Source document: https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1697632434172.pdf (Australia)
Linking Green Infrastructure (GI) with Multiple Benefits: Additional sources of information Australian Institute of Landscape Architects Topic/Subject Sub topic Summary/Highlight Relevant Link Health Benefits Healthy Cities Human health and wellbeing _Active living _Healthy food options _Connecting communities Commercial Benefit Economic Benefits Health benefits Valuation of the health benefits of GI ecosystem services Social benefits Social equity Environmental benefits From the Exec Summary: “The built environment has an important role to play in supporting human health as part of everyday living.
This Literature Review examines the research evidence which demonstrates this link.” The three main themes addressed in the document-- active living, healthy food options, connecting communities— each potentially links to the provision of accessible, quality green infrastructure such as parks and urban open space.

The annotated bibliography is an excellent resource for research in the past 10 years.

(Whitehead et al., 2005 - Whitehead, T., D. Simmonds, et al.

(2005).
(2005).

"The effects of urban quality improvements on economic activity."

Journal of Environmental Management 80.)

examined the impact of general urban quality improvements, such as walkable places, on economic activity in Manchester, England.

The researchers measured willingness to shop, do business or work in areas before and after ‘walkability’ improvements.

Previous research had shown a 20-40% increase in foot traffic and a 22% increase in rents in pedestrianized retail areas.
They found that adding urban quality improvements that promote pedestrian activity will have a small but significant positive effect on workers and businesses.

The urban forest, parks and tree lined boulevards can also play an important role in marketing a city, creating an attractive, welcoming image, and providing settings for a range of events and activities that can boost the local economy (City of Melbourne, 2011).

See esp.

Ch.
See esp.

Ch.

1: “Green infrastructure, ecosystem services, and the study of their contribution to health” The calculated value of GI would undoubtedly be much greater if health was consistently considered as a benefit of GI.

For example, it has been found that 24 percent of the global burden of disease could potentially be prevented with environmental improvements to air and water quality.

(ref.
(ref.

Pruss-Ustun, Bonjour & Corvalan, 2008 cited in Coutts, p.29) Includes, selected case studies from England, Spain and Germany.

Principles, inspiration and ideas for decisionmakers, planners and designers: combining GI for stormwater management in parks and open space development can increase social equity by ensuring open space is use to its full potential, helping cities grow or revitalize more equitably.
Kent J; Thompson SM; Jalaludin B, 2011, Healthy Built Environments: A review of the literature, Healthy Built Environments Program, City Futures Research Centre, UNSW, Sydney https://cityfutures.be.unsw.edu.au/documents/ 86/HBEPLiteratureReview_FullDocument Whitehead et al., 2005 Coutts, C., ed., 2016, Green Infrastructure and Public Health, Routledge, New York.
(edited book) National Recreation and Park Association, 2017, Resource Guide for Planning, Designing and Implementing Green Infrastructure in Parks, NRPA, Ashburn, Virginia, USA Inquiry into the Australian Government's role in the development of citiesSubmission 158 - Supplementary Submission Linking Green Infrastructure (GI) with Multiple Benefits: Additional sources of information Australian Institute of Landscape Architects Case studies from the USA.
Excellent appendices with additional resources on finance models, working with communities, design for equity and inclusivity, connectivity and accessibility.

Climate change adaptation Climate resilient GI and Canadian case studies—using GI for park and public space creation, ‘unlocking’ land for development by providing flood protection, renaturalizing riverways, resilience to climate change impacts.

One of a number of relevant publications from Parks People Canada.
Including recommendations for: a National GI Strategy; introduction of the Sustainable Sites Initiative (SITES) or similar tool for assessing project sustainability on all federally funded infrastructure projects; National GI Training Program for engineers, planners, senior level policy makers; National guide for integrating landscape through infrastructure development.

Includes brief list of useful supporting materials, including some Australian— state and federal government level—and US city references.
Human health Impacts and effectiveness of urban green space on human health outcomes This report presents the discussion and conclusions on what intervention components have been found to be effective in maximizing the environment, health and equity benefits derived from urban green spaces.
From the report (p18):...it is important to think ‘beyond parks’ when planning urban green space interventions (or, GI)....broader interventions (such as urban extensions, large infrastructure projects or masterplans for residential areas) could consider and include urban green space and be informed by the benefits of such provisions.
Multiple benefits Human health Liveability Design for active living Mitigating climate change impacts Projecting a vision of high quality and well-maintained GI for London 2050; creating an integrated GI network that incorporates parks and green spaces; all new developments to include GI (incl green roofs and green walls); cooling, managing stormwater, promoting health; greener streets, giving priority to pedestrians and cyclists; enhancing river ecologies; valuing natural capital (eg ecosystem services valuation).
https://www.nrpa.org/About-National- Recreation-and-Park-Association/press- room/new-guide-for-planning-designing-and- implementing-green-infrastructure-in-parks- now-available/ Garrett, J.

2017, Resilient Parks, Resilient City, Parks People Canada, Toronto.
https://parkpeople.ca/archives/7208 AILA, 2015, Submission to Infrastructure Australia, response to the Australian Infrastructure Audit http://www.aila.org.au/imis_prod/documents/ AILA/Governance/AILA_Infrastructure%20Austr alia_submission%202015.pdf World Health Organization, 2016, Urban Green Space Interventions and Health: A review of impacts and effectiveness, WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen.
http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_fil e/0005/321971/Urban-green-spaces-and- health-review-evidence.pdf?ua=1 Greater London Authority, 2015, Natural Capital: Investing in a Green Infrastructure for a Future London, GI Task Force, London.
https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/ gitaskforcereport.hyperlink.pdf Inquiry into the Australian Government's role in the development of citiesSubmission 158 - Supplementary Submission Linking Green Infrastructure (GI) with Multiple Benefits: Additional sources of information Australian Institute of Landscape Architects Valuing open space Investment models re: open space and GI Business Improvement Districts as a potential exemplar Policy directions for delivering GI From the Report (p3): This report presents the findings of a survey of 350 real estate developers, investors, consultants and public sector workers across Europe conducted by global design firm Gensler and the Urban Land Institute, aimed at discovering the value of open space in Europe’s cities.
The survey reveals an overall consensus about the value of open space for cities, businesses and people, and the need for the public and private sector to work together on open space–related issues.

The challenge remains how to encourage the creation and maintenance of open space when public sector investment is scarce?
Surprisingly to some, the survey reveals that the private sector is more than willing to invest in open spaces if the right vehicle for investment is made available, and their investment is managed properly.

95% of our respondents not only believe good open space adds value to commercial property, but are prepared to pay at least 3% more to be in close proximity to it.

In London alone, this could equate to an additional £1.3 billion of additional capital that could be invested in open spaces.
Appropriate investment models need to be identified in order to achieve this.

Another key theme to emerge from our research is that open space, despite its economic, human and environmental value, may be caught in a cycle of under investment, if government and private stakeholders don’t find creative ways to supplement public funds to create and maintain these spaces.
Recommendations to the NSW Government for enhancing GI delivery in Sydney, based on a review of international research and interviews with local stakeholders.

Comprehensive and current reference list.

Gensler and Urban Land Institute, 2011, Open Space: an asset without a champion?, Urban Land Institute, London.
https://www.gensler.com/research- insight/gensler-research-institute/open-sp Freney, K, Lawrie, A. Skinner, V, Twitchen, C. 2017, Time’s Up: Making green infrastructure count, Research Report from the UNSW Research for Evidence-based Policy, UNSW Sydney.
Researched and authored by students in the UNSW Faculty of Built Environment Masters of Urban Policy and Strategy program, under the supervision of Dr Hazel Easthope https://cityfutures.be.unsw.edu.au/documents/ 462/Making_Green_Infrastructure Inquiry into the Australian Government's role in the development of citiesSubmission 158 - Supplementary Submission