$M ?
:':' g.~ 3 ;.

: 129.2 17.9 13.9 143.3 19.9 15 5 79.6 149.3 19 9 15.9 24.9 23.9 10.3 119 4 15 9 15.S 204 112 199 221 8.2 95.5 13.9 10.8 172.2 49.2 10.3 86.1 24.6 ~E:-': ;.
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I TILLAGE & PLANTING INVESTMENTS BY MACHINE TYPE TRACTORS Description Tillage tractors 160 HP Tractor Tractor lOOhp 180 HP Tractor 160 HP Tractor Tillage· 100 hp Tractor with dondi 100 hp Tractor Tillage -150 hp tractor 160 HP Tractor Tractors - Plant'ing Oondi Tractors - Planting Quantity Unit Price US$ Cost US$ Cost G$M 95.S 172.2 861 1511.6 Estate Skeldon ALBION ALBION ROSE HALL Blairmont East Demerara East Demerara East Demerara Wales Uitvlugt Uitvlugt TOTAL ESTATE Skeldon ALBION Description TrailinR Final Harrow Trailing Final Harrow .. ROSE HALL Tandem Harrow \ ·,\ !~ ROSE HALL Blairmont Wales TOTAL ESTATE Skeldon ALBION ROSE HALL Blairmont 10/32 inverted harrow Trailing Final Harrow Trailing Final Harrow Description Plows Plows Mould Board Plow Plows East Demerara Mould Board Plow Plows Description Low bed trailer Trailers - Planting Description Dundi Ditcher Dundi Ditcher Oondi Ditchers - Planting Wales TOTAL ESTATE ROSE HALL Uitvlugt TOTAL ESTATE Blairmont Wales Uitvlugt TOTAL ESTATE Uitv!ugt TOTAL ESTATE ; /, '_[F;;, ;: , :·!-'; '1' I 0:- ,, -·-·.:...::.
:: '"') HARROW Quantity Unit Price USS Cost USS Cost GSM 9 10 8 4 8 7 46 9709 9709 9709 29125 9709 9709 87381 97090 77672 116500 77672 67963 524278 17.9 19.9 15 9 23 9 15.9 139 107.5 PLOWS Quantity Unit Price USS Cost USS Cost GSM 9 10 10 10 10 7 56 7540 7540 9709 7540 9709 7540 67860 75400 97090 13 9 15.S 19.9 75400 11 5 97090 19.90345 52780 10.8 465620 95.S TRAILERS Quantity Unit Price USS Cost USS Cost GSM 1 10 11 121360 5000 121360 50000 171360 24 9 10.3 35.1 DITCHERS Quantity Unit Price US$ Cost USS Cost GSM 10 8 6 24 3 3 5000 5000 20000 50000 40000 120000 210000 10.3 8.2 24.6 43.05 Unit Price USS Cost USS Cost GSM 49.2 240000 80000 240000 49.2 BELL LOADER Description Quantity Bell Loaders - Planting Description Quantity Unit Price USS I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ACCESSIBJLITY & CANE TRANSPORT INVESTMENTS Quant'1ty Unit Pr'1ce USS Cost USS CostGSM ESTATE Ske1dol'I Skeldon Skeldon Skeldon ALBION ALBION ALBION ALBION ROSE HALL ROSE HALL ROSE HAll ROSE HALL ROSE HALL Bla.rmont B1airmont 8la1rmont 8la1rmont Description All weather roads Cane Punts 45/66 Tractor JO Husbandry tractors 45 HP Tractor Cane Punts Paddle tu!l;s All .... eathpr road Prime Mover-Mahendra Tractor Cane Punts 45/66 T'actor JD Motor Grader All weather road Cane Punts All weather road 45/66 Tractor JO SS Hn Tractor East Oemerara Cane Transport - 45 hp tractor East Demerara All weather 'Oads East Oemerara fstabl1Sh1n<' new ilnk Road rear end of LSI East Oemerara Punts Wales Wales Wales W<1les U1tvlugt U1tvlu£t U1tvlu~ U1tvlugt
 TOTAL All WEATHER ~OAOS CANE PUNTS DUMP LORRY Cane Transoort - 45 hn tractor Cane Pwnts All weather road 45/66 Tr<1ctor JO 55 Hp Tractor 20 •OO I 101 101 250!
3 15 l 2S0' 5 l!
11 160' 10' 5 '' 6 11 l 150 3 100 l 6 160, 10 5 2 120000 4878 33980 70000 48544 4878 7310 97561 40544 4878 33980 97087 24272 4878 2427.l 33900 243C!O 7439 19512 61789 200000 4878 50000 4390 24~902 30000 19512.19512 4878 24272 33980 24390.2439 2400000 1951200 169900 700000 48'; I 300 0 10 0 250.0 348 199 14' 160.0 49.8 34.8 10 0 24.0 190.0 4: 0 150.0 30.8 90.0 62 24.0 HiOO 49 8 34.8 10.0 3178.7 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ESTATE Skeldon ALgl:)N ROSE HALL B1a1rmor: Easl Qerriera'a Description Ail weathe, roads All wed!ht" rcdd All wt'alher roa::!
All wea:h"'' <Oad A:I wea;~er roads Estab,,sh1ng nl?w 'ink Road rear end o1 East Dernerara LBI Wales U1t\ilugt TOTAL ESTATE '.
:.keldon ALBION ROSE 1-iALL BlaifmOnl - East Demt'rara wa!e5 U1tvlugt TOTAL ESTATE Skeldon Ski:"ldon ALBION ROSE HALL ROSE HALL BldtfrllOnt Bla1rrnon1 East Demerara Wales :J1tv'ultt U•tv•ugt TOTAL ESTATE AL810f'll TOTAL ESTATE ROSF HAL TOTAt ESTATE Wales TOTAL ALL \\If A TH ER ROA.DS Ail W'eather road Description lant' Punts C<1ne Punts Care Punts l(drt' Punt> P.int> LANt PUNTS Cane Punts Oeuription 4S/65 Tractor JD SS HP tractors Wit~ W•nc~ 45 rlP Tractor Prime Mover Mahendra frae'.or 45/56 Tractor ID 45/66 TrdctO< JD SS Hp Tractor Cane Transport 4S ~P tractor Cane Transport - 4S hp tractcr 45/56 Tractor JD 55 Hp Tractor Description Paddle tug engines Description Mntn,Grar1<'' Description DUMP LORRY I I I ALL WEATf-IEA ROADS Quantity KM Unit Price USS Cost USS Cost GSM 20 15 15 10 11• 1 J 10 " 12000C 97551 24272 2427" 61788 6:789 200000 50000 24272 2400000 1463415 36408C 242720 920829 200000 150000 242720 5989764 CANE PUNTS Quantity Each Unit Price USS Cost USS Cost GSM 400 2SO 210 100 150 ;oo 16J 1470 48/8 4873 4373 4878 4878.
4390' 4878i 1951200 1219500 1219500 780430 731700 439024 780480 7121884 CANE TRA"ISPOR~ TRACTOR) Quantity E;ach Unit Pnce USS Cost USS Cost G$M 5 l:J: i:i: ,, I I 2 6 6 5 2 57 3398C 70000 48544 48S44 33980 33980 24390 2439 lsc;,12.
19512 19512 l9Sl2 3~980 24 l'10 7439 169900 700000 485440 4854.4 169900 169900 48780 117073 117073 159900 48780 2245291 TUGS Quantity Each I Unit Price USS Cost USS Cost GSM l' ,, 7 318 21954 Zl9S4 Quantity Each Unit Price USS Cost USS !Cost GSM OUMP LORRY Quantity Each l l l l q70R7 q70871 97087 i Unit Price USS Cost USS Cost G$M 10000 10000 30000 492 Joe o "6 '9 B EiC 0 41.C lC8 49.8 1227.9 400.0 2SO.O 250.0 lf>O.O 150 0 90 0 150 0 1460.0 34.8 143 5 99 I 10 0 l4 8 148 10 0 24.0 240 34.8 100 460.3 4.1 4.5 ig 9 19.9 62 6.2 l.''., I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I CIVIL INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTS Unit Price US$ Cost US$ 68,293 Cait GSM ESTATE Skeldon Skeldon Skeldon Skeldon Skeldon Al8'0N ALSON Al80N ALB·QN ALB-ON ROSE HAll ROSE HAll ROSE HALL DescriDtion H1;;:h bridges Aqueducts Heavv duty 1e11etrnent Meters Heavy dut; reve:ment Meters l112ht duty revetment Meters H·gh brid11es Aoueducts Heaw do..ty 'evetment Meters keavy dutr revetment ME"te•s l1.
:ht duty revetment: Meters Hl'avy duty reveiment - Meters He<1vy dvty revetment - Meter~ lJ;:iht duty revetment ·Meters ROSE HALL Check Slu•ces tc control water 1n low lying areas ROSE HAU ln'>t<1ll1n~ two worms at EV and GB~ Sluices Bla1·mont Heavv dutv ievetment Meters Bla1~mont L•P"ht dutv revetment Meters Sl<11~mont B1a1'mont 8la1'mont AQueduct Hi;:h bnd.

:es Sluice East Oemerara Mod1ficat1on of oulld1r1</ facilities East Demerara Admin bu1ld1nJ!.
East Demerara Feni11zer bond- Buoldin1< East Oemerara H!ii:h Sr1d1<es Concrete East Demerara Flat Bride-es· Concrete East Demerara lii!ht duty revetment alon.

: CNC Meters East De'l'lerara Realacement of aqueduct Wales Wales Wales Uitvlv21 U1tvlugr •.
FLAT 8R1DGES LIGHT DUTY revetment Meters HIGH BRIDGES Hli?h Br,d>!es Anueducts Quantitv 8 6 :ooo :ooo 4GOC 10 6 iOOO :ooo 7000 ~DOC ~000 6000 8 l 600 1000 4 4 : 4 4 2000 1 ·' 2000 ; 6 ; 46,341 810 830 162 68,293 46.341 830 830 162 830 830 161 19.417 7.282 830 162 146.341 68,293 146,341 SS,537 24.39D 162 146,341 48.780 162 58.537 70.000 100,000 546,344 278,046 8jQ,OOO 830.000 648.000 682,930 ' 278.046 1,660,000 830,000 1_134.000 830,000 830,000 972.000 155.336 14,564 415,000 324.000 585,366 273,172 146.341 97,561 195,122 195.122 234,146 97,561 324.000 146,341 195.122 324,000 292,683 420,000 500,000 .. -~" ~ ;< 112 0 S7.0 17() 2 170.2 132.8 140.8 S?.O 340 3 170 2 232.S 170 2 170.2 199.3 31-8 3.0 86 1 664 120.C S6.0 30.0 20.0 40.0 400 48 0 JO 0 66 4 300 400 664 60.0 86.l 102.5 .
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I CIVIL5 INFRA.CTURE INVESTMENTS BY TYPE BRIDGES ESTA.TE Ske1don ALBICN Bl<1irmont East Demerara East Demerara Wale~ Wales U1tvlu.n TOTAL Description H111.h tJr1d11.e1 H12h br1d'1e1 H1~h bridge' n1Rh 8nd11es - Concrete flat Br1d'1es Concrl'tl' FLAT BRIDGES H:GH BRIDGES H1g~ Br.dl!es --·-- -- ESTATE ~keldon ALBION Bla,rmont Description Aaueducts AqueduCT\ Aaueduct East Demerara Replacement ot aqi..educt U1t~lug1 TDTA.l ESTATE 5keldor Skeldor· Skeldor ALBION ALBION ALBION ROSE HALL ROSE HAU ROSE HALL B1a1rmon1 Bla1rmon1 East DemPrar~ Wales TDTA.l AqL.educts Description Hea"" dut" re,,.etment Meters Hea·,i duty <evetr'lent Meters lii!t't dL.t·, revetment Meters Heavy duty revetment - Meters Hea"'I Cluty re¥elml'n!
Meters L1.otht duty revetml'nt Meters Hea¥y dut~ revetment - Meters Hedvy duty re¥l't'11ent : Meten light duty revetment Meters Heavy du!~ re¥etment Meters Lie.ht d1Jtv re¥etment Meters Lui.ht duty rPvetment alon11 CNC Meters \IGHI DU1'1 fl'vetrnent Meters Quantity Unit Price USS Cost USS Cost GSM 8 IO 4 4 4 4 s 6 4S 68,293 68.291 68,293 58.537 2a.

v:io 48, 780 58,537 70.000 546,344 682.9~J 273,172 234.146 97561 195, 122 292,683 420,000 2,741,9S8.20 AQUEDUCT Quantity Unit Price USS Cost US$ Cost G$M 6 6 ,.
l s 22 46341 4634 l 146341 146:!4 '.

100000 278.046 2 78,046 SBS,366 146,341 500.000 1,787,799.12 112 '.40 5b 48 20 40 6'l 86 ,., 57 57 120 30 103 166 REVETMENT Quantity Unit Price USS Cost USS Cost GSM 1000 1000 4000 2000 1000 7000 1000 1000 6000 500 2000 2000 2000 10500 810 830 !62 830 830 162 '10 830 167 830 lb2 162 162 830.000 830,000 E.48,000 ~.660.000 830,000 ~.
134,000 B~0.000 830,000 972.000 415.000 324,000 324,000 324,000 9,9Sl,OOO.OO 170 170 133 340 170 232 170 170 199 B5 66 66 66 2,040 ESTATE Description Quantity Unit Pnce USS Cost USS CostGSM SLUICES R05f HAL~ ROSE HALL B·a•rmont TOTA.l ESTATE East Oemera~a fast Demerara East Demerara TOT A.l Building Check Sluices to control wall'• n ·ow l~1ng areas Installing two worms at CV and Gill S1u•ces Sl1J1Ce 8 2 1 11 lq417 7~82 146341 15\336 14,564 146.341 316,241.46 Deseript1on Mod1f1cat1on of bJ1ldmR/ tac1l1~1e!
Adm1n bu.td1n£ f l'~.il1lf'r bond- R.Jildmll BUILDINGS Quantity Unit Price USS Cost USS Cost G$M 97,561 195.

122 195.
122 487,804.88 l2 l 3C 65 20 40 40 100 ESTATE Description Quantity Unit Pdce USS Cost USS Cost GSM lS,284,804 3,113 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I DRAINAGE & IRRIGATION INVESTMENTS Quantity Unit Price US$ Cost US$ Cost GSM ESTATE Skeldon Description Overhead !rri2ato1s ROSE HALL lrr1i;:ator Setf-dr:ven dam bed pump~ rrigators 1rrip,<1tor!Tui:i:s Oraina11e - Excavate~ Drainage - Exca~ato' DrainaRe Pumps lrr,gators 6 7 6 4 4 4 2 4 97561 72815 48543 48500 170732 170732 650000 50000 585366 50970') 291258 194000 682927 582927 1300000 200000 .
; ~ ~ ,, : 0 ' DRAINAGE & IRRIGATION 1NVESTMENYS BY MACHINE TYPE IRRIGATORS Description Overhead lmllators lrr1gato' Self-driver dam bed pumps Irr.gators lrrii<ator/Tugs l1r1gil\U<~ Quantity Unit Price USS Cost USS Cost GSM 6 ) 6 4 ' 27 97561 7281 s 48543 48)00 50000 585366 509705 291258 194000 200000 l7803Z9 ROSE HALL ROSE HALL Ea~t Oemerara Wales : .. J.tvlugt U1tvlust ' ESTATE Skeldon ROSE HALL ROSE HALL ROSE.

HALL U1t111ugt TOTAl ' I , ... , , ESTATE Description E.;ist Oemerar.
;i Ora:na"e · Exca11<1tor W.;iles TOTAl.

ESTATE U•tvl1.

;gt TOTAL Orain.
;ige • E~ca11ator Description Dr.;iinage Pump~ EXCAVATOR Quantity Unit Price US$ Cost US$ Cost G$M 4 ' ' 170732 170732 682927 682927 1365854 DRAINAGE PUMPS Quantity Unit Price US$ Cost US$ Cost G$M 650000 2 2 1300000 1300000 ESTATE Description Quantity Unit Price USS Cost USS Cost G$M 120 104 s 53-7 39.8 140.0 140.0 265 s 41 0 ~'' ' 120 104.S 59 ) 398 41 0 365.0 140.0 140_0 280 266 s 266.5 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ESTATE Description AGRIC CAPITAL G$M TOTAL US$ AGRICULTURE CAPITAL INVESTMENT ACCESSIBILITY & CANE TRANSPORT Skeldon TOTAL CIVIL STRUCTURES DRAINAGE & IRRIGATION MECHANIZATION TILLAGE &PLANTING SKELDON ACCESSIBILITY & CANE TRANSPORT ALBION CIVIL STRUCTURES MECHANIZATION TILLAGE &PLANTING TOTAL ALBION ROSE HALL ACCESSIBILITY & CANE TRANSPORT CIVIL STRUCTURES DRAINAGE & IRRIGATION MECHANIZATION TILLAGE &PLANTING TOTAL ROSE HALL Blairmont Blairmont Blairmont Blairmont TOTAL East Demerara TOTAL Wales Wales Wales Wales WALES TOTAL Uitvlugt ACCESSIBILITY & CANE TRANSPORT CIVIL STRUCTURES MECHANIZATION TILLAGE &PLANTING Blairmont ACCESSIBILITY & CANE TRANSPORT CIVIL STRUCTURES DRAINAGE & IRRIGATION MECHANIZATION TILLAGE &PLANTING East Demerara ACCESSIBILITY & CANE TRANSPORT CIVIL STRUCTURES DRAINAGE & IRRIGATION MECHANIZATION TILLAGE &PLANTING WALES ACCESSIBILITY & CANE TRANSPORT CIVIL STRUCTURES DRAINAGE & IRRIGATION MECHANIZATION TILLAGE &PLANTING TOTAL Uitvlugt ACCESSIBILITY & CANE TRANSPORT CIVIL STRUCTURES DRAINAGE & IRRIGATION MECHANIZATION TILLAGE &PLANTING INDUSTRY TOTAL 2015 3S6.8 214.0
 40.0 459.9 2016 3S6.8 214.0 40.0 4S9.9 2017 TOTAL 3S6.8 214.0 40.0 4S9.9 1070.3 642.1 120.0 1379.7 3S.8 1106.S 3S 8 1106.S 3S.8 1106.S 218.0 313.3 270.2 22.0 823.S 129.8 191.S 68.0 344.4 47.l 780.7 849 119.2 198.2 20.7 422.9 13S.0 88.l 46.7 289.3 97.7 656.8 503 5S.5 46.7 23.9 20.7 218.0 313.3 270.2 22.0 823.S 129.8 191.5 68.0 344.4 47.l 7B0.7 84.9 119.2 198.2 20.7 422 9 13S.O 88.1 46.7 289.3 97.7 656.8 S0.3 ss.s 46.7 23.9 20.7 218.0 313.3 270.2 22.0 823.S 129.8 191.S 68.0 344.4 47.l 7B0.7 84.9 119.2 1982 20.7 422.9 13S.O 88.l 46.7 289.3 97.7 656.8 S0.3 5S5 46.7 23.9 20.7 197.0 197.0 197.0 84.9 62.9 102.5 336.6 77.2 664.0 10S9.6 1044.S 303.8 1922.5 321.l 4651.4 84.9 62.9 102.S 336.6 77.2 664.0 10S9.6 1044.5 303.8 1922.5 321.l 4651.4 84.9 62.9 102.5 336.6 77.2 664.0 10S9.6 1044.5 303.8 1922.S 321.l 4651.4 107.3 654.0 939.9 810.7 65.9 389.3 574.4 204.0 1033.1 141.3 254.6 357.S 594.6 62.0 405.0 264.4 140.0 867.9 293.0 150.9 166.4 140.0 71.7 62.0 254.6 188.6 307.S 1009.7 231.7 3178.7 3133.4 911.S 5767.4 963.2 s?
:::: 3:l-2?>~ • 2 )• ;:.

'J;:)J--_ ;_; s ~ ,'; 16192'51)8 3: JC 3-->· .1c;(l.F--- 3:·; ).

:; }< 32_-~2~ 12051037 :T-•!!'.

22~ _-'; : 9:_.4-;s: 3CJSC-:, t?·j 3 :.

:• 114Z4ll91 !

:_>:; - :;,;<; ; ,.

.

:}:~: -, 2~; )l;) ' 3 ~ z:;: :~ '- 6188919 : .

.

, .

::2-):::s1 ';'::,;::-:: 4.

'!J ~:-, :.

:2-'.-0J3 9511172 :: J•:C'J! ")

- : .4"J -, [~~2~12: ·;.~Jc .

,, 3G2S::·, 2883025 12.!di?

'~ 01 DOC(: : ~cccc -; 4·;202~ J l .3',:UCG 9717123 ·.s'.)CS:!:.

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:.::.::s.;c·:c.

:~ ~4~') ;?,) 23 :33423 4SS~~3S 680688.26 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I AGRICULTURE CAPITAL INVESTMENT Description AGRIC CAPITAL G$M TOTAL USS MECHANIZATION 201S 2016 2017 TOTAL 19225 19225 1922.5 5767.4 DRAINAGE & IRRIGATION 303 8 303.8 303.8 911.5 INDUSTRY CIVIL STRUCTURES ACCESSIBILITY & CANE TRANSPORT TILLAGE &PLANTING TOTAL TOTAL 1044.5 1059.6 321.1 4651.4 1044.5 1059.6 3211 1044.5 1059.6 321.l 3133.4 3178.7 963.2 4651.4 46Sl.4 :>: !

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.,, - ~: L_:,_:-_.;3 5S068B2 Deicription I Quantity Unit Price US$ Cost u~ Cos!

G$M MECHANIZATION INVESTMENTS ESTATE S~eldon 50.eldon Skeldon Skeldon Skeldon Al810N ALlllO,.
ALBION ALBIO~ ALBION ALBION Al810N ALBION ALBION ALBION ALBION ALBION ALBION ALBION ALBION ALBION ALBION 4L610N ROSE KALL ROSE KALL hilrvester> ilnd as>OC•ilted equipment bCOhiltor~ Trilc!Or; • fertil.s1<JO: Boom ~pra·,e< Implement land Con·•etsoon s .. per long re .. cn e.c.r.ato' ~'°ring T"''" 1mp1ement P1ant1ni trailer :l'T'plemPr'\!
F1,.rrow co11erer lmp·ement !-•ilr.esters u1d i1S\oc•<1ted equ1p1·1ent Tr~ctor\ LGRP Spre~der LGRP SPREAD~A 1rnplemt'nt Lil nd Convers,on Dump lorry 10 Ton Tools Trolly J<id- 20 ton Tool~ fWS Seniire umt ~ools Portable welding ~l<inl Tool\ Lathe Tools D1snl1>ng unit roo:\ He<i'l\t dutv tool k.t Tools f,oor cr!ne Tools A•• compres\cr Tool1 Lighting pl<int T oc s !CC NP tr!C!OC Spr·ng Tines tmplemert - - ROSE HALL 8C/66 Tr<iuor JO ROSE HAU Und conversion Cult1v<1t·o" ROSE HAU hc<iv~tor ,R ROSE HALL f,o.,!
end cade• hca·.a!o' ROSE HAll Fertilizer ilpplocator lmple'Tlent ROSE HAU ROSE HALL LGPL spreader 1mpiemer.t P1ar1tmg trade• Implement ROSE HA.LL furrow opener Implement ROSE HALL furrow co~erer Implement ROH HALL Tvre rep<iir machine Tool~ ROSE HALL Trench deane' Trilctor ROSE HALL Backhoe E~cavator ROSE HALL fWS Seni1ce un•t Tools ROSE HALL Portable welding plan~· Electr1c~I Tools Rose HALL ROSE HALL ROSC HALL Portilble w"ld1ng plant ponable T ouh l<i!he Tools SOom Spr<iver Implement - ----- 8la1rmon1 Harvttters <ind ;is1ociated equipment B1~1rmont TrilCtors LGRP Spre<ider 8la1rmont LGRP ~PREADER lmple'T1ent Bla1rmon1 Boom 5P,<ive• lmplemen!
8la1rmont Bla,.mont 81<1,.mont fertilizer Hopper lmplerrent land Dev .. lopm .. nt 1840 '""'i Co"""'''"" 110 Hp Tracto· Eils'.

Demerara Crop Cilre - 100 np Tr<ictor ·Rep<i:r won, Eil~t Demerar<i Crop Care - 100 !1p • OOom spra1er lmpiem .. nl Ea~t Demerar<i Crop C<ire - 100 hp+ dond1 Implement Ea<t Oemer;ira 100 hp •fert1111er ~opper lmple'Tl .. n!
Eilst Demerilra Retoohng of FWS Tools East Demerilril H<irve~ters ilnd as~oc1ated equ1pmern Willes U11vlugt U1t\lugt U1t\ilugt u1t~lu11:t U1t;-lugt U1tvlugt U1n.l\Jit U1ti.-lugt U1tvl~t U1t;-l~I Utn.lugt U1tvlugt u,t;-1ug1 110 Hp Trilctor Implements T>ilage E~cavatms Tractor~· LGAP Spread~rs · LGRP lmplemer1t Trilctors · Fert1hsmB Hoppers/Spre<iders - fert•hmg lmplemen!
Tractor~ - Spraying 8oom Sp raver~ - 5Prar•ng Implement Tractors - •nter Row Cult,vatmn Implements - lnte' Row lult1va11cn Hane~ters with u1octated equ.p,.,,ent Laser ~eveiir-g Implement h!en~oon •"d Upgrade or Worhnoµ ' ' , I l I l lOCO I : : l 6 l 1000 l ) I !

I l 8 l I l 5 l l lOOC 5 l l l l l l l l l l 4 l I l l 4 l ; l 1056 14 ; 9 4 6 4 l l 5 " 4 3 l l l l l l l l l 750.000 176,850 82.143 7,000 1.500 2.2SO 000 884,248 5 75 000 21.000 3 .JOO 000 176.850 SSJ.248 9.
709 12 135 14.563 180 488 82.390 24.390 1,500 31,707 B,536 7Z.8Hi 2.1B4 Z4.27l 1,951 2,439 19,512 3.

'1C2 8.

780 4B.S44 9_709 38.B35 ~9.41~ 24.~70 H 563 780.488 494 342 24.390 1 500 000 3!.107 1707) 72.Blb 4.36B 24,272.
1.951 19.512 19 Sll 3.902 1 ~_sw 242 120 19 418 77 670 I.SOC 3.000 000 176.BSO 121.360 58,252 58.25) ll,135 7.282 14.563 48,550 72,815 38.835 72,816 19,420 14.270 24,272 9_709 780,488 80,085 24 390 9,756 4,878 '500 58.S37 80.038 82.927 87.805 E\2,927 73,171 B84 248 12; 360 116 504 :16.504 24 270 14.56-4 29 126 4B,550 72,815 38,835 72.816 77,680 48.~40 24.272 9 709 780.488 320.341 24.390 9, 756 4.87B l,585.110 t7S.6l0 720.34: 331 707 ~26 82'1 331_707 73.171 750.00C 2.15C.000 69,922 15,000 176,850 70,000 10,000 70.000 12.000 70,000 7,000 !0,000 5 000 750,000 35.000 l 000,UOO 349,510 225,000 707.399 210,000 30,000 140.000 24.000 140.000 14.000 140,000 10 ooc 2.250 000 35 ooc 1,000,00C 461 l 181 3 :: 7 'I " 615 0 181 J '° so 30 16C 0 :01 3 10 _107 5 65 l 5 -- 14' °' I 0 04 40 40 08 36 "3 40 l 5 9 6:~ 0 181 l l " ll 9 ll 9 IQ " 60 10 lJ 1'9 80 1' 9 l5' IO 0 ;o 1 a 160 0 65 7 IC l c :c 324 9 36 c 14'.'
7 68 G 108 c b8 ll 15 0 461 3 11 7 46 I 145 0 43 l 6 2 187 " 187 l9 187 l l 461 3 7) l:J5 0 MECHANIZATION INVESTMENTS BY MACHINE TYPE BlUET HARVESTERS & ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT DeKrlption Quantity Unit Price USS Cost US$ ICostG$M Har~l:'Sters and assorn1te-d eouopml:'rH Har~esters and as>0c1ated equipment Hauesters and as>oc1ated equipment Harvesters and associated equipment Harvesters with 11s.>0c1ated equ1µment 750.000 780.488 780,488 750,000 750,000 l 1 1 l l 11 l,lS0,000 780,488 780,488 2.250.000 2.250,000 8,310,976 461-3 160 0 160 0 461 3 461 3 1703.8 ESTATE Skeldon ALBION Slairmont East Demerara U1tvli;gt TOTAL ESTATE Skeldon ALBION ROSE HALL ROSE HAL!
ROSE HALL U1tvlugt TOTAL ESTATE Skeldon ALBION ROSE HALL ROSE HALL ROSE HALL Bla1rmont Bla1rmont EXCAVATOR TRACTORS Description Excavators Super lorw reach exca·Jator hcavator LR 8ackhol:' Excavator Fron!

end loader Excavator Excavators · D~crip!ion Tractors - Fl:'r!1l1smg Tractor.

LGRP Spreader lOC HP tractor 80/66 Tractor JD Trl:'nch dl:'anl:'r Tractor Tractors LGRP Spreader 110HpTractor £isl Dl:'merara work Croo Care 100 hp Tractor with •mPll:'ment; Repa,• Wales U1tvlu11:!

U•tvlu11:t U•tvlugt U1tvlug!


TOTAL ESTATE Skeldon ALBION ALBION ALBION ALBION ROS~ HALL ROS£ HALL ROSE HALL ROSE HALL ROSE HALL ROSE HALL ROSE HALL Bla<rmont Bla1rmont 8la1rmon!

110 Hp Tractor Tractors - LGRP Tractor>.

Feml1>mg Tractors Spraying Tractors - ln!N Row (;;l!•vat•on Description Boom Sprayer Implement Sprimi.
Tmes Implement Planting trailer Implement Furrow covl:'rer lmPll:'ml:'nt LGRP SPREADER !mplement Spring Tmes Implement ~ert1l1zer aoohcator lmcleml:'nt LGPL spreader Implement Plan!m11: !railer lmpleml:'nt furrow opener lmpleml:'nt furrow coverer lmpleml:'nt Boom Sprayer lmplemenl LGRP 5PR£AD£R lmpll:'ment Boom Sprayer Implement Fert1hzl:'r Hooper Implement East Demerara Croo Care - 100 hp~ boom spraye~ lmpleml:'nt Ea>t Ot!merara Ea!>t Oemerar a U1tv!1111t U1tv!UI!!

~ur_ __ .
~ur_ __ .

U1tvlu"t U1tvluet U1tvlvgt TOTAL Crop Care - 100 hp~ dond1 lmpll:'men!
100 hp ~1ert1!izer hopper Implement lmpll:'ml:'nts -T1lla"e Spreaders LGRP lmcleml:'nt Hoppers/Sprl:'adl:'rs · Fert.lisini< Implement Boom Sora~l:'rs - Spraying Implement Implements • Inter Row Cult1vat1on Quantity Unit Price US$ Cost US$ Cost G$M 176.850 176.B':iC 176,850 3B,83S 121,360 176,850 ' ' ' 1 1 ' 21 884.248 884.248 884,248 38,83S 121,360 707,399 3,520,339 181 3 181 3 !81 3 80 149 145 0 721.7 Quantity Unit Price USS Cost US$ CostG$M B2.143 IU,390 48.S44 38,835 72.81S SO.OBS S8,S37 80,038 69,922 70,000 70,000 70,000 70,000 ) ' ' 1 1 4 l 9 ' l 1 l 1 51 S7S.OOO 494,342 242.720 77.670 72.81S 320,341 17S.610 720,341 349,610 210.000 140,000 140,000 140,000 117 9 101-3 49.8 15 9 14.9 6S.7 36.0 147 7 71.7 43 !
28.7 187 28.7 l6S8,449 750.0 7,000 9.

709 12.13S 14.563 24.390 9.

709 S8,2S2 S8,2S2 ll.135 7.282 !4,563 9, 709 24.390 9, 7S6 4,878 82.927 8 7 ,805 82,927 lS,000 10.000 12.000 2.000 S,000 15,000 l l l 1 1 l l l 1 2 l 1 1 1 1 4 6 ' 1S 3 1 2 2 1 64 21,000 19,418 24.270 14,S63 24,390 19,418 l 16.S04 ll6,S04 ' 24,270 14,554 29,126 9,709 24,390 9.756 4,878 Bl.

707 S26,829 331,707 22S.OOO 30,000 24000 14,000 10.000 JS.000 " 40 so 3.0 S.O 40 23.

'1 23.
'1 23.

'1 so l 0 6.0 2.0 s.o 10 l.O 68_0 108.0 68_0 461 49 " " 11 72 2,001,004 410.2 IMPLEMENTS Quantity Unil Price USS Cost US$ CostG$M I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I LAND CONVERSION ESTATE Ske!don ALBION .
ROSE HALL Bla1rmont TOTAL Description Land Corweu;ion Land Convernon land conversion Cult1vat1on Land Development {840 Hal Convernon Quantity unit Price USS Cost US$ CO~I GSM 2000 1000 2000 100:,7 6057 l.SOO l,500 1,500 1,500 3,ooo.ooo I 1.500.000 3,000,000 1.585.110 9,085,110 611 307.5 615.0 324 9 1862.4 Description Dump lorrv· lOTon Tools Trolly Jiiek· 20 ton Tools FW) Service unit Tools Portable welding plant Tools Lathe Tools D1st1ll1na unit Tools Heavy duly tool kit Toolo Floor crane Tool> A11 compres;or Tools lii!hl1ng plant Tool~ T~re repcm machineToo.s rws Service unit Tools Portab1e welding plant - E1ect1•cal Tools Portable welding plant - Portable Tools Lathe roo1s Retooling of FW') Tool; TOOLS Qu;mtity Unit Price US$ Cost US$ ' Cost GSM 1 I l I 1 1 B I l I I l 4 I l l 31,707 !1,')36 72,816 2.184 24,272 1,951 l,439 19,512 3,902 8,780 48,SSO 72,816 19,420 24.270 24.272 73.171 31,707 ll,072 72.816 4,368 24,272 1.9Sl 19,512 19.S12 3,902 17,$60 48,550 72.816 77,680 48,S40 24,272 73,171 6 5 35 14.9 09 5.0 " " '° O.B 36 10 0 l'.>.9 "' 10 0 so lS.o FlHO WORKSHOP UPGRADE SS7,701 114.]
Description ------ Qu<tntlty unit Price US$ Cost USS CostG$M Extens•on and Upgrade of Worksncp l 1,000,000 1.000.000 1,000,000 20'> 0 20S.0 EST AT[ ALBION ALBION ALBION ALB10N ALBION ALBION ALBION ALBION ALBION ALBION ROSE HALL ROSE HALL ROSE HALL ROSE HALL ROSE HALL fast Demerara TOT Al ESTATE U1tvlugt TOTAL f:.TATf De,,-npt1on Quantify Un•!
P"ce USS Cost IJ5$ Cost GSM I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I TILLAGE & PLANTING INVESTMENTS ESTATE Skeldon Skeldon Skeldon ALBION ALBION ALBION ALBION ROSE HALL ROSE HALL ROSE HALL ROSE HALL ROSE HALL Blairmont Blairmont Blairmont Blairmont East Demerara East Demerara East Demerara East Demerara Wales Wales Wales Wales Uitvlugt Uitvlugt Uitvlugt Uitvlugt Uitvlugt TOT Ac Description Tillage tractors Trailing Final Harrow Plows 160 HP Tractor Trailing Final Harrow Plows Tractor lOOhp 180 HP Tractor Mould Board Plow Tandem Harrow Low bed trailer 10/32 inverted harrow Dundi Ditcher 160 HP Tractor Trailing Final Harrow Plows Tillage - 100 hp Tractor with dondi 100 hp Tractor Mould Board Plow Tillage -150 hp tractor Dundi Ditcher 160 HP Tractor Trailing Final Harrow Plows Tractors - Planting Bell Loaders - Planting Trailers - Planting Dondi Tractors - Planting Dondi Ditchers - Planting Quantity Unit Price USS Cost USS Cost GSM 6 6 6 4 2 4 1 5 5 4 1 4 4 4 2 4 4 2 s 43.l
100 187.0 4.1 47.8 4.0 6.2 114.8 49.2 8.2 43.l 16.4 .t &93 436 953 2 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I TILLAGE & PLANTING INVESTMENTS BY MACHINE TYPE TRACTORS Unit Price Quantity USS Cost US$ Cost G$M ESTATE Skeldon ALBION ALBION Description Tillage tractors 160 HP Tractor Tractor lOOhp ROSE HALL 180 HP Tractor Blairmont 160 HP Tractor Tillage· 100 hp Tractor TP~:::rG«:i East Demerara East Demerara with dondi 100 hp Tractor East Demerara Tillage· lSO hp tractor 160 HP Tractor Tractors · Planting Dondi Tractors · Planting 6 4 1 5 4 4 2 11 4 8 3 S2 70,000 58,252 38,835 72,815 S8,252 82,927 68,293 82,927 58,252 70,000 70,000 420,000 233,008 38,835 364,075 233,008 331,707 136,58S 912,195 233,008 S60,000 210,000 3,672,422 86.1 47.8 8.0 74.6 47.8 68.0 28.0 187.0 47.8 114.8 43.1 7S2.8 Wales Uitvlugt Uitvlugt TOTAL ESTATE Skeldon ALBION ROSE HALL ROSE HALL Blairmont Wales TOTAL H,.
;:-;?uvv , \ ;\j·,;:, ESTATE Skeldon ALBION ROSE HALL Blairmont East Demerara Wales TOTAL HARROW Unit Price Description Quantity US$ Cost US$ Cost G$M Trailing Final Harrow Trailing Final Harrow Tandem Harrow 10/32 inverted harrow Trailing Final Harrow Trailing Final Harrow 9,709 9,709 9,709 29,12S 9,709 9,709 6 2 4 4 2 2 20 S8,2S4 19,418 38,836 116,SOO 19,418 19,418 271,844 11.9 4.0 8.0 23.9 4.0 4.0 SS.7 PLOWS Unit Price Description Quantity US$ Cost US$ Cost G$M Plows Plows Mould Board Plow Plows Mould Board Plow Plows 6 4 5 4 s 4 28 7,S40 7,540 9,709 7,540 9,709 7,S40 4S,240 30,160 48,54S 30,160 48,545 30,160 232,810 9.3 6.2 10.0 6.2 10.0 62 47.7 TRAILERS Unit Price ESTATE Description Quantity US$ Cost US$ Cost G$M fR;..\H.ERS ROSE HALL Uitvlugt TOTAL Low bed trailer Trailers· Planting 121,360 5,000 1 8 9 121,360 40,000 161,360 24.9 8.2 33.1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ~ ·z~·-~J~_ ESTATE Blairmont Wales Uitvlugt TOTAL B~; .
.\J:' ESTATE Uitvlugt TOTAL '· Description Dundi Ditcher Dundi Ditcher Dondi Ditchers .

Planting DITCHERS Quantity Unit Price l Cost US$ 5,000 5,000 20,000 4 4 4 12 20,000 20,000 80,000 120,000 BELL LOADER Unit Price Description Quantity US$ Cost US$ Bell Loaders · Planting 3 3 80,000 240,000 240,000 49.2 Unit Price ESTATE C:?

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AcriOJlture UNITS Hectares Hal\lest~ lonne C.ne lstaie Tonne Cane Per ttec11re Es111e Tonnes Sugar Fstal e Tonnes Sugar Tonne Sugar Eslales & Farmers farmers Tonnes Sugar Per Hectate Hectares OJltlvtUon Hectares Tiiied Hecures Pttnled Total Cost ( $0001 By ActMty Mech TiHage Preparttory Wor~ field Works P11nt Cane Ratoon Cine Harvl'Stong field Equip~!
W•ler Manage~nt field Workshop Freid Manllf!etnenl Total UNIT COST $000 By ActMty Mech linage ( rn1 hal Preparatory wort (Tiii hal field Wor ks (Cultrv hal Plant Cane (P11nt hal Ratoon c.ne (H• Harvest) Htrv..stlng (lonn<'s ain<'l field Equipment (cultv ha) Water Manage~nt (cutcv h•l Fit'ld Workshop Field Man11ement (cultv ha) Acrkulture cCMt per Unit Agriculture Cost GS per tonne Sugilr Agriculture Cost US c Per LB Sugar Aplwlture Cost GS per H• Agrlculfure Cost- GS Per ton ne a ne Skt'ldon Actual Albion Actual Rose Hall Actual Blalrmont Actu1I En more Actual l81 Actual Wales AcWal ICBU AcWal Industry Tot.
Actu1t 8 ,117 472,502 '>8 28,840 7,050 :15,890 4 8,903 453 724 8,900 S67,411 64 50.467 611 Sl,079 b 9,616 1,478 1, 794 6,724 386, 578 SI 29,168 2,978 32,146 4 6,689 1,055 l , 300 S,656 380,390 67 33,499 33,499 & 5,808 908 1,190 11,459 73,597 34.881 ll.590 171,350 184 670 ~19.46q I 308,6!>6 3-0,SlO 85,989 103,460 19,!>60 )01,111 466,388 'i84,989 1,129,14 1 J31,4'ill 147,284 113,797 124,950 00,313 I 309.111 152,983 1/:1,088 1,852, lS<I 4 ,515,219 866,314 4,459,797 ~.078 J,459.850 71 30 19 2 55 64 2.77 39 10 208 10 20 21 260 66 30S 24 26 90 68 17 250 64 3 39 23 26 132 83,1 /l 316,1>4(, 441, 191 l ,l05,40S 95.130 75,0R7 639,321 2.930.142 81 14 266 78 31 7 16 13 110 S, 111 269,138 53 19,272 347 1q,619 4 4,693 482 647 28,910 14,'141 9\,454 186,118 419 184 897.109 69,031 161.00b 3,374 156,148 46 11,076 237 II 313 3 2,988 305 652 lS,114 62.13'!
159,618 186,190 S69.4Jb 11,Sll HS,343 2,895 127,230 44 9,456 9 ,442 18.898 i 3,356 S04 485 40,UO ] 4b% 121 .~4 114,"64 112,649 408,SS9 131.520 41.1 lS 4 ,451 176,809 40 13,362 554 13916 4 ,500 70 875 45,}28 1.S36,206 56 19U40 2 1,220 }lf>.360 4 4&,S53 s.zss ---~7.666 S,460 1.ROO 14 1.S87 l 'lll.037 l '>&.048 &11,bOJ 57.001 '>8, !74 313,106 RS.

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'l50 J,OIUOI l .350.644 8 ,045,180 1,113,/43 911, :141 '>88,4 /6 2.~.501 412.498 l ,692,4 55 1 ,2 36.90~ 2,492,rn 530,137 2,027,6)6 7,030,47q 24,038.lll 60 JI 20 288 87 333 IS 34 125 so 21 24 5 85 3 65 11 4 5 145 80 49 36 360 108 J 11 39 12 369 78 40 31 295 80 349 13 13 118 11 16 11 no 74 3.

I 7 14 21 151 111,104 27 516,369 9.478 IJS.807 3039 507,185 ~---9.5!>6 81,H I 11 463.175 1.
'!60 107,629 26 517.281 8,950 81.410 11 ~ .49} 1,lOJ 17\,414 149,608 30 S24281 36 566,411 'J,14 _1 __ 10,839 I 31,908 31 742,141 19,592 145, 10~ 35 450,581> 11,468 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Agriculture UNITS Hecrares Harv~ted Tonne Cane - Estate Tonne Cane Per Hectare - Estate Tonnes Sugar - Estate Tonnes Sugar - Farmers Tonne Sugar - Estat~ & Farmers Tonnes Sugar Per Hectare Hectares cultivation Hectares Tiiied Hectares Planted Tot~ I Cost ($000) By Activity Mech Tillage · Preparatory W0<k field Works Plant Cane Ratoon Cane Harvesung Reid Equipment Water Management Reid Workshop Field Management Total UNIT COST $000 By Activity Mech Tiiiage - ( Tiii ha) Preparatory work (Tiii ha) Held Works (Cultiv ha) Plant Cane (Plant ha) Ratoon Cane (Ha Harvest) Harvesting (Tonnes cane) Field Equipment (cultv ha) Water Management (cultv ha) Field W0<kshop Field Management (cultv ha) Aariculture cost per Unit A41'iculture Cost-GS per t onne Sugar Agriculture Cost -US ¢ Per LB Sugar Agriculture Cost-GS per Ha AQicultu re Cost- GS Per tonne cane Skeldon Projected Albion Projected Rose Hall Projected Blairmont Projected En more Projected LBI Projected Wales Projected ICBU Projected Industry Tot.
Projected 8,582 526,635 61 40,472 9 ,632 50,104 s 8 ,903 12•,600 '>3.400 172,350 409,400 ~9.
248 1,369,251 343,510 85,989 110,840 16,300 101,11 1 423,800 591 710 1,868,016 231,450 247)84 71,400 65.150 113,797 251,250 404,096 1,208,694 152,983 173,088 83173 131 420 384Sl0 1.731771 95,730 75.082 4,472 252,956 57 20,076 513 20.589 4 4,693 704 704 42,]40 Jl ,82~ 95,4~ .
~80 121 344 223.200 305.964 5S0.9c;a 132,520 41 175 3,933 199,815 51 lS,858 4,571 20429 4 4,500 800 800 62,400 U,000 141,58] 136,000 330, 372 679,371 57,001 81,000 43,328 2,686,140 62 228.633 29 ,637 258,265 5 46,'>~~ 7 914 7 .909 551 ,107 163,9<>1\ 990.950 7,064 .010 3,157,4 78 8 , 121 ,433 l,113, 743 999,96/ 1 ,852 , l~ • ,9S9,902 866,314 4,556,835 884,078 3,259,386 639,322 2,807,258 588,476 2,281,508 289 836 1,343,036 1.236,905 2,692,046 810.000 2,•29, 726 7,167,085 24 , 329,697 70 30 19 230 64 2 .60 so 75.96S 18 473,866 7,318 98,118 24 487,311 8,629 73,417 18 483,335 7,059 110,812 27 486, 141 9,019 116,816 28 449,477 9 ,477 111,223 27 802, 13~ 16, 124 118,935 29 539,939 - 12,160 70 21 21 261 73 3 01 24 21 154 94,204 23 522,628 9,057 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ Dilre consol.
All Estates eom Prolected 2020 Agriculture UNITS Hectares Harvested Tonne Cane - Estate Tonne Cane Per Hectare · Estate Tonnes Sugar · Estate Ton nes Sugar · Farmers Tonne Sugar· Estates & Farmers Tonnes Sugar Per Hectare Hectares cu ltivat ion Hectares Tiiied Hectares Planted Total Cost ($0001 By Activity Mech Tiiiage • Preparatory Work fleld Works Plant Cane Ratoon Cane Harvesting Field Equ ipment W ater Management Field Workshop Fleld Management Total UNIT COST $000 By Activity MechTillage - (Tlll ha) Preparatory work (Tiii ha) Field Works (Cultlv hal Plant Cane (Plant ha) Ratoon Cane (Ha Harvest) Harvesting(Tonnes cane) Field Equipment (cultv ha} Water Management (cultv ha} Field Workshop Field Man agement Agriculture cost per Unit Skeldon Albion Rose Halt Blainnont Enmore Projected Projected Projected Projected Proj ected LBI Proj ected W ales Projected ICBU Projected Industry Tot.
Projected 8 ,582 ,050 69 16,214 13,020 29,234 6 3,356 672 672 3,984 233,953 59 18,867 5,806 24,673 5 4,500 900 900 41,461 3,073,461 II 26/,114 'l~.613 302,727 6 46,553 9,334 9,334 106,800 53,400 ]7},350 400,SOO 549)48 J,565,020 343,510 85,989 130,900 19,2!>0 201.l ll S00,500 591710 2,038,464 231.450 247,18'1 92,1 40 81.340 113.797 338,750 404.096 1.367, 184 152,983 173.088 83, 173 309,092 384 510 l.259,685 95,730 75,082 47,000 79,1 40 95,454 216,200 380,120 859,886 69,032 161,006 29,732 12,000 62, 139 144,000 229,415 511,904 31,517 135,343 53,760 32,256 121.344 241,920 314,870 643,360 132,520 4l, l 7S 70,200 36.000 141,582 265,500 318. no 195,440 81,000 81,000 611,872 187,046 990,950 2 416,462 3 17},649 9,l00,94J l ,l37,/4l 999,961 1,852,154 S,128,971 866,314 4,826,993 884,G78 3,526,116 639,32i 2,927,934 588,476 2,446, 314 289,836 1,505,886 1.236,905 2,818,060 810,000 2,599,442 7,167,a!S so 31 20 230 85 2.80 15 34 125 so 20 21 240 85 3.20 11 45 97 80 48 36 360 108 3.20 39 12 369 78 40 31 295 80 3.40 18 18 180 bb 20 21 759 73 296 74 21 154 Agriculture Cost-GS per
 tonne Sugar Agriculture Cost -US¢ Per LB Sugar Agriculture Cost·GS per Ha Agriculture Cost· GS Per tonne cane 83,067 1006 576, 127 8,193 72,157 17 501,959 7,104 87,738 21 527,191 8,253 72.518 18 504,112 6,973 9/,145 23 521,258 7,966 104,336 25 503,978 8,426 96,397 23 839,683 14,017 lOS,356 25 577,654 11,lll 85.158 21 553.776 8.388 Appendix 3 Cane Farming Records Gu~ana Sugar Corporalion lnr .\griruhure Ser\·ice~ ·Cane ~·~rming .
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Tuschen EBO Two Brothers Corp. 17 Vergenoegen EB Essepuibo 30 Coglan Dam WBD 0 Mes Delices Canal Number One WBD Lot 12 Lesperance Canal No.

1 WBD Two Brothers Corp. 17 Vergenoegen EB Essepuibo 2 West Half Java, Canal# 1 WBD SHA2AM RAMZAN ALLl/NEAZABAM ALLY Lot 5 Monbijou Canal No.
1 WBD RAGOBIR GURDYAL SEODAT PU RAN JAi PAUL SUKHAL DEVENDRA BALDED NA21M HUSSAIN/SEDIK HUSSAIN NANRAJ BISSESSAR RAJENORAOEO GEORGE 341 Tuschen North EB Essequibo S.P Worldwide Import & Export 109 Goedverwagting ECO 216 Temple Street Windsor Forest WCD B & M Trading Enterprise 149 A Regent Road Bourda Lot 1 & 2 Endeavour Canal# 2 Paider WBD 13 Soesdyke Canal# 1 WBD Lot 1 Rotter Dam WCD SUB TOTAL TOTAL 445 283 81 81 40 660 405 61 20 121 40 40 202 202 121 2806 4946 S. MARAJ SHAIRAZ ALI S. Ma raj Contracting Services 25 Success Leguan Essequibo Not stated Two Brothers Corp. RJCe Millers, Gas Station Mining 16/17 Vergenoegen, EB Essequibo Not stated minimum one JOHN BRIDGLAll Soil Water Company 15 Back Street Junior Staff Compound section of the Diamond EBO land 10/8/2015 4:49 PM LAND APPLICATION rev bSheetl - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - TOTAL AMOUHT ,AID TO s.£LOON fAllM£JIS FOii ZOU IA H«UrHH<llVffled 8 TonnosC.neSuP!>lted lc 1onnoss..1 ..
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~~~~§§~~ I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ------------,------- ~' --------- Type Canes Fertilized Flood Fallow Fertiliser -'- Su Ip hate of Ammonium Di- i ammonium ' phosphate Rate of Application per hect~_e 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Plant canes 176 59 176___)__126 176 i - - - - t i 176 ------+- - - - - 176 59 59 59 59 59 r-"M'-'u"'r"'iac.:t_:_:e:..:o.
::f-i------------- ' Potash _;__ 118 _____ 11_8_ -+ 118 118 -~---- 118 T Sulphate of i Ammonium Plough and Urea Plant Di- (LGRP ammonium Applied I 1 phosphate Muriate of Potash Sulphate of Plough and i Ammonium -~- ··t Plant (No LGRP I Applied) Urea Di- I ammonium phosphate Muriate of Potash lR+ ~s~iphat~-01 1 Ammonium, Urea Muriate of Potash 235 _5_9 ____ 59 235_-'---__,2~3.

::5 _ __;___2~3:..:5_~_~2.


::35~ 59 ____ 5_9 __ 1 __ 59_ 59 88 59 59 59 59 ' ------+-- 88 __ _ 88 I 88 ------~------ 176 59 118 176 59 118 176 59 118 176 59 118 88 176 59 118 -·i ' ' 118 235 59 59 88 176 59 J 118 88 235 118 ••• 88 Ratoonca~n~e:..:s _________________ --" 88 -~-- 88 88 88 235 118 *** 235 235 _1~.

::18=-------1_18_ - l __ .

::1.

::18=-- 235 235 +-·--------- 118 *** ••• ••• ••• w===:_:_+-------'---------~---··-- - - - - - ***.\'B.
Muriate of Potash will be applied to all Plant and Ratoon crops with the exception of the folltm ing soils: I.

1 1.2 Whinaker # 37. fain# 9.

Page I of2 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I These soils.

lw11e1 er.

should rccei1 e 88 f<.

:g 'Vluriatc of Potash on e1 ery e1en number ratoon crop Cment: ne Series I!

I I & ~I 2 Soils and Skeldon Series #I:; soils llf the ne11 Skeldon deYciopmcnt should be amended similarly tu the Whittaker and lain Series 5,1ils I.

11.

N.B.
11.

N.B.

In 2012 there was an adjustment downwards for the SOA and MOP Type Canes --------:- Fertiliser 1 ' 2012 ~_rtiliz~, _ _ .

., Adiusted 2012 rates - - - - - - % of Orginal rate Sulphate of Ammonium Urea Di- ammonium phosphate Muriate of Potash Sulphate of 'Ammonium : Urea f--------.- ··- Di- i ' i ammonium l .. 2_t10sphate .
Flood Fallow Plough and Plant (LGRP Applied) Muriate of Potash Sulphate of 1 Plough and Ammonium · Plant (No LGRP Applied) Urea Di- ammonium phosphate Muriate of Potash Sulphate of i Ammonium Urea Muriate of Potash lR+ - - - ,_____ ___ ___, ____ --+ --- 176 ---· 0 ·--------'-------'--·--- 126 25 59 118 59 0 ----·--------..--- 235 59 101 82 --- -------· +----- -28 0 -100 -57 59 59 0 88 - - - - - - - · 0 -100 176 59 95 62 -46 5 118 118 0 88 235 118 *** 0 101 126 0 -100 -57 7 -100 Page 2 ot2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - l 'HJP !
)i.lflAllON !OH Hll PHZ!OiJ 1001 rn !OJ', Estates zooz 2003 2004 zoos Z006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 w u ;; « w m < « ~ w :; w 0 Skeldon Albion Rose Hall Blairmont Enmore LB.I Wales Uitvlugt -- 1st Crop 2nd crop ht(rop 2nd crop 1st Crop 2nd crop ht Crop 2nd crop ht Crop 2nd crop 151 Crop Ind crop ht Crop 2nd crop 151 Crop 2nd crop 11 16 14 11 14 11 14 l6 14 13 l l " " 17 16 :3 13 19 l2 19 17 19 ] j l8 11 11 ]} 18 11 JR 1 l 18 16 23 16 }3 14 2l 16 }) 13 19 14 19 14 18 16 }] 18 " 13 20 ]4 10 ]) /) 8 18 8 19 8 16 9 14 J4 " 13 )! "
;.11 J4 19 6 /{] 8 }3 I ]/ ](1 n 11 )J 16 73 lh 13 13 }4 l2 )0 17 22 10 "' 10 11 19 l2 }1 19 18 18 JO 16 ]) 18 12 18 11 18 11 11 14 l6 11 ?O 1) 21 l ) 20 12 JR 11 11 l l 18 10 19 11 20 11 22 8 J) 10 " 9 }!

11 n 9 JO I jg l6 J9 ll 21 lA i4 J9 JO !)


}) 18 22 19 JR )() JO 9 19 l3 " l l !4 18 } l 11 11 JO 18 11 14 11 21 b 11 8 2'.> 8 )\ 9 n 11 l l l l 19 11 JO 11 l l " )] 11 11 11 24 11 11 1S 22 " 18 13 11 " 1', JO l J 11 13 13 11 12 - - 1•, Appendix 5 Historical Rainfall and Climate I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I SKELDON ESTATE Monthly Precipitation Totals (mm) 1995 - 2014 600 500 400 ::;; 300 ::;; 200 100 0 ~ APR MAY JUN JUL JAN FEB MAR ll SEP ~-- - ---------~- AUG OCT ; j .
NOV DEC 72.21 177.26 a MEAN 132.04 117.04 94.87 117.2 237.95 208.63 190.32 .115.88 41.82 78.17 W MAX 415 418.2 486.9 254.1 511.6 389.6 402.3 ' 232.3 170.7 396.9 147.2 558.6 MIN 20.5 2 22 27.7 42.7 92.2 81 23.5 1.3 7.2 14.2 60.2 Summary of wet months SKELDON ESTATE 1995 -2014 % Incidence> 100 mm · % Incidence> 150 mm Month ~-------- ' January 45% _ t_e_b~l1a~y __ 50% 20% 60% 95% 95% -- - - - 25% 30% 10% 25% : 85% ----i -80_%____ r---"~-------·------- ; April 1 May I J~ne --~--- -~--- --- - --- - March - I - ------ [ % incidence > 200 mm .
15% 15% ~-----------~ - -- ___ ___, _ j - - - ; 5% - ---+----~- ----- i 10% ----+------.

--- 1 65% I !

45% 35% 5% -----------+----- !

Q% July August 95% 55% Septembe!

~5_%~_ October 20% November 30% ,gecember 65% .

-- - - - - - i - - - - - - - - ----- !

70% ' 30% 5% .
70% ' 30% 5% .

5% .0% 45% 0% 0% 25% I -------- --- _______ J ' - - j I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ALBION ESTATE Monthly Precipitation Totals (mm) 1995 - 2014 900 800 700 600 ::; 500 ::; 400 300 200 100 0 JAN !l APR MAY FEB MAR JUN JUL ~ J J J- AUG NOV OCT SEP DEC •MEAN 198.75 131.64 81.16 149.9 256.14 251.79 230.12' 163.92 59.73 60.52 73 76 221.27 a MAX 468 433.3 323.3 273 486.9 505.2 417.6 337.6 202.2 231.4 223.6 775.6 MIN 30 3.3 1.
19.9 18.5 53 91 99.1 60 1 LS 0.5 46.1 Summary of wet months ALBION ESTATE 199S -2014 70% -------- ------ -- 45% i Month~m __ % l~cidence >lOQ mm %lnci~e_11~>_]._SQ!f11T1 I.% incide~~e-;2c)() ITI~ ~ · January ~ I February lr-M-a-rc-h~--25_o/c_o __ -_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-;_,-~1-0;-;o/c~a.:::.:::.:::.:::.:::.:::.:::.:::.:::.:::.:::.:::.:::.::::.:::5;-;o/c::a_~.:::.:::.:::.:::.
:::--------' I April r----- ' May ' June 60% --------- 90% ... _9_0_%__ -----~-'-=-'-"----------- : 55% I 75% I 85% • 60% - ' 35% ' J uly ____ 9_5_o/c_o _ ___ _ __ .·· r so%_________ .
45% : 65% -=-'-"------ ( 65% I, 70% _ _ __ I - - -- -------< ' 40% ____ _J_ 25% • 1 ~-------------+----- 70% ~August i September 15% ' October 20% I November 30% I December 75% I 55% I 5% i 5% I 15% i 50% I 30% i 5% ' 5% I 5% I 35% I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ROSEHALL ESTATE Monthly Precipitation Totals (mm) 1995 - 2014 800 700 600 500 ::;; 400 ::;; 300 200 100 0 ~.

APR MAY .

-- ....... ---·-·-· ·--+ .


JUN FEB MAR .. JAN .. - JUL AUG 5EP OCT NOV DEC •MEAN 210.49 133.05 84.55 144.58 285.45 263.79'218.18 155.26 71.69 53.27 77.6 220.08 a MAX 545.2 388.9 407.1 289.9 540.9 45 7.2 • 344.2 3084 271.4 182.2 218.9 702.3 MIN 21.4 3.3 - - - - - - - 20.3 30.7 61.4 94.4 81.5 39 0 3.3 0.8 58.8 Summary of wet months ROSEHALL ESTATE 1995 -2014 [1111onth i January 1 February i March ~··· ~June ·-- I July !

August 90% 65% 1~:;~: ::~ i December 80% 55% 75% .


··• o/o l_ncidence > 100 mm --%1~cidence > 150 mm l % indc:lence :>_200 mm--!

--- .. " - · - - - - - - -- ·- ---- ··-:-3-5% _______ ".30'*-,--- - ··- -t~t~ -i~~ ~9~S.

:..%'-----------+1 "'a"'o9{"',--------+-l .

:..6.=.59{"',-------~ ··------r~~~ --~=-=----------·~ ------------"!

45% 15% ; 40% i 5% ' 5% i 50% -------~ i 30% .


75% I 50% --~--- - --- n~ - -: :t--- _ __ 135% ~:=: ·_---~-=-_;_s5% ·- I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I BLAIRMONT ESTATE Monthly Precipitation Totals (mm) 1995 - 2014 700 600 500 :;; 400 :;; 300 200 100 0 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC •MEAN 182.l 133.3 90.3 134.l 266.6 247.3 207 9 145 9 58.7 41.4 70.8 191.5 • MAX 520.6 446.
7 450.3 243.8 442.7 446.3 345.8 232.5 168.8 117.5 150 609.3 MIN 18 6.6 11.7 24.3 49.5 107.2 97.3 33.2 5 1 5.6 8.1 45 Summary of wet months BLARIMONT ESTATE 1995 -2014 1 - - ' M_o_n_t_h_~· _%_1_n_cidence > 100 mm i _%_l_n~ci~11_c_e > 150 mm I January , 50% 65% I % incidence > 200 mm 30% I ---------~--------~---------·- ; 25% j 5% !

50% _ _ ________ _;_20% ____ _ .


--· -·- 60o/c_o - - - · - - - - - - · 15% l--~_Fe_b_r_u_ar~v __ 4~0o/c~o _____ ~~----------- L_M_an:h__ 30% i April 60% I May 90_o/c~o _______ ' 9Q')'o__ _ __ I June 100% , July 95% I August 80% i September 15% ioctober · ·-5-o/c-,--------+ 0% - - - - 1 November 25% l De~(!mber 70% ~~---- .

10% t-5o/; I 55% , 95% i 80% 65% .


45% I 10% 10% ~0% ~~% - __ j_ __ - I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ENMORE ESTATE Monthly Precipitation Totals (mm) 1995 - 2014 ::;: ::;: 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 JAN •MEAN 217.6 J J ~ • .•.
:-J: J J 146.3 264.l 254.7 227.5 158.7 APR MAY FEB MAR 115.3 AUG 85.9 OCT JUN JUL SEP 55 50 - •MAX 710.2 351.5 397 MIN 16 10 15.5 316 1.3 560.6 393 66.9 85 405 70.5 387.5 233 9.9 0 207 3.6 Summary of wet months EN MORE ESTATE 1995 -2014 -~ NOV DEC 132.4 264.6 271.2 1068.4 4.6 45.9 , Month f - - - - - - - - - 1 January % Incidence > 100 mm , % Incidence > 150 mm % incidence > 200 mm 65% .
50% I 55% -+ - - - - - - - - - - - -~--- February March 40% 25% 30% 10% f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - f - - - ---------- ' April i May LJune ' !

July 1 45% -~80% _ 95% : 80% 70% 85% 95% 90% ___ _ _ _____ l;~:~::ber .

~~~ _ ' October 10% I November 60% .----------------- ---- ------ - : December 70% t._ ____________________ ., _____ _ ~~: 5% .

--- - - - - - - -- --- --- 40% 65% : 20% : 10% 120% .
75% , 70% I 60% I ~~~ -----.-------------- - - - - - -+ - - - - - --------------·-4 ------"i I -------- ---- ---------' 5% 25% 50% ----------- -----·---1 I - --------- ----1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I LB.I.
ESTATE Monthly Precipitation Totals (mm) 1995 - 2014 ::; ::; 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 JAN J_ J ~ ~ tl -~ J J ~ NOV APR MAY FEB MAR AUG OCT JUN SEP JUL DEC - - - - - - - - 143.2 251.1 •MEAN 247 9 112 4 86.7 147.3 277.7 250.4 230 4 140 52.8 74.3 •MAX 986.6 389.3 406.2 361.l 529 392 525.7 336 192 2 247 1 342.6 758.4 MIN 17 7 18.8 10.9 0 35.S 87.7 103.7 8.4 0.S 2.S 2 2 47.7 Summary of wet months LB.I.
ESTATE 1995 -2014 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Month - - - - - - - - · - - - · - · - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ' January % Incidence> 100 mm % Incidence> 150 mm ' % incidence> 200 mm 70% t : 55% ' 65% - - - - - - - - - - - - · !

.

-- _________ J_, ______ _ 35% ~--~------·------- ____ .,...

________ - ---------- ---- i February !


March April --"'1''',' - June 20% 65% 90% 95% 100% August 70o/o September 20% 25% i October : 25% 10% 40% 80% 75% 80% 40% 5% 10% ' November 70% r------------------~---·-·--------- ------ i Decemb~~ _ 80% .
65% 50% 15% 10% ---~ ----- 30% 75% 65% 55% 15% 5% ______ , - - - - - - 10% 25% 50% I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I WALES ESTATE Monthly Precipitation Totals (mm) 1995 - 2014 ::;; ::;; 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 JAN J J ~ FEB MAR APR MAY ~ ~ ~ ~ .I_ AUG OCT JUN JUL SEP J NOV DEC e MEAN 254 145.3 91.9 16 7.7 315.4 322.3 269.2 158 3 118.8 110.4 179.3 258.7 •MAX 989 463.7 367 364 601.9 536.4 493.2 292 6 246.7 235 498.7 787.2 MIN 27.9 6.9 13 7 12.2 64.3 115.6 89.9 46.5 31.5 35 43.6 63 Summary of wet months WALES ESTATE 1995 -2014 % Incidence> 100 mm % Incidence> 150 mm 1 % incidence> 200 mm 70% I 40% i 60% , Month January 'April 'May !
June i July August 45% 30% 65% 95% 100% 95% 75% Septemb,er _5~.c_ .. October November 75% 80% .

December 4% - - - ---+--------"------- -----··· I 40% I ·.
15% 55% '90% 95% 90% - - - 65% 25% 20% 50% 65% ' '25% t --- ----- - --- -~--------------i ____ I t :~~---- 90% 75% ' 15% So/o 15% 45% ; '50% --- -- --- --- I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I UITVLUGT ESTATE Monthly Precipitation Totals (mm) 1995 - 2014 1200 1000 800 :; 600 :; 400 200 0 JAN J J ~ FEB MAR APR MAY JUN t~ .I ~ AUG OCT SEP JUL J NOV DEC •MEAN 297.2 150.6 117.7 183.7 373.2 397.7 307.3 177.9 102.4 117.4 182 323.7 •MAX 801.7 437.4 477.9 398.8 637.8 914 428.l 392 225 8 264.7 465.3 1036.9 MIN 26 9 13 13 9 1.8 72.9 104.7 157 55.1 28.9 12 4 35.5 68 Summary of wet months UITVLUGT ESTATE 1995 -2014 % Incidence> 100 mm % Incidence> 150 mm , % incidence> 200 mm 80% ·-------+- - - - - - - - : 55% 65% 50% 50% 70% 95% 100% --- - -- -- Month January .
Febrl]~Y March April May i June .
July 100% 80% 40% 50% 70% I December ___ 85% August September October November ~-------- 40% 25% --- ----=~---------··-- 30% 15% - - - · - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ·-· -- --- - 60% 95% 95% 45% 85% SO% 100% 45% 90% - - - - - - - - - - · - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 40% 15% 30% 55% 75% 5% • 10% ' 30% • 75% I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I BERBICE ESTATES Monthly Precipitation Totals (mm) 1995 - 2014 ;i; ;i; 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 ~ APR MAY JUN JUL JAN FEB MAR i J .L ~- AUG OCT SEP NOV DEC 8 MEAN 180.8 128.8 87.7 136.4 261.5 242 8 211.6 145 2 57.9 58.3 73.5 202.5 I MAX 441 4217 416 8 253.2 418.6 427 4 358.9 249.4 182.4 232.2 166 661.4 MIN 28 4.6 27.6 25 3 52.2 120.5 106 3 45 8 s 2 10.5 10.4 62.9 Summary of wet months BERBICE ESTATES 1995 -2014 .
Month ~anuary 70% [-i'~bruarv _ --40%-- - ------ % Incidence> 100 mm 1 % Incidence> 150 ml!l__ [ % incidence> 200 mm 155% ' 35% ' 35% ____ -----·- --ruJ% - -- --- -- 1 20% March 10% April ______ 60_'Vo_o __________ • 60% _ Ma_y ______ 90% 85% June July 100% - - - - - - - - - - - 100% 85% 80% - - - - - · - - _A_u~g~u_s_t ___ 70_o/o_, _________ .f--5D_'Vo_o ______ _ , Septemb_er .. 15_o/<>___ I October !

November ··- f------ December 25% 80% 5% 10% ' 5% 5% : 50% .

5% 25% 75% 70% .

- - - - .


50% 15% 0% 5% 0% 25% 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I DEMERARA ESTATES Monthly Precipitation Totals (mm) 1995 - 2014 1000 900 800 700 600 :;; 500 :;; 400 300 200 100 0 J JI- FEB MAR APR MAY JAN JUN j .1 .
.L J.~ AUG NOV OCT SEP JUL DEC •MEAN 254.2 130.8 95.S 161.2 307.S 306.4 258.6 158.7 80.4 88.5 157.5 271.2 & MAX 871.8 396.8 412 328.3 484.7 509.5 456.4 323.3 200.3 223.7 355.5 912.7 MIN 27.9 16.2 17.9 3.8 59.9 122 8 123.6 36.3 26.7 29.7 43.2 65.6 Summary of wet months DEMERARA ESTATES 1995 -2014 ,--- - -----·--· - Month I January l - - l£eb!uary March 45% 35% 70% •April 95% I May l June 100% ------ 100% I July I August 80% _ S_eptember 25% October 30% f Nov<:mbe_r__ 70% .... 1 December - - -- - --- --- .
% Incidence> 100 mm : % Incidence> 150 mm \ % incidence> 200 mm r- -----"·- ---- - ----' - -- ---·--- ---- --- -- 70% • 60% ------ ------- i 50% ------- .

----+------- ___ + 20Cf§ __ _ 30o/o ____ 10_o/~ .. ·······--· • 55% ----··· 1 90% I 95% - --- --------~- 95% J!0% ___________ _ -''-3_5_'.X_o ____ _ 85% 4 - - - - - - · • 85% 85% - - - - - - - - --l.c-- · · - - - - - - - · - - - - · · - · - ___ _j_SO'.X_o ______ --+l-=2co.Sc.

:% __ _LS% !

15% I 50% .

70% j 5% i 5% 25% .


65% 80% _________ _ I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ------------- ------ GUYSUCO AGRICULTURE RESEARCH CENTRE RAINFALL (IN MM) BE RB ICE J!
35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 YEAR 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 mean max min 2015 59 YEAR MEAN JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC TOTAL 373.2 104.0 62.7 189.2 110.0 54.2 279.3 240.2 43.8 149.9 441.0 42.8 170.1 28.1 169.4 368.6 415.4 119.5 181.0 224.9 61.8 113.0 363.6 38.5 112.0 180.8 441.0 28.1 123.l 33.4 118.5 101.5 52.6 18.9 271.9 196.5 4.6 88.6 123.8 19.3 50.9 43.7 43.4 175.0 92.1 62.5 421.8 79.4 68.0 260.0 292.5 167.4 97.l 220.S 343.l 146.l 157.7
105.6 186.1 68.5 237.5 135.2 45.9 249.5 157.7 182.7 186.l 10.S 135.1 17.9 103.8 54.2 74.7 66.7 14.9 129.8 96.1 48.9 30.4 19.7 115.3 50.3 166.1 98.4 86.7 73.6 166.l 10.5 2508.2 1788.8 1181.5 1724.l 1656.1 1476.l 2014.9 1114.8 1498.1 1687.0 2143.5 1276.7 1553.2 1298.4 1771.0 2195.8 1844.6 2315.5 2620.2 1233.7 1722.4 2095.0 2354.2 2067.2 1468.6 339.4 181.9 88.
7 132.0 143.8 164.5 62.9 67.l ------------- ------ GUYS UCO AGRICULTURE RESEARCH CENTRE RAINFALL (IN MM) DEMERARA l!_ 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 YEAR 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 mean max min 2015 59 YEAR MEAN JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC TOTAL 240.8 199.9 62.2 121.1 139.8 109.l 98.7 449.0 42.l 205.9 57.9 270.2 161.9 282.3 378.7 172.9 303.7 56.3 337.9 271.3 506.1 68.4 179.0 122.l 82.1 207.8 506.l 42.l 119.0 49.3 121.4 79.3 52.9 53.6 31.4 154.9 21.1 69.8 12.3 45.3 248.2 135.8 98.6 75.8 140.6 17.3 110.4 66.0 413.l 38.4 28.5 16.8 13.0 89.5 413.1 12.3 206.0 10.l 101.3 34.4 40.6 19.3 58.2 86.1 28.6 47.8 87.4 119.3 166.5 23.2 91.4 96.9 202.9 25.7 182.3 64.l 221.1 38.l 289.l 307.9 319.l 309.7 3560
391.3 377.8 506.7 289.l 307.9 319.l 309.7 3560 512.2 214.8 375.3 248.2 91.8 291.5 271.9 220.7 259.0 303.4 292.7 195.2 343.4 440.2 267.7 215.2 436.8 320.4 193.7 274.2 343.2 382.l 54.
7 22.2 85.9 38.9 21.6 52.8 30.0 137.3 123.5 125.8 41.0 94.5 109.8 98.S 331.l 275.l 326.0 294.9 135.8 229.0 201.1 114.5 114.5 89.7 358.6 186.1 358.6 62.4 3233.3 1651.6 1644.0 2040.5 2013.l 1503.9 1683.6 2109.7 2055.0 1778.5 1920.8 2960.8 2498.0 2071.8 2791.4 3004.l 2880.5 3064.0 2412.6 2828.9 3012.5 1818.3 2219.1 2304.3 2204.2 542.9 246 8 83.4 278.7 247.0 132.1 98.I ------------- ------ GUYSUCO AGRICULTURE RESEARCH CENTRE RAINFALL (IN MM) INDUSTRY J!.
35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 YEAR 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 mean max min 2015 59 YEAR MEAN JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC TOTAL 272.0 187.I 94.3 122.7 140.5 80.5 97.2 322.2 36.5 204.9 81.4 284.8 236.2 268.4 347.4 175.6 266.6 54.8 306.0 285.5 467.3 64.2 159.2 107.1 75.6 196.l 467.3 36.5 110.5 58.6 115.9 88.0 79.8 48.l 45.5 191.4 25.7 54.9 38.2 54.0 221.3 105.3 122.5 87.5 115.0 14.8 107.3 110.2 351.0 86.1 34.7 21.3 II.I 92.3 351.0 II.I 155.4 30.3 113.8 60.6 37.2 16.2 99.8 97.4 33.7 65.0 78.7 112.5 149.5 38.9 7b.4 112.4 203.5 38.7 146.2 51.6 216.2 68.8 17.3 256.9 126.8 100.3 256.9 16.2 96.7 36.4 419.4 96.2 211.6 6.5 89.6 94.3 68.2 22.8 74.I 220.4 216.8 195.8 203.7 164.l 248.I 328.0 404.3 245.4 338.4 370.I 258.3 398.7 279.8 307.4 351.2 366.4 234.3 260.8 425.0 292.7 304.1 366.5 384.3 358.2 249.0 263.I 295.8 234.8 316.9 425.0 234.3 285.2 188.I 114.3 345.1 321.6 316.I 268.4 277.9 266.5 157.2 302.1 352.2 228.8 193.2 377.I 248.0 203.8 251.2 296.6 344.9 153.8 266.7 229.9 315.8 265.8 265.8 377.1 153.8 325.9 60.6 153.6 172.3 206.0 189.5 212.9 74.2 198.5 131.1 179.l 206.7 63.8 227 I 242.0 347 9 122.8 254.6 146.3 209.5 62.0 84.3
 333.8 144.1 105.6 176.8 347.9 62.0 183.8 20.7 16.9 37.0 15 I 62.9 40.4 17.4 39.9 49.1 90.l 87.0 99.0 49.4 80.7 88.8 80.3 309.8 162 0 95.6 28.4 94.1 77.1 84.5 52.5 84.4 309.8 17.4 llb.2 101.3 63.1 100.9 90.l 51.0 28.4 19.4 72.6 60.6 70.l 25.
I 59.0 82.5 64.5 127.3 99.7 219.8 124 3 80.8 6.8 63.6 82.9 78.0 110.1 76.3 219.8 6.8 203.9 70.5 12.3 203.0 119.4 111.9 170.7 84.3 83.3 71.1 76.0 173.2 189.I 36.7 279.8 178.8 209.5 189.8 94.5 188.8 131.9 72 3 91.3 77.4 251.6 138.1 279.8 36.7 2867.1 1482.6 1709.8 1913.3 2001.6 1522.9 1853 9 1901.5 1874.6 1649.4 1781.S 235.I 173.7 149.5 240 9 221.5 2316 617.6 77.1 80.3 1.1 31.8 332.5 55.0 52.4 31.4 19.0 7.4 18.9 64.2 52.9 207.2 Appendix 6 Tillage, Planting and Machine Utilization I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Hectares under Cultivation as At June 30th 2015 Estate 5WR AN RH BCF Ber EHP LBI GV ICBu Dem Ind tilled 2513 134.2 108.9 5.3 499.7 179.3 72.3 109 97.4 458 957.7 Non • ti lie( TAB 668.8 185.5 84.2 19.4 957.9 196.6 172.3 421 533.9 1323.8 2281.7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 44.7 44.7 44.7 Total Out In Cane total ha % Out Of Cane I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Estates Skeldon Albion 2 ·, - .
; ., : ' :.· :·, :. '

.. ·- ' - "' ', .

( Flood Fallow '\" - ' .

~· ; ' ·,, .

.

.

Plough and Plant Fields HA 0 0 TCH 0 Fields 80/119.

121 80/41 BK12/19 · 21 BK15/1 · 24 BK16/ 1 - 25 BK9/1 - 9, 23 MRP2 3/1 MRP3A 3/7 - 8 MRP4A 4/1- 7 + 10 - 11 --- '._·,, .

Hamp 61 Hamp 62 Hamp 63 Hamp 64 Hamp 65 Hamp 66 Hamp 67 Hamp 68 Hamp 69 Hamp 70 Hamp 71 Hamp 72 Hamp 73 Hamp 74 RH(AN)8 RH(AN)7 RH(AN)6 RH (AN) 5 Nigg 38 Nigg 37 Nigg 36 Nigg 35 Nigg 34 Nigg 33 Nigg 32 v.cl FF 23 FF 25 NSG/9 - 23 .

-·· .

.
-·· .

.

TainOG 42-31 76.08 76.28 Ta1nLDE 1·8 7574 ResOG 8-9 77.02 AnkEW 31-47 76 18 PME 43 50 77.66 R/Hall lA-4 75.85 Hamp 75·88 7454 76.24 Belvd 75-77 Hamp Al·F 78.67 Belvd Al-2 77.34 ELC 1 79.75 ELE 1·19 75.31 Long John 15-20 78.69 827 99.15 83.87 88.62 80.43 86.06 108.14 114.46 99.61 83.82 95.25 i-~ . )

79.64 ' Rel 30-37 70.61 Ent A 10-13 l 4.67 5 3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.23 5.23 5.23 4 93 4.93 4 93 4.93 8.9 8.1 8 7.9 5.4 5.31 476 4.93 4 93 3.31 5.27 : 38 ;;:_ 1 2.6 3.5 HA 8.7 2.6 15.9 145 15 7.
7 72.9 8 9.8 53.4 68.6 ·,..;;;.

78.9 33.2 8.7 55 1 50.6 23.4 67.6 18.7 40.3 12 3.5 115.4 9.5 TCH 89.77 111.15 44.59 41.15 52 06 47.65 75.88 26.22 59 25 62.16 ; l ,'; 89 50 84.42 89.61 70.11 94 74 90.0l 83.93 96 97 81.30 85.34 92.90 81.14 88.78 :; : ~ 28.6 18 1 .~ .. 59.32 76.45 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I FF 27 FF 29 FF 31 FF 33 FF 35 Rose Hall 're:, 0 Blairmont EHP 1 ' 1 ;:.,:_,; 3.6 2.5 2.5 3.9 3.4 ?
:: 0 0 ' 74 Maz G 1-21 68.68 MazH 19 74.36 72.72 Owg W 12, 14 pt- 17 pt, 18 Maz C 6, 12-16 93.43 EntA 31bl- 37 L26B 6· 20 Owg W 45-53 7C 3.: 1 :- : ,, 0 BHP 9-19 RS 1·9 RS ll-14C RS 16-176 BK 31A 39 JWCB 1·11 OL 17-22 BHL 2-10 RP 21-29 ML 7-8 ML 12A ' 0 ' T v \ / ENTW 32-38 ENTW 40-58 NPE 59-65 T ,,, , 81.6 4.1 23.7 33.9 25.8 21 24.7 ' .. ..,0.
83 46.9 22.3 9.9 43.2 37.5 29.6 52.8 70.4 11.7 4.2 -1: 1 s 23.2 45.6 22.4 ·) l }, 65 73.34 70.86 67 44 79.97 68.84 77.6 C,' U 82.15 101.90 98.95 107.87 73.24 86.05 109.06 90.30 80.45 91.38 85.95 :~ ~ )~~ 65.04 66.18 80.71 c ,;-: I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Actual Tillage & Planting 2001 - 2015 I Second Croo l7H 2 3775.5 2015.4 5648.6 330 B 4B6 fi 3;'0') ,,, 1 1309.1 1243.7 2552.1 2721 7 2084.2 4805.9 1205.9 3' 2 5 Hi?
6 324 5 1301-6 2507 5 "' 24~ ; '2' ~ 621 t 1417.1 2030.5 38 ~ ' 3~6 e 354 2 4··s 9 1841.4 "" 2386.2 6161.7 3965 2739.5 6724.5 26&3.1 1655.& 4516.6 2922.6 2840.5 5763.1 ~22 4 •.

:.8" • 322 3 3737' 24a2.7 6226.2 :3c5 2 ~ ~ ::- 4 356&.6 365 9 255 2 394 2 1186.4 li746.2 BuCget AcW•I V•riance 1;,~.

J 7530.7 4471.6 12062.J .

~30 St .

3~.,, 52'4.1 "3 ' .

: ~5 5 3913.2 9277 3 '3Y.

; UM.a • • 3C 8 3639.

7 1324.5 8Q6' 1398 c 9·.J€ e 'J ~6 6 4121.5 • 1 '3 2 '.

:'6 8 4142.1 1276.6 •333.S 0;45 • %4.


l30l 6 7637.J '065,, IE3F ' 95' e 5604.4 747 5 '-,fl• 8 748 4 644 I 2721.I 1326.2 ••• D•M IND ... EhP _, cs .... D•M IND ••• D•M IND ••• DEM NO SCP BER OEM IND SWR Ar qe 6CF BER E,.iP " Gv 1C8u OEM IND 2~C2 200f I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Actual Tillage & Planting 2001 - 2015 firtt Croa Second CroD Yeu Year Estlte T1U~ae 4].'

- 10:- 5 BER 740.7 20&0_9 OEM IND BER GV CBo DEM IND BER DEM IND BER Gv DEM IND SWR AN e~ BCF BER :c 20· 1 t729.6 2470.3 3G4 2:.
3 254 5 234 2 1024 , ... £'4.

554 .

61 g" 816.9 1567.3 5202.3 121.7 1537 6 152; s. -438 ~ -4C I 2 -4€5 8 -2829.1 3:€ ~ .

~48 1 -58 , -735.5 -35&.4.7 .&;5 f, '" ,. '

"" 1745.3 5553.3 2370 5 ,,.,~" 5~: ..... , 3560.6 DJS 15~ 385 0 5C3 3 12n.3 4137.9 28C 6 1NG.2 1262.7 3241.f '2€ 4 "9€" DEM IND 1964.5 C571.1 BER 3975.J 611.5 -6-47.4 -2~· 8 -221 33' .... ·1115.4 2oeg" 3~.

·'""" -2!'.."

3 -262tl.1 -F2 4 .


'~" ~ .5l " 92 • -702.1 ·3322.2 -543 8 -55C .l4&i.5 .393 3 ·os: 7J.6 3 6285.3 J.4: ~ 70C 2174.9 "''" 29C!

1 l4C 2 5150.3 3135.7 ,,., 21JS I 4~~ 2 2359.7 n11.t 261:14 ~ ·:9: •x: '" 6111.3 DEM IND 1740.2 5715.5 575.2 1157.7 ·'"" Z!i!i7.9 8876.2 2095.2 41Hi.1 '"' 1 • 5.: ~ -:.':!"

4 60:: 2 2648.4 2080.5 472& a 2':.

9 .

385 ' ;c9 3 5340.a 2431.2 77711 19' 5 54· 4 2754 4 lff.1 3&41.I 67') 9 3193.5 2'12 6 2C' 4 ~:4 4 1287.7 4401.2 '258 4 636 8 J571.8 .lb4 .'
1721 2 .... 2~'1 .

283 .

14C 2 18' ~ 56.3 2u · ]3 : L4t ~ 2''i 4 256.3 311.5 •8C9 8 n -'>'2 5 '""'·" .3395 9 -22411.f -6M5.5 4[4: ·2214.7 207 2 ·1182 -3375.7 "44~ 9 3' 2 3 2tlC " -20~ 2 ·2241.5 -'X 2 • 2C .,., -3075.2 ""' 19)€ IOC4 ' 1)56 2 89J0.3 526 2 1"2.

683 3 • 'JG 3732.2 12U2.5 4899; 23J5 2 HO~:· 1 4~2 103~.3 14· 7 4 1 2'.

!9€ 839 .

38~ .... 15235.3 4475 5 2409 '"' :e 1452 10014.5 1163€ ._, 84C· Jee 4 4334.5 ""' 443!!

5 2533 16'2 1452 tOOH.6 .

2"5.

743 83!'..

150' 42't 1 14394.7 2821.6 1·'.


)02 ' 97·J 2 ~.· - ~23 9 3824.8 ...... ~11 5 3472.4 3104.5 &576.9 234~ '6~9 ~ '.

)62 " 10!• 9 515'.5 3262., &.489.4 16'5 1 1GVl 1 '258 • 2143.4 M75.4 960 5 1965 • 1 256 ~ ~9., 4 5179.7 58' '~~ 8 sc-.

: 9 '02.

'j ~ 2470.4 7650.

1 4388.3 2397 4 675S.7 • -,,,2 _, 56 - -54' 4 -284' -2773.a 5· ' 3€: • "" -275 .

.. 79,J -32S3 1 2495 4 720 1 -Q;,J ~ -4043.3 -2717.6 ~758.5 .35< 5 -4<3 9 -4:0.
3 -4"4 'i -4834.8 ·33C • -18141 ~598.C 30 7 4 tl ·:·56 4 -823"' .753 2 -57G8.3 --483 5 ~:1 6 1 S4 8 .9JO 8 ·1900.7 ., ...

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Actual Tillage & Planting 2001 - 2015 I FirSI Croc SecooCI Croo YU1r Ye.u Estate BER 20' 3 OEM INC BER GV OEM IND BER EHP _e: GV IC8u OEM IND 2C 14 2015 •s;· s ':134 5€0 3•4 3908.5 336 :3(1 1752 ...... 2522.1 36C 24C 24· e 8~C 6 1992.4 4185.2 '2' 2 ,.,, 1321 ;~,; · 5,:·5 3% 3 4~4 1114.5 1181 2895.5 489 !
1893.l 1875.5 3"3.1 ~ ··~ e uoa.1 31C 3 HI.I 2717.5 1 JB4 i> 326 5 :·2 7 -2194 i -26€ -.12 6 J4 J -2765 33C 4 ·264 ": -se 2 Jj : -629.5 -616.4 -{;74 c -·n6 e 9e -1203.3 '49 7 "5.'.

9 a:: .

lr39 7 ...t1t.2 -1622 5 Ti1Jaae Til!Joe 14{!)

s ')\:2 6 .
s ')\:2 6 .

::liC -3'"S -290&.a _5· 4 _,.,-: J4' ~ -1820 4 -4729 2 3 5 ,., -772 5 ()0 2 -3·A6 se:: -1155 -1927 5 5393.5 2510 7673.5 ·s:::2 4 4170.4 '" 36~ ~24 ~ -~·4 ' 2439.1 6609.5 2454.7 ,,, 16" s &aS.6 3144 l 3397' 12U.1 "" 9272 ··n 4169.2 4262 13534 1879.6 6039.6 ,, 5291.2 624' 624 8 5'9 2 1.

~- 5 2959.6 1250.8 6893.2 "'o 500 '6€ ~ •e:;5 3 4101.5 107U.7 3012 1&01.7 1321 31C 3 tol.I 2717.5 -SE' 5 -11e2.e .7&C 2 4( I ' -1402 -6'4" <1.>0 e " .

: .
: .

5 ·1203.3 14(; 7 -419.2 -1622.5 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Berbice Estate For the YEAR 2014 c 0 "'O Qi ~ Vl c 0 :..c ...., < ;;; :c Machine Grouo SSMP T11taae Tlttaoe Dond1 Excavator Bell Loader Mechan1CBI Harvester 06 T11taae Dondl Excavator Bell Loader 06 Tillaoe Dond1 Excavator Bell Loader 06 Tillage Dondl Excavator QJ In 0 i:z:: c 0 E ... ·;; = Bell Loader Sch.

Mach 1&2 Recainl R -r Avail.

lmplem.

Hrs " ·.

Tocat• Hrs.
Tocat• Hrs.

0 4536 2016 1008 16800 0 180 85 6 457 0 1982 n2 912 2505 T 0 T A L 13440 1008 19824 15120 4368 16968 0 20832 13440 3696 15120 0 24528 8904 6048 24506 I 612 3484 0 6689 4812 I 2856 0 669 452 119 1107 j 2425 ' 0 8663 2644 450 0 615 615 281 1190 J 233 j 0 I + -t ,_ % Actual % Budget Meals Change I Op.
Trav.
Avail IOIV/01 51 SS 9 82 Avatl 75 80 80 75 80 70 100 62 65 32 79 IOIV/01 I 54 74 80 91 #OIV/01 61 15 76 89 75 75 80 80 75 80 75 80 80 75 80 75 80 80 75 80 I Shift 0 168 42 0 600 384 0 1166 856 126 132 0 228 0 60 817 0 303 0 84 2482 Time 0 139 55 6 892 I I I 1025 0 487 649 114 844 0 487 397 157 730 0 371 16 103 I 1509 I I 0 98 43 3 456 I 314 0 88 436 91 844 0 1240 397 157 730 0 333 IS 92 1455 Machine I Otllef Mvmt 0 87 74 8 1987 191 0 86 230 2 350 0 719 528 32 3174 0 893 42 125 1432 t I I I 0 0 0 0 ' I 3048 1897 0 1398 2896 608 4027 0 169 1045 856 8 0 128 0 36 12 I I I Rain Fall 0 172 87 24 4110 3074 0 6353 2708 161 534 0 6469 4923 748 3953 0 5847 223 3145 8831 Hrs 1 %Actua1 % BUdget util utilisation 0 80 1627 80 816 80 49 10 2747 10 Ulll llOIV/ 0 1 81 16 16 49 2461 1008 2638 2051 291 6661 0 2747 2624 955 4285 0 6966 1032 1037 6 155 42 100 46 3Z 24 55 llOIV/01 72 63 45 77 #OIV/01 87 97 79 58 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Demerara Estates for the YEAR 2014.
Mach Im~~ Hrs.

% Actual % Budge1 Meals~ Rain ~ine j Other Machine Gmuri Biiiet Harv lill"'1P Dond1 Excavator Bell Loader 06 maae Dondi Excavator T 0 Bell Loader T Bell Loade< A TIUaoe Dondi L Excavator P1nunh Tillaae Dond1 Excavator Bell Loader I Toca1• Hrs.

10416 16632 1848 2016 12096 0 11424 5544 3696 9 480 9912 16128 10080 6048 0 33600 14820 21 168 15660 .. QI 0 E c Lil cc ....i fl) QI ;:a ~ bi> :I "E 5 Sch.
1&2 l R......int I I I I I R.......ir 0 263 52 17 0 0 434 531 0 0 0 190 17 0 0 485 28 21 142 0 Avail.
~5 10736 939 1831 7721 0 8116 3687 1995 8 291 7560 9352 3144 2941 0 16200 10027 13418 11140 Avail 95 65 5 1 91 64 #otV/01 71 67 S4 17 76 58 31 49 llOIV/01 48 68 63 71 Avail 75 80 80 75 80 75 80 80 75 80 80 80 80 75 75 80 80 75 80 I I I ' SMI 208 0 0 0 0 0 15 1 38 6 416 0 261 52 I I 468 0 756 600 I 972 I 320 U 2 687 97 152 528 0 353 216 131 339 0 376 97 211 0 535 350 657 105 I I I nme 111 576 83 192 0 0 291 8 6 133 390 0 351 65 5 12 0 336 159 438 357 Fall 693 2914 35 0 767 0 2378 567 24 280 0 3511 1138 33 0 7224 4595 482 645 52 447 3 0 705 0 230 154 l3 164 0 420 H S 2 19 0 352 227 159 500 I 1011 1577 83 713 3379 0 I I I 1841 651 762 I 3895 I I 0 726 624 537 0 I I 2319 1295 I 5100 303 Hrs % Actual % Budge1 util Ublization utilisation 774 9 4535 638 774 2342 0 28 72 1975 927 2809 7560 3708 1054 962 0 4678 8 772 5610 8910 14 64 71 42 44 #OIV/01 54 68 48 37 100 71 58 41 #OIV/01 56 166 45 90 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Sk eldon stea m nlant Submission on Factories to the Guyana Sugar Corporation Commission of Inquiry OCTOBER 2015 Joseph E.S.
Alfred George H.E.
James John D. Dow COMMISSIONERS I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Section Page FACTORIES CONTEJ'l'.TS I 2 3 4 Introduction Executive Summa11· Methodology Estate visits Previous studies General Observations Extraneous matter Sugar Quality Burning to Grinding lntenal Factory Operating I lours Staffing 5 Report on Factories Skeldon Design performance statistics v actual 2014 Training deficiency and major remedial issues Incomplete commissioning & handover Initial sub-standard quality Boiler-feed Water Clarifier mud recycling Under-rated Punt Dumper & associated major mechanical failures Boiler retubing Potential Gearbox failure Major Expenditure Excessive expenditure since commissioning Co-generation at Skeldon Other factory Concerns ( 'A'orkshop etc.)
Wharf sugar bin subsidence Inadequate drainage of Manarabisi Albion Rose Hall Blairmont East Demerara Estate Wales Uitvlugt 6 7 Facto11· Operations H/O organogram Priority Faeto11· Projects 1 3 3 3 3 ' -' 4 5 5 6 6 6 7 8 8 8 9 10 IO 10 11 12 13 13 13 14 15 Demerara Sugar Terminals (DST) Procurement 10 Planned Maintenance Cane Farming Ethanol Refinery Co-generation Environment Management Conclusions Summary of Findings & Recommendations 22 23 24 24 25 25 25 26 26 26 28 Appendix Fae Ops 1 Estates 2014 Production Costs.
Appendix Fae Ops 2 Out Of Cane Hours, Wales & Uitvlugt.

Appendix Fae Ops 3 Case Study No.

38 CAD stokers (John Thompson).

Appendix Fae Ops 4 Details of Visits Appendix Fae Ops 5 IRIS (Internal Rotating Inspection System).

Appendix Fae Ops 6 Major Routine Budget Costs, Skeldon Factory 2009-2015 Appendix Fae Ops 7 Existing Factory Operations H/O organogram.

Appendix Fae Ops 8 Proposed Factory Operations H/O organogram.
Appendix Fae Ops 9 Priority Factory Projects 2016-2020 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I. I 1.2 1.3.

2.1 2.2 FACTORIES 1 INTRODUCTION GuySuCo within recent years survived on bailouts by the Government Of Guyana (GO.Ci), loans from Banks and other types of borrowings.

so much so that it is currently carrying a heavy debt burden and has been unable.

as far back as 2009. to provide sunicicnt Capital and Routine funding to enable the industry to sustain itself.
Substandard management performance indicated in Field and Factories is of major concern.

As a consequence.

the G.O.G.

established a Commission Of Inquiry (C.0.1.)

to chart the \\ay fi.irward to return the Industry to profitability.
The Factories team comprised Messrs. Joseph Alfred (Mechanical Engineer), George James (Process Technologist) and John Dow (Electrical Engineer & Projects), all with many years of experience in the management of GuySuCo factories and whose highest levels of Management in GuySuCo were Regional Director.

Demerara (Joseph Allred): Chief Process Technologist (George James) and Projects Director (John Dow).
Members of the Team also saw service overseas in factories and sugar estates in Caricom countries (Jamaica.

St. Kitts.

Barbados) and Africa (Zambia).

2 EXECt:TIVE SUMMARY It is the view of the commissioners dealing with the factory operations.

that the sugar industry must remain in operation.

in whole or in part.

Turnaround to profitability is not possible.

in the short or medium term.

due to the constraints facing the Industry at the present time.

Given the decision to privatise.


management must have a free hand to attract the massive injections of cash so badly needed to sustain and improve operational capability of the factories.

For some time now.

the West Ikmcrara Estates (Wales (CiV) & lJitvlugt(ICBU)) have performed poorly with declining production and unit costs of production amongst the highest in the industry (see Appe11di.x Fae Ops I).
Neither GV nor ICBU can stand alone for \\ant of a sufficient supply of canes (see Appe11di.x Fae Ops 2 for out-of-cane flours).

Current field projections will reveal that.

in 2016.

GV and ICBU "ill only be able to operate for 20 and 17 weeks per annum respectively.

when the norm is at least 30 \\eeks.

However.

gi\·en the recent interest.

at both GV and ICBlJ.

of existing cane farmers to expand their holdings and of others to get into cane farming.
the screening process should be accelerated to vet these applications.

increase in cane supply not result from these proposals.

the two estates Should a sustained should be the feasibility and make recommendations for the transfer of canes between the estates.

which time does not permit during the life of this C.0.1.

rationalised and a study commenced to enquire 7 -~._) The advent of mechanisation in harvesting operations in the Industry has brought with it an increased amount of extraneous matter.
field soil in particular.

Peter Rein in "Cane Sugar Engineering" states "Exce.ufre soil i11 ca11e increases the cost of mainte11a11ce, leads to increased loss of sugar, reduces the capacity of the mill 11111/ t/1e output of the boilers a111/ leads to higher usage of supplementary fuels", the effects of which arc currently being felt throughout GuySuCo's factories.
Mechanisation must continue in order to cope with the dwindling supply of manual cane cutters.

Steps are already in train to pay more careful attention to field conversion and tighter supervision in field to limit the ingress of mud, trash and tops into the factories.

While the factories have installed rudimentary cane washing on feeder tables and/or cane carriers, the effort is far from enough to cope with the problem.
Whilst Cane Washing (laundering) has been suggested as a possible solution for the removal of mud, it is not recommended due to the very high costs and major structural adjustments to the front-end of the factories which will have to be incurred to establish these plants.

In any case, studies abound which establish that the preferred solution is leaving the soil in the cane fields.
After exhaustive studies by Peter Rein et al throughout the Industry, Rein concluded in his "Cane Sugar Engineering" as follows: "removal al soil.

separated by whatever means.

is a costly operation, with no hen4its.

It all has to he loaded and transported to suitable solids dump sites.

There is no doubt that there are tremendous benefits in leaving the soil in the cane fields".
Pinhole grates installed in the Boilers at Skeldon and Albion are not suitable to handle bagasse with sand and ash content in excess of 3% as a result of the excessive field soil (mud) in the bagasse due to mechanical loading and/or harvesting.

Our recommended solution for this problem is to install CAD (Continuous Ash Discharge) stokers which continuously remove the ash from the grate such that the boiler design operating conditions can be continuously maintained.
The CAD stokers are superior to Dump Grates as dumping causes fluctuations in evaporation, steam pressure and temperature which are undesirable in power generation mode, such as required at Skeldon.

A ballpark cost ex factory of conversion of one of the boilers at Skeldon from Pin Ilole Grates to CAD stokers is US$1,150,000.
A John Thompson Case Study of conversion to CAD stokers of boilers in Tanzania to overcome problems due to large quantities of field soil being brought in with the cane is attached (see Appendix Fae Ops 3).

It is recommended that the sale of the Steam & Power plant at Skeldon to Skeldon Energy Inc.

(S.E.l.)

be reversed.


The Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) between GuySuCo and the Guyana Power & Light (GPL) needs to be urgently renegotiated as the 4 US cents/KWH (kilowatt Hour) for power generated by the Turbo Alternators is considered to be much too low.

The 2 US cents/ KWH for power generated by the Wartsila engines is also considered to be low, notwithstanding the fact that the HFO fuel for these engines is supplied free of cost by GPL.
to An improved emphasis contribute significantly to the lifting of equipment maintenance standards and procurement.

Routine Non Destructive Testing should be the norm.

the Planned Maintenance system, if it is required for is It is recommended to retain Skeldon factory and make it reliable by remedying the faults and narrowing the mismatch between field and factory.

Since there is a ready market in Caricom for refined sugar.
it is recommended that the feasibility study for a sugar refinery at Skeldon be updated.

2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 The production of Ethanol is not recommended.

2.10 In order to attain further added value, the sale of Molasses (a by-product) as a health food is recommended - a suitable brand name should be registered.
21Page I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 2.11 It is recommended that the sta11ing of Factory Operations Head Otlice be strengthened by addition of a number of specialists to the present team.

It is also recommended that the position of Technical Director as Head of this Department be reestablished.

3 METHODOLOGY 3.1 Estate visits.

All 7 factories were visited during the Off-Crop period to observe maintenance practices.
Subsequent visits were made to individual factories and the Demerara Sugar Terminals during the In-Crop grinding period of the 2nd Crop, 2015 to observe day-to-day relationship desired between Factory and operations.

Agriculture Departments in the Cane Sugar industry, the majority of visits were done jointly with the Agriculture team (Dr. Harold Davis and Mr. John Piggott).

The Factory team participated in the Field visits, and, conversely, the Agriculture team participated in the Factory Visits.
In consideration of the close Initial meetings were held at each location with the Estate Managers and their Departmental Heads - the main purpose of these interactions was to obtain a good overview of the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats on each Estate from the viewpoint of the Managers on to either field or factory.

Managers were.

in location.

After these meetings, visits were made the main.


very frank and open in expressing their opinions and views (see Appendix Fae Ops 4 for details of visits) .. 3.2 Previous studies.

Statistics and production records were obtained from the vast amount of available data from GuySuCo and previous studies done on the local sugar industry.

Business Plans and Strategic Plans for various periods were examined.
The following persons offered valuable advice: • Mr. Josh Ragnauth, former Factory Operations Manager ofGuySuCo.

who examined data and offered timely advice on existing operating shortcomings of factories and gave valuable advice on the way forward in processing.

• Mr. Peter Mcintyre, Consultant Engineering & Sales, Industrial Watertube Boiler Business Unit, John Thompson, with regards to Boiler problems in the handling of high ash in bagasse.

4 GENERAL OBSERVATIONS In our considered opinion.


the major problems facing GuySuCo's factories at present are as follows: 4.1 Extraneous matter.

This is comprised mainly of Field Soil, Trash and Tops.

None of the factories was designed for the levels of extraneous matter being experienced at present.

All Estates now have Bell Loaders, with two Estates (Skeldon & East Dcmerara) also having Chopstick Cane Harvesters (8 at Skeldon, 2 at East Demerara).
These machines bring copious amounts of field soil, tops and trash into the factories.

The extraneous matter creates operational problems in the following areas: 3 I '.

'·' ~ ~' '; ( c I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I a) Clarification.

The clay soils tend to stay in suspension such that the clarified juice docs not settle at the desired rate.
Factories have tried a cocktail of flocculants to increase settling rates with limited effect - grinding rates either have to be reduced to allow more time for settling or the factory has to stop grinding for sufficient time to allow settling to occur - failure to do so results in carryover of dirty juice to the evaporators - the end result is increased scaling of the evaporator tubes and poor sugar quality.

b) Steam Generation.

The older boilers.


such as the John Thompson (JT) boilers at Rose Hall and Uitvlugt, cannot cope successfully with high levels of field soil entering the factory with the cane.

Factory time is lost due to low steam as the JT boiler furnaces have to be cleaned of ash much more frequently than would be the case if clean cane was being milled (the furnaces are cleaned manually by raking the ash from the furnace floor).

These boilers.
These boilers.

most in excess of 50 years old, were designed for pile-burning of coarse bagasse from the milling of clean, hand-cut cane.

Over the years "top-hats" were introduced in the furnaces to allow burning of the finer bagasse which was produced by better preparation (knifing) of the cane - it was difficult for air to penetrate the piles of finer bagassc - the "top hats" introduced a source of air at the bottom of the piles to improve burning.
Note that the improved preparation of cane was necessary to increase extraction at the Milling plant, with less sucrose lost in the bagasse.

High levels of field soil in cane entering the factories also results in reduced throughput due to mill slippages, increased roller wear.

increased boiler tube wear (due to erosion) and increased usage of Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) at Skeldon and wood and/or diesel at the other factories.

c) Boiling House.
c) Boiling House.

Excessive levels of tops and trash are evident in the cane entering the factories - this produces increased colour in the sugar and reduced recoveries in the boiling house due to high viscosities which prevent brixing of the "C" massecuite to the required levels - high molasses purities, with consequent sucrose loss, and high TC/TS (Tonnes cane per Tonne sugar) are the inevitable result.

The tops and trash also increase the volume of bagasse exiting the mills.
causing more sucrose to be lost in bagasse going to the boilers.

During visits to the fields whilst harvesting was in progress, it was evident that there is room for improvement in the standards of cane cutting.

as poor topping and lots of trash in the cut cane were visible.

Evidence of the high level of tops and trash was also observed in the cane in punts entering the factories.
The exhaustibility of the final molasses, a by-product of value, is one of the most important criteria in determining the eventual quantum of sucrose recovered from the sugar cane.

The final molasses purity will be improved if reductions in the extraneous matter can be achieved.
In order to judge the exhaustibility of final molasses, the determination of the RS/A (reducing sugar to ash ratio) must be carried out, as this gives an accurate indication of the efticiency with which the molasses has been exhausted.

It is recommended that this important routine analysis, which is no longer done in the factory laboratories, be resuscitated with immediate effect.

4 I !'

' , , I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 4.2 Sugar Quality.
The industry in its present state produces raw sugar for the local and export markets.

GuySuCo's 7 factories produce raws as commercial sugar as follows: Skeldon ..............

Bulk only.

Albion ................

Bulk only.

Rose Hall ............

Bulk + 50 Kg bags for local direct consumption.

Blairmont.. .........

Bulk + 50 Kg bags+ packaged sugar for local consumption and export.

Enmore ..............

Bulk + 50 Kg bags + packaged sugar for local consumption and export.

Wales .................


Bulk only.

Uitvlugt.. .............

Bulk + 50 Kg bags for local direct consumption.
The standards required to be met by the various types of sugar are as shown in the Table below: Table of Quality Standards specification Quality Parameter Unit Bulk Raws 50 Kg local Direct consumption (Packaged) Polarisation Moisture Colour Insoluble solids Starch Dextran Ash % % 95.7 - 98.0 98.0 - 98.2 98.0 - 98.5 0.35 - 0.6 0.25 - 0.4 0.15-0.4 ICUMSA 3000 - 6000 3500 - 4500 1500 - 3000 ppm ppm ppm % 1500 800 "S 500 150 - 250 150-250 150-180 180-280 180-280 150-200 0.1 -0.4 0.1 - 0.8 0.15 Only packaged sugar is ISO certified annually.
In the case of bulk raws the quality continues to vary below the specification and severe monetary penalties are occasionally meted out to the Corporation which impacts negatively on the revenues received.

The unacceptable level of Dcxtran was directly related to the processing of stale cane, whilst starch, colour and ash were due to the delivery of a large percentage of trash and cane tops.

In 2014 penalties were incurred for shipments to the European Union.

The premium was US$709,000 - however.


penalties were GYD 14 Million, resulting in a reduced premium ofGYD 131 Million.

to GYD145 Million) (equivalent 4.3 Burning to Grinding intervals (BGI).

Once it has been cut.

cane is liable to deteriorate rapidly, especially in the case of billeted cane.

The ideal BG!
The ideal BG!

for chopper harvested (billeted) cane is less than 16 hours - this is hardly ever achieved at the Factories that receive chopstick cane (Skeldon and Enmore) - deterioration of cane billets is much more rapid, when compared to wholestalk cane, due to the number of cut ends which encourage increased microbial action.

In 2014 only 25% of cane was delivered to the factories in less than 24 hours.

Inversion of sucrose into fructose and glucose.


occasioned by long delays in getting the canes to the factories, reduces the amount of recoverable sucrose from the cane.

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 4.4 Factory operating hours.

One of the major problems is the inability of many of the factories to have reasonable weekly operating hours, due to heavy out-ot~cane hours caused by poor attendance of manual cane harvesters, in particular.
It becomes necessary to accumulate cane, often holding over cane from one day to the next - this practice causes increased BG!

and the resultant loss of sugar.

This stop-and-start operation results in further losses as clari fiers may have to be liquidated (if the stop is lengthy) and other losses occur in the process.

The Crop may also have to be extended into the rainy season due to the increase in grinding weeks of the factory required to take off the canes.
It should be noted that long out-of-cane periods mask factory inefficiencies, as repairs which would normally have incurred factory downtime are often done during out-of-cane periods.

True factory time efficiency can only be established when the factory is fully supplied with cane.

4.5 Staffing.

The visits to factories revealed that in many cases, senior staff were not sufficiently familiar with the operations of the factory equipment because of recent transfers, lack of knowledge or inexperience.
Staff turnover is reportedly as high as 8% per annum.

This high turnover results in a loss of continuity and impacts negatively on institutional memory in the factories.

5.1 SKELDON 5 REPORT ON FACTORIES Design performance statistics v actual 2014.
The stated objectives of the new Skeldon Factory were as follows in Columns 1 & 2 of the Table below - column 3 shows the actual achieved in year 2014: Budgetted Performance Statistics 2014 Actual Pol% Cane Fibre% Cane 11.80% 16.80% 8.37% 19.42% sugar production 116,000 ts/y 35,890 ts.

cane consumption 1,150,000 tc/y 590, 180 tc.


cane processing rate 8,400 tc/d 4,318 tc/d cane processing rate 350 tc/h 179.90 tc/d time efficiency pol extraction 92.00% 97.00% boiling house recovery 88.10% overall recovery sugar production sugar quality colour moisture 85.50% 35.5 ts/h 99.3 pol <1350 icumsa <0.18% 86.14% 92.21% 76.96% 70.97% 10.94 ts/h n/a n/a n/a 6 Ip" .. ~ ._, ,'· ' ' I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 5.1.1 Training deficiency and major remedial issues.
The new Skeldon Factory can be considered a "sea change" for GuySuCo - a new modern factory with equipment quite unfamiliar to GuySuCo's factory employees.

The failure of this factory to date, 6 years after commissioning, is a poor reflection on Booker-Tate (the project managers) and CNTIC (the Chinese Turn-Key contractor).

Among the new equipment in this factory are the following: • Aero-belts (air supported rubber conveyor belts).

• Shredder.

• Diffuser.

• Continuous vacuum pans.


• Continuous vertical crystalliser.

• High pressure boilers.

• Condensing turbine.


This new equipment should have necessitated specialist trammg and exposure to engineers and process personnel in the years prior to commissioning - this training, in our opinion, needed to be much more detailed, with a structured training programme for each individual including as much hands-on exposure as possible, instead of 4 to 5 weeks "observing operations" at Komati factory in South Africa as stated by one of the individuals who was "trained".
Furthermore, individuals sent for training should have been monitored closely during the training period to ensure that they were receiving the full benefit from the training programme.

Further to this, there were numerous design flaws that have had to be corrected at high cost to GuySuCo - some of the defects that required correction by Bosch Projects of South Africa were as follows: Inadequate Bagasse scratcher I nadcquatc Bagasse Ploughing.

• • • Faulty Bagasse distribution.


• Inadequate condensate storage (additional condensate tank required).

Bosch were paid in excess of US$1.3 Million to correct these defects.

Major material and mechanical failures are allegedly the fault of the Chinese Turn-key contractor.

CNTIC - to date.

equipment which has had to be changed.

in just 6 years of operation, include, but are not necessarily limited to the following: • All hubs on the Heavy Duty knives were replaced.
• Over 100 defective valves were changed.

• Leaking pipes.

from 2" diameter upwards, were replaced (ongoing) - p1pmg replacements were needed to such an extent that.

during the Off-Crop visit to Skeldon, piping was being removed from the old factory to aid in the replacement of defective piping in the new Factory.

41 pumps replaced on year 2014 Capital.

18 pumps, including 2(two) electrical Boiler feed pumps replaced previously.
• • 7 I l' :· - I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I The need to do such major repair work each Off-Crop as faults pop up during the Crop is cquiYalent to factory staff haYing to be "lire fighting" all the time to correct defects - the inevitable result is routine planned Off~Crop work being sacriliced as manpower has to be di\Trtcd to these jobs.

5.1.2 Incomplete commissioning and handover.

The I Iandm·cr of the ne\\.


factory was incomplete since too many operating faults emerged soon after commissioning - indeed.

to date some of the equipment is still not commissioned (e.g.

the sugar dryer).

One comes to the conclusion that the factory should not have been taken over by GuySuCo when so many defects were apparent.

The appointment of Booker-Tate.

in 2000, to be Project Managers for the Factory, at the same time that Booker-Tate were managing GuySuCo.
may have been a conflict of interest as stated by a former Chairman of GuySuCo who alleged that project problems were not brought to the attention of the Board at the time that they should have been.

5.

I .3 Initial sub-standard qualit)· Boiler Feed water.

I ligh pressure boilers.

such as those at Skeldon.

require water of the highest quality - ''hilst pure condensate is normally arnilable when the factory is in operation.

a source of good make-up water is necessary.


The make-up water at Skeldon \ms planned to be prmidcd from artesian \\ell water treated to potable condition and then softened using demineralization technology.

The drilling of an artesian well on the Factory Site was contracted out.

GS52 Million was spent in a failed effort to establish this well.

after drilling at two sites in close proximity to one another foiled.

reportedly due to the drill mud disappearing into an underground void.
No further attempt was made to establish a well on site after these two failures.

The factory should not have been commissioned without a source of good make-up water.

Canal water.

either raw.

or passed through the treatment plant that was not designed to treat such poor quality water.

was reportedly the only source of make-up water during the lirst 2 years of operation of the factory - the inevitable result of using this water was major internal scaling of the boiler tubes.
Chemical cleaning to remo\T the build-up of scale from the tubes became necessary.

CNllC did a successful cleaning of #2 Boiler.

The cleaning of #1 boiler \\as left to be done by local staff - this cleaning exercise wa.\· botched.

resulting in the melting down of the entire superheater bank of the boiler - partial rctubing of the boiler, at a reported cost of llSS2.3 Million.

was done with assistance of the Chinese.


Deposits of scale on the blades of the turbines also resulted due to the use of this impure make-up water source, necessitating the removal of this scale, once again at GuySuCo's expense (G$9,767,707).

Make- up water quality has improved from 2013 as Artesian well water from Guyana Water Inc. has become available and feeds the factory demineralisation plant which provides the make-up \rntcr to the boiler plant.
Skeldon supplies free electrical power to the well in return for the use ofGWl"s artesian well \\ater.

5.1.4 Clarifier muds recycling, The decision of the Project Managers to recycle the Clarifier SjP I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 5.1.5 muds to the Diffuser.

instead of including a Filtration station in the design of the Factory.
is considered to be a major blunder, as the high level of extraneous matter resulting from mechanical loading and mechanical harvesting in a country with high rainfall and poorly draining heavy clay soils seems not to have been considered.

The return of the clarifier muds to the Diffuser resulted in a further increase in ash in bagasse (estimated to be in excess of 10%) with increased erosion of the boiler tubes and pinhole grate problems being the end result.
GuySuCo have had to abandon this practice of mud recycling.

The small Rotary vacuum Filter from the old Skeldon factory has been installed in the new Factory and a large 30' x 20' Rotary Vacuum Filter has been ordered from India to complement the small filter.

lt is expected that further costly modifications will be necessary to the rubber belt bagasse conveying system to produce sufficient bagacillo for these filters.

Under-rated Punt Dumper and associated major mechanical failures.
One of the major constraints to the Skeldon factory has been the inability to feed sufficient cane into the factory due to the repeated failure of the "new design" punt dumpers which were supplied by Honiron - it is reported that, during performance tests the two punt dumpers were only capable of 299 tonnes cane per hour (tch) instead of the expected capacity of 350 tch.

This was followed by repeated failures of the steel supporting structure which necessitated upgrading the steel supports and other works.
GuySuCo, prior to the I st Crop 2015, replaced the Outboard Punt Dumper, the more problematic of the two dumpers, with a winch type Punt Dumper at a cost of approximately US$1 million.
This Punt Dumper, when installed, was found to be discharging the cane from the punts before the dumper reached the cane scale - GuySuCo, in order to make the Punt Dumper functional, lowered the Cane Scale as much as possible - this was still not enough - a portion of the northern side of the scale bin had to be cut off to allow the cane to enter the bin.
This reduction, however, results in increased droppings when billeted cane is discharged from the punts - the canal below the Punt Dumper has to be cleaned of dropped cane more often than should be necessary (this cleaning takes about 45 minutes) and therefore reduces the amount of cane that can be fed into the factory during these cleaning times.

Further investigation of the Punt Dumper installation is required.
Some of the questions that perhaps need to be answered by the Project Managers and others are: • Knowing the importance of achieving the rated hourly cane input into the factory.

what guarantees were written into the Honiron Contract to ensure the achievement of 350 tch 7 • Why was the original installation accepted when performance trials showed that only 299 tch was achieved''.

• Was the minimum average punt weight correctly specified in the contract?
• Was adequate structural analysis done of the supporting steel structures to ensure that failure would not occur during instances of punts falling out of the cradle?

• Were the experiences of the punt dumper operation in GuySuCo factories fed to the suppliers in order to ensure that the steel supporting structure would be able to withstand all foreseeable incidents that could lead to failure?
• Why was the new winch-type punt dumper installation prior to the 1st crop 2015 accepted when the punt dumper was tilting at a level substantially lower than it 9]FJ,:_~ I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I should in order to discharge cane into the existing cane scale'' • Was the correct information with regards to the height of the cane scale relative to factory ground tloor level or any other relernnt datum point given to the South African supplier of the winch-type punt dumper'' 5.1.6 Boiler rctuhing.
1:actory Operations staff ha\e ad,ised that the present condition of the tubes of #2 Boiler (some failures are already occurring) indicates that complete retubing of the #2 boiler will be necessary in approximately 2 years.

Factory Operations has estimated.

based on the actual cost of partial retubing of# I Boiler.

that this complete retubing is likely to cost approximately lJS$4 Million.

It is recommended.
It is recommended.

however, that, prior to undertaking this expenditure, an internal Non-Destructive Testing of the boiler tubes be undertaken by a Company that specialises in IRIS (Internal Rotating Inspection System) testing on a regular basis.

Stee!Test of South Africa is one such Company that can bid to do this job (sec Appendix Fae Ops 5).

This NDT examination will determine whether complete or partial rctubing of the boiler is necessary.
The interior surface of the tubes must be cleaned of all scale prior to this examination.

The budget cost of the IRIS examination.

excluding local costs.

is approximately US$ 12.000.

5.1.

7 Potential gearhox (manufactured by failure.

The 5-stage Planetary Gearbox EICKllOFF of Ciermany).

that drives the Diffuser.

was reportedly making an unusual sound when in operation.

During the In-Crop visit to Skeldon on 27th and 28th August.
2015 the factories team were able to confirm this observation by Skeldon factory staff.

I lowever.

two sounds.

in quick succession.

were emanating form the Gearbox this crop compared with a single sound in previous crops.

It was reported that the Gearbox had started making this unusual sound during the I st Crop 2014.

Furthermore.

tests done on the Gearbox oil by MA CORP in July 2014 revealed the presence of wear metals, with the Fe (iron) content as high as 681 ppm.
Examination of an Oil sample during the Team's visit confirmed the presence of metallic particles in the oil.

It mu.,t be stressed tftat, should tftis Gearbox sttjfer a premature failure, Skeldon Factory, and all reaping of both Estate and Farmers' cane, would come to a complete ftalt until such time as a replacement Gearbox.

most likely not a "shelf" item.

could be receiwd from the Manufocturer in Germany and installed.
It is therefore recommended that an urgent order be placed for a replacement gearbox. ''

hilst funding the visit of an Engineer to offer an opinion on the nature of the problem.

as requested by GuySuCo's Factory Operations staff since mid-year 2014 (not apprm·cd due to shortage of funds).

This Gearbox weighs 33.850 Kg.

without the motor.

Previous experience dictates that the long 2016 Mid-year Ofl~Crop period will be insul'iicicnt time to remove the faulty Gearbox.

ship same to Germany.

repair.


and return to Guyana.

Air Freight is an option.

but will be very costly.

Replacement with a new gearbox is judged to be the best option.

The landed cost of a new gearbox.

based on a recent quote obtained by GuySuCo.

is approximately lJS$500.000.

The supply ex factory of 7 to 8 months confirms the fact that this gearbox is not a shelf item.

5.1.8 '1ajor expenditure.

The Punt Dumpers.

Shredder.

treated water to the Boiler Plant.


insutlicient pure condensate (entrainment in #2 vessel).

amongst others.

were (and some still are) major issues \\hich required attention.

From the commencement there was a I 0 : l) ,.

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I mismatch between field and factory which did not augur well for continuous operations.

This has resulted in expenditure.

both Capital and Routine, far in excess of what one would expect for a new factory.
The level of the expenses necessitated that the other factories be starved of both routine and capital expenditure.

5.1.9 Excessive expenditure since commissioning.

The failure to date of the new Factory and the inability therefore for the factory to produce a reasonable R.O.I (Return On Investment) has been a tremendous drain on GuySuCo's finances.

The amount of Capital that has been spent on this new factory.
since commissioning in 2009, has caused the 6 older factories to be starved of Capital (see Table I below).

TABLE 1 Capital expenditure on Factories for the period 2009 to June 2015 Year Skeldon GSM Albion Rose Hall Blairmont G$M G$M G$M 2009 90.16 21.5 42.54 136.38 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 110.26 62.71 162.41 0 18.8 10.05 1.99 0.32 35.94 33.17 0 0 343.53 121.3 17.88 2015* 1.45 0 0 18.1 21.99 22.28 0 12.2 0 E.D.E.
GSM 33.24+ 11.37 LB.I 67.02 243.72** 7.35 5.34 43.67 0 Wales G$M 46.75 Uitvlugt G$M 45.1 12.77 33.39 20.94 0 3.71 0 78.51 9.86 1.94 0 8.03 0 Total= 770.52 173.96 129.53 210.95 411.71 117.56 143.44 * GuySuCo has decided not to approve any capital expenditure in year 2015.

**Relocation of Punt Dumper from L.B.!

factory to E.H.P.

factory following the closure of LB.I.


In addition to the G$770.52 million Capital funds spent on the Skeldon factory to date since commissioning, substantive other funds have been spent on the factory and charged to routine expenditure (see Appendix Fae Ops 6).

Perusal or this Appendix indicates that some of the major items of expenditure were: • Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) purchases ofGSl.522 Billion for the years 2009 to 2014 • Diesel enc purchases or G$ 309 Million for the years 2009 to 2014.
• Transportation costs ofG$270 Million for the years 2009,2010.

2011and2013.

• Payment to CNTIC of G$152 Million for technical support services in 2011.

• Purchase of Air Preheater tubes of G$25 Million for the years 2014 and 2015.

Having regard to the afore-mentioned, GuySuCo should seek some measure of redress from the Project Managers and/or the Turn-Key Contractor.

11 I P '·' "·: I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 5.1.10 Co-generation at Skeldon.

High pressure and high efficiency boilers.


similar to those installed at Skeldon factory in order to produce surplus electrical energy for sale to GPL, come at a price and they have efficient waste heat recovery equipment in the form of airheaters and economizers which result in greater maintenance costs.

The treatment of boiler feedwater for use in these high pressure boilers is much more expensive than that needed for the lower pressure boilers installed in the other GuySuCo factories.
The "rationale'' for this installation is the added-value to be derived from the export of surplus electrical power and the sale of such to GPL.

To be profitable, much of this power should be derived from the steam turbines during the Crop.
GuySuCo, in order to provide firm power year-round to GPL also supplies power from Wartsila sets which use HFO (Heavy Fuel Oil) and/or Dieselenc ~ providing power from these Diesel Generators is not considered to be Co-generation as GPL could have done the same by installing its own Wartsila power station in the upper Corcntync.

Although the agreement with GPL mandates that they supply HFO "free-issue" to GuySuCo for these Wartsila sets.
these machines are expensive to maintain and the price paid of US 2 cents per Kilowatt Hour to GuySuCo, even considering the free issue of fuel, may not provide a fair return.

The power derived and exported from the Steam Sets during the period 2009 ~ 2015 is very low when compared with the power exported from the Diesel Sets.
The lncome earned from the Export sales is shown in Table II below: TABLE II INCOME EARNED FROM EXPORT POWER 2009 - 2015 INCOME YEAR 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015* TOTAL= From HFO/Diesel Wartsila Sets (G$) 198,173,056 457,560,247 175, 776,463 109110,125 184, 163, 794 166,377,178 63,302,894 G$1,354,463,7S7 *Year To Date (July.

2015).
2015).

From Steam Sets (G$) Nil Nil 67,466,730 53,759,079 57,747,157 74,388,659 34,465,159 G$287 ,826, 784 This lncome indicates that the income generated from the Steam Sets (i.e.

from Bagasse) is only 17.52 % of the total income, whereas the income generated from the Diesel Sets (i.e.

from IIFO and/or Diesel) is 82.48 %.


When one considers, however, that the export power generated from the Steam Sets fetches a price twice that generated from the Diesel Sets (US 4 cents compared to US 2 Cents) this indicates that the export power from the Steam Sets during the period 2009 to July, 2015 was only 9.6% of the total export power compared to 90.4% from the Diesel Sets.

This percentage is very low.


12 I P .. , p ._, C' - I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Every effort must be made to maximize the bagasse generated export power during Crop.

GuySuCo's explanation for this low bagasse generated power is as follows "In the early years Jue to the prohlems with the Fae/my and inadequate cane supply the power supplied hy steam was quite minimal.
With impro1nl cane supply in 2015 and fewer j(tc/Or\" hreakdmrns \l"e expecl the proportion of" hai;asse i;enerateJ power lo rise 5.1.12 Other factory concerns (Workshop etc.)

The workshop in the old factory is a safety and health hazard and docs not meet the minimum standards required of a mechanical workshop.

It is recommended that the new workshop.

which has been budgetted for.

but not appro\'ed to date.

should be gi\'en priority for construction (GS40 Million for mechanical workshop only).
The lighting in the factory is poor.

"In-house" improvements are on-going.

Sensitive equipment.

such as the control panels for the centrifugals, which require an air-conditioned environment.

are not adequately supplied.

This is due to the failure of the air-conditioning units originally supplied as a part of the turn-key contract.

5.1.13 Wharf sugar bin subsidence.

The sugar bin capacity at the Skeldon wharf was dcratcd in 2001. from 1000 tons to 850 tons.
follO\ving the failure of one of the Rcndex steel piles which necessitated dri\'ing of a pipe steel pile close to the failed pile and establishing a connection betweenthe upper good section of the failed pile to the new!)

driven pile - this was possible as the failed pile was at the North-Eastern corner of the piled foundation and ready access for installation was arnilablc.
The pile failure was judged to be largely due to deterioration of the steel resulting from the non-functioning of the Cathodic Protection which was installed when the sugar bins were erected originally - this served to protect the steel piles from the salt water of the Corentyne river.

Contact with the manufacturers of the cathodic protection, at that time.

elicited the response that the unit was obsolete.

spares were no longer available and a replacement was suggested.
No replacement cathodic protection has been installed to date.

The capacity of the sugar bins has been further dcrated to 650 tonnes.

It is recommended that a replacement Cathodic l'nit be ordered and installed as a matter of priority to prevent further deterioration of the Rcndcx piles.

Regular checks and occasional replacement of the sacrificial anodes arc necessary to ensure that the unit functions properly at all times.
It must be stressed that failure to install this unit may result in ultimate failure of the piling supporting the sugar bins.

particularly in view of the fact that occasional loading above the derated capacity has allegedly occurred from time to time.

It is suggested that the Cathodic Protection Units for these steel piles.

those at the Wharf at the Demerara Sugar terminals and the steel sheet piling at i\lbion factory can be sourced at the same time.

5.1.11 Inadequate drainage of Manarabisi.


In order to pro\'idc adequate drainage for Skeldon ·s cane expansion in Blocks 1.2.

3 and 4 of the Manarabisi area.

two new Drainage Pump Stations were planned - the first.

at No.74.

\\ith 2(two) 300 tpm diesel- I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I dri,·en pumps.

\\as installed and commissioned in 2001.

The second drainage pump installation "·as planned for installation of a 180 tpm pump at No.

66 (at the Northern end of the Seaforth Canal).


This would pump drainage water into the No.

66 creek which flows into the Corcntyne River - it is understood.

howc\·er.

that the residents of that area objected to the siting of pumps at this location as they felt that their lands would be flooded during the high tides.

although calculations had shown that the pumps would only increase the level in the creek by 2" whilst pumping.
In view of these objections a decision was taken to construct the pump station on the Canje Creek close to the Manarabisi pump station.

to pump into the Canje Creek rather than the Corcntyne as originally planned - GuySuCo's financial difficulties reportedly prevented this installation at the time (i.e.

soon after the No.

74 installation) and the National Drainage & Irrigation Authority (N.D.l.A.)
e\·entually agreed to fund and construct the Pump Station and canal to link the Manarabisi drainage to the station.

To date.

howC\w.

although the pump station is substantially complete.

there is no drainage as the canal to carry water to the pump is not complete and other works at the Pump station.

such as building up the dam.

arc still to be done.

The failure to provide adequate drainage flir the Estate expansion in Blocks 1.2.

3 and 4 (Block 4 and a portion of Block 3 arc still not cultivated).
has resulted in the slow run-off of water when rain falls with all the adverse effects that this causes in a cane cultivation area - additional mud enters the factory with the mechanically harvested cane.

damage to the fields.

dams etc.

It is recommended that the greatest urgency be given to the completion of the canal and other works necessary (by NOIA) to make the No.

66 drainage pump station functional.


5.2 ALBION 5.2.1 Albion Estate continues to perform satisfactorily with the lowest unit cost (sec Appendix Fae Ops I).

With existing equipment.

Albion is encouraged to strive to achieve 180 Tonnes Cane per hour when ideal conditions exist.

Syrup brixes are lower than the normal target of 65 Brix expected.

necessitating that the pans evaporate some water in single effect that should be evaporated in quadruple effect in the Evaporator station.
It is recommended that flash recovery of the hack pressure condensate to the I st effect vapour and I st vessel condensate to 2nd \a pour he done - this will improve the e\ a po ration rate.

5.2.2 The condition or the sheet piling under the pre-milling area is far from satisfactory with major erosion or piling and sub-soil leaching out from under the reinforced concrete close to the first mill.
Repairs to this sheet-piling \\ere not carried out during the mid year 2015 Oft~Crop due to shortage of funds.To our knowledge this sheet piling was protected from corrosion by the use of Cathodic Protection - it seems that this is no longer functional - indeed.

it is likely that high staff turnover has resulted in a lack or knowledge of this installation.

It is therefore recommended that new Cathodic Protection he ordered and installed to coincide with the repairs or the sheet piling.
5.2.3 There is a Pilot plant which presently produces both Anhydrous and Hydrated Ethanol - the hydrated ethanol is used in the factories as a substitute for Methylated Spirits in the production of slurry for seeding.

This Pilot Plant was established by the Institute of Applied Science and Technology (!AST).

14.
14.

I' I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 5.2.4 About 4ft height of bagasse storage is reported to be unusable due to high levels of moisture absorbed through the earthen section of the floor - this results in a considerable quantity of bagasse being unsuitable for return to the boilers.

It is suggested that the entire floor be concreted.

5.2.5 During the 1st Crop, 2015 the turn-out of cane cutters was only 58%, with the maximum during dry weather being 68%.
This low level of turn-out does not bode well for the future.

5.2.6 There is a problem with bagacillo supply when Bell loading is being done during wet weather, as the mud in bagasse reduces the quantity and quality of the bagacillo - this therefore has an adverse effect on the filtration.

5.2.7 The brixes of "A", "B'' and "C" massecuites arc below the desired levels and therefore hinder molasses exhaustion, which, in turn.

affects overall recovery.


Improvements in boiling practices would assist in attaining the desired Overall Recovery.

5.2.8 Shortage of Capital.

Albion has been underfunded in their capital works.
The 2009 to 2015 Capital summary is shown below: YEAR REQUESTED RELEASED MADE AVAILABLE (SPENT) CAPITAL (G$ Million) 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 TOTAL= 193.00 61.00 129.00 110.00 73.00 207.60 90.40 864.00 158.00 61.00 129.00 110.00 0.20 207.60 90.40 756.20 21.50 18.80 10.05 1.99 0.32 121.30 0.00 173.96 5.3 ROSE HALL 5.3.1 There is a drainage problem on this location.
necessitated by the need to keep the sideline levels higher than they should be in order to provide cooling water to the Factory - the Management of the Estate have done some work to improve this situation - however, this entails pumping some make-up water from the Canje which, if brackish, can cause major damage to factory condensers and cooling water piping.

Caution is therefore urged in this practice.


5.3.2 The high final molasses purity at this location (36.25) is of concern - it is recommended that the Neutch apparatus be used regularly to check the purity drops between the 'C' 15 IP,; c:" I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I massecuitc and the molasses produced by each of the Low (irade (LG) centrifugals.
as observations during our In-Crop visit suggested that either too much water or steam was being used on one or other LG centrifugal - if this is so the excess water or steam would be dissolving too much sugar and thus increasing the final molasses purity.

The lack of flowmetcrs on the two Western States centrifugals does not allow operators and supervising staff to monitor the quantity of water added to the centrifugal - replacement flowmeters must be provided.
5.3.3 Flowmetcrs arc alsn needed at the Flocculant station to ensure that the llocculant dosage is equally divided between the two inlets to the clarifier.

5.3.4 The low attendance of cane cutters.

once again.

concerns us - should the field yields be increased.

as expected.

in future years.

and low turnout of cane cutters continue.


the factory will be hard pressed to take off the crop within the opportunity period and grinding into the traditional rainy periods will be the norm with consequent reduction in Overall Recovery of the factory.

damage to fields and dams etc.

5.3.5 During our in-crop visit most of the belts on the Heavy Duty knife drive were slipping.
Cane preparation was very poor as the distance between the knives and the carrier had been increased to reduce the likelihood of kni fc chokes.

The replacement 'V' belts purchased from a reputable manufacturer must always he pnn ided for use in this important application.
recently were apparently inferior - quality belts 5.3.6 The #3 \1ill requires special imestigation and hinders throughput and mill etliciency the complaint is that it is not taking the feed and the hydraulic pressure on this mill has been reduced as a consequence.

Mill extraction.

therefore.

has been compromised.

Hydraulic gauges and !iii indicators on the mills must be functional at all times as these are an essential guide to mill operation.
5.3.7 The John Thompson boilers (5 out of 6 boilers) arc not suited to burn mud-laden hagasse.

Wood.

used as a supplementary fuel in the boilers.

cost approximately G$3 Million in 2014.

5.3.8 Shortage of Capital.

Rose I !all has been underfunded in their capital works.

The 2009 to 2015 Capital summary is shown below: YEAR REQUESTED RELEASED MADE AVAILABLE (SPENT) CAPITAL (G$ Million) 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 354.20 150.2 151.

7 23.60 45.00 151.
7 23.60 45.00 151.

00 130.20 150.20 139.70 23.60 45.00 151.00 42.54 35.94 33.17 0.00 0.00 17.88 16 I ,.I ~ .

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 2015 TOTAL= 170.00 1045.

70 83.00 677.70 0.00 129.53 5.4 BLAIRMONT 5.4.1 This Estate has one of the better costs per unit (see Appendix Fae Ops 1).

It also plays an important role in the packaging of sugar for local consumption and export.

5.4.2 The Pre-milling area is considered to be adequate.
5.4.3 There is a cracked Headstock on the Crusher at the Mills which has been repaired by welding and braced against the #1 Mill to reduce the likelihood of the crack opening again.

A new pair of Headstocks was supplied by Surendra about 3 years ago and found to be to the v.rnng design.

The headstock from the Wales crusher was sent to Blairmont and also found to be unsuitable.

5.4.4 There is a defect on the 100 tooth gear on the mill drives - this gear has been cracked for the last 3 crops.
A replacement gear is expected to be received in October 2015 and is planned to be installed during the end-of-year Off-Crop.

5.4.5 Both Caterpillar diesel-alternators in the Power I louse are overdue for servicing, one for a top overhaul and the other for a Major Overhaul.

Finance constraints have dictated the delay in servicing.

The unit which is overdue for a major overhaul.

costing approximately 0$40 Million.

has been dcrated as a precautionary measure.


The overhauls must be done in order to prolong the life of these engines.

5.4.6 Two of the three boilers on this location have travelling grate stokers which make it easier to dispose the high level of ash when the extraneous matter in cane supply is high.

However.

the # 3 Bigelowe boiler which is de-ashed manually has to be cleaned 2 times/day during rainy weather compared with 1 time/day under normal conditions.

5.4.7 Sugar packaging.


Storage for packaged sugar is limited, necessitating frequent collection of the sugar in order to avoid a bottleneck at this point.

It is suggested that expansion of the packaging building to the South be made to allow the relocation of a packaging machine from Enmore as required from time to time.

This will entail that bins, conveyors etc.

be installed so that the basic machine can be hooked up easily when required.

5.4.8 Processing.
5.4.8 Processing.

Efforts should be made to get the non-functioning DCS system working once again.

5.4.9 Shortage of Capital.

Blairmont has been underfunded in their capital works.

The 2009 to 2015 Capital summary is shown below: 17 IP !l CI.

e I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I YEAR REQl;ESTED RELEASED MADE AVAILABLE (SPENT) CAPITAL (GS Million) 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 TOTAL= 1259.00 136.2 62.5 39.00 87.00 95.00 I 01.00 1779.
70 1199.00 136.20 62.5 39.00 8.00 95.00 I 01.00 1641.70 136.38 18.10 21.99 22.28 0.00 12.20 0.00 210.95 5.5 EAST DEMERARA ESTATE 5.5.

J The East Demerara Estate is underperforming \\ith its' cost per unit among the highest in the Industry (sec Appendix Fae Ops 1).
Difliculty in generating steam in Enmore factory (I.BI hm·ing been closed in 20 I 0) necessitates use of copious amounts of wood - the need to toss wood into the furnaces during grinding causes damage to the furnace refractory and moving grates of the boOilers.

Purchase of wood in 2014 was in excess of G$8 million - this is amongst the highest in the Industry.

Remedial action needs to be taken to right this undesirable situation.
There arc 2 mechanical harvesters and 9 bell loaders at this location - this results in excessive mud being delivered to the factory during.

and some days alter.

rainy weather.

This excess mud affects the process negatively.

5.5.2 5.5.3 It is recommended that the reverse rotation llea\y Duty knife and dri,·c at LB!

be relocated to LI IP as this would assist in improved preparation or the cane.

lower bagassc moisture and im pro,-cd steam generation.
The arrangement whereby LBJ canes are routed to U II' \ia the closed LBJ factory must be discontinued and the more direct route be utilised - this will assist in reducing the high BG!

and cost or cane transport.

5.5.4 The existing functional 8' Diameter x J 6fi long Rotary Vacuum Filter is under capacity.

particularly when dealing with dirty cane entering the factory.

The additional filter.

presently on Capital.

is necessary to cope with the clarilicr muds.


In view of the fact that this location is the major unit for the production or packaged sugar it is imperative that all efforts be made to supply clean cane to the factory so that the quality of packaged sugar can be maintained - failure to do so will inevitably result in lost export markets.

5.5.5 Every effort should also be made to retain the highest quality production staff.

suitably qualified.
suitably qualified.

at this location in vie\\ or the important task of maintaining a high quality packaged sugar at all times.

18 I P !

!

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 5.5.6 There is need to complete the rationalisation of the two Estates to achieve improved control and lower costs.

5 .5.

7 Shortage of Capital.

East Demerara Estate has been underfonded in their capital works.
The 2009 to 2015 Capital summary is shown below: REQUESTED RELEASED MADE AVAILABLE (SPENT) CAPITAL (G$ Million) YEAR 2009* 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 375.20 159.00 282.60 259.60 163.50 150.00 210.00 277.20 159.00 282.60 259.60 48.50 150.00 200.00 TOTAL= 1599.90 1376.90 64.61 67.02 243.72 7.35 5.34 43.67 0.00 411.71 * Sum of Capital for LB!

& EHP factories prior to formation of East Dcmerara Estate.
5.6 WALES 5.6.1 There is a low cane cutter attendance (approx 48%) at this location which results in the factory being unable to achieve a reasonable number of grinding hours weekly.

Estate cane yields are very low.

averaging 39.82 Tonnes Cane per Hectare (TC/Ha) - this compares unfavourably with farmers' cane yields which are 59.35 TC/Ha.
5.6.2 There is a shortage of steam at this location as the #1 Boiler, an old rivetted design, was removed in 2000 and the crusher removed shortly thereafter due to an inadequacy of steam.

The factory have concentrated recently on improving lagging, improved servicing of steam traps and reducing power requirements by better utilisation of the injection pumps - this has resulted in a much reduced time loss for Low Steam.
When clean hand-cut cane was supplied in former years there was need only to clean the #2 boiler (Babcock & Wilcox) once per week - with the advent of mechanically loaded cane it has become necessary to clean much more frequently and the factory has to stop crushing whilst this boiler is being cleaned.

5.6.3 With the removal of the crusher this factory is now a 3 tandem Mill with the resultant reduction in Mill Extraction.
5.6.4 The Wales boiling house has the capacity to process 120 TCH - however, the throughput has been reduced to 100 TC!

I.

5.6.5 The wharf is in need of urgent repairs and the shipping of sugar by barge 1s compromised due to the need for a new selt:propelled barge.

19 I " .

: I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 5.6.6 This estate is largely dependent on the supply or farmers' cane - however.

in recent years.

due to the decline in the sugar price.


some of the farmers have changed to the cultivation of rice, pineapple and other crops - every effort must be made to bring those farmers back on board.

5.6.7 Shortage of Capital.

Wales factory has been underfunded in their capital works.
The 2009 to 20 I 5 Capital summary is shown below: YEAR REQUESTED RELEASED MADE AVAILABLE (SPENT) CAPITAL (G$ Million) 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 TOTAL= 183.20 67.00 75.00 58.74 111.00 100.00 190.00 784.94 148.20 67.00 75.00 58.74 0.00 100.00 190.00 638.94 46.75 12.77 33.39 20.94 0.00 3.71 0.00 I I 7.56 5.7 UITVLUGT 5.7.1 Turn-out or cane cutters at this location is approximately 50%.
The supply of cane is only enough to keep the factory supplied for an average of 18 hours per day - cane therefore is often accumulated so that the factory can get a reasonable run.

in order to reduce fuel use etc.

This accumulation of cane increases the burning to grinding interval.

which in turn reduces the rccO\·ery of sugar and affects sugar quality.

5.7.2 About 65 - 70% of estate canes is Bell loaded.

Estate cane yields are very low (43 TC/I la).


Four out of a complement of 5 boilers in the factory arc or the older John Thompson (JT) type that do not tolerate the increased levels of extraneous matter (mainly mud) which results from the mechanical lo11ding of the canes.

The .IT boilers arc being cleaned not more than 3 times per week.

whereas the Thorn International (T.l.B.S) boiler.

which has furnaces \\·ith dump grates.

is cleaned once per shift.


Copious supplies of wood arc used in the factory to supplement the hagasse as fuel to the boilers.

5.7.3 It is our considered view that the frequency of cleaning of the JT boilers should be increased in an effort to determine whether it would be more economical to pay for the extra cleaning than purchasing large tonnages or wood.

Purchase of wood in 2014 was in excess ofG$12 Million.

5.

7.4 This factory supplies bagged sugar to the local market.
The wooden cladding on the bodies of all evaporators.

pans and juice heaters needs to he refurbished - this will 20 Ip I ' .

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I reduce heat loss and assist in the reduction of steam demand.

5.7.5 Replacement Boiler.

The increase in extraneous matter resulting from the change to mechanical loading (and possibly mechanical harvesting in the future) at Uitvlugt will require the upgrade of the Boiler plant.
One new 132,000 pph (lbs per hour) boiler can replace the four ( 4) older type John Thompson boilers.

Estimated costs are as follows: 60 tph (tonnes per hour) boiler.

complete with CAD stoker ...... US$4 Million F.A.S.

Estimated other costs (shipping, freight, foundation, ereetion) ... US$ I .5Million Total Installed Cost.. .................. US$5.5Million.

The new boiler will be complete with chimney.


heat recovery equipment and wet gas scrubber to satisfy high environmental standards of flue gas emissions.

5.

7.6 Shortage of Capital.

Uitvlugt factory has been underfunded in their capital works.

The 2009 to 2015 Capital summary is shown below: YEAR REQUESTED RELEASED MADE AVAILABLE (SPENT) CAPITAL (G$ Million) 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 TOTAL= 194.70 87.00 91.20 73.10 66.20 104.00 164.95 785.15 164.
70 87.00 86.80 73.10 0.00 104.00 0.00 515.60 45.10 78.51 9.86 1.94 0.00 8.03 0.00 143.44 6 FACTORY OPERATIONS HEAD OFFICE ORGANOGRAM The current organization structure (see Appendix Fae Ops 7) of Factory Operations places an excessive work load on the General Manager.

Technical Services, and must be restructured for a better distribution of duties.
It is acknowledged that the current Manager has the institutional memory, but given the backlog of capital projects and the urgent requirement for a greater attention to detail to increase operational efficiencies in all areas.

the following structure (see Appendix Fae Ops 8) is proposed.

It seeks to reactivate a former structure (with minor It is the understanding that suitably qualified and modifications) which worked well.
experienced staff will be recruited from within, in the first instance, followed by external recruitment.

if found necessary.

Training in all operational areas is a vital component and must take special note of new technology and the thrust towards automation.

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 7 PRIORITY FACTORY PROJECTS 2016-2020 A severe shortage of Capital spending on all factories (except Skeldon) has been identified.

particularly during the years 2009 to 2015.


By way of explanation GuySuCo has stated as is follows: "Regarding capital expenditure allributable to not only lack offimds but also to a lack of capacity (in the team) to spend when funds were available earlier in the year (in each of the years).

This lack of capacity (project management & engineering line management inexperience) got progressively worse each year".

tables.

released versus spent.


under.1pend GuySuCo 's Factory Operations Department was requested to identify their Priority Factory Capital Project requirements for the 5-ycar period 2016 - 2020.

The lists, which also includes Capital requirements for Skeldon factory, arc attached (see Appendix Fae Ops 9).

8 DEMERARA SUGAR TERMINALS (DST).

8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4.

DST is responsible in the main for the storage and shipping of bulk sugar and molasses within and without Guyana.

More importantly.
More importantly.

it arranges storage and shipping in a timely manner to GuySuCo's overseas buyers American Sugar Refiners (Tate & Lyle) at Thames Refinery, and others.

The installed storage capacity at DST is 40,000 Tons of Bulk Sugar - however, at the time of our visit on 17th August.

2015, only one of two bonds was in operation awaiting the purchase and installation of a new Steel band conveyor belt - the functional storage at the time was therefore reduced to 50% of its' capacity i.e.

20,000 Tons.
20,000 Tons.

Were Skeldon's production to improve as is indicated at present.

DST will be hard pressed to cope with the restrictions occasioned by the enforced closure of one of its bonds.

Other vital pieces of equipment are old and in urgent need of replacement.

The two grabs which unload sugar from the coastal vessels suffer frequent breakdowns as the electrical controls are obsolete and spares for the drum controllers and other electrical components are no longer available.
Efforts should be made to replace the electrical drive motors and other components with variable frequency drives, joy-stick controls and other up-to-date equipment - it is assumed that the mechanical components, such as the gearboxes, grabs etc., although old, still have many years of usefol life and do not need to be replaced at the present time.

The old Broome & Wade compressor which provides air for the proper functioning of the sugar scales, needs to be replaced.
DST staff have indicated that the compressor's governor is faulty, no replacement is available due to obsolescence and, in order to avoid exceeding the over-pressure that can cause major damage, air is being released to atmosphere constantly.

The restraint on Capital expenditure has resulted in the non approval, to date, of a new compressor (DST's estimated cost G$5 Million).

8.5.
8.5.

The non-dredging of the Dcmerara River Navigation Channel is a hindrance which restricts individual sugar shipments to an average cargo of 8.000 to 8,500 tonnes instead of the previous capahility ol' 12,000 to 13,000 tonnes.

The Manager of DST advises that 22 I Pa g ~ I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I the original draught of the 12 to 15 kilometer channel was approximately 6.9 metres.

This draught is now reduced to about 5 metres because of siltation (with a sailing draught of about -1.5 metres.
leaving about 0.5 metres for the keel of the vessel).

This shipping restriction.

added to the temporary storage limitation or 20.000 tonnes.

is a source of grave concern as any delay in the arrival of ships may result in factories having to stop production during the peak weeks of the 2nd Crop 2015 due to sugar congestion.

The DST electrical system operates on 50 l lz - steclhand conveyors.

compressor and other equipment operate on this frequency.
The changeo\-cr to 60 I lz by GPL prevents this source from being used to power DST at present.

DSl's stand-by generator, a 600 KVA Perkins.

5 years old.

has to be used whenever unloading sugar from coastal vessels or loading sugar for export.
Conversion of the equipment to 60 llz will be costly but needs to be considered in the long term - in the short term it may he prudent to source another stand-by unit that can he operated at both 50 I lz at present and 60 Hz in the future - this will allow quick changeo\-er in the event or a failure of the stand-by generator during loading of ships.

as resort to GuySuCo"s Caterpillar mobile set or rentals.

when failures occur.

can cause inordinate delays.


There are leaks in the roofs of the Sugar Grab area and the ollices.

These roofs need to he fixed as soon as possible.

Minor leaks in one of the sugar bond roofs were also observed.

DST has requested GSIO Million in Capital for 2016 to fund roof repairs.

Renewal of the Cathodic Protection at the wharf is necessary in order to prevent corrosion of the Rcndcx piles supporting the wharf and outloading conveyor structure.
DST has requested G$ l 0 Million in the 2016 Capital Budget for the replacement of the Cathodic Protection unit.

This is considered to be a priority.

8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 It must he stressed that DST is a main artery in the GuySuCo system and any dislocation will cause major disruption throughout the industry.

9.1 9.2 9 PROCUREMENT The Materials 'V1anagement Department (MMD) is a also \ital arm of the Industry.

Its effecti \·eness.

howC\H.


has been severely hampered by the fact that sufficient funds have not been available industry-wide for the timely acquisition of spare parts and equipment - as a consequence.

standards of maintenance in all factories have been compromised with the obvious deleterious effects on ctlicicncy.

In the circumstances.

therefore.

careful thought and planning is required in the usage of the scarce resources available.

There is abundant evidence that factories.


in raising Purchase Requisitions (PR's), have been delinquent in providing sut1icient and accurate information.

with the result that unnecessary delays in acquisition of items occur - there is an urgent requirement for training in this area.

In some cases where the incorrect items were supplied despite the correct specifications from the MMD.
suppliers have rcfuscu to refund monies already in some suppliers being black-listed - in their possession - this has resulted I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I notwithstanding this.

however.

a more robust effort must he made to recover the monies owed.

9.3 The high level of Obsokscent spares is of concern and requires urgent attention.

as a large inventory rests on !·:states and the MMD.

10 PLANNED MAINTENANCE 10.1 In the presentation to the COi on 8th August 2015.
Peter Roberts, a specialist in Non Dcstructivc Testing and Planned Maintenance systems made the following remarks in his overview on the topic "Reliability Perspective": is critical to producti1·ity and life expectancy of physical assets.

"1Vlainlenance Improperly maintained or neglected pla/1/ requires npe11.1ii·e and fi'equenl repairs lealling to unnecessa1~\' lo.\'.\' <~(.financial re.\·ources an(!

11oor use <?

( hun1an resource.\·.


Additionall.i: fi1ctorr hreukdmrns lead lo pmduction and/inanciul loss as 1rell as induce .\'fre.

';.\' on hun1a11 resource.\".

Such a situation is applicable to GuySuCo today.

since its financial resources arc intolerant to improper planning and execution which leads to costly wastage.

I 0.2 The factory team's visits to Estates have revealed that Planned Maintenance systems arc not operating properly and financial constraints arc not helpful in this situation.
Accurate records on which the system thrives are not up-to-date and there is an urgent need for intensive training in all aspects of the system including all managerial and non managcrial staff so that.

among other things.

critical assets are identilied.

Competent trainers arc available and should be engaged to remedy this obvious lapse in the maintenance systems.

II CANE FARMl:'l/G 11.1 Cane Farming plays an important role in the production drive in GuySuCo.
It is therefore necessary that a harmonious relationship exists between farmers and the Company.

In terms of processing their canes the main concern lies 11ith the result of the Tonnes Cane per Tonne Sugar (TC/TS) ratio.

In the farmers' opinion.

this ratio is too high as they allege that the cane they deliver is of better quality than the Estate's cane for which the TCffS ratio is much lower.
It is therefore the cane farmers' belief that some fonn of cheating takes place in the computation of their results.

11.2 An investigation into the procedures followed by the estate in handling of the farmers' cane revealed no malpractices along the way leading up to the allocation and declaration of the farmers' sugar from the cane delivered to the factory.

hence the calculated TC/TS that results.


The procedures followed by the estate personnel arc clearly documented in the laws of Guyana National Cane Fanning Committee Act Chapter 69:4.

I I .3 The estates' laboratory staff arc responsible for ultimately producing the results of the '4 I [• c1 .•.

.... - _;_ ( I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I farmers' cane by a method of sampling and analysis of the first expressed juice of the cane from which the brix, pol and purity are obtained therefrom.
The results are incorporated into a formula, known as the Puerto Rican Formula and then ultimately combined with the results of the factory's cane juice which is used in the allocation process, in accordance with the Act.

11.4 Because of the Organisation Structure of the factory laboratories, it would be very ditlicult for any of the staff to tamper with the results of the farmers' cane in terms of the TC/TS ratio.
Any fraudulent act would have to be a unified collaborative effort which does not seem possible.

12 ETHANOL 12.1 In as much as ethanol is a good source of energy in the fuel chain, its production at the present time and perhaps in the near future doesn't seem a viable option for GuySuCo to venture into (refer Section 10,3 of Agriculture Report for detailed assessment of Ethanol), The main reason for this is the continual fall in price of fossil fuels (gasoline and diesel).
The recent find of ofl~shore oil deposits in the western sea bed of Guyana also makes the choice of ethanol Jess attractive at present.

13 REFINERY 13.1 The idea of producing a high quality "Bottlers Grade' refined sugar seems attractive.

There exists a ready market in Cari com for a total of 200,000 metric tonnes of refined sugar of which Guyana's share is approximately 5.000 tonnes imported between GuySuCo and other industrial users.
In order for the production of refined sugar in Guyana to be profitable, however, securing 40% CET is vital.

To qualify for the CET the production of at least 75% or regional consumption will be necessary.

Bearing in mind that all of the refined sugar for Cari com is imported, and the increased production of raw sugar by GuySuCo projected for approximately the next 5 years, it would seem to be lucrative to invest in a Refinery to process the excess raw sugar.
However, the present price differential on the world market between raw and refined sugar is such that refining may not be justified.

An updated feasibility study must be conducted to determine the way forward.

14 CO-GENERATION 14.1 The proceeds from the sale of raw sugar, particularly after 2017 when the EU abolishes sugar quotas, will pose enormous financial problems for a sustained industry, contracted or otherwise.

Added-value products arc necessary.


In our view the main contributor to added-value to sustain the Sugar Industry in the long term will be Co-generation.

This excess electrical power, generated by steam from Boilers fed with bagasse, can be provided by selected factories to the National Grid.

Initial Capital costs are high as new high pressure Boilers, Turbo-alternators and associated equipment are required for this venture.

The returns, however, are good provided favourable Power Purchase 25 I P ,, .
'!

~ I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Agreements can be negotiated with Guyana Power & Light.

The new Skeldon factory was designed to provide firm power to the Guyana Power & Light, In-crop by steam driven turbo-alternators and Off~crop by Wartsila Diesels.

The experience gained from Skeldon can be utilized to convert other factories to provide power to the Grid.
A combined Albion/ Rose Hall factory, on a greenfield site with a capacity of 250 Tonnes Cane/hour (TCH) is suggested as the next co-gen facility to be considered.

Instead of a Diffuser, however, the existing Milling plant at Albion, with the addition of 2(two) mills to take the milling tandem to a total of 6 mills is preferable.

The mills at Albion, with minor modifications, are capable of a throughput of 250 TCH.

The clarifier at Albion is also capable of an upgrade to 250 TCH.

From the foregoing.
From the foregoing.

an attempt should be made to initiate a feasibility study of some estates which should include a thorough examination of similar co-generation projects elsewhere.

In the latter regard, Mauritius comes readily to mind.

15 ENVIRONMENT 15.1 Samples of the factory effluents and discharges are taken by the factory laboratory staff, subdivided and analysed by both GuySuCo's Central Laboratory and the Environmental Protection Agency (Refer Agriculture Report Section 9.2).
16 MANAGEMENT There is evidence that management performance has been adversely affected by unnecessary costly and ill thought out interventions.

Visits to Estates revealed not a little frustration reportedly due to some sharp management practices in the areas of placements and promotions.

The standardized system of merit awards worked well in the past and should be resuscitated.
17 CONCLUSIONS l 7.1 Given the financial constraints of the Government Of Guyana (GOG), notwithstanding its commitment and support for the sugar industry, it is apparent that the injection of funds.

as needed by the Industry, cannot be satisfied.

The rejuvenation and the revitalization of the Sugar Industry with assurances of adequate funds for its various operations will have to be sourced from Private Enterprise.

In this regard the privatisation of GuySuCo is recommended.
17.2 The commissioning of the Skeldon Factory was poorly managed and the Project should not have been taken over.

It continues to require huge financial inflows to satisfy its 26 I P ,3 2 ,, I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Capital and Routine needs.

An effort should be made to seek adequate redress.

17.3 From as far back as 2009, the Industry has been unable to satisfy fully its Capital and Routine requirements.
As a consequence improvements to Factory plant have been neglected due to an inordinate sum of money having to be spent on Skeldon factory.

Factory efficiencies suffered.

17.4 All Estates are unable to break even in the short or medium term and unit costs of production are unacceptable.

Whilst Albion, Rose Hall and Blairmont show prospects of improvement, Wales and Uitvlugt pose challenges to continuity.

Additional cane farming on these two Estates is crucial to their survival.
17.5 The industry can no longer rely solely on the production of Raw Sugar.

Added -value products arc required.

Jn addition to Skeldon, serious consideration should be given to Co-generation at a combined Albion/Rose Hall factory, on a green-field site, in the near future, provided this project could be co-funded by private capital.

17.6 The unit cost at East Demerara Estate is amongst the highest in GuySuCo.

The proposed upgrade of En more Factory.


recommended in 20 I 0, at a cost of G$466 million, should be implemented to further the interest of value-added packaged sugar produced at this location.

It should be noted, however, that this upgrade should be commensurate with matching field production.

17.7 The 2009 - 2013 and 2013-2017 plans have been overtaken by recent events and the projections are unrealistic.
17.8 With the conversion, at all factories, to load-cell cane scales, there is absolutely no justification for continuing with the current format for scale testing and this should be discontinued forthwith, and replaced by a reduced presence of representatives.

The presence of several union representatives is considered a costly waste of human and financial resources.

17.9 All incentive schemes should be based on productivity and should have a high percentage attendance qualification requirement.
17.10 Given the possibility of a change in Management of the Industry, workers' entitlements should not be compromised.

Leasing of land to qualified permanent workers for agricultural purposes may be one of the favourable considerations.

17.11 Every effort should be made to maintain staff houses and other staff welfare facilities in a proper state, as visits to Estates have revealed that, on most locations, there is need for considerable improvement.
The reason for the neglect has reportedly been the non availability of funds.

271Fa,;e I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 18 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS & RECOMMENDATIONS SUMMARY OF FINDINGS RECOMMENDATIONS 1.

The commissioning of the new Skeldon factory was a Redress should be sought from the disaster.

The factory should not have been accepted with Project Managers and/or Turn-key so many faults.

2.

Adequately trained local counterparts were not in place before commissioning of the Skeldon factory.
This is considered a major oversight.

3.

Specification of sand and ash %cane of <3% for the new Skeldon factory is considered to have been a major blunder.

4.

The exclusion of Rotary Vacuum Filters from the design of the Skeldon Factory was a flawed decision.

contractor.

Additional training, especially in the areas of automation, is required to cope with the new technology at SWR and other estates.
Consider changing the Boiler Pin-hole grates to Continuous Ash Discharge (CAD) stokers to cope with the high levels.

Install Rotary Vacuum filters and bagacillo collection system of sufficient capacity.

condensate at Skeldon.

the new Skeldon plant (drawings are vital for the proper understanding of the functioning of equipment).

6.

Entrainment has prevented the use of 1" vapour 5.


There appears to be an absence of adequate drawings of Request Booker-Tate and/or CNTIC to supply a complete set of drawings (in English).

Better control of boiling levels in the 1" effect evaporators is suggested, in the first instance.

Better supervision of harvesting operations, especially during wet weather.

Funds must be made available to put the !

factories in reasonable operating mode.

7.


Increased mechanization has resulted in high levels of All factories, except Skeldon, were starved of funding for 8.

Capital and routine expenditure, as far back as 2009. extraneous matter (especially field soil).

This situation precipitated the substandard performance of the other factories.

i ' Some staff displayed inexperience in basic factory Accelerate training.

9. operations.

i Restructuring of Factory Ops.


H/0 is an urgent necessity Refer to suggested structure in Appendix 10. for better work distribution and efficiency.

The sale of the Steam & Power component of the Fae Ops 8.

Seek reversal of this sale.

11.

Skeldon factory to Skeldon Energy Inc. is disadvantageous to GuySuCo.

- The rates per KWH for sale of power to G.P.L.

from the 12. co-gen plant at Skeldon are too low.

GV and ICBU suffer immensely from shortage of canes.

I ! '
I ! '

- i Seek a renegotiation of the Power Purchase Agreement between Guy5uCo and GPL.

These Estates should be rationalized should additional canes not be forthcoming from farmers.

Cane Scale testing on Estates wastes valuable and scarce With the advent and accuracy of Load resources.

Cells it is not necessary to check scales on a weekly basis .. Funds should be made available to Staff welfare facilities have suffered from neglect in the 15. past few years.
-------~_upkeep the facilities to enhance staff 28 C> .

!

13.

14. i ! '

' I ' I I ' ' i I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I .

16.

Factories have discontinued the measurement of the RS/A (Reducing sugars to Ash ratio), a measurement of the exhaustibility of molasses.

morale.

I Factories to·r~introduce this analysis ' ' with immediate effect.

.

17.

Externally influenced management decisions were not in Management must be given the freedom 18. the best interests of informed technical decisions.
In aggregate, huge sums of money are required to put the industry on a satisfactory operating mode.

19.

The Co-gen aspect, amongst others, of the Skeldon factory, requires immediate technical assistance .

20.

DST not operating at maximum capacity and efficiency.

to act professionally.

I Urgently encourage and involve the private sector in the management of the Industry.
Provide assistance at the earliest opportunity bearing in mind the financial benefits of Co-Gen. Dredge the Demerara Navigational Channel to increase sugar cargo levels.

,, 9 I c, ,:.... , '-· - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .............. ______________ _ __ ... .. _ ~-~· _ ~J:>Y!

'._N_DIX Fae Ops I 5988 54 09 so 57 49 44 4 4.:!

23 45 bS 33 }7 251 : • 201.l ~X(LUOING depr<>c1.H10n, ~nd ~X(LUOING eid1u~tment • 2014 INCLUDI NG dt-pre<l.t!ton .
.ind EXCLUDI NG ad1u~tmen1 :>Ot-t EXCLUDING deprec1.tl1on.

and INCLUDING "dJUl(Oll'll( • 101-11111 r UDING Ot'PIP{oiH•O".

dnd NCLUOIN f, Ctdju~1nwnt o(J.9:> S0.19 4l JO 60 >O 40 3 30 20 10 0 Skeldon Albion Ro'>«' tt.111 Bla1rmont E.Hl Wa~ U1t vtugt INDlJSTAY D•.1n11't.lrd r ESTATES 2014 PRODUCTION COSTS IUS c.~nts/lb) l. c .., p. oc <1 APPENDIX FAC OPS.

2 _J OOC Hrs.- Wales Haul$ 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 0 ~ -- :;-- .... - ....... -- n i.-· \.t -· .-1 ,...._ r. ... - --OOCHrs.

- - - Pol'{.
- - - Pol'{.

(OOC H15.)

2004 2005 2!0i 2007 20111 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Ysr OOC Hrs.- Ultvluct - ~ - - ' - I~··" " i +---1----f.-4.e..+--l:::t=f::::_.j.,--,~-i..

--f--_.j, - - - Polv.

(OOC Hrs) I .•'>-""i ~~~-t--+---t--+-, ~=~· C !
i l I --OOCHrs 2004 2005 2!0i 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Yur Year Wal&1 Ultvlu11t APPENDIX FAC OPS 3 Case ~n \J 38 uous Ash D s harge S e Retrof on Two Bauers • • Cal• narv lttn"'tOf'H:~d Con11nuoi..s as.h rerrova1 Sot1 c tearung • • • Var1alllft spM.td dnvp r11prQVt1tJ botltH d-..a etbt rv Ha11dlos a w11~ raq~ ot tueis • • LmN "fl&intA11ence Jn1fo1rr fut'tl and air d1str1b,.1tt0n tftsu111ng 1n &table comb~t on -··" T ======A~9~M Jk I 1 a i:; c I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I J .J l1dc .G I ""' _,DATE ¥1B)., u~~ ESTATE/ Oi141'-JD11 0Mr1 ..... •IOCTilln ' , BIEi aug ne-•twwwi& ..__ I L __ -AJ>J>F:_N_DIX f'A~OPS 4 Wf:I r:GIEl: ™ Wlrt!I m """" ..
n:,., • l!OT•TE _._ DEPT.-.0 - - - - AHOI"" EB '"*"' - OTlB , nu.

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......., ,,,......"" NPee'™ANO 7 ~· Min T.- D..Dl ..... lllM(MJ> c~ • • , ~.

lllAIRMOHt v..__ ..... ..., ,_...., ·- l .


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:TORM o_CHE'lltAM C.YCTORINE BDH-..U Y-Wllrl.TBtS ESTA~Llll 10 I """'1NI>- R.IWrf081'ER.

Y.l'Sl:-..0, - ,....., --1100 _....._ I ........,.. -·· WCQJ.OIS (AIG .

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(tBI) Y.MDJL.0.M T~HH~ 1.147·20'10 " " " ,.

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TERS ...._ R .......... F - --TE I l"I s ~!.~~ FACTORY OPERATIONS pJtj~ ... ..._.
'LBf) -D -·-····- FACTORY OPERl\"""8 (L.9) - I ~;~~ ............ r 'IAI Jl DEPT .. OGU- "---~ - - ......... ...,.._ .. \ l~I ~ flldllfy-.

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I IN'TEHNAL ROTATING INSPECTION SYSTEM HIGH-SPEEIJ ULTRASOUND OPTION IHI\ •I J J I ' a b c ------------------- - I.. c c C1t (' I lihei:l l APPENDIX FAC OPS.

6 I TABLE OF MAJOR ROUnNE BUDGET cosr~.
::J.KELQOfff~CTORY Item 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 $41 534.62700 S60 775 768 00 Fuel HFO {Heavy Fuel 011) Oiese!ene Lub(Jcants T ransponallOn Costs CNTIC Technical Support services reodered CNTIC Technical Support services rel"ldered Consul1aneyirepa1rs Charges to No 2 boiler Fuel HFO ( H~avy Fuel Oil) Dieselene Lubricants CauaticSoda LCM-er Alt Prenoater Tubes .Repairs to #1 DG T urt>ochar96r Pivotal Shoo Radial Beanng Pad Oescate Back Pressure Steam Turb1r.e SeMce technicians toolr.
& consumables TOT AL CO-OEN COSTSt.

$48230,00000 S153,791_00000 S5 971 533 00' $8 672.081 00 S3s.os2.soa oo" $12 04-4,951 ()() $1.157 38-4 00 $6.721 672 oo' $11,328 931 00 $28,986 965 00 S10.

'Be 674 OOS $6 315.8'4000 ~.

-----------_-____ ____,, _ ·Ss.162 584 $9.767.707 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I !

j ! '

!

c • • ' I~ • • . '

• ' ' u t ~ ' • u t • !

• • < r- g; !

,o, u 1 x Ci z U-1 '~ '~ I<!'.


.J / I r ~t ~ e - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - APPENDIX FAC OPS 8 17 I TECHNICAL DIRECTOR !

PROJECT MANAGER FACTORY OPERATIONS MANAGER [Mochanlcal) CHIEF ELECTRICAl.
/INSlRUMENT ENGINEER FACTORY OPERATIONS MANAGER [PROCESS] I 11 STEAM • POWER ENGINEER ENGINEER I MIW 2 REGIONAL l DIESEL ENGINEERS I I ELECTRICAL I INSlRUMENT ENGINEER ENGINEER CHIEF PROCESS TECHNOLOGIST QUALITY ASSURANCE MANAGER I CIVIL ENGINEER I I AUTO CAO I I 2SITE DRAUGHTSMAN FNC"..JMFFA§.

11 \, 0 ~ ~ rr:: r. CEH APPENDIX FAC OPS 9 Priority Factory Projects 2016 - 2020 .

No.

i 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

·io __ .,_ 24.

25.


- Skeldon Description Overhaul of diffuser gearbox.

Replace critical inst.

for cvap.

and CVP.

Repairs to sugar andm<iL:ci~~~s_".Vharf Factory Workshop and Install Machinery.

Replace inboard dumper with winch system Repairs to sugar drier Replace X002 gearbox and drive.

Replace Bob Cat and tractor and trailer Rotate shredder 180°.

Replace scratchcrs_tructurc and front end loader.

ModitY infeed carrier sprockets and chain.


Replace critical pumps and drive.

Install external separator to evaporator.

Replace air compressors Replace lifting scrcws_and <!rives on diffuser.

Replace mill reduction gearbox_ components l mprovements to roads and access way_.

Replace tubes in boi !er No.

2.

Replace ID fans.

Install feed water pumps on boilers.

Install mud removal system.

Install seed receiver. '

Replace condenser and h_caters.

Automation of bagasse feeding.


Replace diffuser chain co111_poncnts Total 2016 25 5 10 20 100 5 7 20 --- 20 -- --·"' 7 5 100 IO 20 10 15 --·-- .

.

I I 379 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Ci$ MILLION 2017 2018 2019 2020 i - - - ' 5 5 I i 10 10 5 !

5 I 50 i 20 ; I !
5 I 50 i 20 ; I !

10 10 15 15 15 20 5 10 5 IO 5 20 IO 200 - 15 IO 10 5 20 20 100 I 5 ' ' ; 10 I ,-~) 10 10 - - - - - 5 10 7 40 - - -- 5 200 25 10 5 10 1 () 10 - 542 I 365 30 70 170 391 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Priority Factory Projects 2016 - 2020 Albion :\To.

Description ' 2016 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

Install carding drum.

Automation or cane carrier system.

Mill intcrcarrier gearbox replacement Install I tonne crane workshop.

Rcfurhish mills and headstocks.


Replace gantry motor and resistancchank.

lnstaIJ._punt dumper Install cYaporator.

Install Yacuum pan 10. '

Upgrade clarifier i 11. : Install OC filter.

12.

13.

Replacement of pumps and drives Replace air compressor.

-· 14. , Overhauls or turbine and alternator 15. i Lpgradc or switchboard.

16. : Po\vcr f~1ctor correction.

- 5 7 10 10 10 10 15 10 10 ---- --- Extend ba~assc logie.

._ Upgrade No.

3 boiler.

._ Install boiler reed water pump.


Replacement of lab equipment.

Replace front end loader.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

Ci$ MILLION - i 2017 5 2018 5 I 2019 !


2020 - 10 7 ~· 5 10 5 I 00 30 30 15 10 10 - - - - 10 15 10 10 15 70 15 10 15 " T t ' 5 7 10 5 100 30 30 15 20 10 15 10 10 15 20 15 10 10 - 10 15 I ' · - I 10 15 15 10 Replace mill intercarrier chain and drive ' 1 Cherhaul of mill turbines Repair to mill reYetment civil foundation i II 50 15 30 50 ---~- 15 20---1 Total 87 407 332 130 .

_13s I 40 i :• ',· Priority Factory Projects 2016 - 2020 No.

I.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

I 0.

11.

12.

13.

14.


15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

Rose Hall Description Install punt dumpers.

Upgrade of cane prep.

Equipment.

Replacement of pumps and drives.

Refurbish milling plant.

Install donnelly chute.

Install boiler feed pump.

Replace condensate tank Replace ID fan.

U pgradc of boilers.

Install diesel gen set.

Replace low grade centrifugal.

Upgrade cane carrier system.

Replace air compressor.

Replace front end loader.


Replace lab instrument.

Extend bagassc logic.

Repair sugar and molasses wharf.

Replace boat engine.

Install crane for mill lathe.

Upgrade of mill turbines.

Replace condensers.

Replace low grade crystallisers and drives.

Upgrade of sugar house building.

Replace workshop machine.


Total G$ MILLION Priority Factory Projects 2016 - 2020 Blairmont 1---- Description 2016 (i$ MILLIO\I ~-- No.

f-------·-- --- I.

~--·-·· 2. , ·'- 4.

5.

6.

7.


- -- --------- Upgrade of cane prep.

Equipment.

Replace mill gearing Upgrade No.

3 boiler.

Install 2.5 MW turbines and generators.

Upgrade power house switchboard.

Replace pump and drives.

Replacement of front end loader.

8.

9.

10.

I I.

-·- ____ Replace eentrifug_".L_ ___ Replace mill house crane.

Replace compressors.

Install mud filter.

, 12. r--- i 13. , Replace lab equipment.

: Mill upgrade.

14.

Replace ID fan.

15.

Building repairs.

16.


Replace condenser.

17.

Extend bagasse logic - 18.

Replace mill turbines.

19.

Replace workshop_machinc.

Total - - - - - - - - .

- - - - - i - - 2017 I 50 20 40 100 20 10 l 5 25 10 10 25 5 20 10 7 10 15 ! '

; I i : ' I ' i 20 20 5 25 15 25 5 20 10 7 10 I ' I - - - 40 10 542 7 169 I I - ! '

2018 50 20 40 100 20 10 10 10 5 20 7 10 10 10 7 329 - 2019 2020 20 20 10 i ! '

I 10 20 10 10 40 60 I I ' 42' i' ,!

.


Priority Factory Projects 2016 - 2020 •·· No.

I.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

I 0.

I I.

12.

13.

14.

Enmore Description I 2016 --···- GS MILLION 2017 2018 - ----~-- 2019 2020 Replace HD knife with reverse rotation - Ex LB!.

Repairs to pumps and drives.

Mill refurbishment.

Install donnelley chute on No.

I mill.

Upgrade of boilers. '

Replace ID fans.

· Replace gearbox on bagasse carrier.

Replace mud tilters.

Install instrumentation on C',aporator.


Upgrade of workshop_ eqLtiJll~l:J1l.

_ Replace bagas~c equipment._ Replace heatersa_n~_cCl_l1dcnscrs.

Upgrade of power house bus bars.

Replacement of drainage pumps/drives.

Total i I I I !

I I 25 5 15 7 15 15 15 15 7 7 -· 15 IO 25 176 !

.

-- 20 IO 15 IO IO IO IO 7 5 15 15 IO 25 162 IO 15 15 IO 5 5 15 IO 20 105 10 20 IO 15 IO 15 I i 5 10 20 55 60 I I ' I I !

i I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Priority Factory Projects 2016 - 2020 No.

I.

2.

3.

4.

5.
I.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

Wales Description Install reverse assembly and cane conveyor.

Replace gantry motor and resistance bank.

Upgrade of building structure.

Replace pumps and drives.

Upgrade of mills and gearing.

lJ pgrade of power house bus bar and switches.

Upgrades of boilers.

Reassemble crusher drive and headstock.

Replace lab instruments.

Replace cane carrier control.

Replace revetment to factory.


Upgrade and repairs to wharf.

Replace condensers and juice heaters.

Replace HG and LG baskets.

Replace compressors.

Replace vacuum pans.

Replace MCC with rubber conveyor Replace Bob Cat and Bagasse equipment.

Replace No.

2 boiler chimney.

Extend bagasse logie Replace sugar barge and tug.


Total 2016 7 5 20 10 50 15 5 10 10 5 15 20 7 20 10 10 30 249 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 2019 2020 15 10 20 10 15 50 10 10 20 20 20 G$ MILLION I P a.

~ ,.

Priority Factory Projects 2016 - 2020 U"tvl I t U!!

Description 2016 Upgrade of cane conveyor system.

Upgrade of leveller turbine.

Replacement of pumps and drives.


Upgrade mill turbines.

Replace intergearing/reducer internals.

Upgrade of mills.

Upgrade of boilers.

Replace boiler chimney.

Replace lD fans.

Replace lab instruments.

Replace bagasse equipment.

Replace workshop equipment.

Building upgrade.

Install molasses tank.

Replace juice heaters Replace bagasse carrier gearbox.

Replace condensers.

Replace centrifugals.

Install syrup clarifier.

Replace revetment to factory.

Power factor correction.


Total 5 15 50 50 75 20 7 5 5 20 15 7 15 20 10 10 7 336 No.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I G$ MILLION I P a ;z •: I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Cogeneration Plant 5 Years Projection No.
Description 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 G$ MILLION Replace scratcher structure and front end loader.

Replace air compressors Replace tubes in boiler No.

2.

Replace ID fans.

Install feed water pumps on boilers.

Automation of bagasse feeding.

1 Total 25 10 200 25 10 JO 280 100 10 20 15 145 20 10 200 15 50 75 25 245 so 100 461 Page I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 MARKET ANALYSIS Table of Contents 1.

Introduction 2.

The E.U.

Market 3.

The U.S.A Market 4.

The Local Market 5.


The CARICOM Market 6.

Molasses 7.

Co-Generation 8.

Price 9.

General 10.

Appendix The tables Table i Table ii Table iii Table iv 2015 - 2017 2018- 2020 2021 - 2023 2024- 2025 3 3 5 6 7 9 9 10 12 15 page 15 page 16 page 17 page 18 The data with respect to year 2025 are intended to be representative of the years 2025 thru' 2029 since no significant changes are expected to take place during those years.
CEH I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 2 Introduction In July, 2015, The Government of Guyana established a commission to enquire into the operations of the Guyana Sugar Corporation (Guysuco), and to develop, to the extent possible, a plan to bring the sugar industry back to profitability.

The common tasks included a report and recommendations on a series of operational areas including the marketing of the corporation's bulk sugar, and value added and by-products.
This report addresses all aspects of the aforementioned area and recommends ways forward.

It is informed by estate visits, discussions with local and foreign stakeholders and the gathering of information from a wide variety of sources.

,.

The base figures used are actual for 2014 and projections will be for two 5-year periods and one six year period: 1.

2015 - 2019; 2.

2020 - 2024; 3) 2025 - 2030.


As at the end of 2014, Guyana's main markets for sugar were the European Union (EU) - 75%, Local - 12%, USA- 7%, and CARICOM - 6%.

Each market is dealt with in turn along with a recommendation or recommendations.
The EU Since Guyana exports as much as 75% of its production to the EU, any analysis must take into account what is likely to happen after 30 September, 2017 when quotas are abolished and there will be no distinction between quota and out-of-quota sugar.

There will then be open competition with other countries exporting sugar to the EU and at a price more or less equal to the world price.
CEH I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 3 After 2017, prices in the EU will follow world prices up and down in a liberalised market situation.

Imports will decrease as the EU sugar price falls.

Guyana can continue to export sugar to the EU, more particularly to Tate & Lyle (T&L) since the refineries in London are not 'modern' and can continue to accept Guyana's relatively low quality sugar: 96° - 97° pol.
However, according to the representative of Guysuco's marketing agent, even T&L would have a problem accepting sugar of a lower quality (based on a recent sample from Skeldon (SWR) estate) and other refineries would not do so unless price-reducing penalties are applied.
Over time, changing consumer preferences will also result in market share being taken by non-sugar low calorie sweeteners like stevia, splenda and sucralose in addition to artificial sweeteners like aspartame and saccharin (though it must be conceded that the latter two are being phased out).

The foregoing suggests that: ,... Guyana will continue to export sugar to the EU; ,...
There will however have to be a reordering of market priorities dependent upon the revenue-earning ability of each and the quantities associated therewith.

,... We propose the following in order of priority Local, Caricom, USA, EU.

The EU will have moved from being a priority market to being a residual market though the largest quantities will continue to be exported there.

,...

However, this ordering could well change dependent on movement in WMP's.
It could be argued that there is a direct relationship between the price obtained in the EU and the WMP.

As the WMP increases (as it has since the end of July 2015), the price obtained in the EU (the market to which most of Guyana's sugar is exported) also increases.
CEH I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 4 The USA Guyana exports approximately 12,700 tonnes of bulk sugar per annum to the USA under that country's Tariff Rate Quota System, and it is assumed that this will continue throughout the period under consideration.

This quantity can increase under special circumstances though these are not easily predicted.

There is also a market for Guyana's special value-added sugar in the USA and Canada.
It was intended to ship packaged Demerara Gold (DG) to these markets.

However, after a lawsuit which was lost, DG can no longer be exported to North America as an exclusive Guyanese product.

Enmore estate (EHP) is producing "new" packaged sugar under the brand name "Enmore Crystals" (EC).

The following is recommended: ;...

The name (or whatever may be the finally agreed name, e.g.

Demerara Crystals) must be registered as a trade mark in Guyana and North America.
;... Further, EC would be "new" to the diaspora.

The package should therefore carry information easily identifying the origin of the sugar, especially the word "Demerara" along with other words e.g.

'grown in', 'original', 'genuine'.

;...

The foregoing must be accompanied by an aggressive, informative advertising campaign including comparative reference to 'Demerara Gold' as far as the law would permit.

Later, dependent on the response, Guysuco could revert to reminder advertising.

;...
;...

These advertising campaigns, paid for by Guysuco, could be carried out by whoever is responsible for the distribution of the sugar.

The projected value of value-added CEH I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 5 exports to the USA and Canada over the three year period 2015 - 2017 is US$1,681,000.

This suggests that the cost to Guysuco for the information advertisements over the same period would be US$336,000.
As was stated before, advertisements post 2017 would be reminder advertisements and these would cost significantly less.

Local As was stated, the local market accounts for approximately 12% of Guysuco"s production in the form of bagged and packaged sugar.

On the local market, more than 18,000 tonnes of bagged sugar were sold in 2014 and only 2665 tonnes of DG.

A rather unsatisfactory state of affairs if Guysuco is to earn more revenue from local sales without increasing the price sugar.
It is recommended: > More DG packaged sugar be deliberately made available on the local market to gradually, as it were, wean the population off bagged sugar, albeit forceably.

The likely results are reflected in the tables.

> Both packaged and bulk sugar are currently together available in the supermarkets.

However, if only one type were available, that type (packaged) will have to be purchased at the relatively remunerative price of US$.26/lb.
It is to be noted that any increases in price must be approved by the relevant government authority.

> At least 9,000 tonnes will continue to be consumed locally.

CEH I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 6 CARI COM EHP factory has a capacity to package 40,000 tonnes which it has never done, while Blairmont Estate can package up to 10,000 tonnes.

The price received for DG in CARI COM is approximately US$.33/lb (the highest return).
Intuitively, it would seem that more DG would have to be promoted and shipped to CARICOM (cf.

2343 tonnes shipped in 2014).

Since there are other countries in the region e.g.

Belize and Guatemala which are ready to ship sugar to the sugar consuming member states in CARICOM, both Guyana's packaged and bagged sugars must be marketed more aggressively to retain market share and premium prices.

DG is already known in the region and, in this regard, reminder advertising should be carried out.
Guysuco currently pays about US$56,000 to its distributor in Trinidad to promote its sugar in the region.

These advertisements must continue.

This is primarily because in a situation of low world market prices (WMP), importers can purchase higher quality sugar outside of the region, pay the Common External Tariff (CET) and it would still be cheaper than purchasing sugar from a member country exporter like Guyana at a premium price.
There is a readily quantified market for refined sugar in the region, including Guyana.

Indeed, Guyana imports refined sugar from Guatemala for use in the beverage industry and others which need that type of sugar to produce the best version of their final product Uams and jellies).

The CARICOM market is estimated to be in the vicinity of 200,000 tonnes.

The SSMP had earmarked Skeldon estate to satisfy this refined sugar market.
Having regard to all the well-known circumstances, it can be stated that this will never happen.

CEH I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 7 :,.

However, if funding could be found to establish a refinery, as was stated above there would be a ready market for refined sugar for Guyana at a price in excess of US$.

30c/lb.

Of course, under such circumstances, Guyana (Guysuco) would no longer expend foreign exchange to import refined sugar (from Guatemala).
Molasses In 2014, the majority of Guysuco's molasses was shipped to the 'Other Islands' and Barbados, with DDL placing a significant third.

Assuming that exports to all the current markets continue at negotiated prices: :,.

Guysuco must more seriously examine the possibility of selling (and exporting) molasses in small (400 - 500 ml.)

bottles with the necessary promotion.

:,.


Care must be taken, however, to ensure that any health benefits claimed could be verified as accurate so that the corporation would not be liable for damages for making false claims.

This is especially the case when the product is exported to the USA and Canada Co-Generation.

There is no significant revenue to be earned from the sale of bagasse at present.

It is recommended that: :,.


All factories capable of generating excess power benefit from this value-added activity CEH I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 8 > More particularly with respect to SWR, the sale of bagasse to the newly created company SEI should be discontinued and the creation of the company reversed.

(This topic is discussed more extensively in section 14 of the "Factries" report.)
The FAQ and OECD of the UN project a gentle recovery of prices over the next decade, but a decline in real terms.

Output will grow faster than demand over the long term (2015 - 2024) painting a downbeat picture on prices - US$.16.6c/lb by 2024 up from US$.11 c/lb given today's prices but down in real terms because of inflation.

Further, because of sugar substitutes and the growth of health consciousness, global sugar consumption will increase only 2% per year up to 2024.
The price in 2030 is predicted to rise to $US.19c/lb.

There are many uncertain, unpredictable and even unknown factors which can and do influence the WMP, e.g.

weather (particularly drought and flood).

There are also influential factors which can be regarded as known e.g.
1) the increase of low calorie sugar substitutes and the increase in health consciousness leading to an increase in the overall supply of sugar and the associated fall in prices, and 2) movements in the value of the Brazilian Real because Brazil accounts for more than 68% of the trade in raw sugar and 51 % world trade.

It is to be noted that the Brazilian economy is now officially in recession.
Further, the movement of the US dollar can also have an impact on the WMP CEH I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 9 where a strengthening of the dollar will have a negative impact on WMP's and vice-versa.
'Jo.11 July 2010 to dare cdtl 4C l'· 3C 2:\ 2C 1: 1C < G --~-~··---~···~r·--------- ··--,-~----r--~---------------------~ ,,, 10 J;.o 12 J,ir 11 Jul 12 ,i\1111 Jul 13 JJn 14 The diagram above was adopted from Czarnikow's Market Briefing to Guysuco as at July 2015 and shows the movement of WM P's from July 201 O to July 2015.

It is to be noted that the WMP as at September 2015 was approximately US$.

11 c/lb and US$.
11 c/lb and US$.

13.2c/lb as at the beginning of October, 2015 Having regard to the foregoing, it was decided to use the most conservative WMP prices in the projections based on 2 factors: ;.... 1) the WMP is unlikely to ever fall below $US.

1 Oc/lb, at least in nominal terms; ;.... 2) if the price exceeds $US.
1 Sc/lb, revenue can only increase with a positive overall effect; ;.... Guysuco must exert every effort to produce high quality sugar for every market so as to be able to negotiate a price higher than the WMP, regardless of its level.

,...

The percentage by which the WMP increases every year will be the extent to which, where applicable, some of the prices Guysuco's obtains in its different markets increases.

This, however, would not apply with respect to the local market.
General CEH I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 10 It is accepted by all that with respect to Guysuco, the current status quo cannot continue.

In that context, it must also be accepted that there no 'sacred cows'.

Accordingly, 2018 must be the year when, if radical changes do not take place, some changes must begin.

The simple underlying reason being that changes in the EU come into effect from 151 October, 2017.
Radical changes would include the closure of factories in both Demerara and Berbice, since, for Guysuco to continue to exist as a sugar producer, at least one of the current seven must be closed so that 'bad ones would not continue to keep the good ones down'.

However, if all factories continue to produce sugar after 2017, changes in the industry must take place.
It must first be accepted that, given the current structure of the world market, increases in overall revenue earnings can only take place if there are more exports to the more lucrative markets, since no significant increases in prices are projected.

In fact, prices of exports when projected to increase from one year to another, only do so at the same relatively low rate that WMP's are projected to increase from that particular year to the next.
The changes which must take place must therefore result in a reduction in costs.

Such changes include: 1.

The rationalisation of the employment structure with respect to both management and non-management.

In this regard, the questions to be answered are whether Guysuco employs more persons than are necessary for an efficient operation and whether a reduction in employment numbers and costs would result in a more effective and efficient operation.

CEH I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 11 2.


There must be increased efficiency in both field and factory performance leading significant improvements in sugar yields and quality.

Improvements in sugar quality will have a great impact on market acceptance and price.
This is relevant to all markets, especially the EU as T&L advised, but not with respect to the local market where increases in revenue take place as the proportion between DC bagged and packaged sugar is deliberately being changed or as was stated before, with the approval of the relevant government authority.

The tables in the appendix show comparative increases 1n exports and earnings 1n all markets and are structured as follows: Table 1.

2015-2017 Table ii.

2018 - 2020 Table iii.


2021 - 2023 Table iv.

2024 and 2025.

The data with respect to year 2025 are intended to be representative of the years 2025 thru' 2029 The following should be noted: 1.

The projections with respect to exports to the EU were supplied by Guysuco.

2.

The projections with respect to exports of value-added to the USA and Canada assume that the recommended advertisements have taken place and have borne fruit.
CEH ------------------- 12 APPENDIX Table i COMPARATIVE SUGAR SALES 2015- 2017 : - Destination Product Quantity (tonnes) i Quantity Quantity Price $US/mt Price Price 2015 2016 2017 2015 2016 2017 f--· E.U USA __ Canada - Bulk DC Banned Bulk DC Baaaed Value Added DC Banned Value Added 151,171 2.400 27,682 540 225 540 225 CARICOM DC Banned Value Added 24.609 4239 158,000 3,000 160,000 3.000 12,636 540 440 540 250 26.970 5.000 12,636 540 1,200 540 600 30.000 15.000 Rest of Reqion Total Exports Local Total Local DC Baaaed Value Added DC Banned Value Added : __ .. ::-::-::: ~- ~- Total Bulk Talal DC Baaaed Talal Value Added 164 478 212,273 1,000 600 209,156 1.500 800 225,816 18,652 3,078 21,730 178,853 46,905 8.245 16,200 4,000 20,200 170,636 48,250 10,290 12,000 8,500 20,500 ' _-.. - - --- Value US$ '000 2015 49,735 1,176 12,152 270 124 270 124 Value Value 2016 50.560 1.470 2017 I - 51.200 1.470 -- ... - --------- - 6.495 270 702 - - - - 6,103 270 242 270 138 13,070 2.930 i 24,199 3.261 115 385 80,351 700 480 87,693 7,711 8,878 1,773 2,304 10,651< 10,015 287 351 27.431 2,220 1,050 640 92,116 5,712 4,896 10,608 Unit Price US$.c/lb 2015 - Unit Price Unit Price 2016 2017 14.93 22.23 19 92 2269 24.95 22.69 24.95 24 05 3126 3176 36.52 14.52 22.23 21.91 22.69 24.95 22.69 2495 3176 31.53 3176 36.30 I I 14.52 2223 ·----~ 2332 ------ 22.69 26.54
 2414 ----- 26.54 ------ ---~ 33.80 3358 31 76 36 30 21.60 26.13 21.60 26.13 21 60 26.13 TOTAL SALES 234,003 229,356 246,316 91,002 97,708 102,724 Production CEH 227.443 233.612 255.052 ---· I ------------------- 13 Table ii COMPARATIVE SUGAR SALES 2018 - 2020 Destination Product Quantity (tonnes) 2018 2019 2020 Price $US/ mt 2018 2019 2020 E.U USA Canada CARICOM Rest of Req1on Total Exports Local · Total Local Total Bulk Total DC Bagged Bulk DC Banned 170,000 3000 190,000 3000 205,000 3000 332 490 Bulk DC
 Baaaed Value Added DC Banned Value Added -- DC Banned Value Added DC Baaaed Value Added DC Banned Value Added ' ·;, : 12.636 540 2000 540 1000 30000 6000 500 600 226816 11500 10500 22000 182636 46080 17100 439 500 595 -- - · - 500 595 530 690 700 790 476 576 12636 540 3000 - 540 2000 30000 8000 700 700 251116 12636 540 4000 540 2500 30000 10000 800 800 269816 10000 10500 12500 13500 23000;:;:· .
;23500 202636 45780 217636 44880 21900 26800 i Value USS '000 2018 56.440 1,470 330 490 460 500 625 500 625 530 690 700 790 330 490 480 500 625 500 625 530 700 700 790 5.510 270 1,190 - 1 - - - - - - - 270 595 15,900 4,140 350 474 88,609 2019 62,700 1,470 5.813 270 1,875 270 1,250 15,900 5,520 490 553 96,111 Unit Price USS.c/lb 2018 15.06 22.23 19.92 22.68 27.00 22.68 27.00 24.05 31.30 31.76 35.84 21.59 26.13 .
--------- 2020 67,65Q 1.470 6.065 270 2.500 - 270 1,563 15,900 7,000 560 632 103,880 4,760 7,776 12,536 2019 2020 14.97 22.23 20.87 22 68 2836 14.97 22.23 2178 22 68 2836 2268 28.36 - 22.68 28.36 !

24.05 3130 31.76 35.84 21.59 26.13 24.05 31.76 31.76 35.84 21.59 26.13 .

;,; ;' 476 576 ; ····.<'' 476 576 '' 4,998 5.474 7,200 6,048 11,522 ·.
· .. •;12,198 ---· 248816 274116 293316 100,131 108,309 116.416 273361 290423 ·--~--·· 300774 - - - ' - - - Total Value Added ... TOTAL SALES Production CEH ------------------- 14 Table iii COMPARATIVE SUGAR SALES 2021- 2023 Destination Product Quantity (tonnes) 2021 2022 2023 Bulk DC Banned 205,000 3000 210,000 3000 215,000 3000 Bulk DC Baaaed Value Added DC Banned Value Added DC Banned Value Added DC Baaaed Value Added 12,636 540 5000 540 3000 30000 10500 500 800 12636 540 6000 540 4000 30000 11500 700 800 12636 540 7000 540 4000 30000 12000 800 800 Price $US/ mt Value USS ' Unit Price US$.c/lb DC Banned Value Added 9000 14000 9000 14500 9000 15000 476 576 476 576 476 576 4,284 8,064 4,284 8,352 4,284 8,640 21.59 26.13 21.59 26.13 21.59 26.13 ····''''·'' '''''23000 ,,,, Bi:235®;:;: '::::24000 ,:m ~ iiEi!j 2,348 r'':: '12,636''' ::r:~2,~2tli':E ~ E.U.
USA Canada .CARICOM Rest of Reqion Total Exoorts Local ::;;:'i'"J:qlalL'Ocal]fil[ Total Bulk 217636 222636 227636 Total DC Bagged 43780 43580 43880 Total Value Added 33300 36800 38800 TOTAL SALES 294516 303216 310316 117,200 118,718 124,316 311668 316649 319013 Production Table iv CEH ------------------- 15 COMPARATIVE SUGAR SALES 2024 - 2025 Destination Product Quantity (tonnes) Price $USI mt 2024 2025 2024 2025 E.U USA Canada .CARICOM Rest of Reqion Bulk DC Banned 217,000 3000 220,000 3000 Bulk DC Baaaed Value Added DC Banned Value Added DC Banned Value Added DC Baaoed Value Added Value US$ '000 2024 71,610 1,470 6,065 270 4,375 270 2,500 15,900 8,280 350 632 Unit Price US$.cllb Total Exoorts 288016 291316 111,722 112,931 Local DC Banned Value Added · "T9fii1'Loca1 •• •::!!'"•:•.
:H;+.•·· 9000 15000 !240004 9000 15000 476 576 Jillllli Total Bulk 217636 222636 Total DC Bagged 43780 43580 Total Value Added 38800 38900 476 576 4,284 8,640 4,284 8,640 ''< ... ••·12,924"''" •:12,924·· illi.Jillllli·•··•;: 21.59 21.59 26.13 - TOTAL SALES 312016 315316 124,646 125,855 Production 319904 320132 CEH I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 16 CEH