23daVinci/CFPB_Complaints huggingface dataset:
Product: Checking or savings account

Since no XXXX Wells Fargo has charged me XXXX {$35.00} fees for overdraft. I dont understand, I am not signed up for overdraft protection for this reason. Wells Fargo is charging an excessive amount of fees that is jeopardizing my stability. The cfpb needs to step in for the consumer this bank is so ver charging for no reason. I was told that if there is no money then the transaction would not go through. I need my money back this is too much and this bank has customer service issues so getting a proper explanation and resolution has been imposible
Product: Mortgage

I entered into a thirty day escrow to purchase a home on XXXX XXXX XXXX. I had been in contact with Sierra Pacific Mortgage prior to the offer and they indicated a willingness to serve as my mortgage broker. Upon opening of escrow Sierra Pacific Mortgage proceeded to start a loan application process. I received a mortgage report on XXXX XXXX XXXX and a request for documents required to process the loan from the Sierra Pacific Mortgage office at XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX, # XXXX, XXXX, CA XXXX. Close of escrow was identified as XXXX XX/XX/XXXX XXXX. All documents requested by Sierra Pacific Mortgage were provided to them by XXXX XXXX. The documents included copies of my joint XXXX and XXXX tax returns. I had not yet filed our XXXX return. Sierra Pacific Mortgage also requested a form XXXX be completed and signed by myself and my wife. This was done and provided to Sierra Pacific Mortgage on XXXX XXXX. A Uniform Residential Loan Application was completed and submitted to Sierra Pacific Mortgage on that same date. Sierra Pacific Mortgage made a request for some detailed information on XXXX XXXX which was promptly provided. On XXXX XXXX we received an email from Sierra Pacific Mortgage saying ; " Great news, we have loan approval and you can release the loan and appraisal contingencies. '' We did release the loan contingency on this advice and that of our realtor. In fact, the loan was not approved and ready by the agreed to closing date of XXXX XXXX. We were forced to submit a Closing Date Extension request to the sellers which they accepted with no penalty to us. A new closing date of XXXX XX/XX/XXXX was requested in the extension. Additional loan-related information was requested by Sierra Pacific Mortgage on XXXX XX/XX/XXXX and promptly provided to them. On XXXX XX/XX/XXXX I asked Sierra Pacific Mortgage, " Did we provide everything you needed for the last set on contingencies? '' The reply was, " Yes, I believe so. I sent everything to the underwriter this morning. These conditions get reviewed and signed off, we will be able to get docs early next week. '' The XXXX of XXXX XXXX was a Saturday, upon hearing this clearly closure on the XXXX was not going to be possible. Our realtor sought another Closing Date Extension from the sellers. The sellers accepted but this time sought compensation ; " Sellers credit to buyers of closing costs per Addendum No. XXXX dated XXXX XXXX, XXXX shall be reduced from XXXX to {$1000.00}. '' We accepted rather than risk losing our entire deposit but lost {$1000.00} by doing so. We received word on XXXX XX/XX/XXXX from Sierra Pacific Mortgage ; " We have funding the loan and will let you know once XXXX XXXX XXXX has received the wire and property is recorded with the county. " We feel Sierra Pacific Mortgage lead us to believe they could provide a loan within the original XXXX escrow time period, and continued to do so at Loan contingency release, and also during the XXXX extension to XXXX XX/XX/XXXX.
Product: Debt collection

I paired the my balance in full to the company that I owed the money to. XXXX XXXX XXXX of XXXX XXXX address is XXXX XXXX XXXX, XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX, TX XXXX their phone number is ( XXXX ) XXXX Paided them in full a long time ago for XXXX dollars. The collection agency was supposed to not even send out a notice. They said they would tell the agency that it was paid in full & delete. As of XXXX XXXX this agency has added this XXXX to XXXX as unpaided. It was n't even on that one and  now it is added and as unpaid. They were supposed to delete not add anything as the balance was paid a long time ago and they went even supposed to even send out notice muchless submit as a collection. 
Updated collection XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX, XXXX, XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX, TN N/A UNPAID $ USD XXXX I used to have these guys number but do n't know where I put it, does n't matter anyways as every time I would contact them about this issue the number was n't working anyways. very shady. 

my name is XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX tx XXXX XXXX email XXXXXXXXXXXX
Product: Vehicle loan or lease

I obtained a car loan XX/XX/XXXX with XXXX XXXX  who is located in XXXX, FL, through the car dealership, XXXX XXXX XXXX in XXXX, FL. The financed amount of the loan was {$18000.00}, with a XXXX XXXX annual percentage rate. Total of {$32000.00}. 
In XXXX of XXXX, I received a call regarding my payment from a Westlake Portfolio Management. Not knowing who they were, I refused to make a payment, until a letter was sent notifying me that they were now the loan holder. From XX/XX/XXXX until XX/XX/XXXX, all payments were made to Westlake. The copy of the payment history provided to me by Westlake Portfolio does not show how my payments were allocated from XX/XX/XXXX through XX/XX/XXXX. In fact, the principal balance actually went up during the month of XX/XX/XXXX even though I made payments totaling {$1700.00} just in that one month. 
I received a notice XX/XX/XXXX that the amount due on my car loan was {$4200.00} due by the XXXX of the month. When I called Westlake Portfolio to question the amount, I was advised that was what was still due on the loan even though my final payment ( XX/XX/XXXX ) of {$420.00} was to be made XX/XX/XXXX. 
When I asked Westlake Portfolio for a copy of my payment history, they can only provide details on the payments made to them. The payment history from XX/XX/XXXX - XX/XX/XXXX, only shows the amounts I paid, not how the payments were applied to the loan. There are several inaccuracies with both the payments and the " principal '' amount that Westlake Portfolio assumed.

I have verbally and in writing requested that Westlake Portfolio Management provide me a breakdown of the payments made, to no avail. They have been sent a certified, return receipt request letter of dispute and based on the date it was signed for ( XX/XX/XXXX ) they have until XX/XX/XXXX to respond back to my requests for proof of the debt and amount due. I also sent a second certified, return receipt request letter of dispute on XX/XX/XXXX, which is scheduled to deliver on XX/XX/XXXX, Westlake Portfolio called me today XX/XX/XXXX to advise me that my account is now 40 days past due. I advised the customer service agent that they were NOT to call me regarding this debt, that they " Westlake Portfolio Management '' had until XX/XX/XXXX to provided me with the requested information, per the letter that was delivered and received on XX/XX/XXXX. 
I am asking for a breakdown of all payments made to this loan account from XX/XX/XXXX through XX/XX/XXXX. At this point, I feel I do not owe anymore on this account. It has been paid in full. I would also like to know why my car loan which was in good standing at the time it was transferred to Westlake Portfolio, is with a " collection agency '' now. 
I have filed complaints with XXXX of Florida & California and The Florida Office of Financial Regulations. I have also consulted with XXXX Legal Aid regarding this issue.
Product: Debt collection

This is being wrongfully put on my credit report. I believe this is fraud and someone stole my identity
Product: Credit reporting or other personal consumer reports

THE LIST OF ACCOUNTS BELOW HAS VIOLATED MY FEDERALLY PROTECTED CONSUMER RIGHTS TO PRIVACY AND CONFIDENTIALITY UNDER 15 USC 1681. 
XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX HAS VIOLATED MY RIGHTS. 
I LOOKED AT MY EXPERIAN CREDIT REPORT ON XX/XX/year> AND NOTICED SOME THINGS ARE INCOMPLETE AND NOT ACCURATE. AND ACCORDING TO THE FAIR CREDIT REPORTING ACT WHENEVER A CONSUMER REPORTING AGENCY PREPARES A CONSUMER REPORT IT SHALL FOLLOW REASONABLE PROCEDURES TO ASSURE MAXIMUM POSSIBLE ACCURACY OF THE INFORMATION CONCERNING THE INDIVIDUAL ABOUT WHOM THE REPORT RELATES ACCORDING TO 15 USC 1681 ( E ) ( B ).

AND ACCORDING TO 15 USC 1681S TH
EY ARE SUPPOSE TO DO THIS ( 5 ) TREATMENT OF INACCURATE OR UNVERIFIABLE INFORMATION.

( A ) IN GENERAL. IF, AFTER ANY REINVESTIGATION UNDER PARAGRAPH ( 1 ) OF ANY INFORMATION DISPUTED BY A CONSUMER, AN ITEM OF THE INFORMATION IS FOUND TO BE INACCURATE OR INCOMPLETE OR CAN NOT BE VERIFIED, THE CONSUMER REPORTING AGENCY SHALL ( I ) PROMPTLY DELETE THAT ITEM OF INFORMATION FROM THE FILE OF THE CONSUMER, OR MODIFY THAT ITEM OF INFORMATION, AS APPROPRIATE, BASED ON THE RESULTS OF THE REINVESTIGATION ; AND ( II ) PROMPTLY NOTIFY THE FURNISHER OF THAT INFORMATION THAT THE ITEM HAS BEEN MODIFIED OR DELETED FROM THE FILE OF THE CONSUMER.

AND ACCORDING TO 15 USC 1681C-2 THEY ARE SUPPOSE TO NOT FURNISH ANY INFORMATION RELATING TO A CONSUMER TO ANY CONSUMER REPORTING AGENCY IF THE PERSON KNOWS OR HAS REASONABLE CAUSE TO BELIEVE THAT THE INFORMATION IS INACCURATE.
Product: Credit reporting or other personal consumer reports

I HAVE BEEN AFFECTED BY THE EQUIFAX DATA BREACH. PER 15 USC 1681 C-2 STATES EXCEPT AS OTHERWISE PROVIDED IN THIS SECTION A CONSUMER REPORTING AGENCY SHALL BLOCK THE REPORTING OF ANY INFORMATION IN THE FILE OF A CONSUMER THAT THE CONSUMER IDENTIFIES AS INFORMATION THAT RESULTED FROM AN ALLEGED IDENTITY THEFT.

XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX {$0.00} US
DEPT ED # XXXX XX/XX/XXXX -- {$1400.00} US DEPT ED # XXXX XX/XX/XXXX -- {$6700.00} US DEPT ED # XXXX XX/XX/XXXX -- {$7100.00} US DEPT ED # XXXX XX/XX/XXXX -- {$2300.00} US DEPT ED # XXXX XX/XX/XXXX -- {$640.00} US DEPT ED # XXXX XX/XX/XXXX -- {$4800.00} US DEPT ED # XXXX XX/XX/XXXX -- {$2400.00} US DEPT ED # XXXX XX/XX/XXXX -- {$2100.00} US DEPT ED # XXXX XX/XX/XXXX -- {$7800.00} US DEPT ED # XXXX XX/XX/XXXX -- {$400.00} US DEPT ED # XXXX XX/XX/XXXX -- {$5600.00} US DEPT ED # XXXX XX/XX/XXXX -- {$1100.00} US DEPT ED # XXXX XX/XX/XXXX -- {$810.00}
Product: Consumer Loan

I WAS IN THE MARKET FOR A SPECIFIC HONDA ACCORD COUPE. I WENT TO XXXX XXXX HONDA, AND SPOKE WITH XXXX XXXX XXXX, A SALES PERSON THAT I HAD DEALT WITH PREVIOUSLY. I ASKED HER IF SHE HAD THE VEHICLE I WANTED, SHE SAID YES. I ASKED FOR THE COST AND SHE REPLIED THAT SHE HAD TO ASK HER MANAGER XXXX XXXX. WHEN SHE RETURNED SHE STATED THE THE COST OF THE CAR WAS $ XXXX. I THEN ASKED HER WHY WAS IT SO HIGH AS I HAD RESEARCHED THE CAR, AND THE MOST THEY WERE ASKING FOR THE CAR FROM XXXX, AND THE BEST PRICE, WAS {$31000.00}, IF I 'M NOT MISTAKEN. I THEN ASKED HER IF THAT WAS THE BEST THEY COULD DO, AND AGAIN SHE HAD TO SPEAK WITH HER MANAGER. AFTER AROUND 15 MINUTES, SHE RETURNED AND TOLD ME THAT THEY WERE DISCOUNTING THE CAR BY {$990.00}. I ASKED HER IF THAT WAS THE BEST THEY COULD DO, SHE REPLIED YES, THE CAR IS IN GREAT DEMAND, AND WELL, NEED I SAY MORE. I ASKED IF I COULD SEE THE CAR, SHE REPLIED THAT THE CAR HAD BEEN MOVED, SO THAT NO ONE COULD SEE IT. I TOOK IT AT FACE VALUE. SO WE STARTED WITH THE TRANSACTION. NOW I HAD A DRAFT FROM THE XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX, FOR THE BALANCE OF NEW CAR AFTER THE TRADE IN. THEY EVEN REQUESTED ASSURANCE THAT THEY WOULD GET THE LEAN RELEASE FROM THE XXXX, WHICH XXXX FAXED TO THEM, TWICE. BUT THEY STILL WOULD N'T RELEASE THE NEW CAR. WHEN ALL THE TRANSACTIONS WERE DONE, THEN THEY TOLD ME I COULD PICK UP THE CAR. WHEN I ARRIVED HOME, I WAS REVISING BY PAPERWORK, AND TO MY AMAZEMENT, THE MSRP ON THE VEHICLE WAS, {$33000.00}. WELL AS YOU CAN IMAGINE I WAS HIGHLY UPSET. I DID N'T CONTACT XXXX XXXX, THE NEXT DAY TUESDAY BECAUSE SHE WAS OFF. BUT I DID SEND HER AN E-MAIL EXPLAINING HOW I FELT, THAT ACTION I WOULD TAKE IF THEY DID N'T MAKE THE SITUATION RIGHT WITH ME. I FELT LIKE A COMPLETE IDIOT. HOW I LET THESE PEOPLE TOTALLY DISRESPECT AND HUMILIATE ME. I SERVED MY COUNTRY IN THE XXXX XXXX XXXX, FOR 20 YEARS, I 'M ALSO XXXX, AND THEY STILL SAW TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF ME. WHEN I FINALLY SPOKE TO XXXX XXXX SHE TOLD ME THAT THEY HAD TO RAISE THE PRICE BECAUSE THE CAR WAS IN GREAT DEMAND, AT WHICH TIME I POLITELY HUNG UP THE PHONE. WHAT I REQUESTED FROM THEM TO MAKE IT RIGHT, WAS TO GIVE ME THE CAR AT COST, BECAUSE OF THEIR DECEPTIVE PRACTICES. FOR THEM TO RETURN THE DIFFERENCE BACK TO XXXX, WITH AN APOLOGY. AFTER THIS I RESEARCHED THEIR HISTORY, AND TO MY AMAZEMENT, THERE WAS ACTION TAKEN BEFORE ON THIS DEALER FROM THE ATTORNEY GENERAL 'S OFFICE, WHO I WILL ALSO SUBMIT MY COMPLAINT. I JUST WANT TO MAKE SURE THAT THEY DO N'T TAKE ADVANTAGE OF ANY ONE ELSE. THEY ARE A BUSY DEALERSHIP, I WONDER HOW MANY OTHER PEOPLE THEY HAVE DECEIVED. YOUR HELP IN THIS MATTER IS GREATLY APPRECIATED. THANK YOU
Product: Checking or savings account

Off and on since 2014 they have frozen my account at their choice not mine. 
It has interrupted my paying for purchases. I always have to call the customer service number and ask for a banker to unfreeze MY money. 
Go to shop at grocery store and it's frozen. 
Just tired of them freezing my account
Product: Debt collection

I received a garnishment notice today at work from a lawfirm that is representing XXXX XXXX XXXX. I originally learned about a judgment from XXXX in XX/XX/XXXX, when I received a notice at my home. I immediately reached out to the firm to try and come up with a payment solution and they informed me that I would need to pay the entire debt. I also filed a complaint with the CFPB at that time but XXXX said the file had been handed off to the lawfirm. After I was served with the initial judgment paperwork, talked to the company, and filed the CFPB report, I did not receive any other communication about this debt at any point in time until today. I also have a credit alert to notify me of any changes to the credit bureaus. I do not understand how I can be served with garnishment paperwork if I was not even served with a default judgment. Further, the garnishment paperwork is stamped by the XXXX district court as received on XXXX XXXX, 2016 which is even more confusing.
Product: Debt collection

VALIDATION AND CEASE AND DESIST National credit system XXXX Naturally XXXX XXXX. 
XXXX, Georgia, XXXX XXXX XXXX Account number XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXXXXXX XXXX XXXX XXXXXXXX XXXX TX XXXX Dear national credit systems I recently received a debt collection notice from your office. I am writing to verify that you have contacted the correct individual and to request that you provide documentation confirming this. Please supply me with a copy of any contract or agreement signed with your company or the original creditor. 
In accordance with the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act ( FDCPA ), I request the following information : 1. The name and address of the original creditor and the current creditor.

2. Verification of the debt amount you are seeking to collect, including evidence that a contract exists creating the amount you claim is owed.

3. Documentation of all assignments showing the transfer of the debt from the original creditor to the current creditor.

4. Proof that the original creditor securitized the debt.

5. Documentation showing the assignments of the debt from the original creditor to the secured trust and then back to the original creditor.

Please cease and desist from collecting on this debt until you have provided validation of the debt.

Additionally, I request that you do not access my credit report or report anything to my credit bureaus. I dispute the validity of this debt amount, and this dispute should be reflected on my credit report if you have already reported this debt.

Permissible Purpose Please state your permissible purpose for accessing my credit information. I dispute your right to do so.

Notification to Other Collectors 3 I dispute that I owe this debt to you. Should you transfer this debt to another collector, please inform them of my dispute regarding the validity of this debt.

Thank you for your prompt attention to this matter.
Product: Credit reporting, credit repair services, or other personal consumer reports

This issue concerns a XXXX XXXX credit card that gets fairly infrequent use. After paying off the account balance inXX/XX/XXXXXX/XX/XXXX, as I do each month when the card is used, an additional transaction posted, payment for which was evidently due in early XX/XX/XXXX. No statement was ever delivered to that effect. No late notice was delivered. No phone or postal mail correspondence followed up on this balance. 

On XX/XX/XXXX, XXXX reported a past due balance of around {$110.00} ( {$70.00} of which is late fees ) to the credit bureaus. When I immediately paid the balance and inquired as to why they had sent no email statement and had not followed up with an email reminder, postal mail statement, or phone call prior to reporting to a credit bureau, the customer service agent said ( 1 ) that they are not required to deliver statements and ( 2 ) that they are required to report past due accounts to credit bureaus and can not then undo the report. Neither of these is true. When I reminded them of their obligations under the Regulation Z dispute process, they declined to take action and instead suggested I call ( the law requires written notice of the dispute, which I have provided ). 

I acknowledge the underlying {$40.00} transaction as legitimate. However, with more than 10 years of on time payment history, the only reason this was not paid is because no statement was ever delivered. Their total failure to follow up is debt parking, and while that practice may not be illegal, the customer service response that lies about the law is completely outrageous. They are required under 12 CFR 1026 to deliver statements, and no creditor is required to report late payments ( or prohibited from correcting errors ).

The idea that an 11-year account holder should take a hit on a credit report that will last for years because of a {$40.00} purchase that was never properly billed, and for which  absolutely no effort was made to collect prior to reporting as delinquent, is a black mark on XXXX for allowing their card servicer to behave in such a customer-hostile manner.
Product: Credit reporting or other personal consumer reports

By the provisions of the Fair Credit Reporting Act, I demand that these items be investigated and removed from my report. It is my understanding that you will recheck these items with the creditor who has posted them. Please remove any information that the creditor can not verify. I understand that under 15 U.S.C. Sec. 1681 ( a ), you must complete this reinvestigation within 30 days of receipt of this letter. 

Please send an updated copy of my credit report to the above address. According to the act, there shall be no charge for this updated report. I also request that you please send notices of corrections to anyone who received my credit report in the past six months.
Product: Credit reporting, credit repair services, or other personal consumer reports

AS OF TODAY, XX/XX/2021 WEBSITE SSL CERTIFICATE ( S ) FOR THE EQUIFAX WEBSITE ARE INVALID / EXPIRED
Product: Credit reporting or other personal consumer reports

I am writing to address an issue concerning an account listed on my credit report. The account in question, XXXX  Account # XXXX, XXXX Account # XXXXXXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX  Account # XXXX, XXXX XXXX Account XXXX XXXXXXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX Account # XXXXXXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXXXXXX Account # XXXXXXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX Account # XXXXXXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX Account # XXXX, XXXX XXXXXXXX XXXX Account XXXX XXXXXXXX XXXX XXXXXXXX XXXX XXXX Account # XXXX, has been a subject of dispute due to discrepancies and unresolved issues. Specifically, there are inaccuracies in the reported information. Despite previous attempts to resolve these discrepancies directly with your company, the issues remain unresolved. I am formally requesting a thorough investigation into the validity and accuracy of the reported information. Please provide confirmation of receipt of this correspondence and advise on the next steps to resolve this matter.
Product: Credit reporting or other personal consumer reports

Subject : Urgent Request for Documentation and Action Regarding Unauthorized Inquiry and Security Interest Dear Barclays Bank, I am writing to address a concerning matter regarding an inquiry reported by Barclays Bank, which lacks permissible purpose and, as such, constitutes potential identity fraud. Per my rights under the Fair Credit Reporting Act ( FCRA ), specifically Sections 604 and 605B, I am requesting immediate action to rectify this situation. 

Firstly, I require documentation proving that I provided express written consent for Barclays Bank to report the inquiry in question. As there is no evidence of such consent or a court order, I must assert that this inquiry lacks legitimacy and is thus subject to removal.

Per the FCRA Section 605B, a consumer reporting agency must block the reporting of any information resulting from alleged identity theft when identified by the consumer. Therefore, I am formally notifying Barclays Bank to remove this inquiry from my file within four business days.

Furthermore, it has come to my attention that Barclays Bank neglected to inform me of my right to rescission, as outlined in the Truth in Lending Act ( TILA ), specifically Regulation Z ( 12 CFR 1026.23 ). This allows me to revoke any rights waived, particularly those related to the security interest. I am requesting the CUSIP number associated with the security interest provided to Barclays Bank. Failure to provide this information will leave me with no alternative but to initiate a level 3 audit on my account.

I expect prompt compliance with these requests to avoid further escalation of this matter. Failure to do so will be regarded as willful noncompliance and may result in legal action.

Please provide confirmation of receipt of this letter and a timeline for resolution of these issues.
Product: Credit reporting, credit repair services, or other personal consumer reports

This complaint about Unautorized hard inquiry left on my Equifax credit XX/XX/2019  via creditor XXXX XXXX
Product: Debt collection

Last year several unauthorized lines were added to my cellular account with XXXX XXXX XXXX. I contacted their fraud department via an online portal and the lines were removed, but they didnt remove the charges, which totalled {$13000.00}. I followed up regularly with XXXX XXXX XXXX and was told repeatedly that the balance would be taken care of. In XX/XX/2023 I received a notice that the balance had been sent to a collection agency, Sunrise Credit Services. I contacted them and filed a dispute because the charges were the result of identity theft. At no time did they provide anything in writing. XXXX XXXX XXXX credited back {$11000.00} in XXXX but left a balance due of {$1600.00}. I requested a statement showing what these charges represent because I shouldnt owe anything due to the fraud. They will not send me anything in writing after repeated requests. This has now hit my credit report and my credit score has taken a hit, from around XXXX down to XXXX. Can you help?
Product: Debt collection

Dear Sir or Madam My Mom passed XX/XX/XXXX. I was a co signer on a loan for Her. The Estate properly notified for all debtors to collect through the probate court as required by Law. Not once did I receive a notice that the account was delinquent or in jeopardy of prosecution as a co-signer. I received paperwork the month of XX/XX/XXXX two years later which was XX/XX/XXXX.The Estate was long disbursed. I responded to the letter personally thinking that the Holidays would not count in a 21 day response time. XXXX XXXX filed a default judgement and emptied my bank accounts and my childrens bank account to the Tune of {$10000.00}. They have placed a Judgement on credit report for over {$50000.00}. My Moms balance on the loan was roughly {$18000.00}. These are userous interest and fee charges. These are not upstanding business practices.