Source document: https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1697647753202.pdf (Bahamas)
Environmental Baseline (EBS) Study - Carmichael Village Subdivision, Carmichael Road, Nassau New Providence, Bahamas Prepared by the Forestry Unit, Ministry of the Environment & Housing at the instance of The Department of Housing Submitted to The Department of Environment Planning & Protection Ministry of the Environment and Housing Dated: 17th May 2021 Abstract The Purpose of this Environmental Baseline Assessment is to recognize and evaluate the environmental and socio-economic effects of the Carmichael Village Subdivide.
Table of Contents 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................... 3 Purpose and Scope ................................................................................................................................. 4 Geographical Setting .............................................................................................................................. 4 Existing Land Use .................................................................................................................................. 5 Department of Housing and Project Description ................................................................................... 5 5.1 History................................................................................................................................................ 5 5.2 Vision ................................................................................................................................................. 5 5.3 Mission ............................................................................................................................................... 5 5.4 Project Overview ............................................................................................................................... 6 6.0 Physical and Biological Baseline
 ........................................................................................................... 8 6.1 General Climate of the Bahamas ....................................................................................................... 8 6.2 Geography .......................................................................................................................................... 9 6.3 Topography ........................................................................................................................................ 9 6.4 Hydrological and Hydrogeological Resources................................................................................... 9 6.5 6.6 6.7 Hurricanes ........................................................................................................................................ 10 Air and Noise Quality ...................................................................................................................... 10 Botanical Survey ............................................................................................................................. 11 6.7.1 Methodology and Analysis .......................................................................................................... 11 6.7.2 Botanical Species Identification ........................................................................................... 11 6.7.3 Vegetation Type
 ........................................................................................................................... 15 6.7.4 Human Altered ............................................................................................................................. 15 6.7.5 Vegetation Map ........................................................................................................................... 16 6.7.6 Invasive Species ......................................................................................................................... 16 6.7.7 Protected Species ........................................................................................................................ 17 6.7.8 Overall Species Diversity ............................................................................................................. 19 6.7.9 Avian Assessment ........................................................................................................................ 23 6.7.9.1 Avian Survey Methodology ......................................................................................................... 23 6.7.9.2 Avian Survey Results (Species Observed and Diversity) ............................................................ 23 6.7.9.3 Range ........................................................................................................................................... 24 6.7.9.4 Conservation
 Status...................................................................................................................... 24 6.7.9.5 Habitat Utilization ........................................................................................................................ 25 6.8 6.9 National Parks .................................................................................................................................. 26 Socio-Economic ............................................................................................................................... 26 6.9.1 Population ........................................................................................................................................ 26 CarmichaelVillageSubdivision/EBS/MAY/2021 Page 1 of 72 6.10.
Cultural Resources .............................................................................................................................. 27 6.10.1.

Bahamian Arts and Crafts ................................................................................................................ 27 6.11.

Transportation ..................................................................................................................................... 27 6.12.
Utility Provisions ......................................................................................................................... 28 6.12.1 Sewer Services .................................................................................................................................. 28 6.12.2 Potable Water .................................................................................................................................... 28 6.12.3.
Electricity ......................................................................................................................................... 28 6.12.4.

Roads................................................................................................................................................ 28 7.0.

Environmental Laws, National Environmental Policies, and International Conventions .................... 28 7.1.
Environmental Laws of the Bahamas .............................................................................................. 28 7.2.

National Environmental Policies ..................................................................................................... 30 7.3. International Conventions of Relevance .......................................................................................... 30 7.4.
Government Departments and Local Non-Governmental Organizations ........................................ 31 8.0 Register of Environmental Aspects ............................................................................................................ 32 9.0 Environmental Management ................................................................................................................ 34 9.1 Draft Environmental Management Plan Terms of Reference ................................................................ 34 10.0.
Public Interactions/Communications ...................................................................................................... 35 11.0.
Recommendations and Mitigation Strategies................................................................................... 35 11.1 Methodology .................................................................................................................................... 35 11.2 Terrestrial Resource Management ................................................................................................... 35 11.3 Emergency Health and Safety .......................................................................................................... 38 11.4 11.5 Solid Waste and Sewerage Management ..................................................................................... 38 Air Quality and Noise Attenuation .............................................................................................. 38 11.6 Forest Fires and Hurricane Risks ..................................................................................................... 39 11.7 Invasive Species removal ................................................................................................................. 39 11.8 Environmental Monitoring ............................................................................................................... 39 12.0 Contributors ......................................................................................................................................... 40 13.0 References ............................................................................................................................................ 41 14.0 Appendices ........................................................................................................................................... 42 CarmichaelVillageSubdivision/EBS/MAY/2021 Page 2 of 72 1.0 Executive Summary The Forestry Unit of the Ministry of the Environment and Housing was commissioned to undertake an Environmental Baseline Assessment (EBA) on some 60 acres of Crown Lands vested in the Department of Housing (Crown Grant A9-55).
The land has been designated (zoned) residential by the Department of Physical Planning.

The Department of Housing intends to develop the property into an affordable housing subdivision, under the Government’s Guaranteed Loan Programme.

A recorded survey plan NP 6049 of the subdivision proposes the development of some (358 lots) into four phases.

Construction of homes and associated infrastructure are expected to start in Phase -1 (101 lots), comprising 75 homes and 31 service lots.
This EBA documents the existing site conditions and outlines environmental management and mitigation strategies to offset the habitat/vegetation removals associated with the development.

Botanical surveys took place over the course of ten (10) weekdays between (February 8th through 19th 2021) and avian studies on 29th April 2021, to document existing biological conditions.
Botanical results determined that the vegetation type on site comprised a severely human altered environment of secondary dry pine barren ecosystem, consisting of juvenile pine tree species (6%) in the overstory, and associated silver thatch palms (41%), brasiletto (5%), poisonwood (45%); cinnecord (6%) five finger (6%), and other understory species, with ground cover of bed grasses (66%), and ferns (6%).

These species are typical of dry pine forest ecosystems on the pine islands of the Bahamas.
The Caribbean Pine species (Pinus caribaea var.

bahamensis), silver thatch palm (Coccothrinax argentata) and brasiletto (Caesalpinia vesicaria) species are protected under the Forestry (Declaration of Protected Tree) Order, 2021, and hence the need for a mitigation strategy to offset their removal, and associated biodiversity habitats during construction of homes and subdivision infrastructure.
The site is home to many avian species, with nine (9) species identified, and include the endemic Bahama Woodstar, Eurasian Collared Dove, Mourning Dove, Common Ground Dove, Killdeer, Merlin, Gray Kingbird and the Northern Mockingbird.

All species are protected under the Wild birds Protection Act, 1952 and no species identified is endangered (IUCN categories).

Significant impacts to the natural habitat will occur during housing development.
It is anticipated that approximately 86% of the natural vegetation will be permanently loss/removed.

Recommendations and mitigation measures are proposed as follows: Remove at least 5% of the silver thatch palms and translocate them along the main road verges and secondary roads into the subdivision, as part of the natural landscape; and to include other select native flowering plants to serve as biological corridors for avian species.
Maintain the three (3) designated public park spaces as natural spaces (3.18 acres), and design as natural recreational parks.

The parks to incorporate low impact nature trails, interpretative signs near species of interest along nature trails, and provide seating areas at designated shaded locations within the parks.

The green spaces will serve as natural laboratories of learning/education with respect to the forest environment to the residents of the subdivision.
Further, to prescribe in every lot sale agreement/conveyance that the purchaser must plant a minimum of five (5) native plants species (inclusive of two fruit trees) on their properties, upon completion of home construction and to encourage homeowners to plant native flowering plants to attract birds.
Continuous and consistent site inspections, along with strong communication between the Environmental Monitor and Contractors is critical at ensuring compliance with recommended environmental mitigation strategies.

The EMP, with its monitoring checklist is the mechanism to document onsite practices, provide recommendations and make corrective actions where necessary.
CarmichaelVillageSubdivision/EBS/MAY/2021 Page 3 of 72 2.0 Purpose and Scope This Environmental Baseline Assessment (EBA), terms of reference (TOR) is prepared in consultation with the Department of Environmental Planning and Protection (DEPP).
This Environmental Baseline Assessment for Carmichael Village Subdivision is written according to the terms of reference (TOR) to which the Department of Environmental Planning and Protection (DEEP) has the option to either issue of an approved Certificate of Environmental Clearance (CEC), or the rejection of the subdivision development.

The Purpose of this Assessment is to recognize and evaluate the environmental and socio-economic effects of the Carmichael Village Subdivision.
It records the current site physical conditions, avian, wildlife, and botanical data before any activities are done in the area.

These conditions are used to highlight current or potential impacts/issues, and to provide recommendations and mitigation strategies to minimize any adverse effects on the immediate area and its environs.
3.0 Geographical Setting The Carmichael Village Subdivision is situated due west of the existing Dignity Gardens Subdivision, in the Western District of the Island of New Providence.

The site is outlined in blue at Figures 1– 2 below, and its relation to the proposed National Forest Estate boundaries and environs.

Figure – 1.

Map depicting the Carmichael Village Subdivision boundary (outlined in blue) in relation to the proposed National Forest Estate boundary (edged in yellow) and environs.
(Source: Google Earth, 2021) CarmichaelVillageSubdivision/EBS/MAY/2021 Page 4 of 72 Figure – 2. depicts the boundaries of the Carmichael Village Subdivision (outlined in blue), in relation to Dignity Gardens Subdivision to the East, and proposed Forest Reserves to the west and northwest, and Carmichael Road to the south.
(Source: Google Earth, 2021) 4.0 Existing Land Use Presently, the area proposed for the subdivision development existing land use is that of a natural pine forest ecosystem, and the site specific for the subdivision is rezoned residential by the Department of Physical Planning.

Historically, the lands were used as wellfields for the extraction of fresh groundwater by the Water and Sewerage Corporation.

Today, all wellfields in the vicinity of the site are abandoned.
5.0 Department of Housing and Project Description 5.1 History The quest of the Bahamas Government to develop a housing program commenced in 1961 in the establishment of the Bahamas Housing Corporation.

The Corporation was dissolved in 1964 and succeeded by the Ministry of Housing, with the adoption of the Bahamas Constitution.

In 1965, the Department of Housing was created and falls within the portfolio of the Ministry of the Environment and Housing.
The Department’s functions and activities are governed by the Housing Act Chapter 199 and Housing Regulations.
5.2 Vision The Vision of the Department of Housing is “to ensure that Bahamians throughout the country have access to adequate and affordable quality build housing in a clean and safe environment.” 5.3 Mission The Mission of the Department is: “to facilitate the provision of affordable housing to Bahamians of low to medium incomes, by providing them the quality build houses or services lots, in collaboration with building contractors (approved builders) and financial institutions (approved lenders) by the way of government guaranteed mortgage loan program.” CarmichaelVillageSubdivision/EBS/MAY/2021 Page 5 of 72 Project Overview 5.4 The Department of Housing proposes to develop an affordable housing subdivision on some 60 acres of Crown lands vested in fee simple (Crown Grant) to the Minister with responsibility for Housing, from the Minister Responsible for the disposition of Crown Lands (see Appendix H).
The subdivision will comprise 358 lots (average 52ft x 100ft – 5,200sq.

ft.) and divided into four phases.

The density level is expected to be HIGH at build out.

Phase one of the area under consideration, will comprise some 107 lots (76 home constructions, of (4) four pre- design model homes; and 31 fully serviced lots to be sold to Bahamians, a 1.8 acre Nature Reserve Park, and a 30,000 sq.

ft. Activity Park (basketball facility and seating area (see Figure 4).
Phase two will comprise 76 lots, Phase three 80 lots, plus a 30,000 sq.

ft. Activity Park, and Phase four comprising 93 lots.

It is important to note that the Nature Reserve Park (1.8 acres) is significant, in that it reflects the intent of maintaining and enhancement of the natural biodiversity, with minimal impacts, for educational purposes.

A further eight (8) lots are reserved as Commercial, and one community center lot.

Figure – 3.
Figure – 3.

Depicting a google imagery of the boundaries of the Subdivision, with cleared road network infrastructural works underway.

Note the Dignity Gardens Subdivision to the East and Caribbean Pine forest to the West.

(Source: Google Earth, 2021).

Note that Figure – 3 above, highlights that a road network system was pushed through the site previously some years ago, based on a previous subdivision design.
Subsequently, a secondary pine forest ecosystem developed in the aftermath of the previous land clearance.

The subdivision was redesigned with respect to lot and road layout, with a contract awarded for infrastructure works (roads, water and sewerage), as evident in the central west portion of property (new road network alignment).

Where lots are below grade and subject to flooding, they will be backfilled to above road grade level, prior to home construction.
Figure – 4 below depicts the recorded survey plan (6094 NP) of the lot layouts (phase one edged in maroon), road alignments and connectivity to the main road artery of Carmichael Road to the south, and its relation to adjacent properties.

The southern portion of the parcel comprising some 17 acres, is reserved for the construction of a public school.

CarmichaelVillageSubdivision/EBS/MAY/2021 Page 6 of 72 Figure – 4.
Depicting the recorded survey plan number 6049NP of the Carmichael Road Subdivision with the lot layout (highlighting phase one) and road reservations; and its relation to Carmichael Road and adjacent properties (Source: Department of Housing, 2021).

Of the 76 lots designated to home constructions in Phase one, four model homes types were designed to be constructed on the said lots.

The model types design, layout and square footage, are shown in Figures 5 – 8 (Source: Department of Housing, 2021) below.
Residential home constructions will be that of Post and Beam, and strip foundation (above grade level), which will provide added protection against flooding and standing water during heavy rainfall events or limited standing water during hurricanes.

There are no plans for excavations/mining of quarry on the site.

All vegetation cleared will be converted to mulch material to be returned to the area to be used on the Parks, soft scapes and foot trails in the Subdivision.
A stock pile of mulch will also be made available for the residents usage.

Additionally, the two Activity Parks (30,000 sq.

ft. each) will also be landscaped using the mulch materials.
CarmichaelVillageSubdivision/EBS/MAY/2021 Page 7 of 72 Figure – 5: Model #NRD 100 (2 Bed, 1 bath) Figure – 6: Model # NRD 201 (3 bed, 2 bath) Figure – 7: Model #NRD 201- A (3 Bed, 2 bath) Figure – 8: Model #NRD 1001 (4 bed, 2 1/2 bath) 6.0 Physical and Biological Baseline 6.1 General Climate of the Bahamas The Bahamas’ climate is classified as sub-tropical, and is influenced by the sea, in particular the Gulf Stream to the west.
The northern Bahama Islands experience cooler winters and higher amounts of rainfall compared to the southern islands, with drier conditions.

According to Sealy, (2006), New Providence can expect some 57.1 inches of rainfall and 137 rain days annually, with highest amounts during the months of May to November.
Temperatures are mild throughout the year and the average varies from the low 70s °F during the winter, to the low and high 80s °F during the summer; with extreme temperatures occasionally falling below low 60 °F or rising above the low 90s °F.

Prevailing winds, coming from the Northwest in winter and from the Southeast in summer, lend a cooling influence to a generally humid atmosphere, with average wind speed recorded at eight (8) knots.
The chain of islands lies within the Hurricane Belt, and hurricanes pose a great threat during the period CarmichaelVillageSubdivision/EBS/MAY/2021 Page 8 of 72 of June to November and have occasionally caused great human mortality and property destruction.
6.2 Geography The Bahamas is an archipelagic nation comprising over 700 coral islands, cays and rocks, situated North West Atlantic Ocean, some 50 mile due east of the Florida Peninsula (USA), fifty miles due north of Cuba; spreading over some 100,000 square miles of ocean in a northwestern, south eastern direction.

About 30 of the islands are inhabited.

These islands are of limestone (calcium carbonates) formation, and soil is scarce, comprising a mixture of stone, sand, and silt and occasionally clay.
The terrain is generally flat without rivers, but with occasional dunes and beach ridges sloping into plains and marshes.

The maximum elevation is 206 feet above sea level (on Cat Island) and protection on the ocean side is supported by the third-largest barrier reef in the world (Tongue of the Ocean at Andros Island).
Three forest vegetation types dominate the landscape, namely pine forest ecosystem in the northern (pine islands), broadleaved (coppice) forest ecosystem in the central and southern islands, and wetland mangrove forest ecosystem on the lee shores of selected islands.
6.3 Topography The site for the Carmichael Village Subdivision consists of dominant pine forests ecosystem (pine trees with a mixed broadleaved understory), comprising rocky (honeycombed) limestone terrain and slightly elevated areas approximate three to six feet above mean sea level.
Much of the terrain has been disturbed from its original natural state, which is evident by the extensive road network system constructed prior to the present new road network, and extensive illegal forest clearing, quarry and rock mining activities (see Figure – 3, above).

The adjacent forest lands once comprised an extensive network of open trenches, utilized by the Water and Sewerage Corporation for the extraction of fresh water, some three to six feet below ground level.
Hydraulic windmills and pumps were used to extract potable water.

The fields are now abandoned, and evidence of trenches remain, even within the site for the subdivision.

6.4 Hydrological and Hydrogeological Resources Caribbean pine forests are an indication of the presence of a healthy freshwater lens system.

As the islands of The Bahamas are all made of very porous limestone, rainwater is filtered through the limestone and collects on top of the saltwater.
This collection of water is known as the freshwater lens (GHYBEN-Hertzberg lenses).

While pine forests can tolerate fire, they are incapable of tolerating saltwater.

Hence, where there is a pine forest, there is the likelihood that fresh water is associated with it.
It is important to note that given the proximity to the surface of the freshwater lenses 3 to 6 feet of the surface, over-extraction, illegal forest clearing and mining (see Appendix – G), pollution can lead to depletion of the resource, saltwater intrusion, and/or contamination.

It is highly likely that there will be negative impacts associated with the development of the subdivision (i.e.
residential home construction, gas and oil from the use of tractors, heavy equipment, sewer system installations and electrical installations), and the possible contamination of the groundwater resources in the adjacent forest areas.

CarmichaelVillageSubdivision/EBS/MAY/2021 Page 9 of 72 6.5 Hurricanes The Bahamas is affected by hurricanes from June 1st to November 30th.
The most recent hurricane to affect New Providence was Hurricane Matthew that made landfall in October 2016, and was classified as a Category 4 hurricane.

The island experienced sustained periods of hurricane force winds, with the southern and eastern coastal areas experienced storm surges and coastal flooding up to eight (8) feet in places.
On 1st September 2019 Hurricane Dorian passed to the north of New Providence, in which the island received heavy rains and strong winds for several days, with flooding in low lying areas.

The hurricane directly hit Marsh Harbour, Abaco with Category 5 Hurricane winds of up to 300 km per hour, and damaged or destroyed most buildings in the township.

It then moved westerly impacting the East end of Grand Bahama, before turning north away from the Bahamas.
The destruction was most severe and telling, with loss of human life, property, infrastructure, and natural vegetation.

Between 1859 and 2019, according to datasets from the Coastal Services Center (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration), seventy-two (72) tropical disturbances (tropical storms and hurricanes) have come within 50 nautical miles of Nassau, New Providence.

This data suggests that New Providence is highly likely to receive a direct hit from a hurricane event in any given year.
6.6 Air and Noise Quality According to the World Health Organization's 2018 Fact Sheet No 313, the air quality in the Bahamas is considered moderately unsafe.

The most recent data indicates the country's annual mean concentration of PM2.5 is 17 µg/m3, exceeds the recommended maximum of 10 µg/m3.

The typical noise levels of highway traffic normally range from 70 to 80 dB (Decibels) at 15 meters (50 feet) from the highway.

For comparison, a lawnmower, blender, and hairdryer are over 85 dB (Decibels).
These levels affect many people, interrupting concentration, and limiting the ability to carry on a conversation.

The New Carmichael Village Subdivision directly enters the highly trafficked Carmichael Road corridor as its main thoroughfare.
This highway is highly trafficked during early peak morning and afternoon periods, augmented by its close proximity to the adjacent subdivision to the east (Dignity Gardens), Gladstone Road, other high density subdivisions on Carmichael Road (South) and the Lynden Pindling International Airport to the West.
During this subdivision development, it is expected there will be increases in both noise levels from heavy machinery and the air quality will likely decrease due to the expected dirt particulates that will filter into the atmosphere from construction works being undertaken in the subdivision.
CarmichaelVillageSubdivision/EBS/MAY/2021 Page 10 of 72 6.7 Botanical Survey 6.7.1 Methodology and Analysis Using the subdivision survey plan of proposed lot layout, a systematic grid approach was adopted to establish some seven line transects (equally spaced) on the entire 60-acre tract of land, using the survey lot boundaries as the baseline.
A total of 27 temporary sample plots were equally spaced on the transect lines, with the computer generating six (6) randomly selected plots for the purposes of botanical data collection and analysis (see Appendices – D, F and J).

Each sample plot center chosen for data collection was georeferenced (GPS coordinates), with a fixed radius of 15 meters (49 feet) established.

Tally counts were made of all flora species identified (diversity) and categorized as trees, shrubs, and herbs.
Overall estimation of species abundance was determined.

Photographs were taken of selected species.

The herbs grasses and vines were assessed based on percentage (%) ground cover of plot area.

Firstly, the tally count for each plant species was totaled per plot, then averaged over the six plots for an overall plot average, next the plot average per species was extrapolated to the per acre level, and finally to the 60-acre land parcel level.
Associated summary tally counts (all plant species abundance) and percentages (%) is reflected in Table – 1b.

The datasets of tally counts (abundance) of trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants are represented in Figures 9 and 11 respectively.

The respective plant species abundance in percentages (%) are shown in Table 1b and Figures 10 and 12.

The percentage (%) ground cover for vines and grasses is presented in pie chart at Figures 13.
Tables 1a and 1b also highlights the protection status and range of each species.

Observations were also made of the associated wildlife, with the following species identified: dragon flies, monarch butterflies, Santa Claus spiders, and tadpoles within standing water and open trenches.

(Section – 8: Register of Environmental Effects).


6.7.2 Botanical Species Identification Table – 1b: Depicts the summary datasets of all plants species identification, (scientific and common names), with summary tally counts (numbers for trees, herbs and shrubs), percentages (vines and grasses), and the legal status of each species (i.e.

range and protection status).


CarmichaelVillageSubdivision/EBS/MAY/2021 Page 11 of 72 Tally count Trees Stocking/60 Acres 45000.0 40000.0 35000.0 30000.0 25000.0 20000.0 15000.0 10000.0 5000.0 0.0 Acacia choriophylla - (Cinnercord) Pinus Caribaea var bahamensis (Caribbean Pine) Coccothrinax argentea (Sliver thatch) Guapira obtusat (Broad Leaf Blolly) Metopium toxiferum (Poison wood) Figure – 9: showing projected total tally counts of all trees within 60 acre land parcel.
Percentage (%) Trees coverage Stocking/60 Acres Acacia choriophylla - (Cinnercord) 6% Pinus Caribaea var bahamensis (Caribbean Pine) 6% Metopium toxiferum (Poison wood) 45% Acacia choriophylla - (Cinnercord) Pinus Caribaea var bahamensis (Caribbean Pine) Coccothrinax argentea (Sliver thatch) Guapira obtusat (Broad Leaf Blolly) Metopium toxiferum (Poison wood) Guapira obtusat (Broad Leaf Blolly) 2% Coccothrinax argentea (Sliver thatch) 41% Figure – 10: showing projected tree coverage (overstorey) abundance in percentages (%) for the 60 acres.
CarmichaelVillageSubdivision/EBS/MAY/2021 Page 12 of 72 Tally count Species/Shrubs & Herbs Stocking/60 Acres 20000.0 18000.0 16000.0 14000.0 12000.0 10000.0 8000.0 6000.0 4000.0 2000.0 0.0 Figure – 11: showing projected total tally counts for shrubs and herbaceous plant species (mid storey level) on 60-acre parcel.
CarmichaelVillageSubdivision/EBS/MAY/2021 Page 13 of 72 Phsycotria nervosa (Wild Coffee) 9% Species abundance (%) Shrubs & Herbs /60 Acres Pithecellobium keyense (Ram's Horn Trema lamarckiana (Pain in Back) Caesalpina vesicira (Brasilletto) Tabebuia bahamensis (Five finger) Zamia integrifolia (Longer Coontie, Bay Rush) 7% Byrsonima lucida (Guanaberry) 6% Lantana x bahamensis (Wild Sage)… Pithecellobium keyense (Ram's Horn 17% Trema lamarckiana (Pain in Back) 9% Caesalpina vesicira (Brasilletto) 5% Tetrazygia bicolor (Wiid Guava) 6% Diospyros crassinervis (Feather Bed) Cordia bahamensis Rough varronia) Sideroxylon salicifolium (Willow Bustic) Tetrazygia bicolor (Wiid Guava) Lantana x bahamensis (Wild Sage) Sideroxylon salicifolium (Willow Bustic) 13% Cordia bahamensis Rough varronia) 9% Tabebuia bahamensis (Five finger) 6% Diospyros crassinervis (Feather Bed) 7% Figure – 12: Showing shrubs and herbs abundance (Mid Vertical Ground Level) in percentages (%) for 60-acre site.
CarmichaelVillageSubdivision/EBS/MAY/2021 Page 14 of 72 Ground Cover (%) Grass/Vines 60 acres Anemia adiantifolia (Maidenhair) Ernodea littoralis (Golden Creeper Rynchospora floridensis (White-top Sage) Andropogon golmeratus (Bed Grass) Cassytha filiformiis (Love vine) Smilax havanensis (Chaney Briar) Pecluma Plumula (Comb fern) 66% 9% 3% 3% 9% 8% 2% Figure – 13: showing ground cover (%) (Lowest ground level) for the grasses and vines on 60-acre parcel.
6.7.3 Vegetation Type The pine forest ecosystem in the Bahamas has been classified into two types: wet pine barren or dry pine barren, according to Allan, (1986).

The wet Pine Barrens are characterized by having water always within a few inches of the typical honeycombed rock strata, and by the occurrence of sabal palms; whereas in the dry pine forest the sabal palmettos are replaced with Coccothrinax argentata (silver thatch palm).
Based on the species diversity results from this survey, there is an abundance of silver thatch palms (41%) of total, representing the second highest (%) coverage of all the upper storey trees.

6.7.4 Human Altered As evident from Figures 2, and 3, the 60-acre tract of land was once a highly productive dry pine forest ecosystem, and has since been altered significantly by human activity.
In the first instance, the land has been scarified in the removal of its original primary pine forest for charcoal burning, quarry and rock mining, (see Appendices – D, E & G), and in recent years a subdivision road network was constructed as part of the original Carmichael Village Subdivision design.
The residual regrowth of the pine forest ecosystem is a direct consequence of the land remaining fallow for several years, followed by natural regeneration of the pine trees and associated understory vegetation.

There is evidence of past forest fires, a consequence of human activity (charcoal burners), as charred pine tree stumps at the root collar and bracken fern are present, all indicators of past forest fires.

(see Appendix – E).
(see Appendix – E).

CarmichaelVillageSubdivision/EBS/MAY/2021 Page 15 of 72 6.7.5 Vegetation Map Figures – 14a & b below depicts images representing a vegetation map of the 60-acre tract of land.

Note the dominant upper storey species (juvenile Caribbean pine trees of up to 15 feet in height, and silver thatch palms) in contrast to the understory species of young shrubs and herbaceous plants.

Table -1 identifies the species diversity found on the site.
Figures – 14a & b: depicting vegetation type (dry pine barren) comprising the 60-acre site proposed for the Carmichael Village Subdivision (note dominant pine tree over-story, with associated silver thatch palms and understory shrubs and herbaceous plants).

(Source: Forestry Unit, 2021) 6.7.6 Invasive Species On the eastern boundaries of the 60-acre tract of land, adjacent to Dignity Gardens Subdivision, casuarina species (Casuarina equisetifolia) is found sparsely distributed in the area.

(Figure – 15).
(Figure – 15).

It is worth noting that casuarina seeds are known to spread up to 11 miles in major storm events and have a very high rate of germination capacity.

The species can colonize disturbed and fallow areas rapidly, and is recommended for removal and eradication from the subdivision development.

The National Invasive Species Strategy for the Bahamas, 2013 calls for the eradication of all invasive species wherever they occur.

.
.

Figure – 15: Casuarina species situated on the eastern edge of the 60 acre tract (tall tree on left side of image).

Note, the species was not found within the 60-acre tract itself based on sampling methodology, but on the eastern margins.

(Source: Forestry Unit, 2021).

CarmichaelVillageSubdivision/EBS/MAY/2021 Page 16 of 72 6.7.7 Protected Species Table – 1b depicts the varied plant species found on the 60-acre site.
Note is made that three (3) species are listed as protected under the Forestry (Declaration of Protected Trees) Order, 2021, namely Caribbean pine (Pinus caribaea var.

bahamensis) (5,329 trees), Silver thatch palm (Coccothrinax argentata) (35,285 trees) at the upper-storey level and Brasiletto (Caesalpinia vesicaria) (5,728 trees) at mid storey-level.
Having regard to an estimation of near to 86 % of the total vegetation on site to be removed due to subdivision development, a mitigation strategy is recommended to offset the protected species loss, and to enhance the biodiversity of the area.

In this instance, three (3) areas of natural vegetation on site identified for public parks (i.e.

1.8 acre Natural Reserve Community Park in the center of Subdivision – Phase one, and two 30,000 sq.
ft. Activity Parks) will be retained and developed as public green spaces (See Figures 4 & 37).

A mitigation strategy is prescribed in Section 11.2.

Of significance with respect to the protected trees, where practical, a select numbers of silver thatch palm trees will be preserved by their translocation along the main road corridors and side verges of the Subdivision, and augmented with Lignum vitae plants (also a protected species).

(See Figure 37).
(See Figure 37).

Table – 1a & 1b: showing protective status, range, abundance, and range of each species identified on 60-acre site.
Table 1a: Table key to species (Nativity vs. Regulation) TABLE KEY: N = Native I = Invasive Nativity Regulation P = Protected U = Unprotected by local legislation E = Established or common non-invasive L = Landscaping species CarmichaelVillageSubdivision/EBS/MAY/2021 Page 17 of 72 Table 1b: Showing species identification, tally counts and as a percentage and protective status.
Scientific Name Common names Abundance (Tally) Percentage (%) Coverage Trees (Upperstorey) Protective Status Range Pinus caribaea var.

bahamensis Acacia choriophylla Coccothrinax argentata Caribbean Pine.
5,327 Cinnecord 4,640 6% 6% Silver Thatch Palm 35,285 41% Guapira obtusa Broad Leaved Blolly 343 2% Metopium toxiferum Pithecellobium Keyense Trema Lamarckiana Caesalpina vesicaria Tabebuia bahamensis Diospytos crassinervis Cordia bahamensis Sideroxylon salicifolium Tetraxygia bicolor Lantana bahamensis Byrsonima lucida Zamia integrifolia Phsycotria nervosa Anemia adianifolia Poisonwood 40,211 45% Shrubs & Herbaceous plants (Midstorey level) Ram’s Horn 18,353 17% Pain in back 9,108 Brasiletto 5,728 Five finger Feather bed 6,473 7,733 Rough varronia 9,923 9% 5% 6% 7% 9% Willow bustic 13,404 13% Wild guava 6,129 Wild Sage 6,759 Guana berry 5,980 Bay rush (Coontie) 7,046 Wild coffee 9,280 6% 6% 6% 6% 9% Grass & Vines (lowest ground level) Maidenhair NA 9 CarmichaelVillageSubdivision/EBS/MAY/2021 Page 18 of 72 Ernodia littoralis Rynchospora floridensis Andropogon golmeratus Cassytha filiformis Smilax havanensis Pecluma plumula Golden creeper White-top Sage Bed grass Love vine Chaney Briar Comb fern 8% 2% 66% 9% 3% 9% U U U U U U N N N N N N 6.7.8 Overall Species Diversity With respect to the overall species diversity, one can look at the Table 1b above, in concert with Figures - 14a & b to glen a clear picture of species identification, diversity and vertical positioning in the canopy (see also Appendices D & F).
At the upperstorey level, the most prevalent species is the Poisonwood tree with 45% coverage (40,211 plants), followed by the thatch palms at 41% coverage (35,285 plants), Caribbean pine trees (5,323 stems), and cinnecord (4,640 plants) at 6% coverage respectively.

Over time, (if land was not being developed as a subdivision) the pine trees would become the dominant overstorey species, with the other species evolving to the understory level status.
In the current midlevel canopy, the dominant species are the Rams Horn at 17% coverage, followed by the Willow bustic at 13%, with wild coffee, pain in the back and rough varronia at 9% coverage, respectively.

All other species coverage averaged at 7% to 6% or less coverage (i.e.

featherbed, wild guava, wild sage and guana berry).
At the lowest canopy level (ground cover), the dominant species is the bed grass at 66% ground coverage, followed by maidenhair, comb fern and love vine at 9% coverage, respectively.

Figures 16 through 33 (Source: Forestry Unit, 2021) below are images of the more abundant species at all three vertical levels (i.e.

Overstorey, midlevel and ground levels).


It is important to note that the species identified on the site is typical of the species found in the adjacent pine forest ecosystem on New Providence (See Figure – 3 above), situated to the west of site.

CarmichaelVillageSubdivision/EBS/MAY/2021 Page 19 of 72 Figure - 16: silver thatch palm (Coccothrinax argentata) Figure – 17: Juvenile Caribbean pine (Pinus caribaea var.
bahamensis) Figure – 18: Juvenile poisonwood (Metopium toxiferum Figure – 19: Juvenile Cinnecord (Acacia choriophylla) Figure – 20: Ram’s Horn (Pithecellobium Keyense) Figure – 21: Brasiletto (Caesalpina vesicaria) CarmichaelVillageSubdivision/EBS/MAY/2021 Page 20 of 72 Figure – 22: Wild coffee (Phsycotria nervosa) Figure – 23: Wild guava (Tetraxygia bicolor Figure – 24: Wild sage (Lantana bahamensis) Figure – 25: Five finger (Tabebuia bahamensis) Figure – 26: Bastard Stopper (Petitia domingensis) Figure – 27: Coontie (Zamia integrifolia) CarmichaelVillageSubdivision/EBS/MAY/2021 Page 21 of 72 Figure – 28: Bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum) Figure – 29: Orchid (Bletia purpurea) Figure – 30: Love vine (Cassytha filiformis) Figure – 31: Maidenhair fern (Anemia adianifolia) Figure – 32: Chaney briar (Smilax havanensis) Figure – 33: Bed grass (Andropogon golmeratus) CarmichaelVillageSubdivision/EBS/MAY/2021 Page 22 of 72 6.7.9 Avian Assessment An avian survey was conducted on 29th April 2021 to identify the presence, abundance and habitat utilization of avian species within the boundaries of the site.
6.7.9.1 Avian Survey Methodology The Avian assessment comprised two hours of active avian observations.

Species numbers were recorded in the abundance categories, Single (2-10) and many (11-100).The species recorded were then compiled for final abundance estimates.

Status is based on International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) classification.
6.7.9.2 Avian Survey Results (Species Observed and Diversity) A total of nine (9) species were recorded during the survey (see Table – 2) Table – 2: Avifauna observed, Carmichael Village Subdivision site, New Providence, The Bahamas TABLE KEY: RANGE STATUS PRB = Permanent Resident Breeding LC = Least Concern (Conservation - IUCN) WRN = Winter Resident Non-Breeding NT = Near Threatened (Conservation – IUCN) SRB = Summer Resident Breeding E = Endemic I = Introduced SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME Streptopelia decaocto Eurasian Collared Dove Patagioenas leucocephala White-crowned Pigeon Zenaida macroura Columbina passerina Nesophlox evelynae Charadrius vociferus Falco columbarius Tyrannus dominicensis Mimus polyglottos Mourning Dove Common Ground Dove Bahama Woodstar Hummingbird PRB/LC/E Killdeer Merlin Gray Kingbird Northern Mockingbird PRB/LC WRN/LC SRB/LC PRB/LC / N O I T A V R E S N O C E G N A R / S S U U T T A A T T S S PRB/LC/I PRB/NT PRB/LC PRB/LC N O I T A V R E S B O R E T S A M F F F F S F S F F CarmichaelVillageSubdivision/EBS/MAY/2021 Page 23 of 72 6.7.9.3 Range The range of a species is the geographic areas where the birds can be consistently found.
For example, migrant birds have seasonal range, while restricted species remain on same island or in same region year-round.

 Permanent resident Breeding: refers to resident species that live and breed year-round throughout the Bahama Islands.

 Winter resident Non-breeding: refers to the annual non-breeding fall/winter (generally October to April) migrants to the Bahamas from North America.
 Summer resident Breeding: refers to migrants that breed in the Bahamas during the summer from April to October and spend the rest of the year in other regions.

 Endemic species: are birds that exist only in the Bahamas.

Note that the Bahama Woodstar Hummingbird (Nesophlox evelynae) was recorded at the site.

6.7.9.4 Conservation Status a.

Protected Species All species observed are protected under the Wild Birds Protection Act (Statute Law of the Bahamas, Chapter 249).

b.
b.

Species of Concern “Near Threatened“(NT) by the IUCN classifies a species that may be considered threatened with extinction in the near future, although it does not currently qualify for the threatened status.

The White-crowned Pigeon (Patagioenas leucocephala) designated a Near-threathened status by the IUCN was recorded during the investigations.

c. Endangered Species None of the species recorded are classified as endangered.
CarmichaelVillageSubdivision/EBS/MAY/2021 Page 24 of 72 6.7.9.5 Habitat Utilization The Site surveyed consisted of human disturbed habitat of regenerating dry pine forest over- storey, with scrubland (coppice) under-storey species.

The majority of the bird activity was recorded along the edges of the trails and overhanging nearby utility lines.

The previously cleared/disturbed regenerating habitats lacked mature fruiting plants.

The lack of bird species observed can be attributed to several reasons: 1.
Lack of food sources due to human disturbed habitat; 2.

Seasonal drought inhibiting the vegetation from blooming – immature fruit/berries observed; 3.

Disturbance caused by workers/machines in the area; 4.

Most of the non-breeding migrants have returned to North America to breed.
The combination of common resident bird species along with a few species of “regular fall/winter non-resident breeding migrants and a summer breeding migrant’ recorded on the site confirmed they have adapted to the disturbed habitat and utilize all the resources.

Figures 34 through 36 (Source: Forestry Unit, 2021) below depicts noted bird species observed on or near the Subdivision site, and within range of photographic opportunity.
Figure 34: Northern Kingbird (Mimos polyglottos) Figure 35: Eurasian Collared Dove (Sereptelia decaocto) CarmichaelVillageSubdivision/EBS/MAY/2021 Page 25 of 72 Figure 36: Killdeer (Charadrius vociferus) 6.8 National Parks New Providence Island has a total of five (5) National Parks, which includes the Clifton Heritage Park managed by the Clifton Heritage Authority; the Retreat, the Primeval Forest National Park, Bonefish Pond National Park, and Harold & Wilson Ponds National Park, under the management of the Bahamas National Trust (BNT).
The Clifton Heritage Park located on the western tip of New Providence, protects 250 acres of intact broadleaved coppice forest, where there are remnants of the historical and cultural heritage of three important groups that had an influence on the country: the Lucayans, the Loyalists and Africans.

Primeval Forest National Park protects 7.5 acres of undisturbed old-growth broadleaved coppice forest and is representative of the early hardwood forests of the Bahamas.

Located in southwestern New Providence.


Bonefish Pond National Park is mangrove ecosystem on the shores of Southern New Providence, Bonefish Pond protects 1,235 acres of important coastal wetlands.

Harrold & Wilson Ponds National Park protects 250 acres of vital wetland habitats for birdlife on New Providence.

Surrounded by development, these freshwater wetlands are internationally recognized as Important Bird Areas.
Harold & Wilson Ponds National Park is currently closed to the public due to damaged boardwalks.

The Retreat is an area of eleven (11) acres botanic gardens, showcasing rare and exotic palms, cycads and intact native broadleaved coppice ecosystem and flowering plants, located on Village Road.

The site once housed the headquarters of the Bahamas National Trust.

6.9 Socio-Economic 6.9.1 Population According to the National 2010 census, the population of The Bahamas was 351,461.
Residents included all persons regardless of their legal status, with a growth of 15.8 % over the past decade.

New Providence experienced the largest increase in population and is the most populous island in The Bahamas, containing more than 70% of the total population.

It CarmichaelVillageSubdivision/EBS/MAY/2021 Page 26 of 72 is the location of the national capital city of Nassau, whose boundaries are coincident with the island and had a population of 246,329, with the latest estimate (2016) of 274,400.
Table – 3: Statistics on population in the Bahamas (2010 Census data) Department of Statistics Island Years 2000 All Bahamas 303,611 New Providence 210,832 Population Change 2010 351,461 246,329 Actual 47,850 35,497 % 15.76 16.84 6.10.

Cultural Resources Bahamian culture is an amalgam of its African and European heritages.

It has also been influenced by the peoples of the Caribbean and the Americas.

Nassau, the Capital, situated on New Providence was originally known as Charlestown.
It was laid out and renamed Nassau in 1695 by Nicholas Trott, the most successful Proprietor Governor, in honor of the Prince of Orange-Nassau who became William III of England.

Because of its natural deep harbor, New Providence was singled out as the most suitable seat for Government.

6.10.1.

Bahamian Arts and Crafts The arts, including painting, sculpture, and photography, as well as crafts, have blossomed several prominent institutions devoted to their cultivation.
The Dundas Centre for the Performing Arts, in Nassau, presents dramas, musicals, and dance performances.

Art and crafts can be seen at a variety of galleries, including the National Art Gallery, located in a mansion overlooking Nassau Harbour.

The Department of Archives preserves public and private records and makes them accessible to the public.

The Antiquities, Monuments and Museums Corporation regulates and controls antiquities, monuments, museums, and archaeology.
The Bahamas Historical Society, in Nassau, operates a museum and publishes a scholarly journal.

6.11.

Transportation The Carmichael Village Subdivision will be accessed from Carmichael Road East-West corridor to the South.

The other major road to the East of the subdivision is Gladstone Road, but there is no direct access from the Proposed Carmichael Road Subdivision.
Public buses traverse Carmichael Road, to provide public busing services to the public who may need transportation directly to Downtown Nassau and other points of interest.

There is the likelihood of increase traffic congestion in the immediate area once the subdivision is totally populated, and a traffic flow study may be required with recommendations for some remediation action for implemented (e.g.

Carmichael road realignment and widening, with turning lanes into subdivision).
CarmichaelVillageSubdivision/EBS/MAY/2021 Page 27 of 72 6.12.

Utility Provisions 6.12.1 Sewer Services The Department of Housing advised that the subdivision will be serviced by the existing sewer system by a tie into the Dignity Gardens Subdivision sewer line.

Tying into the existing sewer system at Dignity Gardens, will aid in protecting and limiting any impacts to the existing ground water resources.
6.12.2 Potable Water Each lot will be serviced by underground water piping provided by the Water and Sewerage Corporation.

6.12.3.

Electricity Overhead electrical lines will be erected to provide for tie into the main electrical grid system, with electrical supply by the Bahamas Power & Light Company.

6.12.4.
6.12.4.

Roads The Subdivision has two main road accesses from Carmichael Road to the South, with an entire network of secondary roads layout to grade, constructed in accordance with the specifications and standards of the Ministry of Public Works.

See Figures – 3 & 4, above.

These main road corridor verges will be planted with translocated silver thatch palms and lignum vitae tree species.

(See Figure – 37).

7.0.

Environmental Laws, National Environmental Policies, and International Conventions 7.1.
Environmental Laws of the Bahamas Disaster Preparedness and Response Act, 2006 Antiquities, Monuments and Museum Act, 1998 Environmental Law, Regulation and Policy Summary “An Act to provides for the preservation, conservation, restoration, documentation, study and presentation of sites and objects of historical, anthropological, archaeological and paleontological interest, to establish a national Museum, and for matters related therewith…” “An Act to provide for the effective organization of the mitigation of, preparedness for, response to and recovery from emergencies and disasters…” “An Act to declare, amend and codify the law relating to motor vehicles, and to provide for the regulation of traffic on roads and of motor vehicles…” “An Act to provide for the supervision and development of agriculture and fisheries in the Bahamas…” Fisheries Resources (Jurisdiction and Conservation) Act An to Act to make provision with respect to the Agriculture and Fisheries Act, 1964 Road Traffic Act, 1962 Water and Sewerage Corporation Act, 1976 conservation and management of the fishery resources of the Bahamas and to extend the limits of the jurisdiction of the Bahamas over such fisheries resources and for matters connected therewith…” An Act to establish a Water and Sewerage Corporation for the grant and control of water rights, the protection of water resources, regulating the extraction, use and supply CarmichaelVillageSubdivision/EBS/MAY/2021 Page 28 of 72 Building Regulations, 1971 Environmental Planning and
 Protection Act, 2019 Environmental Planning and Protection (Extension of Application) Order, 2020 Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations, 2020 Bahamas Protected Areas Fund Act 2014 Conservation and Protection of the Physical Landscape of the Bahamas Act, 1997 Environmental Health Service Act, 1987 Environmental Health Services (Collection and Disposal of Waste) Regulations, 2004 Forestry Act, 2010 Forestry Regulations, 2014 Forestry (Amendment) Regulations, 2021 Forestry (Declaration of Protected Trees) Order, 2021 Planning and Subdivision Act 2010 Wild Animals Protection Act 1968 from of water, the disposal of sewage and for connected purposes…” An Act to regulate the construction, altercation and repair of buildings, provide for the re-instatement or removal of dangerous or dilapidated buildings, to authorize the publication of a building code and for purposes connected therewith…” An Act to establish the department of environmental planning and protection; to provide for the prevention or control of pollution, the regulation of activities, and the administration, conservation, and sustainable use of the environment; and for connected purposes” An Order to extend the Environmental Planning and Protection Act, 209 throughout the territory of the Bahamas, including every island and cay and to define procedures for proposed projects, monitoring and compliance, and the certificate of environmental clearance.
The regulations describe the procedure for proposed projects and requirements to apply and receive a Certificate of Environmental Clearance the Department of Environmental Planning and Protections.

The Act establishes the BPAF as a Fund to ensure sustainable financing for protected areas in the Bahamas.

The Fund allows for the solicitation of funds and donations from the Caribbean Biodiversity Fund, to fund protected areas in the country.
An Act to make provision for the conservation and protection of the physical landscape of the Bahamas.

The Act contains pats regarding administration, regulation of excavation and landfill operations, provisions governing dangerous excavations, landfill operations, quarries or mines, zoning of the Bahamas for the purposes of quarrying and mining operations, and general entries.
“An Act to promote the conservation and maintenance of the environment in the interest of health, for proper sanitation in matters of food and drink and generally, for the provision and control of services, activities and other matters connected therewith…” Section 18 speaks to removal of construction waste and section 19 speaks to industrial waste disposal.
An Act to provide for the conservation and control of forests and for matters related thereto; Provides for the application for a permit to harvest protected trees Amends the Forestry Regulations, 2014 to provide for reduced to be payable for royalties for the granting of licences, permits for the salvaging of damaged forest due to natural disasters, hurricane, or tornados.
An Order which increase the list of trees protected from a previous eleven (11) to some one hundred and twenty seven (127) trees/plants.

The Act governs development and planning, both from a terrestrial and marine landscapes.

It applies to both New Providence and the Family Islands and the Port area of Grand Bahama.

While the Act is comprehensive, no formal land use plans have been developed The Act prohibits the taking, capturing, or hunting of any wild animal without a permit.
CarmichaelVillageSubdivision/EBS/MAY/2021 Page 29 of 72 Bahamas Public Parks and Public Beaches Authority 2014 Bahamas National Trust Act 1959 Wild Birds Protection Act 1959 The Act allows the authority to control, plan, design, develop, administer, manage and maintain public parks and public beaches; to conserve their natural beauty and topography, propagate, protect, and preserve animals, plants and other organisms in those areas.
The Act provides the BNT the mandate to promote the preservation of lands, buildings, underwater areas, and areas of natural interest.

The Act also empowers the BNT to identify sites for protection and to administer areas declared protected; and manages national parks.

The Act prohibits the taking, capturing, and hunting of any wild bird without a permit.

It protects birds and eggs during the closed season.

The Act also permits the Minister to establish wild bird reserves.

7.2.
7.2.

National Environmental Policies Relevant National Environmental Policies National Policy for Adaptation to Climate Change 2005 National Invasive Species Strategy for the Bahamas, 2013 National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, 1999 Summary The policy outlines a framework to meet the goals and objectives of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
Where the Bahamas committed itself to reducing greenhouse gases and address the impacts of climate change The initial policy was drafted in 2003, but subsequently updated in 2013, as part of a GEF funded project (MITIASIC) Mitigation the Threats of Invasive Alien Species in the Insular Caribbean; and sets out a management strategy for the control and eradication of invasive species The Action plan calls to conserve biodiversity and pursue sustainable development.
It further highlights the role of biodiversity in the social and environmental context and recommends measures to ensure its compatibility with future developments.

the Bahamas 7.3. International Conventions of Relevance International Convention/Organization Cartagena Convention.

Ratified: June 24, 2010 Convention on Biological Diversity.

Signed: June 12, 1992 Summary The Convention provides for the legal framework for cooperation in the wider Caribbean region.
Three technical agreements apply:  Protocol for co-operation in combating oil spills.

 Protocols for specially protected areas and wildlife (SPAW);  Protocol concerning pollution from land-based sources and activities (LBS).

The convention has three main goals:  Conservation of biodiversity.

 Sustainable use of components of biodiversity.


 The fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources (ABS) CarmichaelVillageSubdivision/EBS/MAY/2021 Page 30 of 72 Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (RAMSAR Convention) Signed: June 7, 1997 Convention to Combat Desertification and Drought.

Signed November 10, 2000 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.
Signed: June 1992 Kyoto Protocol Signed: April 9, 1999 Paris Agreement Ratified: August 22, 2016 Known as the RAMSAR convention.

The convention provides the framework for the international protection of wetlands as contributor for avifauna which do not adhere to international borders.

The Convention provides for sustainable development by addressing social and economic issues that directly impact land degradation.

The Bahamas is a signatory to this convention.


It establishes a framework with the aim to stabilize atmospheric greenhouse gases.

The Kyoto Protocol was developed under the UNFCCC to provide emissions targets and timelines for developed countries.

The Paris Agreement is a legally binding international treaty on climate change.

It was adopted by 196 Parties at COP 21 in Paris, on 12 December 2015 and entered into force on 4 November 2016.
Its goal is to limit global warming to well below 2, preferably to 1.5 degrees Celsius, compared to pre- industrial levels.

7.4.

Government Departments and Local Non-Governmental Organizations Table - 4 below indicates the agencies that the Department of Housing will be collaborating with in the development of the Carmichael Village Subdivision, from its planning phases to infrastructural development, home construction, and to Natural Park Preserves maintenance and development.
Table – 4: Relevant agencies collaborating with the Department of Housing for acquiring necessary approvals and permits for subdivision development.
 Ministry of Public Works (MPW)  Department of Public Works (DPW)  Ministry of the Environment and Housing (MOEH)  Forestry Unit (FU)  Department of Environmental Planning and Protection (DEPP)  Department of Physical Planning (DPP)  Department of Environment Health Services (DEHS)  Water and Sewerage Corporation (WSC)  Bahamas Power and Light Company (BPL)  Public Parks and Public Beaches Authority (BPPPBA) CarmichaelVillageSubdivision/EBS/MAY/2021 Page 31 of 72 8.0 Register of Environmental Aspects Register of Environmental Aspects Aspect Ecological /Social Values Impacts Botanical caribaea level species being The vegetation on the 60-acre site is that of a dry barren pine forest ecosystem.
With the the dominant upper Caribbean Pine var.

(Pinus bahamensis).

Understory species includes a diversity of dry broadleaved coppice species, including silver thatch palms, poisonwood, cinnecord, brasiletto, wild coffee, five finger, wild quava, wild sage, bastard stopper, Bracken fern, love vine, orchids, and the beard grasses.

The site was previously a dense pine forest, but was human altered, to the extent that the land was once cleared over for the development of a government subdivision.
A subdivision road network was previously constructed some years ago, and the site was forest left regeneration has the associated understory species emerging.

Road works have commenced within the subdivision as the road infrastructure development works has been reactivated, using the previous road layout and design.

abundant.

Secondary taken place, with pine Botanical surveys were undertaken over the course of ten (10) weekdays, commencing 8th through 19th February 2021.
Three plant species were identified as protected under the Forestry (Declaration of Protected Tree) Order, 2021; namely: Caribbean pine, Silver Thatch Palm, and Brasiletto.

There will be significant impacts to the natural associated vegetation with forest the pine ecosystem.

It is expected that between 85 to 90% of existing vegetation will be loss and removed once road is completed network and the construction of homes begin.
the Land clearing and site preparation in the use of heavy equipment and machinery will also to increase contribute pollution and noise ambient quality, air impacting the adjacent Dignity Gardens subdivision to the east; and other built up communities to the south of the development.

Recommendations for Mitigation and Management 1.

The retention of the three (3) public green spaces, (within subdivision design) be developed as natural recreational public parks.

2.
2.

Remove of all invasive along species subdivision boundaries.

3.

Encourage each homeowner to plant at least five (5) native plant species within boundaries of properties requirement (place conveyance within document).

4.

Translocate selected protected tree species thatch palms) (silver along road main entrance, verges and corridors the subdivision.

A Permit for the harvesting and relocating of protected trees would need to be the sought Forestry Unit.

from to and 5.
from to and 5.

Adopt appropriate air dust quality strategies mitigation (BMPs) to maintain standard air quality and noise during levels subdivision development.

6.

Adopt site and safety and Health protocols (PPE).

7.
7.

All cleared forest be vegetation recycled as mulch and returned to subdivision to CarmichaelVillageSubdivision/EBS/MAY/2021 Page 32 of 72 Avian During the avian survey nine (9) known bird species were identified, namely: the endemic Bahama woodstar hummingbird, Eurasian collared Dove, White crowned pigeon, Mourning Dove, Common ground Dove, Killdeer, Merlin, Gray Kingbird, and the Northern Mockingbird.

All species are protected under the Bahamas Wild Birds Protection Act (Chapter 249).
However, none are classified as Endangered Species by the IUCN.

Removal of significant natural vegetation will reduce the presence of non- resident resident bird life for foraging and breeding within the natural pine forest habitat.

and Underground Water resources (aquifers) Subdivision infrastructural, road engineering construction and home building works will likely cause some contamination of the underground freshwater resources on site.
The use of heavy machinery will likely result in some fuels and oil emissions entering the ground and contaminating the ground water.

Fuels and oils spillage from the use of heavy machinery and equipment associated will pollute ground water table likely landscape Activity to Parks and road verges.

1.

Retain the three (3) public parks sites within the as subdivision natural corridors of native plant species; to and attract associated wildlife.

birds 2.
birds 2.

Homeowners be encouraged to plant native flowering plants to attract bird species.

3.

Air quality and dust mitigation (BMPs) 1.

Use of sewer system for sewerage disposal, rather that septic tanks.

2.

Ensure BMPs for fuel and oil clean up during construction activities (i.e.

road, infrastructure and building works).

3.

Use of engineering controls for storm water road along runoff corridors.
Biological wildlife During the course of the ecological survey, the following wildlife were observed: dragon flies, monarch butterflies, Santa Claus spiders, tadpoles within standing water and open trenches.

Removal of the natural habitats and vegetation by human alterations (subdivision development) reduce and diversity of associated wildlife.

will the abundance the 4.

Ensure buildings are constructed above road grade levels in accord with Ministry of Public Works standards.
and The retention and enhancement development of the three (3) public green spaces, (within subdivision design) as natural public recreational parks and corridors, biological encourage would biodiversity enhancement conservation wildlife habitats).

and (natural CarmichaelVillageSubdivision/EBS/MAY/2021 Page 33 of 72 9.0 Environmental Management Environmental management integrates environmental policies and planning initiatives to address various environmental issues that are affecting an area.
Environmental management attempts to prevent potential adverse environmental impacts, and to identify appropriate resolutions.

Appropriate environmental management seeks to avoid, minimize and control adverse impacts to the land, marine and atmospheric environments, human health and safety.

Where it is not possible to avoid adverse impacts, then best management practices should be utilized to mitigate environmental and human harm.
The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) will detail the best environmental and safety practices for the subdivision development, in all phases.

9.1 Draft Environmental Management Plan Terms of Reference I. II.

III.

IV.

V. Executive Summary Introduction a.

Purpose b.

Scope and Content Project Description a.

Geographic Location b.

Master Plan Environmental Regulatory Bodies and Laws a.

Regulatory Bodies b.


National Laws and Regulations c. International Organizations Environmental Management Organization Structure a.

Organizational and responsibilities Chart b.

Environmental, Health and Safety training for constructional and operational staff Register of Significant Environmental Aspects VI.

VII.

Management Plan and Mitigation Strategies a. Terrestrial Resource management b.
Air and noise quality c. Water quality Management d. Spill Management e. Sewerage management f. Solid Waste Management g. Hazardous Waste Management h. Emergency, Health, and safety i.

Training ii.

Accidents iii.

Covid-19 awareness.

VIII.

Public Consultation, Education, and communication IX.

Environmental monitoring and Reporting a.

Planned environmental monitoring (checklist) X.

Conclusion XI.

References XII.

Appendix CarmichaelVillageSubdivision/EBS/MAY/2021 Page 34 of 72 10.0.
Public Interactions/Communications The Government of the Bahamas through the Ministry of the Environment and Housing – Department of Housing, publicly announced in 2019 its intention to develop an affordable housing subdivision in the Carmichael Village area of New Providence.

Groundbreaking ceremony for the Carmichael Village Subdivision took place in January 2020, with the Prime Minister, the Most Hon.

Hubert A. Minnis officially breaking ground, and spoke to the particulars of the subdivision.
Television and news coverage allowed for public information on the plans for the development of the subdivision in four phases.

An information pamphlet was also produced to bring awareness to the history, vision, and mission of the Department of Housing.

A public consultation meeting will be held in compliance with the Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations, 2020, thus allowing the public to give feedback, and arise any environmental concerns associated with the subdivision.
The public has been invited to make applications to the Department of Housing through its online portal, to qualify for house assignments and lot purchases, and to seek mortgage consideration from the Bahamas Mortgage Corporation, or any other approved lending agency.

11.0.

Recommendations and Mitigation Strategies 11.1 Methodology All significant impacts of the expected project activities were determined.

Mitigation strategies relative to a specific impact was developed.
It is anticipated that a more detailed mitigation and management plan will be developed in the Environmental Management Plan (EMP), following the outlined at Section 9.1 above.

A resident project environmental manager will need to be identified to provide oversight and ensure compliance.
11.2 Terrestrial Resource Management Based on the design of the subdivision, (see Figure 3 & 4), road layout, and lot subdivision with subsequent housing construction, it is anticipated some 86% of the total vegetation cover on the 60 acres parcel of land will be removed.
This removal is significant in habitat loss for the resident avian species, associated wildlife, coupled in the removal of thousands of stems of plant species, inclusive of three protected species (juvenile Caribbean pine trees, silver thatch palms and brasiletto); and other indigenous plants.

To offset the loss of this dynamic secondary growth pine forest ecosystem, the following mitigation and enhancement strategies are strongly recommended: 1.
Remove at least 2.5 % of the silver thatch palms (representing some 4.16 acres of total vegetation crown cover) and translocate them along the main road verges and secondary CarmichaelVillageSubdivision/EBS/MAY/2021 Page 35 of 72 roads into the subdivision (to include Lignum vitae species) as part of the natural landscape; and to include other select native flowering plants to serve as biological corridors for avian species, (see Figure – 37).
To facilitate the protected trees removals, a Permit to harvest protected trees will be secured from the Forestry Unit.

2.

Maintain the three (3) designated public park spaces as natural spaces (totaling 3.18 acres or 5.3% of total vegetative cover) and design as natural recreation parks.

Noted protected trees on the sites (i.e.

Caribbean pine trees, brasiletto, and silver thatch palms) will be incorporated within the landscape design of the Nature Park.
The parks to incorporate low impact nature trails, interpretative signs near species of interest along nature trails, and provide seating areas at designated shaded locations within the parks.

These green spaces can serve as natural laboratories of learning/education with respect to the forest environment to the residents of the subdivision.

These natural areas can be augmented with other native species that attract the avian community, and associated wildlife.

3.
3.

To place in every lot sale agreement/conveyance where each purchaser must plant a minimum of five (5) native plants species (inclusive of two fruit trees) on their properties (125 sq.

ft. average coverage per lot, based on average lot size of 5,200 sq.

ft.), upon completion of home construction.

This represents some 1.02 acres or 1.8% total vegetative coverage.

Additionally, to encourage homeowners to plant native flowering plants to attract birds.
Note that Figure 37 (Source: Department of Housing, 2021) below depicts the recorded survey plan number 6049NP of the Carmichael Road Subdivision.

It shows the lot layout (highlighting all four phases), road reservations and proposed locations for transplanted palms and areas to be preserved as natural spaces or recreational parks.

Such mitigation strategies must be coordinated with the Forestry Unit’s regulatory requirements for mitigation protected trees removals (i.e.
Permit to harvest protected trees).

CarmichaelVillageSubdivision/EBS/MAY/2021 Page 36 of 72 Figure – 37: Depicting the recorded survey plan number 6049NP of the Carmichael Road Subdivision with the lot layout (highlighting all four phases), road reservations and proposed locations for transplanted palms and areas to be preserved as natural spaces or recreational parks (Source: Department of Housing, 2021).
CarmichaelVillageSubdivision/EBS/MAY/2021 Page 37 of 72 11.3 Emergency Health and Safety All personnel recruited to work in the development of the subdivision activities must have access to sanitary conveniences, wear personal protective equipment (PPE) and have potable water.

Some basic PPE accessories required, include steel toed boots, safety vests, hard hats, gloves, and eye protection.

Staff must undergo basic training in safety and health risks at work, and how to use PPE properly and effectively.
First aid kits must be made available in the event of minor injuries.

Open trenches and utilities that may be hazardous should be marked with caution flags; and signage should be used to identify hazards to the public.

11.4 Solid Waste and Sewerage Management Project waste streams must be identified, and provisions made for timely removal.

Work areas should be free from litter and construction debris.
This will call for the erection of a designated dumpster or bin, with fixed schedules for disposal at a facility designated by the Department of Environmental Health Services (DEHS).

Sanitary receptacles should be emptied at regular intervals by a reputable sewage disposal company.

Any hazardous waste, if identified, to be stored and disposed of in accordance with DEHS standards.
As the subdivision will incorporate a sewerage system, all sewerage infrastructure will be tied into the nearest lift station at Dignity Gardens to the east of the subdivision, thus allowing for the orderly treatment of the same, and disposal.

Vegetation materials clearance and removals will be mulched and return on site to reuse within parks and other areas where soft scape and footpaths are desired.

A stock pile will also be made available for residents.
11.5 Air Quality and Noise Attenuation During infrastructure works and home construction, the ambient air quality will be impacted.

Appropriate measures should be implemented to maintain ambient air quality, as fine dust sediments are expected to become airborne during the dry season.

Dust mitigation strategies to include periodic street cleaning and damping during road construction.
Additional strategies to include the use of vehicle speed restrictions with subdivision, and the use of tarpaulins on dump trucks.

With respect to noise prevention and mitigation, reduction begins at the source, and may include installation of suitable muffler on engine exhaust and compressor parts, use of equipment with lower sound power levels, and limiting hours of operations when certain equipment can be used.
Noise levels in residential areas (07:00 – 22:00) should not exceed 55 Laeq (dBA) (Source: IFC Noise Level Guidelines).

CarmichaelVillageSubdivision/EBS/MAY/2021 Page 38 of 72 11.6 Forest Fires and Hurricane Risks The 60 acres site for the subdivision development, being adjacent to a pine forest ecosystem, poses risks in the incidences of wild forest fires.

Evidence determined during survey provided clear signs of past fires (see Appendix – E).
The subdivision must have fire hydrants placed strategically within the subdivision, to allow easy access by the Fire Brigade, if there is a wildfire, adjacent to subdivision for ease of extinguishment.

The North and Western boundary of the subdivision should be constructed a 20 feet wide road reservation, to act as a buffer between the pine forest and subdivision, to reduce the chance for forest fire spread into the subdivision from adjacent pine forest.
New Providence Island lying within the hurricane belt (season begin June 1st to 30th November), there is the likelihood for tropical disturbances, and hurricanes up to a category 5 to make periodic landfall, bringing heavy rainfall, storm surges and high winds.

These events are likely to impact the subdivision with possible flooding.

The drainage system planned for the subdivision must be able to effectively allow for easy runoff during heavy rainfall.
11.7 Invasive Species removal In accordance with the Bahamas Invasive Species Policy, invasive species are designated for eradication.

On this site, the invasive species casuarina was identified, situated along the eastern boundary.

It is expected that all casuarinas will be removed with hand tools and converted to mulch/compost for reuse within parks where soft scape and footpaths are desired.
11.8 Environmental Monitoring Continuous and consistent site inspections, along with strong communication between environmental monitor and the Contractors is paramount to ensure compliance with recommended environmental mitigation strategies.

The EMP, with its monitoring checklist is the mechanism which serve to document onsite practices, provide recommendation, and make corrective actions, where necessary.
It is anticipated that monthly reports will be provided to the DEPP and will focus on all aspects of the mitigation strategies, which is paramount to the success of the project and its deliverables.
CarmichaelVillageSubdivision/EBS/MAY/2021 Page 39 of 72 12.0 Contributors Lead Authors: Christopher Russell - Director of Forestry (FU/MOE&H) Andrew Curry - Forest Assistant III (FU/MOE&H) Contributors: Ms. Predenza Moore - Certified Audubon Bird Specialist Latonya Williams Terrence Rodgers Cliff Bethel - - - Forest Supervisor (FU/MOE&H) Forest Assistant I (FU/MOE&H) Forest Assistant III (FU/MOE&H) CarmichaelVillageSubdivision/EBS/MAY/2021 Page 40 of 72 13.0 References 1.

Allan, T. G., 1986.
Allan, T. G., 1986.

Management Plan for the Pine Forest of the Bahamas.

2.

Sikken, A., 2014.

Pine Forest Management Plan in the Bahamas Handbook: FAO, Rome, Italy 3.

Zobrist, et.

al., 2012.

Basic Forest Inventory Techniques for Family Forest Owners.

A Pacific Northwest Extension Publication.

University of Washington, Oregon State University and University of Idaho.

4.

BEST Commission, 2013.

National Invasive Species Strategy for the Bahamas 5.

Government of the Bahamas, 1998.


National Forest Policy for the Bahamas 6.

Government of the Bahamas, 1959.

Wild Birds Protection Act 7.

Government of the Bahamas, 2010.

Forestry Act.

8.

Government of the Bahamas, 2014.

Forestry Regulations 9.

Government of the Bahamas, 2021.

Forestry (Declaration of Protected Trees) Order.

10.

Government of the Bahamas, 1972.

Housing Act and Regulations 11.

Government of the Bahamas, 2010.

Planning and Subdivision Act 12.

Government of the Bahamas, 2014.


Bahamas Public Park and Public Beaches Authority Act 13.

Department of Statistics, Government of the Bahamas, 2010.

Census Report 14.

Areces, et.

al., 1999.

A Guide to Caribbean Vegetation Types: Preliminary Classification Systems and Descriptions.

The Nature Conservancy, Arlington VA. USA.

15.

IUCN, 2012.

IUCN Red List Categories and criteria: version 3.1.

Second Edition, IUCN Species Survival Commission, Gland, Switzerland.

16.

Gillison, A. N., 2006.


A Field Manual for Rapid Vegetation Classification and Survey for general purposes.

Center for International Forestry Research, Jakarta, Indonesia.

17.

Hallett, Bruce 2006.

BIRDS of the Bahamas and the Turks and Caicos Islands.

Macmillan Caribbean.

18.

Correll, D. S. and H. B., 1982.

Flora of the Bahama Archipelago.

A. R. Ganter Verlag KG, FL, USA.

19.

Sibley, David Allen.

2003.

The SIBLEY Field Guide to Birds of Eastern North America.
Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. New York, USA.

20.

Sealy, Neil.

2006.

Bahamian Landscapes.

3rd Edition.

Macmillan Caribbean.

21.

White, Anthony W. A.1998.

Birders Guide to the Bahama Islands (including Turks and Caicos).

American Birding Association, Inc. Colorado, USA.

22.

Little, et.

al., 1977.

Land Resources of the Bahamas: a summary.

Land Resources Division, Ministry of Overseas Development, Tolworth Tower, Surrey, England.

23.

IFC 2007.
23.

IFC 2007.

Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS) Guidelines, Noise Management.

24.

US Army Corps of Engineers, 2004.

Water Resources Assessment of the Bahamas.

25.

World Health Organization, 2018.

Ambient (Outdoor) Air Quality and Health Fact Sheet No 313.

CarmichaelVillageSubdivision/EBS/MAY/2021 Page 41 of 72 14.0 Appendices 1.

Appendix – A: Three Google images of New Providence Island, at different resolutions, situated at Carmichael Village Subdivision.

2.
2.

Appendix – B: The four model home types, Carmichael Village Subdivision 3.

Appendix – C: Recorded Survey Plan NP 6049 of the Carmichael Village Subdivision 4.

Appendix – D: Images of Random Sample Plot Methodology 5.

Appendix – E: Images of illegal harvesting of pine trees and charred remains of pine stump 6.

Appendix – F: Images of plant species diversity on Site 7.

Appendix – G: Images showing illegal land clearance and quarry mining on Site 8.
Appendix – H: Crown Grant showing 60 acres from the Minister Responsible for the disposition of Crown Land to the Minister Responsible for Housing.

9.

Appendix – I: Avian Survey Report.

Prepared by Ms. Predensa Moore – Audobon Certified Bird Specialist 10.

Appendix – J: Sample plot data collection sheets.

1.

Appendix – A: Showing three Google images of New Providence Island, and closer resolutions of the Carmichael Village Subdivision and its environs (Source: Google Earth, 2021).
CarmichaelVillageSubdivision/EBS/MAY/2021 Page 42 of 72 CarmichaelVillageSubdivision/EBS/MAY/2021 Page 43 of 72 2.

Appendix – B: shows the four home model types being proposed for construction on the 75 lots (Phase – 1) of the Carmichael Village Subdivision (Source: Department of Housing, 2021).

CarmichaelVillageSubdivision/EBS/MAY/2021 Page 44 of 72 CarmichaelVillageSubdivision/EBS/MAY/2021 Page 45 of 72 3.

Appendix – C: Showing the Recorded Survey Plan No.


6049, Carmichael Village Subdivision, comprising four – 4 phases (358 lots total).

(Source: Department of Housing, 2021).

CarmichaelVillageSubdivision/EBS/MAY/2021 Page 46 of 72 4.

Appendix – D: Showing two pictures of a random sample plot methodology and data collection (Tally count of species abundance and diversity) (Source: Forestry Unit, 2021).
5.Appendix – E: showing old pine stumps, evidence of illegal harvesting of the species, in addition to the charred remains of a pine tree, evidence of a past forest fire a few years ago (Source: Forestry Unit, 2021).

CarmichaelVillageSubdivision/EBS/MAY/2021 Page 47 of 72 6.

Appendix – F: showing two images of plant species diversity in sample plot radius.

Note the over- story pine trees, and dense silver thatch palms in the under-storey, (Source: Forestry Unit, 2021).

7.
7.

Appendix – G: Showing two pictures of the illegal clearance of forest vegetation, removal of topsoil, fill and quarry.

Note continuous excavation below the normal ground surface level creating the permanent settlement of water, which is indicative of the underground freshwater lens in the area.

(Source: Forestry Unit, 2021).

CarmichaelVillageSubdivision/EBS/MAY/2021 Page 48 of 72 8.
Appendix – H: Crown Grant document for 60 acres of Crown Land vested from the Minister Responsible for the disposition of Crown Lands to the Minister Responsible for Housing.

CarmichaelVillageSubdivision/EBS/MAY/2021 Page 49 of 72 CarmichaelVillageSubdivision/EBS/MAY/2021 Page 50 of 72 9.
Appendix – I: Avian Survey Report Prepared by: Predensa Moore For: Department of Environmental Avian Survey Report Carmichael Village Subdivision New Providence, The Bahamas Prepared by: Pre Prepared by: Predensa Moore For: Department of Environmental Planning and Protection (DEPP) Date: 29 April 2021 CarmichaelVillageSubdivision/EBS/MAY/2021 Page 51 of 72 AVIAN REPORT Carmichael Village Subdivision, New Providence, The Bahamas 2.0 AVIAN SURVEY An avian survey was conducted on 29 April, 2021 to identify the presence, abundance and habitat utilization of avian species within the boundaries of the site.
2.1 Methodology The avian assessment comprised of two (2) hours of active avian and ecological observations.

Species numbers were recorded in the abundance categories, Single, Few (2-10) and Many (11-100).

Species recorded were compiled for final abundance estimates.

Status is based on International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).

2.2 Results 2.2.1 Species Observed 2.2.1.1 Species diversity A total of nine (9) species were recorded during the survey (See Table 2).
Table 2: Avifauna observed during survey of the Carmichael Village Subdivision site, New Providence, The Bahamas.
TABLE KEY: RANGE STATUS PRB = Permanent Resident Breeding LC = Least Concern (Conservation - IUCN) WRN = Winter Resident Non-Breeding NT = Near Threatened (Conservation – IUCN) SRB = Summer Resident Breeding E = Endemic I = Introduced SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME Streptopelia decaocto Eurasian Collared Dove / E G N A R / PRB/LC/I F CarmichaelVillageSubdivision/EBS/MAY/2021 Page 52 of 72 Patagioenas leucocephala White-crowned Pigeon Zenaida macroura Mourning Dove PRB/NT PRB/LC Common Ground Dove PRB/LC Bahama Woodstar Hummingbird PRB/LC/E Columbina passerina Nesophlox evelynae Charadrius vociferus Falco columbarius Killdeer Merlin Tyrannus dominicensis Gray Kingbird Mimus polyglottos Northern Mockingbird PRB/LC WRN/LC SRB/LC PRB/LC F F F S F S F F 2.2.1.2 Range The range of a species is the geographic areas where the birds can be consistently found e.g.
migrant birds have seasonal ranges while restricted range species remain on same island or in same region year-round.

2.2.1.2.1 Permanent Resident Breeding Permanent Resident breeding species refers to the resident species that live and breed year-round throughout the Bahama Islands.

2.2.1.2.2 Winter Resident Non-Breeding Winter Resident Non-breeding species refers to the annual non-breeding fall/winter (generally October to April) migrants to the Bahama Islands from North America.
2.2.1.2.3 Summer Resident Breeding Summer Resident breeding refers to migrants that breed in The Bahamas during summer from April to October and spend the rest of the year in other regions.

2.2.1.2.4 Endemic Species Endemic species are birds that exist only in The Bahamas.

Bahama Woodstar Hummingbird Nesophlox evelynae was recorded at the site.
CarmichaelVillageSubdivision/EBS/MAY/2021 Page 53 of 72 2.2.1.3 Conservation Status 2.2.1.3.1 Protected Species All of the species observed are protected under the Wild Birds Protection Act (Statute Law of The Bahamas, Chapter 249).

2.2.1.3.2 Species of Concern "Near Threatened" (NT) by the IUCN classifies a species that may be considered threatened with extinction in the near future, although it does not currently qualify for the threatened status.
White-crowned Pigeon Patagioenas leucocephala, designated a Near-threatened status by ICUN was recorded during the investigations.

2.2.1.3.3 Endangered Species None of the species recorded are classed as endangered.

2.2.2 Habitat Utilization The site surveyed consisted of scrubland vegetation with pineland and human disturbed habitats.

The majority of the bird activity was recorded along the edges of the trails and on the overhead utility lines.
The previously cleared/disturbed areas were overgrown but lacked mature fruiting plants.

The lack of species numbers observed can be attributed to several reasons: 1.

Lack of food sources due to human disturbed habitat 2.

Seasonal drought inhibiting the vegetation from blooming – immature fruit/berries observed 3.

Disturbance caused by workers/machines in the area 4.
Most of the non-breeding migrants have returned to North America to breed The combination of common resident bird species along with a few species of ‘regular fall/winter non- breeding migrants and a summer breeding migrant’ recorded on the site confirmed they have adapted to the habitat and utilize all of the resources.

4.0 References 2006.

Hallett, Bruce.

BIRDS of The Bahamas and the Turks & Caicos Islands.

Macmillan Caribbean.

2003.

Sibley, David Allen.


The SIBLEY Field Guide to Birds of Eastern North America.

Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. New York, USA.

1998.

White, Anthony W. A Birders Guide to the Bahama Islands (including Turks and Caicos).

American Birding Association, Inc. Colorado, USA.

CarmichaelVillageSubdivision/EBS/MAY/2021 Page 54 of 72 10.
Appendix – J: Sample plot data collection sheets (Carmichael Village Subdivision) CarmichaelVillageSubdivision/EBS/MAY/2021 Page 55 of 72 CarmichaelVillageSubdivision/EBS/MAY/2021 Page 56 of 72 CarmichaelVillageSubdivision/EBS/MAY/2021 Page 57 of 72 CarmichaelVillageSubdivision/EBS/MAY/2021 Page 58 of 72 CarmichaelVillageSubdivision/EBS/MAY/2021 Page 59 of 72 CarmichaelVillageSubdivision/EBS/MAY/2021 Page 60 of 72 CarmichaelVillageSubdivision/EBS/MAY/2021 Page 61 of 72 CarmichaelVillageSubdivision/EBS/MAY/2021 Page 62 of 72 CarmichaelVillageSubdivision/EBS/MAY/2021 Page 63 of 72 CarmichaelVillageSubdivision/EBS/MAY/2021 Page 64 of 72 CarmichaelVillageSubdivision/EBS/MAY/2021 Page 65 of 72 CarmichaelVillageSubdivision/EBS/MAY/2021 Page 66 of 72 CarmichaelVillageSubdivision/EBS/MAY/2021 Page 67 of 72 CarmichaelVillageSubdivision/EBS/MAY/2021 Page 68 of 72 CarmichaelVillageSubdivision/EBS/MAY/2021 Page 69 of 72 CarmichaelVillageSubdivision/EBS/MAY/2021 Page 70 of 72 CarmichaelVillageSubdivision/EBS/MAY/2021 Page 71 of 72 CarmichaelVillageSubdivision/EBS/MAY/2021 Page 72 of 72