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NPC National People’s Congress of China ISSUE 4 · 2017 《中国人大》对外版 Setting the courSe General Secretary Xi Jinping (1st L) and other members of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the 19th CPC Central Committee Li Keqiang (2nd L), Li Zhanshu (3rd L), Wang Yang (4th L), Wang Huning (3rd R), Zhao Leji (2nd R) and Han Zheng (1st R), meet the press after being elected on Octo- ber 25, 2017.
Ma Zhancheng Special RepoRt 6 New CPC leadership for new era Contents 19th CPC National Congress Special Report 26 Top CPC leaders reaffirm mission at Party’s birthplace 6 New CPC leadership for new era 12 Setting the course 20 Embarking on a new journey 24 Grand design In-depth 28 President Xi Jinping steers Chinese economy toward high-quality development Focus 32 National memorial ceremony for Nanjing Massacre victims 4 NatioNal PeoPle’s CoNgress of ChiNa NPC 28 President Xi Jinping steers Chinese economy toward high-quality development 32 National memorial ceremony for Nanjing Massacre victims 37 Awareness of law aids resolution ISSUE 4 · 2017 36 Chairman Zhang Dejiang calls for pro- motion of Constitution spirit Legislation 44 38 China’s general provisions of Civil Law take effect 39 Tibetan NPC delegation visits Canada, Argentina and US Supervision 40 Special inquiry: Winning the battle on solid waste pollution Encourage and protect fair market competition COVER: Xi Jinping, general secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC), speaks when meeting the press at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing on Oc- tober 25, 2017.
Xi Jinping and the other newly- elected members of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the 19th CPC Central Committee Li Keqiang, Li Zhanshu, Wang Yang, Wang Huning, Zhao Leji and Han Zheng met the press on October 25.
Ding Haitao NPC general editorial Office Address: 23 Xijiaominxiang, Xicheng District Beijing 100805,P.R.China Tel: (86-10)6309-8540 (86-10)8308-3891 E-mail: zgrd@npc.gov.cn ISSN 1674-3008 CN 11-5683/D Price:RMB35 Edited by The People’s Congresses Journal Published by The People’s Congresses Journal Printed by Beijing Zhong Ke Printing Co., Ltd. in China issUe 4 · 2017 5 19th cpc NatioNal coNgReSS New CPC leadership for new era The Communist Party of China (CPC) unveiled a new leadership line-up on October 25, 2017 to lead the world’s most populous nation toward a great modern socialist country.
Xi Jinping was again elected general secretary of the CPC Central Committee, leading its seven-seat Political Bureau Standing Committee.

The other six members of the top leadership are Li Keq- iang, Li Zhanshu, Wang Yang, Wang Huning, Zhao Leji and Han Zheng.

They were elected at the first plenum of the 19th CPC Cen- tral Committee following the 19th CPC National Congress, a new historic starting point for the Party to realize its ambi- tious blueprint for the nation’s great revival.
During the twice-a-decade congress which concluded on October 24, the CPC declared a “new era” of socialism with Chinese characteristics.

It enshrined Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era into the CPC Constitution as a new component of the Party’s action guide.

Xi was elected general secretary of the CPC Central Com- mittee for the first time at the first plenum of the 18th CPC Central Committee in late 2012.
At a key plenum of the CPC Central Committee in 2016, Xi’s status as the Party’s core was endorsed.

Before him, Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping and Jiang Zemin had been given the core status.

The new CPC leaders who took the stage on October 25 are the helmsmen leading the Chinese toward the country’s new era goals of basically realizing socialist modernization by 2035 and building a great modern socialist country by the middle of this century.
“The leadership reshuffle of the CPC, the world’s biggest political party, is an answer to the needs of the Party and the nation for the development of their causes,” said Yang Fengcheng, professor at Renmin University of China and a researcher on CPC history.
“The new CPC leaders are good at learning and bold in practice,” said Yang, who is also chief editor of the book “Keys to the Success of the Communist Party of China.” For the first time, all Standing Committee members of the Political Bureau were born after the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949.
They began their political careers around the time of the launch of reform and opening up in 1978, which imprinted them with the mark of the era when China’s economy began to take off, following a decade of turmoil during the Cultural Revolution (1966-76).

As a staunch reformist, Xi has launched more than 1,500 reform measures over the past five years -- unprecedented in their coverage and depth.
The other six Standing Committee members have also been active practitioners of reform and opening up policies.

Either at the central government or the local level, all members have driven an array of major reforms, explored theories, and solved deep-rooted problems with open minds, foresight and innovative thinking.

The new leaders are widely seen as having firm ideals and convictions, strong loyalty to the Party and deep love for the country.
All of them have received higher education and demon- strated in-depth understanding of philosophy and strategic thinking, with a relatively high level of theoretical thinking.
6 NatioNal PeoPle’s CoNgress of ChiNa Xi Jinping (C), general secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC), and the other newly-elected members of the Stand- ing Committee of the Political Bureau of the 19th CPC Central Committee Li Keqiang (3rd R), Li Zhanshu (3rd L), Wang Yang (2nd R), Wang Huning (2nd L), Zhao Leji (1st R) and Han Zheng (1st L), meet the press at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing on October 25, 2017.
Li Tao Many have published academic papers, or even books, during their careers.

The seven leaders have accumulated rich experience in practice.

They are viewed as having a good sense of the times and caring about the people.

Xi, for example, started his political career 44 years ago.

Over the past five years, he has spent 151 days on 50 local in- spection tours around the country.
Other leaders also have extensive experience working at the grassroots level and have been promoted to senior posts due to their excellent performance and good reputations.

Most of the seven leaders have worked in both well-off coastal areas in the east and less-developed central and west- ern regions.
A number of them have played pivotal roles in the fight against poverty and successfully tackled difficult and risky issues in the fields of economic development, people’s wel- fare, urban management, the anti-corruption campaign and industrial transformation.

Moreover, the new leaders have a deeper understanding of opening up and win-win development, with broader global vision and abundant experience in dealing with international issues.
For the past five years, the CPC leadership has been seen as a major driving force behind economic globalization.

“The new CPC leadership is a strong, goal-oriented team with acute awareness of problems and the ability to stand firm in practice,” said Han Qingxiang, a professor at the Party School of the CPC Central Committee.

“They have been flexible and at the same time principled when dealing with problems.
They have never forgotten why they started and have always pressed forward in the face of challenges at home and abroad,” he noted.

Chen Yiwei, a delegate to the congress, is full of hope.

“The new leaders have rich experience and a strong sense of responsibility,” he said.
“I believe that with the guidance of the latest achievement in adapting Marxism to the Chinese context, they can lead the Party and the nation to blaze new trails, overcome difficulties and accomplish the glorious mis- sions in the new era.” (Xinhua) issUe 4 · 2017 7 19th CPC NatioNal CoNgress President Xi Jinping inspects the Xiongan New Area scheme in Anxin County of Baoding City, North China’s Hebei Province, February 23, 2017.
Xiongan New Area, an economic zone about 100 kilometers south of Beijing, spans Xiongxian, Rongcheng and Anxin counties in Hebei Province, covering 2,000 square kilometers in the long term with a population of 2-2.5 million.
Lan Hongguang Xi Jinping’s inspection tours across China as top Party leader Since the 18th Communist Party of China Shortly after returning from Guangdong, Since 2012, Xi has completed 50 inspec- (CPC) National Congress in 2012, Xi Jin- ping, general secretary of the CPC Central Committee, has been all over the country on inspection tours.

Five years ago, Xi chose Shenzhen as his first stop of inspection, outside the capital, after being elected as the Party’s top leader.
Shenzhen is in Guangdong Province, China’s reform and opening up frontier.

he visited impoverished villages in Hebei Province, near Beijing, to inspect poverty alleviation efforts.

These moves signalled the focus of Xi’s governance, which has highlighted fulfilling the Chinese Dream of national rejuvenation and realizing the goals set for the centena- ries of the CPC in 2021 and the People’s Republic of China in 2049. tion tours across the country, totaling 151 days.
Reform and innovation Reform and innovation have always been in Xi’s thoughts.

In 2016, Xi visited Xiaogang, Anhui Prov- ince, and walked into the courtyard where in 1978, 18 farmers signed a secret agree- 8 NatioNal PeoPle’s CoNgress of ChiNa President Xi Jinping visits the Spin Mag- netic Resonance Laboratory at Univer- sity of Science and Technology of China in Hefei, East China’s Anhui Province, April 26, 2016.

Xi made an inspection tour in Anhui from April 24 to 27.
Li Tao President Xi Jinping checks on the growth of corns in Zhaojiawa Village of Kelan County in Xinzhou City, North China’s Shanxi Province, June 21, 2017.

Xi had an in- spection tour in Shanxi from June 21 to 23.

Li Xueren ISSUE 4 · 2017 9 19th cpc NatioNal coNgReSS President Xi Jinping boards a demonstration prototype of the C919, during an inspection of Shanghai’s Commercial Aircraft Corp of China, which is developing on the project.
Lan Hongguang ment to divide communally owned farmland into family plots and ignited the flame for China’s rural land reform.

Xi chose here to say that reform is the only way out and that the word should be repeatedly injected with new meaning.

During his visits to the Shanghai Pilot Free Trade Zone, Tianjin Binhai New Area, Wuhan Countryside Comprehensive Prop- erty Exchange and others, Xi put compre- hensively deepened reform on top of his agenda.
In the provinces of Jiangsu, Shandong and Hubei, he stressed the need for bold exploration and advancing reform, and explicitly stated balance should be properly dealt with in the process, including that be- tween boldness and steadiness, and reform and stability.

the sample of C919, China’s self-developed large passenger aircraft.

He encouraged engineers to give themselves progressive goals and strive to get China’s own passen- ger aircraft in the air.
Only three years later, C919 completed its maiden flight.

While inspecting research institutes, universities, hi-tech companies and new development zones, he has always stressed the need for innovation and the importance of commercializing research results.

Poverty relief Ningxia, amongst others, to see with his own eyes the life of people in poverty in order to work out solutions for improvement.

Xi said it was heart wrenching to see people live in such difficulties.
He also presided over a series of sympo- siums across the country, bringing what he had seen and heard during the inspection trips to discuss with participants.

China has set the baseline task to lift all people out of poverty by 2020 and build an “all-round well-off society,” or a moderately prosperous society, in all respects.

In the past five years, Xi visited a number Since China started the reform and open- of impoverished places and households.
From the Liupanshan Mountain region in west China to the Dabieshan Mountain region in the east, Xi went to all the poorest areas.

ing-up drive more than 30 years ago, over 700 million have shaken off poverty since, accounting for over 70 percent of global poverty reduction.
In 2014, Xi went to the Commercial Aircraft Corporation of China and boarded He visited homes of impoverished work- ers and villagers in Inner Mongolia, Hunan, Major policy planning On February 23, 2017, Xi visited Anxin 10 NatioNal PeoPle’s CoNgress of ChiNa President Xi Jinping visits the Hohhot Children Welfare Center of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region on Jan- uary 28, 2014.
Xi learns how to express “thank you” in sign language from the disabled girl Wang Yani (2nd L) and Yan Zhijing (L), a college student for holiday.

Lan Hongguang President Xi Jinping visits the Ganlan Township in Zhoushan City, East China’s Zhejiang Province, May 25, 2015.

Xi had an inspection tour in Zhejiang Province from May 25 to 27.

Xie Huanchi County of Hebei Province to learn about local population density, geological and hydrological conditions.
Little over a month later on April 1, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, China’s cabinet, announced to set up a national-level new area there.

The inspection tours of Xi often come with the planning and implementation of major policies but he also listens to public opinions on these policies.
When documents were being compiled for the Fifth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee two years ago, Xi visited the east, middle, west, and northeast parts of the country to have better ideas on planning the economic and social develop- ment during the 13th Five-Year Plan.

He also presided over symposiums in the provinces of Zhejiang, Guizhou and Jilin to hear from leaders in 18 provinces on devel- opment during the 13th Five-Year Plan.
Xi visited Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in April 2017, he talked with grass- roots-level delegates to the congress about their advice and expectations for the 19th CPC National Congress.

He stressed that preparations for the congress must take in wisdom from people of all ethnicities in the country.
(Xinhua) ISSUE 4 · 2017 11 19th cpc NatioNal coNgReSS Setting the course Xi Jinping, general sec- retary of the CPC Central Committee, delivers a report at the opening session of the 19th CPC National Congress on October 18, 2017.
Ju Peng China once again comes under the global spotlight on October 18, when the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) opened in Beijing By Lan Xinzhen 12 NatioNal PeoPle’s CoNgress of ChiNa In a report delivered at the opening session of the 19th CPC National Congress on October 18, 2017, Xi Jin- ping, general secretary of the 18th CPC Central Com- mittee, painted a promising outlook for the future of the world’s second largest economy.
He spelled out a two- stage development plan for the country in front of more than 2,300 delegates.

According to Xi, the CPC will basically realize socialist modernization in the first stage from 2020 to 2035 before developing China into a great modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, harmo- nious and beautiful after another 15 years.

“China is now the world’s second largest economy with increasing influence on the world stage.
Its future develop- ment affects not only China itself, but also the world at large, as China is always committed to shared development and the building of a community with a shared future for mankind,” said Shi Taifeng, a delegate to the 19th CPC National Con- gress.

New era thought Theories come from practice and they, in turn, guide prac- tice.

This is a law through the course of the development of Chinese society and humanity as a whole.
A main function of the CPC’s national congress is to sum- marize and advance the Party’s theory on development.

Dur- ing the 19th CPC National Congress, the Party’s new theories combined are defined as Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era.

Xi’s report brings clarity to certain issues, including the overall goal and the plan of developing socialism with Chi- nese characteristics.
More importantly, it specified that the leadership of the CPC is the defining feature of socialism with Chinese characteristics and the greatest strength of the sys- tem, calling the Party “the highest force for political leader- ship.” Xi said the thought should act as a guide to action for all Party members and for all Chinese people to achieve national rejuvenation, and should be adhered to and steadily devel- oped on a long-term basis.
What deeply impressed Shi was Xi’s remark that socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a new era.

“This is a new historic juncture in China’s development,” Xi said.

“The judgment is a historic contribution made by the 19th CPC National Congress, as it is about the direction and path of China’s future development,” said Shi, who is also secre- tary of the CPC Ningxia Hui Autonomous Regional Commit- tee.
“Based on this, the Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era delivers new theories, new thoughts and new strategies for China’s development in all aspects.

During the process, the strong leadership of the CPC is especially important.” In fact, the content of the thought can be found in previous speeches by Xi.

It has already benefited China and beyond.


Xian Hui, a delegate to the 19th CPC National Congress and chairwoman of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, sees the thought as a summary of the governance concepts, thoughts and strategies put forward by Xi in the past five years, as well as a development of the CPC’s guiding ideolo- gies of Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory, the Theory of Three Represents and the Scientific Outlook on Development.
New mission A correct comprehension of the connotations of the Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era is important for China and other members of the inter- national community to understand the direction of China’s development and seize opportunities arising from it.
Xi said in his report that this new era will be an era of building on past successes to further advance the cause of the CPC and the country, and of continuing in a new histori- cal context to strive for the success of socialism with Chinese characteristics.

“It will be an era of securing a decisive victory in building a moderately prosperous society in all aspects, and of moving on to all-out efforts to build a great modern socialist country.
It will be an era for the Chinese people of all ethnic groups to work together and work hard to create a better life for themselves and ultimately achieve common prosperity for everyone.

It will be an era for all of us, the sons and daughters of the Chinese nation, to strive with one heart to realize the Chinese Dream of national rejuvenation.

It will be an era that sees China moving closer to center stage and making greater contributions to mankind,” said Xi.
His remarks indicated that China will adhere to the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics under the leader- ship of the CPC; it will realize the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation; and China’s peaceful development, prosperity and The Party’s new theories combined are defined as Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era.

The 19th CPC National Congress opens at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing on October 18, 2017.
Li Tao issUe 4 · 2017 13 19th cpc NatioNal coNgReSS Party leaders attend the opening session of the 19th CPC National Congress.

Lan Hongguang revival are beneficial to humanity.

But the new era also brings challenges.


The CPC has clear- ly realized that, as socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a new era, the principal contradiction facing Chinese society has evolved to that between unbalanced and inad- equate development and the people’s ever-growing needs for a better life, while previously it was the gap between the ever- growing material and cultural needs of the people and under- developed social production.
The main reason for the CPC to redefine the principal so- cial contradiction is that science and technology progress is transforming China from a big manufacturing country to a manufacturing power, whose productivity is no longer “back- ward,” said Zhou Tianyong, deputy director of the Institute for International Strategy at the Party School of the CPC Cen- tral Committee.

In his report, Xi explained the change.


He said China has seen the basic needs of more than a billion people met, has basically made it possible for people to live decent lives, and will soon bring the building of a moderately prosperous so- ciety to successful completion.

The needs to be met for the people to live a better life are increasingly broad.

Not only Realizing the great dream of the reju- venation of the Chinese nation is the CPC’s historical mission in the new era.
have their material and cultural needs grown; their demands for democracy, the rule of law, fairness and justice, security and a better environment are increasing.

Xi said while China’s overall productive capacity has sig- nificantly improved and in many areas leads the world, the problem is that the country’s development is unbalanced and inadequate.

This has become the main constraining factor in meeting the people’s increasing needs for a better life.
In the eyes of some Western media outlets and individu- als, the CPC has always restricted the development of democ- racy, the rule of law, and fairness and justice; yet Xi’s report demonstrates that these values are pursued by the CPC.

The Party is aware of the changing social contradiction, and is trying to address it.
That is why it was written into the 14 NatioNal PeoPle’s CoNgress of ChiNa security and development interests, and to staunchly oppose all attempts to split China or undermine its ethnic unity, social harmony and stability.

This includes guarding against all kinds of risks, and working diligently to prevail over every political, economic, cultural, social and national difficulty and challenge.
The report also stressed that the Party as a whole must continue to uphold and develop socialism with Chinese char- acteristics.

“The great struggle, great project, great cause and great dream are closely connected and are mutually reinforcing.
We must see that as history progresses and the world under- goes profound changes, the Party remains always ahead of the times; that as history progresses and we respond to risks and tests at home and abroad, the Party remains always the backbone of the nation; and that as history progresses and we continue to uphold and develop socialism with Chinese char- acteristics, the Party remains always a powerful leadership core,” said Wang Yongkang, secretary of the CPC Xi’an Mu- nicipal Committee in Northwest China’s Shaanxi Province.
New plans China has two Centenary Goals, which are to complete the building of a moderately prosperous society in all aspects by the time the CPC celebrates its centenary in 2021, and to turn China into a modern socialist country that is prosper- ous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, harmonious and beautiful by the time the People’s Republic of China cel- ebrates its centenary in 2049.

In his report, Xi gave a more detailed roadmap for accom- plishing the second goal.
The report noted that in the first stage from 2020 to 2035, China will build on the foundation created by the moderately prosperous society with a further 15 years of hard work to see that socialist modernization is basically realized.

After efforts of another 15 years from 2035, the country will be fully mod- ernized.
In the course of realizing the two Centenary Goals, China will further supply-side structural reform, accelerate the building of an innovative country, revitalize the countryside, promote regional economic integration, improve the social- ist market economy system, and pursue opening up on all fronts.

“Unleashing and developing the productive force is a fun- damental task of socialism.
These measures will undoubtedly inspire creativity and vitality throughout society, and bring about more efficient, fairer and more sustainable develop- ment of higher quality,” Shi said.

The report stressed the very purpose of developing social- ist democracy is to give full expression to the will of the peo- ple, protect their rights and interests, spark their creativity, and strengthen institutional guarantees to ensure the people run the country.
It detailed the six aspects of China’s socialist democracy: upholding the unity of Party leadership, the people running the country, and law-based governance; strengthening in- stitutional guarantees to ensure the people run the country; giving play to the important role of socialist consultative democracy; advancing law-based governance; deepening re- form of Party and government institutions and the system of Realizing the great dream of the reju- venation of the Chinese nation is the CPC’s historical mission in the new era.
report to be deliberated at the Party congress.

As the principal social contradiction has changed, so will the CPC’s historical mission.

The report noted that realizing the great dream of the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation is the CPC’s historical mission in the new era.

The mission, ac- cording to the report, demands a great struggle with many new historical features, a new great project in Party building, and a great cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics.
To carry out the great struggle is to safeguard the security and interests of the country and the people, maintain social stability and promote economic development.

The report said all Party members must do more to uphold Party leader- ship and the Chinese socialist system, and resolutely oppose all statements and actions that undermine, distort or negate them.
More must be done to protect the interests of the people and firmly oppose all moves that damage their interests or create a divide between the Party and the people.

The Party must also devote its energies to the contemporary current of reform and innovation, and resolutely address deep-rooted problems, Xi said.
He also called for efforts to safeguard China’s sovereignty, issUe 4 · 2017 15 19th cpc NatioNal coNgReSS Participants attending the China Import and Export Fair in Guangzhou, Guangdong Province watch the opening ceremony of the 19th Communist Party of China National Congress on October 18, 2017.

Liang Xu government administration; and consolidating and develop- ing a patriotic united front.
Xi said, “The political system of socialism with Chinese characteristics is a great creation of the CPC and the Chinese people.
We have every confidence that we can give full play to the strengths and distinctive features of China’s socialist democracy, and make China’s contribution to the political advancement of mankind.” On people’s livelihood, the report said “to lead the people to a better life is our Party’s abiding goal.” It is the CPC’s responsibility to make every Chinese citizen share the development outcomes after the country made tre- mendous achievements in the economy.
Toward this end, the report proposed measures such as giving priority to devel- oping education, improving the quality of employment and raising incomes, strengthening the social security networks, eliminating poverty, and implementing the Healthy China initiative to improve people’s wellbeing.

Also in the report is a decision to promote ecological progress and build a beautiful China.
For this purpose, it pro- posed measures like promoting green development, solving prominent environmental problems, intensifying the protec- tion of ecosystems, and reforming the environmental regula- tion system.

All these plans, without exception, embody China’s new development concepts of innovation, coordination, eco- friendliness, openness and inclusiveness.
Shared future The Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics The Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era is not exclusive to China.

It can benefit other countries that want to accelerate their own development.

for a New Era is not exclusive to China.

It can benefit other countries that want to accelerate their own development.
In the words of Xi, “The path, the theory, the system, and the culture of socialism with Chinese characteristics have kept developing, blazing a new trail for other developing countries to achieve modernization.
It offers a new option for other countries and nations who want to speed up their develop- ment while preserving their independence; and it offers Chi- nese wisdom and a Chinese approach to solving the problems facing mankind.” Over the past few years, Xi has proposed to build a com- munity of shared future for mankind on various international occasions, and it has also been incorporated in a UN resolu- tion.
The world is undergoing profound development, transfor- mation and adjustment, but peace and development remain the call of our day.

Meanwhile, the trends of global multi- polarity, economic globalization, IT application and cultural diversity are advancing; changes in the global governance system and the international order are speeding up; and in- 16 NatioNal PeoPle’s CoNgress of ChiNa ternational forces are becoming more balanced.
And yet, global economic growth lacks energy, the gap be- tween rich and poor continues to widen, conflicts arise often in some regions, and unconventional security threats like ter- rorism, lack of cybersecurity and climate change continue to spread.

“We call on the people of all countries to work together to build a community of shared future for mankind, to build an open, inclusive, clean and beautiful world that enjoys lasting peace, universal security and common prosperity,” Xi said in the report.
He also pointed out that to make new and greater contri- butions to humanity is the CPC’s abiding mission.

Some people regard China’s endeavors, like the Belt and Road Initiative and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, as challenges to the current international order.
How- ever, it can be seen from the report that the initiatives are consistent with China’s adherence to the fundamental na- tional policy of opening up and its commitment to actively promoting international cooperation in a responsible way.

China resolutely opposes trade protectionism, actively supports the multilateral trading system, and promotes the establishment of free trade areas and of an open and inclu- sive world economy.
Meanwhile, China will continue to insist on the diplomatic principles of peace, development, cooperation and mutual benefit, and uphold its fundamental foreign policy goals of preserving world peace and promoting common develop- ment.

The report said that China will continue to play its part as a major and responsible country, take an active role in reforming and developing the global governance system, and keep contributing Chinese wisdom and a Chinese approach to global governance.
“China’s development does not pose a threat to any other country.

No matter what stage of development it reaches, China will never seek hegemony or engage in expansion,” Xi said.

(Beijing Review) Delegates to the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China receive interviews from media at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing on October 19, 2017.
Wang Jianhua Themes of major CPC national congresses In 1921, a total of 12 delegates representing about 50 CPC members nationwide secretly convened at the first CPC national congress in late July in Shanghai.

July 1 was later designated as anniversary of the founding of the CPC.

In 1922 at its second national congress, the CPC formulated the su- preme guiding principle of building a communist society and the baseline of national unity and independence.
In 1945 at its seventh national congress, Mao Zedong Thought was written into the CPC Constitution as the Party’s guide to action.

In 1982 at the 12th national congress, the CPC advanced the proposi- tion of building socialism with Chinese characteristics.

The theme of the 13th national congress in 1987 was to accelerate and deepen reform.
The congress formulated the basic line that economic construction is the Party’s central task and the Party must adhere to the four cardinal principles and stick to the reform and opening-up policy dur- ing the primary stage of socialism.

The theme of the 14th national congress in 1992 was to accelerate the reform, the opening to the outside world and the drive for modernization, so as to achieve greater successes in building socialism with Chinese characteristics.
The theme of the 15th national congress in 1997 was to hold high the great banner of Deng Xiaoping Theory for an all-round advancement of the cause of building socialism with Chinese characteristics into the 21st century.
The theme of the 16th national congress in 2002 was to hold high the great banner of Deng Xiaoping Theory, fully act on the important thought of Three Represents, carry the Party’s cause into the future, keep pace with the times, build a well-off society in an all-round way, speed up so- cialist modernization and work hard to create a new situation in building socialism with Chinese characteristics.
The theme of the 17th national congress in 2007 was to hold high the great banner of socialism with Chinese characteristics, follow the guidance of Deng Xiaoping Theory and the important thought of Three Represents, thoroughly apply the Scientific Outlook on Development, continue to emancipate the mind, persist in reform and opening up, pursue development in a scientific way, promote social harmony, and strive for new victories in building a moderately prosperous society in all respects.
The theme of the 18th national congress in 2012 was to hold high the great banner of socialism with Chinese characteristics, follow the guid- ance of Deng Xiaoping Theory, the important thought of Three Rep- resents and the Scientific Outlook on Development, free up the mind, implement the policy of reform and opening up, pool strength, overcome all difficulties, firmly march on the path of socialism with Chinese charac- teristics, and strive to complete the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects.
The theme of the 19th national congress in 2017 was to remain true to our original aspiration and keep our mission firmly in mind, hold high the banner of socialism with Chinese characteristics, secure a decisive vic- tory in building a moderately prosperous society in all respects, strive for the great success of socialism with Chinese characteristics for a new era, and work tirelessly to realize the Chinese Dream of national rejuvenation.
(Xinhua) issUe 4 · 2017 17 19th CPC NatioNal CoNgress Highlights of Xi Jinping’s report to the 19th CPC National Congress Xi Jinping, general secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC), delivered a report to the 19th CPC National Congress on behalf of the 18th CPC Central Com- mittee at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing on October 18, 2017.
Hailing the historic achievements in reform, opening up and socialist modernization in the past five years, Xi said social- ism with Chinese characteristics has crossed the threshold into a new era.

Highlights of the report follow: New Era Socialism with Chinese characteristics has crossed the threshold into a new era.

This is a new historic juncture in China’s develop- ment.
What the ‘New Era’ means Socialism with Chinese characteristics entering a new era means the Chinese nation, which since modern times began has endured so much for so long, has achieved a tremendous transformation—it has stood up, grown rich and become strong, and it now embraces the brilliant prospects of rejuvenation.

It means that scientific socialism is full of vitality in 21st century China, and that the banner of socialism with Chinese characteristics is now flying high and proud for all to see.
It means that the path, the theory, the system, and the culture of socialism with Chinese characteristics have kept developing, blazing a new trail for other developing countries to achieve modernization.

It offers a new option for other countries and nations who want to speed up their development while preserving their independence; and it offers Chinese wisdom and a Chinese approach to solving the problems facing mankind.
As socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a new era, the principal contradiction facing Chinese society has evolved.

What we now face is the contradiction between unbalanced and inade- quate development and the people’s ever-growing needs for a better life.

The Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era makes certain things clear: development and common prosperity for everyone.
It makes clear that the overall plan for building socialism with Chinese characteristics is the five-sphere integrated plan, and the overall strategy is the four-pronged comprehensive strategy.

It high- lights the importance of fostering stronger confidence in the path, theory, system and culture of socialism with Chinese characteristics.
It makes clear that the overall goal of deepening reform in every field is to improve and develop the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics and modernize China’s system and capacity for gov- ernance.

It makes clear that the overall goal of comprehensively advancing law-based governance is to establish a system of socialist rule of law with Chinese characteristics and build a country of socialist rule of law.
It makes clear that the Party’s goal of building a strong military in the new era is to build the people’s forces into world-class forces that obey the Party’s command, can fight and win, and maintain excellent conduct.

It makes clear that major country diplomacy with Chinese charac- teristics aims to foster a new type of international relations and build a community with a shared future for mankind.
It makes clear that the defining feature of socialism with Chinese characteristics is the leadership of the Communist Party of China; the greatest strength of the system of socialism with Chinese char- acteristics is the leadership of the Communist Party of China; the Party is the highest force for political leadership.

The Thought sets forth the general requirements for Party building in the new era and underlines the importance of political work in Party building.
The Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era builds on and further enriches Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory, the Theory of Three Represents, and the Scientific Outlook on Development.

It represents the lat- est achievement in adapting Marxism to the Chinese context and encapsulates the practical experience and collective wisdom of our Party and the people.
It is an important component of the system of theories of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and a guide to action for all our members and all the Chinese people as we strive to achieve national rejuvenation.
It makes clear that the overarching goal of upholding and devel- New Great Project oping socialism with Chinese characteristics is to realize socialist modernization and national rejuvenation, and, that on the basis of finishing the building of a moderately prosperous society in all aspects, a two-step approach should be taken to build China into a great modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, demo- cratic, culturally advanced, harmonious, and beautiful by the middle of the century.
It makes clear that the principal contradiction facing Chinese society in the new era is that between unbalanced and inadequate development and the people’s ever-growing needs for a better life.

We must therefore continue commitment to our people-centered phi- losophy of development, and work to promote well-rounded human Realizing our great dream demands a great project.

This project is the great new project of Party building that is just getting into full swing.
This great struggle, great project, great cause, and great dream are closely connected, flow seamlessly into each other, and are mutually reinforcing.

Among them, the great new project of Party building plays the decisive role.
Basic Policy to Uphold and Develop Socialism With Chinese Characteristics in the New Era • Ensuring Party leadership over all work • Committing to a people-centered approach 18 NatioNal PeoPle’s CoNgress of ChiNa Highlights of Xi Jinping’s report to the 19th CPC National Congress • Continuing to comprehensively deepen reform • Adopting a new vision for development • Seeing that the people run the country • Ensuring every dimension of governance is law-based • Upholding core socialist values • Ensuring and improving living standards through development • Ensuring harmony between human and nature • Pursuing a holistic approach to national security • Upholding absolute Party leadership over the people’s forces • Upholding the principle of “one country, two systems” and pro- moting national reunification • Promoting the building of a community with a shared future for mankind • Exercising full and rigorous governance over the Party New Vision of Development China’s economy has been transitioning from a phase of rapid growth to a stage of high-quality development.
This is a pivotal stage for transforming our growth model, improving our economic struc- ture, and fostering new drivers of growth.

It is imperative that we develop a modernized economy.

This is both an urgent requirement for getting us smoothly through this critical transition and a strategic goal for China’s development.
• Furthering supply-side structural reform • Making China a country of innovators • Pursuing a rural vitalization strategy • Implementing the coordinated regional development strategy • Accelerating efforts to improve the socialist market economy • Making new ground in pursuing opening up on all fronts New Journey Securing a decisive victory in building a moderately prosperous society in all aspects and embarking on a journey to fully build a modern socialist China.
The period between now and 2020 will be decisive in finishing the building of a moderately prosperous society in all aspects.

The period between the 19th and the 20th National Congress is the period in which the timeframes of the two Centenary Goals con- verge.
In this period, not only must we finish building a moderately prosperous society in all aspects and achieve the first Centenary Goal; we must also build on this achievement to embark on a new journey toward the second Centenary Goal of fully building a modern socialist country.

Based on a comprehensive analysis of the international and domestic environments and the conditions for China’s development, we have drawn up a two-stage development plan for the period from 2020 to the middle of this century.
In the first stage from 2020 to 2035, we will build on the founda- tion created by the moderately prosperous society in all aspects with a further 15 years of hard work to see that socialist modernization is basically realized.
In the second stage from 2035 to the middle of the 21st century, we will, building on having basically achieved modernization, work hard for a further 15 years and develop China into a great modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, harmonious, and beautiful.
This is our strategic vision for developing socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era: Finish building a moderately prosper- ous society in all aspects, proceed to basically realize modernization, and then move on to turn China into a great modern socialist country in every dimension.
The General Requirements for Party Building for the New Era The general requirements for Party building for the new era are: Uphold and strengthen overall Party leadership and ensure that the Party exercises effective self-supervision and practices strict self- governance in every respect; Take strengthening the Party’s long-term governance capacity and its advanced nature and purity as the main thrust; take enhanc- ing the Party’s political building as the overarching principle; take holding dear the Party’s ideals, convictions, and purpose as the underpinning; and take harnessing the whole Party’s enthusiasm, initiative, and creativity as the focus of the efforts; Make all-round efforts to see the Party’s political building en- hanced, its theory strengthened, its organizations consolidated, its conduct improved, and its discipline enforced, with institution building incorporated into every aspect of Party building; Step up efforts to combat corruption and continue to improve the efficacy of Party building; Build the Party into a vibrant Marxist governing party that is always at the forefront of the times, enjoys the wholehearted support of the people, has the courage to reform itself, and is able to with- stand all tests.
• Putting the Party’s political building first • Arming the whole Party with the Thought on Socialism with Chi- nese Characteristics for a New Era • Training a contingent of competent and professional officials • Strengthening primary-level Party organizations • Working ceaselessly to improve Party conduct and enforce Party discipline • Securing a sweeping victory in the fight against corruption • Improving Party and State oversight systems • Strengthening every dimension of our ability for governance (Beijing Review) A female reader reads books on the 19th CPC National Congress at He- bei Provincial Library on November 22, 2017.
Ma Ning issUe 4 · 2017 19 19th cpc NatioNal coNgReSS Embarking on a new journey CPC National Congress opens a new chapter for the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation By Wang Hairong In a well-lit room in the Great Hall of the People, China’s new team of top central leadership, led by Xi Jinping, general secretary of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee, appeared before the press right after they were elected at the First Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee on October 25, 2017.
With the unveiling of a new CPC leadership, the world’s most populous nation has set out on a new march to become a great modern socialist country.

People centered Xi delivered a speech when the new leadership met the press, reiterating that China will remain committed to a peo- ple-centered philosophy of development.

He stressed that the aspirations of the people to live a bet- ter life must always be the focus of the Party’s work.

“The people are the creators of history.


It is to them that we owe all our achievements.

As long as we firmly align our- selves with the people and rely on them, we can and will have boundless energy to forge ahead, come rain or shine,” Xi said in his speech.

The CPC must “strive to ensure and improve living stan- dards, and make steady progress toward enhancing people’s sense of fulfillment, happiness and security, and toward real- izing common prosperity for everyone,” Xi said.
Actually, the importance of the people was also empha- sized at the 19th CPC National Congress held on October 18-24.

“The original aspiration and mission of Chinese Commu- nists are seeking happiness for the Chinese people and reju- venation for the Chinese nation,” Xi said in his report at the opening session of the congress.

He also said that the Party has always endeavored to stay close to the people.
“In our Party, each and every one of us must always breathe the same breath as the people, share the same future, and stay truly connected to them,” Xi said in the report.

In the past few decades, China has launched many initia- tives to improve people’s livelihood, and let people enjoy the fruits of development.

Decisive progress has been made in the fight against pov- erty.
In the past five years, more than 60 million people have been lifted out of poverty, and the poverty ratio has dropped from 10.2 percent to less than 4 percent, according to the re- port.

Growth of urban and rural personal incomes has outpaced that of economic growth, and the middle-income group has been expanding.

Great progress has been made in ensuring people’s access to education, public health and medical ser- vices, basic housing and other public services.
Professor Zheng Yongnian, director of East Asian Insti- tute, National University of Singapore, said it is very impor- tant for the Party to make the aspirations of the people to live a better life the focus of its efforts.

“A ruling party cannot divorce itself from the people; only by meeting the people’s demands and representing the peo- ple’s interests, can a party develop itself,” he said.
Professor Yao Zhao of the business school of Rutgers Uni- versity in the United States said that the CPC has gained ex- tensive support from the people because it emphasizes that it should always promote people’s development and wellbeing.

Charting the course The First Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Com- mittee was held a day after the conclusion of the 19th CPC National Congress, a quinquennial event of great significance in China.
Delegates to the congress approved the report delivered by Xi on behalf of the 18th CPC Central Committee, the work report of the CPC Central Commission for Discipline Inspec- tion (CCDI), and an amendment to the Party Constitution.

They also elected the members and alternate members of the 19th CPC Central Committee and members of the CCDI.
“I think General Secretary Xi’s speech reiterated China’s long-held principles in promoting economic development and improving the lives of people across the nation while defending China’s national interests and sovereignty in the world,” James DeShaw Rae, a professor of politics at Califor- nia State University in Sacramento, said in an interview.

Xi pledged that China will continue to reform and open up to the rest of the world, which gives people confidence, he added.
20 NatioNal PeoPle’s CoNgress of ChiNa The 19th CPC National Congress concludes on October 24, 2017.

Ju Peng ‘The original aspiration and mission of Chinese Communists are seeking happiness for the Chinese people and rejuvenation for the Chinese nation,’ Xi Jinping said.

The congress defined the Party’s new theories as Xi Jin- ping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era.
The congress also judged that the principal contradiction in Chinese society has evolved into one between unbalanced and inadequate development and the people’s ever-growing needs for a better life.

Previously, it was the gap between the ever-growing material and cultural needs of the people and underdeveloped social production.
The report sketched out an impressive blueprint for secur- ing a decisive victory in building a moderately prosperous so- ciety in all aspects and securing the success of socialism with Chinese characteristics for a new era, charting the course for continued progress in the cause of the Party and the country.
“I am impressed that China can maintain a consistent vi- sion of progress and growth and map out a plan for the short term, medium term, and long term to 2049 and manage ex- pectations for achieving a modestly prosperous society,” Rae said.

The congress elaborated on the Party’s historic mission in the new era and established the historical position of Xi Jin- ping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era.
“The overarching goal of upholding and developing social- ism with Chinese characteristics is to realize socialist mod- ernization and national rejuvenation,” said the report.

It also said Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era “builds on and further enriches Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory, the Theory of Three Represents, and the Scientific Outlook on Development.
It represents the latest achieve- ment in adapting Marxism to the Chinese context, and en- capsulates the practical experience and collective wisdom of our Party and the people.” issUe 4 · 2017 21 19th cpc NatioNal coNgReSS The report called the thought an important component of the theory of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and a guide to action for all Party members and all the Chinese people as the nation strives to achieve national rejuvenation.
The report highlighted the basic policy underpinning the CPC’s endeavors to uphold and develop socialism with Chi- nese characteristics in the new era, including ensuring Party leadership over all work, committing to a people-centered ap- proach, and continuing to comprehensively deepen reform.

An overall plan for advancing the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics and the new project of Party building in the new era was formulated at the congress.
In addition to domestic initiatives, the congress also re- iterated China’s commitment to world peace and develop- ment.

It stressed that China will keep to the path of peaceful development, hold high the banner of peace, development, cooperation, and mutual benefit, and uphold its fundamental foreign policy goal of preserving world peace and promoting common development.
“The 19th CPC National Congress and its achievements will have a crucial influence on China’s development and the role it plays in international society, as well as on the rela- tions between Austria and China,” said Heinz Fischer, for- mer Austrian president and president of the Austria-China Friendship Association.
Tengku Adnan Tengku Mansor, secretary general of the United Malays National Organization in Malaysia, said that Malaysia strongly agrees with the new governance concepts, thoughts and strategies of the CPC Central Committee with General Secretary Xi Jinping at the core, and believes that Xi will certainly lead China to greater achievements and more contributions to world development.

Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era was included into the Party Constitution.
believes that the policies established by the 19th CPC Nation- al Congress will help maintain world peace and security, and promote common development.

Amending Party statutes A major task of the national congresses of the CPC is to amend the Party Constitution.

At the congress in 2017, Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era was included into the Party Constitution.
With regard to the amendment to the Party Constitution, Zhu Zhongkui, a delegate to the congress, who is also secre- tary of the CPC Committee of Ngari Prefecture of Southwest China’s Tibet Autonomous Region, said, as socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a new era, we urgently need new theories to guide us in the struggle to safeguard the security and interests of the country and the people, main- tain social stability and promote economic development.
We also need new theories to safeguard Party building, the great cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and the Chi- nese Dream of national rejuvenation.
S. Sudhakar Reddy, general secretary of the Communist Party of India, remarked that the international community “Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Charac- teristics for a New Era responds to the major issues facing us The 7th CPC National Congress in June 1945 The 14th CPC National Congress in October 1992 Mao Zedong Thought was adopted as the Party’s guiding ideology.

Deng Xiaoping’s theory of building socialism with Chinese characteristics was written into the constitution.
The 16th CPC National Congress in November 2002 The Theory of Three Represents was included as part of the Party’s guide for action.

Major previous revisions to the CPC Constitution (Source: Xinhua) The 12th CPC National Congress in September 1982 The CPC was described as the vanguard of the Chinese working class and the loyal represen- tative of all people’s interests of China.
The 13th CPC National Congress in November 1987 Revisions, such as the use of competitive or multi-candidate election procedure in which the number of candidates nominat- ed is greater than the number of persons to be elected in elec- tions, were made.

The 15th CPC National Congress in September 1997 Deng Xiaoping Theory was established as the CPC’s guiding theory.

22 NatioNal PeoPle’s CoNgress of ChiNa today.


It reflects the latest achievements in adapting Marxism to China’s conditions, and is an important part of the theory of socialism with Chinese characteristics,” said Wu Yaoting, a delegate to the congress, who is also secretary of the CPC Committee of Hainan University.

Other changes have been made at the 19th CPC National Congress too.
The culture of socialism with Chinese charac- teristics, the Two Centenary Goals and the Chinese Dream of national rejuvenation have been incorporated into the Party Constitution this year.

“The principal contradiction facing Chinese society has evolved and is now that between the people’s ever-growing needs for a better life and unbalanced and inadequate devel- opment,” Xi announced.
It has also been added into the Party Constitution, for the judgement reflects the realities of the development of Chinese society, and serves as an important basis for formulating major policies and long-term strategies for the Party and the country.
Also incorporated into the Party Constitution are state- ments on the need to achieve “better quality and more ef- ficient, equitable, and sustainable development,” on giving market forces a decisive role in resource allocation and en- suring the government plays its role better, as well as on ad- vancing supply-side structural reform.
The revised Party Constitution also includes a statement on establishing a system of socialist rule of law with Chinese characteristics, advancing consultative democracy and pro- moting cultural development.

Other additions include Xi’s thinking on strengthening the military, the Party’s absolute leadership over the armed forc- es, and statements on building a community of shared future for mankind, pursuing the Belt and Road Initiative, and the Party’s self-supervision and strict self-governance.
(Beijing Review) The 18th CPC National Congress in November 2012 The Scientific Outlook on Development was made a part of the Party’s guide for action in the constitution.

The 19th CPC National Congress in October 2017 Xi Jinping Thought on Social- ism with Chinese Charac- teristics for a New Era was included into the CPC Con- stitution as a new component of the Party’s action guide.

The 17th CPC National Congress in October 2007 The Scientific Outlook on Development was written into the CPC Constitution.
ISSUE 4 · 2017 How are 19th CPC National Congress delegates elected?

In about one year, 2,287 delegates have been elected to attend the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC), which was held in Beijing from October 18 to 24, 2017.

The elections started in November 2016 after the CPC Central Committee stated the quota of delegates, their quali- fications and the election procedure.
According to requirements, nominees must be highly qualified politically and ideologically, have good work and life styles, be competent in discussing State affairs, and have been successful in their work.

The election was competitive with more than 15 percent of the preliminary nominees eliminated during the process.

Party committees at various levels encouraged wider participation of grassroots-level CPC members in the nomi- nation process.
Besides media coverage, lectures and leaflets, they also used video connections, text messages, messages on instant messaging service WeChat, and telephone talks to include more Party members into the process.

Those in remote regions such as Inner Mongolia Autono- mous Region even took mobile ballot boxes to towns and villages for voters.
All grassroots-level Party committees were included, with 99.2 percent of Party members participating, 1.2 percent- age points higher than the figure for the 18th CPC National Congress.

The electoral units then conducted thorough investiga- tions of nominees, listening to the opinions of both their supervisors and the public.
After passing the investigations, the delegates, elected from across the country when local Party committees held their congresses in 2017, will need to pass a further check to get final approval to attend the congress.

Compared with the delegates to previous CPC national congresses, the list in 2017 features more from frontline production and manufacturing, minority ethnic groups, and women.
Among them, 771 delegates are from frontline production and manufacturing, including workers, farmers and techni- cians, accounting for 33.7 percent of the total, up by 3.2 percentage points from five years ago.

These delegates not only come from traditional industries like manufacturing, transportation, steel and coal, but also from sectors such as finance, the Internet, and social organi- zations.
The representation of female CPC members and mem- bers from ethnic minority groups is also rising, reaching 24.1 percent and 11.5 percent of the total respectively.

The average age of the delegates is 51.8, about 0.2 year younger compared with the 18th CPC National Congress, and about 70.6 percent of them are under the age of 55.
(Xinhua) 23 19th cpc NatioNal coNgReSS Grand design China forges ahead in promoting world peace and common development By Liu Haitao In a report delivered by Xi Jinping, general secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC), on the first day of the 19th CPC Na- tional Congress held in Beijing on October 18-24, he revealed that the nation’s socialism with Chinese charac- teristics is entering a new era.
Xi unveiled a blueprint for China’s development in the future, and launched the start of building China into a modern socialist country in an all- round manner.

Achieving national rejuvenation has been a great dream of the Chinese nation since modern times.

In the process of realizing the dream, China has undergone a modernization phase, which started in 1840, when Western powers used military force to coerce China to open up.
It was also the time when many patriotic people with lofty ideals began their endeavors to catch up with Western developed countries.

However, China’s modernization process progressed slowly despite a series of patriotic and salvation movements such as the Westernization Movement (1861-94), the Hundred Days’ Reform (June 11-September 21, 1898) and the Revolution of 1911.
Fortunately, since the founding of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) in 1949, the nation has begun large-scale development of industrialization and modernization under the leadership of the CPC.

But, in the long process of build- ing a modernized society, the CPC has experienced numerous hardships and paid a heavy price.

Due to China’s realities, the goal of realizing modernization of agriculture, industry, national defense and science and technology by 2000 was not met.
Nonetheless, the endeavor left the Chinese people with the necessary material foundations and capabilities for further development.

Delegates attend the 19th CPC National Congress in Beijing on October 18, 2017.

Pang Xinglei 24 NatioNal PeoPle’s CoNgress of ChiNa The Third Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Com- mittee was held in December 1978, when the Party put for- ward a three-step strategy of realizing modernization based on historical lessons and a practical and realistic attitude.
This opened a path to developing modern socialism with Chi- nese characteristics through reform and opening up.

Thanks to the hard work of the entire nation, the goals of providing all the people with adequate food and clothing and building a well-off society on the whole were attained.
Based on this, the Party proposed the Two Centenary Goals— to complete the building of a moderately prosperous society in all aspects by the time the CPC celebrates its centenary in 2021; and to turn China into a modern socialist nation that is prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, harmo- nious and beautiful by the time the PRC celebrates its cente- nary in 2049.

Since the 18th CPC National Congress in 2012, China has made tremendous progress in reform and opening up and modernization.
The Chinese nation has not only taken the historic leap from standing up to becoming better off, but has also gotten stronger.

The country’s rejuvenation is on the ho- rizon.

The 19th CPC National Congress has charted a new blue- print for China’s development in a new era.
Xi pointed out that the period between now and 2020 will be decisive in fin- ishing the building of a moderately prosperous society in all aspects, and the period between the 19th and the 20th CPC National Congresses is when the timeframes of the Two Cen- tenary Goals converge.

Moreover, China has drawn up a two-stage development plan for the period from 2020 to the middle of this century.
In the first stage, from 2020 to 2035, the plan is to build on the foundation created by the moderately prosperous society with a further 15 years of hard work to see that socialist mod- ernization is realized.

In the second stage, from 2035 to the middle of the 21st century, the aim is to develop into a great modern socialist nation that is prosperous, strong, democrat- ic, culturally advanced, harmonious and beautiful.
The new plan will exert profound influence on not only China, but also the rest of the world.

By the end of the second stage, new heights will be reached in every dimension of material, political, cultural, ethical, social and ecological advancement; modernization of China’s system and capacity for governance will be achieved; and the nation will become a front runner in terms of comprehensive national strength and international influence.
By that time it is expected that common prosperity for all the people will be basically achieved, and the Chinese people will enjoy happier, safer and healthier lives.

The nation also seeks to continue being a proud and active member of the community of na- tions.

The great advantages of socialism with Chinese char- acteristics will show themselves.

The CPC and the Chinese people’s confidence in the path, theory, system and culture of socialism with Chinese characteristics will be strengthened.
The people will be more motivated to make continuous prog- ress.

By the middle of this century, China will offer more Chi- nese wisdom and a Chinese approach to solve the problems facing mankind.

Modernization originated in European capi- talism.

Some Western scholars believe that building an in- Over the past nearly 40 years, instead of posing a threat to the rest of the world, the rapid development of China has markedly contributed to world peace and development.
dustrial society through industrial revolution is the only way of development and any other alternative is either flawed or wrong.

Even Karl Marx said in Capital: Critique of Political Economy that “The country that is more developed industri- ally only shows to the less developed the image of its own future.” But besides showing economic progress, such economi- cally developed countries can also be trapped by many disad- vantages, conflicts and social problems.
Some nations have tried to explore other ways, but they rarely succeeded.

Even the Soviet Union model was left half complete.

Different from previous trials, China, under the leadership of the CPC, rose to become the world’s second largest econ- omy in only around three decades while developing social- ism with Chinese characteristics.

It enjoys bright prospects.


China’s success can serve as a reference to other nations, and it has injected and will continue to inject fresh vitality into the socialist cause around the world.

China will also be a staunch force safeguarding world peace and advancing common development, which has been the nation’s constant position.
Pursuing a path of peaceful development is not a strategic response to the so-called “Chi- na threat theory,” but what the Chinese people want from the bottom of their hearts and where the fundamental interests of people all over the world lie.

China has assisted underdeveloped countries even at the time when its own economy was faltering decades ago.
Over the past nearly 40 years, instead of posing a threat to the rest of the world, the rapid development of China has markedly contributed to world peace and development.

The nation has participated in a number of UN peacekeep- ing operations in recent years, receiving much recognition from the UN and host countries.

China’s contribution to the world economy also ranks among the highest globally.

It has also made impressive contributions, especially to poverty al- leviation.
From 1978 to 2014, the number of people in China living under the poverty line was reduced by 700 million, and the prevalence of poverty declined by 90.3 percent.

The rate of the nation’s contribution to global poverty alleviation is over 70 percent.

In addition, China is the very first developing country to realize the UN’s Millennium Development Goals.
It has grown from being the largest nation in poverty to being a role model in poverty reduction, which is itself an important precondition for and element in maintaining world peace.

(Beijing Review) (The author is executive dean at the School of Marxism at the Party School of the CPC Central Committee.)
issUe 4 · 2017 25 Special RepoRt Xi Jinping (C), general secretary of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee, who is also Chinese president and chairman of the Cen- tral Military Commission, and the other members of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee Li Keqiang (3rd R), Li Zhanshu (3rd L), Wang Yang (2nd R), Wang Huning (2nd L), Zhao Leji (1st R) and Han Zheng (1st L) visit the site where the First CPC National Con- gress was held in 1921 in Shanghai, East China, October 31, 2017.
Lan Hongguang Top CPC leaders reaffirm mission at Party’s birthplace munist Party of China (CPC) in a brick-and-wood building in the French concession area of Shanghai.

In July 1921, 13 individuals met and founded the Com- Ninety-six years later, the new CPC leadership looked back on the Party’s revolutionary past to seek impetus for fu- ture endeavors.
On the morning of October 31, 2017, Xi Jinping, general secretary of the CPC Central Committee, led the other six members of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the 19th CPC Central Committee to the sites where the first CPC National Congress was held.

Xi said the aim of the tour was to revisit the Party’s past – especially the history of its founding – to learn from the pre- decessors of revolutionary times and their noble spirit.
The tour should also serve to throw light on the responsi- bility the current leadership now bears, and strengthen their sense of duty to fulfill targets and missions laid down at the 19th CPC National Congress, he said.

“Only by remaining true to our original aspiration, keeping our mission firmly in mind, and keeping on striving, could the Party stay young and live,” said Xi, also Chinese president and chairman of the Central Military Commission.
26 NatioNal PeoPle’s CoNgress of ChiNa NPC “As long as the Party and all Chinese people unite and work hard, the great ship of national rejuvenation of the Chi- nese nation will reach its glorious destination,” he said.

The first stop of October 31 visit was Shanghai.


In 1921, the delegates representing about 50 CPC mem- bers nationwide convened the First CPC National Congress in late July in Shanghai, but moved to a boat on Nanhu Lake in Jiaxing of East China’s Zhejiang Province due to the harass- ment of local police.

The meeting site on Xingye Road has been open to public as a museum since 1952.

Xi visited the place three times when he worked in Shang- hai.
After visiting a meeting room of the First CPC National Congress, Xi asked for efforts to protect and make good use of the site.

The leaders visited a replica of the boat on which CPC founders convened their meeting in 1921 – now referred to as the “Red Boat” – and the Nanhu Lake Revolution Museum after a train trip from Shanghai.

The construction of the museum started on June 28, 2006, when Xi laid its cornerstone as then Zhejiang Party chief.
However, October 31’s visit was Xi’s first visit to the museum since it opened in 2011.

Xi called on CPC members to implement the Red Boat spirit in the new era, which highlights pioneering work, per- sistence and dedication.

In an address at the end of October 31’s tour, Xi called the Shanghai and Jiaxing sites “the places where the CPC’s dream set sail” and “the root of the Party.” “Our Party was born here, our journey began here, and our rule of the country all dates back to here,” Xi said.
Once called by late Chinese leader Mao Zedong the “ma- ternity ward of the CPC,” the site is also the “spiritual home” of Chinese communists, Xi said.

Over the past 96 years, the CPC had united and led the Chinese people to make great achievements, but that under- taking has no end, Xi said.

They also visited exhibitions displaying the founding and development of the CPC.

“We can not forget the road that we have taken no matter how far we march,” Xi said.
“We should often recall and deeply comprehend the cul- tural relics and scenes on the founding of the CPC so as to decode the CPC’s original aspiration,” he said.

Xi also led Li Keqiang, Li Zhanshu, Wang Yang, Wang Huning, Zhao Leji and Han Zheng to review the oath of the CPC in front of a huge CPC flag, then asked all CPC members to keep firmly in mind the oath and keep in alignment.

On the afternoon of October 31, the CPC leadership visited Jiaxing, following the footsteps of their forerunners.
“The original aspiration of the CPC members must never change,” he said, adding that only in this way could the Party keep on striving and win the hearts of the people.

Noting that the 19th CPC National Congress had outlined targets and missions for the development of the Party and the country, Xi said all CPC members must observe the Party’s fundamental purpose of wholeheartedly serving the people and working to improve the lives of the people.
They must keep in mind the noble ideal of communism and the shared ideal of socialism with Chinese characteristics, re- main humble and prudent, and brave hardships and sacrifices, in order to realize the two Centenary Goals and the great reju- venation of the Chinese nation, Xi said.
(Xinhua) The site of the First CPC National Congress in Shanghai Xinhua issUe 4 · 2017 27 iN-depth President Xi Jinping steers Chinese economy toward high-quality development toward a new phase of development with Xi Jin- ping at the helm.

The world’s second-largest economy is setting sail The Chinese economy will focus on quality, a shift from the rapid growth the country has been known for over the past decades since the reform and opening up policy was introduced.
At the country’s most important annual meeting on eco- nomic work, senior leaders said China’s economy will be characterized by more innovative manufacturing, a more se- cure financial system, a more open and green economy, more affordable housing and better life for the people.

To achieve the goal, Xi Jinping Thought on Socialist Economy with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era will be the key, said a statement released after the Central Economic Work Conference concluded on December 20, 2017.
The three-day conference was attended by President Xi, who is also general secretary of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee and chairman of the Central Military Commission.

High-speed trains participating the simulation tests pass through the Renjiashan Viaduct in Shaanxi Province on November 22, 2017.

The construction of high-speed railway that connects Xi’an in Shaanxi Province and Chengdu in Sichuan Province has greatly improved the road traffic in mountainous Sichuan.
Tao Ming 28 NatioNal PeoPle’s CoNgress of ChiNa President Xi Jinping steers Chinese economy toward high-quality development evidence the economy is on a steady footing.

The World Bank on December 19, 2017 raised its forecast for China’s economic growth in 2017 to 6.8 per- cent, up from the 6.7 percent it pro- jected in October, citing stronger per- sonal consumption and foreign trade.
Xi’s economic thought takes shape Xi Jinping Thought on Socialist Economy with Chinese Characteris- tics for a New Era has taken shape, said the statement.

The tone-setting meeting de- scribed the thought as the “theoreti- cal crystallization” of the past five years of practice in pushing forward China’s economic development, the “latest fruit” of socialist political economy with Chinese character- istics, and the “extremely precious spiritual wealth” of the CPC and the country.
The thought “must be adhered to for a long time and developed con- tinuously,” said the statement.

According to the statement, the thought is mainly based on the new development philosophy, which was put forward by Xi in 2015 and fea- tures innovative, coordinated, green, open and shared development.
Under the thought, people are put first in development, while efforts are made to adapt to, manage and steer the “new normal.” The market plays the decisive role and the govern- ment plays its role better, and supply-side structural reform constitutes the main line of economic work.
High-quality development “At present and in the period to come, high-quality devel- opment is the fundamental requirement for determining the development path, making economic policies and conducting macroeconomic regulation,” said the statement.

China must build and improve mechanisms for pushing forward high-quality development, including necessary in- dicators, policies, standards, statistical and performance as- sessment systems.
Realizing high-quality development is a must for sustain- ing healthy and stable economic development and adapting to changed principal contradiction of the Chinese society, it added.

China will continue to deepen the supply-side structural reform as one of the major tasks for realizing such develop- ment.
China will develop into a manufacturing powerhouse, with a shift from “Made in China” to “Created in China,” the state- ment said, as the country is striving to evolve from a world President Xi Jinping addresses the Central Economic Work Conference in Beijing, capital of China.

The conference was held from December 18 to 20, 2017.
Xie Huanchi China’s economy will be character- ized by more innovative manufactur- ing, a more secure financial system, a more open and green economy, more affordable housing and better life for the people.

The Central Economic Work Conference in 2017 came after the CPC’s twice-a-decade national congress in October, which drew a blueprint for China’s development over the next 30-plus years.
The conference, which reviewed China’s economic per- formance over the past five years and mapped out plans for 2018, was special also because 2018 marks the 40th anni- versary of China’s reform and opening up policy, which has turned the country into the world’s second-largest economy.
China’s economy is firming, with its GDP expanding 6.9 percent year on year in the first three quarters, and 6.8 per- cent in the third quarter, the ninth straight quarter for China to see economic growth of at least 6.7 percent, all adding to issUe 4 · 2017 29 iN-depth factory that churns out low-end products.

Measures to eliminate ineffective supply, foster new growth drivers and reduce costs in the real economy will con- tinue.
The country will improve the long-term mechanisms to ensure stable and healthy development of the real estate mar- ket.

Both home purchases and rentals will be encouraged.

Three tough battles The meeting also outlined strategies to win what central authorities have called “the three tough battles,” namely pre- venting and defusing major risks, targeted poverty alleviation and tackling pollution.
China will maintain a hardline stance on irregular and il- legal activities in the financial industry to forestall risks.

China’s rapidly expanding financial industry is being placed under greater regulatory scrutiny as authorities step up efforts to curb widespread malfeasance in the sector to guard against risks.

To ensure stable economic growth while averting financial risks accumulated over years of credit binge, China has de- cided to maintain a prudent and neutral monetary policy in 2018.
“Prudent monetary policy should be kept neutral, the floodgates of monetary supply should be controlled, and credit and social financing should see reasonable growth,” said the statement.

For the battle against poverty, policymakers pledged to work to ensure the quality of poverty reduction efforts under current standards, and focus on helping special groups and eradicating abject poverty.
Pollution control will also be a key battlefield, with au- thorities aiming for a significant reduction in major pollutant emissions and improvement in the overall environment.

Efforts should be focused on adjusting the structures of in- dustries, eliminating outdated capacity and making the skies blue again, according to the meeting.
All-around opening up As the major driver and stabilizer of the global economy, China will push forward a new pattern of all-around opening up to pursue mutual benefits with the rest of the world, ac- cording to the statement.

China will increase imports and cut import tariffs on some products to promote balanced trade, it said.

Free trade zone pilot areas will be expanded.

Effective guidance and support will be given to outbound direct invest- ment.
The country will also push for nationwide implementation of a pre-establishment national treatment system as well as a negative list that determines where foreign participation is prohibited or limited.

The negative list will become shorter and shorter, it said, adding that the country will improve laws and regulations on foreign investment and enhance protection of intellectual property rights.
Chinese leaders have reiterated that the country will not close its door to the world, and that the door will only become more and more open.

(Xinhua) VCG China to continue prudent, neutral monetary policy in 2018 30 NatioNal PeoPle’s CoNgress of ChiNa Prudent monetary policy should be kept neutral, the floodgates of monetary supply should be controlled, and credit and social financing should see reasonable growth.

An employee counts yuan banknotes at a bank in Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, August 30, 2017.
VCG and neutral monetary policy in 2017, keep- ing appropriate liquidity levels but avoiding excessive liquidity injections.

The central bank has increasingly relied on open market operations for liquidity man- agement, rather than cuts in interest rates or reserve requirement ratios.

The statement reiterated that systemic financial risks should be forestalled.

major fields and projects while reducing regular expenditures.
Concrete measures will be taken to strengthen the regulation of local govern- ment debt, according to the statement.

The three-day conference, the first of its kind since the 19th CPC National Congress, is the most important annual meeting on economic work in the country.

It said the yuan’s exchange rate will be During the conference, Chinese leaders kept basically stable at a reasonable and balanced level.
On the fiscal front, the statement said “the proactive orientation of fiscal policy will be maintained, while the structure of fiscal spending should be optimized.” reviewed the country’s economic perfor- mance over the past five years and mapped out plans for 2018.

China’s GDP expanded 6.9 percent year on year in the first three quarters, above the government’s target of around 6.5 percent for the year of 2017.
(Xinhua) China has decided to maintain a prudent and neutral monetary policy in 2018 as the world’s second largest economy strives to balance growth and risk prevention.

“Prudent monetary policy should be kept neutral, the floodgates of monetary supply should be controlled, and credit and social financing should see reasonable growth,” said a statement released after the Central Economic Work Conference which conclud- ed on December 20, 2017.
The tone-setting words came as China faces the dual task of ensuring stable eco- nomic growth and liquidity while averting financial risks accumulated over years of credit binges and lax regulations.
Authorities have maintained a prudent Authorities will ensure fiscal support for issUe 4 · 2017 31 FocuS National memorial ceremony for Nanjing Massacre victims Chinese people are willing to work with people from around the world in building “a community with a shared future for mankind,” make contri- butions to world peace and global development, and uphold international order.
President Xi Jinping (4th L, front), and Yu Zhengsh- eng (4th R, front), chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Confer- ence, attend a State memorial ceremony to mark the 80th anniversary of the Nanjing Massacre in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, December 13, 2017.
Xie Huanchi 32 NatioNal PeoPle’s CoNgress of ChiNa President Xi Jinping (C, front) visits an exhibition about the Nanjing Massacre after attending a State memorial ceremony to mark the 80th anniversary of the Nanjing Massacre in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, De- cember 13, 2017.

Ju Peng ceremony on December 13, 2017 to mark the 80th anniversary of the Nanjing Massacre.
President Xi Jinping attended a national memorial Some other senior officials were also present at the ceremony held in the square of the Memorial Hall of the Victims in Nanjing Massacre by Japanese Invaders in the eastern city of Nanjing in Jiangsu Province.

At the ceremony starting at 10 a.m., Xi and the senior of- ficials joined about 10,000 representatives of all walks of life and paid silent tribute to the massacre victims as sirens howled over the city.
Eight large wreaths were presented to the memorial altar by guards of honor, followed by 80 teenagers reading out a declaration of peace.

Japanese troops captured Nanjing, then China’s capital, on December 13, 1937 and embarked on more than 40 days of slaughter.

About 300,000 civilians and unarmed Chinese soldiers were brutally murdered, and over 20,000 women were raped.
In a speech at the ceremony, Yu Zhengsheng, chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference, said China was holding the memo- rial ceremony in honor of the Nanjing Massacre victims, compatriots killed by the Japanese invaders, national heroes who sacrificed their lives for victory, as well as international soldiers and friends who joined the Chinese in fighting.
“The commemoration is meant to proclaim the Chinese issUe 4 · 2017 33 FocuS Spectators visit the Memorial Hall of the Victims of Nanjing Massacre by Japanese Invaders in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province on December 17, 2017.

Japanese troops captured Nanjing on December 13, 1937 and slaughtered more than 300,000 Chinese civilians and soldiers who had laid down their arms.
VCG ‘The commemoration is meant to proclaim the Chinese people’s firm stance on maintaining peace and their sublime aspiration for peaceful development,’ Yu Zhengsheng said.

people’s firm stance on maintaining peace and their sublime aspiration for peaceful development,” he said.

“War is a mirror, which makes people better understand the value of peace.” China and Japan should take into consideration the fun- damental interests of their people and contribute to peace, he said.
“The world should work together to maintain international order and system with the purposes and principles of the United Nations Charter at the core,” Yu said.

He said Chinese people are willing to work with people from around the world in building “a community with a shared future for mankind,” make contributions to world peace and global development, and uphold international order.
Following his speech, six Nanjing citizens struck the Bell of Peace at the site, while 3,000 doves signifying peace flew over the memorial square.

After the ceremony, President Xi visited the exhibition in the memorial hall and signed his name on the visitors’ book.

He also met some survivors of the massacre and relatives of foreign friends who contributed to the victory in the Chi- nese People’s War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggres- sion.
The ceremony was presided over by Huang Kunming, head of the Communist Party of China Central Committee Publicity Department.

Veterans, officials from central and local Party and gov- ernment departments and the military, representatives of the non-Communist parties, personnel without Party affiliation, people from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan, relatives of for- eign friends, foreign diplomats, survivors, and victims’ rela- tives attended the event.
In February 2014, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress designated December 13 as the “National Memorial Day for Nanjing Massacre Victims.” (Xinhua) 34 NatioNal PeoPle’s CoNgress of ChiNa National Memorial Day for Nanjing Massacre Victims China held an annual memorial for the victims of the Nanjing Massacre in the east- ern city of Nanjing on December 13, 2017.
Leaders of the Communist Party of China Central Committee and the Central Govern- ment attended the ceremony at a square in front of the Memorial Hall for the Victims of the Nanjing Massacre.

Japan invaded Northeast China in Sep- tember 1931, and started a full-scale inva- sion of China on July 7, 1937.

Japanese troops captured Nanjing, then China’s capital, on December 13, 1937 and started a 40-odd-day slaughter.

About 300,000 civilians and unarmed Chinese sol- diers were brutally murdered.
Over 20,000 women were raped.

As a flagrant violation of international laws, the atrocity was tried by the Interna- tional Military Tribunal for the Far East and the Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal, which rendered a verdict based on irrefutable evi- dence.

one of the most inhuman fascist atrocities in the history of human civilization.
In February 2014, the Standing Com- mittee of the National People’s Congress, China’s top legislature, designated Decem- ber 13 as the “National Memorial Day for Nanjing Massacre Victims.” According to a decision passed by the legislature, the country will hold national memorial activities on the day every year to mourn Nanjing Massacre victims and all those killed by Japanese invaders, and to reveal war crimes committed by the Japa- nese.
The move was also aimed at remember- ing the deep calamities the war caused for the Chinese people and people around the world, conveying the Chinese people’s firm stance of resisting aggression and safe- guarding human dignity and world peace.

The decision said that the massacre was The first State commemoration for the national memorial day was held on Decem- ber 13, 2014.
While addressing the first State com- memoration, President Xi Jinping said the Nanjing Massacre was one of three major massacres during WWII and it was an atro- cious anti-human crime and a dark page in the history of humanity.

“The purpose of the memorial ceremony for Nanjing Massacre victims is to recall that every good-hearted person yearns for and holds a firm stance of peace, but does not try to prolong hatred,” Xi said.
(Xinhua) The Memorial Hall of the Victims of Nanjing Massacre by Japanese Invaders opens to the public on December 14, 2017.

After nearly one month’s renova- tions, the Memorial Hall began to exhibit new items to the spectators.

VCG issUe 4 · 2017 35 FocuS Chairman Zhang Dejiang calls for promotion of Constitution spirit Zhang Dejiang, chairman of the National People’s Congress Standing Committee, attends a symposium marking the fourth National Constitution Day in Beijing on December 4, 2017.
Yao Dawei Zhang Dejiang, chairman of the National People’s Congress Standing Committee, has called for better promotion of the principle underlying rule of law that the Constitution and the law are above every- thing else and that everyone is equal before the law.

Such a principle should become a voluntary act of all peo- ple, Chairman Zhang said at a symposium marking the fourth National Constitution Day on December 4, 2017.
At the symposium, Zhang said the major policies of the Communist Party of China Central Committee regarding the implementation of the Constitution and the oversight to en- sure compliance with the Constitution should be carried out in a comprehensive manner.

The principles of the Constitution should be firmly ob- served, the spirit of the Constitution should be promoted, and the obligations mandated in the Constitution should be performed, he said.
He also demanded efforts to integrate the process of sound lawmaking, strict law enforcement, and impartial administra- tion of justice with the cause of developing a socialist culture of rule of law.

(Xinhua) 36 NatioNal PeoPle’s CoNgress of ChiNa Chairman Zhang Dejiang calls for promotion of Constitution spirit Awareness of law aids resolution By Cao Yin The best gift for lawyer Xu Xianghui on Constitution Day, which fell on December 4, is that the legal awareness of his villagers has been improving.
He was named legal consultant in Xuri village, Guangdong Province, in 2009, and since then has helped villagers settle dis- putes and taught them how to use the law to protect themselves.

“The first law I taught them was the Constitution, as I wanted them to know their basic rights and obligations granted by the law,” he said.
“Now, villagers do not fight against each other in conflicts like they did 17 years ago.” He shared his experiences with Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress Zhang Dejiang, as well as officials from other authorities, students and legal professionals during a seminar on December 4, 2017.

He highlighted the importance of popu- larizing laws in grassroots governance, adding that legal consultants like him have participated in resolving more than 53,000 disputes since 2014.
Chairman Zhang noted the Constitution is the country’s fundamental law, saying its popularization is a basic but a long-term project for fulfilling the rule of law.

Three students (a primary school stu- dent, a middle school student and a college student) were also invited to share their understanding about the Constitution at the seminar.

All of them mentioned their better understanding of the key status of the Con- stitution and related legal structures.
“Previously, judicial experts were often invited to such seminars, but this time, it’s unusual but good to see grassroots repre- sentatives, including students and lawyers, play a major role,” said Ma Huaide, a law professor at China University of Political Sci- ence and Law.

“After all, the aim of our popularizing the law is to help people enhance their legal awareness and apply their legal knowledge in their work and life,” he added.
Guo Jie, a judge from Fujian Province, went to a primary school on December 4 to teach students how to use the law to stay safe from sexual assault, drugs and campus dangers.

“Talking face-to-face is necessary, as it makes the laws easier for children to under- stand,” she added.

(China Daily) Students from Jianshenglu Primary School in Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province study constitutional knowledge on December 4, 2017, which marked Chi- na’s fourth Constitution Day.
Diverse activities were organized to help spread Constitution knowledge and improve students’ sense of law.

Zhai Yujia issUe 4 · 2017 37 FocuS China’s general provisions of Civil Law take effect opening chapter of a civil code planned for full en- actment in 2020, took effect on October 1, 2017.

China’s general provisions of the Civil Law, the Based on a 1986 version and adopted by the Na- tional People’s Congress in March 2017, the document lays down basic principles regulating civil activities.
The general provisions add protection for the interests of fetuses, lower the statutory age limit for minors with limited capacity for civil conduct from 10 to eight years, and stress protection of personal information, online virtual assets and intellectual property rights.

The law grants status of “special legal person” to rural economic collectives and village committees, among other or- ganizations, which will allow such activities as entering into contracts.
Civil subjects must be aware of the need to save resources and protect the environment in their civil activities, accord- ing to the provisions, which have an overall “green” tone, re- flecting China’s need to strike a balance between the needs of its people and the environment.

The provisions protect the interests of heroes and martyrs, stipulating that those who harm their name, portrait, reputa- tion and honor shall bear civil liability.
“With the General Provisions, 1.3 billion people will feel more secure and enjoy more equal opportunities and dig- nity,” said Sun Xianzhong, a national lawmaker and deputy head of the China Civil Law Society.

Compiling a civil code, a decision made by the central leadership in 2014, is vital to rule of law and modern gover- VCG nance, and a crucial move in building China into a moder- ately prosperous society by 2020.

A two-step approach has been designed for developing the code.
The adoption of the general provisions is the first.

The second, the compiling of five individual volumes that deal with property, contracts, torts, marriage and inheri- tance, started in late 2016.
(Xinhua) General Provisions of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China Fetuses enjoy civil rights including heritage succession, acceptance and donation Emphasize the duties of foster carers to provide maintenance Add new stipulations about virtual property protection Lower age limit of person with limited ca- pacity for civil conduct Adults with full capac- ity for civil conduct can appoint foster care through negotiation Prolong time limit of cases from 2 to 3 years (Source: english.legalinfo.gov.cn) 38 NatioNal PeoPle’s CoNgress of ChiNa Tibetan NPC delegation visits Canada, Argentina and US A National People’s Congress (NPC) delegation of legislators from China’s Tibet Autonomous Region, led by Danzeng Langjie, vice chairman of the NPC Standing Committee of the Tibet Au- tonomous Region, visited Canada, Argentina and US from November 26 to December 6, 2017.
The delegation paid a four-day visit to Canada on Novem- ber 26-29, during which they visited Montreal and Ottawa, where they met Canadian parliament members, government officials, university professors, researchers and local media.
During the visit, the delegation had talks with the Canadi- an side on topics covering the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the Belt and Road Initiative, as well as Tibet’s economic development, religious and cultural protection, local people’s lives and China’s preferential poli- cies for Tibet’s development.
At a press conference held in Ottawa on the afternoon of November 29, the delegation answered media questions about Tibet’s poverty alleviation efforts, the protection and development of traditional cultures, as well as ecological pro- tection.

In next three days, the delegation visited Argentina.

They met Argentine parliament members, officials from the Ar- gentine Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Worship, scholars and university students during their first visit to the South American country.
and economic progress achieved after the 18th National Con- gress of the Communist Party of China, poverty alleviation, religious and cultural protection, ethnic unity and regional autonomy system for ethnic minorities.

During the talks, the Argentine side promised to deepen cooperation in various fields and promote personnel and tourism exchanges between the two sides.

The delegation arrived in the United States on December 2.
They visited Boston and Washington, where they met US Congress members, Chinese students studying overseas and US scholars.

During the visit, the delegation had talks with the US side on topics covering Tibet’s social and economic progress achieved after the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, and its prospect after the 19th National Con- gress of the Communist Party of China which was held in Oc- tober 2017.
The Belt and Road Initiative, Tibet’s economic develop- ment, religious and cultural protection, local people’s life and China’s preferential policies for Tibet’s development were also among issues mentioned during the visit.

At a press conference held in Washington on the afternoon of December 5, the delegation answered media questions about Tibet’s poverty alleviation efforts and the protection and development of its traditional culture.
The delegation wrapped up its five-day visit to the United The two sides held talks on topics including Tibet’s social States on December 6 .

(Xinhua) Danzeng Langjie (C), vice chairman of the NPC Standing Committee of the Tibet Autonomous Region, presents hada to scholars from University of Quebec attending a seminar on Tibetan economic and social develop- ment in Montreal, Canada on November 27, 2017.
Yu Ruidong Danzeng Langjie (2nd R), vice chairman of the NPC Standing Committee of the Tibet Autonomous Region, visits the state house building of Mas- sachusetts, the United States on December 4, 2017.

Ma Delin issUe 4 · 2017 39 SupeRviSioN Special inquiry: Winning the battle on solid waste pollution ment,” Zhang noted.
He stressed coordinated efforts in implementing related laws, regulations and policies, curbing solid waste pollution through an effective approach for green development, and building environment-friendly economic structure and way of life.

China should adopt the strictest standards for ecologi- cal and environmental protection.

During the event, Zhang listened carefully and made com- ments from time to time, sharing his understanding about the guidelines of the Party and the concerns of the public.
The special inquiry was attended by Vice Chairpersons of the NPC Standing Committee Li Jianguo, Wang Shengjun, Chen Changzhi, Yan Junqi, Wang Chen, Shen Yueyue, Ji Bingxuan, Zhang Ping, Qiangba Puncog, Arken Imirbaki, Wan Exiang, Zhang Baowen and Chen Zhu.

State Councilor Wang Yong and officials from relevant ministries and commissions under the State Council an- swered questions.
More importance attached by the State Council “What measures will be taken by the State Council to ad- dress the outstanding problems in solid waste pollution pre- vention and control?” asked by Pu Changcheng, a member of the NPC Environmental Protection and Resources Conserva- tion Committee.
Ministries under the State Council and governments of various levels have spared no effort in pushing forward the supply-side structural reform, upgrading traditional in- dustries, speeding up the elimination of backward facilities which produced a great amount of highly dangerous solid waste, said State Councilor Wang Yong.

Circular economy is encouraged to better connect between production and consumption in a more efficient way, thus to turn trash into treasure, Wang said.
“We should improve the approval system for solid waste emission, set up quantitative standard for enterprises to cut emission, accelerate re-utilization and reduce its negative im- pacts.

We need to consider the environment protection in the whole economic plan, laying more emphasis to solid waste pollution treatment with the support of policy, capital and technology,” Wang said.
More work should be done in domestic waste classifica- tion, animal farming waste control, management of danger- ous waste, adjustment of solid waste import, recycling pro- cess of renewable resources and package material reduction.

In terms of supervision, the campaign launched by the Zhang Dejiang, chairman of the NPC Standing Committee, presides over an inquiry with officials from the State Council on the enforcement of the solid waste control law in Beijing on November 2, 2017.
Du Yang A special inquiry was organized on the implemen- tation of the Law on Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution by Solid Waste on the sideline of the joint session of the 30th meeting of the 12th NPC Standing Committee on November 2, 2017.
“President Xi Jinping pointed out in his report to the 19th CPC National Congress that building an ecological civiliza- tion is vital to the sustainable development of China and more work should be done in solid waste disposal,” said NPC Standing Committee Chairman Zhang Dejiang at the meet- ing.
To follow the spirit of Party Congress, “we must realize that lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets,” said Chairman Zhang, adding that it is crucial to win the battle on solid waste pollution through the implementation of the laws and handling of outstanding problems.
“We encourage green and harmonious development be- tween human being and nature in modern society, so as to meet people’s ever-growing demand for a better environ- 40 NatioNal PeoPle’s CoNgress of ChiNa Central Government has played a key role, but more atten- tion should be paid to follow-up measures and hold the local governments accountable.

The governments and the judicial departments should work jointly to ensure the strength of punishment, both executive and criminal.
Besides, awareness of the general public should be further increased.

Fiscal and tax-related approaches can be adopted, and social capital introduced in solid waste treatment, help- ing the third party grow in the market.

Laws and regulations should be better understood through media coverage and information release, making the public fully involved in the effort to protect environment, added Wang.
“Is there any evaluation standards for solid waste treat- ment, like what we have already done in air and water pollu- tion control?” asked by Pu.

“Good suggestion.

A strict evaluation system will be estab- lished to help law enforcement.

We will work for it,” Li Gan- jie, minister of Environmental Protection responded.
Better risk management of highly dangerous waste Xu Zhenchao, another member of the NPC Standing Committee, asked what measures to be taken to dispose and remove the dangerous waste, especially the industrial solid waste.

Li said his ministry is ready to conduct a second nation- wide survey on pollution resources, and build a platform for enterprises to disclose information on dangerous waste.
The ministry will, together with the public security departments, crack down on criminal behaviors and appraise enterprises with their responsibility for environment protection.

Moreover, the ministry will make institutional improve- ment by making new rules, implement laws and reform pol- lution emission certification system, which has been finished in areas of thermal power and paper-making.
A supervision network which covers the whole process and all areas should be established to push forward the reform of vertical man- agement system of environment supervision organs, said the minister.

Miao Wei, minister of Industry and Information Technol- ogy, said that his ministry will focus on clean production and promote green development, especially in industries with high emission of solid waste, such as iron and steel, nonfer- rous metal and chemical industry.
Breakthroughs and innovations are encouraged for the commercialization of technologies.

Information about enter- prises reaching the industrial standard should be open to the public.

Enterprises are encouraged to play a leading role in building industrial bases for comprehensive resources utiliza- tion, Miao said.

The ministry will put industries with obvious advantages, good industrial training and innovative perspective together for integrated and green development.
Preferential Policies will be made in terms of upgrading of conventional industries and resources utilization, added the minister.

46 pilot cities selected for domestic waste classification Domestic waste classification is an old topic that has been discussed over years but hardly yields any positive result.

In many cities throughout the country, waste disposal facilities are running over capacity, leading to mountains of waste surrounding the cities.
For example, due to the lack of fixed disposal places, construction waste is scattered everywhere in some communities.

“A lot of solid waste is sent to the rural areas which don’t have enough facilities to handle.

Is there any other solution?” asked Zhang Xingkai, a member of the NPC Standing Com- mittee.

“We will increase facilities and improve their capacity (in rural areas), making sure all domestic wastes to be treated.

We plan to raise the waste incineration ratio to 50 percent by 2020.
Domestic waste treatment in rural areas will be ac- celerated, with the capacity reaching 90 percent by 2020,” answered Wang Menghui, minister of Housing and Urban- Rural Development.

Strengthened supervision and stricter punishment are critical, Wang said.

Government offices, schools and hospi- tals are key areas to conduct waste classification.

Besides, a total of 100 counties will be selected to carry out waste classification so as to increase the awareness of the whole society.
He Lifeng, chairman of National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC), added that they have chosen 46 cities for compulsive waste classification, ecological test zones and areas in newly-built cities to share experience in practice and take a lead in the nationwide campaign.

Agricultural waste recycling to be improved by 2020 “There is no easy way to handle agricultural waste, which can cause heavy pollution.
What will the government do to address the problem?” asked by Yang Gengyu, a member of Environmental Protection and Resources Conservation Com- mittee of the NPC.

Han Changfu, minister of Agriculture, said, “There are four problems in this regard.

First, we need to change our concept, taking agriculture into the whole outlook of green development.

Second, there is no clear division among governments, farmers and society in dealing with pollu- tion.
Third, producers in agricultural industry should not be blamed fully accountable.

The last but not the least, more technology support is needed.” Han noted that efforts will be made in turning animal waste into resources in 500 counties and replace the chem- ical fertilizers with organic fertilizers for vegetables, fruits and tea planting in 100 counties.

Subsidies from the Cen- tral Government can be used by the local governments to buy agricultural facilities, improve animal waste treatment facility.
“In Northeast China, which is the main production area of corn, we encourage integrated utilization of straw, and plan to raise the utilization ratio from 67 percent to 80 percent.

In Northwest China, we work for increasing recycling rate of agricultural plastic sheeting to 80 percent,” said the minister.
Behaviors such as illegal operations, slaughter and process sick or dead livestock should be severely punished according to law, said Han, adding it plans to realize harmless treat- ment of sick or dead livestock by 2020. issUe 4 · 2017 41 SupeRviSioN Excessive packaging of delivery parcels to be restrained Over-packaging has been a long-term headache that China faces.

Meanwhile, booming delivery industry is bringing more packaging waste.
Many members of the NPC Standing Committee expressed their concerns.

Lang Sheng asked what measures to be taken to help reduce packaging waste and im- prove recycling of electronic products.

“Delivery industry, as a new business in recent years, has caused numerous environmental problems due to out-of-date and insufficient management.

NDRC is now drafting new regulations to restrain the use of nonbiodegradable plastic package in e-commerce, delivery and food-takeout indus- tries,” said He Lifeng.
The minister added that they are drafting a plan on Inter- net plus resources recycling, setting up online platform for digital recycling.

In the meantime, the way of collection and subsidy of industrial fund should be improved.

Because the package box costs the same money as the product, which may cause huge waste of resources.

To ad- dress this issue, many e-commerce enterprises used sharing delivery boxes in 13 cities.
Boxes can be reused for 1,000 times, with the cost of each time less than 0.01 yuan, greatly lowing logistic cost and saving resources, said Zhong Shan, minister of Commerce.

Zhong said that they encourage the recycling and shar- ing of delivery box, use new material in producing packages, improve efficiency of resources utilization and uphold green development.

Urban waste treatment to be charged “How is urban domestic waste charged?
How to supervise medical waste disposal?” asked NPC Standing Committee member He Yehui.

According to Zhang Shaochun, vice minister of Finance, China has begun to charging system for domestic waste, but it doesn’t work efficiently.

The Ministry of Finance is mak- ing new rules and standards, regarding that it belongs to administrative fees to be collected by the housing and urban development department.

It will be collected together with other life-related fees.
Related information will be released for public supervision.

Li Bin, chairwoman of National Health and Family Plan- ning Commission, briefed about the problems in dealing with medical waste, such as insufficient capacity of centralized disposal, high cost, lack of awareness of classification and collection, transportation and disposal of medical waste in grassroots level.

More efforts will be made to enhance supervision, put waste management into the appraisal system for their per- formance.
Classification is essential for reducing the waste in the first place, Li said.

The inquiry lasted for more than three hours, touching upon problems related to dangerous waste, urban waste, medical waste treatment and delivery package.

Officials from the State Council offered candid and detailed answers.

The government is supervised and supported by the NPC, which jointly works for a better life of the people.
(NPC) Customs make record illegal waste haul as sweeping ban kicks in More than 1,400 tons of imported solid waste have been seized by customs authorities in Xiamen, East China’s Fujian Province, amid the country’s wide-ranging ban on imports of solid waste by the end of 2017.
Based on confirmation from professional solid waste certi- fication institutions, the solid imports, labeled “zinc ore,” were actually forbidden solid waste imports, according to the Xiamen Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, China News Ser- vice reported on November 5, 2017.

It is the largest amount of illegal solid waste to be seized in the country, the report said.
According to the report, an unnamed import and export company in Xiamen declared to local customs that it was import- ing 1,415.5 tons of zinc ore on August 10.

During the inspection, customs officers noticed that the products appeared to be brown mud with a high water content, which is not a characteristic of zinc ore. Further investigations showed the products to be smelt- ing slag, a solid waste that has been banned from import by the Chinese government.
Customs and Entry-Exit Inspection officials said that although the smelting slag could be used for recycling, it contains poison- ous and harmful elements.

During the production process, the contaminants will pollute water and soil.

China is stepping up its fight against pollution and environ- mental degradation.

A reform plan to improve the management of solid waste imports was adopted in April.
In July, the Ministry of Environmental Protection said that China would ban the imports of 24 kinds of solid waste by the end of 2017, including highly polluting waste such as waste plastics, vanadium slag, unsorted waste paper and textile waste.

(Global Times) Spectators flip through environment protection knowledge boards at the Nanjing International Exhibition Center in Jiangsu Province on June 5, 2017.
The International Summit of New Environmental Protec- tion Technology 2017 kicked off on the same day, which marked the World Environment Day.

Su Yang 42 NatioNal PeoPle’s CoNgress of ChiNa Governments, companies find innovative ways of recycling By Zheng Jinran Coal-rich Shanxi Province has developed technologies that can turn waste from mining and processing into construction materials or use it to improve the quality of other goods.
In Shuozhou, a city in the province mainly dependent on coal for power generation, the local government has increased the processing and recycling of solid waste from mining and industrial production.

“We can generate ultrafine powder from slag and completely recycle the slag from Taiyuan Iron and Steel Group,” said Wang Qingjie, head of the environmental protection bureau from the major iron company.
Slag, a byproduct of metal smelting, can be crushed and mixed into cement to improve its quality, he said.

Slag can also be pro- cessed into soluble silicon and calcium, and then mixed with other components to make fertilizer.

In search of innovation, Shuozhou has expanded its cooperation with major domestic universities.
Wang Xidong, a professor of energy and resources engineering at Peking University, heads a research and development center in Shuozhou that incorporates leading technologies into processing practices.

At the center, the researchers processed solid waste into such items as pottery, firefighting clothing and packaging.

“Many of the technologies have been used commercially, but they have matured and attracted many foreign experts,” he said.
In Shuozhou, an international forum focused on solid waste pro- cessing has been held regularly.

It attracts experts and companies that exchange technologies and pursue cooperation opportunities.

“What we have is world-leading,” Wang said.

At least 145 companies have been involved in processing solid waste, and the province will invest 1 billion yuan ($150 million) to promote innovation and advanced technology development, a state- ment from the provincial government said.
(China Daily ) Trash sorting paying off for Zhejiang By Xing Yi Dealing with 500,000 metric tons of trash produced nationwide every day is a pressing problem for China.

Yet, in villages in Zhejiang Province, sorting and recycling has proved an effective way to cut the amount of trash.

70 percent of the garbage produced in a village, according to Tao Chenghua, the city’s former deputy Party chief, who came up with the trash-sorting and recycling program.
But it isn’t enough to just build the facility - the sorting program involves a change in people’s mindset, he said.

“We took advantage of the closeness of society in the villages, where everyone knows each other and cares about their reputation.

We set up lists to make the trash-sorting evaluation public,” Tao said.
“The names of both those who did well in trash sorting and those who didn’t do well appear on the village’s billboard, and that raises people’s participation.” Two trash bins - one green and one yellow - stand in front of Wu Party members also took the lead, visiting homes to spread the Dawen’s house for trash sorting.

idea of sorting.
idea of sorting.

Every day, the 54-year-old who lives in the village of Liujiaotang in the city of Jinhua throws biodegradable garbage into the yellow bin and nonbiodegradable waste into the green one.

A cleaner comes twice a day to transport the biodegradable garbage to the village’s compost facility and recover recyclable trash in the green bin to sell to a recycling company.

The trash that’s nonrecyclable and nonbiodegradable is buried in landfills or incinerated at trash plants.
Years ago, Wu said, he had to burn the trash himself and throw the kitchen waste into the field.

“Now it’s better and easier and sorting trash made our environ- ment cleaner,” he said.

Wu is just one among hundreds of thousands of villagers in Jin- hua who have participated in a trash-sorting and recycling program since 2014.

In the past three years, over 2,200 compost facilities were built in Jinhua, and the trash-sorting program covers more than 98 percent of villages.
The compost facility was designed by Zhejiang University’s Col- lege of Environmental and Resource Sciences and uses germs to turn biodegradable garbage into organic fertilizer every two months.

“At first, I wasn’t so serious about separating garbage,” said villager Wu Yanqing, 43.

“But gradually it becomes a habit, and I remind my husband to do the same.” The sorting program brought economic benefits as well.
About 60 percent of the trash no longer needs to be transported to the landfill or incineration plant, which saves around 300 yuan for each metric ton of garbage and prolongs the life of the landfill by five years.

In the first three quarters of 2017, Jinhua’s growing agricultural tourism attracted 19 million visitors drawn by the beautiful rural scen- ery and clean environment, generating 1.4 billion yuan in revenue, according to the city’s government.
Jinhua is just one of the province’s model cities in trash sorting.

Around 11,000 villages in the province have started similar programs.

“Garbage problems come with rapid economic growth, and sort- ing is key to the reduction of trash,” said Fu Xiaofeng, deputy secre- tary-general of the Zhejiang provincial government.

Through the third quarter in 2017, Zhejiang produced a daily average of 68,000 tons of trash, up 4.6 percent from the same period in 2016.
“We will continue to implement trash sorting across the province, The investment for each facility is around 100,000 yuan ($15,200) and its operation costs 2,000 yuan yearly, but it can reduce up to aiming to curb the growth rate of trash to zero by 2020,” Fu said.

(China Daily) issUe 4 · 2017 43 legiSlatioN The 30th meeting of the 12th NPC Standing Committee concludes at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing on November 4, 2017.

A revision to the Law of the PRC Against Unfair Competition is adopted.
Du Yang Encourage and protect fair market competition The 30th meeting of the 12th NPC Standing Com- mittee voted 148-1 to adopt the revision of the Law of the PRC Against Unfair Competition on Novem- ber 4, 2017.

Also known as the “Market Economy Constitution”, the anti-unfair competition law has been in effect for 24 years since it was adopted at the 3rd meeting of the 8th NPC Stand- ing Committee on September 2, 1993 and brought into effect on December 1, 1993.
This revision marks the first amend- ment to the law since its enforcement.

The revision, which has been reviewed for three times, incorporates updates and improvements on a range of provisions and contents to address changed situations and new problems encountered in current practices.

These include, among others, adding provisions to curb unfair competition in the Internet sector, strengthening com- mercial secret protection and commercial bribery control, and substantially increasing law-breaking cost.
These new contents and provisions will provide strong legal support for encouraging and protecting fair market competition and boosting the healthy development of socialist market economy.

The revision is reportedly set to come into effect on Janu- ary 1, 2018.
44 NatioNal PeoPle’s CoNgress of ChiNa Encourage and protect fair market competition Curb unfair competition in the Internet sector, and severely punish illegal conducts such as click farming, false credits and deleting bad comments A top highlight of this revision is the addition of new pro- visions targeting the rapid development of the Internet to curb unfair competition among Internet market players.

Competition has intensified over the past years with the rapid development of the Internet.
To occupy or increase their market share, some operators have frequently been found to engage in cutthroat competition, including copycat plagiarism, cybersquatting, inducing or malicious uninstal- lation of software, information interception, commercial discrediting and traffic hijack, which have seriously disturbed the normal market order.

Practices such as “3Q Battle” and payment platform incompatibility have at a time drawn wide public concern.
To regulate the production and operation activities in the Internet sector, the new law stipulates that no operators may hinder or disrupt the normal operation of other opera- tors in providing network products or services under the law through technological means by affecting user selection or otherwise, including inserting links or making forced target jumps without consent of the affected operator, misleading, deceiving or forcing users to modify, close or uninstall net- work products or services legally provided by other opera- tors, and performing incompatibility on network products or services legally provided by other operators.
Besides, in consideration of the potential impacts of tech- nological progresses in the Internet sector on the definition of unfair competition, the revision incorporates a fallback provision that prohibits “any other conduct of hindering or disrupting the normal operation of other operators in pro- viding network products or services under the law” through technological means.
At the press conference convened by the General Office of the NPC Standing Committee on November 4, 2017, head of the State Administration for Industry and Commerce’s Anti-monopoly and Anti-unfair Competition Law Enforce- ment Bureau Yang Hongcan told reporters that, during law enforcement, they have generally treated competitions in the Internet sector in a prudent and inclusive manner, and made judgments by taking into consideration the impacts of tech- nological progresses on fair competition, market order and consumer rights.
“We have to encourage entrepreneurship and innovation, and at the same time maintain a good order of market competition, since both are indispensable.

It is true that high technological support is needed for the right judg- ment on competition in the Internet sector.
To achieve this, we have to improve our own supervisory capacity on the one hand, and actively coordinate related departments and use all available resources to form a supervisory climate of social governance.” Shamcampaign as a widespread practice in the e-com- merce sector, including false transactions specifically orga- nized to help with false propaganda as a means to seek illegal gains.
The revised law stipulates that “no operator may make false or misleading commercial propaganda on the perfor- mance, functions, quality, sales conditions, user comments A top highlight of this revision is the addition of new provisions targeting the rapid development of the Internet to curb unfair competition among Internet market players.
or honors received in connection with their commodities to deceive or mislead consumers, or “help other operators make false or misleading commercial publicity by organizing bogus transactions or otherwise”.

Yang noted that shamcampaign in the e-commerce sector comes mainly in two forms.

One is false or misleads commer- cial publicity on the performance, functions, sales conditions and user comments of commodities.
The other is the orga- nization of false transactions to help other operators make false or misleading commercial publicity.

“One is done for themselves, and the other is done to ‘help’ others.” He em- phasized that this is addressed by the revised law.

“From now on, besides shamcampaign on their own products, operators who help others to conduct click farming, fake user feedback, delete negative comments, organize false transactions and present false credits will also be severely punished.
Illegal operators such as ‘Internet mercenaries’ will be subject to se- vere punishment.” More stringent commercial bribery control and protection of commercial secret Commercial bribery is a common practice of unfair com- petition in market economy, which not only disrupts fair competition among operators, but also degrades social mo- rality and trade conventions.
A recent survey reveals that, during 2015-2016, almost 13 percent of enterprises, including those in the public, pri- vate and foreign-invested sectors, or their employees, were subjected to administrative or criminal investigations in con- nection with commercial bribery, and this does not include undiscovered bribery made by a secretive means or through a third party.

Obviously, commercial bribery control is still a great challenge today.
To address this problem, a new provision is incorporated that prohibits operators from offering bribes to third parties potentially affecting a transaction and these third parties from receiving such bribes, and sets out the definition of such potentially affecting third parties.

It also includes specific provisions on the identification of employees’ commercial bribery.
Deputy Director of the Economic Law Office of the Legis- lative Affairs Commission of the NPC Standing Committee Yang Heqing noted in the press conference that the revision further defines the objects of commercial bribery as include workers of the transaction counterparts, organizations and individuals authorized to act on behalf thereof, as well as organizations and individuals potentially affecting the trans- action with their powers and influences; it also deems an operator to conduct bribery where its workers offer bribes to issUe 4 · 2017 45 legiSlatioN The revision elevates law-breaking cost by increasing punishment to law breakers, and raises the maximum amount of punishment from 200,000 yuan to 3 million yuan.
“We can see that the legal provisions are set out in high details, listing enterprise names and trade names, and adding pen names, translated names and stage names into people’s names.

It also incorporates a fallback provision that encom- passes a greater spectrum of prohibited confusions in practi- cal application,” added the deputy director.
Higher law-breaking cost and new credit punishment mechanism others, unless the operator can provide evidence that such bribery is irrelevant to seeking transaction opportunities or competitiveness in favor of the operator.
Experts consider it a great step forward for the revision to incorporate third parties potentially affecting a transaction into the catologue of commercial bribery control, saying that this both reflects the spirit of high-pressure anti-corruption and integral state and clean society construction, but also protects fair market competition at the legislation level.

In the meantime, the revision also incorporates a new provision regarding commercial secret protection.
Yang remarked, “It adds to the existing provision that any use of a commercial secret by a third party who knows or should reasonably know that such commercial secret is illegally ob- tained by employees or former employees of another operator or by other organizations or individuals shall also constitute a commercial secret infringement”; it also incorporates a provi- sion that “supervision and inspection departments and their respective workers shall hold confidential any commercial se- cret received or made available to them during investigation.” Say No to ‘passing offs’ In order to gain market access and gain profits, some manufacturers or operators try to confuse their products with famous brands or trademarks by using similar names or lo- gos, which heavily damages the interest of the real brands or trademark holders.
Such “passing offs” and similar malicious infringements are also banned by the revision on a case- specific basis.
The revision bans operators from conducting four kinds of confusions that may mislead people to commodities of or specific connections with other persons, including unauthor- ized use of commodity names, packaging, decorations or other identical or similar identifications of other persons with certain influences, unauthorized use of enterprise names (in- cluding abbreviations or trade names), organization names (including abbreviations) or people’s names (including pen names, stage names or translated names) of other persons with certain influences, unauthorized use of the main part of domain names, website names or webpages of other persons with certain influences, and other confusions that suffice to mislead people to commodities of or specific connections with other persons.
Yang told reporters at the press conference that, to address these “confusions”, i.e., what commonly known as “passing offs”, the revision further defines what a confusion means by incorporating “misleading” as its core description.

It also lim- its unauthorized use of other persons’ identifications to ones with certain influences within the related sector.
Compared with the current law, the revision elevates law- breaking cost by increasing punishment to law breakers, and raises the maximum amount of punishment from 200,000 yuan to 3 million yuan.
With regards to “passing offs”, the revision stipulates that “the supervision and inspection department shall order them to desist from such illegal conduct, confiscate their il- legal commodities and may impose an additional fine of an amount lower than five times of the illegal business revenue if such revenue is more than 50,000 yuan, or lower than 250,000 yuan if the illegal business revenue is zero or less than 50,000 yuan; where the circumstances are serious, the business license shall be revoked.” With regards to commer- cial secret infringements, the revision stipulates that “the su- pervision and inspection department shall order them to de- sist from such illegal conduct and impose a fine of an amount higher than 100,000 yuan but lower than 500,000 yuan, or, where the circumstances are serious, an amount higher than 500,000 yuan but lower than 3 million yuan.” In cases where it is hard to determine the actual damage incurred to the right holder by, or the actual benefit received by the infringer from, such “passing by” or commercial secret infringement, “the people’s court shall award a compensation of an amount lower than 3 million yuan to the right holder according to the circumstances of such infringement.” With regards to operators’ illegal bribery, the revision stipulates that “the supervision and inspection department shall confiscate the illegal gains and impose a fine of an amount higher than 100,000 yuan but lower than 3 million yuan; where the circumstances are serious, the business license
 will be revoked.” With regards to operators’ illegal false or misleading commercial publicity of their commodi- ties, or helping other operators make false or misleading commercial publicity by organizing false transactions or otherwise, the revision stipulates that “the supervision and inspection department shall order them to desist from such illegal conduct and impose a fine of an amount higher than 200,000 yuan but lower than 1 million yuan, or where the circumstances are serious, an amount higher than 1 million yuan but lower than 2 million yuan and the business license may be revoked.” In addition, the revision also incorporates a credit pun- ishment mechanism, stipulating that “any administrative punishment imposed on an operator for conducting unfair competition against this law will be entered by the supervi- sion and inspection department into the credit record of such operator, and made public according to the applicable laws and administrative regulations”.
To the public, this provision will give practical play to credit standing as a special, critical part of market competition and spare no room to law break- ers and dishonest operators.

(NPC) 46 NatioNal PeoPle’s CoNgress of ChiNa issUe 4 · 2017 issUe 4 · 2017 Xinhua 47 47 A charming city